text:
the analphabet
8 September 2017 / philosophized
And who am I, again? - About identity, values and emotions
Life is a pretty huge delivery. It comes in packages of years, each wrapping multiple months, that hold together what we call weeks, which in turn each bundle a few days. And every one of those days is full of impressions, packed with experiences that we react to, relate to, run from, sit through, look forward to, interact with, reason about, get tired of and try to recover from -- only to start afresh the next morning.
All of those experiences, like life as a whole, only have one question for us: How will you react? They demand that we show ourselves, decide on who we want to be. And haven't we asked this kind of question ourselves before? Who are we really? In this article I'm going to dedicate my attention to the questions of what defines our identity, how it is formed and what we aim to be, how we handle our identity, how identifications can cause aggression, and how to deal with such aggression.
Identification - How do I know who I am?
Firstly, we'll have to do some research: What is it that defines us, makes us who we are? Some people might attribute this predicate to the brain or maybe even the whole body. Bodies change, though, and every so many years every cell in our bodies has been replaced by a new one. Have our identities been replaced, too, then? Of course not. Others might consider all our actions, everything we've done, as our identity. However, if we really want to do something and have never done it, should it then be discarded as not part of our identity? Certainly not, so that's not the right answer either.
Linguistically the verb associated with identity is to identify. So, it probably makes sense that our identity is comprised of what we are identified with. But by whom? What if different people see us differently? It is obvious that my identity should comprise everything I identify myself with, everything I have a connection to, everything that I feel is a part of me. This also shows that identity is closely connected to emotions. Let's see how emotions express how we identify.
Active identification
Experience tells us that we can identify with or against something.
If I identify with something, it is dear to me, I like it and I feel content or happy in, and often even wish for, its presence.
On the other hand, if I identify against something, it is strange to me, I am repelled, perhaps even disgusted. I want it as far away from me as possible.
Linguistically, identification is very much associated with proximity, physically as well as spiritually: we feel attracted or repelled by certain things, for example. Identification with or against something contains our reaction to its presence, be it physical or in our minds.
Lastly, if I identify neither with nor against something, have no relation one way or the other, I accept, I am calm, undisturbed, placid, composed, at peace (a place where nothing else is).
Passive identification
So, emotions can indicate what we actively identify with or against. However, we not only identify ourselves, but we also identify others and can be identified by others. Being the object of identification provokes emotions in a similar manner.
Let's consider Alice and Bob.
If Bob identifies with Alice and thinks that Alice also identifies with him, he feels love (not necessarily romantic love, but some form of affection).
If Bob identifies with Alice and it turns out she identifies against him, he feels sad.
If he identifies against Alice and she seems to like him, he feels disgust.
And if he identifies against her and it turns out she identifies against him as well, the antagonism is established and they hate each other.
Mediated identification
There is also another kind of identification, which is indirect this time, mediated through a third object.
If Bob identifies with something and Alice identifies him against that object, e.g. when he thinks he is good at something and Alice thinks he's terrible, there is two ways he could react:
If he identifies with Alice, he feels shame.
If however, he identifies against her, he feels anger.
If, meanwhile, Bob identifies with something and Alice also identifies him with that object, he feels proud (either positive elated pride or negative, disgusted pride).
Mediated identification will play an important role later on, in the context of aggression.
Tangential emotions
All of these identifications can also stimulate other emotions together with certain triggers, like e.g. when hate has been established between two persons and one experiences shame, the other experiences schadenfreude. Also, if we anticipate negative passive identification (someone identifies themselves against us aka. sadness, or identifies us against something that we identify with, aka. shame), we feel fear.
Grey areas and transitivity
However, while identification may be a discrete relation (yes-or-no), the actual relationship with a person or an object may be much more complicated and especially vary greatly over time. When we identify with/against something we don't consider the sum of properties that we know about the object, but we focus on specific aspects that have our attention. Additionally, since we cannot look into the other's head, we're stuck with subjective assumptions and interpretations of their signals to find out their identifications. So, identity is very much dependent on the current situation as well as the personal perspective and biases.
Additionally, there can be chain reactions of identification. If, for example, I identify with something, and someone else identifies against it, it could happen that I feel sadness or hatred, even though it is not me that the other person identified against.
To sum up, the key to understanding your identity, is understanding your emotions. Likewise, to understand your emotions, your anger, your fear and your shame, it is helpful to think about the identifications that triggered these emotions.
Individuation - How do I come to be who I am?
But, how do these identifications get into my head? How does identity form? Emotions are not only the result of identification, they also shape identity in a way. We identify with things that have felt good before or that are similar to things that have felt good before. The brain categorizes our memories by emotions and the more emotional an event was for us the stronger we remember it. Since we identify with things we feel good about and we feel good about things we remember positively, we are incentivized to repeat positive experiences and avoid negative ones. This way our experiences effectively limit the paths we will take in the future: if I have bad experiences with something, I will identify against it, and am thus unlikely to repeat it too often. In essence, the brain tries to optimize our happiness (upon closer examination, this turns out to be a so-called local search optimization, which is quite ineffective, but at least there's some optimization -- thanks god!).
But where does this search for happiness start? As we've seen in my article about free will, we are where we come from. And thus it is not surprising that we start by inheriting many traits regarding physical and mental activities from our parents, comprising basic things from the speed of physical growth as a child, to mental stress tolerance. These are the boundaries within which we need to find happiness and thus our identity. Slow physical growth, for example, could influence us to search for happiness more in mental fields, rather than say competitive sports.
After we are born, with our genes set in stone, we are also taught a lot of things to build upon this foundation: Important things like our mother tongue, or the rules of society. But even more important are the things we're not being taught. The things we just pick up on automatically. I'm talking about what is commonly described as norms, principles or values.
Values and the social need
Values are abstract identifications that people identify with or against. Identifying with my blonde hair would mean I like my blonde hair, maybe because it has a special tone. In contrast, identifying with the abstraction of blonde hair would mean I like blonde hair in general. I don't necessarily have to have blonde hair myself to identify with its abstraction. Values are often the subject of mediated identification.
Which values we identify with determines how we judge others and also ourselves. This is important because we have the social need for people to identify with us. A need for recognition, acceptance. Values act as scales to measure compatibility and approval. Depending on our experiences, our parents, our education, and our acquaintances, we pick up different values.
Who do I want to be?
So, what values are there? Unfortunately, there are more values than people in this world, so to list them all would be too long a list for this article, but I've taken the liberty to collect the most basic ones.
One of the most basic values is power. The power over other people. We shall see later why it is such a popular value. If we strive for power, we see people as objects that we want to manipulate. This manifests in the desire to set the rules, to control the identity of others, and in admiration for those that have managed to get into a position of power. We assess our actions by the gain in power or the amount of control we were able to assert. In a society dominated by the drive towards power, there's a climate of mistrust and suspicion.
Similar but less intrusive is the value of honor. It manifests in the need to be remembered and in the admiration of those that are famous for having done something important. It is the desire for unidirectional identification from as many people as possible. We assess our actions by how many people will praise us for them. Since honor doesn't involve controlling people, though, it is easy to loose oneself in the values and expectations of others, as it is virtually impossible to be loved by everybody.
With the advent of money and trade, a new value became available: Wealth. This value says, the more I have, the better I am, and we assess all our actions by how much we gained by them. Money has no morals, no memory, however. It abstracts away all values into one artificial dimension: How much money do you have. If someone has a lot of money, all I know is that many people valued what he or she had to offer, but not why.
In contrast to the above values which are coined by selfishness, there is a value that seeks a very different outcome: community. All our actions are assessed by how much they benefit the community we identify with. Everyone is seen as part of the whole and helping each other is paramount, so that the whole thrives. The questions that are often left out or ignored are: Who controls the identity of the community? Who decides how much each individual benefits the community? And what happens to outsiders and people that don't contribute? Tolerance is, by design, not part of this world view -- a community can convert individuals that don't belong to it, but it cannot tolerate them. Also, even the identifications of the community members often still differ significantly so that real unity and equality are hard to achieve.
The last value we're considering here, is actually not really a value at all as it doesn't have a scale: It's originality or authenticity. When we strive for originality, all our actions are assessed by how well we expressed ourselves, how content we are with ourselves. We constantly try to learn and improve ourselves for our own enjoyment. And we respect the work and identity of others. Differences are welcome because they are natural and part of originality.
To sum up this section, we come to be who we are by (consciously or subconsciously) learning from our emotions. Many of us pick up certain values as we grow up, that we strive for and that shape our actions and our identity.
Identification patterns - How different people identify
Although everybody has their own unique identity, there are certain patterns that we all exhibit to some extent in different situations at varying degrees.
The first such pattern is disidentification. It can range from the disidentification of people from other nationalities, over the disidentification of our own shortcomings or our family to the disidentification of our own desires, drives perhaps even our own body, as can be found in some ascetic traditions. It has the advantage of soothing us with the illusion of control by admitting nothing and submitting to nothing, leaving no vulnerability, but the drawback of this is that we loose ourselves in the fear of being identified, that our identity becomes an empty fist, identifying against everything, an "anti-identity", if you will.
The second pattern is the other extreme: boundless identification. It can range from the constant need to be entertained, over being easily manipulable, to the inability to commit to close relationships. It has the advantage of openness towards the world, however, the drawback is that we loose ourselves, that our identity becomes a reaching hand, desperately grasping for something else, while never able to hold on, identifying with everything, submitting to anything, while committing to nothing.
The last pattern is a balance of both other ones, combining their advantages. It is acceptance. It can range from simple contentiousness, over complacency to stoic apathy. It has the advantage of openness and calmness by accepting the self and the other, but it runs the risk of standstill, if it is used as a constant state or value, rather than as a tool: If we accept everything, we have no urge to do anything.
Identity and aggression - Why so angry?
Believe it or not, identity, this precious product of our complex emotional journeys, is one of the major causes of violence and war in human history. The basic idea of property is based on identification: If you take or have what belongs to me, I get angry -- and already we're at war. This was the primary cause for many wars in human history starting with tribal rivalries about the most fertile patches of land or the best springs of drinking water, over the medieval territory wars, to the conflicts of our time such as the Israel conflict. And just like property, discrimination is based on identification as well: You claim to belong to me or my group, yet you are strange to me, I cannot or don't want to understand you and hence you disgust me and I want nothing to do with you. Extreme examples of this pattern in human history are the witch hunts in the middle ages, the holocaust of jewish people in Germany, slavery and later the racial discrimination of African Americans, just like the discrimination of homosexual people.
Why is aggression so common in people? Are we born aggressive? Because, it seems, you know, when nobody is around us, we're quite calm. Where does all this aggression come from?
Social catalysis
When we're alone we're free to identify with whatever we want, unaffected and unrestrained by identification of others, we are at peace and enjoy infinite, unbounded freedom.
However, as soon as we encounter someone else, we are an object to them, bound by the matter of our body, the actions of our life. Our identity is no longer free but constrained by how we are seen, open to determination by an "objective" outsider. Others are able to judge us, identify us with or against principles, gauges, categories, values etc. And consequently, as Hegel described in his "Phenomenology of Mind", we struggle for freedom, try to enforce our view on the world and on ourselves. We do this by in turn objectifying and thus restraining the other -- a struggle for power, where each tries to dominate the other.
In defeat we have to identify with the determination of us made by the other and thus recognize their dominance. The other, meanwhile, successfully identifies against us and takes pride in the fact that we recognize them as dominant.
Now, how did we end up here? What were the conditions that lead to this situation?
Someone wanted to establish dominance (active aggression).
Someone was not able to distance their self from the identifications that were being attacked (passive aggression).
The outcome is a struggle for power until one dominates the other.
This aggression, both active and passive, essentially allows us to avoid responsibility, to remain unconcerned, lets us disregard the other as inferior, as an object, by denying them recognition. The voiding of the other's perspective is a method of self-defense and self-assertion that strengthens our feeling of identity. In fact identifying with something always opens up a new attack surface, it reveals more things for others to identify us against, it further diffuses our identity (because said object might entail other identifications that we haven't considered) and thus leaves us vulnerable. Meanwhile, identifying against something draws a clear line, gives us space, as we say, and strengthens our feeling of security.
To sum up this section, we get aggressive when we feel objectified, unrecognized of our freedom, our consciousness. We want to in turn objectify the objectifier, and once someone has lost this struggle, the winner gets recognition from the loser and has thus asserted their identity.
Dealing with disidentification - How to face agression?
So far, we've seen how destructive aggression can be and how closely we need to examine our identifications. However, how can we face aggression constructively, instead of closing our hands to fists in the same way? Let's look at the aggressors, for once, and see what we can learn from them.
Being the best
All the values we have seen above are methods to disidentify, to emerge as a winner. We want to be better, ideally better than anyone we meet.
What about those that are in fact the best, though? The winners of our society? Do they live a happy life, knowing they have mastered the challenge? I doubt it: Idolized for a vision of perfection and success -- the a vital ingredient of western society -- the identities of the winners are reduced to their achievements. They become "The world's fastest sprinter", "The world's wealthiest man", etc. They often even overtake this view themselves, more and more defining themselves by this single one aspect: being the best.
Thus their dream of success turns, once at the top, into the urge to keep winning, because losing means losing their identity. The fastest fear that someone might break their record; the coolest fear that someone might embarrass them; the smartest fear someone finding out what they don't know; the richest fear meeting someone richer; the mightiest fear that someone might undermine them. They all live in fear of keeping their social rank, because deep down they know they are not any better than anyone else.
Don't enslave yourself
Let's recap the factors on both sides that led to the above situation of dominance:
Someone wanted to establish dominance in order to assert and maintain their identity (active aggression).
Someone was not able to distance their self from our identifications that were being attacked by the other (passive aggression).
Not practicing active aggression is not easy, it takes restraint, will-power and close examination of one's own identifications. How to handle being (verbally) attacked though? The assumption of the passive aggressor is that if they don't give into this game of winning, they will lose. However, this is an illusion: As we've seen above, and as Hegel has pointed out, the "master", the person who has won the battle, is dependent on the "slave" for recognition of their dominance. Nobody can dominate us other than by us recognizing their superiority. When we react aggressively, we are basically enslaving ourselves trying to measure who is objectively better and recognizing their superiority.
In practice this means that we don't need aggression to counter aggression, but merely acceptance. We need acceptance of the fact that the other needs to resort to aggression and a peaceful reaction to remind the other, that violence is not necessary.
Do note that this is not usually advisable when facing physical aggression, because the domination in this case is real and the aggressor may have the power to end your life. Peaceful protest, like Mahatma Ghandi's Satyagrah can still be very effective, if you prepared to take the risk of sustaining severe physical harm.
The sentiment of peaceful reaction traces back much longer than Ghadi, though. Even Jesus said (or is supposed to have said): "Be servants to each other." I believe this was the deeper meaning of his aphorism: By metaphorically serving the other, we accept them and are free from their (dis-)identifications. Also, many other religions comprise this same aphorism. The Buddhists for example have the Eight-fold path that saves one from greed (another term for, you guessed it, aggression). Even god is a useful idealistic tool in this light, because it's much easier to be humble when you are the object of unconditional love.
So, as you unravel your life, this huge delivery, don't loose sight of who you are, think about and bear in mind who you want to be, and be accepting of yourself as well as those, who have not done so, yet. And try not to be aggressive, will you? Cause, we don't need more of that. Thanks.
Acknowlegdements
Thanks to Gunter Dueck for introducing me to and fascinating me with the different popular societal values, which he in turn took as perspectives of society from the book "Spiral Dynamics" by Don Edward Beck.
Thanks to the brilliant Thomas Strässle for the "hand" metaphor. He has written a wonderful book about serenity in which I found it: "Gelassenheit. Über eine andere Haltung zur Welt". Very recommended, if you understand German.
For the curious eyes: The phenomenal picture of the eye used here as the article cover was created by Liam Welch. The symbols and drawings were made by nounproject authors: The stick figures were drawn by Alex Muravev. The magnet symbol was made by Angelo Troiano. The love symbol was made by Kavya. The sad face was made by Simon Mettler. The disgusted face was made by Kevin. The angry face was made by Ali Wijaya. The shameful face was made by Daouna Jeong. The proud face was made by Ari Wibowo. The box symbol was made by Rockicon.
Marcel klehr
Passionate rationalist. Pragmatic melancholic. Random spectator. Unasked commentator.
— the analphabet —
philosophized
Why doesn't it just work? - On abstractions
What have we learned? - On Public Education
Nothing to hide? - Why we need privacy after all
Why do I need an umbrella, if it never rains? This sounds like a strange question. Inadvertantly we think: You probably don't need it, but is that a realistic scenario? It's quite unlikely
Determining the future - Does science make sense?
Time is a strange thing. It's like those stalagmites you find in large caves: It's constantly dripping, but you can only see what is accumulated on the bottom. The stalagmite; the past. If
the analphabet © 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As a warm and comfortable resting place for business travelers. Wanda Realm offers its guests an unforgettable journey and unique Oriental cuisine.
302 luxurious and well-appointed guest rooms, including 21 suites, the smallest rooms are 42m². Three elegant restaurants (Cafe Realm, ZHEN Chinese Restaurant, HE Japanese & Korean Restaurant ), a Lobby ensure a prestigious experience by day and night. 1200 pillar-free Grand Ballroom with an outstanding LED screen and 7 flexible, multi-function meeting rooms.


Established in 1990, the Clements High School Orchestras are comprised of over 150 students in grades 9-12. We are a co-curricular program featuring five preforming string orchestras, one fundamentals string orchestra, and a full symphony formed in conjunction with the Clements Symphonic Band.
Our favorite colors are hues of blue and white or concert black, and we strive to embody ownership and accountability, personal musical growth, musical growth of our ensembles, and program stewardship. String classes meet daily for fifty minutes, and may have one two hour rehearsal per week as needs dictate. The symphony meets once a week for two hours from January until their Pre-UIL and UIL performances in March.
The performing string orchestras have four co-curricular performances per year, and two or three adjudicated/competitive performances. The adjudicated/competitive performances include: Texas Music Educators Association Honor Orchestra (Full and String) University Scholastic League Concert and Sight Reading Contest Regional or National festivals All of the performing ensembles have a distinguished long and distinguished record of success under the batons of Michael Fleming (1990-1998), Penelope Meitz (1998-2006), Dixie Addington (2006-2007), and Ginger Wolfe (2007-present).


Assessment of a customised immobilisation system for head and neck IMRT using electronic portal imaging Purpose: To evaluate set-up reproducibility of a cabulite shell and determine CTV-PTV margins for head and neck intensity-modulated-radiotherapy. Materials and methods: Twenty patients were entered into the study. A total of 354 anterior and lateral isocentric electronic portal images (EPIs) were compared to simulator reference images. Results: About 94% of all translational displacements were <= 3 mm, and 99% <= 5 mm. The overall systematic error was 0.9 mm (+/- 1.0SD) in the Right-Left, 0.7 mm (+/- 0.90) in the Superior-inferior and -0.02 mm (+/- 1.1SD) in the Anterior-Posterior directions. The corresponding SDs of the random errors were +/- 0.4, +/- 0.6 and +/- 0.7 mm. The estimated margins required from CTV-PTV were calculated according to the Van Herk formula was 2.9, 2.6 and 3.3 mm, respectively. Conclusions: This head and neck immobilisation system is of sufficient accuracy for its use with IMRT treatments and a 3 mm CTV-PTV margin has been adopted. (C) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Humphreys, M., Urbano, M. T. G., Mubata, C., Mites, E., Harrington, K. J., Bidmead, M., Nutting, C. M.


text:
The special investigations team of the Arunachal Pradesh Police took over the probe on MondayEastMojo image
AAPSU warns as Arunachal Police SIT looks at 'other angles' in Vijaynagar arson
If it were not premeditated, they would have randomly attacked any property on the road. But they specifically targeted government infrastructure, says IG
Sadiq Naqvi
Published on : 17 Dec, 2020 , 8:49 am
There could be more to Friday's rioting and arson in strategically important and remote Vijaynagar circle of Changlang district, where sensitive government and security installations were targeted by a mob, two officials of the Arunachal Pradesh Police directly involved with the investigations said.
"It was premeditated violence," said Chukhu Apa, Inspector General of Police, Law and Order. "If it were not premeditated, they would have randomly attacked any property on the road. But they specifically targeted a few government institutions. They came with inflammable liquid items like kerosene and petrol in bottles," he said.
"There is a possibility of some other angle to it," said a second police official, on the condition of anonymity. "A case of rioting could have been dealt with by the district police. There is a reason the investigation has been handed over to the special investigations team," this official said.
Changlang violence: Protesters demand removal of outsiders from Vijaynagar region
Vijaynagar, the remote easternmost corner of the country, is inhabited by the Lisu or the Yobin community. In the 1960s, over 200 families of ex-servicemen, including Gorkhas, Garhwalis, Mizo, Kukis and others were settled there by the government. This frontier, surrounded by Myanmar on three sides and abutted by the Namdapha National Park on the other, is cut-off with no road connectivity. Only 40 kilometres of the 157-kilometre road, which would connect Vijaynagar to Miao, have been completed so far.
On Friday, a mob allegedly led by the student body of the Yobin community marched to Vijaynagar headquarters, protesting against the participation of non-indigenous and non-tribals in the Panchayat elections scheduled for December 22.
The mob torched offices of the Special Bureau, the extra assistant commissioner and the post office. The office of the Subsidiary Intelligence Bureau, where construction has been completed up to the plinth level, was damaged, and the local police station was ransacked, officials who visited Vijaynagar said.
Earlier on December 1, the state election commission postponed Zila Parishad and Panchayat elections in Vijaynagar administrative circle citing apprehension of breakdown of law and order and opposition to the filing of nominations by non-tribals. Yobin groups claimed the rally, which turned violent, was organized to protest no specific action by the state government on their persistent demands.
"It seems it was already decided which offices are to be targeted," Apa said, referring to the violence on Friday.
The special investigations team of the Arunachal Pradesh Police took over the probe on Monday. Rohit Rajbir Singh, the Superintendent of Police, in-charge of the SIT, said six cases have been registered. "Rioting and arson is the common link," he said.
Arunachal's easternmost circle Vijaynagar finally gets mobile connectivity
Police initially said they arrested 24 persons who were allegedly part of the mob on Friday. Subsequently, many were found to be juvenile. At present, at least 10 people, who belong to Hozolo village neighbouring Vijaynagar headquarters, are still under arrest.
The All Arunachal Pradesh Students Union (AAPSU), meanwhile, blamed the Arunachal government for "not reciprocating to the sentiments of the Yobin community" and warned of more such violent incidents in future.
"It has to be understood that consistent disregard for the rights and aspirations of the indigenous people may invite more such happenings in near future. The government should view the issue seriously and immediately take up AAPSU's demand for the amendment of Arunachal Pradesh Panchayati Raj Act, 1997," a statement issued by the union said.
State home minister Bamang Felix expressed shock over the incident saying, "We accepted the demand of the AYSU and accordingly PRI polls were postponed. This incident is unfortunate and violence has no place in modern society."
The Yobin community, meanwhile, has urged government authorities to correct the 'baseless apprehensions over Vijaynagar area," which they say is "often falsely projected as sharing boundary with China".
"Truth is that Vijaynagar circle was and is surrounded by friendly Myanmar on all three sides and the other side is Miao circle, which is Arunachal itself."
The community has also taken issue with the fact that Vijaynagar has been been projected as "vacant land" before 1961. "Vijaynagar was not a vacant land before 1961, as cunningly projected by some. It was Yobin's territory."
A factual report titled 'Settlement of Retired Assam Rifles families in Vijoynagar (AP) area and the displacement of indigenous locals' as submitted and signed by at least 10 Yobin associations and presented to the Arunachal Pradesh government, said it was "worrisome" that an estimated more than 20 families, "who are unauthorized settlers and also Innerline Regulation violators, have settled in Vijaynagar circle, after the expiry of settlement year (1971)."
The Yobin groups' report adds: "The government authorities are requested to sort this mess out at the earliest, for this is not incongruent to the nature of this Protected Area State."
On the other hand, the Gorkha community in Vijaynagar has sought the Governor's intervention to bring back normalcy in the violence-hit area, alleging that the All Yobin Students' Union has been issuing intimidating letters and videos to the descendants of the ex-Assam Rifles settlers in Vijaynagar on the basis of a 30-year lease agreement.
The Gorkha Welfare Society (GWS) and the All Settlers Welfare Association (ASWA), Vijaynagar, submitted a joint representation to Governor Brig (Retd) BD Mishra, emphasising the contribution of the Assam Rifles personnel.
"Assam Rifles personnel did not settle in Vijaynagar by their own will or choice. Had it been out of own choice and convenience, we too would have chosen the accessible area bordering Assam," the Gorkha community's representation said.
The settlers had been sent to the then uninhabited land of Vijaynagar on the line of duty during the Srijitga expedition to integrate the area and to mark Vijaynagar as Indian territory.
The organisations claimed that 200 families of the Assam Rifles were settled in four different batches – the first batch (25 families) during 1967-68; the second batch (25 families) during 1968-69; the third batch (52 families) during 1969-70; and the fourth batch (100 families) during 1970-71.
"It is well on record that there was no international boundary between India and Myanmar. It was only demarcated in 1971-1972 after the settlement of our fathers/grandfathers in Vijaynagar valley, which clearly explains the underlying objective of settlement of Assam Rifles personnel," they said.
Meanwhile, officials said there is an uneasy calm in the area. "The administration is working on a two-pronged approach. To get the locals to talk and to ensure that those responsible for violence are brought to book," the police official said.
The district administration had imposed prohibitory orders under section 144 CrPC in Vijayanagar circle and deputed two magistrates on special duty there to deal with the situation. Additional CRPF platoons were also airlifted by the Arunachal Pradesh government on Monday.
For more such stories, follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Activate Website Notifications to stay updated.
Changlang violence
Vijaynagar violence
©2019-21 EastMojo
EastMojo
www.eastmojo.com


text:
#ifdef E_TYPEDEFS
typedef enum _E_Client_Screen_Limit
{
    E_CLIENT_OFFSCREEN_LIMIT_ALLOW_PARTIAL = 0,
    E_CLIENT_OFFSCREEN_LIMIT_ALLOW_FULL = 1,
    E_CLIENT_OFFSCREEN_LIMIT_ALLOW_NONE = 2
} E_Client_Screen_Limit;

typedef enum _E_Icon_Preference
{
   E_ICON_PREF_E_DEFAULT,
   E_ICON_PREF_NETWM,
   E_ICON_PREF_USER
} E_Icon_Preference;

typedef enum _E_Direction
{
   E_DIRECTION_UP,
   E_DIRECTION_DOWN,
   E_DIRECTION_LEFT,
   E_DIRECTION_RIGHT
} E_Direction;

typedef enum _E_Transition
{
   E_TRANSITION_LINEAR = 0,
   E_TRANSITION_SINUSOIDAL = 1,
   E_TRANSITION_ACCELERATE = 2,
   E_TRANSITION_DECELERATE = 3,
   E_TRANSITION_ACCELERATE_LOTS = 4,
   E_TRANSITION_DECELERATE_LOTS = 5,
   E_TRANSITION_SINUSOIDAL_LOTS = 6,
   E_TRANSITION_BOUNCE = 7,
   E_TRANSITION_BOUNCE_LOTS = 8
} E_Transition;

typedef enum _E_Stacking
{
   E_STACKING_NONE,
   E_STACKING_ABOVE,
   E_STACKING_BELOW
} E_Stacking;

typedef enum _E_Focus_Policy
{
   E_FOCUS_CLICK,
   E_FOCUS_MOUSE,
   E_FOCUS_SLOPPY,
   E_FOCUS_LAST,
} E_Focus_Policy;

typedef enum
{
   /* same as ecore-x types */
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_UNKNOWN = 0,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_DESKTOP,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_TOOLBAR,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_MENU,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_SPLASH,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_DIALOG,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_NORMAL,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_DROPDOWN_MENU,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_POPUP_MENU,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_TOOLTIP,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_NOTIFICATION,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_COMBO,
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_DND,
   /* since UNKNOWN was used improperly in comp matching,
    * this value is a placeholder to indicate that we want
    * only type UNKNOWN windows
    */
   E_WINDOW_TYPE_REAL_UNKNOWN = 999
} E_Window_Type;

typedef enum _E_Urgency_Policy
{
   E_ACTIVEHINT_POLICY_IGNORE,
   E_ACTIVEHINT_POLICY_ANIMATE,
   E_ACTIVEHINT_POLICY_ACTIVATE,
   E_ACTIVEHINT_POLICY_ACTIVATE_EXCLUDE,
   E_ACTIVEHINT_POLICY_LAST,
} E_Urgency_Policy;

typedef enum _E_Focus_Setting
{
   E_FOCUS_NONE,
   E_FOCUS_NEW_WINDOW,
   E_FOCUS_NEW_DIALOG,
   E_FOCUS_NEW_DIALOG_IF_OWNER_FOCUSED
} E_Focus_Setting;

typedef enum _E_Maximize
{
   E_MAXIMIZE_NONE = 0x00000000,
   E_MAXIMIZE_FULLSCREEN = 0x00000001,
   E_MAXIMIZE_SMART = 0x00000002,
   E_MAXIMIZE_EXPAND = 0x00000003,
   E_MAXIMIZE_FILL = 0x00000004,
   E_MAXIMIZE_TYPE = 0x0000000f,
   E_MAXIMIZE_VERTICAL = 0x00000010,
   E_MAXIMIZE_HORIZONTAL = 0x00000020,
   E_MAXIMIZE_BOTH = 0x00000030,
   E_MAXIMIZE_LEFT = 0x00000070,
   E_MAXIMIZE_RIGHT = 0x000000b0,
   E_MAXIMIZE_DIRECTION = 0x000000f0
} E_Maximize;

typedef enum _E_Fullscreen
{
   /* Resize window */
   E_FULLSCREEN_RESIZE,
   /* Change screen resolution and resize window */
   E_FULLSCREEN_ZOOM
} E_Fullscreen;

typedef enum _E_Window_Placement
{
   E_WINDOW_PLACEMENT_SMART,
   E_WINDOW_PLACEMENT_ANTIGADGET,
   E_WINDOW_PLACEMENT_CURSOR,
   E_WINDOW_PLACEMENT_MANUAL
} E_Window_Placement;

typedef enum E_Client_Property
{
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_NONE = 0,
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_SIZE = (1 << 0),
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_POS = (1 << 1),
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_TITLE = (1 << 2),
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_ICON = (1 << 3),
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_URGENCY = (1 << 4),
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_GRAVITY = (1 << 5),
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_NETWM_STATE = (1 << 6),
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_STICKY = (1 << 7),
   E_CLIENT_PROPERTY_MISC = (1 << 31),
} E_Client_Property;

typedef struct E_Client E_Client;

typedef struct E_Event_Client E_Event_Client;
typedef struct _E_Event_Client_Property E_Event_Client_Property;
typedef struct _E_Client_Pending_Resize E_Client_Pending_Resize;
typedef struct E_Event_Client_Zone_Set E_Event_Client_Zone_Set;
typedef struct E_Event_Client_Desk_Set E_Event_Client_Desk_Set;
typedef struct _E_Client_Hook E_Client_Hook;

typedef enum _E_Client_Hook_Point
{
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_EVAL_PRE_FETCH,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_EVAL_FETCH,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_EVAL_PRE_POST_FETCH,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_EVAL_POST_FETCH,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_EVAL_PRE_FRAME_ASSIGN,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_EVAL_POST_FRAME_ASSIGN,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_EVAL_PRE_NEW_CLIENT,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_EVAL_POST_NEW_CLIENT,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_EVAL_END,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_FOCUS_SET,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_FOCUS_UNSET,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_NEW_CLIENT,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_DESK_SET,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_MOVE_BEGIN,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_MOVE_UPDATE,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_MOVE_END,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_RESIZE_BEGIN,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_RESIZE_UPDATE,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_RESIZE_END,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_DEL,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_UNREDIRECT,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_REDIRECT,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_UNIGNORE,
   E_CLIENT_HOOK_LAST,
} E_Client_Hook_Point;

typedef void (*E_Client_Move_Intercept_Cb)(E_Client *, int x, int y);
typedef void (*E_Client_Hook_Cb)(void *data, E_Client *ec);
typedef void (*E_Client_Layout_Cb)(void);
#else

#ifndef HAVE_WAYLAND_ONLY
# include <Ecore_X.h>
#endif

#define E_CLIENT_TYPE (int)0xE0b01002

struct E_Event_Client
{
   E_Client *ec;
};

struct E_Event_Client_Desk_Set
{
   E_Client *ec;
   E_Desk *desk;
};

struct E_Event_Client_Zone_Set
{
   E_Client *ec;
   E_Zone *zone;
};

struct _E_Event_Client_Property
{
   E_Client *ec;
   unsigned int property;
};

struct _E_Client_Hook
{
   EINA_INLIST;
   E_Client_Hook_Point hookpoint;
   E_Client_Hook_Cb func;
   void               *data;
   unsigned char       delete_me E_BITFIELD;
};

struct _E_Client_Pending_Resize
{
   int           w, h;
   unsigned int  serial;
};

struct E_Client
{
   E_Object e_obj_inherit;
   EINA_INLIST;

   E_Pixmap *pixmap;
   int depth;
   int x, y, w, h; //frame+client geom
   struct {
      int x, y, w, h; //frame+client geom before move or resize callback
   } pre_cb;
   Eina_Rectangle client; //client geom
   Evas_Object *frame; //comp object
   Evas_Object *agent; //resize agent;
   E_Zone *zone;
   E_Desk *desk;

   Ecore_Poller              *ping_poller;
   Ecore_Timer               *kill_timer;

   E_Client                  *modal;

   E_Client                  *leader;
   Eina_List                 *group;

   E_Client                  *parent;
   Eina_List                 *transients;

   E_Layer                    layer;

   Eina_Rectangle           *shape_rects;
   unsigned int              shape_rects_num;

   Eina_Rectangle           *shape_input_rects;
   unsigned int              shape_input_rects_num;

   Eina_Stringshare         *internal_icon;
   Eina_Stringshare         *internal_icon_key;

   E_Direction               shade_dir;

   E_Comp_Client_Data       *comp_data;

   E_Action                  *cur_mouse_action;

   struct {
      E_Client               *next;
      E_Client               *prev;
      int                     ignore;
      Eina_Bool               focus_skip E_BITFIELD;
   } stack;

   int               border_size; //size of client's border

   struct
   {
      struct
      {
         int x, y, w, h;
         int mx, my;
      } current, last_down[3], last_up[3];
      Eina_Bool in E_BITFIELD;
   } mouse;

   struct
   {
      struct
      {
         int x, y, w, h;
         int mx, my;
         int button;
      } down;
   } moveinfo;

   unsigned char      ignore_first_unmap;
   E_Pointer_Mode     resize_mode;

   struct
   {
      Eina_Bool mapping_change E_BITFIELD;
      Eina_Bool iconic_shading E_BITFIELD;
   } hacks;

   struct
   {
      unsigned char changed E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char user_selected E_BITFIELD;
      Eina_Stringshare *name;
   } border;

   struct
   {
      int          x, y, w, h;
      E_Layer      layer;
      int          zone;
      E_Maximize   maximized;
      Eina_Bool    frame E_BITFIELD;
      Eina_Bool    set E_BITFIELD;
   } saved;

   struct
   {
      unsigned char valid E_BITFIELD;
      int           x, y, w, h;
      struct
      {
         int x, y, w, h;
      } saved;
   } pre_res_change;

   unsigned char  shaped E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned char  argb E_BITFIELD;

   /* ICCCM */
   struct
   {
      Eina_Stringshare        *title;
      Eina_Stringshare        *name;
      Eina_Stringshare        *class;
      Eina_Stringshare        *icon_name;
      Eina_Stringshare        *machine;
      int                       min_w, min_h;
      int                       max_w, max_h;
      int                       base_w, base_h;
      int                       step_w, step_h;
      int                       start_x, start_y;
      double                    min_aspect, max_aspect;
      Ecore_Window            icon_window;
      Ecore_Window            window_group;
      uint64_t                transient_for;
      Ecore_Window            client_leader;
#ifndef HAVE_WAYLAND_ONLY
      Ecore_X_Window_State_Hint initial_state;
      Ecore_X_Window_State_Hint state;
      Ecore_X_Pixmap            icon_pixmap;
      Ecore_X_Pixmap            icon_mask;
      Ecore_X_Gravity           gravity;
#endif
      Eina_Stringshare         *window_role;
      unsigned char             take_focus E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char             accepts_focus E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char             urgent E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char             delete_request E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char             request_pos E_BITFIELD;
      struct
      {
         int    argc;
         char **argv;
      } command;
      struct
      {
         unsigned char title E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char name_class E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char icon_name E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char machine E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char hints E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char size_pos_hints E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char protocol E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char transient_for E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char client_leader E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char window_role E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char state E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char command E_BITFIELD;
      } fetch;
   } icccm;

   /* MWM */
   struct
   {
#ifndef HAVE_WAYLAND_ONLY
      Ecore_X_MWM_Hint_Func  func;
      Ecore_X_MWM_Hint_Decor decor;
      Ecore_X_MWM_Hint_Input input;
#endif
      unsigned char          exists E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char          borderless E_BITFIELD;
      struct
      {
         unsigned char hints E_BITFIELD;
      } fetch;
   } mwm;

   /* NetWM */
   struct
   {
      pid_t         pid;
      unsigned int  desktop;
      Eina_Stringshare *name;
      Eina_Stringshare *icon_name;
#ifndef HAVE_WAYLAND_ONLY
      Ecore_X_Icon *icons;
#endif
      int           num_icons;
      unsigned int  user_time;
      unsigned char opacity;
      Eina_Bool     opacity_changed E_BITFIELD; // prevent fetching opacity next prop change
      struct
      {
         int left;
         int right;
         int top;
         int bottom;
         int left_start_y;
         int left_end_y;
         int right_start_y;
         int right_end_y;
         int top_start_x;
         int top_end_x;
         int bottom_start_x;
         int bottom_end_x;
      } strut;
      unsigned char ping E_BITFIELD;
      struct
      {
         unsigned char        request E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char        alarm E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned int         wait;
         unsigned int         serial;
         double               send_time;
      } sync;

      /* NetWM Window state */
      struct
      {
         unsigned char modal E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char sticky E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char maximized_v E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char maximized_h E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char shaded E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char skip_taskbar E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char skip_pager E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char hidden E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char fullscreen E_BITFIELD;
         E_Stacking    stacking;
      } state;

      /* NetWM Window allowed actions */
      struct
      {
         unsigned char move E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char resize E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char minimize E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char shade E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char stick E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char maximized_h E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char maximized_v E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char fullscreen E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char change_desktop E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char close E_BITFIELD;
      } action;
      E_Window_Type  type;
      E_Window_Type *extra_types;
      int                  extra_types_num;
      int                  startup_id;

      struct
      {
         unsigned char name E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char icon_name E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char icon E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char user_time E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char strut E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char type E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char state E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char opacity E_BITFIELD;
         /* No, fetch on new_client, shouldn't be changed after map.
            unsigned char pid E_BITFIELD;
          */
         /* No, ignore this
            unsigned char desktop E_BITFIELD;
          */
      } fetch;

      struct
      {
         unsigned char state E_BITFIELD;
      } update;
   } netwm;

   /* Extra e stuff */
   struct
   {
      struct
      {
         struct
         {
            int           x, y;

            unsigned char updated E_BITFIELD;
         } video_position;
         Ecore_Window video_parent;
         E_Client      *video_parent_client;
         Eina_List     *video_child;
         struct
         {
            Eina_Stringshare *name;
            Eina_Stringshare **available_list;
            Eina_Stringshare *set;
            Eina_Stringshare *wait;
            E_Desk           *wait_desk;
            E_Object_Delfn   *wait_desk_delfn;
            int               num;
            unsigned char     wait_for_done E_BITFIELD;
            unsigned char     use E_BITFIELD;
         } profile;
         Eina_Bool stack E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char      centered E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char      video E_BITFIELD;
      } state;

      struct
      {
         unsigned char state E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char video_parent E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char video_position E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char profile E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char stack E_BITFIELD;
      } fetch;
   } e;

   struct
   {
      struct
      {
         unsigned char soft_menu E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char soft_menus E_BITFIELD;
      } fetch;

      unsigned char soft_menu E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char soft_menus E_BITFIELD;
   } qtopia;

   struct
   {
      struct
      {
         unsigned char state E_BITFIELD;
         unsigned char vkbd E_BITFIELD;
      } fetch;
#ifndef HAVE_WAYLAND_ONLY
      Ecore_X_Virtual_Keyboard_State state;
#endif
      unsigned char                  have_property E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char                  vkbd E_BITFIELD;
   } vkbd;

   struct
   {
      unsigned char visible E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char pos E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char size E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char stack E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char prop E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char border E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char reset_gravity E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char shading E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char shaded E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char shape E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char shape_input E_BITFIELD;
      unsigned char icon E_BITFIELD;
      Eina_Bool internal_state E_BITFIELD;
      Eina_Bool need_maximize E_BITFIELD;
      Eina_Bool need_unmaximize E_BITFIELD;
      Eina_Bool need_rescale E_BITFIELD;
   } changes;

   unsigned int       visible E_BITFIELD; // client is set to be visible by display server (never use this)
   unsigned int       hidden E_BITFIELD; // set when window has been hidden by api and should not be shown
   unsigned int       moving E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       focused E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       new_client E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       re_manage E_BITFIELD; // client is persisting from before E restart
   unsigned int       placed E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       shading E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       shaded E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       iconic E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       deskshow E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       sticky E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       urgent E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       shaped_input E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       need_shape_merge E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       need_shape_export E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       fullscreen E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       need_fullscreen E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       already_unparented E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       need_reparent E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       button_grabbed E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       delete_requested E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       ping_ok E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       hung E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       take_focus E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       want_focus E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       user_skip_winlist E_BITFIELD;
   E_Maximize         maximized;
   E_Fullscreen       fullscreen_policy;
   unsigned int       borderless E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned char      offer_resistance E_BITFIELD;
   Eina_Stringshare  *bordername;

   unsigned int       lock_user_location E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_client_location E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_user_size E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_client_size E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_user_stacking E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_client_stacking E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_user_iconify E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_client_iconify E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_user_desk E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       lock_client_desk E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       lock_user_sticky E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_client_sticky E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_user_shade E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_client_shade E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_user_maximize E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_client_maximize E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_user_fullscreen E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_client_fullscreen E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_border E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_close E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_focus_in E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_focus_out E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/
   unsigned int       lock_life E_BITFIELD; /*DONE*/

   unsigned int       stolen E_BITFIELD;

   unsigned int       internal E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       internal_no_remember E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned int       internal_no_reopen E_BITFIELD;

   unsigned int       next_mouse_action_ignore E_BITFIELD;

   Evas_Object       *internal_elm_win;

   double             ping;

   unsigned char      changed E_BITFIELD;

   unsigned char      icon_preference;

   struct
   {
      int x, y;
      int modified;
   } shelf_fix;

   Eina_List       *stick_desks;
   E_Menu          *border_menu;
   Evas_Object     *color_editor;
   E_Config_Dialog *border_locks_dialog;
   E_Config_Dialog *border_remember_dialog;
   E_Config_Dialog *border_border_dialog;
   E_Dialog        *border_prop_dialog;
   Eina_List       *pending_resize;

   struct
   {
      unsigned char start E_BITFIELD;
      int           x, y;
   } drag;

   Ecore_Timer               *raise_timer;
   E_Client_Move_Intercept_Cb move_intercept_cb;
   E_Remember                *remember;
   E_Remember                *sr_remember;

   Efreet_Desktop            *desktop;
   E_Exec_Instance           *exe_inst;

   unsigned char              comp_hidden   E_BITFIELD;

   unsigned char              post_move   E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned char              post_resize E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned char              post_show E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned char              during_lost E_BITFIELD;

   Ecore_Idle_Enterer        *post_job;

   E_Focus_Policy             focus_policy_override;

   Eina_Stringshare *uuid;

   Eina_List *sinks;
   int volume;
   int volume_min;
   int volume_max;
   unsigned char mute E_BITFIELD;
   unsigned char volume_control_enabled E_BITFIELD;

   Eina_Bool override E_BITFIELD;
   Eina_Bool input_only E_BITFIELD;
   Eina_Bool dialog E_BITFIELD;
   Eina_Bool tooltip E_BITFIELD;
   Eina_Bool redirected E_BITFIELD;
   Eina_Bool unredirected_single E_BITFIELD; //window has been selectively unredirected
   Eina_Bool shape_changed E_BITFIELD;
   Eina_Bool layer_block E_BITFIELD; // client is doing crazy stuff and should not be relayered in protocol
   Eina_Bool ignored E_BITFIELD; // client is comp-ignored
   Eina_Bool no_shape_cut E_BITFIELD; // client shape should not be cut
   Eina_Bool maximize_override E_BITFIELD; // client is doing crazy stuff and should "just do it" when moving/resizing
   Eina_Bool maximize_anims_disabled E_BITFIELD; // client cannot invoke anims or it will break
   Eina_Bool keyboard_resizing E_BITFIELD;

   Eina_Bool on_post_updates E_BITFIELD; // client is on the post update list
};

#define e_client_focus_policy_click(ec) \
  ((ec->focus_policy_override == E_FOCUS_CLICK) || (e_config->focus_policy == E_FOCUS_CLICK))

/* macro for finding misuse of changed flag */
#if 0
# define EC_CHANGED(EC) \
  do { \
     if (e_object_is_del(E_OBJECT(EC))) \
       EINA_LOG_CRIT("CHANGED SET ON DELETED CLIENT!"); \
     EC->changed = 1; \
     INF("%s:%d - EC CHANGED: %p", __FILE__, __LINE__, EC); \
  } while (0)
#else
# define EC_CHANGED(EC) EC->changed = 1
#endif

#define E_CLIENT_FOREACH(EC) \
  for (EC = e_client_bottom_get(); EC; EC = e_client_above_get(EC))

#define E_CLIENT_REVERSE_FOREACH(EC) \
  for (EC = e_client_top_get(); EC; EC = e_client_below_get(EC))

E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_ADD;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_REMOVE;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_ZONE_SET;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_DESK_SET;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_RESIZE;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_MOVE;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_SHOW;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_HIDE;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_ICONIFY;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_UNICONIFY;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_STACK;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_FOCUS_IN;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_FOCUS_OUT;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_PROPERTY;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_FULLSCREEN;
E_API extern int E_EVENT_CLIENT_UNFULLSCREEN;

EINTERN void e_client_idler_before(void);
EINTERN Eina_Bool e_client_init(void);
EINTERN void e_client_shutdown(void);
E_API E_Client *e_client_new(E_Pixmap *cp, int first_map, int internal);
E_API void e_client_unignore(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_desk_set(E_Client *ec, E_Desk *desk);
E_API Eina_Bool e_client_comp_grabbed_get(void);
E_API E_Client *e_client_action_get(void);
E_API E_Client *e_client_warping_get(void);
E_API Eina_List *e_clients_immortal_list(void);
E_API void e_client_mouse_in(E_Client *ec, int x, int y);
E_API void e_client_mouse_out(E_Client *ec, int x, int y);
E_API void e_client_mouse_wheel(E_Client *ec, Evas_Point *output, E_Binding_Event_Wheel *ev);
E_API void e_client_mouse_down(E_Client *ec, int button, Evas_Point *output, E_Binding_Event_Mouse_Button *ev);
E_API void e_client_mouse_up(E_Client *ec, int button, Evas_Point *output, E_Binding_Event_Mouse_Button* ev);
E_API void e_client_mouse_move(E_Client *ec, Evas_Point *output);
E_API void e_client_res_change_geometry_save(E_Client *bd);
E_API void e_client_res_change_geometry_restore(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_rescale(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_zone_set(E_Client *ec, E_Zone *zone);
E_API void e_client_geometry_get(E_Client *ec, int *x, int *y, int *w, int *h);
E_API E_Client *e_client_above_get(const E_Client *ec);
E_API E_Client *e_client_below_get(const E_Client *ec);
E_API E_Client *e_client_bottom_get(void);
E_API E_Client *e_client_top_get(void);
E_API unsigned int e_clients_count(void);
E_API void e_client_move_intercept_cb_set(E_Client *ec, E_Client_Move_Intercept_Cb cb);
E_API E_Client_Hook *e_client_hook_add(E_Client_Hook_Point hookpoint, E_Client_Hook_Cb func, const void *data);
E_API void e_client_hook_del(E_Client_Hook *ch);
E_API void e_client_focus_latest_set(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_raise_latest_set(E_Client *ec);
E_API Eina_Bool e_client_focus_track_enabled(void);
E_API void e_client_focus_track_freeze(void);
E_API void e_client_focus_track_thaw(void);
E_API void e_client_refocus(void);
E_API void e_client_focus_set_with_pointer(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_activate(E_Client *ec, Eina_Bool just_do_it);
E_API E_Client *e_client_focused_get(void);
E_API Eina_List *e_client_focus_stack_get(void);
E_API Eina_List *e_client_raise_stack_get(void);
E_API Eina_List *e_client_lost_windows_get(E_Zone *zone);
E_API void e_client_shade(E_Client *ec, E_Direction dir);
E_API void e_client_unshade(E_Client *ec, E_Direction dir);
E_API Eina_Bool e_client_maximize_geometry_get(const E_Client *ec, E_Maximize max, int *mx, int *my, int *mw, int *mh);
E_API void e_client_maximize(E_Client *ec, E_Maximize max);
E_API Eina_Bool e_client_unmaximize_geometry_get(const E_Client *ec, E_Maximize max, int *mx, int *my, int *mw, int *mh);
E_API void e_client_unmaximize(E_Client *ec, E_Maximize max);
E_API void e_client_fullscreen(E_Client *ec, E_Fullscreen policy);
E_API void e_client_unfullscreen(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_iconify(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_uniconify(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_urgent_set(E_Client *ec, Eina_Bool urgent);
E_API void e_client_stick(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_unstick(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_pinned_set(E_Client *ec, Eina_Bool set);
E_API void e_client_prop_misc_changed(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_comp_hidden_set(E_Client *ec, Eina_Bool hidden);
E_API Eina_Bool e_client_border_set(E_Client *ec, const char *name);
E_API void e_client_act_move_keyboard(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_act_resize_keyboard(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_act_move_begin(E_Client *ec, E_Binding_Event_Mouse_Button *ev);
E_API void e_client_act_move_end(E_Client *ec, E_Binding_Event_Mouse_Button *ev EINA_UNUSED);
E_API void e_client_act_resize_begin(E_Client *ec, E_Binding_Event_Mouse_Button *ev);
E_API void e_client_act_resize_end(E_Client *ec, E_Binding_Event_Mouse_Button *ev EINA_UNUSED);
E_API void e_client_act_menu_begin(E_Client *ec, E_Binding_Event_Mouse_Button *ev, int key);
E_API void e_client_act_close_begin(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_act_kill_begin(E_Client *ec);
E_API Evas_Object *e_client_icon_add(E_Client *ec, Evas *evas);
E_API void e_client_ping(E_Client *cw);
E_API void e_client_move_cancel(void);
E_API void e_client_resize_cancel(void);
E_API Eina_Bool e_client_resize_begin(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_frame_recalc(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_signal_move_begin(E_Client *ec, const char *sig, const char *src EINA_UNUSED);
E_API void e_client_signal_move_end(E_Client *ec, const char *sig EINA_UNUSED, const char *src EINA_UNUSED);
E_API void e_client_signal_resize_begin(E_Client *ec, const char *dir, const char *sig, const char *src EINA_UNUSED);
E_API void e_client_signal_resize_end(E_Client *ec, const char *dir EINA_UNUSED, const char *sig EINA_UNUSED, const char *src EINA_UNUSED);
E_API void e_client_resize_limit(const E_Client *ec, int *w, int *h);
E_API E_Client *e_client_under_pointer_get(E_Desk *desk, E_Client *exclude);
E_API int e_client_pointer_warp_to_center_now(E_Client *ec);
E_API int e_client_pointer_warp_to_center(E_Client *ec);
E_API void e_client_redirected_set(E_Client *ec, Eina_Bool set);
E_API void e_client_next_mouse_action_ignore(E_Client *ec);
E_API Eina_Bool e_client_is_stacking(const E_Client *ec);
E_API Eina_Bool e_client_has_xwindow(const E_Client *ec);
E_API Eina_Bool e_client_desk_window_profile_available_check(E_Client *ec, const char *profile);
E_API void      e_client_desk_window_profile_wait_desk_set(E_Client *ec, E_Desk *desk);
E_API void      e_client_layout_cb_set(E_Client_Layout_Cb cb);
E_API Eina_List *e_client_stack_list_prepare(E_Client *ec);
E_API void       e_client_stack_list_finish(Eina_List *list);
E_API E_Client  *e_client_stack_top_get(E_Client *ec);
E_API E_Client  *e_client_stack_bottom_get(E_Client *ec);
E_API E_Client  *e_client_stack_active_adjust(E_Client *ec);
E_API Eina_Bool  e_client_stack_focused_get(E_Client *ec);
E_API Eina_Bool  e_client_stack_iconified_get(E_Client *ec);
E_API Eina_Bool  e_client_stack_urgent_get(E_Client *ec);

YOLO E_API void e_client_focus_stack_set(Eina_List *l);

E_API void e_client_parent_set(E_Client *ec, E_Client *parent);
E_API void e_client_transients_restack(E_Client *ec);
#include "e_client.x"
#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Reviews – Climate & Weather Simulations & Games
This list includes educational simulations, games and virtual labs spanning topics in climate, weather, and atmospheric science education. This list is a subset of my larger list of simulations, games and virtual labs for STEM education. I have a list of dozens of resources that I am in the process of porting over from an older web site, which I will be adding to this list throughout the spring of 2020.
Annenberg – Carbon Cycle & Energy Labs
The Habitable Planet curriculum includes lab simulations for the carbon cycle and for energy.
Creator: Annenberg Learner (Annenberg Foundation)
BBC Climate Challenge
In the Climate Challenge role-playing policy game, you are the leader of the European Union. Select policies to reduce carbon emissions while retaining enough popularity to remain in office.
Creator: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
CIMSS & WeatherWise Weather & Climate Apps
This large collection of web apps covers a broad range of topics in weather, climate, and the atmospheric sciences. A visual menu on the CIMSS site and a topic outline on the WeatherWise site both link to an overlapping set of interactives created by faculty at the University of Wisconsin.
Creators: Tom Whittaker and Steve Ackerman at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC)
Climate Change Mitigation Simulator
Choose your priorities and select mitigation strategies to meet your goals with this simple climate change mitigation simulator.
Creators: Koshland Science Museum
Climate Interactive has created several simulations and role-playing games related to climate science and policy. Their simulation models include: En-ROADS (energy policy), C-ROADS (international policy), and ALPS (Agriculture and Land Policy Simulator). Their role-playing simulation games include: Climate Action Simulation, World Climate Simulation, and Agritopia (agricultural policy).
Creator: Climate Interactive (an independent, not-for-profit think-tank that grew out of MIT Sloan in Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Concord Consortium – Climate & Atmosphere
The Concord Consortium has several educational models that explore topics in climate, air pollution and air quality, the water cycle, and other aspects of atmospheric science. Resources include: Global Climate Change Model, Hurricane Explorer Model, Air Pollution Model (aerial), Air Pollution Model (cross-section), Hydraulic Fracturing Model, Water Model, Land Management Model, and Sunlight, Infrared, CO2 and the Ground.
Creators: Concord Consortium
EdGCM
EdGCM is a research-grade Global Climate Model (GCM) with a user-friendly interface that is suitable for use by students and can be run on a personal computer.
Creators: Columbia University (New York)
Cost: individual student copy for $29; single user license $199; free 30-day trial demo version available.
Extreme Event Role-Playing Simulation
Role-playing simulation for groups in which players assume roles as city leaders to prepare for and react to a natural disaster. Two scenarios: coastal city struck by hurricane or inland city with river flooding. Low-tech and high-tech (using laptops or tablets) variants available; also uses cards.
KCVS Climate Solutions
In the Climate Solutions simulation you make choices that determine humanity's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the 21st century. Select options for electricity production and use, transportation, land use, buildings, and materials. Try to reduce GHG emissions by eliminating "wedges" from the emissions graph.
Creator: The King's Centre for Visualization in Science (KCVS), The King's University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Monash Simple Climate Model
A full climate model, simplified for educational use. Includes numerous example scenarios and challenge exercises for students; some involve depictions of alien worlds from science fiction movies and books!
Creators: Dr. Dietmar Dommenget and colleagues, School of Earth, Atmosphere & Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
NASA Climate Kids
The games section of NASA's Climate Kids web site includes Wild Weather Adventure, Whirlwind Disaster, Weather Slyder, Cloud Picture Scrambles, Power Up!, Offset, Weather Word Cross, and Missions to Planet Earth.
Creator: NASA
NOAA Games "Planet Arcade"
This collection features several games and puzzles from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Most of the resources are related to water, the oceans, and aquatic environments.
Creators: NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS) Education
SciJinks Weather Games
The games section of the SciJinks web site features games, simulations, and other multimedia about weather, satellite meteorology, and Earth science. The site is developed by the NASA Space Place team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS).
Creator: NASA and NOAA


text:
Ondrej Oslica (* 10. července 1937 Čičmany) je bývalý slovenský fotbalový obránce. Vystudoval vysokou školu v Nitře a od roku 1963 je inženýrem.

Hráčská kariéra
V československé lize hrál za Slovan Nitra, aniž by skóroval. Nastupoval také za Žilinu.

Prvoligová bilance

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura
 Luboš Jeřábek: Československý fotbal v číslech a faktech – Olympia 1991
 Jindřich Horák, Lubomír Král: Encyklopedie našeho fotbalu – Libri 1997
 Radovan Jelínek, Miloslav Jenšík a kol.: Atlas českého fotbalu – Radovan Jelínek 2006

Externí odkazy
 Jedinečné úspechy Nitry majú štyridsať rokov, mynitra.sme.sk [cit. 2013-08-30, autor Dušan Tarko]

Českoslovenští fotbalisté
Slovenští fotbalisté
Fotbaloví obránci
Fotbalisté MŠK Žilina
Fotbalisté FC Nitra
Narození 10. července
Narození v roce 1937
Narození v Čičmanech
Žijící lidé
Muži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Brief History of Limburg
By: Rudi Lebens †, Australia, May 2001
The first people lived in Limburg about 250.000 years ago. Proof of this was found in the Belvedere Quarry near Maastricht, where stone tools were discovered. These people lived from the hunt and from gathering nuts, roots and fruit and therefore we shall call them hunters-gatherers. Also from younger periods, when the climate was colder, stone tools were found in the valley of the river Maas. The hunter-gatherers mainly hunted reindeer and we shall call these reindeer-hunters.
Animals were plenty in this valley with lush grasses on the marshes to feed on and the water of the river to quench their thirst. The climate after a glacial epoch became milder and trees started to grow, forming groves alternated by marshy plains. From finds of fossils of marsh-tortoises we can conclude that the average July temperature must have been about 18 º Celsius, 2º higher than the present one. Remains of animals typical of the in-between glacial epochs, like horses, wood-elephants, plain-rhinos and various deer were found as well as wild boars and bears.
The flint tools and bones found in the Belvedere quarry were left in old campsites. By examining a flint knife under a microscope the scientists concluded that it was used to skin a thick-hided beast. The knife in the quarry was found between the teeth and bones of a young plains-rhino. Interesting is the find of red ochre, possibly used to decorate the body and preservation of hides for clothing or blankets.
The hunter-gatherers probably were nomads travelling round in groups of 25-40 persons. They made camp in a region where they could hunt easily for a while and there they constructed some huts from branches or lived in caves. The more varied their food was the more chances of a group to survive. From the camp the hunters hunted in a region 2 hours to and for from the camp. Contact with other groups improved their knowledge and exchanged marriages.
The pre-Neanderthal people probably lived in great awe of nature and huge animals. They tried to live in harmony with nature because they realised, that otherwise it would endanger their livelihood. Thousands of flint stone tools were found in the Belvedere quarry.
About 120.000 years ago began the last glacial epoch, which lasted till about 10.000 years ago. During this period grew in Limburg mosses, heath, herbs and low shrubs, much as at present in North-Scandinavia or North-Canada. Archaeologists found many remains of Mammoths, Woolly-Rhinos, bison, horses and reindeer and these were the animals our forefathers hunted. The people from this period are called Neanderthal after a skeleton found in a grotto in Neanderthal near the German City of Düsseldorf in 1964.
About 13.000 years ago the climate became milder and people from this period are called Cro-Magnon after a grotto in South France. They looked like us and are our direct ancestors. They replaced the Neanderthal in Europe from 40.000 years ago. Of these reindeer-hunters many archaeological finds have been made in East-Belgium, the valley of the Maas and in the Kempen area of Brabant. This area covers about 120 kilometres and these reindeer-hunters probably shifted twice a year between the northern and southern parts of their domain to coincide with the seasonal trek of the reindeer.
The belief of the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon people was probably the same and strongly connected with nature. They buried their dead and flowers often are found in the graves. Paintings in grottos in Dordogne in France show the animals they hunted and those they respected as mammoths, lions and horses. Small images were also often found made of ivory or soft stone.
The First Farmers
After the last glacial epoch existed on the sandy ground of Middle-Limburg a varied landscape with brooks and marshes and a great variety of trees, plants and animals. It was therefore an ideal domicile for hunters, fishermen and food gatherers. In South-Limburg the wind had deposited layers of loss and after the climate change woods existed of age-old linden trees. Because of the one sided growth few animals were found and the area was thus not fit for the hunters. It was however ideal for agriculture. Round 5300 BC people who are called Band-Ceramics because they made ceramic pots and vases discovered the region. They learned to grow grains, peas and linseed and also how to press oils and fats from some plants. A few sheep, goats and pigs were also kept. Their food was 2/3 vegetable and 1/3 meat and fat.
The small villages lasted mostly a few hundred years, but after 400 years there came an abrupt end to the Band-Ceramics. The possible causes of the demise could have been a severe drought or an epidemic. Even overpopulation could have been the reason. Defensive palisades and moats have been found and point to unrest between tribes, which may have resulted in conflict.
Flintstone, bronze and copper
During the flint-stone period the need grew of good quality flint. From ± 3900 BC people mined flint in the difficult to reach flint quarries, where the flint existed in marl layers. About 2100 BC bronze came into use and ± 700 BC iron came into play. This did not change the way of living very much, however as the population grew agriculture played a greater roll. Copper and tin had to be imported from central Europe, France and England, but iron-ore could be obtained locally and did not need to be mixed with other materials. Tools were manufactured for use in agriculture and the earth was improved by the use of manure obtained from stabling cattle. Thus farmers did not have to move from place to place, as the earth became sour from overuse.
The dead were mostly cremated at first, but later burials became commonplace with individual dead interred under great mounds. Mostly the dearly departed were accompanied by beautiful ceramic beakers. The males were laid down on another side as the women, but both sexes were buried with their faces to the south. During the bronze period cremation became the norm again with the ashes put in an earthen urn and then placed in a grave. Firstly huge mounds were made to cover an individual grave, but later small mounds were constructed and we find tens of these small mounds together forming an urn-field. Some of these fields cover an area of 25 hectares with 700-1000 of small mounds out of the late bronze period and early iron period. Although there was not much difference in the graves of poor or rich, the offers made to accompany the dead varied greatly and many prestige bronze swords were recovered.
The Roman Commonwealth
Just before the beginning of our calendar the Romans settled in the valley of the Maas. They remained there for the next 400 years. This was the first time the population had to bow under a central regime. Limburg was governed from Rome like the other conquered countries and occupied by a standing professional army. The Romans not only defended their borders, but also constructed roads. Thus for the first time cities were formed. These were centres of government and religion as well as of commerce and art. For the native population agriculture remained the main raison d'être.
In the century before the birth of Christ the Eburones lived in Limburg with their leader a mighty warrior Ambiorix. He led the Eburones against the legions of Julius Caesar in ± 54 BC, who for some years tried to subject this district to the Romans. Ambiorix lured a Roman force of about 5000 out of their winter quarters in Atuatuca and destroyed them. The Eburone farmers were however no match against the professionally trained soldiers of Caesar and were beaten soundly in the next 3 years. They were mercilessly hunted and murdered. From ±12 BC the Romans settled in the valley of the Maas, where they reigned for the next 400 years.
Under Emperor Augustus (12BC-14AD) the Romans could not succeed in conquering the area between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. Emperor Tiberius therefore decided to make the river Rhine the border of the Roman Empire, so legion-strongholds (Castra) and forts (Castella) were established. Meanwhile the composition of the population in Limburg changed comprehensively. The partly depopulated region where the Eburones used to live was repopulated by General Marcus Agrippa, who settled the Ubians in the region of Cologne (Colonia Agrippina). Round Xanten (Colonia Triana) the Cugernes were settled by Tiberius and in the valley of the Maas the Tongers were settled with as capital Atuatuca. With these new settlers the Romans made treaties, so that they could recruit locals for their armies and acquired food supply for the legions.
Emperor Nero died in 68 AD and civil war broke out in Rome about the succession. The Bataves under the lead of Julius Civilis made use of the confusion and revolted. In the spring of 70 AD a might of 40.000 soldiers suppressed the revolt and the old situation was restored.
Emperor Vespasianus (69-79AD) had a stronghold built in Nijmegen (Noviomagus) to better control the Bataves and in the second century AD the number of Roman soldiers was brought back from 40.000 to 22.000. Maastricht (Trajectum ad Mosam) and Heerlen (Coriovallum) were 2 fortified towns, which became centres of trade under the Pax Romana. The local population adopted Roman customs and settled down to life under occupation.
In 235 AD the Pax Romana was severely disturbed by political unrest in the Roman Empire itself. Civil war brought an end to the period of prosperity. The Germans, who had previously invaded across the Rhine in small numbers made use of the unrest and invaded in mass, burned border-fortresses and murdered the population. During the fourth century AD several Roman Emperors, Constantine, Julianus and Valentinianus attempted to restore rest in the Rhineland. Many cities were provided with walls, like Maastricht, Tongeren and Cuijk. Most cities like Maastricht, Cologne, Xanten, Bonn and Aachen remained in Roman hands, however only a small part of the original inhabitants of Limburg came back. New people settled in the region and made treaties with the Romans. German soldiers became hirelings of the Romans and made up the majority of the border-army round 400 AD.
The Frankish Period
After the Romans abandoned the Rhine border the Germanic tribes streamed across the border into our land in great mass. The Franks and Saxons moved into the area in the Great Germanic Migration. The Frankish hirelings in service of the Romans received for their services weapons, grains, money and property. These hirelings had their own leaders and when the Romans departed they had to find ways of getting paid. The farmers of the region were fair game and these groups of hirelings formed into bigger armies. Their leaders became stronger and behaved like kings. In the beginning of the 6th century Clovis (466-511) succeeded in uniting a great number of these kingdoms and he started the Merovingian Kingdom, named after his grandfather Merovech. By conquest Clovis filled his treasury and by giving presents to other noblemen he increased his influence. By 600 AD the Merovingian kingdom stretched from the valley of the Maas to Nijmegen and by 700 AD the area above the great rivers was also subjected. When the treasury became empty the kings gave land in loan to loyal taxpaying underlings. They served their king in the army and helped in government and jurisdiction. The land returned to the king by the death of the noble as it was only given in loan. If a family was very loyal to the king the loan carried on from father to son.
The mightiest king of the Franks was Charlemagne (768-814), who was crowned emperor by the Pope Leo III in 800 AD. His empire stretched from Spain and Italy north to the Baltic Sea and east to the present Germany. His favourite city was Aachen, where he had his palace built. He used to hunt in the forests of south Limburg and an enormous statue of the emperor stands in the basilica of St. Servatius in Maastricht. The Dom of Aachen houses his tomb and his throne. For centuries after his death attempts were made to have him declared a saint, but the fact that he had many of his enemies slain was always against this. He had many children by different wives and after his death the kingdom was divided. Where Charlemagne had centralised the government of his empire his descendants did not maintain this and the tribes that before had been conquered rebelled again. Also the Normans began their raids in Europe and diminished the security of the divided empire.
During the Roman times a market-economy developed whereby the farmers sold their overproduction to the soldiers and citizens of the cities. After the Romans departed the population of the cities diminished rapidly and the newcomers from across the Rhine had their own ways of agriculture. The Frankish farmers now worked for their own subsistence only. The Roman villas deteriorated and fell into disrepair. The farms were only built from wood, branches and clay.
The first raids of the Normans occurred in Scotland and Ireland and were only on a small scale at the mouths of rivers. They probably returned to their homeland with rich booty and they extended their raids into England by the middle of the 9th century. During the rein of Charlemagne they could not get a foothold in his empire, but after his death there were rich pickings in important cities and monasteries on the continent. In April 879 AD a great Norman army landed in the mouth of the Schelde River from England and they joined up with other Norman armies already raiding there. After plundering the areas bordering the Schelde and Somme rivers they were defeated by the army of Louis III and driven north. They came down the Maas River under the Norman kings Godfried and Siegfried and plundered in 881-882 the area between the Maas and Rhine rivers. They built a stronghold near the city of Asselt, from where they terrorised the region. The cities of Maastricht, Liege and Cologne were sacked. The emperor Charles the Fat gathered armies from far and wide and besieged the stronghold of Asselt, but could not conquer the Normans. Finally king Godfried promised to become a Christian if he was allowed to reign over Friesland. The emperor agreed and even helped Godfried out of the baptismal font. Siegfried and the other Normans departed after they were given enormous amounts of silver and gold.
In the beginning of the 5th century Christianity seems to have been known in Maastricht. Five old Christian tombstones in the cemetery in and around the St. Servatius basilica bear witness of Christian life in Maastricht. The oldest stone is also the most impressive. It lays on the grave of the little Amabilis, a child four years old that died in the beginning of the 5th century. On this tomb stands the text:" Here lies Amabilis, in Christ, who lived 4 years, 6 months and 12 days." It proves that there existed a Christian community in Maastricht. The first Christians probably came with Roman soldiers and tradesmen. In de middle of the 5th century a bishop of Tongres, Servatius settled in Maastricht. He was so popular that his grave there became an object of prayer and homage. A small wooden church was built, but it did not stand for long. Not till 1½ century later a large stone church was built under bishop Monulphus. The basilica is the oldest church in the Netherlands and many saints are buried in it. It has recently been restored and has many visitors.
Through the centuries religion grew in Limburg, so that by the beginning of the 20th century the province was 99% catholic. However the number of practising Christians has dramatically fallen by the start of the 21st century.
Cities and States
In the 10th century the might of the Frankish kings diminished. Noblemen succeeded in extending their power and properties. In the valley of the Maas the local government-unity remained small, however the counts and dukes managed to strengthen their grip on the government. Agriculture remained most important economically, but the cities expanded again through a boom in trade and industry. The prosperous citizens began to play a role in city-government and the cities like the nobles got greater influence in the state-government. The noblemen acted as deputies of the emperor, but in reality they ignored him. He who lived in a territorial area was a dependant of a count, duke, bishop or just an influential citizen with the title lord. These territories came into being by chance, conquest, marriage or purchase. In the valley of the Maas the political situation was very intricate and many noble families were involved in governing the area for the next few centuries.
Not till the beginning of the 15th century came some centralisation into being under the dukes of Burgundy. The most important of these was Charles V (1515-1555), who became emperor of Germany and king of Spain. His son Phillips II succeeded him and the power shifted from Germany to Spain. His politics led to the Eighty-Year War, which involved the armies of Spain, Germany and the Netherlands, who rebelled against Spanish tyranny. Their leader was William of Orange and the armies of the participants crossed Limburg many times. The northern part of the Netherlands became mainly protestant after the Reformation, but Limburg, Brabant and Flanders remained catholic. The 7 northern provinces united and declared independence from Spain in 1581, but Limburg remained loyal to Spain.
Not until the defeats of Napoleon in 1814 were the Netherlands united under King William I, a descendant of Prince William the Silent of Orange. This union was however short-lived as the southern provinces withdrew from the union and formed the kingdom of Belgium. In 1839 Limburg was divided into a Belgian and Dutch part. People had the opportunity to choose whether they wanted to become Belgian or Dutch. Most chose to remain with the Netherlands, but for many years was the relation poor. Many farmers' sons emigrated in those days, because it was difficult to make a living from the soil.
Early in the 20th century coal was discovered in commercial quantities in the south of Limburg and many mines were started in the first 20 years. It meant work for many and the population grew rapidly. During World War I (1914-1918) our country remained neutral, but general mobilisation was declared. The great depression in the twenties affected many families, but welfare returned in the thirties. It turned out to be a calm before the storm. When World War II broke out in 1939 the German government assured us, that our neutrality would be respected. However on 10 May 1940 the German armies invaded our borders and our small army surrendered within a week. Military occupation followed till the end of the conflict in 1945.
After the war the coalmines became economically unprofitable and when vast reserves of natural gas were discovered in the north of the Netherlands they closed in the seventies. Apart from the large chemical concern DSM there remains no trace of the mines today. Limburg had to diversify to find work for its inhabitants.
The geological situation of Limburg between Germany and Belgium explains, why many inhabitants speak German and French besides their native Dutch. The province is only 75 km (abt 45 miles) from south to north and 35 km (abt 21 miles) wide. It dangles like an appendix below the rest of the Netherlands and with borders abandoned between EEC countries many people from Germany and Belgium work and shop in Limburg and visa versa.
Limburg may be small, but it is beautiful and full of history.


This was fixed in PHP 5.2.4, the regression was only introduced in PHP 5.2.3.
The fix for the regression was never made back to 4.4, I'll try to do this at the weekend if Pierre doesn't get around to it.
It is not broken in 5.2 _snapshot_ and as far as I remember, it should work as well in 5.2.4.
By the way, this regression was introduced two releases ago and affects arcs with equivalent start and end angles and the start angle is different than zero.


Give your device a unique style all its own. This Groom Case was professionally created and printed in the United States for all the handsome grooms out there! Textured printing raises parts of the images, creating a unique feel like no other case.


Image Title: Room Dividers Partitions Pertaining To Glass Wall Plans 8. Post Title: Glass Wall Dividers. Filename: room-dividers-partitions-pertaining-to-glass-wall-plans-8.jpeg. Image Dimension: 1024 x 682 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Dorian Mitchell. Uploaded Date: Sunday - July 15th. 2018 07:50:17 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: houseandgarden.co.uk. 19. Remodel Office 2. Glass Room With Regarding 1. And Dividers Separator Home Divider To Plans Supports Bedroom Decor Regard Etched An For 18. Prepare Inside Decorative Panels 7. Latest Metal Amazing 17. Best Piece Stained Patterns Jpg Ideas 25 Idea Wall In 15 Art A Conference Fabrication TV Elle Partitions 500 Sliding Designs Door Mirror Partition Intended 15. X Imageneitor Design 375 3. This HR 14. 5 0.


Update: Regal Renovation — Revolving Rooms Interior Design Inc.
You may have seen some photos on our Instagram page & Facebook featuring a home from Fort Saskatchewan recently. We've been working hard on this Regal Renovation, which started with a garage reno, then rolled into a basement development. We're now almost finished in the basement, and preparing to move up to the main & second floors! But I couldn't wait to show you everything at once, check out what we've been up to!
That's all you get for now! We can't wait to share the rest of this amazing basement with you soon!
Update & NEW Blog Series!


text:
The Society of G.K. Chesterton
Discover Chesterton
Quotations by Topic
Chesterton Minute Collection
Status of the Cause
Invite Dale Ahlquist
Chesterton On Tap
Virtual Society Meetings
Squires
Find a Local Society
Prayer for Intercession of GKC
Weekly Rosary
Make a Gift to The Apostolate of Common Sense
Who is This Man and Why Haven't I Heard of Him?
by Dale Ahlquist
G.K. Chesterton (1874-1936) was one of the greatest and most prolific writers of the 20th century. A convert to Catholicism, he is well known for his Father Brown mystery stories and for his reasoned defense of the Christian faith. Learn More
Explore quotations by topic
Chesterton in Brief
Summaries by topic
Stories, essays, and poetry
Chesterton as Apologist
Defense of Faith and Family
Chesterton University
Lectures by Dale Ahlquist
Here's how to get started
Books in chronological order
FAQ's about Chesterton
Tune in to our podcast
Chesterton Minutes
Audio reflections on faith
Essential Essays
Prophetic readings for today
Meet Frances Chesterton
Get to know Mrs. Chesterton
Meet with fellow Chesterton enthusiasts in your area!
Society Map
Search for societies near you
Start a Local Society
5 simple steps to begin
41st Annual Conference
Highlights from event
42nd Annual Conference
Frances Chesterton Rosary League
Request a Prayer Card
Share devotion to Chesterton
Chesterton Schools Network
Find a school in your area
Invite Dale Ahlquist to Give a Talk
Introducing the Apostolate of Common Sense
A lay apostolate dedicated to Catholic education and evangelization
Society of Gilbert Keith Chesterton
Sponsored Organizations
Our ministries and initiatives
Update on Cause for Canonization
About Dale Ahlquist
President of the Society
Email or call +1-800-343-2425
OFFICIAL MAGAZINE
Birth Control: What did GKC say about it?
April 30, 2012 November 16, 2018
QUESTION: What did Chesterton say about Birth Control?
"What is quaintly called Birth Control… is in fact, of course, a scheme for preventing birth in order to escape control." ("The Surrender upon Sex," The Well and the Shallows)
"Normal and real birth control is called self control." ("Social Reform vs. Birth Control")
"Birth Control is a name given to a succession of different expedients by which it is possible to filch the pleasure belonging to a natural process while violently and unnaturally thwarting the process itself." ("Social Reform vs. Birth Control")
"We can always convict such people of sentimentalism by their weakness for euphemism. The phrase they use is always softened and suited for journalistic appeals. They talk of free love when they mean something quite different, better defined as free lust. But being sentimentalists they feel bound to simper and coo over the word "love." They insist on talking about Birth Control when they mean less birth and no control. We could smash them to atoms, if we could be as indecent in our language as they are immoral in their conclusions." ("Obstinate Orthodoxy" – The Thing)
Only one writer wrote a book against Eugenics. G.K. Chesterton. Eugenics and Other Evils may be his most prophetic book.
Eugenics led directly to the birth control movement. All the same players were involved, such as Margaret Sanger, who was a member of the American Eugenics Society and was the editor of the Birth Control Review. The primary philosophy was trumpeted on the cover of the Birth Control Review: "More Children for the Fit. Less for the Unfit." She made it clear whom she considered unfit: "Hebrews, Slavs, Catholics, and Negroes." She set up her Birth Control clinics only in their neighborhoods. She openly advocated the idea that such people should apply for official permission to have babies "as immigrants have to apply for visas."
Why don't we hear of this connection between Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood, and Eugenics?
Two words: Adolf Hitler. He officially instituted Eugenics, leading an entire country in carrying out its principles, not only to breed what he believed to be a superior race but to eliminate everyone whom he considered to be inferior. Where did Hitler find early support for his Eugenic ideas? From Margaret Sanger and her circle. Eugenic Scientists from Nazi Germany wrote articles for Sanger's Birth Control Review, and members of Sanger's American Birth Control League visited Nazi Germany, sat in on sessions of the Supreme Eugenics Court, and returned with glowing reports of how the Sterilization Law was "weeding out the worst strains in the Germanic stock in a scientific and truly humanitarian way."
After World War II, when the world learned of the horrors of the Holocaust and the death camps, the term Eugenics was utterly discredited. Margaret Sanger was quick to distance herself from Eugenics and began to emphasize Birth Control as supposedly a feminist issue. We don't hear about Eugenics at all any more.
But unfortunately, the philosophy behind Eugenics is with us still. Generally speaking, all of the original arguments in favor of Eugenics have become the same arguments in favor of birth control, abortion, euthanasia, and even cloning.
Chesterton understood this. But he understood it in 1910 (which is when he started writing this book, which was not published till 1922). As with so many other things, Chesterton saw exactly what we see. Only he saw it long before it happened. See the Lecture on Eugenics for more on this topic.
Chestertonian as Apologist
About G.K. Chesterton
1320 Mainstreet, Hopkins, MN 55343 USA
About the Apostolate
Instagram Facebook-f Twitter Pinterest Youtube
Copyright © 2022 | The Society of Gilbert Keith Chesterton. All rights reserved.


text:
$180M Merrill Lynch team goes indie with Raymond James
By Jialiang Pan
March 13, 2018, 3:23 p.m. EDT
Two Merrill Lynch advisors who managed approximately $180 million in client assets broke away from the wirehouse to launch an independent practice under Raymond James, according to the firm.
Taylor Adams, who had spent 13 years at Merrill, and Annie Norris, who was there for 31 years, opened Southern Wealth Group as wirehouses lose advisors amid the flux surrounding the Broker Protocol. The Little Rock, Arkansas-based firm aligned in February with the third largest independent broker-dealer. They generated about $1.5 million in annual revenue, according to Raymond James.
Assets under administration for Raymond James' Private Client Group, which also includes its employee brokerage, grew 18% to $692.1 billion year-over-year in the fourth quarter. Its pretax income jumped by 110% to $155.1 million on revenue of $1.23 billion, both of which are records.
The St. Petersburg, Florida-based firm's advisor headcount also reached a record of 7,537 advisors, aided in particular by strong recruiting of independent advisors, according to the firm. Its latest addition followed a $350 million Wells Fargo team's breakaway move to the IBD in December.
Advisors with $215M quit D.A. Davidson, Raymond James to join Kestra
The No. 13 IBD's hybrid RIA subsidiary also unveiled the results of its record recruiting push.
$350M Wells Fargo team goes indie with Raymond James
The four-member group previously generated about $2.5 million in annual revenue.
Broker Protocol
Merrill loses $262M firm to Raymond James over Broker Protocol concerns
Concerned about the wirehouse's "trajectory," Glen D. Smith sought out a business model his kids could join one day.
"Having been with our previous firm for so long, we didn't take a move lightly and we took more than a year to evaluate how a potential move might benefit us, but more importantly, our clients," Adams said in a statement. He added praise for the firm's technology and investment expertise, along with the way it "allows us the freedom to truly run all aspects of our business."
A spokeswoman for Merrill Lynch didn't respond to a request for comment on Adams and Norris' departure.
They formally aligned with Raymond James on Feb. 16, according to FINRA BrokerCheck. Norris began her career at Merrill, while Adams came from Edward Jones in 2005. Southern Wealth's clients include small business owners, as well as other individuals and families.
Senior client representatives Teresa Ammons joined Norris and Adams in the breakaway move from Merrill, where she had been for 18 years. The team reports to Kirk Bell, Raymond James regional director for its central region.
Jialiang Pan
Reporter, Investment Adviser Group
RecruitingCareer movesIndependent BDsIndependent advisorsGoing independentWirehouse advisorsMerrill LynchRaymond James Financial