A product strategy is more than just the path towards the product vision. It should be guided by the motivation to create value that will fulfill the most pressing needs and wants of your user base.
Introduction phase: This is the beginning stage of the product. The strategy is mostly focused on the first core part defined above: discovering the target market's needs and perfecting the go-to-market strategy.
Growth phase: After you successfully define the product-market fit, you move on to developing growth strategies and exploring ways to expand the product beyond that initial go-to-market definition.
Maturity phase: At this phase, your strategic focus as a company and as a product leader will be to scale teams and operations, consider opportunities to grow globally and add new products or services, continue investing in growth initiatives.
But your product strategy shouldn't stop there if you want consistent, sustained impact and growth. This is where an innovation strategy comes in.
When you include an innovation strategy that informs those elements, you're extending the shelf life of that value and deepening the user satisfaction that those core parts create.
What's a product innovation strategy?
The benefits are obvious just from that definition. What product doesn't want to increase the size of their user base or add value to their product? But it's worth noting that product innovation strategies don't come without any risks.
High costs and uncertain success rates: no innovation strategy or approach can guarantee success, it can only provide a "best practice" framework for either increasing the size of the core user base or the amount of added value to the product.
It requires a massive culture shift: Implementing an innovation-mindful philosophy requires reinventing the culture so it becomes heavily experimental and iterative. This requires a lot of resources (time, cost, effort) at multiple levels: the business, the product, the leadership team, the product team.
Product innovation initiatives have long-term returns: this can put a lot of pressure on the product manager who has to answer to an executive team or investors.
In spite of those risks, product leaders understand the importance of including a product innovation strategy along with their core product strategy.
Why is product innovation important?
Product managers have a few common concerns that tie into product innovation. According to alpha's 2019 Product Management Insights report, many of the product managers they surveyed wished they could spend more time running product experiments and building a culture of continual experimentation.
In that same survey, they lamented that they don't spend enough time interacting with users, running surveys, carrying interviews and using the results to build prototypes and experiments that inform the product strategy.
The right product innovation framework can act as a compass that points product teams towards moving closer to achieving more value for the customer. The right innovation framework can act as a validation tool, and provide a process for gathering the right customer data to inform innovative product decisions.
What's the Jobs To Be Done framework?
The idea behind the Jobs to Be Done framework (JTBD for short), was first proposed by Clayton Christensen, a professor at Harvard Business School. It was then quickly adopted by the design and product development worlds. The heart of Christensen's initial theory is this: your users aren't just buying products, they're "hiring" them to get a job done.
Anthony Ulwick, a JTBD evangelist, then took that theory further. He created the Outcome-Driven Innovation Framework so teams can apply JTBD in an actionable, measurable way using a template of steps and processes. He believes that the goal of innovation should be to understand unmet user needs and then come up with solutions that address those needs.
"How to get a handle on customer needs is an unsolved mystery—and that mystery is killing innovation. Before a company can succeed at innovation, managers must agree on what a need is—and the types of needs that customers have. Jobs-to-be-Done Theory provides a framework for (i) categorizing, defining, capturing, and organizing all your customer's needs, and (ii) tying customer-defined performance metrics (in the form of desired outcome statements) to the Job-to-be-Done."
After all this research is done into the jobs, needs and desired outcomes your users are trying to fulfill, you can then move onto discovering hidden segments of opportunity for your organization to focus on (classified into over-served, served right and under-served needs), aligning the organization's existing products with those opportunities (a market strategy) and conceptualizing new products and features to address unmet needs (a product strategy).
Here's how product teams can get start making the switch to adopting a Jobs-to-Be-Done framework when building new products and features.
This distinction is important because it expands the possibilities of what a company can build as a product that address the job to be done (a kettle vs. a multi-functional Keurig machine, for example, that can make different types of hot beverages like tea, hot chocolate, apple cider and coffee).
There are other job categories on top of the core job. The idea is that the more of these categories a solution fulfills, the likelier it is to achieve sustained, long-term success in the market.
Emotional jobs to be done: these are statements that describe the way users want to feel or be perceived when doing the core job.
Once the core functional job is defined, it's time to create a job map that shows the steps the customer carries out to complete the job. A job map—broken down into 8 categorical steps—should depict the goals that users are trying to accomplish in order to fulfill that core job.
It's important to note that this is an observation exercise meant to outline the current process that users are undergoing to achieve the core job. It's not speculative, and it's not the place for generating new ideas (that step comes at the end).
The job map should be based on real qualitative data gathered from interacting and observing current users of the product. It should be need-focused (sharing a file externally with stakeholders) instead of solution-focused (choosing a png, jpg, html or pdf file and saving it).
After identifying that core job to be done and the desired outcome statements, the next step is to identify the needs that your product or feature solve for. The idea here is to classify those desired outcome statements into buckets that can then be prioritized.
This can be done by surveying or interviewing (e.g. by using a Likert Scale) the users whose core jobs to be done were mapped out and asking them to rate and rank how important each desired outcome statement is to them, and whether or not the current solution they have in place to fulfill that is satisfying (and to what degree).
The best innovation opportunities can then be found in the outcomes that are most under and overserved.
The Jobs to Be Done framework leaves no stone unturned in the process towards uncovering the best approach towards product innovation.
The goal of filling in the canvas as a team is to achieve an understanding of the Jobs to Be Done framework before it's put into practice. It helps teams theorize what segment of customers they'll target, reach a common understanding of what core jobs to be done and desired outcome statements are, and how that information will then be used to inform an innovation strategy.
Plan how your company will innovate over the upcoming quarters and years—and prepare for risks along the way.
Organizations use innovation roadmaps to map new areas for opportunity, test ideas and keep up with evolving technologies. To remain competitive, companies are required to look forward and discover new business models, product opportunities, and value-added improvements.
Innovation roadmaps are most often built by product managers and executives to align departments on strategic initiatives. They ensure companies achieve disruption—and don't get disrupted themselves.
Sign up for a free Roadmunk trial and start using our product innovation roadmap template.


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Pages from the History of India: European Domination http://india_resource.tripod.com/Europetrade.html
European Domination of the Indian Ocean Trade
Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in the in the Indian Ocean in 1498, no single power had attempted to monopolize the sea lanes that connected the ports of the Indian sub-continent with the Middle East and East Africa on the West, and the ports of South East Asia and China to the East. Unlike in the Mediterranean where during Roman (and earlier) times, rival powers attempted to control the oceanic trade through military means, peaceful trade had remained the norm in the Indian Ocean. Although there were periods when coastal rulers of the Malabar coast and Southern India were powerful enough to demand toll taxes from passing ships, (and Arab rulers had attempted to control the shipping lanes through the Red Sea) there had not been any systematic attempt by any single political power to eliminate all others from the oceanic trade that touched the Indian subcontinent.
Indian ports that demanded high taxes from docking ships invariably lost out to "free ports" - i.e. ports that demanded very low tariffs from docking ships. In fact, several of the Indian ocean ports were politically neutral entities - giving free and equitable access to shippers of varied nationalities and religious affiliations.
Whereas pre-15th century Arab and Chinese geographical texts spoke of various natural hazards involved in long-distance shipping, they did not cite any significant political or military impediments to undertaking long-distance voyages other than the risk from pirates. Thus, evidence left behind by chroniclers such as Marco Polo, Ibn Batuta, Persian ambassador Abdur Razzaq, the Venetian Nicolo Conti, and Genoan Santo Stefano - all indicate that the Indian Ocean was the scene of thriving trade in the 14th and 15th centuries.
But once the Portuguese had discovered their new route to India, they displayed considerable zeal in seizing the most profitable ports of East Africa, the Persian Gulf, and the Saurashtran, Konkan and Malabar regions in India. A chain of fortified coastal settlements backed by regular naval patrols allowed the Portuguese to gradually eliminate many rivals, and enforce a semi-monopoly in the spice trade by the middle of the 16th C. Local traders were coerced into buying safe passes and paying customs duties to the Portuguese. However, this attempt at a monopoly was challenged by the maritime powers of North Sumatra based in Aceh, as well as by the Omanis, and by Gujarati traders. An as the Portuguese expanded with settlements in South East Asia, China and Japan - the Western monopoly became harder to maintain.
Initial success came to the Portuguese because they had been shrewd enough to develop a strategy of divide and conquer - first concentrating on isolating Muslim traders from the Hindu monarch of Calicut and demonstrating their fire power by launching a two-day bombardment of the vital port city (which was then the largest spice market of the Indian Ocean). These intimidating tactics worked in the favor of the Portuguese who repeated this strategy at other key trading destinations. In 1510, Bijapur's Adil Shahi ruler ceded the control of Goa to the Portuguese. Having realized that the bulk of trade moving out of India landed at one of three ports in the Indian Ocean - i.e. Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, Aden on the Red Sea, and Malacca in the Malay Peninsula - Goa's Indian Governor, Alfonso Albuquerque then shifted his attention to capturing each of these crucial ports. Malacca fell in 1511, and Hormuz in 1515. Only Aden proved elusive.
In 1505, the spice trade from Asia to Europe was declared a 'royal monopoly' by the Portuguese, who saw in this the possibility of extorting tribute through military means. Once Hormuz and Malacca came under the military and political control of the Portuguese, the Portuguese then attempted to expand their monopoly to the inter-Asian trade. For this they needed to seal off independent access to the Gujarati traders who although cut off from Malacca could continue to trade through the Red Sea. For twenty years, the Portuguese kept attacking the ports of Gujarat, even gaining a military victory in 1509 (after an earlier defeat against the combined defences of Diu and an Egyptian naval fleet that had been sent to aid the defences of Diu's Amir Hussain. But nevertheless, Diu did not fall; and attempts to defeat Malik Ayaz, (the next governor of Diu) also failed in 1520-1. In 1530, the Portuguese colonists looted and burned the ports of Cambay, Surat and Rander, but it was only in 1534, when in a moment of weakness, Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat relinquished control of the small port of Bassein. Diu - which had held out for two decades, suddenly became vulnerable when Mughal emperor Humayun cut a deal with the Portuguese to defeat Sultan Bahadur. The Portuguese were given permission to build a fort on the island, which allowed the Portuguese to garner complete political control over the territory by 1555. Portuguese naval control over the Gulf of Cambay became complete when they also captured the port of Daman in 1559. Thus the merchants of Gujarat were brought under control by the Portuguese, and Gujarat - (which on account of its thriving industry and trade may have been one of the richest of India's provinces) saw its fortunes steadily decline.
Following their conquests in Gujarat, the Portuguese then proceeded to augment their control in Sri Lanka by taking over Colombo, and founding a settlement in Meliapur (Sao Tome) on the Coromandel coast. Realizing that the trade from Goa to Bengal was even more lucrative than the Coromandel trade, they then turned their aggressive energies on Bengal. After initial resistance, they were allowed to settle in Chittagaon and Satgaon (near Kolkata), and later moved up-river to Hooghly. This enabled them to establish a virtual monopoly on the trade out of West Bengal by the end of the 16th C, until they were expelled by the Mughal armies in 1632. The Livra das cidades, e fortalezas documented in detail Portuguese control over numerous Indian ocean ports (in addition to those previously mentioned), such as Sofala in Mozambique - a major supplier of African gold, Mangalore, Cannanore, Cranganore, Cochin and Quilon - all important sources for spices and other tropical produce.
This success had come about mainly because unlike the trading ships of their Asian predecessors, the Portuguese ships were extremely well-armed for their times. Moreover, they were fortunate to arrive in the Indian sub-continent at a time when many of the ports were outside the political control of any powerful local ruler who could mount any effective resistance against their superior fire-power, and their willingness to use it without hesitation. This was also due to the fact that the great Asian economies of the time were essentially land-based self-reliant economies. External trade did not comprise a significant portion of the economy, and the rulers had little stake in defending the interests of the sea-faring merchant classes. Where the merchant class was of some local significance - such as in Gujarat, the Portuguese did meet with considerable resistance (as also in Sumatra). But when squeezed between two enemies (the Mughals to the North and the Portuguese to the South), Gujarat had little choice but to give in.
Smaller and less-established traders from the Southern and Eastern Indian coast were completely eliminated from the inter-Asian trade, and were never able to recover. Others survived by accepting Portuguese conditions and demands of tribute for safe passage. However, some Gujarati and other Indian traders (along with their counterparts from East Africa, the Middle East and Indonesia) tried hard to bypass the Portuguese monopoly by using smaller ports that were relatively free from Portuguese domination. In addition, Gujarati traders began to emulate the Portuguese practice of arming their fleets, so as to resist the attacks from their Portuguese rivals.
However, the bulk of the profits went to the Portuguese who shipped highly-prized Indian textiles to Indonesia - picking up valuable spices in return for shipment to Europe. But the very profitability of this trade brought competitors. First the Dutch, and soon after the English and the French. In 1656, Colombo fell to the Dutch, and in 1663, the Portuguese lost Cochin to the Dutch. Competition with the British East India Company had led to the loss of Hormuz earlier.
Very quickly, the Dutch and then the English attempted to replace the monopoly of the Portuguese with a monopoly of their own. This led each of them to form their own fortified settlements along the chief trading routes as alternatives to the former Portuguese trading bastions. At first, the Dutch appeared to be more successful than their British and French rivals, and succeeded in establishing their pre-eminence in Indonesia, and once they had outmaneuvered the Portuguese, also came to dominated the shipping out of Gujarat and Sind. It was now the Dutch that imposed their will on most Indian shippers, exacting the taxes that were earlier levied by the Portuguese. At the same time, each of Portugal's European rivals began setting up local factories and trade outlets that matched or exceeded Goa.
Surat (1612), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), Pondicherry (1674) and Calcutta (1698) thus gradually overshadowed Goa, and took over as the main centers of Indo-European trade. Nevertheless, the Indian (and other Asian) ship-building industry continued to thrive, as ships built in the ports of the Indian Ocean often matched (or even exceeded) the European-built ships in finish and craftsmanship.
Impressed by the range of Indian manufactures (especially textiles), and to supplement their trade, Dutch and British merchants established factories not only in their new port settlements, but also inland. Factories in the centers of textile weaving - such as Bahruch and Ahmedabad in Gujarat, and further inland in Burhanpur, Agra and Lahore were set up. Masulipatam, Pipli, Balasore and Dacca also drew their attention as did Patna later. In this way, the Dutch and British merchants could keep a much more significant share of the profits that would have otherwise gone to local Indian middlemen. Manufacturing and trading emporiums were also set up in Indonesia by the Dutch.
But even as European-initiated manufacturing grew quite dramatically in the period leading up to direct colonial rule, a successively smaller proportion of the revenues that were generated in Europe reached the highly skilled and industrious Indian or Indonesian workers.
However, with only limited political control in India, British and Dutch traders could not entirely control the price of skilled labor, and had to deal somewhat respectfully with local factory owners, traders and tax officials. India continued to maintain a positive trade balance with respect to its European trade, and European traders were compelled to cover this trade deficit with a steady supply of precious metals. And as long as the European traders furnished the Indian subcontinent with gold and silver, Indian monarchs had some incentive to tolerate the Europeans even as they continued to expand their presence, and artfully resist political control over their Indian activities.
For a while, an equilibrium was maintained, but the European trading companies were always trying to increase their bargaining power by exhibitions of their steadily improving military might. They were constantly testing their powers, probing any weakness on the part of the Indian rulers. In 1691, the East India Company even attempted to challenge Mughal authority, but lost to Aurangzeb's armies, who was determined not to allow the European traders any more concessions than what they had already won.
But once the Mughal empire began to disintegrate, it was only a matter of time before one or the other of the European powers that dominated the Indian Ocean trade would find a way to extend its domination on the Indian heartland as well. In the end, it was the British who won the battle to rule over India, edging out their European rivals who found other territories to colonize in Asia and Africa.
The colonization of India was followed up by the colonization of Burma, Indo-China, the Middle East and virtually all of Africa. China's coastal areas also come under European domination. By the dawn of the 20th century, the US had also emerged as a colonial power, as it took over Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and in the Philippines.
Thus what began as a war against the unarmed free-trading merchants of the high seas, ultimately led to the almost complete subjugation of much of the planet by the Western European (and American) powers, and an enormous and unprecedented flow of wealth from the colonies to Europe and North America. For a century, the Portuguese managed to exact tribute from most of the regional traders who were active in the Indian Ocean. This was followed by a period of Dutch domination, although there were also pockets (and periods) of competitive trade as other European rivals attempted to outflank the Portuguese (and later the Dutch). But in the end, it was the British who won the largest prize - two-thirds of mainland India - which they brought under direct colonial rule and exacted tributes far greater in magnitude than what had accrued to the Portuguese and the Dutch before them.
Thus even as much of Asia and Africa were forced into a state of unprecedented poverty and misery, Europe and North America witnessed astonishing developments in science, technology and culture. It is important not to ignore this important dialectic of history - that the wealth (that in large part) funded the foundation and sustenance of "Western Civilization" came from the South and the East. What was for the West, a triumph of awesome proportions, became an unmitigated tragedy for those that had to suffer the tortuous ordeal of colonization.
Western champions of "free trade" might also note that it was the armed and willing European monopoly traders who destroyed the free trade of the Indian Ocean. Not the other way around. Protected trade, at the barrel of the gun, not "free" or "fair" trade was at the very heart of the West's early contacts with the South and the East, and to this date, it is the West that appears most unwilling to bring down its own trade barriers even as it attempts to preach "free trade" to the rest of the world.
N.K. Sinha's Economic History of Bengal - From Plassey to the Permanent Settlement (Calcutta, 1956)
Auguste Toussaint: History of the Indian Ocean
K.N. Chaudhri: Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Try it At Home Tuesday: Blueberry Compote | Four All Ice Cream.
Fruity compotes are great starter sauces to master. A fun way to preserve summer flavours for as long as possible as the seasons start to change. The best part is you don't have to use fresh berries if they're not available, frozen berries will work just fine.
You'll be familiar with this blueberry compote if you've ever tried our Sweet Corn and Blueberry, or Blueberry Coconut flavours.
With your saucepan on medium high heat, add all ingredients and stir well.
Continue to boil for 8-10 minutes, or until mixture coats the back of a spoon.
Serve warm on pancakes, waffles, or our recommendation, ice cream!
Stores in the fridge for 2 weeks.


Using the best organic flour, milled by Shipton Mill where their flour has been stone ground since the Doomsday book.
Sea salt, filtered water and the best organic ingredients ensure that the bread you eat is of the highest quality. All our bread is suitable for vegans and vegetarians and our gluten free bread is truly exceptional!
We only pick highly skilled artisans with a real passion for baking and traditional methods to become part of Judges bakery.
With quality ingredients being used by our highly skilled bakers, you know that our bread is the best you can get. With over 30 different types of bread baked daily, we can honestly say that you will be spoiled for choice. Click below for details or view the Gallery Carousel.
A true sourdough, delicious chewy texture with a flavoursome crust using just three ingredients, Flour, Filtered Water & Sea Salt. We use a 2 day fermentation method on all our sourdoughs which breaks down carbohydrates and proteins making them easier to digest. This is the perfect loaf!
We make our Rye using a 18 hour fermentation. As well as being a sourdough this bread has a really high protein & fibre content with very low gluten, along with good levels of Zinc, Iron & Calcium. Delicious with smoked cheese or smoked fish.
Spelt is an ancient grain that has a slightly sweet and nutty flavour, slightly dense due to its low gluten content, however this makes a great alternative to regular wheat being easier to digest. Compared to wheat, spelt is richer in many nutrients and especially high in Niacin which improves circulation and reduces cholesterol. We dip ours in Sunflower andPumpkin seeds.
Made using a traditional French recipe which includes a combination of Rye, Wholemeal and White flour. Rich in flavour using quality Organic Stoneground flour making this an excellent everyday loaf.
Probably the most nutritional loaf in the shop! Made with malted flour and our secret seven seed combination makes this a very popular loaf at the weekends. (only available weekends!) . This loaf is left for 24 hours to prove for maximum taste.
Yes this is a totally gluten free loaf. Very dense due to the absence of Gluten. However it is packed with sunflower seeds and slightly sweetened with molasses it makes an exceptionally healthy and great tasting loaf.
A truly excellent artisan loaf, flour, water, tiny amount of yeast , salt and lashings of Olive Oil. Which is hand mixed and left overnight. When proved it is then stone baked on the sole of a hot oven. Makes an excellent addition to meal times.
Truly the king of sourdoughs. Made with malted flour for a sweeter taste and packed with lightly toasted walnuts. This bread makes a fantastic partner for cheese or try toasting with honey.
We make exceptional morning goods, croissants, pain au raisen, pain au chocolate, chocolate twists and almond croissants. All made using a long fermentation method and real butter for maximum flavour and of course no additives. Made and baked fresh on the premises 7 days a week.


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Donations may be tax deductible under Section 170 of the Internal Revenue Code.
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If you prefer to send a donation by mail. Click here for a printable donation form and our address.
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CBS adds Frank Nobilo, Trevor Immelman, and Michelle Wie to broadcast
Posted on December 3, 2019 December 11, 2019 AuthorMichael Shamburger
CBS announced on Tuesday that they had hired Frank Nobilo and Trevor Immelman to full-time roles, further bolstering their golf broadcasts that start 30 minutes too late. Nobilo is leaving Golf Channel after a very successful 15 years where he was a key member of the Live From broadcasts before and after events. Immelman is also coming over from the Golf Channel team where he has proven that he has the talent to make a solid contribution to the broadcasts.
Michelle Wie is also joining the team as a Masters digital team member. I guess we'll see what that entails.
Dotty Pepper, who joined the network in 2015, has been elevated to lead on-course reporter.
Here is the full release:
CBS SPORTS ANNOUNCES ADDITIONAL ROSTER MOVES FOR 2020 GOLF SEASON
Frank Nobilo Expands Role to Full-Time Analyst
Masters Champion Trevor Immelman Joins CBS Sports Golf Coverage
Dottie Pepper Named Lead On-Course Reporter
Mark Immelman and Andrew Catalon Duties Increase; Michelle Wie Joins CBS Sports
CBS Sports announces additional roster moves for the 2020 golf season for the Network's television coverage of the PGA TOUR, Masters and PGA Championship.
Frank Nobilo, who has contributed to the Network's golf coverage for the past five seasons, will expand his role and serve as an analyst for the full CBS Sports golf season. Nobilo, a veteran broadcaster, retired from golf in 2002 after winning 15 tournaments worldwide.
Masters Champion Trevor Immelman joins as an analyst contributing to the Network's PGA TOUR coverage as well as CBS Sports' cross-platform coverage of the Masters and PGA Championship. Throughout his distinguished playing career, Immelman won 11 events worldwide – including the 2008 Masters – and was also a two-time participant in the Presidents Cup in 2005 and 2007.
Dottie Pepper, who joined the Network in 2015, has been elevated to lead on-course reporter. Pepper is a 17-time LPGA winner and two-time Major Champion, winning at the Nabisco Dinah Shore (now the ANA Inspiration) in both 1992 and 1999. She was honored in 1992 as the LPGA Player of the Year.
Analyst and Coach Mark Immelman, who joined CBS Sports in 2016, will increase his duties with the golf team this season, working the majority of the Network's PGA TOUR schedule. Additionally, he will continue as part of CBS Sports' cross-platform coverage of the Masters and PGA Championship. He also currently serves as the Director of Golf at Columbus State University.
Andrew Catalon, who has contributed to CBS Sports' multimedia coverage of the Masters and PGA Championship since 2011 and 2012, respectively, also will increase his golf duties on the broadcast side, serving as host for select PGA TOUR events. In addition to golf, Catalon serves as play-by-play announcer for CBS Sports' coverage of the NFL and college basketball, including the NCAA Tournament.
Additionally, Michelle Wie, the five-time LPGA TOUR winner, will contribute to CBS Sports' multimedia golf coverage this season, including the Masters.
Earlier this year, Davis Love III was also announced as full-time golf analyst for CBS Sports. For the 2020 golf season, newcomers Trevor Immelman and Love will join veterans Jim Nantz, Nick Faldo, Ian Baker-Finch, Nobilo, Pepper, Mark Immelman, Amanda Balionis and Catalon throughout CBS Sports' coverage of the PGA TOUR, Masters and PGA Championship.
Michael Shamburger
Michael is the founder and Editor in Chief of The Stiff Shaft. He is also the Senior Editor of Golfweek Custom Media and covers the World Long Drive for Golf Channel.
He has 8+ years of covering golf, is an LSU fan, and prefers to hit driver-wedge as often as possible.
Posted in NewsTagged CBS, Dotty Pepper, Frank Nobilo, Masters, Michelle Wie, PGA Championship, Trevor ImmelmancommentLeave a Comment on CBS adds Frank Nobilo, Trevor Immelman, and Michelle Wie to broadcast
Rickie Fowler replaces Brooks Koepka on Presidents Cup team
Hero World Challenge picks, odds, tee times, TV schedule


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Public Release: 24-Mar-2008
Insects take a bigger bite out of plants in a higher CO2 world
IMAGE: Plant defenses go down as carbon dioxide levels go up, the researchers found. Soybeans grown at elevated CO2 levels attract many more adult Japanese beetles than plants grown at current... view more
Credit: Photo courtesy of Evan Delucia.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are rising at an alarming rate, and new research indicates that soybean plant defenses go down as CO2 goes up. Elevated CO2 impairs a key component of the plant's defenses against leaf-eating insects, according to the report.
The University of Illinois study appears this week online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels have significantly increased carbon dioxide levels since the late 18th century, said plant biology professor and department head Evan DeLucia, an author of the study.
"Currently, CO2 in the atmosphere is about 380 parts per million," DeLucia said. "At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution it was 280 parts per million, and it had been there for at least 600,000 years - probably several million years before that."
Current predictions are that atmospheric carbon dioxide will reach 550 parts per million by the year 2050, DeLucia said, and the rapid industrialization of India and China may even accelerate that timetable.
The new study, led by entomology professor and department head May Berenbaum, used the Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment (Soy FACE) facility at Illinois. This open-air research lab can expose the plants in a soybean field to a variety of atmospheric CO2 and ozone levels - without isolating the plants from other environmental influences, such as rainfall, sunlight and insects.
High atmospheric carbon dioxide is known to accelerate the rate of photosynthesis. It also increases the proportion of carbohydrates relative to nitrogen in plant leaves.
The researchers wanted to know how this altered carbon-to-nitrogen ratio affected the insects that fed on the plants. They predicted the insects would eat more leaves to meet their nitrogen needs.
When they exposed the soybean field to elevated carbon dioxide levels, the researchers saw the expected effect: Soybeans in the test plot exhibited more signs of insect damage than those in nearby plots. A closer inspection showed that soybeans grown at elevated CO2 levels attracted many more adult Japanese beetles, Western corn rootworms and, during outbreaks of Asian soybean aphids, more of these than soybeans in other plots.
Caterpillars and other insect larvae need nitrogen to grow and build new tissues, but adult insects can survive and reproduce on a high carbohydrate diet. So it made sense that more adults would migrate to the high CO2 plants, DeLucia said.
But did the higher sugar levels in the leaves explain the whole effect" To find the answer, the team allowed beetles to live out their lives in one of three conditions: on a high CO2 plant, on a low CO2 plant outside the Soy FACE plot, or on a low CO2 plant grown outside the test plot but which had its sugar content artificially boosted.
"What we discovered was startling," DeLucia said.
The beetles on the high CO2 soybean plants lived longer, and as a result produced more offspring, than those living outside the Soy FACE plot. Even those fed a supplemental diet of sugars did not see their life span extended.
"So here we were thinking that sugars were the main thing causing the beetles to feed more on these high CO2 leaves," DeLucia said. "And that still may be true, but sugars aren't what's causing them to live longer and have more breeding events and offspring."
The team turned its attention to the hormonal signaling pathways of the plants, focusing on a key defensive chemical the plants produced to ward off an insect attack. When insects eat their leaves, soybeans and other plants produce a hormone, jasmonic acid, that starts a chain of chemical reactions in the leaves that boost their defenses. Normally this cascade leads to the production of high levels of a compound called a protease inhibitor. When the insects ingest this enzyme, it inhibits their ability to digest the leaves.
"What we discovered is that leaves grown under high CO2 lose their ability to produce jasmonic acid, and that whole defense pathway is shut down," Delucia said. "The leaves are no longer adequately defended."
The higher carbohydrate content of the leaves and the lack of chemical defenses allowed the adult insects to feast and live longer and produce more offspring.
"This study demonstrates that global environmental change is multifaceted," Berenbaum said. "The impact of elevated carbon dioxide on crippling the capacity of the plant to respond to insect damage is exacerbated by the presence of invasive insect pests in soybean fields. The Japanese beetle, as the name suggests, is a relatively recent arrival in Illinois soybean fields. It is causing considerable damage now but this study suggests that its ability to inflict damage will only increase over time."
The researchers, both of whom also are affiliated with the university's Institute for Genomic Biology, will now seek to determine whether the same process occurs in other plants.
EMBARGO FOR RELEASE UNTIL 4 P.M. CDT MARCH 24 (MONDAY)
Editor's note: To reach Evan DeLucia, call 217-333-6177; e-mail: delucia@uiuc.edu.
To reach May Berenbaum, call 217-333-7784; e-mail: maybe@uiuc.edu.
Diana Yates
diya@uiuc.edu
@NewsAtIllinois
http://www.illinois.edu
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION/ECONOMICS
FERTILIZERS/PEST MANAGEMENT
FOOD/FOOD SCIENCE
POLLUTION/REMEDIATION
Beetles on Leaf (IMAGE)
Soy FACE (IMAGE)
Delucia (IMAGE)


The University of Georgia Libraries uses the cataloging system of the Library of Congress, commonly referred to as LC Classification. In this system, music and books on music are categorized under the letter "M".
Printed music falls under "M", literature on music falls under "ML", and books on music instruction and study fall under "MT".


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Travel Columns
Harrington faces crucial Ryder Cup selections
Europe successfully defeated the United States in 2018 to regain the Ryder Cup with a dominant performance Le Golf National. Since then, Padraig Harrington has taken the reins from Thomas Bjorn and is tasked with ensuring the trophy remains in European hands.
Harrington has a potent line-up at his disposal to take on the United States. Jon Rahm is in the form of his life after breaking his major duck at the US Open. Rory McIlroy has found a level of consistency on the course in 2021, although success in the majors has eluded him in the first three championships. Tyrell Hatton and Tommy Fleetwood are more or less guaranteed a spot in the side due to their haul on the points' list. However, there are a number of places that remain in the balance for a European side that are underdogs at 33/20 in the Space Casino betting odds for the Ryder Cup.
Harrington could be faced with the prospect of fielding a number of rookies due to the performances of Ryder Cup veterans over the course of the campaign. Bernd Wiesberger is a standout on the tour this term and has been a model of consistency at events around the continent. He won the Made in Denmark at Himmerland with a fine performance to finish 21-under for the competition and has since backed that up with a solid outing at the BMW Invitational placing in fifth.
However, the Austrian has been underwhelming at the majors this term, failing to make the cut at The PGA Championship and the US Open, while he finished in tied-40th at The Masters. Those performances in the States will give Harrington cause for concern, but if Weisberger makes the line-up, he will be there on merit and form ahead players that have struggled in 2021.
Francesco Molinari was sensational for Europe in 2018, winning all five of his matches. The Italian was a major thorn in the side of the Americans, nailing clutch putts and forming a devastating partnership with Tommy Fleetwood. However, Molinari is in a battle to secure his spot in the side as he has slipped down the points standings, and it will take a drastic improvement for him to qualify on performance alone. Therefore, the Italian would need to use a wildcard spot.
Harrington has already confirmed that Sergio Garcia and Ian Poulter are among the top contenders for wildcard places, which would leave only one slot available. Henrik Stenson would provide direct competition for Molinari for the final spot in the team. Even Justin Rose is not guaranteed to earn an automatic place, which would leave Harrington with a massive selection headache.
On one hand, it's good problem to have, but Harrington will be determined to stock his side with experience, especially considering the competition is being held in the States. Even the best Europeans have folded under the pressure when playing in hostile territory. To ensure that the Ryder Cup remains in European hands Harrington must nail his selection on all 12 players. The Irishman cannot afford any weak links in the ranks in their bid to retain the crown and record another monumental triumph in the States.
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In Afghanistan, Panetta Says Mission Continues : The Two-Way At Camp Leatherneck in southern Afghanistan, the defense secretary urged troops to not be deterred from their mission and continue "to make life difficult" for the Taliban and al-Qaida. He'll try to repair relations frayed by recent incidents.
The Two-Way
Larry Abramson, reporting from Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, Panetta Says Mission Continues
March 14, 20127:45 AM ET
Mark Memmott
At Camp Leatherneck in southern Afghanistan today, Defense Secretary Leon Panetta urged U.S. military personnel to not be deterred from their mission and continue "to make life difficult" for the Taliban and al-Qaida, says NPR's Larry Abramson, who is travelling with Panetta.
The Pentagon chief's words come, of course, in the wake of the murders Sunday of 16 Afghan civilians — allegedly by a U.S. Army staff sergeant. And they follow the burnings by U.S. forces last month of some Qurans, which set off protests and led to the murders of at least four U.S. military personnel. American officials have apologized for the burnings and say they were unintentional.
According to Larry, while there have been reports that some U.S. officials hope to speed up the planned withdrawal of U.S. and NATO forces from Afghanistan (most are scheduled to be gone by 2014), Pentagon officials traveling with Panetta say the game plan is not changing. Panetta is due to meet with Afghan President Hamid Karzai on Thursday. "You can be certain that the Quran burning incident and the shooting on Sunday are going to come up," Larry tells our Newscast Desk.
Panetta's visit, while unannounced until he landed in the country for security purposes, had been scheduled before the murders.
Meanwhile, the BBC reports that:
"As Mr. Panetta arrived in Afghanistan, a motorcycle bomb blast in Kandahar city killed at least one Afghan intelligence officer and wounded three others. In another incident on Wednesday, a roadside bomb attack in the Marjah district of Helmand killed eight civilians travelling in a minibus, a spokesman for the provincial governor told the BBC."
Update at 4:29 p.m. ET. Suspect Flown Out Of Afghanistan:
The AP reports that while the Pentagon is still not naming the suspect in the Afghanistan shootings, he has been flown out of the country. The AP adds:
"The official said Wednesday that the soldier has been flown to a 'pretrial confinement facility' in another country but did not provide further details. The official spoke on condition of anonymity because the information had not yet been publicly announced.
"The official did not provide a reason for the move, saying only that the decision had been made to continue legal proceedings outside of Afghanistan."
Update at 10:10 a.m. ET. Related Developments:
-- CNN is reporting that military investigators are looking into whether the staff sergeant may have been intoxicated at the time of the killings.
-- An Afghan official, The Associated Press reports, says U.S. authorities have shown Afghan authorities a video. On it, the soldier is reportedly seen walking back to the base and surrendering after the attacks. "The official said late Tuesday that U.S. authorities showed their Afghan counterparts the video to prove that only one perpetrator was involved in the shootings," the AP adds.
Defense Secretary Leon Panetta


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Q: Can I iterate through the widgets in a databricks notebook? Can I iterate through the widgets in a databricks notebook?  Something like this pseudocode?
# NB - not valid
inputs = {widget.name: widget.value for widget in dbutuils.widgets}

A: Yes.  You can get all of the widgets returned as a JavaMap.  Then you can convert that to a Python dictionary.
%python
my_widgets = dbutils.notebook.entry_point.getCurrentBindings()
{key: my_widgets[key] for key in my_widgets}

Note that "entry_point" is not a supported part of the dbutils API.
Databricks could change or remove it without notice.

A: i'm not 100% sure but i think so but if not then you might have to manually input the widgets in by them self and not grouped

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This is a report on the side event that CAGJ/AGRA Watch organized at the UN Conference on Biodiversity COP13 Negotiations on the Convention on Biological Diversity in Cancun, Mexico. The event, Biodiversity Under Threat: The Gates Foundation, Philanthrocapitalism and the Capture of African Agricultural Biodiversity, was sponsored by African Centre for Biodiversity, CAGJ/AGRA Watch, and ENSSER. It was hosted by Washington Biotechnology Council, the organization that officially registered for CAGJ/AGRA Watch at the UN Conference. Read the full description of the side event here. We will be posting our own report-back on the side event soon!
This report was initially published in the Earth Negotiations Bulletin on the Side (ENBOTS), a special publication of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). The Friday December 9, 2016 issue of ENBOTS was written by Tallash Kantai, Vijay Krishnan Kolinjivadi, Ph.D., Dorothy Wanja Nyingi, Ph.D., and Cleo Verkuijl.
This event, moderated by Heather Day, Executive Director, Community Alliance for Global Justice (CAGJ), discussed the AGRA Watch campaign of CACJ, and the "worrying" expansion of new markets for large-scale industrial agriculture through the support of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (the Gates Foundation) at the expense of small-scale farmers, food sovereignty and biodiversity.
Mariam Mayet, Executive Director, African Centre for Biodiversity, underscored that the Gates Foundation-funded projects have supported the African Green Revolution Alliance (AGRA), which provides the "technical nucleus for the expansion of profit-making ventures in African agriculture" that are geared towards certified, genetically-modified (GM) seeds and synthetic fertilizers. She stressed that the Gates Foundation-funded green revolution agenda is aimed at harmonizing legal and policy frameworks towards private ownership of land and germplasm and criminalizing the distribution and sale of farmer-variety seeds.
Angelika Hilbeck, ENSSER, said Monsanto's claims of drought tolerance of GM crops based on the csp-transgene are unproven. Therefore, she noted, that the Water Efficient Maize for Africa variety that combines this gene with the cry1AB gene is deceptive, adding that the latter gene exhibits "end of shelf traits" currently being phased out in South Africa due to a lack of resistance to the Striga pathogen.
Daniel Maingi, Growth Partners Africa, reported that the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) is funded by biotech companies to "push" GMO uptake in Africa, organizing, among other things, "seeing is believing tours" to chosen sanitized GMO projects. He added that ISAAA is also supporting voices of "shills," who are persons paid to give credibility to GMO ventures without disclosing their vested interests in order to convince policymakers.
In the ensuing discussion, participants discussed, inter alia: whether industrial agriculture reduces burdens for women; issues of power, control, authority and dignity for farmers in ensuring food sovereignty; and the risk of conflict associated with farmers being "emptied out of the countryside" unless small-scale farmers are supported.
Mariam Mayet, Executive Director, African Centre for Biodiversity, argued that the Gates Foundation-funded "green revolution" is altering farming, seed systems and agricultural practices by dislodging traditional farming systems towards corporate seeds with strong intellectual property rights protection. Photo Credit: IISD/ENBOTS.
Angelika Hilbeck, ENSSER, said that "we expect more GM business-models to emerge where biotechnology has not delivered and is unlikely to deliver." Photo Credit: IISD/ENBOTS.
A slide from Daniel Maingi's presentation. Photo Credit: IISD/ENBOTS.
Daniel Maingi, Growth Partners Africa, said that preserving rights to "our seeds and soils" is the key to food security in Africa. Photo Credit: IISD/ENBOTS.
Philip Bereano, WashBAC, emphasized that high-tech, profit-driven, industrialized agriculture will not address food security in Africa. Photo Credit: IISD/ENBOTS.
Heather Day, CAGJ, said the Gates Foundation has "disproportionate power in its fields of influence." Photo Credit: IISD/ENBOTS.
Ensuing discussions on whether industrial agriculture is beneficial or detrimental for Africa. Photo Credit: IISD/ENBOTS.
A view of the room during the event. Photo Credit: IISD/ENBOTS.
Group photo at the end of the event. Photo Credit: IISD/ENBOTS.
Posted in AFSA, Agra Watch Blog Posts, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, biodiversity, Food Justice Blog Posts, News, Projects, Slider, Trade Justice Blog Posts.


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Model Diplomacy
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How the U.S. Patrols Its Borders
President Trump sent U.S. troops to the border with Mexico to supplement the work of authorities there. President Biden pledges a new approach as pressures mount along the boundary.
Backgrounder by Amelia Cheatham, Claire Felter and Zachary Laub April 12, 2021
Diplomacy & International Institutions
Hong Kong's Freedoms
Beijing has tightened its grip on Hong Kong in recent years, dimming hopes that the financial center will ever become a full democracy.
Backgrounder by Lindsay Maizland and Eleanor Albert February 17, 2021
Europe & Eurasia
The Taliban in Afghanistan
The Taliban have returned to power in Afghanistan twenty years after their ouster by U.S. troops, sparking concerns that they will impose harsh rule, neglect to provide basic services, and abuse human rights.
Backgrounder by Lindsay Maizland September 15, 2021
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The World According to China
This compelling book reveals China's ambitious new strategy to reclaim the country's past glory and reshape the geostrategic landscape in dramatic new ways.
Book by Elizabeth C. Economy January 11, 2022 Asia Program
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Understanding the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
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Local Journalists
Wars and Conflict
What to Worry About in 2022
Our panelists discuss potential and ongoing crises that may erupt or escalate in 2022, as well as their global political implications. This event explores the results of the 2022 Preventive Priorities Survey.
Virtual Event with Jeh Charles Johnson, Meghan L. O'Sullivan and Paul B. Stares January 10, 2022
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Rethinking American Grand Strategy, With Beverly Gage, Christopher Nichols, and Andrew Preston
Beverly Gage, Christopher Nichols, and Andrew Preston sit down with James M. Lindsay to discuss what grand strategy means and its role in U.S. history. Beverly Gage is professor of twentieth century …
Podcast by James M. Lindsay, Beverly Gage, Christopher Nichols, and Andrew Preston The President's Inbox
CFR invited the presidential candidates challenging President Trump in the 2020 election to articulate their positions on twelve critical foreign policy issues. Candidates' answers are posted exactly…
Andrew Mlangeni, Mandela Ally and Anti-Apartheid Hero, Dies in South Africa
Andrew Mlangeni was the last living defendant of the 1963 Rivonia trial, which resulted in the sentencing of Andrew and ten others, among them, Ahmed Kathrada, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki and, most famously, Nelson Mandela.
Blog Post by Guest Blogger for John Campbell Africa in Transition
Andrew Yang's Moment: The Economic Costs of the Pandemic Mean the Time for UBI Is Now
As fears of the growing coronavirus pandemic are leading to something close to a temporary shutdown of the U.S. economy, the moment has come to listen to the most important young political voice in t…
Blog Post by Edward Alden Renewing America
Meet Andrew Yang, Democratic Presidential Candidate
Update: Andrew Yang announced on February 11, 2020, that he was ending his campaign. Chances are you haven't heard of Andrew Yang even though he's been running for president for more than a year n…
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Andrew Zimbalist, the Robert A. Woods professor of economics at Smith College, joins CFR's James M. Lindsay to discuss the political and economic costs of hosting the Olympics.
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A Conversation with Andrew J. Shapiro
Please join Assistant Secretary Shapiro, during the final weeks in his position, to discuss the integration of diplomacy and defense in meeting shared national security challenges.
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Assistant Secretary Shapiro discusses the integration of diplomacy and defense in meeting national security challenges.
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Our panelists review the recent COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, including climate action since the Paris Accords and how governments and businesses can step up to address the complex challenges of c…
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The Economics of Hosting the Olympic Games
The costs of hosting the Olympics have skyrocketed, while the economic benefits are far from clear. This has led to fewer states interested in playing host and a search for options to lighten the bur…
Backgrounder by James McBride and Melissa Manno
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Local government interest in open data is slipping away from its initial peak, but there is still immense potential for its use in public services in the long term, according to the leader of Devon County Council's lead official in the field.
Lucy Knight, policy strategy officer at council and co-founder of the Open Data Institute Devon, was speaking at the Socitm spring conference. She likened the situation to the Gartner Hype Cycle for IT developments, in which a technology trend will attract a surge of interest in its early days, then fall into a trough when it appears to have little real world use, but is then widely taken up as it begins to show clear benefits.
"We've got to the initial peak with open data and it's now sliding down as people don't see a clear use," she said. "But let's build some stuff and see what happens.
"We have to get competent with this, build some stuff and see what works. It's about making sure that people get the benefits from the data we have."
Knight said it is hard to estimate when open data will begin to rise again on the cycle - "it could be two to three years or it could be six months" - and it will happen when there are more reports of local authorities "doing something really useful".
"At the moment the stories are more abstract, and the change will come when people can see more clearly what they can do with it," she said.
Devon's work has not yet reached the point of providing clear examples, but the council is among the Cabinet Office's Open Data Champions. These were named in March as leaders in exploring the use of open data in local government, and are working on a series of projects to explore how it can improve services.
Knight said that Devon's approach involves a series of small iterations that makes it possible to launch projects, and learn quickly and cheaply whether they can provide any benefits.
She added that, while some councils are concentrating on providing access to their data stores, there could be other datasets that are valuable to developers, and that the potential for benefits will increase if councils can begin to provide access to data from other authorities.


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Thank you, Trevor Gleeson
Trevor Gleeson has requested to be released from the final year of his Perth Wildcats contract, after receiving an NBA coaching opportunity
The club has accepted the request, marking the end of an era for Perth.
In Gleeson's eight seasons at the helm of the Wildcats, he's led the club to five NBL Championships, making it the most successful period in the organisation's 40-year history.
"I'm excited by the opportunity, but I'm very sad to leave a great organisation like the Perth Wildcats," said Gleeson.
"I still remember being interviewed by the board in 2013, and the faith and support they gave me all the way through has been incredible.
"When Dawn had her reoccurrence of breast cancer, the support the Perth Wildcats, the Perth community and the Red Army gave us around that time was something I'll never forget. They embraced us, and Perth is always going to be home for us.
"We tried to give back as much as we could to the community with the Pink Game, and we won a few championships along the way.
"It's been an unbelievable eight-year journey, it exceeded my expectations on every level. It's very much mixed emotions to be leaving players and coaches that I love, as well as the organisation and the staff. But I know it will be a happy chapter of my life when I look back on it. I'm ready for this next adventure."
Trevor Gleeson joined the Perth Wildcats in 2013 and went on to coach a club-record 269 games, winning 171 of those.
He claimed a title in his first season (2013/14) before becoming the first Wildcats coach to win multiple titles just two years later (2015/16).
In 2017, he became the first coach in Perth's history to go back-to-back and, in 2019 and 2020, was able to repeat that incredible accomplishment.
Last month, he was named NBL Coach of the Year for 2021.
To put Gleeson's five championships with the Wildcats into perspective, no other team has won more than four titles in total.
Perth Wildcats CEO Troy Georgiu thanked Trevor Gleeson for his enormous contribution to the club.
"Legacy is something we value here at the Perth Wildcats, and Trevor's is unparalleled. Very few have had his impact on this organisation's great history," said Mr Georgiu.
"His recruiting changed the game, and his ability to have his playing group buy-in to his system is remarkable. He builds teams for Finals success, and his record is testament to that.
"Everyone at the Perth Wildcats organisation, and the wider Red Army as a whole, is extremely grateful for the success and wonderful memories Trevor has brought us.
"He deserves this exciting opportunity to take this next step in his career. We wish him nothing but continued success."
With three months to the commencement of the 2021/22 NBL Season, the Perth Wildcats now turn its attention to the challenging task of recruiting a replacement for Gleeson.
The club is putting together a high-calibre selection panel, so the process can begin immediately.
Head Coach Perth Wildcats 2013-2021
269 games (63.8% win rate)
NBL Championship: 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020
NBL Grand Finalist: 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021
NBL Finals: 2014-2021
2021 NBL Coach of the Year
460 NBL Games Coached: 5th Overall (Townsville 163, Melbourne 28, Perth 269)


MP magnetic pump runs with a special designed bearing which is made of particular kind of ceramic. Also the strong abrasive & corrosive resistance of the bearing set MP free form the "No no-load running" limit of magnetic pump and ensure the advanced performance and safe quality of MP.
Widely used for pumping of acid liquid, lye, oils, rare & valuable liquid, venom and volatile liquid in chemical industry, pharmacy, electroplating industry, metal industry, mining industry, food industry, medical treatment, water treatment, pollute control or other industry.


I'm hearing more than a few "yeah but's" today. Can't say I'm surprised to hear them from Cowboy backers--it's what fans of the losing team do. I am a little surprised to hear it from Redskins fans.
I'm talking about the line of thinking that, yeah, technically the Redskins won, but it was more a matter of the Cowboys losing.
As if only Dallas made mistakes.
As if Tashard Choice voluntarily surrended the ball.
As if the Redskins didn't drop three or four routine catches, every one crucial to the flow of play, at least two which would have ended it outright.
As if the Redskins didn't gift the Cowboys three points with a muffed snap/hold on a routine chip-shot field goal after taking the three they had already earned off the board.
As if the Redskins didn't generously commit a motion penalty on a third-and-two with two minutes left that, if converted, would effectively have ended the game. This after clicking off runs of eight, ten, eighteen and seven leading up to it against a clearly finished Dallas defense.
Don't get me wrong. The Cowboys screwed up plenty last night. But they had plenty of help doing it. And the upstart (4-12 last year, if memory serves?) Redskins were pretty generous in helping keeping the Cowboys in the game to the bitter end.
No sir. Dallas didn't lose this one. Washington won it.
Argue otherwise if you must, but in your heart of hearts you know you're wrong.
you forgot about rogers "gifting" them another shoulda-been-interception at the end.
totally agree with you. it was an NFC East slugfest and we came out with more points, which is, remember, the point of the game.
Add L. Landry to that list of missed ints on the SAME DRIVE. 'Skins left plays out there too. They outplayed and outcoached the 'Pukes.
Absolutely, gents. I was including the Rogers muffed INT in the "dropped passes" reference. Hell,the way Romo lobbed the thing up there to him, it was like he was begging 'los to catch it.


Non-matriculated students may sometimes enroll through UCLA Extension with the instructor's permission.
A couple of auditor slots are also made available through the Senior Scholars Program.
Private or Group Yiddish Language Lessons (Email us for more information).
There are a number of opportunities to learn Yiddish in the comfort of your own home, often at your personal convenience.
דער פֿאָרװערץ The Yiddish, "Der Forverts" has a jazzy website which includes newscasts in Yiddish from around the world.
: The best available Yiddish-English dictionary is available On-Line.
Comprehensive English-Yiddish Dictionary: The long-awaited Comprehensive English-Yiddish Dictionary is available for purchase from the League for Yiddish.
Lists additional On-Line resources including other dictionaries.
Comprehensive keyboard, discounts for educators and/or students.
The rubegoldbergeray chart includes several tools which are readily available to help with web page creation.
A convenient On-Line reference to the character contents of the Unicode UTF-8 for Yiddish.
Free Phonetic Yiddish Keyboard. Directions for download and installation are listed on the website.
A beautifully illustrated and transliterated assortment of Yiddish witicisms, sayings, expressions.
Stories by top-notch Yiddish writers, with downloadable texts in PDF format and recorded readings in "real" (native) Yiddish is available On-Line.
Home page for The Yiddish Voice, a Yiddish-language radio show serving Boston's Yiddish-speaking community, and a Yiddish Internet resource page.
Numerous recordings of past programs with some of the leading figures on the LA Yiddish cultural scene on a host of topics ranging from Yiddish theater to dramatic poetry readings. Lovingly edited and uploaded by CIYCL Board Member and former ABC Audio Engineer/Editor Joyce Tamara.
with actor/conjurer and Director of the Congress for Jewish Culture Shane Baker.
Mendele has been a very useful and interesting forum in a wide variety of aspects of Yiddish language and literature. You might 'lurk' in the archives to see what has been asked, answered, argued.
The Uriel Weinreich Program in Yiddish Language, Literature, and Culture of Bard-YIVO Institute for East European Jewish History and Culture offers peerless instruction in the Yiddish language and an in-depth exploration of the literature and culture of East European/American Jewry. The core of the program is an intensive, 4-credit language course (at one of three levels-elementary, intermediate, or advanced) that meets five days a week and is designed to develop proficiency in speaking, reading, and writing, as well as cultural literacy.
Yiddish language taught at 4 levels. Afternoon cultural programs and field trips.
Intensive Yiddish instruction at five levels. Language instruction will be supplemented by an afternoon program of lectures, conversation workshops, tours, and by evening cultural and social events.
The Yiddish Farm Education Center is a Shomer-Shabbos organic farm in Goshen, NY that hosts Yiddish educational programs with the goal of teaching Yiddish and fostering unity and respect between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews. Program participants experience Yiddish-language immersion while also learning about organic and sustainable agricultural methods.
Annual retreat for Yiddish speakers of all ages.
The Yiddish Music Hall is designed to serve and support all Yiddish Music enthusiasts, students and performers. A site dedicated to Yiddish Music lovers.
"The Komediant," the award winning documentary about Mike Burstyn's family, his mother Lillian Lux and their history in the Yiddish theatre.
An interactive database of Jewish song.- YIDDISH – HEBREW – LADINO.
Hatikvah Music — the largest selection of Jewish music, and especially Yiddish music, in the world. CDs available for purchase.
Visit the Folksbiene Yiddish Theatre to learn more about Yiddish Theatre.
Archive of the Polish National Library, containing a multitude of digitized rare Yiddish books.
This is a place for Yiddish teachers of all levels to share resources and support each other: materials, ideas, songs, questions, answers.
The alumni of the Oxford Institute's 2001 summer program encourage the study and perpetuation of Yiddish language, literature, and culture.
A mailing list for people wishing to use and learn the Yiddish language.The aim of this mailing list is to provide Yiddish learners from all over the world with a forum where they can try out and improve their linguistic skills by interacting with one another or with other fluent Yiddish speakers over the Internet.
The purpose of this group/list is to help the promotion of klezmer and Jewish Music. It was created in order to ease the making of announcements and initiating discussions about the music.
This group is devoted to the study of folklore and ethnology of Jews around the world. The group invites announcements of conferences, publications, and special events as well as discussions of issues relating to Jewish folklore and ethnology.
A forum for students of the Yiddish language. A place to converse in and about Yiddish, founded in January 2001 by Leybl (Lee) Goldberg, Yiddish teacher at the District of Columbia Jewish Community Center (DCJCC) in Washington, DC.
The new and improved version of the former egroup known as "Yiddland".
Eyropeyishe Yidishe Geshikhte, Religion un Kultur is a mailing list for the discussion of Jewish religion, culture and history in Europe.
A multi-faceted Yiddish cultural organization based in Los Angeles.
Yiddish cultural organization based in northern California.
An educational organization founded in 2004 by young Jews in Krakow, Poland. Also publishes award-winning Yiddish children's books.
La maison de la Culture Yiddish à Paris.
Publishes the journal "Afn Shvel" (On the Threshhold").
Celebrating Yiddish culture and klezmer music in the San Francisco Bay area.
A free, easy-to-use genealogy website features thousands of databases, research tools, and other resources to help those with Jewish ancestryresearch and find family members.


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Domingos de Castro Gentil Soares Branco (Lisboa, 20 de Dezembro de 1925 — Lisboa, 4 de Dezembro de 2013), conhecido por Soares Branco, foi um escultor e professor da Escola Superior de Belas Artes de Lisboa, autor da Águia do Benfica do Estádio da Luz e do busto de Sá Carneiro que se encontra na Praça do Areeiro (Lisboa), entre outras obras escultóricas notáveis.

Biografia
Natural de Lisboa, matriculou-se em 1944 na Escola de Belas Artes de Lisboa, onde foi aluno de José Simões de Almeida (Sobrinho) e de Leopoldo de Almeida, tendo concluído o Curso de Escultura em 1953. Ainda estudante, foi o 2.º classificado da edição de 1951 do Prémio de Escultura Soares do Reis, promovido pelo Secretariado Nacional de Informação, Cultura Popular e Turismo (SNI).

Terminado o curso, empregou-se como desenhador na Escola Médica de Lisboa, no Campo de Santana, onde trabalhou até ter ingressado em 1958 como professor para a Escola de Belas Artes de Lisboa. Foi docente da Escola Superior de Belas Artes de Lisboa durante mais de 30 anos, tendo-se aposentado em 1996, ao atingir o limite de idade.

Ao longo da sua carreira dedicou-se à escultura, com destaque para a produção de elementos escultóricos destinados a espaços públicos, e à medalhística. No campo da medalhística deixou uma vasta obra, tendo merecido vários prémios em concursos.

Foi grande a sua produção escultórica destinada a espaços públicos, estando presente em diversas cidade e vilas portuguesas, com destaque para Lisboa, Mafra, Santarém, Alcochete e Fátima.

São da sua autoria a estátua de Santo António implantada junto à igreja de Santo António de Lisboa, na Sé de Lisboa, a «Águia do Benfica» do Estádio da Luz, a alegoria intitulada «Vento Garroa» situada no Parque Eduardo VII (Lisboa), o busto de Francisco Sá Carneiro implantado na rotunda da Praça do Areeiro (Lisboa), o monumento à Travessia Aérea do Atlântico Sul implantado em Belém (Lisboa) e a estátua do papa Pio XII implantada em Fátima.

Contudo é em Mafra que se encontram algumas das mais notáveis obras de escultura pública da sua autoria, nomeadamente o «Monumento do Soldado Infante», o «Monumento Comemorativo do 1.º Centenário da Escola Prática de Infantaria» e um monumento à actriz Beatriz Costa. É também naquela vila portuguesa que foi criado em 1991 o Museu Soares Branco, localizado no Complexo Cultural Quinta da Raposa, para o qual o escultor doou grande parte do seu espólio, o qual é constituído por mais de 13 000 peças, incluindo estudos, maquetas e esboços.

Em 1962 foi autor dos grupos escultóricos da fachada do Tribunal de Tavira, pelo que foi pago 181 contos. Realizou a "Justiça ladeada pela Força e pela Lei", o Escudo de Armas da Cidade, duas placas da Lei e da Justiça e a composição "Domus Iustitiae".

Foi sepultado no Cemitério de Santarém.

Galeria

Escultores de Portugal
Professores de Portugal
Naturais de Lisboa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1128828020080111
By Kevin Drawbaugh - Analysis
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Ask corporate lobbyists which presidential contender is most feared by their clients and the answer is almost always the same -- Democrat John Edwards.
The former North Carolina senator's chosen profession alone raises the hackles of business people. Before entering politics, he made a fortune as a trial lawyer.
In litigious America, trial lawyers bring lawsuits against companies on behalf of aggrieved individuals and sometimes win multimillion-dollar settlements. Edwards won several.
But beyond his profession, Edwards' tone and language on the campaign trail have increased business antipathy toward him. His stump speeches are peppered with attacks on "corporate greed" and warnings of "the destruction of the middle class."
He accuses lobbyists of "corrupting the government" and says Americans lack universal health care because of "drug companies, insurance companies and their lobbyists."
Despite not winning the two state nominating contests completed so far, with 48 to go, Edwards insists he is in the race to stay. An Edwards campaign spokesman said on Thursday that inside-the-Beltway operatives who fight to defend the powerful and the privileged should be afraid.
"The lobbyists and special interests who abuse the system in Washington have good reason to fear John Edwards.
"Once he is president, the interests of middle class families will never again take a back seat to corporate greed in Washington," said campaign spokesman Eric Schultz.
Open attacks on the business elite are seldom heard from mainstream White House candidates in America, despite skyrocketing CEO pay, rising income inequality, and a torrent of scandals in corporate boardrooms and on Wall Street.
But this year Edwards is not alone. Republican candidate Mike Huckabee, former governor of Arkansas, sometimes also rails against corporate power and influence, tapping a populist current that lies just below the surface of U.S. politics.
One business lobbyist, who asked not to be named, said Edwards "has gone to this angry populist, anti-business rhetoric that borders on class warfare ... He focuses dislike of special interests, which is out there, on business."
Another lobbyist said an Edwards presidency would be "a disaster" for his well-heeled industrialist clients.
After this week's New Hampshire primaries, where he placed a distant third behind New York Sen. Hillary Clinton and Illinois Sen. Barack Obama, Edwards might not seem so scary. He ran second in the Iowa Democratic caucuses last week, trailing Obama and just ahead of Clinton.
Edwards suffered a blow on Thursday when Massachusetts Democratic Sen. John Kerry snubbed him and endorsed Obama. Edwards was Kerry's vice-presidential running mate in Kerry's failed Democratic bid for the White House in 2004.
BUSINESS'S FAVORITE UNCLEAR
Asked which candidate their clients most support, corporate lobbyists were unsure. Clinton has cautious backing within the corporate jet set, as do Arizona Republican Sen. John McCain and former Republican Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, they said.
These candidates represent stability to executives who have much to lose if November's election brings about the sweeping change some candidates are promising.
Obama and Huckabee register largely as unknown quantities among business owners, both large and small, say lobbyists.
"My sense is that Obama would govern as a reasonably pragmatic Democrat ... I think Hillary is approachable. She knows where a lot of her funding has come from, to be blunt," said Greg Valliere, chief political strategist at Stanford Group Co., a market and policy analysis group.
But Edwards, Valliere said, is seen as "an anti-business populist" and "a trade protectionist who is quite unabashed about raising taxes."
"I think his regulatory policies, as well as his tax policies, would be viewed as a threat to business," he said.
"The next scariest for business would be Huckabee because of his rhetoric and because he's an unknown."
(Reporting by Kevin Drawbaugh; editing by John Wallace)
Posted by Robalini at Sunday, January 20, 2008
Labels: Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, John Edwards, John Kerry, John McCain, Mike Huckabee, Mitt Romney


The first symptoms of both chronological aging and photo-aging, such as atonicity, dry skin, uneven skin tone, blemishes and mimic wrinkles may be visible even at a young age. Therefore, Forlle'd Laboratory isolated an ingredient to prevent premature aging. It was possible owing to the discovery of biologically compatible and highly effective platinum, with strong anti-oxidizing properties. This is what led to creation of the Platinum Line, designed to effectively prevent photo-aging, blemishes and skin flabbiness.
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James Franklin stays positive in wake of injury
Franklin has dealt with injuries in the past and will use that experience to his benefit.
Senior quarterback James Franklin is sandwiched between Georgia's Jordan Jenkins and Amarlo Herrera on Saturday. Franklin left the game in a sling with a separated shoulder and is expected to be out for three to five weeks. Courtesy of The Red & Black
By Katherine Knott
A sprained shoulder will keep senior quarterback James Franklin on the sidelines for three to five weeks, coach Gary Pinkel said at his weekly press conference.
"I am not real worried about the timeline because I am going to work hard and try to come back as soon as I can," said Franklin, who was all smiles at media day Monday.
Within that timeframe, No. 14 Missouri (6-0, 2-0 SEC) hosts No. 22 Florida (Oct. 19), No. 11 South Carolina (Oct. 26) and Tennessee (Nov. 2) then travels to Kentucky (Nov. 9) and Ole Miss (Nov. 23). The Tigers have a bye week between Kentucky and Ole Miss, which Pinkel said is in a good spot for Franklin's recovery.
"Really, there is no reason to get frustrated or sad about it," Franklin said. "That is not really going to change anything. It definitely stinks being my senior year, but there's nothing I can do about it."
Franklin was injured early in the fourth quarter of the Missouri Tigers' Oct. 12 game against the Georgia Bulldogs. The Tigers were up by two and needed a score. Franklin hit the ground after pitching the ball to the sidelines. He said it felt like a stinger.
Pinkel said the coaching staff sent video of that play to the Southeastern Conference so officials can review whether or not the hit was late or targeted.
"You hate seeing James go down," sophomore center Evan Boehm said. "With the season he was having and the numbers he was putting up, that was something special. But you know, things like that happens, and you can't really dwell upon that."
This is the third time Franklin will not play because of a shoulder injury. In March 2012, he had surgery that prevented him from participating in spring practice. During the Tigers' 2012 season, he suffered an inflamed bursa sac in the same shoulder.
"It's good and bad that it happened last year," Franklin said. "I think we can handle it very well. We are definitely a lot better than last year."
In 2012, quarterback troubles began early in the season when Franklin was sidelined in the Sept. 21 contest against Arizona State. Sophomore Corbin Berkstresser stepped in and the two would alternate for the duration of the season. Franklin left during the Oct. 6 game against Vanderbilt with a concussion. He missed the following game against Alabama.
Franklin is now trying to make something good out of last year's injuries.
"It definitely helps because I know what to expect and I hope to use that experience in a positive way," he said.
After the injury, Franklin headed to the locker room and emerged to celebrate the team's 41-26 victory over the Bulldogs. Pinkel said there were a contrast of emotions in the locker room.
"We had a great win and then had James," Pinkel said. "He was playing as good as any quarterback we have ever had. That's life. I feel for him. We have a team that loves him. He's got to start coaching now."
Franklin said he is working with redshirt freshman Maty Mauk and offering encouragement. As for Mauk and how he will do against the Gators, Franklin said fans just have to come and watch Saturday.
Preview: Missouri returns strong core, adds Bryant in Odom's fourth season
NCAA sanctions define 2018-2019 year in MU athletics
Recap: Lock slips from first round, Beckner goes No. 215 in 2019 NFL Draft
Preview: Six MU players await NFL Draft fate
Notebook: Black and Gold game serves as finale for growth throughout spring


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Our Inspired Highlights package incorporates the best of NZ coach touring and must-see attractions. Suited to those who have limited time and prefer to sit back, relax, take in the spectacular scenery and not have to worry about how to get from A to B. This 10 Day New Zealand coach tour includes daily coach transfers throughout New Zealand, combined with range of sightseeing and accommodation making it the perfect holiday! You will be sipping on award winning wines on Waiheke Island, visiting the magical underground glow worm caves, absorbing our Maori Culture and Geothermal Activity. Visiting a High Country Station, taking a thrilling jetboat ride along with the world famous Tranzalpine Train journey. Finishing up in Queenstown with its spectacular scenery and visit to Milford Sound.
Auckland, known as the 'City of Sails' offers world-class shopping, restaurants, bars and galleries which are encircled by wine regions, stunning beaches, pristine rainforest and the magnificent Hauraki Gulf.
On your arrival into Auckland you will be met and transferred to your city hotel.
The remainder of the day is yours to explore.
Cruise to Waiheke Island this morning for your Wine Tour and visit three of the Islands top boutique vineyards for wine tasting. Enjoy a scenic tour of the island with your guide and learn about the island, its people and its produce.
Join your coach trip for your journey through to Rotorua.
At Waitomo, visit the Glowworm Caves and enjoy a guided tour of over 250 metres of stunning underground scenery including the impressive Cathedral. Then, a boat trip will take you through the spectacular Glowworm Grotto where you will glide silently through the starry wonderland of the Grotto, fascinated by these tiny glowworms that light your way.
Rejoin your coach and continue through to Rotorua, a volcanic wonderland and a place that is rich in Maori culture and history.
Explore the starry wonderland of Waitomo Caves and it's Grotto.
Situated on the lakefront and on the fringe of Rotorua's central business and shopping district, the Millennium Hotel offers 227 air-conditioned guest rooms. The Spa provides relaxing massage, indulgent body treatments including Rotorua Mud wraps. A comfortable base for exploring the wide variety of leisure pursuits in the Rotorua region.
In Rotorua, your tour takes in four of Rotorua's most famous attractions. Experience a guided tour of Te Puia, a place of Maori culture and a thermal wonderland of impressive geysers and boiling mud pools. At Rainbow Springs Nature Park enjoy a guided tour showcasing native wildlife including the New Zealand Kiwi. Then get a glimpse into New Zealand's proud agricultural heritage at the Agrodome with an entertaining sheep show including a shearing display and sheep dog trial. And finally travel up the Skyline Gondola and take in the stunning views out over Rotorua.
An evening, experience an authentic introduction to Maori culture leaving you amazed and in awe. Enjoy a traditionally cooked Hangi meal, culture performance and learn of their past, carvings and the moko (tattoo art).
Visit a Maori Village and learn about our Maori Culture through dance and music.
Transfer to Rotorua Airport and connect with your internal flight to Christchurch (flight not included).
Once in Christchurch, transfer to you city hotel. Christchurch has re-emerged as a vibrant and ever-changing city, following the 2010-2011 earthquakes.
Experience an Alpine Safari in the breathtaking Southern Alps. This tour includes a 45 minute jetboat ride, an exciting four-wheel-drive adventure across Mt Torlesse high country station, lunch at a quaint country café before your journey continues along historic SH73 over Porters Pass through the Canterbury High Country to arrive at Arthur's Pass National Park. Board the TranzAlpine Train for a relaxing journey through spectacular gorges and river valleys, over the staircase viaduct which stands at 73 meters high, past farmlands of the Canterbury Plains and back to Christchurch.
The tour takes you from Christchurch, through diverse farmland to Lake Tekapo, where you can view the solitary Church of the Good Shepherd. Continue along the shores of Lake Pukaki before arriving at the location of New Zealand's tallest mountain Aoraki / Mount Cook. Time for lunch (not included) before departing for New Zealand's Adventure Capital, Queenstown.
View the stunning glacial feed lakes of Lake Tekapo and Pukaki.
See Mount Cook, New Zealand tallest mountain.
A great comfortable hotel for leisure, located wiithin walking distance of the town centre with most guest rooms offering views of the lake or mountains.
Board your coach for your Milford Day Trip. Enjoy the scenic Milford Sound cruise which cruises the length of the fiord whilst taking in the waterfalls, scenery and history of the region by your skipper.
Be sure to watch out for dolphins, seals and the rare Fiordland crested penguins. A buffet lunch is included onboard.
Return to Queenstown by coach, or take in a scenic flight back to Queenstown (additional cost applies).
Take in the spectacular scenery and waterfalls on your Milford Sound Cruise.
View wildlife including dolphins, seals and Fiordland's crested penguins.
Whether its adrenaline pumping adventures you're after, like Bungy Jumping, white water rafting or jetboat rides. Or perhaps your after a relaxing day sampling wines, scenic 4×4 safari or cruising to a high country farm station for lunch – just let us know, we would be happy to arrange for you.
Enjoy your last morning in our Adventure Capital.
Your 10 Day New Zealand Coach Tour concludes today.
During your travels, our team are here 24 hours to offer any assistance, advice or make any additional bookings or changes to your 10 Day New Zealand Coach Tour.


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Q: How to move a part of my files to another ubuntu one account? I want to give a part of my files to another ubuntu one account, in cause of change of responsibilities...
By now, the files are originally stored on my computer and shared to the other account. From now on, it should by vice-versa! The other account should be the source.
How can I do this?

A: I think that the easiest way is to copy the files from the share on your computer to some other folder and offer that folder as a share to the other Ubuntu One user.

A: the Ubuntu One client is designed to only support a one account per OS user and the way to handles the configuration files, there's no clean way around this.
If you want to switch to a new account without going back to the other account (on Ubuntu):

*

*Make sure all your files are in sync.

*Backup the files syncing with Ubuntu One (Important in case you mess up any of the following steps)

*Stop ubuntuone u1sdtool -q

*Remove the Ubuntu One metadata: rm -rf  ~/.local/share/ubuntuone

*Remove the openid token in the keyring: run seahorse and delete the key named "Ubuntu
One"

*Restart Ubuntu One: u1sdtool -c

*When prompted to login, login with the other account.

Ubuntu One will begin syncing the files to the other account. It may be a good idea to make sure the other account doesn't have the same files. Otherwise you could end up either with a lot of conflicts or in some cases, delete files (put them in the trash)


The MONOPOLY Big Event slot title has a 5x3 20 line reel game, featuring three exciting bonus games that players can access though the Big Bet game, or by entering the Big Event Bonus. Pick a community chest card to increase your free spins or Guaranteed Wins, or pick your chance card to gain a choice of Wilds or entry into free spins.
The MONOPOLY name and logo, the distinctive design of the game board, the four corner squares, the MR. MONOPOLY name and character as well as each of the distinctive elements of the board and the playing pieces are trademarks of Hasbro for its property trading game and game equipment. ©2015 Hasbro. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
MONOPOLY © 1935, 2015 Hasbro. All Rights Reserved.


Specific remote control for E55 and E55NT..
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PCB Contamination Testing
Test your soil for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
No one wants the news that their property has been contaminated with chemicals that have been out of use for decades due to health concerns. If you have suspicions about the quality of your soil, we are here to help. Phoslab Environmental Laboratory in Lakeland, FL offers expert analysis of PCB levels to help answer questions and address concerns about possible contamination. From there, you can make more informed decisions regarding remediation, disposal, and land use.
What is polychlorinated biphenyls?
What are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)? They're a mixture of 209 individual chlorinated chemicals that have not been produced in the United States since 1977, but may still be present in the environment. Over the years, PCBs have been used as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors, microscopes, fluorescent lighting, and other electrical equipment. While these chemicals insulate well and don't burn easily, research has linked PCBs to acne and skin rashes in adults, neurobehavioral and immunological changes in children, as well as liver damage and cancer in animals. Unlike other solvents, PCBs do not readily break down in the environment – traveling long distances by air, sticking to organic sediments, binding strongly to soils, and accumulating in marine animals.
What adverse health effects are associated with PCBs?
If you suspect a PCB contamination problem on your property, it is important to know how much you're dealing with, as the EPA classifies PCBs as "Probably Carcinogenic," and the International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies PCBs in "Group 1 – Carcinogenic To Humans."
Animals that eat contaminated food over a period of weeks or months developed problems like anemia, acne, liver damage, stomach damage, and thyroid gland injuries. Some animals died. Changes to the immune system, behavior, and reproduction abilities were also noted in the animal populations studied.
The most common adverse health effects in humans relate to skin conditions like rashes and acne. Workers directly exposed to these chemicals have demonstrated changes in blood and urine indicating some liver damage. Women who were exposed to high levels of PCBs at work or who ate large amounts of contaminated fish delivered babies with relatively low birth weights. Babies exhibited problems with motor skills, decreases in short-term memory, and diminished immune capacity that persisted for years.
How are people exposed to PCBs?
Humans are exposed to PCBs in:
Old fluorescent lighting fixtures, television sets, and refrigerators, which make leak small amounts into the air, as the source becomes hot during normal operation.
Contaminated food – particularly sportfish caught in contaminated lakes or rivers, meat, and dairy products.
Well water that has been contaminated.
The air near hazardous waste sites.
At work, during the repair or maintenance of PCB transformers or electrical devices.
What is PCB contamination?
According to the EPA, "contamination" can be defined as:
>0.0005 mg/L of PCBs in drinking water
1 pound or more of PCBs spilled into the environment (must be reported to the EPA)
>0.2-3 ppm of PCBs within infant foods, eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and red meat
Where is PCB contamination most prevalent?
Certain geographic locations have been associated with more PCB contamination than others. In the United States, these places include: Love Canal, the Hudson River, and Eighteen Mile Creek in New York; Fort Bragg and Charlotte, North Carolina; Clyde and Akron, Ohio; the Great Lakes Regions of Waukegan Harbor and Zilwaukee, Michigan; Logan Martin Lake and Lay Reservoir in Anniston, Alabama; Pittsfield, New Bedford Harbor, and the Housatonic River of Massachusetts; Twelve Mile Creek, South Carolina; the Spokane River in Washington; and Appleton, Wisconsin. Though Florida isn't notorious for PCB contamination, Phoslab is fully equipped to test samples from anywhere in the U.S.
Do I need a PCB soil test?
PCB contamination can be a very big problem. A PCB soil test will help you:
Determine the risk of building or inhabiting space that contains PCBs, and the extent of a cleanup project
Assess the level of contaminants in the soil, which can be compared to US EPA and DEC recommendations
Know whether an investment is prudent or if there is too much contamination present to proceed with plans
Decide if changes in land use, gardening practices, construction, or other behaviors might reduce exposure
Have a basic knowledge of risk assessment when dealing with disposal and remediation companies
Phoslab Environmental Laboratories tests for PCB contamination
Phoslab Environmental Laboratories is a full-service environmental laboratory that has been in business since 1965. We are certified and accredited by the State of Florida Department of Health, recognized for accreditation by NELAP and approved by the State Surgeon General. If you need a PCBs soil test, call Phoslab today. We look forward to exceeding your expectations and working with you to quickly shed light on your situation.
Additional "PCB Soil Testing" Resources:
Cornell University – Guide to soil testing and interpreting results, http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/guidetosoil.pdf
Agency For Toxic Substances & Disease Registry – Toxic Substances Portal – Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=140&tid=26
EPA – Learn About PCBS, https://www.epa.gov/pcbs/learn-about-polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcbs