text:
The #(UN)CONFINEDCOMDIRECTORS series continues. Because the health crisis puts the communication sector in an uncertain context, Epresspack talks to the communication and marketing professionals that it supports daily in France and Europe. This week, Domitille Fafin, Head of External Communications for the L'Oréal group
Since the start of the year, Domitille Fafin has held the position of Head of External Communications for the L'Oréal group. Literary by training, a graduate in public affairs sciences and in Essec, Domitille (36) began her career in the energy sector, motivated by the issues of development aid in sub-Saharan Africa. On a work-study contract with Shell, she bought polymers and then applied for a job in the field "to learn life". She then sticks to the supply and trading of LPG until landing in Shell France. L'Oréal, however, was the opposite of her aspirations, rebuffed by the archetypal profiles of the business school benches ... but she knows the importance given to science and raw materials and the commitment of companies in the ecological transition. 11 interviews later, she said yes and created from scratch the position of Head of External Communications and Public Affairs at L'Oréal France. Two years later, this communications specialist rose to prominence and piloted, on behalf of the group, a team of 10 people and 3 areas of expertise: media relations, social media, and crisis communication. Domitille, who is interested in issues of gender equality, diversity, and director independence, is also a member of the advisory board of Orange Business Services.
1- You say that the crisis gives even more importance to corporate communication. Could you explain more?
I do indeed find that the crisis has given companies a more important role. These are the groups that have spoken to help in the front lines, much more than the brands. We all felt this strong expectation on the part of citizens of companies and their leaders as to how they would contribute to the collective effort. Today, even though we are no longer in the heart of the crisis, the complex and uncertain period means that this is still the case. At L'Oréal, for example, we have made a commitment to maintaining the recruitment of interns and apprentices at the same level; a decision that was made at the group level, at the "corporate" level and which has spread throughout the organization.
2- Does the distinction between corporate communication and commercial communication still make sense when social issues such as climate, diversity, or animal welfare increasingly influence trade?
I think the two will always coexist. For a group like ours, there will always be the corporate brand and commercial brands. But it is true that we are witnessing a real porosity between them and that's good! Because to be strong and impactful, corporate discourse must be nourished by evidence and it is the brands that implement them. Conversely, brands tend more and more to develop a real corporate discourse, mirroring a real desire to show their commitments.
3- Do you think business organizations need to change accordingly?
Today everyone in the company must, in my opinion, feel responsible for the reputation of the group and have a role to play in contributing positively to it. I have been working for 15 years, matrices evolve over time and I doubt there is an ideal matrix. The important thing is that the strategic choices are communicated throughout the organization and that everyone is involved in the business plan.
4- The group, which is 110 years old, has long hidden behind its trademarks. Looks like it's changing. Why and for what?
I haven't been in the job for 110 years ... but what is certain is that consumers today expect businesses as much as products, meaning as well as services. And the crisis has only accelerated the phenomenon. With us, it is this core of values that unites all of our 36 international brands. Jean-Paul Agon often says that non-economic performance goes hand in hand with economic performance, which feeds into a virtuous circle. Based on this vision, L'Oréal, for example, made a strong and early commitment to sustainable development with a 2030 program, which particularly concerns water, carbon emissions, and deforestation. We are also the only company in the world to have obtained a triple AAA four years in a row in the international benchmark ranking, the CDP. Among the other subjects that are close to our hearts and on which we act, there is diversity, inclusion and in particular gender equality which is a very significant subject for us, as are questions of ethics.
5- L'Oréal was one of the first groups to show solidarity during the crisis. What were the real benefits of the group brand?
We have indeed embarked on a major solidarity plan to support our ecosystem, for example by modifying our production chains to produce hydro-alcoholic gel for hospital staff and mass distribution, but also by providing financial support to our customers and partners. In terms of engagement, it had an incredible impact! First of all, it created an immense sense of pride among our employees, who in my opinion - even without being in charge of internal communication - constitute the first and most demanding audience in the company. The benefits were also tangible in job interviews. The candidates spoke about it spontaneously having clearly perceived and appreciated this facet of the group which they did not know. Likewise, I hear from all sides that it has incredibly strengthened the bonds with our customers and partners - hairdressers for example - and created very deep loyalty. When I hear employees, HR, and business entities giving us such feedback, I don't need post-tests to be convinced that the benefits for the group brand have been great.
6- Has the crisis changed your corporate communication strategy and how?
Rather, we adapted to exceptional circumstances. The impact and audience of social media have prompted us to make greater use of the group's corporate storefronts to speak to a more diverse audience than before. But the crisis has also confirmed the importance of the traditional quality press with its reliable and verified information.
7- Are there rules to adopt to manage the boycott or is it a blank page every time?
I come from the world of oil where the crisis comm is frequent and sometimes even more sensitive. What I do know is that there is never a ready-made answer. First, because the circumstances are different each time and also because society is constantly changing. In fact, the answer from 5 years ago is no longer the correct one. The only thing that does not change is the need to anticipate and learn. Doing simulations, training ... it saves precious time in dealing with crises that by definition always happen in the evening, on weekends, or during holidays!
8- In 5 years, how would you like us to talk about the L'Oréal group brand?
Traditionally, the group is known for its performance, its excellence as a Marketing training school, or its great stability. For my part, I discovered strong convictions, for example on SD, gender equality, or the well-being of employees. Paternity leave has also been extended with us long before the law! When you lift the hood, the group has some incredible actions. My goal is for L'Oréal to be recognized as much for its soft skills as for its hard skills.
9- In your opinion, is innovation still synonymous with progress?
For me this is obvious and I tend to be wary of people who are suspicious of innovation. Innovation can be technological but also societal, environmental ... It is multi-faceted. I was recently talking to researchers who were asked to develop a product based on just 3 ingredients. They were delighted because this new constraint allowed them, according to them, to innovate in an interesting direction. Innovation is imperative and it is the responsibility of the company to ensure that it takes us forward. This is why each new product must have a better environmental and social record with us than the previous one.
Interview 13-png


Professor Andy Pickett has worked with botulinum toxin for nearly 30 years in a variety of roles including and is an internationally recognised expert in the field. He is the director and founder of Toxin Science Limited, Wrexham, UK and an adjunct professor at the Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, in the US. Pickett specialises in translating basic science to practical, clinical knowledge for everyone using botulinum toxin products.


text:
/**************************************************//**
@file include/btr0cur.h
The index tree cursor

Created 10/16/1994 Heikki Tuuri
*******************************************************/

#ifndef btr0cur_h
#define btr0cur_h

#include "univ.i"
#include "dict0dict.h"
#include "page0cur.h"
#include "btr0types.h"

/* Mode flags for btr_cur operations; these can be ORed */
#define BTR_NO_UNDO_LOG_FLAG	1	/* do no undo logging */
#define BTR_NO_LOCKING_FLAG	2	/* do no record lock checking */
#define BTR_KEEP_SYS_FLAG	4	/* sys fields will be found from the
					update vector or inserted entry */
#define BTR_KEEP_POS_FLAG	8	/* btr_cur_pessimistic_update()
					must keep cursor position when
					moving columns to big_rec */

#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
#include "que0types.h"
#include "row0types.h"
#include "ha0ha.h"

#define BTR_CUR_ADAPT
#define BTR_CUR_HASH_ADAPT

#ifdef UNIV_DEBUG
/*********************************************************//**
Returns the page cursor component of a tree cursor.
@return	pointer to page cursor component */
UNIV_INLINE
page_cur_t*
btr_cur_get_page_cur(
/*=================*/
	const btr_cur_t*	cursor);/*!< in: tree cursor */
#else /* UNIV_DEBUG */
# define btr_cur_get_page_cur(cursor) (&(cursor)->page_cur)
#endif /* UNIV_DEBUG */
/*********************************************************//**
Returns the buffer block on which the tree cursor is positioned.
@return	pointer to buffer block */
UNIV_INLINE
buf_block_t*
btr_cur_get_block(
/*==============*/
	btr_cur_t*	cursor);/*!< in: tree cursor */
/*********************************************************//**
Returns the record pointer of a tree cursor.
@return	pointer to record */
UNIV_INLINE
rec_t*
btr_cur_get_rec(
/*============*/
	btr_cur_t*	cursor);/*!< in: tree cursor */
/*********************************************************//**
Returns the compressed page on which the tree cursor is positioned.
@return	pointer to compressed page, or NULL if the page is not compressed */
UNIV_INLINE
page_zip_des_t*
btr_cur_get_page_zip(
/*=================*/
	btr_cur_t*	cursor);/*!< in: tree cursor */
/*********************************************************//**
Invalidates a tree cursor by setting record pointer to NULL. */
UNIV_INLINE
void
btr_cur_invalidate(
/*===============*/
	btr_cur_t*	cursor);/*!< in: tree cursor */
/*********************************************************//**
Returns the page of a tree cursor.
@return	pointer to page */
UNIV_INLINE
page_t*
btr_cur_get_page(
/*=============*/
	btr_cur_t*	cursor);/*!< in: tree cursor */
/*********************************************************//**
Returns the index of a cursor.
@return	index */
UNIV_INLINE
dict_index_t*
btr_cur_get_index(
/*==============*/
	btr_cur_t*	cursor);/*!< in: B-tree cursor */
/*********************************************************//**
Positions a tree cursor at a given record. */
UNIV_INLINE
void
btr_cur_position(
/*=============*/
	dict_index_t*	index,	/*!< in: index */
	rec_t*		rec,	/*!< in: record in tree */
	buf_block_t*	block,	/*!< in: buffer block of rec */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor);/*!< in: cursor */
/********************************************************************//**
Searches an index tree and positions a tree cursor on a given level.
NOTE: n_fields_cmp in tuple must be set so that it cannot be compared
to node pointer page number fields on the upper levels of the tree!
Note that if mode is PAGE_CUR_LE, which is used in inserts, then
cursor->up_match and cursor->low_match both will have sensible values.
If mode is PAGE_CUR_GE, then up_match will a have a sensible value. */
UNIV_INTERN
void
btr_cur_search_to_nth_level(
/*========================*/
	dict_index_t*	index,	/*!< in: index */
	ulint		level,	/*!< in: the tree level of search */
	const dtuple_t*	tuple,	/*!< in: data tuple; NOTE: n_fields_cmp in
				tuple must be set so that it cannot get
				compared to the node ptr page number field! */
	ulint		mode,	/*!< in: PAGE_CUR_L, ...;
				NOTE that if the search is made using a unique
				prefix of a record, mode should be PAGE_CUR_LE,
				not PAGE_CUR_GE, as the latter may end up on
				the previous page of the record! Inserts
				should always be made using PAGE_CUR_LE to
				search the position! */
	ulint		latch_mode, /*!< in: BTR_SEARCH_LEAF, ..., ORed with
				at most one of BTR_INSERT, BTR_DELETE_MARK,
				BTR_DELETE, or BTR_ESTIMATE;
				cursor->left_block is used to store a pointer
				to the left neighbor page, in the cases
				BTR_SEARCH_PREV and BTR_MODIFY_PREV;
				NOTE that if has_search_latch
				is != 0, we maybe do not have a latch set
				on the cursor page, we assume
				the caller uses his search latch
				to protect the record! */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor, /*!< in/out: tree cursor; the cursor page is
				s- or x-latched, but see also above! */
	ulint		has_search_latch,/*!< in: latch mode the caller
				currently has on btr_search_latch:
				RW_S_LATCH, or 0 */
	const char*	file,	/*!< in: file name */
	ulint		line,	/*!< in: line where called */
	mtr_t*		mtr);	/*!< in: mtr */
/*****************************************************************//**
Opens a cursor at either end of an index. */
UNIV_INTERN
void
btr_cur_open_at_index_side_func(
/*============================*/
	ibool		from_left,	/*!< in: TRUE if open to the low end,
					FALSE if to the high end */
	dict_index_t*	index,		/*!< in: index */
	ulint		latch_mode,	/*!< in: latch mode */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,		/*!< in: cursor */
	const char*	file,		/*!< in: file name */
	ulint		line,		/*!< in: line where called */
	mtr_t*		mtr);		/*!< in: mtr */
#define btr_cur_open_at_index_side(f,i,l,c,m)				\
	btr_cur_open_at_index_side_func(f,i,l,c,__FILE__,__LINE__,m)
/**********************************************************************//**
Positions a cursor at a randomly chosen position within a B-tree. */
UNIV_INTERN
void
btr_cur_open_at_rnd_pos_func(
/*=========================*/
	dict_index_t*	index,		/*!< in: index */
	ulint		latch_mode,	/*!< in: BTR_SEARCH_LEAF, ... */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,		/*!< in/out: B-tree cursor */
	const char*	file,		/*!< in: file name */
	ulint		line,		/*!< in: line where called */
	mtr_t*		mtr);		/*!< in: mtr */
#define btr_cur_open_at_rnd_pos(i,l,c,m)				\
	btr_cur_open_at_rnd_pos_func(i,l,c,__FILE__,__LINE__,m)
/*************************************************************//**
Tries to perform an insert to a page in an index tree, next to cursor.
It is assumed that mtr holds an x-latch on the page. The operation does
not succeed if there is too little space on the page. If there is just
one record on the page, the insert will always succeed; this is to
prevent trying to split a page with just one record.
@return	DB_SUCCESS, DB_WAIT_LOCK, DB_FAIL, or error number */
UNIV_INTERN
ulint
btr_cur_optimistic_insert(
/*======================*/
	ulint		flags,	/*!< in: undo logging and locking flags: if not
				zero, the parameters index and thr should be
				specified */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,	/*!< in: cursor on page after which to insert;
				cursor stays valid */
	dtuple_t*	entry,	/*!< in/out: entry to insert */
	rec_t**		rec,	/*!< out: pointer to inserted record if
				succeed */
	big_rec_t**	big_rec,/*!< out: big rec vector whose fields have to
				be stored externally by the caller, or
				NULL */
	ulint		n_ext,	/*!< in: number of externally stored columns */
	que_thr_t*	thr,	/*!< in: query thread or NULL */
	mtr_t*		mtr);	/*!< in: mtr; if this function returns
				DB_SUCCESS on a leaf page of a secondary
				index in a compressed tablespace, the
				mtr must be committed before latching
				any further pages */
/*************************************************************//**
Performs an insert on a page of an index tree. It is assumed that mtr
holds an x-latch on the tree and on the cursor page. If the insert is
made on the leaf level, to avoid deadlocks, mtr must also own x-latches
to brothers of page, if those brothers exist.
@return	DB_SUCCESS or error number */
UNIV_INTERN
ulint
btr_cur_pessimistic_insert(
/*=======================*/
	ulint		flags,	/*!< in: undo logging and locking flags: if not
				zero, the parameter thr should be
				specified; if no undo logging is specified,
				then the caller must have reserved enough
				free extents in the file space so that the
				insertion will certainly succeed */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,	/*!< in: cursor after which to insert;
				cursor stays valid */
	dtuple_t*	entry,	/*!< in/out: entry to insert */
	rec_t**		rec,	/*!< out: pointer to inserted record if
				succeed */
	big_rec_t**	big_rec,/*!< out: big rec vector whose fields have to
				be stored externally by the caller, or
				NULL */
	ulint		n_ext,	/*!< in: number of externally stored columns */
	que_thr_t*	thr,	/*!< in: query thread or NULL */
	mtr_t*		mtr);	/*!< in: mtr */
/*************************************************************//**
See if there is enough place in the page modification log to log
an update-in-place.
@return	TRUE if enough place */
UNIV_INTERN
ibool
btr_cur_update_alloc_zip(
/*=====================*/
	page_zip_des_t*	page_zip,/*!< in/out: compressed page */
	buf_block_t*	block,	/*!< in/out: buffer page */
	dict_index_t*	index,	/*!< in: the index corresponding to the block */
	ulint		length,	/*!< in: size needed */
	ibool		create,	/*!< in: TRUE=delete-and-insert,
				FALSE=update-in-place */
	mtr_t*		mtr)	/*!< in: mini-transaction */
	__attribute__((nonnull, warn_unused_result));
/*************************************************************//**
Updates a record when the update causes no size changes in its fields.
@return	DB_SUCCESS or error number */
UNIV_INTERN
ulint
btr_cur_update_in_place(
/*====================*/
	ulint		flags,	/*!< in: undo logging and locking flags */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,	/*!< in: cursor on the record to update;
				cursor stays valid and positioned on the
				same record */
	const upd_t*	update,	/*!< in: update vector */
	ulint		cmpl_info,/*!< in: compiler info on secondary index
				updates */
	que_thr_t*	thr,	/*!< in: query thread */
	mtr_t*		mtr);	/*!< in: mtr; must be committed before
				latching any further pages */
/*************************************************************//**
Tries to update a record on a page in an index tree. It is assumed that mtr
holds an x-latch on the page. The operation does not succeed if there is too
little space on the page or if the update would result in too empty a page,
so that tree compression is recommended.
@return DB_SUCCESS, or DB_OVERFLOW if the updated record does not fit,
DB_UNDERFLOW if the page would become too empty, or DB_ZIP_OVERFLOW if
there is not enough space left on the compressed page */
UNIV_INTERN
ulint
btr_cur_optimistic_update(
/*======================*/
	ulint		flags,	/*!< in: undo logging and locking flags */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,	/*!< in: cursor on the record to update;
				cursor stays valid and positioned on the
				same record */
	const upd_t*	update,	/*!< in: update vector; this must also
				contain trx id and roll ptr fields */
	ulint		cmpl_info,/*!< in: compiler info on secondary index
				updates */
	que_thr_t*	thr,	/*!< in: query thread */
	mtr_t*		mtr);	/*!< in: mtr; must be committed before
				latching any further pages */
/*************************************************************//**
Performs an update of a record on a page of a tree. It is assumed
that mtr holds an x-latch on the tree and on the cursor page. If the
update is made on the leaf level, to avoid deadlocks, mtr must also
own x-latches to brothers of page, if those brothers exist.
@return	DB_SUCCESS or error code */
UNIV_INTERN
ulint
btr_cur_pessimistic_update(
/*=======================*/
	ulint		flags,	/*!< in: undo logging, locking, and rollback
				flags */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,	/*!< in/out: cursor on the record to update;
				cursor may become invalid if *big_rec == NULL
				|| !(flags & BTR_KEEP_POS_FLAG) */
	mem_heap_t**	heap,	/*!< in/out: pointer to memory heap, or NULL */
	big_rec_t**	big_rec,/*!< out: big rec vector whose fields have to
				be stored externally by the caller, or NULL */
	const upd_t*	update,	/*!< in: update vector; this is allowed also
				contain trx id and roll ptr fields, but
				the values in update vector have no effect */
	ulint		cmpl_info,/*!< in: compiler info on secondary index
				updates */
	que_thr_t*	thr,	/*!< in: query thread */
	mtr_t*		mtr);	/*!< in: mtr; must be committed before
				latching any further pages */
/***********************************************************//**
Marks a clustered index record deleted. Writes an undo log record to
undo log on this delete marking. Writes in the trx id field the id
of the deleting transaction, and in the roll ptr field pointer to the
undo log record created.
@return	DB_SUCCESS, DB_LOCK_WAIT, or error number */
UNIV_INTERN
ulint
btr_cur_del_mark_set_clust_rec(
/*===========================*/
	ulint		flags,	/*!< in: undo logging and locking flags */
	buf_block_t*	block,	/*!< in/out: buffer block of the record */
	rec_t*		rec,	/*!< in/out: record */
	dict_index_t*	index,	/*!< in: clustered index of the record */
	const ulint*	offsets,/*!< in: rec_get_offsets(rec) */
	ibool		val,	/*!< in: value to set */
	que_thr_t*	thr,	/*!< in: query thread */
	mtr_t*		mtr)	/*!< in: mtr */
	__attribute__((nonnull));
/***********************************************************//**
Sets a secondary index record delete mark to TRUE or FALSE.
@return	DB_SUCCESS, DB_LOCK_WAIT, or error number */
UNIV_INTERN
ulint
btr_cur_del_mark_set_sec_rec(
/*=========================*/
	ulint		flags,	/*!< in: locking flag */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,	/*!< in: cursor */
	ibool		val,	/*!< in: value to set */
	que_thr_t*	thr,	/*!< in: query thread */
	mtr_t*		mtr);	/*!< in: mtr */
/*************************************************************//**
Tries to compress a page of the tree if it seems useful. It is assumed
that mtr holds an x-latch on the tree and on the cursor page. To avoid
deadlocks, mtr must also own x-latches to brothers of page, if those
brothers exist. NOTE: it is assumed that the caller has reserved enough
free extents so that the compression will always succeed if done!
@return	TRUE if compression occurred */
UNIV_INTERN
ibool
btr_cur_compress_if_useful(
/*=======================*/
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,	/*!< in/out: cursor on the page to compress;
				cursor does not stay valid if compression
				occurs */
	ibool		adjust,	/*!< in: TRUE if should adjust the
				cursor position even if compression occurs */
	mtr_t*		mtr)	/*!< in/out: mini-transaction */
	__attribute__((nonnull));
/*******************************************************//**
Removes the record on which the tree cursor is positioned. It is assumed
that the mtr has an x-latch on the page where the cursor is positioned,
but no latch on the whole tree.
@return	TRUE if success, i.e., the page did not become too empty */
UNIV_INTERN
ibool
btr_cur_optimistic_delete(
/*======================*/
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,	/*!< in: cursor on the record to delete;
				cursor stays valid: if deletion succeeds,
				on function exit it points to the successor
				of the deleted record */
	mtr_t*		mtr);	/*!< in: mtr; if this function returns
				TRUE on a leaf page of a secondary
				index, the mtr must be committed
				before latching any further pages */
/*************************************************************//**
Removes the record on which the tree cursor is positioned. Tries
to compress the page if its fillfactor drops below a threshold
or if it is the only page on the level. It is assumed that mtr holds
an x-latch on the tree and on the cursor page. To avoid deadlocks,
mtr must also own x-latches to brothers of page, if those brothers
exist.
@return	TRUE if compression occurred */
UNIV_INTERN
ibool
btr_cur_pessimistic_delete(
/*=======================*/
	ulint*		err,	/*!< out: DB_SUCCESS or DB_OUT_OF_FILE_SPACE;
				the latter may occur because we may have
				to update node pointers on upper levels,
				and in the case of variable length keys
				these may actually grow in size */
	ibool		has_reserved_extents, /*!< in: TRUE if the
				caller has already reserved enough free
				extents so that he knows that the operation
				will succeed */
	btr_cur_t*	cursor,	/*!< in: cursor on the record to delete;
				if compression does not occur, the cursor
				stays valid: it points to successor of
				deleted record on function exit */
	enum trx_rb_ctx	rb_ctx,	/*!< in: rollback context */
	mtr_t*		mtr);	/*!< in: mtr */
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */
/***********************************************************//**
Parses a redo log record of updating a record in-place.
@return	end of log record or NULL */
UNIV_INTERN
byte*
btr_cur_parse_update_in_place(
/*==========================*/
	byte*		ptr,	/*!< in: buffer */
	byte*		end_ptr,/*!< in: buffer end */
	page_t*		page,	/*!< in/out: page or NULL */
	page_zip_des_t*	page_zip,/*!< in/out: compressed page, or NULL */
	dict_index_t*	index);	/*!< in: index corresponding to page */
/****************************************************************//**
Parses the redo log record for delete marking or unmarking of a clustered
index record.
@return	end of log record or NULL */
UNIV_INTERN
byte*
btr_cur_parse_del_mark_set_clust_rec(
/*=================================*/
	byte*		ptr,	/*!< in: buffer */
	byte*		end_ptr,/*!< in: buffer end */
	page_t*		page,	/*!< in/out: page or NULL */
	page_zip_des_t*	page_zip,/*!< in/out: compressed page, or NULL */
	dict_index_t*	index);	/*!< in: index corresponding to page */
/****************************************************************//**
Parses the redo log record for delete marking or unmarking of a secondary
index record.
@return	end of log record or NULL */
UNIV_INTERN
byte*
btr_cur_parse_del_mark_set_sec_rec(
/*===============================*/
	byte*		ptr,	/*!< in: buffer */
	byte*		end_ptr,/*!< in: buffer end */
	page_t*		page,	/*!< in/out: page or NULL */
	page_zip_des_t*	page_zip);/*!< in/out: compressed page, or NULL */
#ifndef UNIV_HOTBACKUP
/*******************************************************************//**
Estimates the number of rows in a given index range.
@return	estimated number of rows */
UNIV_INTERN
ib_int64_t
btr_estimate_n_rows_in_range(
/*=========================*/
	dict_index_t*	index,	/*!< in: index */
	const dtuple_t*	tuple1,	/*!< in: range start, may also be empty tuple */
	ulint		mode1,	/*!< in: search mode for range start */
	const dtuple_t*	tuple2,	/*!< in: range end, may also be empty tuple */
	ulint		mode2);	/*!< in: search mode for range end */
/*******************************************************************//**
Estimates the number of different key values in a given index, for
each n-column prefix of the index where n <= dict_index_get_n_unique(index).
The estimates are stored in the array index->stat_n_diff_key_vals.
If innodb_stats_method is nulls_ignored, we also record the number of
non-null values for each prefix and stored the estimates in
array index->stat_n_non_null_key_vals. */
UNIV_INTERN
void
btr_estimate_number_of_different_key_vals(
/*======================================*/
	dict_index_t*	index);	/*!< in: index */
/*******************************************************************//**
Marks non-updated off-page fields as disowned by this record. The ownership
must be transferred to the updated record which is inserted elsewhere in the
index tree. In purge only the owner of externally stored field is allowed
to free the field. */
UNIV_INTERN
void
btr_cur_disown_inherited_fields(
/*============================*/
	page_zip_des_t*	page_zip,/*!< in/out: compressed page whose uncompressed
				part will be updated, or NULL */
	rec_t*		rec,	/*!< in/out: record in a clustered index */
	dict_index_t*	index,	/*!< in: index of the page */
	const ulint*	offsets,/*!< in: array returned by rec_get_offsets() */
	const upd_t*	update,	/*!< in: update vector */
	mtr_t*		mtr)	/*!< in/out: mini-transaction */
	__attribute__((nonnull(2,3,4,5,6)));

/** Operation code for btr_store_big_rec_extern_fields(). */
enum blob_op {
	/** Store off-page columns for a freshly inserted record */
	BTR_STORE_INSERT = 0,
	/** Store off-page columns for an insert by update */
	BTR_STORE_INSERT_UPDATE,
	/** Store off-page columns for an update */
	BTR_STORE_UPDATE
};

/*******************************************************************//**
Determine if an operation on off-page columns is an update.
@return TRUE if op != BTR_STORE_INSERT */
UNIV_INLINE
ibool
btr_blob_op_is_update(
/*==================*/
	enum blob_op	op)	/*!< in: operation */
	__attribute__((warn_unused_result));

/*******************************************************************//**
Stores the fields in big_rec_vec to the tablespace and puts pointers to
them in rec.  The extern flags in rec will have to be set beforehand.
The fields are stored on pages allocated from leaf node
file segment of the index tree.
@return	DB_SUCCESS or DB_OUT_OF_FILE_SPACE */
UNIV_INTERN
enum db_err
btr_store_big_rec_extern_fields(
/*============================*/
	dict_index_t*	index,		/*!< in: index of rec; the index tree
					MUST be X-latched */
	buf_block_t*	rec_block,	/*!< in/out: block containing rec */
	rec_t*		rec,		/*!< in/out: record */
	const ulint*	offsets,	/*!< in: rec_get_offsets(rec, index);
					the "external storage" flags in offsets
					will not correspond to rec when
					this function returns */
	const big_rec_t*big_rec_vec,	/*!< in: vector containing fields
					to be stored externally */
	mtr_t*		btr_mtr,	/*!< in: mtr containing the
					latches to the clustered index */
	enum blob_op	op)		/*! in: operation code */
	__attribute__((nonnull, warn_unused_result));

/*******************************************************************//**
Frees the space in an externally stored field to the file space
management if the field in data is owned the externally stored field,
in a rollback we may have the additional condition that the field must
not be inherited. */
UNIV_INTERN
void
btr_free_externally_stored_field(
/*=============================*/
	dict_index_t*	index,		/*!< in: index of the data, the index
					tree MUST be X-latched; if the tree
					height is 1, then also the root page
					must be X-latched! (this is relevant
					in the case this function is called
					from purge where 'data' is located on
					an undo log page, not an index
					page) */
	byte*		field_ref,	/*!< in/out: field reference */
	const rec_t*	rec,		/*!< in: record containing field_ref, for
					page_zip_write_blob_ptr(), or NULL */
	const ulint*	offsets,	/*!< in: rec_get_offsets(rec, index),
					or NULL */
	page_zip_des_t*	page_zip,	/*!< in: compressed page corresponding
					to rec, or NULL if rec == NULL */
	ulint		i,		/*!< in: field number of field_ref;
					ignored if rec == NULL */
	enum trx_rb_ctx	rb_ctx,		/*!< in: rollback context */
	mtr_t*		local_mtr);	/*!< in: mtr containing the latch to
					data an an X-latch to the index
					tree */
/*******************************************************************//**
Copies the prefix of an externally stored field of a record.  The
clustered index record must be protected by a lock or a page latch.
@return the length of the copied field, or 0 if the column was being
or has been deleted */
UNIV_INTERN
ulint
btr_copy_externally_stored_field_prefix(
/*====================================*/
	byte*		buf,	/*!< out: the field, or a prefix of it */
	ulint		len,	/*!< in: length of buf, in bytes */
	ulint		zip_size,/*!< in: nonzero=compressed BLOB page size,
				zero for uncompressed BLOBs */
	const byte*	data,	/*!< in: 'internally' stored part of the
				field containing also the reference to
				the external part; must be protected by
				a lock or a page latch */
	ulint		local_len);/*!< in: length of data, in bytes */
/*******************************************************************//**
Copies an externally stored field of a record to mem heap.
@return	the field copied to heap, or NULL if the field is incomplete */
UNIV_INTERN
byte*
btr_rec_copy_externally_stored_field(
/*=================================*/
	const rec_t*	rec,	/*!< in: record in a clustered index;
				must be protected by a lock or a page latch */
	const ulint*	offsets,/*!< in: array returned by rec_get_offsets() */
	ulint		zip_size,/*!< in: nonzero=compressed BLOB page size,
				zero for uncompressed BLOBs */
	ulint		no,	/*!< in: field number */
	ulint*		len,	/*!< out: length of the field */
	mem_heap_t*	heap);	/*!< in: mem heap */
/*******************************************************************//**
Flags the data tuple fields that are marked as extern storage in the
update vector.  We use this function to remember which fields we must
mark as extern storage in a record inserted for an update.
@return	number of flagged external columns */
UNIV_INTERN
ulint
btr_push_update_extern_fields(
/*==========================*/
	dtuple_t*	tuple,	/*!< in/out: data tuple */
	const upd_t*	update,	/*!< in: update vector */
	mem_heap_t*	heap)	/*!< in: memory heap */
	__attribute__((nonnull));
/***********************************************************//**
Sets a secondary index record's delete mark to the given value. This
function is only used by the insert buffer merge mechanism. */
UNIV_INTERN
void
btr_cur_set_deleted_flag_for_ibuf(
/*==============================*/
	rec_t*		rec,		/*!< in/out: record */
	page_zip_des_t*	page_zip,	/*!< in/out: compressed page
					corresponding to rec, or NULL
					when the tablespace is
					uncompressed */
	ibool		val,		/*!< in: value to set */
	mtr_t*		mtr);		/*!< in/out: mini-transaction */
/*######################################################################*/

/** In the pessimistic delete, if the page data size drops below this
limit, merging it to a neighbor is tried */
#define BTR_CUR_PAGE_COMPRESS_LIMIT	(UNIV_PAGE_SIZE / 2)

/** A slot in the path array. We store here info on a search path down the
tree. Each slot contains data on a single level of the tree. */

typedef struct btr_path_struct	btr_path_t;
struct btr_path_struct{
	ulint	nth_rec;	/*!< index of the record
				where the page cursor stopped on
				this level (index in alphabetical
				order); value ULINT_UNDEFINED
				denotes array end */
	ulint	n_recs;		/*!< number of records on the page */
	ulint	page_no;	/*!< no of the page containing the record */
	ulint	page_level;	/*!< level of the page, if later we fetch
				the page under page_no and it is no different
				level then we know that the tree has been
				reorganized */
};

#define BTR_PATH_ARRAY_N_SLOTS	250	/*!< size of path array (in slots) */

/** Values for the flag documenting the used search method */
enum btr_cur_method {
	BTR_CUR_HASH = 1,	/*!< successful shortcut using
				the hash index */
	BTR_CUR_HASH_FAIL,	/*!< failure using hash, success using
				binary search: the misleading hash
				reference is stored in the field
				hash_node, and might be necessary to
				update */
	BTR_CUR_BINARY,		/*!< success using the binary search */
	BTR_CUR_INSERT_TO_IBUF,	/*!< performed the intended insert to
				the insert buffer */
	BTR_CUR_DEL_MARK_IBUF,	/*!< performed the intended delete
				mark in the insert/delete buffer */
	BTR_CUR_DELETE_IBUF,	/*!< performed the intended delete in
				the insert/delete buffer */
	BTR_CUR_DELETE_REF	/*!< row_purge_poss_sec() failed */
};

/** The tree cursor: the definition appears here only for the compiler
to know struct size! */
struct btr_cur_struct {
	dict_index_t*	index;		/*!< index where positioned */
	page_cur_t	page_cur;	/*!< page cursor */
	purge_node_t*	purge_node;	/*!< purge node, for BTR_DELETE */
	buf_block_t*	left_block;	/*!< this field is used to store
					a pointer to the left neighbor
					page, in the cases
					BTR_SEARCH_PREV and
					BTR_MODIFY_PREV */
	/*------------------------------*/
	que_thr_t*	thr;		/*!< this field is only used
					when btr_cur_search_to_nth_level
					is called for an index entry
					insertion: the calling query
					thread is passed here to be
					used in the insert buffer */
	/*------------------------------*/
	/** The following fields are used in
	btr_cur_search_to_nth_level to pass information: */
	/* @{ */
	enum btr_cur_method	flag;	/*!< Search method used */
	ulint		tree_height;	/*!< Tree height if the search is done
					for a pessimistic insert or update
					operation */
	ulint		up_match;	/*!< If the search mode was PAGE_CUR_LE,
					the number of matched fields to the
					the first user record to the right of
					the cursor record after
					btr_cur_search_to_nth_level;
					for the mode PAGE_CUR_GE, the matched
					fields to the first user record AT THE
					CURSOR or to the right of it;
					NOTE that the up_match and low_match
					values may exceed the correct values
					for comparison to the adjacent user
					record if that record is on a
					different leaf page! (See the note in
					row_ins_duplicate_key.) */
	ulint		up_bytes;	/*!< number of matched bytes to the
					right at the time cursor positioned;
					only used internally in searches: not
					defined after the search */
	ulint		low_match;	/*!< if search mode was PAGE_CUR_LE,
					the number of matched fields to the
					first user record AT THE CURSOR or
					to the left of it after
					btr_cur_search_to_nth_level;
					NOT defined for PAGE_CUR_GE or any
					other search modes; see also the NOTE
					in up_match! */
	ulint		low_bytes;	/*!< number of matched bytes to the
					right at the time cursor positioned;
					only used internally in searches: not
					defined after the search */
	ulint		n_fields;	/*!< prefix length used in a hash
					search if hash_node != NULL */
	ulint		n_bytes;	/*!< hash prefix bytes if hash_node !=
					NULL */
	ulint		fold;		/*!< fold value used in the search if
					flag is BTR_CUR_HASH */
	/* @} */
	btr_path_t*	path_arr;	/*!< in estimating the number of
					rows in range, we store in this array
					information of the path through
					the tree */
};

/** If pessimistic delete fails because of lack of file space, there
is still a good change of success a little later.  Try this many
times. */
#define BTR_CUR_RETRY_DELETE_N_TIMES	100
/** If pessimistic delete fails because of lack of file space, there
is still a good change of success a little later.  Sleep this many
microseconds between retries. */
#define BTR_CUR_RETRY_SLEEP_TIME	50000

/** The reference in a field for which data is stored on a different page.
The reference is at the end of the 'locally' stored part of the field.
'Locally' means storage in the index record.
We store locally a long enough prefix of each column so that we can determine
the ordering parts of each index record without looking into the externally
stored part. */
/*-------------------------------------- @{ */
#define BTR_EXTERN_SPACE_ID		0	/*!< space id where stored */
#define BTR_EXTERN_PAGE_NO		4	/*!< page no where stored */
#define BTR_EXTERN_OFFSET		8	/*!< offset of BLOB header
						on that page */
#define BTR_EXTERN_LEN			12	/*!< 8 bytes containing the
						length of the externally
						stored part of the BLOB.
						The 2 highest bits are
						reserved to the flags below. */
/*-------------------------------------- @} */
/* #define BTR_EXTERN_FIELD_REF_SIZE	20 // moved to btr0types.h */

/** The most significant bit of BTR_EXTERN_LEN (i.e., the most
significant bit of the byte at smallest address) is set to 1 if this
field does not 'own' the externally stored field; only the owner field
is allowed to free the field in purge! */
#define BTR_EXTERN_OWNER_FLAG		128
/** If the second most significant bit of BTR_EXTERN_LEN (i.e., the
second most significant bit of the byte at smallest address) is 1 then
it means that the externally stored field was inherited from an
earlier version of the row.  In rollback we are not allowed to free an
inherited external field. */
#define BTR_EXTERN_INHERITED_FLAG	64

/** Number of searches down the B-tree in btr_cur_search_to_nth_level(). */
extern ulint	btr_cur_n_non_sea;
/** Number of successful adaptive hash index lookups in
btr_cur_search_to_nth_level(). */
extern ulint	btr_cur_n_sea;
/** Old value of btr_cur_n_non_sea.  Copied by
srv_refresh_innodb_monitor_stats().  Referenced by
srv_printf_innodb_monitor(). */
extern ulint	btr_cur_n_non_sea_old;
/** Old value of btr_cur_n_sea.  Copied by
srv_refresh_innodb_monitor_stats().  Referenced by
srv_printf_innodb_monitor(). */
extern ulint	btr_cur_n_sea_old;
#endif /* !UNIV_HOTBACKUP */

#ifndef UNIV_NONINL
#include "btr0cur.ic"
#endif

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Strangers Come Together To Send This 97-Year-Old WWII Vet To See The Cubs Play In The World Series
Back in 1945, Jim Schlegel saw the Cubs play in the World Series just after he returned home from the war. For a bit of perspective, when Schlegel watched the game, you could purchase a gallon of gas for 15 cents, buy a new car for $1,020, and a new home for $4,600. When he realized that the cost of a ticket to see the Cubs play in the World Series in 2016 was $10,000, he couldn't believe it. He wanted to go, but there was no way he could come up with that amount on his own.
But his granddaughter wasn't about to give up. She set up a GoFundMe account, explaining her WWII veteran grandpa's desire to re-live his youth and see the Cubs play.
In only one day, a bunch of strangers raised the entire amount…Schlegel was going to see them play!
But at the same time, Marcus Lemonis, the host of CNBC's 'The Profit' was searching for a Cubs fan to send to the World Series. Due to all of the chatter surrounding Schlegel's GoFundMe plea, Lemonis chose the man and purchased two front-row tickets for the veteran and one guest!
Schlegel has chosen to bring his son to the historic game and is donating the money raised by the kind strangers to the Purple Heart Foundation in order to help his fellow veterans!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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About Participate Support Sponsors Press Gallery Contact
All content © 2023 Make Music Nashville, unless noted otherwise. Make Music Nashville is part of the Make Music Alliance.
Make Music Nashville is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization; all contributions are 100% tax-deductible.


text:
namespace VineSharp.Models
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Represents like creation
    /// </summary>
    public class VineLikeCreation
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Unique identifier for the like
        /// </summary>
        public long LikeId { get; set; }
    }
}


3 bikes and 4 rider/ pillions braved the cold and met at the Kallangur McDonalds this morning, June 26, 2016.
The numbers were a little disappointing, but when we rolled up at the BP Service Station at Loganholme we were greeted by riders from Mt Lindsey, Redlands, Brisbane, Gold Coast, a total of about 30 bikes all up.
It was an absolute pleasure to lead everyone down to Advancetown via Oxenford and the nice winding roads in the foot hills of Mt Tamborine. By the time we arrived we were ready for a feed and hot drink while we took in some of the displays.


If your 9N/2N is leaking fluid from your PTO bearing housing, there's a good chance your PTO bearing seal needs replacing. If your transmission, hydraulic, differential fluid isn't in need of replacing, follow these step for replacing the PTO seal. This PTO assembly was used on the 9N/2N tractors from 1939 to 1943.
If you're not planning to drain the transmission/hydraulic/differential fluid, park the nose of your tractor in a ditch or back the rear tires up on some ramps. You won't lose any fluid this way when removing the PTO shaft assembly.
Remove the 4 cap screws holding the bearing retainer to the center housing. Remove the PTO shaft assembly from the tractor.
Remove the cotter key and pull the pin out. This will allow all the guts to slide off of the shaft.
A local New Holland dealer will have or order the seal you need for about $18. At this point you can determine if you need a new bearing. If not reassemble in reverse order and your done. Put a new paper gasket on when reinstalling the PTO bearing retainer to the center axle housing.


text:
Home » CKE Restaurants names new c.m.o., c.o.o.
CKE Restaurants names new c.m.o., c.o.o.
CKE Restaurants, parent of Carl's Jr. and Hardee's, has announced two appointments and a promotion.
FRANKLIN, TENN. — CKE Restaurants Holdings Inc., parent company of Carl's Jr. and Hardee's restaurants, has announced two appointments and a promotion to the executive leadership team. Jeff Jenkins joins the company as chief marketing officer, Tom Brennan was hired as chief operating officer and Charles (Chip) Siegel has been promoted to the role of chief legal officer.
"I'm proud we've attracted top talent and am excited to welcome both Jeff and Tom to CKE," said Jason Marker, chief executive officer of CKE Restaurants. "Both are dynamic leaders with years of valuable food industry experience that will define CKE's future and position within the marketplace. Customer satisfaction and innovative marketing has always been a hallmark of CKE's success. Coupled with a strong operational team, these changes will ensure continued transformation of the company and its culture — while still delivering amazing quality food our fans love."
Jeff Jenkins, c.m.o. of CKE Restaurants
Mr. Jenkins joins CKE as c.m.o. with more than 15 years of experience in digital and deep food service marketing, most recently at Whole Foods Market. Prior to Whole Foods Market, he was the director of digital experience and new platforms for Taco Bell.
"I'm honored to be joining CKE, whose uncompromised food quality and innovative creative work are pillars of the company," Mr. Jenkins said. "I'm looking forward to being a part of such a well-established organization that has been a leader in the restaurant industry for more than 75 years, and to creating breakthrough campaigns that expand the company's success across the globe."
Tom Brennan, c.o.o. of CKE Restaurants
Prior to joining CKE as c.o.o, Mr. Brennan spent nearly 11 years with 7-Eleven, working in a variety of roles, including store operations, merchandising and store development. Additionally, Mr. Brennan previously worked at the Target Corp. as a part of its financial planning and analysis team.
"I'm grateful to join such an iconic organization and inspiring leadership team," Mr. Brennan said. "I look forward to working closely with the leadership team and franchisees to streamline our processes and grow the business across the board."
Chip Siegel, chief legal officer for CKE Restaurants
In addition, Mr. Seigel has been promoted to the chief legal officer role tasked with overseeing the legal department. Most recently, Mr. Siegel was executive vice-president and general counsel for CKE Restaurants.
Sales Channels Food Service Retail
US Foods names new c.m.o.
Auntie Anne's parent names new global c.m.o.
Butterball names new c.o.o.
Cal-Maine Foods names new president, c.o.o.
Nu-Tek Food Science names new president, c.o.o.


text:
Walk Wakefield 1460
Walk Towton 1461
Lay of Angor
Lay of Angor 2: Breath of Gaia
Lay of Angor 3: Wolfsbane
The Battle of Wakefield Revisited: A Fresh Perspective on Richard of York's Final Battle, December 1460
Paperback, 140 pages, 16 black & white plates, 5 line drawings; ISBN 978-0-9565768-0-4
Available at £12.00 plus p&p directly from the author
The book can also be borrowed from Wakefield Libraries, or purchased from Rickaro Books, Horbury, Wakefield.
On 30th December 1460, a battle took place which changed the course of English history. Richard, Duke of York, had recently been named heir-apparent to King Henry VI by the Act of Accord. But Henry's wife, Queen Margaret of Anjou, refused to accept the Act and mustered a mighty army to oppose the Duke and restore the succession to her son Edward, the Lancastrian Prince of Wales. Their forces clashed near the city of Wakefield, where the Duke was killed along with his son Edmund, Earl of Rutland and many of their supporters - and the reason why York led them out from the safety of Sandal Castle to face certain defeat by a much larger army has puzzled historians ever since.
Some people believe that the Duke was reckless and stupid, an ageing commander past his prime who made a bad decision - or that he charged out in blind fury because the enemy had sent heralds to insult him. Others think he made a heroic but futile attempt to rescue some of his foragers who were under attack; or that he didn't realise how big the Lancastrian army was, because many of their troops were cunningly hidden in nearby woodland, waiting to charge out and ambush him.
But I've never been convinced by these theories, which aren't well supported by contemporary reports of the battle. So in The Battle of Wakefield Revisited I've tried to pull together and re-examine all the surviving historical and archaeological evidence relating to the encounter - and I think I've come up with a far simpler and more plausible explanation of why the Duke of York rode out to face his enemies that day...
What's In The Battle of Wakefield Revisited?
Introduction: Traditional accounts of the battle and the Duke of York's 'failure'
Enter the Protagonists: Historical prelude to the conflict from Edward II to Henry V; introduction to Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and Richard of York
The Road to War: The upheavals of the 1450s, resulting in York's claim to the throne and the Act of Accord
Dispelling the Myths: A critical analysis of the traditions - the alleged 'destruction' of York's vanguard at Worksop; the Duke's 'rashness'; the role of foragers in his defeat; alleged Lancastrian 'provocations'; the 'ambush from the woods' theory; accounts of the battle; York's dishonour on the 'ant-hill' throne; the fate of the hapless young Earl of Rutland
The Real Battle of Wakefield? An alternative view of the battle based on the most reliable evidence
The Fate of the Vanquished: What subsequently became of the Yorkists - and their conquerors
Finding Proof Positive: Suggestions for research and archaeological fieldwork to support or refute various theories
A Nursery Rhyme Duke? Is Richard Plantagenet really the 'Grand Old Duke of York'?
Afterword: Who should we blame for the Battle of Wakefield?
The text is fully supported by notes at the end of each chapter and a Select Bibliography of the most frequently cited sources.
To read expanded versions of the book jacket 'blurbs' by Mark Taylor and Peter Hammond, click on the button:
To read a review by David Santiuste, author of Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses, click here!
Walk Wakefield 1460: a Visitors Guide to Battle-related Sites. An illustrated guide to walks around Battle of Wakefield sites: Worksop; Sandal Castle, the Duke of York's monument at Wakefield Green, and St Mary's, the chantry chapel on the medieval bridge; Pontefract Castle; and Micklegate Bar/York city walls. Includes maps, directions, descriptions of the walks and a brief history of the battle.
Walk Towton 1461: a Visitors Guide to Battle-related Sites. An illustrated guide to Edward IV's 1461 campaign from Mortimer's Cross to Towton, featuring the new Towton Battlefield Trail, co-authored with Alan Stringer.
A Victorian view of the Battle of Wakefield: the magnificent polychrome plaster frieze by H.C. Fehr in the Council Chamber at Wakefield County Hall on Wood Street in the city centre


This book cannot be rushed. You miss too much if you rush, which is surprising since nothing much happens. There are moments of drama and action, several illnesses, a flood, an amputation and a birth, but these are punctuation marks in the lives of these sisters; like the the joys and tragedies in any life. Pride and decline are the predominant themes of this magnificent book. Small comments, subtle choices, silences and discretion uncover familial and societal pride.
Most of the book is told from the point of view of Sachiko, the second of the four sisters from a prominent Osaka merchant family, now in declining fortunes. The story tells about the hunt for a husband for Yukiko, the third sister, a task made all the more difficult because she is thirty at the start of the book. Every now and again the author drifts towards someone else or follows someone out of the house in Ashiya, in the suburbs of Osaka. As a reader we then explore thoughts, motivations, actions and intimate moments. The book draws attention to the passage of time, missed opportunities and a pride misapplied in a modernized world. The family is in decline as their core business is sold off and their representative family, that of the eldest sister, Tsuruko, moves to Tokyo. But pride in the past has set expectations especially for the oldest sisters and so pride justifies manipulation, selfishness and cowardice. But these are not grand schemes that the sisters set against each other. Scores are settled and seniority (rank) is imposed by not answering letters promptly, not giving all the pertinent information, and silence instead of clarity and transparency.
I surprised myself with thoughts such as "I don't like her very much" or "she's just a pain in the ...". These thoughts were not due to clumsy character development. Quite the opposite, they were the result of excellent writing. Sachiko or Yukiko are not introduced as obvious heroines. No one is. There are no obvious sign posts to tell the reader what to feel and how to understand someone. The book unveils them slowly. The mystery of their character, their inner core as it were, becomes visible through time and gentle actions. This is the treat of this slow moving book. My favorite character is Teinosuke, Sachiko's husband. He has taken the Makioka name and therefore their interests. He slowly turns into a man who cares for his wife and her family with just the right balance of pragmatism and affection. Not that he changes the attitude of the sisters but he seems to bring sanity to the page and to their helpful acquaintance after yet another failed proposal.
Their declining fortunes have slowed the proposals for Yukiko. Moreover, the previous (numerous) rejected suitors have left the impression that the family is too proud. And so it goes...The book dissects a family and left me feeling satisfied. Tanikazi sets his own pace. In the Makioka homes we perceive a bit of where Japanese society heads with blind pride and stubbornness. Modernization and thoughtless actions for the sake of progress is as ruinous as pride in a past that no longer exists. The youngest sister, Taeko, the most modern of the sisters and the one who saw the least of the family fortune, plunges into romantic and sexual affairs, smokes and (imagine) wants a career. Teinosuke does not see a problem with a modern woman. He sees problems with a proud family that does not support her and on the other end, a proud little sister that does not consult or heed advice. Tragedy is the result. All this occurs on the eve of WWII. The book becomes poignant when I realize that it ends in 1941. Moreover Tanizaki attempted to publish it in 1943 but was censored for showing a feminine, soft society. Obviously, someone was not reading carefully. Though I do not suppose that the real message of the book was any more palatable to the military in Japan at the time. Some books have "classic" written on the cover... this book reminded me why.
"Simplicity, awareness, mindfulness, respect and beauty"
The Book of Tea by Kakuzo Okakura is one of my favorite books. I call it food for my soul. Whenever I lose my faith in friends, or have personal problems that seem insurmountable I make a cup of first flush Darjeeling and read this book. It is difficult to say in words what this book does for me. One reason is probably that Okakura does such a beautiful job of explaining his view of eastern philosophy through Chanoyu. Anything I say on the topic seems clumsy and incomplete by comparison. He inspires me and teaches me. Sometimes I pick up a book in order to learn. I like to read about anthropology and archaeology, psychology and culture. On the recommendation of a Japanese friend, I bought this small gem; I thought I would learn about Japan. Instead I learnt to look at myself and appreciate the divine and miraculous in my life. Kakuzo Okakura did not only open my eyes to the East, he opened my eyes to the beauty of the every day.
I drink a great deal of tea and usually good, lose leaf tea both green and black. Chanoyu or the Japanese Tea Ceremony, is indeed an art, but an art that can be transferred to any everyday gesture or habit. Simplicity, awareness, mindfulness, respect and beauty can transform your small flat into a palace of elegance and refinement, a place of peace and comfort. There is poetry in sharing tea with my neighbor. I have found myself teaching my son to drink tea with me. I enjoy the patience the preparation of Darjeeling instills. Sencha tea if not watched and prepared well can be bitter. Once you learn to inhale the subtle aroma of jasmine tea and to exhale your worries then you can admire (the often misunderstood and misapplied term) Zen. Chanoyu is the living culmination of ancient eastern traditions and philosophies. It is also a fountain that can refresh and feed imagination and peace of mind. This is possible because Chanoyu is not only a ceremony performed in a simple humble tea room. Chanoyu is present wherever people come together to share in respect some simple food and a beverage.
There is hope and peace in the view of life he encouraged in Japan and especially in the west. I can believe in peace and beauty, friendships and good fortune when I make a cup of tea and meditate in gratitude on an orchid in my room.
I picked out Harry Dresden a long time ago in order to have something fun and light to read. I read it and handed it to my husband, Beloved Proof Reader. I thought it was ok, he thought it was great. BPR continued to order or purchase the rest of the series and I forgot about it. Finally, on one of those 'what do I do on a rainy Sunday?' days I picked up the next book. It was addictive. It turns out Jim Butcher improved as a writer from book to book. This is always a good sign in a writer, but a special treat in a series.
The jokes in the books are good and the screw ups huge. Harry is a fantastic character that gets wiser and more cunning with the years because, of his own admission, he is not that smart. I get a big smile on my face just holding the book. His latest adventure has one Harry's worst nightmares come true. It is not a passing problem and Harry must learn to live with this new reality. His supporting cast of characters all turn up in the best ways and are as much fun as usual. I do not want to give anything away here because the past two or three books have taken the series to another level. It used to be about a wizard working the streets of Chicago as a private investigator. There were always under currents of sinister, secret conspiracies but now they are realities. Harry has gone form solving a case or two per book to (slowly... he hopes) saving the world (once he realizes the world needs saving... as he mentions, he is not that clever). Mercifully, Butcher's abilities as a writer have improved along with Harry's ability to control his magic. Harry stays grounded, funny, cynical and passionate.
I know some readers groan at the idea of mixing fantasy and urban crime fighting but this time it works. The action is excellent and the twists are obligingly unexpected. The cast of supporting characters come and go through out the series so that they stay fresh in my mind rather than dull and repetitive. In this house 3 out of 4 of us have read the whole series and we all have our favorite characters and adventures. These are different characters and adventures. What I mean is that there is enough variety to entertain three different readers in one home. Go ahead, give Harry a try.
I searched for this book for years. I searched for the chills it gave me and the excitement. I searched in other books for that sense of adventure. I read fantasy and SF and anything I thought might make me feel like this book did. I must say that it turned me from a child that liked reading into a child that loved reading. Thank you, Mr. Clark for your excellent choice.
Many years later came the World Wide Web. The only words I could remember from the book were "fire frost", the name of a magical stone. The long and strange book title, I had forgotten. And then... a hit. OMG! it went directly to my wish list. As is often the case when I search on the web, more information turns up then I expected. Alan Garner wrote two books with this cast in this world, the second is 'The Moon of Gomrath'. The two books were published just a few years apart about half a century ago. But and this is a big but, he finally wrote a third book to finish a trilogy. It is titled 'Boneland' it was published last year and I am excited. Hence the reason I had so many hits online for firefrost. When I eventually held 'The Weirdstone of Brisingamen' I hesitated. What if I am disappointed? What if my memories tricked me? But, I plunged in and read my book.
Alan Garner is a master. As an adult reader, I see how well he understands his geography, his lore, and the power as well as helplessness of children. I once again had chills several times. The children are often in danger and confused. Therefore, the reader is often in danger and confused. The tragedy and victory of the conclusion leaves questions unanswered. I feel it is a justified mystery, after all, I do not explain everything to my children. Sometimes, regrettably, I must answer "when you are older...". Which leads me to realize that that is the fundamental difference between The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings. There are many things in this world that are magical by simply being mysterious. Human emotions and grown up choices also fall into this category. Alan Garner keeps me helpless and somehow sad even in victory by being true to how children experience the world.
A wonderful book, not as lauded as it should be. The second book is often out of stock but I will persevere and then enjoy 'Boneland'.


Children across the United States are getting excited for the summer, when their parents will pack them off to the wilderness and entrust them into the care of – if you are quick enough – YOU.
Most of the recruitment for this year is already done, but some of the 12,000 summer camps dotted across America still have staffing needs to be finalised. Despite the retweets from soon to be camp counsellors and support staff announcing visas have been approved and flights confirmed, the major recruiting organisations, such as Camp America, state applications are still open.
Camp America, along with other similar placement organisations in your home country, like CCUSA, can find you a job at camp, provide orientation, arrange visas and otherwise guide applicants through the whole process in return for a fee of a few hundred pounds.
Though with the chance of being hired on the spot at a job fair long past – one of the best reasons for using a placement organisation – there is greater incentive to apply for a job independently and keep a few extra dollars for yourself. Successful applicants can still obtain sponsorship for the necessary J-1 visa via InterExchange.
The boys that go to Camp Motorsport punctuate driving a half scale race car, dirt kart and racing go-kart with paint balling, fishing and swimming. They were still advertising for male camp counsellors a handful of days ago. Unfortunately the Virginia located camp does not secure work visas for international applicants so you will need already to be able to work legally in the US.
Upstate New York's Iroquois Springs were recently tweeting their need for summer camp counsellors with a gymnastics background and a fencing background. Jobs for lifeguards, swimming teachers and tennis specialists may also be available. Elsewhere in New York, Camp Echo Lake are still hunting for counsellors, group leaders and cabin specialists.
Camp White Mountain and Camp Green Briar in the Shenandoah Mountains of West Virginia still seeks general counsellors as well as specialist staff to teach some of their activities, ranging from arts and crafts to horseback riding and waterskiing.
Pennsylvania's Lake Bryn Mawr Camp is also still seeking general counsellors. They hire mostly female staff, though they do take on a few men as skilled specialists. General counsellors either work full time in their area of expertise or work part-time and spend the rest of the day with her cabin of ten to 12 campers.
The Girl Scouts of Northern California run several camps and still require lifeguards. The salary starts at $2,400 for 48 days' work. Application from outside the USA should be made via either Camp America or CCUSA (see above).


Best News: Gillian Flynn And Steve McQueen Are Teaming Up For A Women-Led Heist Thriller | Birth.Movies.Death.
Dolly Rawlins, Linda Perelli and Shirley Miller have one thing in common - their husbands are all members of the same gang. After a terrible accident when their husbands are killed attempting to hold up a security van, for each of the women it is time to stop, take stock and start life afresh. When Dolly finds the plans for the robbery and with the women facing life alone, suppose they were to finish what their husbands started and carry out the robbery themselves?
A female-led heist caper written by Gillian Flynn and directed by Steve McQueen? You shouldn't have! I can't accept this; it's too much! The original widows are played by Ann Mitchell, Maureen O'Farrell, Fiona Hendley and Eva Mottley (they evidently enlist the help of a fourth woman along the way), and I'm on fire to see who's cast in the latest version. (There was a 2003 remake starring Brooke Shields and Rosie Perez, as well.) A foursome (of ACTING, you perv) I'd love to see: Rose Byrne, Naomie Harris, Emma Thompson and Salma Hayek.


Here is our Prayer Partners newsletter for September.
This month's focus is on Pastor Civil and how the Lord provided a new home for him. One team prayed, and another team answered that prayer.
85% of Haitian Nazarene pastors live in extreme poverty. Some live in wretched, shelters of mud, straw and tin. Dirt floors, leaking roofs, infested with vermin and bugs; the conditions are horrible and unsanitary, contributing to many health related issues. Some have no home at all to call their own and have to walk miles and miles just to get to their church.
This is the second pastor's house built and we have 2 more scheduled for construction this year. Just $12,000 in project funds can build a home for a pastor here. Please join us in prayer that more teams will come and help build homes for pastors in Haiti.


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18 Gennaio 2022 | "Emofilici necessitano di visite e monitoraggio continui"
18 Gennaio 2022 | Cassone (FedEmo): "Telemedicina importante risorsa per emofilici"
Johnnie Walker Releases Whisky Of The Future, Inspired By Blade Runner 2049
Posted By: Redazione Web 25 Settembre 2017
– NEW YORK, Sept. 25, 2017 /PRNewswire/ — Johnnie Walker is excited to announce the official release of Johnnie Walker Black Label The Director's Cut – a limited edition whisky developed in collaboration with visionary Blade Runner 2049 director Denis Villeneuve and Johnnie Walker Master Blender Jim Beveridge. The new blend comes thirty-five years after Johnnie Walker Black Label appeared in the original Blade Runner movie as an iconic whisky of the future.
Experience the interactive Multichannel News Release here: https://www.multivu.com/players/uk/8174551-johnnie-walker-whisky-blade-runner-2049/
The unique, custom blend and the futuristic bottle were created in partnership with Blade Runner 2049, opening in cinemas October 4. Both showcase Johnnie Walker's commitment to progress and Alcon Entertainment's dedication to maintaining the legacy of the original sci-fi classic. Fans first saw a peek of the new bottle at Alcon Entertainment's Blade Runner 2049 Experience presented by Johnnie Walker at San Diego Comic-Con. The bottle will also appear in the new film.
To celebrate the promotional collaboration surrounding the film, Johnnie Walker has released four digital vignettes featuring Villeneuve, who discusses the project. "Like many fans, I remember the Johnnie Walker bottle from the first film, so it was a unique privilege to collaborate with Johnnie Walker on designing a totally original, custom bottle for the new movie," he says. "It was also a once-in-a-lifetime experience to help create the limited edition Director's Cut blend, which perfectly captures the complex and mysterious world of Blade Runner 2049."
Beveridge noted, "What we have created in Johnnie Walker Black Label The Director's Cut is something really special that fans will be able to relate to and whisky drinkers will love. I was truly inspired by Villeneuve's artistic vision for Blade Runner 2049 and how it could come to life in this new blend. I learned that filmmaking is much like blending – you have to constantly be committed to creating the best possible outcome. Johnnie Walker blending tradition dates back to 1820 and I'm honoured to carry on the legacy and collective memory of our other past blenders to ensure that the same whisky enjoyed today can be enjoyed responsibly in 2049."
Johnnie Walker has created a series of cocktail videos featuring five innovative Blade Runner 2049-inspired cocktails: The Deckard; Ode to Dreams; Penicillin 2049; Quest and Ahara. These custom cocktails are prepared by some of the country's leading bartenders, including Ezra Star and Tenzin Samdo of Boston and Sam Anderson of New York City, giving fans a taste of the upcoming film.
Only 39,000 bottles of Johnnie Walker Black Label The Director's Cut have been produced and will be available in select countries around the world while supplies last. The rich, smooth blend has aromatic and vanilla flavours, with clouds of smokiness and will be bottled at 49% ABV – a nod to the futuristic period in which Blade Runner 2049 is set.
Whatever the century, whatever the universe, the commitment of Johnnie Walker to the spirit of human progress endures. As we toast to the future, the makers of Johnnie Walker remind you to please enjoy your whisky responsibly.
Johnnie Walker Black Label The Director's Cut is available for Blade Runner fans in the UK from Amazon.co.uk (in Great Britain, Germany and Spain) with RRP L.99.99. Prices may vary.
About Johnnie Walker Black Label The Director's Cut
Johnnie Walker Black Label The Director's Cut is a new Scotch Whisky created by Master Blender Jim Beveridge in collaboration with visionary filmmaker Denis Villeneuve. The limited edition blend is inspired by Villeneuve's hugely anticipated film Blade Runner 2049 and is housed in a futuristic bottle.
Johnnie Walker Black Label The Director's Cut is a rich, smooth blend that has aromatic and vanilla flavours, with clouds of smokiness. It is bottled at 49% ABV as a nod to the futuristic period in which Blade Runner 2049 is set.
About Johnnie Walker
Johnnie Walker is the world's number one Scotch Whisky brand, enjoyed by people in over 180 countries around the world. Since the time of its founder, John Walker, those who blend its whiskies have pursued flavour and quality above else.
Six generations of skilled Master Blenders have pioneered and crafted bold new flavours that have transformed a small Scottish grocery store business, founded in 1820, into an international whisky business selling stylish, authentic, and iconic blends.
Today's range of award-winning whiskies includes Johnnie Walker Red Label, Black Label, Double Black, Green Label, Gold Label Reserve, Aged 18 Years and Blue Label. Together they account for nearly 19 million cases sold annually (IWSR, 2016), making Johnnie Walker the most popular Scotch Whisky brand in the world.
About Diageo
Diageo is a global leader in beverage alcohol with an outstanding collection of brands including Johnnie Walker, Crown Royal, J&B, Buchanan's and Windsor whiskies, Smirnoff and Ciroc vodkas, Captain Morgan, Baileys, Don Julio, Tanqueray and Guinness.
Diageo is listed on both the London Stock Exchange (DGE) and the New York Stock Exchange (DEO) and our products are sold in more than 180 countries around the world. For more information about Diageo, our people, our brands, and performance, visit us at www.diageo.com. Visit Diageo's global responsible drinking resource, www.DRINKiQ.com, for information, initiatives, and ways to share best practice.
Celebrating life, every day, everywhere.
About Blade Runner 2049:
From Oscar-nominated director Denis Villeneuve (Arrival) comes Alcon Entertainment's science fiction thriller Blade Runner 2049, the much-anticipated sequel to the acclaimed sci-fi film Blade Runner.
Thirty years after the events of the first film, a new blade runner, LAPD Officer K, unearths a long-buried secret that has the potential to plunge what's left of society into chaos. K's discovery leads him on a quest to find Rick Deckard, a former LAPD blade runner who has been missing for 30 years.
The film stars Oscar nominees Ryan Gosling (La La Land) as K, and Harrison Ford (Witness, the Star Wars films), reprising the role of Rick Deckard. The international cast also includes Ana de Armas (War Dogs), Sylvia Hoeks (Renegades), Robin Wright (Wonder Woman), Mackenzie Davis (Halt and Catch Fire), Carla Juri (Brimstone), and Lennie James (The Walking Dead), with Dave Bautista (the Guardians of the Galaxy films) and Oscar winner Jared Leto (Dallas Buyers Club).
Blade Runner 2049 was produced by Oscar nominees Andrew A. Kosove & Broderick Johnson (The Blind Side) and Bud Yorkin & Cynthia Yorkin. Ridley Scott, who directed the first Blade Runner, served as an executive producer, together with Tim Gamble, Frank Giustra, Yale Badick, Val Hill and Bill Carraro. Villeneuve directed the film from a screenplay by Hampton Fancher and Michael Green, story by Fancher, based on characters from the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick.
Opening globally from October 4, 2017, in 2D and 3D in select cinemas and IMAX, "Blade Runner 2049" is a presentation of Alcon Media Group, in association with Columbia Pictures, a Ridley Scott/Alcon Entertainment/Bud Yorkin production, in association with Torridon Films and 16:14 Entertainment, a Denis Villeneuve film. It will be distributed domestically by Warner Bros. Pictures, a Warner Bros. Entertainment Company, and internationally by Sony Pictures Entertainment.
www.bladerunnermovie.com
About Sony Pictures Entertainment:
Sony Pictures Entertainment (SPE) is a subsidiary of Sony Entertainment Inc., which is a subsidiary of Tokyo-based Sony Corporation. SPE's global operations encompass motion picture production, acquisition, and distribution; television production, acquisition, and distribution; television networks; digital content creation and distribution; operation of studio facilities; and development of new entertainment products, services and technologies. SPE's Motion Picture Group includes film labels Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, Screen Gems, Sony Pictures Animation, and Sony Pictures Classics. For additional information, visit http://www.sonypictures.com.
PLEASE DRINK RESPONSIBLY. Imported by Diageo, Norwalk, CT.
Blade Runner 2049 C 2017 Alcon, WBEI and CTMG. All Rights Reserved. Rated R.
(Immediapress – Adnkronos
Immediapress e' un servizio di diffusione di comunicati stampa in testo originale redatto direttamente dall'ente che lo emette. Padovanews non e' responsabile per i contenuti dei comunicati trasmessi.)
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ANAHEIM, CA – Boeing [NYSE: BA] Thursday awarded a $3 million grant to the George W. Bush Institute's Global Leadership Impact Center. The grant, part of a previously announced $10 million donation to the Institute, will support women's empowerment and global leadership programs aimed at promoting education, healthcare and economic opportunity for women around the world.
"Important contributions from women throughout generations have made the world as well as our business stronger," said Boeing Chairman, President and CEO Dennis Muilenburg.
Continue reading Business News: Boeing Donates $3 Million to the Bush Institute's Global Leadership Impact Center at STL.News.


Gradually, new hairstyles are coming into fashion with a side parting. This parting took place on the head of the woman from ear to ear. The hair on the front of the head was also divided by a straight or side parting, but perpendicular to the first one and curled into curls.
Curls lowered to the forehead and cheeks. Behind them, long strands of hair were lifted up, combed, braided, or laid on the crown of the head into complex structures in the form of a tall bow of hair.
The crests were made of rolled horns, tortoiseshell, and non-ferrous metals, decorated with precious stones. With this hairstyle, the hat of the hat shifted to the back of the head. Brown hair was considered preferred. In the 30s the hairstyle has spread with two oblique partitions and long curls coming down from both sides of the face. Behind did a small bunch.
Hairstyles in the 40s for fine hair. Differed depending on the dress being worn and the occasion. With closed daytime dresses wore hair with English short curls on the sides of the face. With a low-cut dress they wore long curls and a bunch of braids from behind on the back of the head.
Hairstyles with curls worn mostly blondes and brown-haired, while brunettes preferred smooth hairstyles with parting. Smoothly combed hair descended from the temples to the cheeks with two semicircles, and on the back of the head were laid in a bun. With this hairstyle wore tattoos of velvet ribbons or flowers.
Sometimes it happens that there is a romantic mood, inspired by love and insane tenderness. At such moments, every girl wants everything around to be filled with love. Romantic melodies are played in headphones, a cozy sweatshirt is on the body, and pink manicure decorates delicate shades of nails.
Use a large comb or brush to brush all hair. Parting in the middle of the parietal zone. Separate the temporal sections with two angled partings on both sides. Then we fix them with clamps. Separate the temporal sections we divide all the remaining hair into large strands and alternately wrap each of them on a curling.
Fix the bandage the occipital zone is divided into strands of medium width. We work with each of them in turn. At first we wind it on fingers.
Then several times around its own axis. And we fasten the invisible to the bandage. We put curls in the same way we place the side zones, pulling them back to the base of the hairstyle. We remove clips from the temporal sections selected earlier. We will also wind them up on the curler.
We will create new curls. Then we will neatly comb the new curls. We will lay them in beautiful waves on the sides, attaching the tips to the base of the romantic hairstyle and fixing them in the same way. Spray the finished styling in the style of Snow White with varnish and, if desired, decorate with a decorative bow on top.


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Rove Hotels signs new hotel in UAE with Al Hamra
by Victoria Rosenthal |
Apr 27, 2018 12:42pm
Rove Trade Centre, Dubai, UAE. Photo credit: Rove Hotels
Emaar Properties and Meraas joint venture company Rove Hotels has signed a management agreement with Al Hamra to operate the Rove Manar Mall in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
Construction on the 250-room hotel is slated to begin this year with a planned opening for 2020. The property will join Rove Hotels' portfolio of five Dubai hotels: the Rove Downtown, the Rove City Centre, the Rove Healthcare City, the Rove Trade Centre and the Rove Dubai Marina. The company also has a pipeline of several hotels planned for Dubai, other emirates and Saudi Arabia.
This will also be Rove Hotels' second property in Ras Al Khaimah, following the Rove Al Marjan Island. The company signed the 450-room hotel earlier this month. The property will be part of the four-island Al Marjan Island mega-development. The new development will have beaches, a waterfront area, 6,500 residential units, 8,000 guestrooms 400-room wellness retreats and 600 vacation villas.
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Rove Hotels' most recent opening in Dubai was the Rove Dubai Marina on April 7. This followed the signing of the Rove Mina Seyahi and Rove Residences Mina Seyahi in the center of Dubai Marina with Mada'in Properties just a few days before on April 4. The 50-story tower, developed by Mada'in Properties, will have 270 guestrooms and 443 serviced apartments once it is complete in 2021.
The next Rove to open in Dubai will be the 458-room Rove at the Park next to the Dubai Parks and Resorts development. The opening of Rove's first hotel outside of the UAE—the Rove King Abdullah Economic City in Saudi Arabia—will follow in 2019. Construction is scheduled to begin in Q2 2018 on the 240-room hotel in the Bay La Sun waterfront district of King Abdullah Economic City.
New Hotel Construction Development Midscale Management Agreement Operations Construction Emaar Properties Rove Hotels UAE Ras Al Khaimah Middle East Meraas Al Hamra
Victoria Rosenthal
https://www.linkedin.com/in/victoria-e-rosenthal-686a0b78/


This album explores my contrasting experiences of college life and visits to my hometown, as well as the experiences while traveling.
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COLUMBUS, Ohio – Ohio State women's volleyball head coach Jim Stone has announced the signing of five recruits for the 2002 season. They include Bri Hagerty (Defiance, Ohio), Stephanie Higgins (Biggsville, Ill.), Amanda Miller (Littleton, Colo.), Marie Pongonis (Cincinnati, Ohio) and Jackie Schardt (Colorado Springs, Colo.).
Hagerty, a 6-0 middle blocker, was All-Ohio at Defiance High School. Higgins, a 5-11 outside hitter, helped Union High School win back-to-back undefeated seasons. Miller, a 5-10 outside hitter, was the Colorado 5-A Player of the Year from Heritage High School. Pongonis, a 5-11 outside hitter, was All-Ohio at Cincinnati McNicholas High School. Schardt, a 5-10 setter at Colorado Springs Christian High School, was the Colorado 3-A Player of the Year and a member of the USA Youth National Team.
Ohio State closed out the 2001 season with a 27-4 overall record and was 17-3 in the Big Ten Conference, finishing second in the league. The Buckeyes received an at-large bid to the NCAA Championship and advanced to the regional semifinals.
Eight players will be available for the 2002 season from last year's squad. They include four starters: setter Katie Virtue (Jr., St. Charles, Ill.), middle blocker Suzie Stiling (Jr., Glenview, Ill.) and outside hitters Shelly Draeger (Jr., Milwaukee, Wis.) and Stacey Gordon (Fr., Oshawa, Ontario). Also returning from last season are setter Heather Whalen (So., Kalamazoo, Mich.), outside hitter Trine Melsether (Fr., Aalesund, Norway) and defensive specialists Ashley Adamczyk (Fr., Evergreen Park, Ill.) and Tamika Drake (Fr., Euclid, Ohio). Outside hitter Anne Botica (Sr., Windsor, Ontario), middle blocker Erin Baker (Sr., Elmhurst, Ill.) and defensive specialist Nikki Cisco (Sr., Dublin, Ohio) have concluded their careers with the Buckeyes.


text:
Issues in Depth
News Analyses
Globalization Curriculum
Comparative Advantage Versus Absolute Advantage
Globalization101 > Issues in Depth > Trade > Comparative Advantage Versus Absolute Advantage
A Snapshot of U.S. Trade
Primer 1: The Economics of International Trade
Why do Nations Export?
Currencies and Exchange Rates
Why do Nations Import?
Trade Specialization
The Theory of Comparative Advantage
The Trade Balance
Why Do Nations Trade ?
Primer 2: Government Regulation of Trade
Import Restrictions
Export Subsidies
Consequences of Trade Restrictions
Tariff Debates in U.S. History
Primer 2: Government Regulation of Trade: Efforts to Manipulate Trade Flows
Liberalization: The Deregulation of Int l Trade
Liberalization: The "Deregulation" of International Trade
Liberalization of International Trade
Multilateral Trade Liberalization: The Uruguay Round and the World Trade Organization
The Doha "Development" Round: The World Trade Organization's Controversial Agenda
Regional Trade Liberalization
The Changing Composition of Trade
Trade Challenges for the United States
Public Concerns about Trade
Trade and International Labor Standards
Trade and Environmental Standards
Comparative Advantage Quiz
As you can see from the example above, a country can have a comparative advantage in producing a good even if it is absolutely less efficient at producing that good. To understand this more clearly, think of an example of a doctor in private practice:
A young doctor opens her own practice, working by herself, and within a few months has developed a substantial clientele. At first, she was performing all her clerical work—filing, typing and answering the phone—by herself. With an ever-busier schedule, however, she realizes that she could spend more time seeing patients, and thus see a greater number of patients, if she hired an assistant.
As it turns out, the young professional is not only a brilliant doctor, but is also lightning-fast at typing and filing. She is, in fact, better at doing both jobs than the clerical assistant she hires. In other words, she has an absolute advantage at both tasks: medical diagnosis and clerical work.
Does it make sense then for the doctor and her assistant to share both tasks, each spending part of the day diagnosing patients and doing clerical work? The answer is no. By having the assistant perform all the clerical work, the doctor is able to maximize her specialization and see more patients. The patients are undoubtedly better off too.
In other words, even though the assistant is worse at performing both tasks, an economist would say that he nonetheless has a comparative advantage at clerical work. As you can see, by working together – trading their services – the doctor and the assistant are able to maximize their skills, making both better off.
As these examples show, trade allows countries to specialize in the production of what they do best and make the most efficient use of their resources, thereby decreasing the price of both goods. No matter how inefficiently a country produces every kind of good, it can always be said to have a comparative advantage in at least one of those goods.
That is the theory of comparative and absolute advantage. It helps explain what happens in the real world of international trade, and it offers broad guidance to countries as they decide which goods and services to produce and subsequently export, and which, in turn, to import.
Trade in Theory and Practice
In reality, of course, trade specialization does not work precisely the way the theory of comparative advantage might suggest, for a number of reasons:
No country specializes exclusively in the production and export of a single product or service.
All countries produce at least some goods and services that other countries can produce more efficiently.
A lower income country might, in theory, be able to produce a particular product more efficiently than the United States can but still not be able to identify American buyers or transport the item cheaply to the United States. As a result, U.S. firms continue to manufacture the product.
Generally, countries with a relative abundance of low-skilled labor will tend to specialize in the production and export of items for which low-skilled labor is the predominant cost component. Countries with a relative abundance of capital will tend to specialize in the production and export of items for which capital is the predominant component of cost.
Many American citizens do not fully support specialization and trade. They contend that imports inevitably replace domestically produced goods and services, thereby threatening the jobs of those involved in their production.
Imports can indeed undermine the employment of domestic workers. We will return to this subject a little later. From what you have just read, you can see that imports supply products that are either 1) unavailable in the domestic economy or 2) that domestic enterprises and workers would be better off not making so that they can focus on specialization of another good or service. .
Finally, international trade brings several other benefits to the average consumer. Competition from imports can enhance the efficiency and quality of domestically produced goods and services. In addition, competition from imports has historically tended to restrain increases in domestic prices.
Discussion Questions:
Name a product/business where labor would be the comparative advantage for a poor country.
Name a product/business where capital would be the comparative advantage for a rich country.
Name a product/business where natural resources would be the comparative advantage.
Next: The Trade Balance
© 2021 The Levin Institute - The State University of New York
Authorship, Copyright, and Citation Notice
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I have the data from an experiment where there are two choices A and B. What test should I use to see if there is a choice preference for A or B if for example A=5 and B=1?
You will find a grid at this link that will guide you through the choice of an appropriate test according to your question and your data.
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When an Indian reporter asked why the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, bordering China, is shown as a part of China on a Chinese generated map, the Chinese Ambassador to India told the reporter to "shut up". Perhaps the ambassador forgot, but the last foreigners to tell Indians to shut up left India in 1947. Later, the ambassador said that the map would be corrected, but this map-doctoring incident foretells a baleful ploy.
The ruse started with Chinese cartographers. At first, they would make an error here and an error there and show other country's land as their own. Next, Chinese officials would say they would fix the error. Then, they would stop admitting the error and start cartographic aggression. Finally, they would instigate a full-scale military invasion to claim the land shown on their maps.
In 1950, Indian and Chinese agreed to let the Five Principles, Panchshila, govern their relationship. They agreed to respect each other's territory and live in peaceful coexistence. An Indian slogan summed up the friendship: Hindi-Chini bhai bhai (Indians and Chinese are brothers).
But little did the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, know that throughout the 1950s the Chinese were secretly building roads in the remote northeastern area of the Indian state of Kashmir that touches the Chinese border.
In 1961, when the Chinese Premier, Chou En-lai, visited India, Nehru brought out the maps, which India had inherited from the British, to show him the border between India and China represented by the McMohan Line. He ignored the maps. Instead, he told Nehru that he would recognize India's eastern border shown by the Line, if Nehru agreed to let China have the Karakoram Pass in the West and the area in the Northeast Kashmir (Aksai Chin).
In October 1962, Chinese troops crossed the McMohan Line and invaded the eastern territory of India as a part of a diversionary military tactic and reached the Assamese plains in a short time. When Indian troops arrived to defend the area, the Chinese launched a massive assault in the West and captured the Karakoram Pass. To this day, they continue to occupy both the Pass and the Northeast section of Kashmir.
Nehru called the Chinese "unscrupulous." He was so devastated by the invasion that his health began to deteriorate, and he died on May 27, 1964, one and one half years after the Chinese invasion.
What the Chinese did to India in 1962 is what they did to Vietnam in 1979. The Chinese would grab as much land, water, mineral, or any other valuable resources as they could—legally, illegally or militarily. It would not surprise anyone if they move into Afghanistan after the Americans leave.
A minor act of insult by the Chinese diplomat (to avoid answering the question of a reporter) or a major act of an unprovoked war by the Chinese Premier (to occupy India's territory) speaks to their lack of trustworthiness. Such actions tell us who they are and the means they will use to get what they want.


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text:
include "sys/types"
include "time"
include "signal"

ffi.cdef [[
struct aiocb
{
  int aio_fildes;
  int aio_lio_opcode;
  int aio_reqprio;
  volatile void *aio_buf;
  size_t aio_nbytes;
  struct sigevent aio_sigevent;
  struct aiocb *__next_prio;
  int __abs_prio;
  int __policy;
  int __error_code;
  __ssize_t __return_value;
  __off_t aio_offset;
  char __pad[sizeof (__off64_t) - sizeof (__off_t)];
  char __unused[32];
};
enum
{
  AIO_CANCELED,
  AIO_NOTCANCELED,
  AIO_ALLDONE
};
enum
{
  LIO_READ,
  LIO_WRITE,
  LIO_NOP
};
enum
{
  LIO_WAIT,
  LIO_NOWAIT
};
extern int aio_read (struct aiocb *__aiocbp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int aio_write (struct aiocb *__aiocbp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int lio_listio (int __mode,
         struct aiocb *const __list[__restrict],
         int __nent, struct sigevent *__restrict __sig)
  __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));
extern int aio_error (const struct aiocb *__aiocbp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern __ssize_t aio_return (struct aiocb *__aiocbp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int aio_cancel (int __fildes, struct aiocb *__aiocbp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__));
extern int aio_suspend (const struct aiocb *const __list[], int __nent,
   const struct timespec *__restrict __timeout)
  __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (1)));
extern int aio_fsync (int __operation, struct aiocb *__aiocbp)
  __attribute__ ((__nothrow__ , __leaf__)) __attribute__ ((__nonnull__ (2)));
]]