Memory is the core of logic – be it human or machine, we can't process anything unless we have a place to store data, and that's why memory has always been one of the core components in computer design. When we talk about memory, most of us assume that we are referring to RAM but that's not how things actually started off.
So today's article would be covering a brief history of RAM – how it evolved and what are the basic types of memory we use today like DDR3 DRAM etc. I'd also be doing a comparison between some of the future RAM technologies like Z-RAM or TT-RAM.
Early computers had a completely different concept of memory from the one we use today. Most of the people (who have studied Computer Science) would know that they employed an electrical device called the Vacuum Tube – something similar to what we have in CRT monitors and televisions. Then came the era of the transistors – which were created by Bell Labs.
The transistor became the core component of modern day memory, which started off with simple Latches – a circuit configuration of transistors which can store 1 bit of data. Latches evolved in Flip-Flops, which could be packed together to form Registers used in most static memory cells today. Another approach tied a transistor with a capacitor which allowed smaller and more compact dynamic memory.
Memory can easily be classified into two major categories, Static RAM, and Dynamic RAM. Like I said above, Static RAM uses a special arrangement of transistors to make a flip-flop, a type of memory cell. One memory cell can store 1-bit of data. Most modern SRAM cells are made of six CMOS transistors, and are the fastest type of memory on planet Earth.
In contrast, Dynamic RAM lines up one transistor with a capacitor to create an ultra compact memory cell. On the flip side, the capacitor needs to be refreshed after a specific period to keep the charge in the capacitor, which introduces a latency in memory access. Something we refer to as memory timings.
While DRAM has an obvious size advantage over SRAM, its speed can't even get close to those offered by static memory cells (because they don't need to be refreshed and are always available). That's why faster memory is always made out of SRAM cells – like Registers in the CPU and Caches used in numerous devices. But thanks to much higher space requirements, SRAM is expensive and can't be used as primary memory.
DRAM on the other hand is quite dense, and therefore is employed in most places which don't require instantaneous access but large capacities – like main memory in a computer.
RAM can also be classified by functionality. Everyone knows that electronic devices work on switching voltages or pulses which we call the system Clock (the rate of which we call the Frequency or Clock Speed).
Synchronous RAM can only send or receive data when a clock pulse enters or leaves the system. I'll explain this more in detail later on. Asynchronous RAM can be accessed at any time during a clock cycle, which present an obvious advantage over Synchronous RAM.
SDR SDRAM is virtually obsolete now as far as the computer industry is concerned. It was one of the first memory architectures to support Synchronous Memory architectures and was only known as SDRAM at its time. Single Data Rate means that it can transfer one machine word (16 bits for the x86 architecture) of data during one clock cycle. It was widely used in the 90s era for computer systems up till the Intel Pentium III.
Common SDR memory standards included PC-100 and PC-133 which ran on clock speeds of 100MHz and 133MHz respectively.
Also known as DDR memory, it was the direct successor to the single data rate SDRAM architecture. DDR improved upon the SDR design by providing double the data during one clock cycle: One word of data during the positive edge and one word of data during the negative edge of the clock pulse. This provided a significant increase in performance over the traditional architecture. DDR memory was primarily used in the Intel Pentium 4 and the AMD Athlon architectures.
For marketing purposes, DDR memory clocks have always been promoted at speeds twice their original value. For example, common memory standards for DDR included DDR-200, DDR-266, DDR-333 and DDR-400 which actually had respective clock speeds of 100MHz, 133MHz, 166MHz and 200MHz.
The DDR standard gained a huge following and was subsequently improved to address high-performance memory needs. Improvements were made in memory bandwidth, clock rates, and voltages. This resulted in notable improvements in overall system performance. DDR2 was standard for most chipsets running Pentium 4 Prescott and later including Intel Core, and AMD Athlon 64.
Common memory standards for DDR2 were DDR2-400, DDR2-533, DDR2-667, DDR2-800 and DDR2-1066. All the modules operate at half the frequency just like in DDR.
The DDR3 specifications were finalized in 2007, and primarily increased the clock rates possible while reducing the voltages. Unfortunately however the latencies also increased significantly so there were only 2-5% performance gains in real world applications compared to DDR2 (only on architectures that support both standards). Though DDR3 is the logical next step because the latest AMD and Intel platforms (790/AM3 and X58/P55) only support DDR3 memory.
Common memory standards for DDR3 today include DDR3-1066, DDR3-1333, DDR3-1600, DDR3-1800 and DDR3-2000.
Along with DDR, certain other memory standards also emerged that failed to capture the mainstream market due to their performance and cost ratios. Most notably, Rambus DRAM (also called RDRAM) which were used in the likes of Nintendo 64 and PlayStation 2 along with some early models of Pentium 4. Its successor XDR SDRAM is used in the PlayStation 3 console but not adopted in any mainstream computer architecture.
Future technologies like Z-RAM, TT-RAM and A-RAM offer a new approach for dynamic memory cell construction which only need one transistor to store 1-bit data and provide speeds which are equivalent to Static RAM. They work on a principal of Floating Body Effect which occurs as a side effect of Silicon on Insulator manufacturing process. AMD is already researching this technology to use in future CPU designs.
With feature sizes getting smaller and smaller, it becoming impossible to go further with the transistor-capacitor memory architecture because capacitors can't really shrink that much. The next logical step in Computing Memory evolution is to make the jump in Nanotechnology and work on molecular levels. Of course don't expect that to happen anytime in the next 5 years because we still have ample supply of memory (which is actually more than we really need).
I'll be following up to this article with a memory buying guide which would focus on what memory to get for your new (or existing build) and debate on whether jumping to DDR3 is beneficial to the normal user. If you have any tips to share on that article (or this one) or anything related to memory in general, then please do post in the comments below.
Siberia Performance CPU Cooler Revealed By GlacialTech.


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Hoosiers will play in Fort Wayne next year as part of 3-game series with IPFW
The Mastodons come to Assembly Hall this season and in 2018, and the Hoosiers will play them in the Coliseum in Fort Wayne next season.
By Ben Raphel@VT_Ben Oct 27, 2015, 12:59pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Hoosiers will play in Fort Wayne next year as part of 3-game series with IPFW
Steven Branscombe-USA TODAY Sports
Fort Wayne is home to plenty of IU basketball fans, but it's actually an easier drive to get to East Lansing or Ann Arbor from the 260 than it is to Bloomington. Luckily for Fort Wayne-area Hoosier fans, they'll have a chance for an easy trip to see the Hoosiers during the 2016-17 season.
As you may already know, the IPFW Mastodons are scheduled to play in Assembly Hall this season, on Dec. 9. Today, the Mastodons announced that the Dec. 9 game will be the first of a three-game series with the Hoosiers. The second game, however, will be played next season at the famed Allen County War Memorial Coliseum in Fort Wayne. The Mastodons actually play at a smaller on-campus arena, but the Coliseum, with its capacity of 13,000, will play host to what should be a partisan IU crowd. The third game of the series will be held back in Bloomington during the 2018-19 season. One other intiguing aspect of the Fort Wayne game is that James Blackmon Jr. is from nearby Marion, and so the game could be a homecoming for him if he does not go pro this coming offseason.
Here is the full release from IPFW athletics on the 3-game series.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Maio 2022 Correlation between genetic polymorphisms in apolipoprotein E and atrial fibrillation
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Apoe polymorphism test
General comparison between the atrial fibrillation and control groups
Hardy-weinberg equilibrium test
Distribution of apolipoprotein e polymorphisms
Penetrance of apolipoprotein e genotypes
Regression analysis of factors correlating with atrial fibrillation
Blood lipid levels
White blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, and c-reactive protein levels
DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.03.013
Correlation between genetic polymorphisms in apolipoprotein E and atrial fibrillation
Correlação entre polimorfismos genéticos da apolipoproteína E e fibrilhação auricular
Yilian Wang◊,a,b, Huankun Lou◊,b, Minglang Wangb, Jiahui Meib, Tuanjie Xingb, Feixiang Wangb, Zheng Dongb, Luoqing Wangb, Rongyuan Caob, Li Yaob, Tingbo Jianga,
Autor para correspondência
a Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
b Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
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Tabelas (7)
Table 1. General comparisons between the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
Table 2. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test.
Table 3. Distribution of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms in the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
Table 4. Distribution of apolipoprotein E genotypes in the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
Table 5. Regression analysis of factors correlating with atrial fibrillation.
Table 6. Comparison of blood lipid levels between the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
Table 7. Comparison of inflammatory markers between the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
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This work explores correlations between genetic polymorphisms in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and atrial fibrillation (AF). We detected polymorphisms in the APOE gene in 64 patients with AF and 49 non-AF volunteers at the Department of Cardiology of Lianyungang Second People's Hospital between July 2017 and July 2019. We found significant differences in age, body mass index, left atrial diameter, and left ventricular ejection fraction between the two groups. Six APOE genotypes were observed: ɛ2/ɛ2; ɛ2/ɛ3; ɛ2/ɛ4; ɛ3/ɛ3; ɛ3/ɛ4; and ɛ4/ɛ4. The ɛ3/ɛ3 genotype was significantly less frequent in the AF group than in the control group, while the ɛ3/ɛ4 and ɛ4/ɛ4 genotypes were significantly more frequent in the AF group than in the control group (p<0.05). ApoE3 penetrance was significantly lower in the AF group than in the control group (p<0.05), while ApoE4 penetrance was significantly higher in the AF group than in the control group (p<0.05). ApoE3 penetrance was significantly lower in the AF group than in the control group (p<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age, body mass index, left atrial diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction, and ApoE4 were risk factors for AF. Finally, we found that ApoE polymorphisms impacted the occurrence of AF and that ApoE4 is an AF-sensitive phenotype.
Apolipoprotein E
Genetic polymorphism
Inflammatory mediators
Genetic phenotype
Este trabalho estudou as correlações entre os polimorfismos genéticos da apolipoproteína E (ApoE) e fibrilhação auricular (FA). Entre julho de 2017 e julho de 2019 detetámos polimorfismos no gene da ApoE em 64 doentes com FA e em 49 voluntários sem FA (Serviço de Cardiologia do Lianyungang Second People's Hospital). Observaram-se diferenças significativas na idade, no índice de massa corporal, no diâmetro auricular esquerdo e na fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda entre os dois grupos. Seis genotipos da ApoE foram observados: ɛ2/ɛ2; ɛ2/ɛ3; ɛ2/ɛ4; ɛ3/ɛ3; ɛ3/ɛ4; e ɛ4/ɛ4. O genotipo ɛ3/ɛ3 foi significativamente menos frequente no grupo da FA do que no grupo controlo, enquanto os genotipos ɛ3/ɛ4 and ɛ4/ɛ4 foram significativamente mais frequentes no grupo da FA em relação ao grupo controlo (p<0,05). A penetração de ApoE3 foi significativamente inferior no grupo FA do que no grupo controlo (p<0,05). A penetração de ApoE4 foi significativamente superior no grupo FA em relação ao grupo controlo (p<0,05). A penetração da ApoE3 foi significativamente menor no grupo FA do que no grupo controlo (p<0,05). A análise da regressão logística binária revelou que a idade, o índice da massa corporal, o diâmetro auricular esquerdo, a fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda e a ApoE4 constituíram fatores de risco para FA. Finalmente, considerámos que os polimorfismos ApoE tiveram impacto na ocorrência da FA e que a ApoE4 é um fenotipo sensível à FA.
Fibrilhação auricular
Apolipoproteína E
Polimorfismo genético
Mediadores inflamatórios
Fenotipo genético
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is an important apolipoprotein in plasma that plays a key role in regulating lipoprotein metabolism. It is involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, neuroimmune regulation, and inflammatory responses.1,2 There are three alleles of the human APOE gene, which can form six genotypes,3 thus forming a genetic polymorphism. Some of these genotypes may be susceptibility genotypes for hyperlipoproteinemia and arteriosclerosis.4,5 There are three ApoE genotypic categories: protective genotypes (ɛ2/ɛ2 and ɛ2/ɛ3), high-risk genotypes (ɛ3/ɛ4 and ɛ4/ɛ4), and others (ɛ2/ɛ4 and ɛ3/ɛ3).6–8
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia. The mechanism of AF is complex, and previous studies have found that AF is closely related to dyslipidemia, excess weight or obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, advanced age, smoking,9,10 hypertension, and various cardiovascular diseases.11 Analysis of a randomized controlled trial performed in the USA revealed that lower levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol were associated with a higher incidence of AF.12 Other studies have shown that ApoE can promote the degradation of chylomicrons, LDL, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) by binding to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and the liver ApoE receptor. We therefore hypothesized that ApoE may increase the risk of AF by degrading LDL.13,14 ApoE is involved in and has significant effects on all aspects of blood lipid metabolism, including the synthesis, secretion, transport, and metabolism of lipoproteins.15 Therefore, there is likely to be a correlation between ApoE and the occurrence of AF.
Additionally, inflammatory mediators, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), are closely related to the occurrence and development of all AF types.16–18 Myocardial biopsies in healthy individuals and AF patients have demonstrated that the irreversibility of AF is associated with myocardial remodeling due to persistent inflammatory infiltration in cardiomyocytes.19 While ApoE has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, ApoEɛ4 has a strong proinflammatory effect20 and activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which is involved in atrial remodeling.21
These data support the hypothesis that ApoE is associated with AF. This study was designed to examine the relationship between ApoE genetic polymorphisms and AF and to explore the relationship between ApoE genotype, phenotype, and AF.
MethodsPatient population
This was a retrospective case-controlled single-center study of subjects who were followed in the Cardiology Department of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City. Between July 2017 and July 2019, 64 inpatients with AF (paroxysmal, persistent, long-term persistent, and permanent) and 49 volunteers without AF (control group) were randomly selected from the hospital's cardiology department. There were 38 male and 26 female patients (mean age 74.38±8.37 years) in the AF group and 29 male and 20 female volunteers (mean age 65.24±12.14 years) in the control group.
The inclusion criteria for the AF group were: AF diagnosed according to definitive electrocardiography (ECG) or Holter ECG monitoring data (absence of sinus P wave, presence of fast and irregular f wave, frequency 350-600 bpm, normal QRS complex shape and duration, and irregular R interval); definite clinical symptoms; and medical history. The inclusion criterion for the control group was non-AF volunteers whose heart rate showed sinus rhythm. Additionally, both groups were required to submit complete medical records and blood samples. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City (grant no. L1618), and all subjects provided written informed consent.
The exclusion criteria were: left ventricular dysfunction; rheumatic heart disease; dilated cardiomyopathy; pulmonary heart disease; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; viral myocarditis; cardiac surgery; secondary hypertension; hyperthyroidism; electrolyte disorder; malignant tumor; liver and kidney insufficiency; severe infection; tuberculosis; metabolic syndrome; and any of a variety of major diseases that could lead to altered penetrance of inflammatory mediators and/or lipid metabolic disorders.
Peripheral blood (4 ml) was extracted from fasting patients in the early morning into EDTA anticoagulant tubes and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C. All patient samples were sent to the Unified Nanjing Jinyu Medical Laboratory Center (Nanjing, China) for ApoE gene polymorphism detection. Test results were reported within one week. Three phenotypes and six genotypes of ApoE were detected in this cohort: ApoE2 (ɛ2/ɛ2, ɛ2/ɛ3), ApoE3 (ɛ3/ɛ3) and ApoE4 (ɛ2/ɛ4, ɛ3/ɛ4, ɛ4/ɛ4).
All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS v. 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Measurement data are denoted as mean ± standard deviation, and comparisons were made between two independent samples using an adapted t test. Count data were compared by the chi-square test. Body mass index (BMI) did not conform to a normal distribution, and the comparison method was based on nonparametric tests. Where AF was considered a dependent variable, single factors related to the occurrence of AF were selected by comparisons between the AF and control groups. Covariables were included in binary logistic regression, and then multivariate analysis of AF-related factors was performed.
ResultsGeneral comparison between the atrial fibrillation and control groups
There were no significant differences between the two groups in gender, height, weight, smoking status, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or coronary heart disease. Significant differences were observed in age, BMI, left atrial diameter (LAD), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (Table 1).
General comparisons between the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
AF group (n=64)
Control group (n=49)
t (chi-square)
Gender, male:female 38:26 29:20 0.0004 0.983
Age, years 74.38±8.37 65.24±12.14 4.733 <0.000
Height, cm 164.04±9.05 165.22±8.28 0.721 0.472
Weight, kg 70.61±11.19 67.09±12.51 1.551 0.123
BMI 26.13±3.57 24.33±3.52 507.6 (F value) 0.000
Smoking, n (%) 28 (43.75%) 20 (40.82%) 0.098 0.754
Type 2 diabetes, n (%) 8 (12.50%) 7 (14.19%) 0.116 0.733
Hypertension, n (%) 34 (53.12%) 29 (59.18%) 0.413 0.520
CHD, n (%) 12 (18.75%) 17 (34.69%) 3.698 0.545
LAD, mm 42.91±10.90 35.67±4.54 4.365 0.001
LVEF, mm 53.59±9.59 58.29±9.33 2.612 0.010
AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; CHD: coronary heart disease; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.
The ApoE alleles in the AF and control groups were quantified and their frequencies calculated. The theoretical frequencies of each genotype were then calculated according to the law of genetic equilibrium. Finally, the actual and theoretical frequencies of each genotype in the two groups were tested using the chi-square test. The control group test produced a p-value of 0.514, indicating that the law of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was applicable to the ApoE genotypes of the two groups, and that the collected data were credible and representative of the population (Table 2).
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test.
p (Fisher)
ɛ2/ɛ2
AF group (n=64) 0.089
Actual frequency 1 8 2 31 16 6
Theoretical frequency 0.218 9.198 1.692 37.319 11.260 3.397
Control group (n=49) 0.514
Actual frequency 0 7 1 35 6 0
Theoretical frequency 0.161 7.042 0.740 28.615 8.634 0.79
AF: atrial fibrillation.
In this study, the proportions of the six ApoE genotypes (ɛ2/ɛ2, ɛ2/ɛ3, ɛ2/ɛ4, ɛ3/ɛ3, ɛ3/ɛ4, and ɛ4/ɛ4) were 0.9%, 13.2%, 2.7%, 58.4%, 19.5%, and 5.3%, respectively. Protective, high risk, and other genotypes accounted for 14.1%, 24.8%, and 61.1% of the samples, respectively. The frequency of the ɛ3/ɛ3 genotype was significantly lower in the AF group than in the control group, while the ɛ3/ɛ4 and ɛ4/ɛ4 genotypes were significantly more frequent in the AF group than in the control group (Table 3).
Distribution of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms in the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
Summation, n (%)
AF group 1 8 2 31 16 6 64 (39.5%)
Control group 0 7 1 35 6 0 49 (60.5%)
p (Fisher) 0.037
Summation, n (%) 1 (0.9% 15 (13.2%) 3 (2.7%) 66 (58.4%) 22 (19.5%) 6 (5.3%) 113 (100%)
The penetrance of ApoE3 was significantly lower in the AF group than in the control group, while the penetrance of ApoE4 was significantly higher in the AF group than in the control group (Table 4).
Distribution of apolipoprotein E genotypes in the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
AF group 9 33 22
Control group 7 36 6
Chi-square 7.667
p 0.022
Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed with AF as the dependent variable and BMI, LAD, LVEF, ApoE2, and ApoE4 as independent variables. The results showed that age, BMI, LAD, LVEF, and ApoE4 were risk factors of AF (Table 5).
Regression analysis of factors correlating with atrial fibrillation.
Age Age 0.011 0.002 0.001 1.011
BMI BMI 0.268 0.069 0.000 1.307
LAD LAD 0.018 0.003 0.002 1.018
LVEF LVEF 0.039 0.003 0.001 1.049
HDL HDL 1.031 0.508 0.042 0.357
LDL LDL 0.482 0.291 0.097 1.620
CRP CRP 0.253 0.104 0.015 1.288
ApoE2 ApoE2 -0.018 1.029 0.973 0.982
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; CRP: C-reaction protein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LAD: left atrial diameter; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.
LDL levels were higher in the AF group than in the control group, while high-density lipoprotein levels were lower. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol or triglyceride levels between the two groups (Table 6).
Comparison of blood lipid levels between the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
AF group, mmol/l 4.79±1.13 1.37±0.68 1.23±0.35 2.71±0.58
Control group, mmol/l 4.88±1.19 1.45±0.61 1.37±0.39 2.49±0.55
t 0.548 0.853 2.556 2.632
p 0.584 0.395 0.011 0.009
HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.
The white blood cell count and percentage of neutrophils were higher in the AF group than in the control group, but these differences were not significant. hs-CRP levels were higher in the AF group than in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (Table 7).
Comparison of inflammatory markers between the atrial fibrillation and control groups.
Inflammation index
WBC, ×109
Neutrophils, %
hs-CRP, mg/l
AF group 7.26±2.04 0.63±0.12 5.61±2.12
Control group 6.90±1.83 0.61±0.11 4.85±1.46
t 1.254 1.312 2.856
P 0.211 0.191 0.005
AF: atrial fibrillation; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBC: white blood cell count.
ApoE, primarily expressed in the liver and brain, is an indispensable lipoprotein for physiological functions. Its most important function is to act as a ligand for the LDLR. Upon binding to the LDLR, ApoE enters liver cells, where it alters lipid metabolism and regulates lipid levels in the blood and brain.
Dyslipidemia is a recognized risk factor for atherosclerosis, and the incidence and severity of atherosclerosis are associated with the risk of AF.22 Previous studies concluded that high levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with a low risk of AF.23–25 However, other studies have shown no relationship between LDL and the occurrence of AF.22 In this study, univariate analysis showed that LDL was higher in the AF group than in the control group, and subsequent logistic regression analysis also showed that LDL was a risk factor for AF. Nevertheless, Alonso et al.26 concluded that total cholesterol is not related to the occurrence of AF, while other studies have suggested that it is associated with a low risk of AF.23–25 Our results showed no correlation between total cholesterol and AF. Generally speaking, although there is some controversy concerning the relationship between blood lipids and AF, it cannot be denied that ApoE may participate in the occurrence of AF by regulating blood lipids.
The slight effect of ApoE on blood lipid levels may not fully explain the effect of ApoE genetic polymorphisms on AF, because the development of AF is the result of many factors. This suggests that ApoE may have other biological functions and be involved in the occurrence of this disorder through other mechanisms.
Studies26,27 have reported that the occurrence and persistence of AF may be related to electrical and structural remodeling caused by electromechanical feedback associated with increased atrial diameter. In the current study, LAD in the AF group was greater than in the control group, and logistic regression analysis also showed that LAD was a risk factor for AF. Additional studies have found that ApoE has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and the order of these effects is ApoE2>ApoE3>ApoE4.28,29 The ApoEɛ4 allele lacks the anti-inflammatory properties of ApoEɛ2 and ApoEɛ3, but has a strong proinflammatory effect,27,30 which can lead to electrical and structural remodeling of the myocardium. This is supported by the higher hs-CRP levels in the AF group than in the control group in our study, as shown in Table 7. The mechanism may be as follows: ApoEɛ4 can activate NF-κB, resulting in the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and other inflammatory mediators.16 MCP-1 can induce cardiomyocytes to express inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, causing negative cardiac inotropic effects, impairing cardiac function, and leading to myocardial structural remodeling.31,32 TNF-α may increase Ca2+ concentrations in cardiac myocytes,33 and downregulating L-type calcium channels leads to the shortening of action potential duration and the effective refractory period, and the formation of multiple reentry loops. At the same time, overloaded Ca2+ can activate calcium-activating proteins, leading to atrial contractile dysfunction through the degradation of cardiac troponin and other cardiac contractile proteins.34 This then results in atrial interstitial fibrosis, further leading to abnormal intra-atrial impulse conduction and atrial electrical remodeling. Taken together, these data support a correlation between AF and ApoE.
Many studies have shown that serum CRP is involved in the chemotaxis and activation of leukocytes and is an important marker of inflammatory responses.35 Chung et al.36 measured plasma CRP levels in 131 patients with atrial arrhythmias and 71 controls. They found for the first time that CRP was significantly increased in arrhythmias, confirming that inflammation may play an important role in the pathological mechanism of AF. At the same time, levels of plasma inflammatory markers are correlated with the burden of AF. CRP levels are significantly higher in patients with persistent AF than in patients with paroxysmal AF and normal controls. Our data also showed that plasma hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in the AF group than in the control group, indicating once again that CRP can be used as a marker of inflammation in AF and that inflammation plays an important role in the occurrence of AF.
Our results showed that there were no significant differences in gender, height, weight, smoking status, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or coronary heart disease between the AF and control groups (p>0.05). However, we did observe significant differences in age, BMI, LAD, and LVEF. These findings suggest that older age, higher BMI, greater LAD, and lower LVEF increase the chance of AF. Advanced age is an independent risk factor for AF.23,37 Individuals with high BMI values may have high levels of body fat, which increases the prevalence of AF. Some studies have suggested that obesity is a risk factor for AF, and obese patients do in fact have a higher incidence and prevalence of AF, their disease is more serious, and it progresses faster.24 Obesity may increase the risk of AF through chronic inflammation caused by adipose factors. Taken together, our results suggested that ApoE may affect the occurrence of AF by regulating blood lipids and body mass. A greater LAD and low LVEF were mostly accompanied by myocardial electrical remodeling, structural remodeling, and fibrosis. These factors can easily lead to AF. In turn, the occurrence of AF will further increase LAD and decrease LVEF.
Six phenotypes, ɛ2/ɛ2, ɛ2/ɛ3, ɛ2/ɛ4, ɛ3/ɛ3, ɛ3/ɛ4 and ɛ4/ɛ4, were detected in 113 ApoE-genotyped subjects. The ɛ3/ɛ3 phenotype had the highest frequency, ɛ3/ɛ4 had the second highest frequency, and ɛ2/ɛ2 had the lowest frequency. ApoE genotypes can be divided into protective (ɛ2/ɛ2 and ɛ2/ɛ3), high-risk (ɛ3/ɛ4 and ɛ4/ɛ4), and others (ɛ2/ɛ4 and ɛ3/ɛ3). The risk of coronary heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke is average in patients with the ApoEɛ3 phenotype, lower for those with the ApoEɛ2 phenotype, and highest for those with the ApoEɛ4 phenotype. In this study, we found that the protective, high risk, and other genotypes accounted for 14.1%, 24.8%, and 61.1% of the sample, respectively. We also found that the distribution of the ApoE3 type accounted for 61.1% of the total, which is roughly consistent with previously published accounts.37 The high-risk ApoE4 genotypes accounted for 24.8% of the total. In this study, the ɛ3/ɛ3 genotype was significantly less frequent, while the ɛ3/ɛ4 and ɛ4/ɛ4 genotypes were significantly more frequent, in the AF group. The risk of AF in patients with ApoE4 (ɛ3/ɛ4, ɛ4/ɛ4) was the highest of all genotypic groups.
Finally, we found that penetrance of the ApoE4 phenotype was significantly higher in the AF group than in the control group. This may be related to the strong proinflammatory effect of the ɛ4 allele, which may be involved in the development of AF through the inflammatory pathway.14,16,38 Regression analysis of AF-related factors showed that the ApoE4 phenotype is an AF risk factor. ApoE4, as a risk phenotype, is likely to promote obesity, increased body fat content, and cardiovascular disease in patients with AF.39 Moreover, the role of ApoE4 in AF may be explained through the mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation.
The limitations of this study include its small sample size; lack of large-scale, multi-area sample testing; and the inability to monitor all blood samples throughout the entire process of preservation, transportation, and testing, which may have led to experimental errors.
Although the mechanistic relationship between ApoE polymorphisms and AF is not completely understood, in the context of the previous literature, our results suggested that AF is affected to some extent by ApoE polymorphisms, particularly ApoE4, as ApoE4 was more closely correlated with AF. Additionally, among related factors, we also found that older patients and those with hypertension, greater LAD, and lower LVEF had higher incidences of atrial arrhythmias. To help prevent cardiovascular events, attention should be paid to interventions for atrial arrhythmias at the genetic and molecular level, to reduce the occurrence of atrial arrhythmias and their serious complications.
Future research directions include further exploration of the role of ApoE2 in AF, including the use of multi-regional population studies and improving long-term patient follow-up.
This project was funded by the High-level Health Personnel "Six One Project" Top Talent Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Province (LGY2017065), the Science and Technology Bureau of Lianyungang City (SH1618).
The data that support the findings of this study are available from The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China.
This study was approved by the institutional review board of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Ethics Committee (no. L1618). All participants provided written informed consent.
We thank James P. Mahaffey, PhD, of Compuscript Ltd. for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.
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APOE genotype alters glial activation and loss of synaptic markers in mice.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Consumer groups are warning shoppers to think twice before taking out extended warranties on electrical items this Christmas.
Breakdown cover on electrical goods can cost more than half the price of the appliance itself and is often unnecessary, argues the consumer group Which?
Meanwhile, Consumer Direct, a government-funded advice service adds that buyers already have protection when a new electrical good breaks down.
The warnings come as many electrical goods stores prepare for their sales peak both at Christmas and in the New Year. Up to £900m is spent on extended warranties each year, much of it in the coming weeks.
But an investigation by Which? found that a Kenwood smoothie maker sold for £17.50 has a three-year extended warranty which costs £14. Meanwhile, Argos is selling a Sony DVD player for £45, while the three-year cover costs £25.
Although such policies are sold as offering "peace of mind", a replacement item could cost little more than the warranty - and with product reliability improving people are less likely to need cover in the first place.
If an item breaks down, many stores tell customers that their legal rights run out when the 12-month guarantee does. But this view is rejected by Which? Its senior lawyer, Peter McCarthy, says: "Don't let a seller have you believe that your legal rights end with the guarantee. The seller will be liable if the goods it sold you aren't of satisfactory quality."
Shoppers have statutory rights which mean that in some cases, stores should repair faulty goods even after 12 months, when extended warranty cover would start.
Michele Shambrook, operations manager for Consumer Direct, adds: "When you buy domestic electrical goods you already have certain legal rights. If the appliance breaks down within a reasonable period of time, the retailer is obliged to put the problem right by repairing or replacing the product.
"It may be worth buying an extended warranty if it gives you something over and above these rights, such as accidental damage cover - but you often you get this under your home contents insurance anyway."
You do not have to buy a warranty at the shop where you bought the goods.
Make sure you understand the terms of the agreement and what extra protection the warranty has to offer before deciding to buy.
Don't be rushed into making a decision - retailers must offer extended warranties on domestic electrical goods on the same terms for 30 days if you choose not to buy it there and then. This includes any discount that was offered.
Retailers also have to give you 45 days to cancel the extended warranty, and provide you with a written reminder of this right and the right to cancel at any time and receive a pro-rata refund.
You can buy warranties that cover a number of appliances, such as all the electrical equipment in your kitchen, so it is a good idea to shop around for quotes before signing up to a warranty.


Do you want to join the party? TeamSport Mitcham, is our newest London circuit with 400m of crazy track, amazing spectator areas and an awesome bar all requiring the best of the best to join the team! We look for talented, customer focused individuals, with great communication skills and a team attitude. In return we offer training, benefits, uncapped bonuses and the very real possibility of progression.
There are currently no vacancies at TeamSport Mitcham.


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Binder & Malter LLP has represented commercial landlords in well-known bankruptcies such as the Round Table Pizza, Circuit City, Chevy's, Fresh Choice, Mervyn's, Crown Books, Hollywood Video, Napster, Levitz, Tower Record, Jennifer Convertibles, and Lionel Trains bankruptcies.
The firm represented a well-known national developer of a planned and much-publicized San Francisco luxury high-rise in Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
The firm represented the largest privately held transportation company on the west coast in Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
The firm represented a large franchisee of a major international real estate organization in a successful Chapter 11 in which a plan of reorganization was confirmed.
The firm represented a publicly traded technology company in Chapter 11 bankruptcy, through which, the company was purchased and emerged post-bankruptcy as a private company.
The firm represented a large, then well-known consumer electronics retailer in Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
The firm represented a high tech company successfully exit Chapter 11 through a confirmed plan, which resulted in a manufacturing facility employing hundreds of workers remaining open.
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Our attorneys have represented a large, well-known search-engine provider in bankruptcy cases throughout the country, including defending preference actions, claims objections, collecting administrative claims, and negotiating terms for post-petition services.
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Monday injury crash in Columbia
Fatal crash in Lenzburg
Sex assault, home invasion near Burksville
Vaccination clinic Monday; more COVID deaths in Monroe County
County talks protest, COVID-19
Alan Dooley
The Monroe County Board discussed Saturday's peaceful protest, the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and finances during its Monday meeting.
Monroe County Sheriff Neal Rohlfing told commissioners the county and city made preparations for any contingency, but said the protest on Mill Street near the courthouse was conducted in a peaceful manner.
Asked if any additional costs were incurred, he said about $8,000 to $10,000. was used for overtime by city and county and personnel from outside law enforcement agencies.
Monroe County EMS also had a second emergency response vehicle crewed and ready if it had been needed, EMS director Carla Heise said.
Retiring Oak Hill Director Kim Keckritz and her successor, Brian Koontz, updated commissioners on activities at the county-run senior facility. They noted that the entire facility – staff and residents – was tested for COVID-19 on Friday.
Keckritz said 400 tests were conducted. Of 240 staff, all but one was present for the tests. To date, Keckritz said, zero residents have tested positive for the virus, with three staff members having been confirmed as having had before the facility-wide tests and three more after the tests for a total of 6. The three new positives were asymptomatic and two are part-time workers.
Eight staff persons have resigned due to their virus concerns, she added.
Koontz said a COVID isolation unit is set up at Oak Hill if needed.
He and Keckritz said they are continuing to see "window visits," and Magnolia Terrace residents are now able to venture outside, two at a time on schedules, to walk in fresh air, but still not in large groups.
Monroe County Treasurer Kevin Koenigstein provided his semi-annual financial report for the six months of the fiscal year that started Dec. 1. Koenigstein noted several unpredicted issues arising from the COVID-19 reduction of business activities and personal spending due to the virus.
He listed $1,432,237.94 in fiscal year 2019 real estate taxes collected between Dec. 1 and May 31, with a total of $2,850,768.95 in revenues coming in for that same period. Despite uncertainties from COVID-19, total revenues to date are running quite close to their pace in 2019.
But uncertainties are clouding the future picture.
Koenigstein said sales tax revenues have fallen during the pandemic. He explained, for example, food from grocery stores is taxed at a much lower rate than the same food in meals in restaurants. Gasoline at lower cost per gallon and lower usage rates is also generating lesser amounts.
He cited figures for the countywide sales tax for the months of March over the last four years as an example of the problem. March 2017 generated $74,000, March 2018 resulted in $76,000, March 2019 saw $80,000, but this March 2020 saw just $67,000.
He also said it was impossible to know the pandemic's impact on state income taxes because the tax year has been extended to from April 15 to July 15.
"And staff reductions in Springfield are making processing those returns difficult to predict as well," he added.
Staffing issues in Springfield may also hold up issuance of this year's property tax bills, Koenigstein added.
"Hopefully, we will have property tax bills in the mail by Labor Day (Sept. 7) but we just cannot know for sure now," he concluded.
Heise received authorization for Monroe County EMS to enter into an agreement with Memorial Hospital to gain use of Memorial's computer patient record and reporting service at an annual cost of $3,457.38. The system uses software to help record and share patient information to help ensure better medical outcomes for ill and injured persons transported by ambulance.
Monroe County Health Department Administrator John Wagner gave a COVID-19 update, saying the county recorded no new positive tests for five days until two in the same family on Sunday.
He said area hospitalizations are up slightly, noting that is a factor in determining how soon the region may be able to transition to Phase 4 of the recovery.
"We know that as things open up, the numbers of positive tests and hospitalizations will also rise," he said. "It's still out there and people will continue to get it."
If predictions that recent protests are going to cause a spike in illnesses and hospitalizations are right, the region could see that soon, he noted.
"But more experts are appearing to be wrong than right," he said.
A request for a flood plain variance was approved for Sean Koch of Prairie du Rocher for property at 1229 Bluff Road. The variance allows him to install a grain bin on this land where he farms.
The following reappointments were approved: Bruce Brinkman, of Valmeyer to the Monroe County Flood Prevention District, and Joy Vogt and Barbara Wagner, both of Waterloo, to the Monroe County Board of Health.
Dennis Rodenberg of Fults was appointed to the Board of Appeals and Chad Grohmann of Waterloo was appointed to the 9-1-1 Emergency Telephone System Board, replacing Timothy Fahey, who has resigned.
The next county board meeting will take place in the old courtroom of the courthouse at 8:15 a.m. Monday, July 6. Meetings are open to the public.
brian koontz
carla heise
kevin koenigstein
kim keckritz
monroe county board of commissioners
monroe county ems
Monroe County Health Department Administrator John Wagner
neal rohlfing
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Alan is a photojournalist -- he both shoots pictures and writes for the R-T. A 31-year Navy vet, he has lived worldwide, but with his wife Sherry, calls a rambling house south of Waterloo home. Alan counts astronomy as a hobby and is fascinated by just about everything scientific.
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Five aspirants, namely Senator Mas'ud El-Jibril Doguwa, Muhammad Rabi'u Sabo Bakin Zuwo, a former speaker of Kano State House of Assembly, Alhaji Gambo Sallau, Alhaji Aminu Sa'ad Beli and Hon. Abdullahi Maraya Barkum, were said to have indicated intention to contest the seat.
However, one of the aspirants, Alhaji Aminu Sa'ad Beli, has raised an alarm that the party was planning to impose Senator Doguwa as new party chairman in the state.
"Some elders of the party are trying to impose Doguwa as state chairman of the party. I have petitioned the party national headquarters protesting against this arrangement.
"I am protesting the arrangement because it is undemocratic.
"I am waiting for the party's response which will determine my next line of action," he assured.
In the letter, Beli advised the party's national body to take urgent action on the matter with a view to resolving the issue amicably.
When contacted for comment, the party's Public Relations Officer, Alhaji Musa Danbirni, said he could not make any comment for now.


At the 50th commemoration of Selma, it was ordinary people, who do extraordinary things, at the lead and at the center of the 70,000 people gathered who marched across the historic Edmond Pettus Bridge. As rumors and misinformation fly around the internet about what happened in Selma this weekend, Project South and our Southern Movement Assembly partners want to amplify the powerful reasons why there were no big celebrities leading the march across the Edmund Pettus Bridge 50 years after Bloody Sunday.
On March 8, 2015, under the gaze of a national spotlight, the people's movement started with a Backwards March of formerly incarcerated people, youth, elder movement veterans, international refugees, and grassroots organizers. Those who fight on every frontline, resisted being erased by the idea of individual, iconic leadership by wearing bright gold banners that read: We are the Peoples Movement, Leadership from the Bottom-up. The Backwards March parted at the bottom of the bridge, and Rev. Glasgow with The Ordinary Peoples Society (TOPS) led the march back over the bridge with Rose, the Southern People's Movement Assembly, and partner organizations.
In 2015, 50 years later, it was the People's Movement of today that reclaimed the bridge for the people, for our collective memories, and for the current frontline battles against state violence, economic displacement, mass incarceration, and injustice. As Rev. Glasgow says in this short video highlighting this victory: "The people are tired. We will not wait. . . . Enough is Enough. Unite to Fight."
The Southern Movement Assembly recognizes the fierce leadership of local Alabama freedom fighters past, present & future and is calling for action over the next two years to grow the Southern Freedom Movement of the 21st century with the Southern People's Initiative.


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Q: Meshlab Laplacian Smooth introduces spikes I am using MeshLab to smooth a mesh obtained from a 3d numpy array through marching_cubes and pymesh. I am processing a few similar meshes and only one of them is giving me this problem. The filter used is Laplacian Smooth with parameters:

*

*smoothing steps = 1

*1D boundary smoothing = True

*cotangent weighting = True

Attached are the images of the mesh before and after the Laplacian smoothing. Unfortunately the images have to be cropped in the interested areas due to privacy concerns.
Any help in tracking down the issue or any debugging suggestions would be really helpful.
Thank you!
mesh before laplacian smooth in first region
first spike
mesh before laplacian smooth in second region
second spike

A: Can you provide a mesh sample?
it could be a numerical issue due to degenerate zero area triangles that can happen as a result of MarchingCubes. The reason is that Laplacian smoothing tries to move vertices along the tangent planes of the surface that results undefined for zero area triangles. Eventually you could also try to remove those degenerate triangles by running a merge close vertices filter. This issues can came up also because desktop meshlab runs on float while its python counterpart pymeshlab runs on double.
Eventually just try the mesh from numpy arrays directly using pymeshlab
import numpy as np
import pymeshlab as ml
import k3d

ms = ml.MeshSet()
ms.set_verbosity(True)
ms.apply_filter('implicit_surface',voxelsize=0.050000000001,expr="x*x+y*y+z*z-0.5")
#ms.apply_filter("merge_close_vertices")
ms.apply_filter("laplacian_smooth",stepsmoothnum=1)
ms.apply_filter("compact_vertices")
ms.apply_filter("compact_faces")

plot = k3d.plot()
plot += k3d.mesh(ms.current_mesh().vertex_matrix().astype(np.float32),
                 ms.current_mesh().face_matrix().astype(np.uint32),color=0xf0f0c0)
plot.display()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Picture this: You enter your house after a long, tiring day at work and are met with a natural scent of bamboos that instantly transports you to the bamboo forests of Asia, reliving you of all your stress and making you feel relaxed almost instantly.
Sounds heavenly, doesn't it? This is the effect the standard bamboo laminate flooring has on you. With a naturally knotty texture, the bamboo laminate flooring mimics the texture of a real bamboo hardwood floor.
Not only does the standard bamboo laminate flooring add to the scent and texture of your home, it also elevates the look of your home, thanks to its erudite and chic appearance. If you are looking for a beautiful flooring, which will improve the overall look of your abode and make it even more inviting, without burning a hole in your pocket, the standard bamboo laminate flooring was just tailor-made for you!


For high-quality, but low-cost bathroom renovations in Trois-Rivieres, call the experts at Vanite Design.
Vanite Design offers the latest in bathroom design concepts and products to give you a beautiful new bathroom at a surprisingly affordable price.
Superior attention to detail, an in-house design team, and many years of experience are what make Vanite Design different than the rest. Call one of our design specialists today.
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Are you fed up of your old and dirty bathrooms? Call us today at Access Design and we will give you a new bathroom.
Cuisigam is a full service bathroom remodeler that services Quebec. Our team will turn all your dreams into reality. Thinking ten steps ahead so you don't have to.
Bain Magique is a Trois-Rivieres general contracting company specializing in home renovation services such as kitchen renovation, bathroom renovation, basement renovation and home additions in the greater Trois-Rivieres area.


Athens is angry, it seems. It's a tempered anger, for the most part, but it is lies always below the surface. One always has the feeling of underlying tension, not with each other, but with people and social systems in power. This is most evident in the ubiquitous graffiti.
In Greece, especially in major cities but also in the countryside, graffiti is everywhere. From government to private buildings to parks and ancient relics, Greeks show their anger about their country'c economic collapse graphically, publicly. It is the art of protest.
Other modes of art have similar themes. Music, video, painting, all of them carry an overtone of frustration and resentment. Even the dance scene evokes a protest ethic with their posters.
Certainly the Canada and America have its share of protest art, but nothing the compares to the Greek scale. Graffiti here seems more about the message and less about obnoxious tagging. It has a meaning that surpasses its simplicity. Every aspect of art breathes with a vibrancy that enlivens the people and makes for one Hell of an exciting city.
Below is just a small window into the Greek graffiti and outsider art scene from our short stay. If I were a young person, this is where I would love to be. The mix of old and new combined with an energy for positive change makes this an incredible crucible for defining the human condition.


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— by Andrew Liptak —
From antiquity, Venus has been watched from afar. Often praised for beauty, its close position to Earth and its reflective atmosphere made it stand out amongst the stars. Like Mars, Venus has played into our stories, becoming a destination for many science fiction authors. Unlike Mars, however, the planet has never quite matched that of its colder, smaller sibling, and has provided a different vision for human habitation in the solar system.
The present state of Mars allows for some hope for human habitation and numerous science fiction authors have lovingly detailed the mechanics and engineering of how a human settlement might look, alongside fantastic imagery of space-suit clad colonists exploring the wonders of the Red planet as they might the American Southwest.
Habitation on Venus, on the other hand, is far more unlikely. With an atmospheric pressure over ninety times that of the Earth's, the surface temperature hovers around a balmy 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), enough to turn solid lead into liquid. The atmosphere is acidic and completely blocks light from the sun from reaching the surface. It is one of the most hellish locations in the solar system. But, science fiction is an optimistic genre, and even as we've learned about the true nature of Venus, we still visit on occasion.
Venus provides an interesting counterpoint to Mars: it's the only planet in the Solar System named for a female goddess, who represented such themes as love, sex, fertility, and desire, due to the planet's brilliant appearance in the sky.
According to the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, depictions of Venus have been closely linked to: "Athanasius Kircher's Itinerarium Exstaticum (1656), Emanuel Swedenborg's The Earths in our Solar System (1758), and George Griffith's A Honeymoon in Space (January-July 1900 Pearson's as "Stories of Other Worlds"; exp 1901), and were influenced by the planet's longtime association with the goddess of love."
By the mid-to-late 1700s, astronomers were beginning to examine the planet in earnest. Venus' atmosphere was first discovered in 1761 by Mikhail Lomonosov of Russia. Thirty years later, German astronomer Johann Schröter directly observed the planet's atmosphere with a telescope and documented several anomalies that led him to correctly guess that the planet was home to a thick atmosphere.
While the presence of such an atmosphere hindered direct study of the planet's surface, it provided wonderful fodder for authors: with clouds hiding the planet's surface, anything could exist on Venus.
Depictions of the world often included oceans or vast, steamy marshes, but always habitable, something that even scientists studying the planet couldn't definitively rule out. It wasn't just artists imagining this possibility: scientists such as Svante Arrhenius, who is known for his research into carbon dioxide and the greenhouse effect, pushed a theory that Venus was an ideal candidate for harboring life, noting that a warm, wet environment might be similar to time periods in Earth's past. Clouds potentially meant moisture, and a complete cloud cover might mean a lot of water.
Charles Greeley Abbot, who directed the Smithsonian Observatory, believed that Venus was essentially a twin of Earth. With plenty of moisture and similar temperatures, it was likely habitable. Should there exist life forms, humanity could enter "into fluent communication by wireless with a race brought up completely separate, having their own systems of government, social usages, religions, and surrounded by vegetation and animals entirely unrelated to any here on earth. It would be a revelation far beyond the opening of Japan, or the discoveries of Egyptologists, or the adventures of travelers in the dark continent."
Thus, the idea of a wet Venus was grounded with some scientific backing: speculation from scientists, which in turn helped to inform public opinion and perceptions of the planet. For science fiction authors, looking to write stories about plausible science, this was a crucial component.
These perceptions carried over into the science fiction magazines. Pulp authors churned out a precursor to space opera called planetary romance, stories which featured adventures on our neighboring planets. The first to really use Venus as a setting was Planet of Peril, by Adelbert Kline, published in 1929, in which a man telepathically travels to Venus and goes on a variety of adventures.
Fellow author Edgar Rice Burroughs also went to Venus with his Amtor series.
The books followed the model of his well-known Baroom novels, but took place on Venus, following the adventures of Carson Napier. Early in the first entry in the series, Pirates of Venus, published in 1934, Burroughs introduces the planet:
"Yes, and I would prefer going to Venus," he replied. "Enveloped in clouds, its surface forever invisible to man, it presents a mystery that intrigues the imagination; but recent astronomical research suggests conditions there inimical to the support of any such life as we know on earth. It has been thought by some that, held in the grip of the Sun since the era of her pristine fluidity, she always presents the same face to him, as does the Moon to earth. If such is the case, the extreme heat of one hemisphere and the extreme cold of the other would preclude life."
Here, he hits all of the right notes, indicating the mysterious surface (and how it stimulates the imagination!), that it supports life, and that the planet is referred to in feminine terms.
Other authors followed in Burroughs' footsteps with planetary romance stories: Leigh Brackett and C.L. Moore, each covered the planet in their proto-space opera fiction, and incorporated these early preconceptions into their fiction. Moore's 1934 story, "Black Thirst," originally published in Weird Tales, depicted Venus as a planet populated with beautiful aliens:
"A long black cloak hid her, but the light fell upon her face, heart-shaped under the little three-cornered velvet cap that Venusian women wear, fell on the ripples of half-hidden bronze hair; and by that sweet triangular face and shining hair he knew her for one of the Minga maids—those beauties that from the beginning of history had been bred in the Minga stronghold for loveliness and grace, as race-horses are bred on earth, and reared from earlier infancy in the art of charming men."
This ties in nicely with the perceptions of the planet, and its classical history: Venus, a planet revered for its beautiful appearance in the sky, passed along these virtues to its inhabitants.
Leigh Brackett, in her story, "The Enchantress of Venus" (Planet Stories, Fall 1949), followed with her own conventions: she focused not only with the climate, "The air was heavy with moisture, tainted with the muddy fecundity of the land that brooded westward behind the eternal fog," but also with the sense of mystery and unknown: "Even on its own world, the red Sea is hardly more than legend. It lies behind the Mountains of White Cloud, the great barrier wall that hides away half a planet. Few men have gone beyond that barrier, into the vast mystery of Inner Venus. Fewer still have come back."
Ray Bradbury, another practitioner of the Planetary Romance subgenre, visited the planet on occasion. One notable entry is "The Long Rain," published in Planet Stories in May 1950. Four astronauts crash-land on Venus and seek safety amidst Venus' endless rainstorms:
"The rain continued. It was a hard rain, a perpetual rain, a sweating and steaming rain; it was a mizzle, a downpour, a fountain, a whipping at the eyes, an undertow at the ankles; it was a rain to drown all rains and the memory of rains. It came by the pound and the ton, it hacked at the jungle and cut the trees like scissors and shaved the grass and tunneled the soil and molted the bushes. It shrank men's hands into the hands of wrinkled apes; it rained a solid glassy rain, and it never stopped."
As scientific interest began to heat up for the planet in the 1950s, so too did our perceptions of the world begin to change. After the initial discoveries of the planet's atmosphere in the late 1700s, astronomers conducted little research on the planet. It wasn't until the 1940s that researchers took another look.
There were indications that the authors were correct: in the late 1930s and early 1940s, astronomer Rupert Wildt studied the Venetian atmosphere and concluded that there was likely a runaway greenhouse effect on the planet, caused by high levels of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Later that decade, Harry Wexler, the head of the U.S. Weather Bureau, began a study of planetary atmospheres, and helped push research that established that Venus' atmosphere was not breathable. Further studies published in the late 1950s found that not only was the composition of the atmosphere toxic to human life, it was incredibly hot. "It was very disappointing to many people," one of the discoverers recalled, "who were reluctant to give up the idea of a sister planet and perhaps even the possibility of life."
Interestingly, 1953's novel The Space Merchants was also ahead of the curve on the popular perception of Venus and its atmosphere. With their novel Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth shifted away from the imaginative vision of Venus that other authors had played with.
And the closing question of their youngest babbler ("Mommy, when I grow up kin I take my littul boys and girls to a place as nice as Venus?") cued the switch to a highly imaginative series of shots of Venus as it would be when the child grew up—verdant valleys, crystal lakes, brilliant mountain vistas.
"The commentary did not exactly deny, and neither did it dwell on, the decades of hydroponics and life in hermetically sealed cabins that the pioneers would have to endure while working on Venus' unbreathable atmosphere and waterless chemistry."
Kornbluth and Pohl's novel does two things simultaneously: one, it recognizes the popular image that science fiction itself had created: an aspirational destination for spacefaring adventurers, and a potential new home to escape from Earth's problems.
Two, it introduces a reality check. The Space Merchants is a satirical novel, taking a number of science fiction's tropes and inverting them. The Venus imagined by science fiction authors never existed, except in speculative stories, written either by the aforementioned authors, or by marketing agents.
The Space Merchants predicted this to some degree—it's unclear how: if it was dumb luck, or if Pohl and Kornbluth had been paying attention to the cutting edge research that had been conducted by Wildt. Either way, theirs was one of the first that depicted Venus accurately: inhabitable.
Other stories began to pick up on the science: Arthur C. Clarke's short story 'Before Eden', published in the June 1961 issue of Amazing Stories, described the planet as having a "green auroral light, filtering down through clouds that had rolled unbroken for a million years, gave the scene an underwater appearance, and the way in which all distant objects blurred into the haze added to the impression."
By the 1960s, research on Venus was beginning to heat up, and was about to shatter our collective image of the planet. NASA's Goldstone Observatory carried out the first radar studies on the planet, discovering that the planet rotated in the opposite direction of its orbit around the sun, and confirmed its size and axis—Venus boasted a 6,052 kilometer radius, a near match perfect for Earth's own 6,371 radii.
During this time, the space race was beginning to heat up between the United States and the Soviet Union. While popularly seen as the race to the moon, each superpower was intent on leaving their mark on other locations around the solar system—namely, Mars and Venus.
When it came to exploration, "Venus actually made good sense," notes Jay Gallentine in his book Ambassadors from Earth: Pioneering Explorations with Unmanned Spacecraft. "Every eighteen months the two planets are closest, and flights between them only take about one hundred and fifty days." This made Venus a much better candidate for the earliest space probes. The first probe to be attempted was Sputnik 7, launched on February 4th, 1961. The rocket reached orbit, but failed to leave, and eventually burned up in the atmosphere.
The Soviet Union was undeterred, however: Just days later, on February 12th 1961, they successfully launched the Venera 1 probe. The probe failed just weeks before it reached Venus, and eventually passed the planet in May.
NASA had similar bad fortune with its first mission as well: Its Mariner 1 probe launched on July 22nd, 1962, and was destroyed 294.5 seconds into its launch when it began to veer off course. It was on August 27th that the first mission to Venus succeeded when Mariner swept past Venus in December, coming within 22,000 miles of the plant. It provided us with our first look at our closest planetary neighbor.
Venus, as it turned out, was a hellish world. The probe discovered that Venus was home to very high temperatures, high surface pressures, an atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide, and no magnetic field. Any thought of easy human habitation went right out the window.
The United States might have had the honor of being the first to pass by the planet, but it was the USSR who landed hardware on the planet: They launched Venera 3 in November 1965, with a mission to land on the surface. The probe's communications system failed before it reached the planet, and it likely crash-landed. The USSR's next probe, Venera 7 was more successful: it crashed down on December 15th, 1970 and transmitted some data back, reporting temperatures of 887 °F on the surface before it failed. More than just being the first probe to land on Venus, it was the first probe to land anywhere. Two years later, Venera 8 touched down, and sent back even more information.
NASA's Mariner 10 followed, passing by Venus on its way to Mercury in 1974, sending back some pictures of the planet and additional information about the planet's atmosphere and magnetic field.
Over the next couple of years, the USSR sent a battery of probes to the planet and in 1978 with varying degrees of success NASA followed with two additional probes: the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe. The orbiter arrived on December 4th and sent back observations on the atmosphere and surface until 1992, while the Multiprobe launched four small probes into the atmosphere on December 9th, one of which landed on the surface.
In more recent years, NASA, the European Space Agency, and Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency launched orbiters in 1990, 2006, and 2010, respectively. Magellan orbited the planet for four years and sent back detailed images of the surface of the planet and information about its geology.
The result of all of this exploration was a completely new vision of Venus. Like the revelations that Mars was inhospitable, stories about Venus began to adapt to the new reality. While Mars can likely be inhabited by people, Venus presents much greater challenges for human habitation, and even remote exploration.
As a result, Venus has become a far less hospitable destination for science fiction authors, especially when compared to Mars. Some books do use the planet for their stories. One notable example is 2000's Venus, by Ben Bova. In this story, the son of a space transportation company died on a mission to Venus. A massive reward is offered to anyone who can recover the remains of the man. Another son, Alex, takes his father up on the reward, traveling to the planet to recover the reward. Bova plays with the possibility of life existing on the inhospitable planet, but incorporates modern research into his story.
Another author, Kim Stanley Robinson, is known for his realistic portrayal of the solar system, and he takes a more optimistic view of the state of Venus in his 2012 novel, 2312:
"Venus' atmosphere was now so reduced in density from its native state that it was transparent, and even though the whole planet was in the shadow of its sunshield and therefore in perpetual night, one could make out the dim white dry ice seas, and the black rock of the two continents partially blown and scraped free . . . Venus and Titan were really the best remaining candidates to join Mars as fully terraformed worlds—shirtsleeve worlds, as some called them, with free atmospheres humans could breathe."
As with most of Robinson's novels, he takes a technologically optimistic view of the future. Here, even the solar system's most hellish world can be bent to the will of humanity to become a habitable world that would fulfill the earliest imaginations of the early science fiction authors.
Despite these advances in our knowledge of Venus, the image of the planet as a mysterious world persists in science fiction. S.M. Stirling's 2006 novel The Sky People, takes an alternate universe in which the solar system of the pulp stories really existed, including a populated Venus.
This pull towards nostalgic images is due in part to the attention that the planet gets: Mars and the outer solar system have been visited often and recently by robotic probes, while Venus has had a much smaller share of visitors.
Yet, there is an allure to the romance of the image that we have of Venus. Writing in the foreword for his anthology Old Venus, Gardner Dozois notes that "There have been plenty of stories about the New Venus in the last couple of decades . . . but some of us missed the Old Venus, the Venus of so many dreams over so many years." There's a sense of nostalgia for the stories of old, and Venus, ever the mysterious planet underneath its perpetual cloud cover.
Cambias wrote on May 2nd, 2016 at 12:19 pm:
Two Venus stories that really do deserve a mention:
C.S. Lewis's _Perelandra_, written in the 1940s, which uses the still-current watery Venus as the setting for a theological drama about temptation.
Roger Zelazny's "The Doors of His Face, The Lamps of His Mouth" from the 1960s, which is kind of a farewell to the old ocean-covered idea of Venus, as the backdrop for a story of obsession.
Oh, and there is what I think is a typo which is rather confusing: "Either way, theirs was one of the first that depicted Venus accurately: inhabitable." Shouldn't that be "uninhabitable"?
Zola wrote on May 5th, 2016 at 1:07 pm:
Another Venus story you missed that talks about terraforming the planet and its poisonous atmosphere was Pamela Sargent's Venus trilogy Venus of Dreams, Venus of Shadows, and Child of Venus.
First one was published in 1999.
Andrew Liptak is a writer and historian from Vermont. He is the author of the forthcoming book Cosplay: A History (Saga Press, 2021), and his work has appeared in Clarkesworld Magazine, io9, Kirkus Reviews, Lightspeed Magazine, Tor.com, VentureBeat, The Verge, and other publications.
www.andrewliptak.com
Destination: Luna by Andrew Liptak - October 2019
Destination: Mars by Andrew Liptak - May 2015


text:
Set of 4 "Oriental Scenery" Aquatints - Archive
Thomas Daniell, RA
English, 1749-1840
(clockwise from top right)
"Eastern Gate of the Jummah Musjid, Delhi"
"An Hindoo Temple at Deo, in Bohar"
"A View of the Jummah Musjid, Delhi"
"Mausoleum of Sultan Chusero, near Allahabad"
Aquatints published in Oriental Scenery (London, 1795)
These form part of a set of 24 scenes of India created by Thomas Daniell and his nephew William Daniell. They continued to produce more scenes through 1808 to produce a full series of 144. Their work was an instant commercial success in Britain, and is said to have both surpassed other images of the subcontinent from that period as well as contributed to the public knowledge of India at the time.
The Daniells worked together to produce original paintings on site, as well as the prints when they returned to London. William would lay out the underdrawing with the aid of a camera obscura, and Thomas would lay in the washes and fine details. While these aquatints are rare, it is rarer still to find examples that retain so much of their original colour.


text:
Calliprason sinclairi är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av White 1843. Calliprason sinclairi ingår i släktet Calliprason och familjen långhorningar. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Externa länkar

Långhorningar
sinclairi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Which is the stable version of Spring boot in maven The latest version of spring boot is 2.7.5 from the Maven Repo is released .
https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework.boot/spring-boot-starter
Is spring boot 2.7.5 version stable version ? Can we use the sprint 2.7.5 version in projects .On what basis we can consider that this version is released and we can go ahead and start using the projects .Could anyone suggest on this please .

A: Yes, it's the latest stable version on Spring boot. You can see that it's widely used in the Usege section

A: As the time of writing: Yes, 2.7.5 is the latest release version of Spring Boot.
However, it should be noted that Spring Boot 3.0.0 should also be coming out this year.The current latest version there (as of the time of writing is 3.0.0-RC2 as seen in the release notes.
This version is a Release Candidate so while it should be almost ready, there might still be a few (breaking) changes and fixes.
If you are starting a new project (especially if it won't release that soon), you might want to use Spring Boot 3 (RC2) now and switch to the proper release version once it comes out.
This way, you can use Spring 6/Spring Boot 3 without having the migration work.
If you want to use Release Candidates, you would need to add the milestone repository to your build configuration (e.g. pom.xml):
<repositories>
    <repository>
        <id>spring-milestones</id>
        <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone/</url>
    </repository>
</repositories>


With the ever increasing cooling demands of advanced electronics, thin film evaporation has emerged as one of the most promising thermal management solutions. High heat transfer rates can be achieved in thin films of liquids due to a small conduction resistance through the film to the evaporating interface. In thin film evaporation, maintaining a stable liquid film to attain high evaporation rates is challenging. We investigated nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes to supply liquid to the evaporating surface via capillarity. In this work, we achieved enhanced experimental control via the creation of a hydrophobic section within the nanopore. By creating a non-wetting section, the liquid is confined within the membrane to a region of well-controlled geometry. This non-wetting section also prevents flooding, where the formation of a thick liquid film degrades device performance. When heat flux is applied to the membrane surface, the liquid wicks into the membrane from the bottom and becomes pinned at the onset of the hydrophobic layer. As a result, the wetting in the membrane is controlled, flooding is prevented, and a stable evaporating surface in achieved. With this approach, thin film evaporation from nanoporous media can now be studied for varying parameters such as pore size, porosity, and location of the meniscus within the pore.
Wilke KL, Barabadi B, Zhang T, Wang EN. Controlled Wetting in Nanoporous Membranes for Thin Film Evaporation. ASME. J. Heat Transfer. 2016;138(8):080906-080906-6. doi:10.1115/1.4033827.


text:
Q: SSRS Chart Hiding one group if it has 0 value I have one pie chart that has 4 types. I want to hide the display of the particular group if the total aggregate is 0. . Based on my chart, Could anyone please help me how to  change the filter condition not to show paid group if it has 0. TIA

A: You can filter by TOTAL in the Category Group properties of the chart.
This is the only place in a chart where you can filter by an aggregate (SUM or COUNT).

A: Agree with Renu's approach (as in comments), just to elaborate, in order to suppress zero values (in data cells) use the IIF() function to return appropriate, i.e. right click the Data-Cell -> select Expression and enter something similar to the following expression::
    =IIF( Sum(Fields!columName.Value)=0, Nothing, Count(Fields!columName.Value) )

In case where you need to return a Boolean value (True/False), then use something similar to below:
    =IIF(Count(Fields!columName.Value)=0, False, True)