"KKR" redirects here. For the cricket team, see Kolkata Knight Riders. For other uses, see KKR (disambiguation).
KKR & Co. Inc. (formerly known as Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. and KKR & Co. L.P.) is a global investment firm that manages multiple alternative asset classes, including private equity, energy, infrastructure, real estate, credit, and, through its strategic partners, hedge funds. The firm has completed more than 280 private equity investments in portfolio companies with approximately $545 billion of total enterprise value as of June 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2017, Assets Under Management ("AUM") and Fee Paying Assets Under Management ("FPAUM") were $153 billion and $114 billion, respectively.
The firm was founded in 1976 by Jerome Kohlberg, Jr., and cousins Henry Kravis and George R. Roberts, all of whom had previously worked together at Bear Stearns, where they completed some of the earliest leveraged buyout transactions. Since its founding, KKR has completed a number of transactions including the 1989 leveraged buyout of RJR Nabisco, which was the largest buyout in history to that point, as well as the 2007 buyout of TXU, which is currently the largest buyout completed to date.
KKR has offices in 21 cities in 16 countries across 5 continents. The firm is currently headquartered in the Solow Building (9 W. 57th Street, New York, NY), but in October 2015, the firm announced its intentions to occupy a newly constructed 30 Hudson Yards.
In October 2009, KKR listed shares in the company through KKR & Co., an affiliate that holds 30% of the firm's ownership equity, with the remainder held by the firm's partners. In March 2010, KKR filed to list its shares on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), with trading commencing four months later, on July 15, 2010.
KKR is led by its executive leadership team, Henry Kravis, George R. Roberts, Joe Bae, and Scott Nuttall. The firm employs approximately 375 investment professionals and 1,250 total employees as of December 31, 2017. KKR is headquartered in the Solow Building at 9 West 57th Street, Manhattan, New York, with offices in Menlo Park, San Francisco, Houston, London, Dublin, Paris, Madrid, Luxembourg, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Beijing, Shanghai, Mumbai, Dubai, Riyadh, Seoul, São Paulo, Singapore, and Sydney.
KKR's business operates in four segments: private markets, public markets, capital markets, and principal activities.
Through its private markets segment, the firm manages and sponsors a group of private equity funds that invest capital for long-term appreciation, either through controlling ownership of a company or strategic minority positions. In addition to traditional private equity funds, KKR sponsors investment funds that invest in growth equity and core equity. The firm also manages and sponsors investment funds that invest capital in real assets, such as infrastructure, energy and real estate.
KKR has raised 23 private and growth equity funds with approximately $102.9 billion of capital commitments through December 31, 2017. Its private equity investment strategy typically seeks to engage primarily in management buyouts, build-ups, or other investments with a view to acquire a controlling or significant influence. The firm has sourced several smaller growth equity investments and expanded the business by launching dedicated growth equity funds.
KKR's first dedicated growth equity fund, launched in 2016, invests in the technology, media and telecommunications sector, primarily in the United States, Canada, Europe and Israel. In 2016, KKR also launched its second dedicated growth equity fund to pursue investments in the health care sector, also primarily in the United States. As of December 31, 2017, they have received $2.0 billion of capital commitments to these strategies.
In 2017, they further expanded on their private equity business by making their first core equity investment, targeting investments that have a longer holding period and a lower risk profile.
KKR's energy business aims to deliver current returns to fund investors through distributions generated by producing and selling oil and natural gas reserves and capital appreciation, and targets real asset investments across the upstream and midstream segments of the oil and gas industry. KKR invests in these energy strategies primarily through the KKR Energy Income and Growth Fund. As of December 31, 2017, they have received $2.9 billion of capital commitments to their energy funds and $1.0 billion of capital commitments to this strategy through separately managed accounts.
KKR's infrastructure platform seeks to achieve returns including current income through the acquisition and operational improvement of assets important to the functioning of the economy. The platform has made investments in parking, alternative energy, district heating and contracted electricity generation, water and wastewater, locomotive transportation, midstream and telecommunications infrastructure. As of December 31, 2017, KKR had received $4.1 billion of capital commitments to its infrastructure funds and $1.1 billion of capital commitments to this strategy through separately managed accounts and co-investment vehicles.
KKR's real estate platform targets real estate equity primarily in the United States and Western Europe. The firm's equity investments include direct investments in real property, debt, special situations transactions and businesses with significant real estate holdings. As of December 31, 2017, KKR has received $3.9 billion of capital commitments through its real estate equity investment funds.
KKR's real estate credit platform provides capital solutions for complex real estate transactions with a focus on commercial mortgage-backed securities, whole loans and subordinated debt. As of December 31, 2017, KKR managed approximately $2.2 billion of assets in its real estate credit strategy, which include KKR Real Estate Finance Trust Inc. ("KREF"), a NYSE-listed real estate investment trust ("REIT"), and $1.1 billion of capital commitments through a real estate credit fund.
KKR's credit business invests capital in leveraged credit strategies, including leveraged loans, high-yield bonds, opportunistic credit and revolving credit strategies, and alternative credit strategies, including special situations and private credit strategies such as direct lending and private opportunistic credit (or mezzanine) investment strategies.
KKR's hedge fund business consists of strategic manager partnerships with third-party hedge fund managers in which KKR owns a minority stake. As of December 31, 2017, the strategic manager partnerships with third-party hedge fund managers accounted for $26.2 billion of AUM.
In December 2017, FS Investments and KKR announced they are pooling together more than $18 billion in private capital to invest in mid-sized businesses, in a push to do bigger deals which are out of reach for other alternative lenders.
KKR's capital markets business mainly arranges debt and equity transactions for the firm, its portfolio companies, and third parties. KKR's capital markets group raised $815 million of debt needed to close the purchase of Mills Fleet Farm in 2016.
The Principal Activities segment uses KKR's balance sheet assets to support its investment management and capital markets businesses. KKR uses this capital for general partner commitments and to establish a track record for fundraising purposes in new strategies, such as the approximately $1 billion invested in KKR's real estate business as of 2017.
While running the corporate finance department for Bear Stearns in the 1960s and 1970s, Jerome Kohlberg, and later Henry Kravis and George Roberts, completed a series of what they described as "bootstrap" investments beginning in 1964–65. They targeted family-owned businesses, many of which had been founded in the years following World War II which by the 1960s and 1970s were facing succession issues. Many of these companies lacked a viable or attractive exit for their founders as they were too small to be taken public and the founders were reluctant to sell out to competitors and so a sale to a financial buyer could prove attractive.
Their acquisition of Orkin Exterminating Company in 1964 is among the first significant leveraged buyout transactions. In the following years the three Bear Stearns bankers would complete a series of buyouts including Stern Metals (1965), Incom (a division of Rockwood International, 1971), Cobblers Industries (1971), and Boren Clay (1973), as well as Thompson Wire, Eagle Motors and Barrows through their investment in Stern Metals. Despite a number of highly successful investments, the $27 million investment in Cobblers ended in bankruptcy.
By 1976, tensions had built up between Bear Stearns and Kohlberg, Kravis and Roberts, which led to the formation of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. in that year. Most notably, Bear Stearns executive Cy Lewis had rejected repeated proposals to form a dedicated investment fund within Bear Stearns and Lewis took exception to the amount of time spent on outside activities.
The new KKR completed its first buyout, that of manufacturer A.J. Industries, in 1977. KKR raised capital from a small group of investors including the Hillman Company and First Chicago Bank. By 1978, with the revision of the ERISA regulations, the nascent KKR was successful in raising its first institutional fund with over $30 million of investor commitments. In 1981, KKR expanded its investor base when the Oregon State Treasury's public pension fund invested in KKR's acquisition of retailer Fred Meyer, Inc. Oregon State remains an active investor in KKR funds.
After the 1987 resignation of Jerome Kohlberg at age 61 (he later founded his own private equity firm, Kohlberg & Co.), Henry Kravis succeeded him as senior partner. Under Kravis and Roberts, the firm was responsible for the 1988 leveraged buyout of RJR Nabisco. RJR Nabisco was the largest buyout in history at that time, at $25 billion ($31.1 billion, including assumed debt), and remained the largest buyout for the next 17 years. The deal was chronicled in Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco, and later made into a television movie starring James Garner.
In 1988, F. Ross Johnson was the president and CEO of RJR Nabisco, formed in 1985 by the merger of Nabisco Brands and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, a leading producer of food products (Shredded Wheat, Oreo cookies, Ritz crackers, Planters peanuts, Life Savers, Del Monte Fruit and Vegetables, and Snickers Chocolate) as well as Winston, Camel and Salem cigarettes. In October 1988, Johnson proposed a $17 billion ($75 per share) management buyout of the company with the financial backing of investment bank Shearson Lehman Hutton and its parent company, American Express.
Several days later, Kravis, who had originally suggested the idea of the buyout to Johnson, presented a new bid for $20.3 billion ($90 per share) financed with an aggressive debt package. KKR had the support of equity co-investments from pension funds and other institutional investors. Investors included Coca-Cola, Georgia-Pacific and United Technologies corporate pension funds, as well as endowments from MIT, Harvard and the New York State Common Retirement Fund However, KKR faced criticism from existing investors over the firm's use of hostile tactics in the buyout of RJR.
KKR proposed to provide a joint offer with Johnson and Shearson Lehman but was rebuffed and Johnson attempted to stonewall KKR's access to financial information from RJR. Rival private equity firm Forstmann Little & Co. was invited into the process by Shearson Lehman but attempted to provide a bid for RJR with a consortium of Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, Procter & Gamble, Ralston Purina and Castle & Cooke.
Ultimately the Forstmann consortium came apart and did not provide a final bid for RJR.
In November 1988, RJR set guidelines for a final bid submission at the end of the month. The management and Shearson group submitted a final bid of $112, a figure they felt certain would enable them to outflank any response by Kravis and KKR. KKR's final bid of $109, while a lower dollar figure, was ultimately accepted by the board of directors of RJR Nabisco. KKR's offer was guaranteed, whereas the management offer lacked a "reset", meaning that the final share price might have been lower than their stated $112 per share.
Additionally, many in RJR's board of directors had grown concerned at recent disclosures of Ross Johnson's unprecedented golden parachute deal. Time Magazine featured Johnson on the cover of their December 1988 issue along with the headline, "A Game of Greed: This man could pocket $100 million from the largest corporate takeover in history. Has the buyout craze gone too far?". KKR's offer was welcomed by the board, and, to some observers, it appeared that their elevation of the reset issue as a deal-breaker in KKR's favor was little more than an excuse to reject Johnson's higher bid of $112 per share. Johnson received $53 million from the buyout. KKR collected a $75 million fee in the RJR takeover. At $31.1 billion of transaction value (including assumed debt), RJR Nabisco was, at the time, by far the largest leveraged buyout in history.
In 2006 and 2007, a number of leveraged buyout transactions were completed which surpassed the RJR Nabisco leveraged buyout in terms of nominal purchase price. The deal was first surpassed in July 2006 by the $33 billion buyout of U.S. hospital operator Hospital Corporation of America, in which KKR participated. However, adjusted for inflation, none of the leveraged buyouts of the 2006–07 period would surpass RJR Nabisco.
The buyout of RJR Nabisco was completed in April 1989 and KKR would spend the early 1990s repaying the RJR's enormous debt load through a series of asset sales and restructuring transactions. KKR did not complete a single investment in 1990, the first such year since 1982. KKR began to focus primarily on its existing portfolio companies acquired during the buyout boom of the late 1980s. Six of KKR's portfolio companies completed IPOs in 1991, including RJR Nabisco and Duracell.
As the new decade began, KKR began restructuring RJR. In January 1990, it completed the sale of RJR's Del Monte Foods to a group led by Merrill Lynch. KKR had originally identified a group of divisions that it could sell to reduce debt. Over the coming years, RJR would pursue a number of additional restructurings, equity injections and public offerings of stock to provide the company with added financial flexibility. KKR contributed $1.7 billion of new equity into RJR in July 1990 to complete a restructuring of the company's balance sheet. KKR's equity contribution as part of the original leveraged buyout of RJR had been only $1.5 billion. In mid-December 1990, RJR announced an exchange offer that would swap debt in RJR for a new public stock in the company, effectively an unusual means of taking RJR public again and simultaneously reducing debt on the company.
RJR issued additional stock to the public in March 1991 to further reduce debt, resulting in an upgrade of the credit rating of RJR's debt from junk to investment grade. KKR began to reduce its ownership in RJR in 1994, when its stock in RJR was used as part of the consideration for its leveraged buyout of Borden, Inc., a producer of food and beverage products, consumer products, and industrial products. The following year, in 1995, KKR would divest itself of its final stake in RJR Nabisco when Borden sold a $638 million block of stock.
While KKR no longer had any ownership of RJR Nabisco by 1995, its original investment would not be fully realized until KKR exited its last investment in 2004. After sixteen years of efforts, including contributing new equity, taking RJR public, asset sales and exchanging shares of RJR for the ownership of Borden, Inc., KKR finally sold the last remnants of its 1989 investment. In July 2004, KKR agreed to sell its stock in Borden Chemical to Apollo Management for $1.2 billion.
In the early 1990s, the absence of an active high yield market prompted KKR to change its tactics, avoiding large leveraged buyouts in favor of industry consolidations through what were described as leveraged buildups or rollups. One of KKR's largest investments in the 1990s was the leveraged buildup of Primedia in partnership with former executives of Macmillan Publishing, which KKR had failed to acquire in 1988. KKR created Primedia's predecessor, K-III Communications, a platform to buy media properties, initially completing the $310 million divisional buyout of the book club division of Macmillan along with the assets of Intertec Publishing Corporation in May 1989.
During the early 1990s, K-III continued acquiring publishing assets, including a $650 million acquisition from News Corporation in 1991. K-III went public, however instead of cashing out, KKR continued to make new investments in the company in 1998, 2000 and 2001 to support acquisition activity. In 2005, Primedia redeemed KKR's preferred stock in the company but KKR was estimated to have lost hundreds of millions of dollars on its common stock holdings as the price of the company's stock collapsed.
In 1991, KKR partnered with Fleet/Norstar Financial Group in the 1991 acquisition of the Bank of New England, from the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. In January 1996, KKR would exchange its investment for a 7.5% interest in Fleet Bank. KKR completed the 1992 buyout of American Re Corporation from Aetna as well as a 47% interest in TW Corporation, later known as The Flagstar Companies and owner of Denny's in 1992. Among the other notable investments KKR completed in the early 1990s included World Color Press (1993–95), RELTEC Corporation (1995) and Bruno's (1995).
By the mid-1990s, the debt markets were improving and KKR had moved on from the RJR Nabisco buyout. In 1996, KKR was able to complete the bulk of fundraising for what was then a record $6 billion private equity fund, the KKR 1996 Fund. However, KKR was still burdened by the performance of the RJR investment and repeated obituaries in the media. KKR was required by its investors to reduce the fees it charged and to calculate its carried interest based on the total profit of the fund (i.e., offsetting losses from failed deals against the profits from successful deals).
KKR's activity level would accelerate over the second half of the 1990s making a series of notable investments including Spalding Holdings Corporation and Evenflo (1996), Newsquest (1996), KinderCare Learning Centers (1997), Amphenol Corporation (1997), Randalls Food Markets (1997), The Boyds Collection (1998), MedCath Corporation (1998), Willis Group Holdings (1998), Smiths Group (1999), and Wincor Nixdorf (1999).
KKR's largest investment of the 1990s would be one of its least successful. In January 1998, KKR and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst agreed to the $1.5 billion buyout of Regal Entertainment Group. KKR and Hicks Muse had initially intended to combine Regal with Act III Cinemas, which KKR had acquired in 1997 for $706 million and United Artists Theaters, which Hicks Muse had agreed to acquire for $840 million in November 1997. Shortly after agreeing to the Regal takeover, the deal with United Artists fell apart, destroying the strategy to eliminate costs by building a larger combined company. Two years later, in 2000, Regal encountered significant financial issues and was forced to file for bankruptcy protection; the company passed to billionaire investor Philip Anschutz.
At the start of the 21st century, the landscape of large leveraged buyout firms was changing. Several large and storied firms, including Hicks Muse Tate & Furst and Forstmann Little & Company were dragged down by heavy losses in the bursting of the telecom bubble. Although, KKR's track record since RJR Nabisco was mixed, losses on such investments as Regal Entertainment Group, Spalding, Flagstar and Primedia (previously K-III Communications) were offset by successes in Willis Group, Wise Foods, Inc., Wincor Nixdorf and MTU Aero Engines, among others.
Additionally, KKR was one of the few firms that was able to complete large leveraged buyout transactions in the years immediately following the collapse of the Internet bubble, including Shoppers Drug Mart and Bell Canada Yellow Pages. KKR was able to realize its investment in Shoppers Drug Mart through a 2002 IPO and subsequent public stock offerings. The directories business would be taken public in 2004 as Yellow Pages Income Fund, a Canadian income trust.
In 2004 a consortium comprising KKR, Bain Capital and real estate development company Vornado Realty Trust announced the $6.6 billion acquisition of Toys "R" Us, the toy retailer. A month earlier, Cerberus Capital Management, made a $5.5 billion offer for both the toy and baby supplies businesses. The Toys 'R' Us buyout was one of the largest in several years. Following this transaction, by the end of 2004 and in 2005, major buyouts were once again becoming common and market observers were stunned by the leverage levels and financing terms obtained by financial sponsors in their buyouts.
In 2005, KKR was one of seven private equity firms involved in the buyout of SunGard in a transaction valued at $11.3 billion. KKR's partners in the acquisition were Silver Lake Partners, Bain Capital, Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, Blackstone Group, Providence Equity Partners, and TPG Capital. This represented the largest leveraged buyout completed since the takeover of RJR Nabisco in 1988. SunGard was the largest buyout of a technology company until the Blackstone-led buyout of Freescale Semiconductor. The SunGard transaction was notable given the number of firms involved in the transaction, the largest club deal completed to that point. The involvement of seven firms in the consortium was criticized by investors in private equity who considered cross-holdings among firms to be generally unattractive.
Other non-buyout investments completed by KKR during this period included Legg Mason, Sun Microsystems, Tarkett, Longview Power Plant, and Seven Network. In October 2006, KKR acquired a 50% stake in Tarkett, a France-based distributor of flooring products, in a deal valued at about €1.4 billion ($1.8 billion). On November 20, 2006, KKR announced it would form a A$4 billion partnership with the Seven Network of Australia. On January 23, 2007, KKR announced it would invest $700 million through a PIPE investment in Sun Microsystems. In January 2008, KKR announced it had made a $1.25 billion PIPE investment in Legg Mason through a convertible preferred stock offering.
In addition to its successful buyout transactions, KKR was involved in the failed buyout of Harman International Industries (NYSE: HAR), an upscale audio equipment maker. On April 26, 2007, Harman announced it had entered an agreement to be acquired by KKR and Goldman Sachs. As the financing markets became more adverse[clarification needed] in the summer of 2007, the buyout was on tenuous ground. In September 2007, KKR and Goldman backed out of the $8 billion buyout of Harman. By the end of the day, Harman's shares had plummeted by more than 24% upon the news.
In 2007, KKR filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission to raise $1.25 billion by selling an ownership interest in its management company. The filing came less than two weeks after the initial public offering of rival private equity firm Blackstone Group. KKR had previously listed its KPE vehicle in 2006, but for the first time, KKR would offer investors an ownership interest in the management company itself. The onset of the credit crunch and the shutdown of the IPO market dampened the prospects of obtaining a valuation attractive to KKR. The flotation was repeatedly postponed, and called off by the end of August.
The following year, in July 2008, KKR announced a new plan to list its shares. The plan called for KKR to complete a reverse takeover of its listed affiliate KKR Private Equity Investors in exchange for a 21% interest in the firm. In November 2008, KKR announced a delay of this transaction until 2009. Shares of KPE had declined significantly in the second half of 2008 with the onset of the credit crunch. KKR has announced that it expects to close the transaction in 2009. In October 2009, KKR listed shares in KKR & Co. on the Euronext exchange, replacing KPE and anticipates a listing on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010. The public entity represents a 30% interest in Kohlberg Kravis Roberts. In October 2010, KKR acquired about nine members of Goldman Sachs Group proprietary trading team after entertaining offers from investment firms such as Perella Weinberg and Blackrock. With Goldman shutting down its proprietary trading operations, its executives, led by Bob Howard, will help KKR expand beyond leveraged buyouts into areas such as hedge funds.
In December 2011, Samson Investment Company was acquired by a group of private equity investors led by KKR for approximately $7.2 billion and Samson Resources Corporation was formed. With the severe downturn in oil and natural gas prices, in September 2015, the Company went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy and during its bankruptcy process, sold several large assets.
In January 2014, KKR acquired Sedgwick Claims Management Services Inc for $2.4 billion from two private equity companies - Stone Point, and Hellman & Friedman.
In June 2014, KKR announced it was taking a one-third stake in a Spanish energy business of Acciona Energy, at a cost of €417 million ($567 million). The international renewable energy generation business operates renewable assets, largely wind farms, across 14 countries including the United States, Italy and South Africa.
In August 2014, KKR announced it was investing $400 million to acquire Fujian Sunner Development, China's largest chicken farmer, which breeds, processes and supplies frozen and fresh chickens to consumers and corporate clients, such as KFC and McDonald's, across China.
In September 2014, the firm invested $90 million in a lighting and electrics firm Savant Systems.
In January 2015, KKR confirmed its purchase of British rail ticket website thetrainline.com, previously owned by Exponent. The purchase sum is unknown.
On October 12, 2015, KKR announced that it has entered into definitive agreement with Allianz Capital Partners to acquire their majority stake in Selecta Group, a European vending services operator.
In 2016, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts purchased 2 Hispanic Chains: Northern California Mi Pueblo along with Ontario, California–based Cardenas.
In February 2016, KKR invested $75 million in commercial real estate lender A10 Capital. On September 1, 2016, KKR announced that it had acquired Epicor Software Corporation, an American software company.
In October 2016, it was reported that KKR invested $250 million in OVH to be used for further international expansion. This funding round valued OVH at over $1 billion, making it a unicorn.
In December 2016, the Lonza Group announced it would acquire Capsugel for $5.5 billion from Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.
In February 2017 KKR were reported to be trying to take over the international market research company ARI GfK SE. In July of the same year KKR acquired WebMD Health Corp for $2.8 billion and in August acquired PharMerica for $1.4 billion including debt,Pepper Group for $518 million, Covenant Surgical Partners, and Envision Healthcare Corporations ambulance business for $2.4 billion.
On September 18, 2017, Toys "R" Us, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, stating the move would give it flexibility to deal with $5 billion in long-term debt, borrow $2 billion so it can pay suppliers for the upcoming holiday season and invest in improving current operations.
In July 2018, it was announced that KKR sold Gallagher Shopping Park, West Midlands in the UK to South Korean investors, Hana for £175 million.
In February 2019, KKR acquired the German media company Tele München Gruppe. Later that month, KKR acquired German film stidio Universum Film.
Over the years, KKR has seen the departure of many of its original partners, the most notable being original co-founder Jerome Kohlberg. After a leave of absence due to an illness in 1985, Kohlberg returned to find increasing differences in strategy with his partners Kravis and Roberts. In 1987, Kohlberg left KKR to found a new private equity firm Kohlberg & Company. Kohlberg & Company returned to the investment style that Kohlberg had originally practiced at Bear Stearns and in KKR's earlier years, acquiring smaller, middle-market companies.
Since 1996, general partners of KKR have included Henry Kravis, George R. Roberts, Paul Raether, Robert MacDonnell, Jose Gandarillas, Michael Michelson, Saul Fox, James Greene, Michael Tokarz, Clifton Robbins, Scott Stuart, Perry Golkin and Edward Gilhuly. Among those who left were Saul Fox, Ted Ammon, Ned Gilhuly, Mike Tokarz and Scott Stuart who had been instrumental in establishing KKR's reputation and track record in the 1980s. KKR remains tightly controlled by Kravis and Roberts. The issue of succession has remained an important consideration for KKR's future as an ongoing institutionalized firm.
Scott C. Nuttall (born 1972), heads KKR's fastest-growing department, the Global Capital and Asset Management Group, which includes Asset Management, Capital Markets and Client and Partner Group. He joined KKR in November 1996 after leaving the Blackstone Group. His group, the firm's fastest-growing division, has $25 billion under management. With the support of co-founder George Roberts, Nuttall has largely spearheaded the campaign to expand KKR beyond its institutional investors (legacy and otherwise) into credit investment, and alternative investments, pointing out that there are billions "in revenues up for grabs". He has been named co-presidents and co-chief operating officers with Joseph Bae on July 17, 2017, to be responsible for the day-to-day operations of the firm. He will concentrate on KKR's corporate and real estate credit, capital markets, hedge fund and capital raising businesses together with the firm's corporate development, balance sheet and strategic growth initiatives. New York Times called him and Joseph Bae as potential successors. He graduated from University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Science degree.
Joseph Bae (born circa 1972) joined KKR from Goldman Sachs in 1996. Most recently, he was the managing partner of KKR Asia and the global head of KKR's Infrastructure and Energy Real Asset businesses. Mr. Bae has been the architect of KKR's Asian expansion since 2005. He has been named co-presidents and co-chief operating officers with Scott Nuttall on July 17, 2017, to be responsible for the day-to-day operations of the firm. Mr. Bae will focus on KKR's global private equity businesses as well as the Firm's real asset platforms across energy, infrastructure and real estate private equity. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard College.
Alexander Navab joined KKR from Goldman Sachs in 1993 and was the former head of Americas Private Equity. After spending 24 years at the firm, he stepped down as part of the Nuttall-Bae transition and would retire. In September 2017, he was elected to Columbia University's board of trustees. He was born in Isfahan, Iran, but followed his family and became a refugee in Greece following the Iranian Revolution. They immigrated to the United States two years later. He received a bachelor of arts degree from Columbia College, Columbia University, and an MBA degree from Harvard Business School. In 2016, he was honored with Ellis Island Medal of Honor.
Clifton S. Robbins left KKR to join competitor General Atlantic Partners in 2000 and later founded Blue Harbour Group, a private investment firm based in Greenwich, Connecticut.
Edward A. Gilhuly and Scott Stuart left KKR in 2004 to launch Sageview Capital. Prior to this, Gilhuly was the managing partner of KKR's European operations, based in London; Stuart managed KKR's energy and consumer products industry groups.
Ted Ammon, started several new ventures including Big Flower Press, which printed newspaper circulars, and Chancery Lane Capital, a boutique private equity firm, before being murdered in his Long Island home October 2001. The lover of his estranged, now deceased wife, Generosa, was later convicted.
Paul Hazen, served as chairman and CEO of Wells Fargo (1995–2001). Hazen later returned to KKR to serve as chairman of Accel-KKR, a joint venture with Accel Partners and later as chairman of KKR's publicly listed affiliate, KFN.
Ken Mehlman joined KKR in 2008 as global head of public affairs.
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^ "Shearson Risks, Rewards on RJR Nabisco". The New York Times, October 22, 1988.
^ "Nabisco Bid Seen by Kohlberg". The New York Times, October 24, 1988.
^ "Buyout Specialist Bids $20.3 Billion For RJR Nabisco". The New York Times, October 25, 1988.
^ "RJR Nabisco Bid Gives New Respectability To Giant Deals Financed With Huge Debt". The New York Times, October 26, 1988.
^ "Several Giant Pension Funds Investing in Offer for Nabisco". The New York Times, October 31, 1988.
^ "Concern Over Kohlberg, Kravis Strategy". The New York Times, November 2, 1988.
^ "RJR Nabisco Bidders Said to Talk". The New York Times, October 26, 1988.
^ "The Nabisco Battle's Key Moment". The New York Times, December 2, 1988.
^ Joint Deal For Nabisco Is Rejected. The New York Times, October 27, 1988.
^ Forstmann Declines to Bid on RJR Nabisco. The New York Times, November 17, 1988.
^ "Suitors Quarrel Over RJR Nabisco". The New York Times, November 8, 1988.
^ RJR Nabisco Discloses Guidelines for Its Buyout. The New York Times, November 9, 1988.
^ "RJR Nabisco Suitor Claims $24.88 Billion Victory". The New York Times, December 1, 1988.
^ "Nabisco Executives to Take Huge Gains in Their Buyout". The New York Times, November 5, 1988.
^ "Kohlberg, Kravis to Collect $75 Million RJR Nabisco Fee". The New York Times, February 1, 1989.
^ "RJR Nabisco, An Epilogue". The New York Times, March 12, 1999.
^ "Kohlberg, Kravis Now RJR's Owner". Associated Press, April 29, 1989.
^ "History Of The RJR Nabisco Takeover". The New York Times, December 2, 1988.
^ "Is RJR Worth $25 Billion?" The New York Times, December 2, 1988.
^ "RJR Completes Sale of Del Monte". The New York Times, January 11, 1990.
^ "Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts Loan to RJR Renegotiated". The New York Times, June 27, 1990.
^ "RJR Move Helps Lift 'Junk Bonds'". The New York Times, July 17, 1990.
^ "RJR Offers Cash and Stock for 'Junk Bonds'". The New York Times, December 18, 1990.
^ Agrees to a Takeover. The New York Times, September 13, 1994.
^ "Kohlberg's Impetus in Borden Deal". The New York Times, September 14, 1994.
^ "Borden Signs Agreement for Sale to Kohlberg". The New York Times, September 24, 1994.
^ "Kohlberg, Kravis Says It Has Control of Borden". The New York Times, December 22, 1994.
^ "Kohlberg, Kravis Plans to Divest Remaining Stake in RJR Nabisco". The New York Times, March 16, 1995.
^ "Apollo Buys Borden Chemical for $649 million". The New York Times, July 7, 2004.
^ "Kohlberg Ends Bid for Macmillan". The New York Times, November 4, 1988.
^ K-III's New Name To Be 'Primedia'. The New York Times, November 1, 1997.
^ "Macmillan Book Club Unit And a Publisher Being Sold". The New York Times, May 23, 1989.
^ a b "As Primedia Falls, Preferred Stock Lives Up to Its Name". The New York Times, October 26, 2005.
^ "K-III Communications Files Plan For an Initial Offering of Stock". The New York Times, September 6, 1995.
^ Regulators Pick Buyer To Operate New England Bank. The New York Times, April 23, 1991.
^ "Kohlberg Kravis in Swap for 7.5% of Fleet". The New York Times, January 3, 1996.
^ "Kohlberg, Kravis in Aetna Reinsurance Deal". The New York Times, June 9, 1992.
^ "Kohlberg, Kravis Plans Stake in TW". The New York Times, June 26, 1992.
^ "Kohlberg Unit to Buy Alden Press". The New York Times, January 19, 1993.
^ "Kohlberg, Kravis to Acquire Bruno's Supermarket Chain". The New York Times, April 21, 1995.
^ "$5 Billion Fund By Kohlberg Seen". The New York Times, September 13, 1996.
^ "At K.K.R., the Glory Days Are Past". The New York Times, August 10, 1995.
^ "Kohlberg Plans Stake In Spalding And Evenflo". The New York Times, August 16, 1996.
^ "Newsquest Company History". FundingUniverse.com; retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ "Kohlberg Kravis Will Buy Kindercare for $467 Million". The New York Times, October 4, 1996.
^ "Kohlberg Kravis Set to Offer $1.2 Billion for Cable Maker". The New York Times, January 24, 1997.
^ Roundup, An Interactive Edition News (1997-06-28). "KKR Completes Purchase Of Randalls for $225 Million". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
^ "Supermarkets Get a Brand New Bag". The New York Times, August 31, 1997.
^ "The Boyds Collection, Ltd. Company History". FundingUniverse.com; retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ "Kohlberg Kravis And Welsh Carson Acquiring Medcath". The New York Times, March 14, 1998.
^ "Kohlberg Kravis-Led Group To Buy Big Insurance Broker". The New York Times, July 23, 1998.
^ "Wincor Nixdorf Holding Company History". FundingUniverse.com; retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ Kohlberg Kravis In $660 Million Deal For Act III Cinemas. The New York Times, October 21, 1997.
^ "Amid Blame, United Artists Sale Collapses". The New York Times, February 23, 1998.
^ "Regal Cinemas Considers Filing For Bankruptcy". The New York Times, November 16, 2000.
^ "BCE Sells Directory Unit". The New York Times, November 30, 2002.
^ "Yellow Pages Income Fund Announces, 43 Million Offering". Yellow Pages Group press release, May 26, 2004; retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross and Rozhon, Tracie. "Three Firms Are Said to Buy Toys 'R' Us for $6 Billion". New York Times, March 17, 2005.
^ What's Next for Toys 'R' Us?. The Wall Street Journal, March 18, 2005.
^ "Deal Mania: Shades of the '80s: The leveraged buyout is back in vogue" Archived 2008-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. US News & World Report, April 10, 2005.
^ "Capital Firms Agree to Buy SunGard Data in Cash Deal". The New York Times, March 29, 2005.
^ "Do Too Many Cooks Spoil the Takeover Deal?" The New York Times, April 3, 2005.
^ K.K.R., Texas Pacific Plan Record Buyout of TXU. The New York Times, February 23, 2007.
^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross. "HCA Buyout Highlights Era of Going Private". The New York Times, July 25, 2006.
^ Bloomberg News (August 4, 2006). "Technology; Royal Philips Sells Unit for $4.4 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "TDC-One year on Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine." Dow Jones Private Equity News, January 22, 2007; retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ Peters, Jeremy W. (March 13, 2007). "Buyout Firm Is Acquiring Dollar General Retail Chain". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
^ Werdigier, Julia. "Equity Firm Wins Bidding for a Retailer, Alliance Boots". The New York Times, April 25, 2007.
^ "Terra Firma drops Boots bid plan". BBC. April 24, 2007.
^ "Kohlberg Kravis to Buy First Data for $29 Billion". The New York Times, April 3, 2007.
^ Lonkevich, Dan and Klump, Edward. KKR, Texas Pacific Will Acquire TXU for $45 Billion Bloomberg.com, February 26, 2007.
^ Skariachan, Dhanya (February 26, 2007). "KKR, Texas Pacific-led group to buy TXU Corp". Reuters.
^ "Wary Buyers May Scuttle Two Deals". The New York Times, September 22, 2007.
^ Jenny Anderson and Michael J. de la Merced. "Kohlberg Kravis Plans to Go Public", The New York Times, July 4, 2007.
^ "KKR postpones $1.25 bn float as credit chaos deters buyers". The Times (UK), August 23, 2007.
^ After Delay, KKR Finds a Way to Go Public. The New York Times, July 28, 2008.
^ K.K.R. Calls Listing Delay 'Process Related'. The New York Times, November 3, 2008.
^ Neha Dimri; Aman Shah (28 January 2014). "KKR to take control of Sedgwick Claims Management in $2.4 billion deal". Reuters.
^ "KKR to acquire China chicken developer for $400 mn". Business Sun. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
^ "Deals of the day - Mergers and acquisitions". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
^ "KKR | KKR agrees to acquire majority stake in Selecta from ACP". media.kkr.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
^ "KKR invests $75 mln in A10 Capital - PE Hub". PE Hub. 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
^ "Epicor Announces Close of KKR Acquisition and Executive Leadership Appointments to Accelerate Growth Strategy". media.kkr.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-06. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
^ "Klaba Family OVH, Europe No. 1 Web Host, Raises €250M from $KKR, TowerBrook". exithub. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ "Lonza Buys Capsugel for $5.5B Cash - GEN Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News - Biotech from Bench to Business - GEN". GEN. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
^ Banerjee, Ankur. "KKR has eye on health with WebMD, Nature's Bounty deals".
^ Editorial, Reuters. "KKR to take PharMerica private in $1.4 billion deal".
^ Editorial, Reuters. "Australia's Pepper Group accepts $518 million KKR takeover offer".
^ Editorial, Reuters. "BRIEF-KKR to acquire Covenant Surgical Partners".
^ Editorial, Reuters. "Envision to sell ambulance business to KKR in $2.4 billion deal".
^ Hals, Tom; Rucinski, Tracy. "Toys 'R' Us seeks bankruptcy to survive retail upheaval". Reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
^ "KKR Sells West Midlands Retail Park for £175m to Korean Investors". commercialpeople.com. 30 July 2018.
^ "Buyout Pioneer Quitting Fray". The New York Times, June 19, 1987.
^ Kohlberg In Dispute Over Firm. The New York Times, August 30, 1989.
^ "Kohlberg Suit Settlement". The New York Times, February 23, 1990.
^ Duracell International Inc. SEC Form SC 13G/A ("Statement of acquisition of beneficial ownership"); filed February 6, 1996.
^ Baker, George; Smith, George (1998). The New Financial Capitalists: KKR and the Creation of Corporate Value. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64260-6.
^ "A kinder, gentler KKR wants a piece of your 401K", Forbes, January 23, 2013.
^ Profile of Scott Nuttall at investing.businessweek.com, Businessweek.com, January 23, 2013.
^ a b c "KKR Appoints Joe Bae and Scott Nuttall as Co-Presidents and Co-Chief Operating Officers". KKR Press Release. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ de la Merced, Michael J. "Next Generation at K.K.R. Set as It Names Two Co-Presidents". New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ "Alex Navab". KKR. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
^ Bollinger, Lee C. "Alexander Navab and Li Lu Elected to Columbia University Board of Trustees". Columbia University. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
^ "Medalists Database". The National Ethnic Coalition of Organization. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
^ ""For Saul Fox, Bigger Isn't Always Better in the World of Buyouts". foxpaine.com, May 15, 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ Anders, George. "Bitter End of a Partnership", Wall Street Journal, September 15, 2007.
^ Blue Harbour Group> About Blue Harbour Archived 2008-03-13 at the Wayback Machine (company website); retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ a b c Barbarians at the Gate: Contrasting fortunes for those closest to the deal. eFinancial News, November 3, 2008; retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ "Pelosi Found Guilty of Murder". CBS News. December 13, 2004. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
^ "Murder in East Hampton", Vanity Fair, January 2002.
^ "Mystery of the Murdered Millionaire". Dateline NBC; retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ Paul M. Hazen profile as Wells Fargo & Co. Chairman and CEO Archived 2005-09-14 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved February 16, 2009.
^ "KKR names former CIA head Petraeus as chairman of new institute". 30 May 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2017 – via Reuters.
FT.com / Industries / Basic industries – "KKR set to buy Masonite for C$3.1bn"
Gross, Daniel & David Sterling. "Has Henry Kravis gone soft?". Slate, August 5, 2007; retrieved August 7, 2007.
"The barbarians at the gate have been losing their Midas touch". timesonline.co.uk, August 6, 2005; retrieved February 16, 2009.


text:
// *****************************************************************************
//
//  © Component Factory Pty Ltd 2017. All rights reserved.
//	The software and associated documentation supplied hereunder are the
//  proprietary information of Component Factory Pty Ltd, 13 Swallows Close,
//  Mornington, Vic 3931, Australia and are supplied subject to licence terms.
//
//  Version 4.6.0.0 	www.ComponentFactory.com
// *****************************************************************************

using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

namespace ComponentFactory.Krypton.Ribbon
{
    internal class PI
    {
        #region Constants
        internal const uint WS_POPUP = 0x80000000;
        internal const uint WS_SYSMENU = 0x00080000;
        internal const int WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN = 0x00A1;
        internal const int WM_NCRBUTTONDOWN = 0x00A4;
        internal const int WM_NCMBUTTONDOWN = 0x00A7;
        internal const int WM_NCHITTEST = 0x0084;
        internal const int WM_KEYDOWN = 0x0100;
        internal const int WM_KEYUP = 0x0101;
        internal const int WM_CHAR = 0x0102;
        internal const int WM_SYSKEYDOWN = 0x0104;
        internal const int WM_SYSKEYUP = 0x0105;
        internal const int WM_LBUTTONDOWN = 0x0201;
        internal const int WM_RBUTTONDOWN = 0x0204;
        internal const int WM_MBUTTONDOWN = 0x0207;
        internal const int WM_MOUSEWHEEL = 0x020A;
        internal const int WM_GETTITLEBARINFOEX = 0x033F;
        internal const int WS_CLIPCHILDREN = 0x02000000;
        internal const int WS_EX_TOPMOST = 0x00000008;
        internal const int WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW = 0x00000080;
        internal const int WS_EX_LAYERED = 0x00080000;
        internal const int WS_EX_TRANSPARENT = 0x00000020;
        internal const int SW_HIDE = 0;
        internal const int SW_SHOWNOACTIVATE = 4;
        internal const int MESSAGE_BEEP_ERROR = 0x0010;
        internal const int HTTRANSPARENT = -1;
        internal const int HTCAPTION = 0x02;
        internal const int DTT_COMPOSITED = 8192;
        internal const int DTT_GLOWSIZE = 2048;
        internal const int DTT_TEXTCOLOR = 1;
        #endregion

        #region Static Methods
        internal static int LOWORD(IntPtr value)
        {
            int int32 = ((int)value.ToInt64() & 0xFFFF);
            return (int32 > 32767) ? int32 - 65536 : int32;
        }

        internal static int HIWORD(IntPtr value)
        {
            int int32 = (((int)value.ToInt64() >> 0x10) & 0xFFFF);
            return (int32 > 32767) ? int32 - 65536 : int32;
        }

        internal static int LOWORD(int value)
        {
            return (value & 0xFFFF);
        }

        internal static int HIWORD(int value)
        {
            return ((value >> 0x10) & 0xFFFF);
        }
        #endregion

        #region Static DwmApi
        [DllImport("dwmapi.dll, CharSet = CharSet.Auto")]
        internal static extern int DwmDefWindowProc(IntPtr hWnd, int msg, IntPtr wParam, IntPtr lParam, out IntPtr result);
        #endregion

        #region Static User32
        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern bool SetMenu(HandleRef hWnd, HandleRef hMenu);

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern uint GetWindowLong(IntPtr hWnd, int nIndex);

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern uint SetWindowLong(IntPtr hwnd, int nIndex, uint nLong);

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern IntPtr GetFocus();

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern IntPtr SetFocus(IntPtr hWnd);

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern bool HideCaret(IntPtr hWnd);

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern bool ShowCaret(IntPtr hWnd);

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern IntPtr GetActiveWindow();

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern int ShowWindow(IntPtr hWnd, short cmdShow);

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern bool MessageBeep(int type);

        [DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern uint SendMessage(IntPtr hWnd, int Msg, IntPtr wParam, ref TITLEBARINFOEX lParam);
        #endregion

        #region Static Gdi32
        [DllImport("gdi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern int BitBlt(IntPtr hDestDC, int x, int y, int nWidth, int nHeight, IntPtr hSrcDC, int xSrc, int ySrc, int dwRop);

        [DllImport("gdi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern IntPtr CreateCompatibleBitmap(IntPtr hDC, int nWidth, int nHeight);

        [DllImport("gdi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern int ExcludeClipRect(IntPtr hDC, int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);

        [DllImport("gdi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern int GetDeviceCaps(IntPtr hDC, int nIndex);

        [DllImport("gdi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern IntPtr CreateDIBSection(IntPtr hDC, BITMAPINFO pBMI, uint iUsage, int ppvBits, IntPtr hSection, uint dwOffset);

        [DllImport("gdi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern IntPtr CreateCompatibleDC(IntPtr hDC);

        [DllImport("gdi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern IntPtr SelectObject(IntPtr hDC, IntPtr hObject);

        [DllImport("gdi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern IntPtr DeleteObject(IntPtr hObject);

        [DllImport("gdi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern bool DeleteDC(IntPtr hDC);
        #endregion

        #region Static Uxtheme
        [DllImport("uxtheme.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern bool IsAppThemed();

        [DllImport("uxtheme.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
        internal static extern bool IsThemeActive();

        [DllImport("uxtheme.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
        internal static extern int DrawThemeTextEx(IntPtr hTheme, IntPtr hDC, int iPartId, int iStateId, string text, int iCharCount, int dwFlags, ref RECT pRect, ref DTTOPTS pOptions);
        #endregion

        #region Structures
        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
        internal struct RECT
        {
            public int left;
            public int top;
            public int right;
            public int bottom;
        }

        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
        internal struct POINT
        {
            public int x;
            public int y;
        }

        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
        internal struct TITLEBARINFOEX
        {
            public uint cbSize;
            public RECT rcTitleBar;
            public uint dwTitleBar;
            public uint dwReserved;
            public uint dwMinButton;
            public uint dwMaxButton;
            public uint dwHelpButton;
            public uint dwCloseButton;
            public RECT rcReserved1;
            public RECT rcReserved2;
            public RECT rcMinButton;
            public RECT rcMaxButton;
            public RECT rcHelpButton;
            public RECT rcCloseButton;
        }

        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
        internal struct DTTOPTS
        {
            public int dwSize;
            public int dwFlags;
            public int crText;
            public int crBorder;
            public int crShadow;
            public int iTextShadowType;
            public POINT ptShadowOffset;
            public int iBorderSize;
            public int iFontPropId;
            public int iColorPropId;
            public int iStateId;
            public bool fApplyOverlay;
            public int iGlowSize;
            public int pfnDrawTextCallback;
            public IntPtr lParam;
        }

        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
        internal class BITMAPINFO
        {
            public int biSize;
            public int biWidth;
            public int biHeight;
            public short biPlanes;
            public short biBitCount;
            public int biCompression;
            public int biSizeImage;
            public int biXPelsPerMeter;
            public int biYPelsPerMeter;
            public int biClrUsed;
            public int biClrImportant;
            public byte bmiColors_rgbBlue;
            public byte bmiColors_rgbGreen;
            public byte bmiColors_rgbRed;
            public byte bmiColors_rgbReserved;
        }
        #endregion
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Who Is The Only Player From A Losing Team To Be Awarded Super Bowl Mvp?
football is one of the most watched sports in America and has been for many decades. This season, it was decided that no player from either team would receive an MVP award as a result of their losing performance during the Super Bowl. Though some may see this decision as unfair to players on both… Continue reading Who Is The Only Player From A Losing Team To Be Awarded Super Bowl Mvp?
Why Was The Cubs Game Postponed Today?
The Cubs-Indians game was postponed today due to rain. The forecast for the evening of October 15th had called for a 70% chance of precipitation, with temperatures in the 60s and 70% humidity expected as well. How do you watch Cubs cards? The Chicago Cubs are a baseball team that plays in the National League… Continue reading Why Was The Cubs Game Postponed Today?
How Much Is Roman Reigns Worth?
Roman Reigns is a professional wrestler with over 20 years of experience and has amassed an estimated net worth of $6.5 million. He made his debut at the age of 17, later taking on the name "The Guy." With such a long career ahead, it's no wonder that he was one of the first wrestlers… Continue reading How Much Is Roman Reigns Worth?
How Many Championships Does Tim Duncan Have?
Tim Duncan is one of the greatest players in NBA history. He won five championships with the San Antonio Spurs and led them to five more appearances in the finals, including a record-setting 19 straight years between 1999 and 2014. What will become of Tim's legacy when he retires? What made Tim Duncan so great?… Continue reading How Many Championships Does Tim Duncan Have?
Saul "Canelo" Alvarez is a Mexican professional boxer and currently the WBA, WBC, IBF middleweight world champion. He has won 31 consecutive fights by knockout or technical knock out and maintained a record of 45-1-2 before being defeated by Gennady Golovkin on September 16, 2018 Is Canelo A Millionaire? Canelo is a Mexican boxer who… Continue reading Where Does Canelo Live?
A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a given commodity at a predetermined price on the delivery date agreed upon by both parties. What does futures contract in NFL mean? A futures contract is a type of contract that allows for the purchase and sale of an asset, such as a commodity… Continue reading What Is A Futures Contract In The Nfl?
The Oklahoma City Thunder point guard has become one of the NBA's best players, and he deserves all the praise. However, despite his success on the court, Westbrook still feels like there is more to be accomplished in basketball. Why can't Westbrook win a ring? I am not sure if you are asking why he… Continue reading How Many Rings Does Westbrook Have?
When Is The Peach Bowl 2016?
The Peach Bowl is a college football bowl game, which was first played in 1916 and has been a regular match-up since 1990. When does the 2016 peach bowl happen? How many college playoffs have there been? There have been 3 college basketball tournaments that have had the most number of teams. These are the… Continue reading When Is The Peach Bowl 2016?
How Much Does Canelo Weigh?
Canelo has been a professional fighter since 2005 and is currently the WBC, WBA and IBF middleweight world champion. How much does he weigh? In boxing, weight is one of the most important factors in determining success. For example, bantamweight Manuel Quezada was able to win two consecutive world championships by gaining an impressive mean… Continue reading How Much Does Canelo Weigh?
When Did Stone Cold Retire?
Stone Cold Steve Austin has retired from the WWE twice. The first time, he went out at WrestleMania 13 in a match against Shawn Michaels that lasted only 65 seconds and ended with Stone Cold getting his head bounced off the mat by HBK. In 2002 after years of refusing to retire in any other… Continue reading When Did Stone Cold Retire?
Newer posts Page 1 … Page 3 … Page 38 Older posts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home > Entertainment > International News > News > Justin Bieber Attacked at Toronto Nightclub: Report
Justin Bieber Attacked at Toronto Nightclub: Report
Sunday, September 01, 2013 Entertainment, International News, News
Justin Bieber Credit: Theo Wargo/Getty Images
Justin Bieber got in quite the predicament Friday night when the singer was attacked by a partier at a Toronto nightclub, TMZ reports.
PHOTOS: Troubled former child stars
The scuffle -- caught on camera -- happened at 3 a.m. when the 19-year-old entertainer left his VIP section to interact with other people in the room. A male charged at the "As Long As You Love Me" singer and security immediately rushed in to the manage the situation. The attacker was kicked out of the club and the police were not called.
PHOTOS: Celebs who love Justin Bieber
In photos released, the "Boyfriend" star is seen wearing an unbuttoned black top while sporting a backward black hat at the club. He also wore several gold chains around his neck. During the brawl, Bieber was seen being held back by security, but later helped to push others aside once the attacker was shoved to the floor.
PHOTOS: Justin and Selena's love timeline
Hours before the incident, the Canadian native shared a recent photo of himself sitting in front of the public steps he used to sing at in Stratford, Ontario, Canada at a young age. "Remember where you come from," he wrote via Instagram. The area where he used to play for onlookers -- before getting discovered by American talent manager Scooter Braun in 2008 -- now has a gold star plaque dedicated to the megastar.
Source: usmagazine.com


text:
Tag Archives: BMT
Lymphoma Part 2: Healing in Progress After Two months on CA Care Therapy. Full of fear. But you would not die in December!
Lymphoma Part 1: Eighty-percent-cure-rate-chemo Failed. No to Bone Marrow Transplant. I don't want to die before my parents.
Lymphoma Part 3: Digging my own grave with my fork and spoon!
Daisy, 42 years old, was diagnosed with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, Stage 2. She underwent 6 cycles of chemotherapy. Six months after the completion of her treatment, the lymphoma relapsed and Daisy was asked to undergo more treatment — 4 cycles of high dose chemotherapy followed by an autologous transplant (BMT — bone marrow transplant).
Daisy felt that she would not survive the BMT procedure. But without BMT Daisy was given the impression that she would also die — within four months. By December she would be gone! Daisy was in a dilemma and came to seek our help. She was started on herbs and was told to take care of her diet.
In October 2013 — after two months of the herbs — Daisy shared her anxiety, fear, frustrations and wishful hope! Watch this video.
Lymph nodes grew bigger after 2 months on herbs. Oncologist did not show any concern — Go and continue taking your herbs!
Two months on our CA Care Therapy, Daisy came back to us. She was full of anxiety and fear. She just went to see her oncologist and was told that the swollen lymph nodes had grown bigger. Since she did not proceed with the BMT, her oncologist was not interested to talk further with her and instead cynically asked her to go ahead and take the herbs.
Daisy did a blood test and an ultrasound.
White Cell count 1.71 Low
Lymphocyte 0.44 L
Red blood count 3.55 L
Platelets 160
LDH 254 High
USG on 30 September 2013 indicated:
Bilateral enlarged cervical nodes … the largest at the left submandibula measuring 1.7 x 0.7 cm and at the left posterior triangle, 1.4 x 0.5 cm.
Enlarged axillary nodes seen bilaterally. The largest node is seen at the left axilla measuring 1.9 x 2.3 cm and 1.8 x 2.2 cm.
A hypoechoiec nodule seen within the subcutaneous plane at the left posterior scapular region measuring 1.5 x 0.6 cm.
For the above consultation, the total bill came to RM 774.00 made up of the following:
Lab test RM 202.00
Ultrasound examination RM 480.00
X-ray RM 42.00
Consultation (oncologist) RM 50.00
Like most patients who come and see us, they like to go for a scan after taking our herbs for a month or two! That is unrealistic! Our herbs are not magic bullets. Healing takes time.
The results showed the lumps had gone bigger! We told Daisy, You are just asking for unnecessary problem!
Daisy: What if the lumps grow bigger and bigger?
Chris: Yes, that is always the concern of patients … and of course ours too. But what can we do? Is there another alternative?
No! Daisy said she would not go for any chemo, radiotherapy or surgery. She would like to stick on with our herbs.
We told Daisy — we wish we could cure her or promise her a cure but we know we would be dishonest if we do that.
Promising false assurance is cruel and sinful! We would not be able to ensure any positive outcome even though we have helped so many lymphoma patients before.
The only advice we could give is: Don't panic, relax. This implies patients need to believe and trust.
Good thing is, Daisy seemed to trust us. She knew what it was like to undergo chemotherapy. The fact that she survived the 6 cycles of chemo earlier was already fortunate. Then, she was told that her CHOP chemotherapy would give her a 80 percent chance of cure. But this is not true! Barely 6 months after the completion of her chemo, the lymphoma recurred. Where is that 80 percent chance?
After the relapse, the oncologist offered BMT and said the cure rate would be 50 to 60 percent but the procedure would be more drastic, invasive and expensive — RM 100,000.
Daisy had lost confidence with medical treatment. Probably this was the driving force that made her come to seek our help. She said she would rather "gamble" her life with our herbs.
Are you getting worse after taking the herbs? You wouldn't die in December!
Even though the lumps had grown in sizes, Daisy did not feel any worse. Actually she was doing fine … except for the knowledge that the lumps were getting bigger! Daisy was given the impression that without BMT she would only have 4 months to live. So by December she would be gone! No, during our discussion in October 2013, Daisy did not show any sign that she was about to die. We told Daisy: You are not going to die in December!
(Daisy continued to get well and is still alive after 2 years. Most of the lumps that made her worry so much earlier on had almost disappeared!) Question: What if she were to undergo the Bone Marrow Transplant?
Posted in Lymphoma	| Tagged BMT, CA Care Therapy, lymphoma
Part 1: The Tragic Story of An Eleven-Year-Old Boy With Leukemia
This article comes in two parts: Part 2: Understanding Medical Treatment Protocol for Childhood Leukemia
At CA Care we do not get to see many leukemia cases. If we have the option, we would rather ask you to go for medical treatment. This is because, according to medical literature, modern-day chemotherapy achieve good cure rate with leukemia. However, of late, we get to see more leukemia patients – especially children and young adults. One case that triggered me to write this article is that of Matt (not real name), an eleven-year-old boy who came to our centre on 21 January 2013. Matt had undergone all the necessary medical treatments but his leukemia did not go away. Eventually the doctors told Matt's parents to just bring him home. There was nothing else that the doctors could do for him. Under such circumstance, Matt's parents brought him to see us. We could not refuse this case, since this is probably the last hope for Matt and his parents. However, we cautioned Matt's parents that they still need the doctor's help – for blood transfusion or other life-threatening problems that may crop up.
I brought Matt's file home to study his case in more detail – what he had gone through. Then I decided to do more reading. Let me share with you what we know about leukemia as of today.
What is leukemia?
It is cancer of the blood that develops in the bone marrow. When a patient has leukemia, the bone marrow, for an unknown reason, begins to make white blood cells that do not mature correctly. They continue to reproduce themselves very quickly and do not function as healthy white blood cells. Then the immature white blood cells, called blasts, begin to crowd out other healthy cells in the bone marrow. The patient experiences many symptoms such as infections, anemia, bleeding, etc.
Childhood leukemia
Leukemia is the most common form of cancer in children. It accounts for about 30 percent of children cancers in American children. According to Conter V. et al. (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Orphanet Encyclopedia, Dec. 2004) about 3,000 children in the United States and 5,000 children in Europe are diagnosed with ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia )each year. The peak incidence of ALL occurs between age two and five years.
The 2003 – 2005 report of Cancer Incidence in Peninsular Malaysia indicated that leukemia was the most frequent type of cancer among male and female Malaysian children from birth up to 14 years old.
Almost all cases of childhood leukemia are acute, meaning they develop rapidly and get worse quickly if not treated properly. ALL is the most common type of leukemia in children. It accounts for three out of every four cases of childhood leukemia in the US, making it the most common type of cancer in children.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is the next most common type of childhood leukemia.
In Malaysia, about 85 per cent of childhood leukemia cases are due to ALL. The remaining cases are mostly acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In Singapore three out of every 10 youngsters are diagnosed with ALL annually. Note: Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) does not occur in children and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is very rarely seen in children. AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults.
Symptoms of Childhood Leukemia
Common symptoms are: fatigue or weakness, infection and fever, easy bleeding or bruising, shortness of breath and coughing. Other symptoms may include: bone or joint pains, swelling of the abdomen, face, arms, sides of neck or groin, swelling above the collarbone, loss of appetite, headaches, seizures, balance problems, or abnormal vision, vomiting, rashes and gum problems.
According to Conter V. et al. of Italy, the first symptoms of children with ALL are usually non-specific and include anorexia, irritability and lethargy. Fever is the most common symptom – found in 60 percent of patients. Progressive bone marrow failure leading to pallor (or anemia), bleeding (thrombocytopenia – low platelets) and susceptibility to infections (due to neutropenia – low white blood cells). Over one third of patients may present with a limp, and pains in the bone and joints. Less common signs and symptoms include headaches, vomiting, respiratory distress, oliguria (small amount of urine) and anuria (absence of urine). At initial diagnosis, 60 to 70 percent of children have enlarged liver or spleen. Lymphadenopathy (enlargement of lymph nodes, usually painless) is also frequent (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: https://www.orpha.net/data/patho/Pro/en/AcuteLymphoblasticLeukemia-FRenPro3732.pdf )
The Story of Matt
Mat was 10 years old when he had fevers, gum bleeding and both his lower limbs had bruises and petechiae (tiny red spots) rashes for four days. According to his mother, before this he was breathless and lethargic for about a month. They consulted a doctor in a government hospital in their hometown. On further examination, there were bruises at his lower lip and both lower limbs. There were petechiea rashes over the abdomen. The cervical and inguinal nodes were palpable and measured 0.5 to 1 cm in size. His liver and spleen were swollen.
Blood test showed hyperleucocytosis (abnormally excessive numbers of leukocytes in the blood) and thrombocytopenia (lower than normal platelets). Further test showed 89 percent blast cells, suggestive of acute leukemia.
Due to persistent oozing from a wound at the lower lips, Matt received platelet transfusion for three times. He was also given antibiotics, IV Cefuroxime.
Matt was referred to the General Hospital in Penang. His blast cells were positive for CD2, CD3, CD7, CD8, cyTdT and weak for CD13 which was consistent with T-ALL.
Matt was started on ALL BFM 95 protocol on 27 December 2011.
IV Dexamethasone
Oral Prednisolone
IT methotrexate
IM Asparaginase
In addition Matt was given: Bactrim, Morphine, Ranitidine, Ceftazidime, Amikacin, Cloxacillin, Neupogen, Pyridoxine and Dexamethasone eyedrops.
After eight days, his blood showed 58 percent blast, 6786 cells – down from 89 percent.
On 21 January 2012 blood test showed 2 percent blast.
On 25 January 2012 PBF (peripheral blood film) showed no blasts.
On 27 February 2012 Matt received:
IV Vincristine
IV Methotrexate
IV Folinic acid
IV Ifoshpamide
IV Daunorubicin
IV Asparaginase
IV Kytril
However, the chemotherapy protocol was upgraded from moderate risk to HR (high risk) on 30 January 2012 due the day 8 PBF which showed blast more than 1,000. Matt completed the following chemotherapy:
1st HR1 protocol on 30 Janruary 2012
1st HR 2 protocol on 27 February 2012
1st HR 3 protocol on 19 March 2012
2nd HR 1 protocol on 14 April 2012
2nd HR 2 protocol on 25 May 2012
Among the drugs Matt received were:
Ara-C, Etoposide
Triple IT (Methotrexate + Cytarabine + Hydrocortisone)
Matt was started on chemotherapy Protocol IIa on 27 June 2012. He received:
Dexamehtasone
IV Doxorubicin
Erwinsa Asparginase
In and Out of Hospital
Matt had been in and out of the hospital for quite a while. For examples:
He was admitted on 26 February 2012 and was discharged on 16 March 2012 due to the following problems:
Neutropenic fever: Despite being treated with IV Vancomycin, Matt developed multiple temperature spike. Despite starting on Cefepime, Matt still had persistent temperature spike.
Infection over chemoport.
Raised ALT. Chemotherapy completed on 16 March 2012 but his ALT = 144 on 16 March 2012.
Persistent abdominal pain.
Hypokalemia (lower-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood).
Matt was again admitted on 19 March 2012 and was discharged on 5 April 2012. His problems were:
Anaphylactic shock (sudden, severe allergic reaction characterized by a sharp drop in blood pressure, urticaria, and breathing difficulties). Matt present with generalized skin itchness, epigastric pain, vomiting, chills and rigors. BP was lowish and pulse weak. This problem according to the medical report was a problem due to Asparginase.
Neutropenic fever.
Asymptomatic thrombocytopenia. Platelet count = 7.
Anemia.
Hypokalemia.
Raised ALT. On 19 March 2012, ALT = 181; 23 March 2012 = 252; 24 March 2012 = 279; 25 March 2012 = 230.
Matt was admitted on 20 July 2012 due to:
Rhinorrhoea (persistent watery mucus discharge from the nose)
Neutropenic sepsis
For these he was covered with IV ceftazidime and amikacin. He had persistent temperature spike and had toothache on Day 3 admission and was reviewed by dental with impression of pericoronitis (infection causing swelling or inflammation of gums and surrounding soft tissues ).
Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT)
According to Mattt's mother, they were in Kuala Lumpur for about a month. Matt underwent an allogenic BMT on 14 August 2012. The donor was his brother.
Post-BMT Matt was on:
monthly IT Methotrexate (last done on 19 December 2012)
Matt was admitted on 2 January 2013. This is what the doctor wrote (reproduced per report dated 3 January 2013):
Admission for poor oral intake for two days associated with lethargy and bilateral knee pain. On examination, he was noted to splenomegaly with hepatomegaly. An urgent Full Blood Picture was taken and verbally reported by our hematologist as 75 percent blast cell seen.
Both mother and father were explained regarding the patient's condition and progress. Explained that patient's FBC is such that TW is increasing trend and other parameters are reducing trend. PBF showed blast cells suggestive of relapse. Also explained that chemotherapy is not an ideal option in view of his condition.
Parents were advised regarding palliative care.
The life expectancy is probable for another 6 months. Explained that prognosis is grave. Parents were also counseled regarding HOSPICE (only available in Penang).
Parents understood.
Following are excerpts of our conversation:
Chris: (After a year of chemotherapy and BMT, he suffered a relapse). After this, what did the doctor say?
Mother: Doctor said: Go home. The doctor could not do anything more for him. He could undergo more intensive chemotherapy – following the adult protocol – but he might not be able to take it.
C: So, after that you were left doing nothing?
Father: We went around the village and started taking herbs and some roots of plants.
M: The doctor told us that if there is any bleeding, then we should bring him back. If there is a need for blood transfusion, we need to do that. That is all that they can do for us.
C: Okay, that is good. We need the doctor – if there is not enough blood, go quickly and have a blood transfusion while we are not doing anything, you can try the herbs. But I cannot guarantee that I can help in this case. Anyway, we can try if you like. Over the years, I did help some patients. But don't expect that by taking the herbs for one or two months the problem will go away.
C: (To patient) Did you suffer while undergoing chemotherapy?
Patient: Shaking his head.
F: They put a chemo-port for him.
M: It was very difficult.
F: But he is a person who can endure pain.
M: Oh, when undergoing BMT it was worse. He had pains in the bones – throughout the whole body. He received six times of intensive radiation – twice a day for three days. Then they gave him chemo. I forget how many cycles. But it lasted only about half an hour each time.
C: Let me have a look at his medical records. He had chemo for about a year? Do you see much success while in the hospital?
Father: Many failures.
M: It was just an experiment hoping to help the children.
In short, after a year of all possible medical treatments, Matt was back to the same condition he was as in early December 2012. And he was given six months to live. It was at this point that Matt and his parents came to seek our help on 21 January 2013.
We have learned early that chemotherapy is said to be most effective – high complete response and high cure rate – for five types of cancer: Hodgkin's disease, testicular cancer, choriocarcinoma, lymphoblastic leukemia and childhood cancers. So, treating ALL is supposed to be one of chemotherapy's success stories. Unfortunately for Matt, chemotherapy had failed to help him.
Sverre Lie, President of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (in Cancer in children – clinical management) wrote:
The progress which has been achieved in the treatment of childhood cancer is in many ways a remarkable success story. From being an almost lethal disease 20 – 30 years ago, more than 70 percent of children with cancer can now be offered treatment with cure as most likely outcome.
However, this progress has its dark side …. The diagnostic process is complicated, the therapy very demanding or even life-threatening, and the possibility of relapse a constant threat.
The problems of long-term sequelae are a matter of concern. (Note: Sequelae is any abnormal condition that follows and is the result of a disease, treatment, or injury. E.g. deafness after treatment with an ototoxic drug, or scar formation after a laceration).
Furthermore, it remains a sad fact that in spite of all the progress made, childhood cancer is still the leading cause of death from disease in children. The remaining third that we are still unable to cure with present strategies remains a tremendous challenge.
We have three important challenges: first we need to find effective therapy for the third whom we cannot cure with current strategies; secondly we want to get rid of long-term sequelae in the patients were are able to cure today; and thirdly we would like to spread the knowledge of effective treatment of childhood cancer to areas and countries where no such service is available.
Let me close by quoting Conter V. et al. of Italy (cited earlier):
Treatment has thus become increasingly complex and high levels of organization, expertise and knowledge are nowadays required to achieve optimal results.
For these reasons children with ALL should be treated in centers which can offer specialized personnel and provide up-to-date diagnostic tools and treatment strategies.
Posted in Bone Marrow Transplantation, Leukemia	| Tagged ALL, BMT, childhood leukemia


Michael Armacost, Carleton Class of 1958 and Distinguished Fellow at Stanford University, will deliver the weekly convocation address at Carleton College on Friday, November 5 beginning at 10:50 a.m. in the Skinner Memorial Chapel. During a stellar twenty-four year governmental career, Armacost has served as undersecretary of state for political affairs and as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan and the Philippines. He was a key force in helping The Philippines undergo a non-violent transition to democracy and also continued to improve Japanese-American relations during his term as ambassador, an appointment widely considered to be one of the most sensitive and important U.S. posts abroad.Armacost's presentation, entitled "How Should We Think About China? Threat? Partner? Competitor? Wake-Up Call?," is free and open to the public.
Thanks to his many international experiences, Armacost is considered to be one of the great contemporary experts on U.S. relations with northeast Asia. Between 1995 and 2002, Armacost served as president of Washington D.C.'s Brookings Institution, the nation's oldest think tank and a leader in research on politics, government, international affairs, economics, and public policy.
Armacost is the author of numerous books, including "Friends or Rivals?" (Columbia University Press, 1996), which draws on his tenure as ambassador to Japan and considers the future dealings of the United States with this extremely important trading partner and ally. He also co-authored "The Future of America's Alliances in Northeast Asia," (Asia-Pacific Research Network, 2004), which examines the similarities and differences of America's alliances with Japan and South Korea.
After graduating from Carleton College in 1958 with a degree in International Relations, Armacost earned his Masters and Doctorate in Public Law and Government from Columbia University. Over his extensive tenure, Armacost has received several notable honors, including the prestigious Order of the Rising Sun, Grand Cordon, from the Japanese government for his service.
The Skinner Memorial Chapel is located on First and College Streets in Northfield. For more information regarding the convocation, please contact the Office of College Relations at (507) 222-4309.


Listing provided courtesy of: Gwen C, James, Coldwell Banker Don Nace, Inc.
Master bedroom w/over sized closet and built-ins downstairs, office/study downstairs, whole house natural gas generator, 6 burner gas Viking stove w/griddle, subzero refrigerator with wood panel door, new roof in November 2018, 2 zone heat pumps, Plantation shutters at all windows except living room. See supplement under documents for additional information. 3rd lot available if buyer wants for $23,000. Will not sell Lot 39 until house sells. Owner agent.


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Interactive art | Digital art glossary
Interactive art is a form of art that involves the spectator in a way that allows the art to achieve its purpose. Some interactive art installations achieve this by letting the observer or visitor "walk" in, on, and around them; some others ask the artist or the spectators to become part of the artwork.
Works of this kind of art frequently feature computers, interfaces and sometimes sensors to respond to motion, heat, meteorological changes or other types of input their makers programmed them to respond to. Most examples of virtual Internet art and electronic art are highly interactive. Sometimes, visitors are able to navigate through a hypertext environment; some works accept textual or visual input from outside; sometimes an audience can influence the course of a performance or can even participate in it. Some other interactive artworks are considered as immersive as the quality of interaction involve all the spectrum of surrounding stimuli. Virtual reality environments like works by Maurice Benayoun and Jeffrey Shaw are highly interactive as the work the spectators – Maurice Benayoun call them "visitors", Miroslaw Rogala calls them (v)users, Char Davies "immersants" – interact with take all their fields of perception.
Though some of the earliest examples of interactive art have been dated back to the 1920s, most digital art didn't make its official entry into the world of art until the late 1990s. Since this debut, countless museums and venues have been increasingly accommodating digital and interactive art into their productions. This budding genre of art is continuing to grow and evolve in a somewhat rapid manner through internet social sub-culture, as well as through large scale urban installations.
Interactivity in art
Interactive art is a genre of art in which the viewers participate in some way by providing an input in order to determine the outcome. Unlike traditional art forms, wherein the interaction of the spectator is merely a mental event, interactivity allows for various types of navigation, assembly, and/or contribution to an artwork, which goes far beyond purely psychological activity. Interactivity as a medium produces meaning.
Interactive art installations are generally computer-based and frequently rely on sensors, which gauge things such as temperature, motion, proximity, and other meteorological phenomena that the maker has programmed in order to elicit responses based on participant action. In interactive artworks, both the audience and the machine work together in dialogue in order to produce a unique artwork for each audience to observe. However, not all observers visualize the same picture. Because it is interactive art, each observer makes their own interpretation of the artwork and it may be completely different from another observer's views.
Interactive art can be distinguished from generative art in that it constitutes a dialogue between the artwork and the participant; specifically, the participant has agency, or the ability, even in an unintentional manner, to act upon the artwork and is furthermore invited to do so within the context of the piece, i.e. the work affords the interaction. More often, we can consider that the work takes its visitor into account. In an increasing number of cases, an installation can be defined as a responsive environment, especially those created by architects and designers. By contrast, Generative Art, which may be interactive, but not responsive per se, tends to be a monologue – the artwork may change or evolve in the presence of the viewer, but the viewer may not be invited to engage in the reaction but merely enjoy it.
According to the new media artist and theorist Maurice Benayoun, the first piece of interactive art should be the work done by Parrhasius during his art contest with Zeuxis described by Pliny, in the fifth century B.C. when Zeuxis tried to unveil the painted curtain. The work takes its meaning from Zeuxis' gesture and wouldn't exist without it. Zeuxis, by its gesture, became part of Parrhasius' work. This shows that the specificity of interactive art resides often less in the use of computers than in the quality of proposed "situations" and the "Other's" involvement in the process of sensemaking. Nevertheless, computers and real time computing made the task easier and opened the field of virtuality – the potential emergence of unexpected (although possibly pre-written) futures – to contemporary arts.
Some of the earliest examples of interactive art were created as early as the 1920s. An example is Marcel Duchamp's piece named Rotary Glass Plates. The artwork required the viewer to turn on the machine and stand at a distance of one meter in order to see an optical illusion.
The present idea of interactive art began to flourish more in the 1960s for partly political reasons. At the time, many people found it inappropriate for artists to carry the only creative power within their works. Those artists who held this view wanted to give the audience their own part of this creative process. An early example is found in the early 1960s "change-paintings" of Roy Ascott, about whom Frank Popper has written: "Ascott was among the first artists to launch an appeal for total spectator participation". Aside from the "political" view, it was also current wisdom that interaction and engagement had a positive part to play within the creative process.
In the 1970s, artists began to use new technology such as video and satellites to experiment with live performances and interactions through the direct broadcast of video and audio.
Interactive art became a large phenomenon due to the advent of computer-based interactivity in the 1990s. Along with this came a new kind of art-experience. Audience and machine were now able to more easily work together in dialogue in order to produce a unique artwork for each audience. In the late 1990s, museums and galleries began increasingly incorporating the art form in their shows, some even dedicating entire exhibitions to it. This continues today and is only expanding due to increased communications through digital media.
A hybrid emerging discipline drawing on the combined interests of specific artists and architects has been created in the last 10–15 years. Disciplinary boundaries have blurred, and significant number of architects and interactive designers have joined electronic artists in the creation of new, custom-designed interfaces and evolutions in techniques for obtaining user input (such as dog vision, alternative sensors, voice analysis, etc.); forms and tools for information display (such as video projection, lasers, robotic and mechatronic actuators, led lighting etc.); modes for human-human and human-machine communication (through the Internet and other telecommunications networks); and to the development of social contexts for interactive systems (such as utilitarian tools, formal experiments, games and entertainment, social critique, and political liberation).
There are many different forms of interactive art. Such forms range from interactive dance, music, and even drama. New technology, primarily computer systems and computer technology, have enabled a new class of interactive art. Examples of such interactive art are installation art, interactive architecture, interactive film, and interactive storytelling. Since there is a presumed participant or agent in interactivity, interactive art has a deep connection with performance art.
Supporters of more "traditional" contemporary art saw, in the use of computers, a way to balance artistic deficiencies, some other consider that the art is not anymore in the achievement of the formal shape of the work but in the design of the rules that determine the evolution of the shape according to the quality of the dialogue.
There are number of globally significant festivals and exhibitions of interactive and media arts. Prix Ars Electronica is a major yearly competition and exhibition that gives awards to outstanding examples of (technology-driven) interactive art. Association of Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group in Graphics (SIGGRAPH), DEAF Dutch Electronic Arts Festival, Transmediale Germany, FILE – Electronic Language International Festival Brazil, and AV Festival England, are among the others.
CAiiA, Centre for Advanced Inquiry in the Interactive Arts, first established by Roy Ascott in 1994 at the University of Wales, Newport, and later in 2003 as the Planetary Collegium, was the first doctoral and post doc research center to be established specifically for research in the interactive art field.
Interactive architecture has now been installed on and as part of building facades, in foyers, museums, and large scale public spaces, including airports, in a number of global cities. A number of leading museums, for example, the National Gallery, Tate, Victoria & Albert Museum, and Science Museum in London (to cite the leading UK museums active in this field) were early adopters in the field of interactive technologies, investing in educational resources, and more latterly, in the creative use of MP3 players for visitors. In 2004, the Victoria & Albert Museum commissioned curator and author Lucy Bullivant to write Responsive Environments (2006), the first such publication of its kind. Interactive designers are frequently commissioned for museum displays; a number specialize in wearable computing.
Wiring – the first open-source electronics prototyping platform composed of a programming language, an integrated development environment (IDE), and a single-board micro controller. It was developed starting in 2003 by Hernando Barragán and was popularized under the name of Arduino
Arduino – physical computing/electronics toolkit for interactive objects and installations
I-CubeX – sensors, actuators and interfaces for interactive media
Max/MSP – programming language for interactive media
Processing (programming language) – used for many interactive art projects
OpenFrameworks – open source tool similar to Processing, used for many interactive projects
Pure Data – open source programming language for interactive computer music and multimedia works
"Interactive_art" Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, n.d.
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