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Convex vs. Concave Lens: 7 Differences, Definition, Pros & Cons
January 17, 2023 by Thefreelunch
A lens is a transparent, curved piece of glass or plastic that bends and focuses light in a certain way. How much and in which direction light bends depends on how curved the object is.
Glasses, microscopes, and telescopes all have them. Based on how it looks, the lens is said to be convex or concave. The first one makes the parallel beams of light come together, while the second one spreads them out.
So, the point of focus for a convex lens is where all the light rays meet, which is called the "point of convergence." For a concave lens, the point of focus is where the light rays appear to split apart, which is called the "point of divergence."
Let's look at the picture below to see how convex and concave lenses are different.
Outline hide
1 What are Convex Lens?
2 What are Concave Lens?
3 Comparison Chart: Convex and Concave Lens
4 Key Difference Convex and Concave Lens
5 Convex Lens & Concave Lens Examples
5.1 Convex Lens Examples
5.2 Concave Lens Examples
6 Convex vs. Concave Lens Similarities
7 Convex vs. Concave Pros and Cons
7.1 Pros and Cons of a Convex Lens
7.1.1 Pros of a Convex Lens
7.1.2 Cons of a Convex Lens
7.2 Pros and cons of a Concave Lens
7.2.1 Pros of a Concave Lens
7.2.2 Cons of a Concave Lens
8.1 Is a Converging Lens Concave or Convex?
8.2 What Are Convex Lenses Used For?
8.3 Which Lens Is Used in the Telescope?
8.4 What Is the Difference Between Concave and Convex Mirrors?
What are Convex Lens?
Convex lenses feel bigger in the middle than they do on the edges. The lens is curved outward, and when light beams pass through it, it bends them and brings them closer together.
This is why it is also called a converging lens. Check out the picture below:
So, the point where the light rays meet is called the focal point or main focus, and the distance between the centre of the lens and the main focus is called the focal length.
It also makes a true and upside-down image, but if the object is too close to the lens, it can also make a virtual image.
These lenses are used to make an object look clearer and bigger by focusing a beam of light on it.
A camera's lenses are convex so that light beams can focus on the person or thing being photographed.
What are Concave Lens?
Concave lenses are those where the middle is narrower than the edges. A diverging lens has the shape of a concave lens, which is round on the inside and bends the beams outward.
This makes the light rays that hit it go in different directions. This also makes the thing look smaller and farther away than it really is. The resulting image is virtual, shrunken, and upright.
From what you can see in the picture, it looks like the light rays are spreading out from a virtual point called the principal focus or focal point. Also, focal length is the distance between the point where you want to focus and the centre of the lens.
Side mirrors on cars and motorcycles, for example, have concave lenses. They can also be used in movie projectors to spread the image.
Comparison Chart: Convex and Concave Lens
Description The convex lens makes the objects look larger and bigger due to the thicker center. The concave lens makes the object smaller and shorter due to the thinner center.
Structure A convex lens is thicker at the center and thinner at the edges A concave lens is thinner at the center while thicker at the edges
Light Rays The convex lens bends the light rays toward each other Concave lens spreads the light rays and cannot form an image on the screen
Focal Length A convex lens has a positive focal length and is also known as a positive lens. A concave lens has a negative focal length and is also known as a negative lens.
Image Formation An only virtual image can be formed through a convex lens due to the bending of light rays. The concave lens forms both virtual and real images due to the spreading of the parallel rays.
Parallel Rays Convex lens converge the parallel rays and also called converging lens Concave lens diverges the parallel rays and is also called the diverging lens
Usage A convex lens is used to correct the hypermetropia or long-sightedness A concave lens is used to correct myopia or short-sightedness
Key Difference Convex and Concave Lens
When it comes to the difference between convex and concave lenses, it's important to remember the following:
The light rays that pass through a convex lens come together at a certain point. A lens with a concave shape spreads out the light rays that hit it.
The curve on a convex lens goes outward, while the curve on a concave lens goes inward.
When light passes through a convex lens, the light rays come together and focus on a single point. On the other hand, light rays spread out as they go through the concave lens.
The structure of a convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges. On the other hand, concave lenses have a shape that is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges.
A convex lens has a focal length that is greater than zero, while a concave lens has a focal length that is less than zero.
A convex lens produces a real image most of the time, but when the object is in the centre of the focus and optical center, it can also produce a virtual image.On the other hand, the image made by the concave lens is right-side up, virtual, and smaller than the thing.
The thicker centre of convex lenses makes things look bigger and closer. On the other hand, concave lenses have a thin centre that makes the object look far away and small.
A convex lens is used to treat hyperopia, or farsightedness. On the other hand, the concave lens can help people who are nearsighted or farsighted.
Convex Lens & Concave Lens Examples
Convex Lens Examples
Convex lenses can be found in the eye, eyeglasses, microscopes, projectors, cameras, telescopes, and projectors.
Concave Lens Examples
Concave lenses are used in binoculars, telescopes, glasses that correct nearsightedness, flashlights, and CD and DVD players that look like lasers.
Convex vs. Concave Lens Similarities
Both convex and concave lenses are made of glass or something else that is clear.
Both lenses have at least one surface that is curved.
The surface of both flat and curved lenses is smooth.
Convex vs. Concave Pros and Cons
Pros and Cons of a Convex Lens
Pros of a Convex Lens
Using a convex lens to magnify something makes it look bigger and bigger.
Convex lenses are also used to focus the image in cameras, but by moving the lens, you can change the size of the image.
Peepholes are small, security-related holes in the front door. The convex glass in these peepholes allows you to see clearly who is outside.
Cons of a Convex Lens
When used to magnify in binoculars and telescopes, convex lenses may not move light as well as they should, which can cause blurring and distortion.
The bright objects in an image look like they have fringes because the convex lens of the camera bends different colours of light.
Pros and cons of a Concave Lens
Pros of a Concave Lens
The flashlight's concave lens can make the light source brighter and give off a wider beam.
Photographers used both concave and convex lenses in their cameras to improve the quality of the pictures they took.
Cons of a Concave Lens
Because the middle of a concave lens is thinner, it can make things look smaller and shorter.
A concave lens can produce both inverted and true images. Depending on where the object is in relation to the lens, it can either enlarge or shrink the image.
Is a Converging Lens Concave or Convex?
A convex lens is called a converging lens because it brings all the light rays to one point.
What Are Convex Lenses Used For?
Glasses with convex lenses are used to correct farsightedness. It is used in everything from cameras to microscopes to magnifying glasses.
Which Lens Is Used in the Telescope?
In a telescope, a convex glass lens is used to bend the light and make it more clear.
What Is the Difference Between Concave and Convex Mirrors?
A concave mirror is a spherical mirror with a curve that goes inward. A convex mirror, on the other hand, has a curve that goes outward.
With the above examples and pictures, you should have a good idea of how the two types of lenses are different. Convex and concave lenses are often used together to make images that are sharper, clearer, and better.
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little red wagon: Challenge 456 - Ice, Ice, Baby !
" Ice, Ice, Baby ! "
I would like to see everything concerning the topic or the word "Ice". It can be Ice Cream but also Ice Skating. You know what I mean ? So let your creativity run wild ! I´m sure you will come up with something FUN !


Interviewed by William Gallwas - Firm Principal of Striker Securities, Inc.
Mr. Bishop began his trading career in the mid 1980's, and is current President of FullHouseTrader.com, a stock and commodity study and research web site.
William Gallwas: During your market presentation last year in Chicago, you nailed the stock market bottom in March... congratulations on a great call. In hindsight, what were the forces that made the March 2009 low and will this hold?
Stew Bishop: Last part first, will it hold: The actual Dow Jones Industrials low was on March 9 at 6440. Full House Trader has had a primary long signal in place since 3-18-09. So, that low has held to this point. Will it ultimately hold I would say that "barring the very unusual" it will be a major low and as such is a major low in our "sideways box" that we forecast for the market as far back as January of 2003. The sideways box in turn being a result of the "Buffett Effect" where stock and bond prices decouple. Background on all this material may be found in the stock market PDF's of our Annual Market Outlook at FullHouseTrader.net.
The first part of the question: what forces led us to call the market turn on 3-18-09? It was a confluence of factors, rather than any one single thing. As we point out in the Annual Market Outlook, we called the 2002 market bottom on October 18, 2002 at the Striker Conference at the Hotel Intercontinental, Chicago. If you compare the chart we showed at that conference, illustrating the factors of the October 2002 bottom, the chart of the March 2009 bottom is strikingly similar. So there's the first factor: the shape of the technical pattern coming off the Oct. 2007 high. That pattern was a classic 5-wave Elliott-type bottom, as was the low in October 2002. But there are several other important issues: 2) In keeping with the Elliott analysis, we had a 1st low put in late Nov. 2008, this would be an Elliott 3-wave. The market needed to re-test this low. It rallied from Nov. 2008 then turned in early 2009 and headed for a re-test. The March 2009 low took out the Nov. 2008 low slightly, confirming a successful re-test and establishing a wave 5 bottom. 3) On January 12 2009 we forecast: "... an S&P low in the 650 to 700 range..." and "... a Russell 2000 low in the 350 to 400 range...". As of the March 6 2009 we noted that the Russell had just closed at 351 and the S&P had closed at 683, both right in our bottoming forecast zone. So we had both a nice 5-wave Elliott bottom AND this bottom was occuring in our forecast bottom price range. 4) Trendline breaks to the upside. As we wrote on March 18, 2009: "... virtually every major US stock index is now in a believeable bottoming formation for the bear market which began in Oct. 2007...This has been further evidenced by breaking of various downsloping resistance including, for example, the S&P upside breakout through the critical 3-point resistance trendline connecting the late Sep '08, early Jan 09 and Feb 09 highs..." 5) GLOBALLY stock indices were bottoming in this same pattern. As we wrote on the chart in the February 2009 FHT Monthly: "... one more 'global stock pancake' is technically likely and soon..." Well we got a coordinated global stock index bottom in Mid March so you had global stock bottoming in unison, much as was the case in the October 2002 bottom. We showed similar global index bottoms back in October 2002 as well. 6) There was positive market breadth divergence heading into the March 2009 low. As we showed on the chart dated Feb 18, 2009, even as the S&P was heading towards the re-test of it's Nov. 08 low, the Value Line Arithmetic was looking stronger, diverging positively. This was exactly opposite to the chart we showed of the S&P / Value line relationship at the October 2007 top where the S&P was making a new high but the Value Line wasn't confirming. The Value Line Arithmetic is useful in these circumstances, it functions much like an advance-decline line because each stock is equally weighted, unlike the S&P, Dow, NASDAQ and others that are capitalization-weighted. SO, we had positive market breadth developing heading into the March 2009 bottom. 7) The price range of the low in the indices was very telling, in most cases, with slight exception of the NASDAQ, the March 09 low was in the same area or lower than the October 2002 lows ! This first gives us perspective on how dramatic the selloff from the Oct. 2007 high was, but it also is an area we would expect the indices to bottom if we're expecting a "sideways box" type secular trend, as we had forecast in January 2003. 8) Lastly, as the market headed towards the March 09 lows, the momentum of the selloff was slowly noticeably, not nearly as strong as the momentum heading into the 1st low (Nov. 08), another reliable sign of an iimpending change of trend. NOW, all of the above were tracked in real-time in Full House Trader. As we look back in hindsight in the Annual Market Outlook, we also note another very important development in March / April, and that is a global breakout in numerous commodities: Coffee, Cotton, Copper, Sugar, Orange Juice, Soybeans among others all had dramatic breakouts from long selloffs. In hindsight this was a strong confirming indication that a reliable low in Stocks was in.
William Gallwas: Many bears on Wall Street believe the current rally is getting all its fuel from the government stimulus and predict bad your for equities in 2010... how do you respond to this talk?
Stew Bishop: Well I'd definitely agree that the vast majority of economic momentum is from fiscal policy (government deficit spending), which is currently labelled "Obama stimulus", but is actually just massive fiscal stimulus (govt. outlays far exceed revenues) so the government runs a very stimulative deficit.
Will this be bad for equities? That's a difficult question with many possible answers including: A) if you believe that our choices in late 2008 were either stimulus or go into depression, then the stimulus is better for equities than the alternative (depression). Certainly the stock market has been rallying since March so it's received the stimulus reasonably well, at least up to this point; B) Are corporate earnings real or are they just "temporary borrowing from grandkids"? I think that progressively the market will start to question this economy and the certainty of earnings. We're at 560,000 annual housing starts, that is depression level housing stimulus considering 1.4 to 1.6 million units is typical for a 3% GDP growth, we're nearly a million housing units short here. Also private corporate investment is very negligible, both voluntarily and due to bank contraction of credit, and the consumer is net contractionary, so the "consumer of last resort" is the federal government. This is a horrible situation, but again the alternative may be depression.
Lastly, the market looks technically toppy here for other reasons, so if the market is to selloff here, even if it's just a "pause that refreshes", the media will attribute the selloff to Obamanomics, among other things.
William Gallwas: Will the Brown win for Senator in Mass. race change the game for Obama, where do you see political forces in 2010 that could affect stocks and interest rates?
Stew Bishop: Well this is partially a political question. I'm not dodging it for that reason. Personally, I look at a $65.6 Trillion net present value deficit in our national retirement programs (See slides in the Annual Market Outlook). This incredible, historic shortfall has been wracked up during BOTH Republican and Democrat administrations and Congresses. Anyone who has any hope that a change in party will alter the course of our certain bankruptcy of our national retirement systems is fooling themselves.
Will this change the landscape for Obama, almost certainly. It will probably forestall his medical insurance plans among other things. But we the American people have even bigger fish to fry than following these two parties around. We now have a documented $65.6 Trillion net present value shortfall in our retirement accounts, its time to hold ALL POLITICAL LEADERS feet to the fire to get this incredible mess sorted out, rather than playing "politics as usually" and supporting one or the other of these two political marketing organizations (repubs and dems).
William Gallwas: How much longer will rates be kept so low? Do you fear inflation later this year?
Stew Bishop: As for inflation this year, not so much. But as to the question about rates generally, rates can go one of two ways: A) The more likely direction is up as the economy slowly recovers and there is a "slingshot effect" in rates as corporate and consumer borrowers slowly re-enter the credit markets and find themselves competing with massive government borrowing. This might not happen for at least another 6 to 12 months as 2010 is starting out decidedly soft economically. But eventually if the "recovery" continues it will happen. On the other hand B) If the stimulus fails and we have to go towards a global liquidating bankruptcy then rates will probably soften further, of course there will be little or no lending (as in 2008). We just can't rule out at this point that the entire global government stimulus fails and we're forced into bankruptcy, so I like to hold this alternative out there even though I think (or maybe it's just hope) that it doesn't come to pass. For those familiar with the old "Kondratieff Wave" concept we're truly in that situation now, 20 years later than it was expected, but it's here, hopefully we can dodge it.
William Gallwas: Is now a good time to buy a house? Is there pent up demand?
Stew Bishop: Great question, somewhat complicated but I'll try to keep my opinion as concise as possible. 1) First, real estate is local. There are many US markets that are in a supply glut that still have at least several years to bottom: Las Vegas, Florida, parts of California, parts of the Atlantic coast, and just generally pockets of excess all over the county. 2) On the other hand there are numerous markets that never got to the same excessive overbuilt condition and have already bottomed. Buyers need to assess rationally where their particular market stands; 3) The cost of home purchase is not only the home price but also the borrowing rate (mortgage interest rate). If we assume that mortgage rates will drift upward as we mentioned for bonds in the prior question, then mortgage rates are fairly low right now. If you wait for home prices to fall a bit more you may find a slightly lower home price but a higher mortgage rate so your net cost may actually be higher. Buyers have to factor this in as well. 4) Lastly there are two major factors "overhanging" the residential markets: a) net immigration to the US continues, and this is long-term positive for home prices AND b) there is a huge number of Americans (up to 70 million) who are retiring in the baby boom starting now through the next 20+ years. These retirees just aren't going to see the government retirement benefits (SS, Medicare, and Medicaid) that their parents received because ("surprise surprise") our "leaders" have allowed the retirement system to go into the red to the tune of $65.6 Trillion in net present value as of fiscal 2008 (see slides in the Full House Trader Annual Market Outlook at: http://www.FullHouseTrader.net If this is true, I suspect those 70 million Americans will be under continuous financial pressure to raise case to cover their cost of living and medical expenses, and the primary way they can do that is to downsize their homes. SO, this may turn out to be a drag on the overall residential market for the next couple decades. But again, even this factor is local. Assess your LOCAL conditions closely!
William Gallwas: Would you suggest people begin to think about adding gold stocks or silver stocks to their portfolio? Lately, this stock sector has done terrific.
On the other hand, because so much government borrowing is occuring, and so much is needed to begin to bridge the deficits in the retirement system, it's not hard for the markets to forecast widespread "currency debasement", not only in the US but in all major industrialized nations. If the market perceives that government deficits are "here to stay", and that governments will have to borrow up to their eyeballs to satisfy the political pressures from their retiring baby-boomers, then this is probably a long-term upward pressure on gold.
Right now the gold stock sector is relatively neutral to weak vis-a-vis other sectors. Traders probably won't be so interested in it in the short run. Investors, on the other hand, may look to dollar-cost-average into gold with a small portion of their discretionary capital.


This modish Black Pashmina Chikankari Shawl depicts the beauty of mesmerizing Lucknowi Chikankari on rich pashmina fabric. Hand embroidered with chikan embroidery stitches Phanda, Keel Kangan, Murri, Ghas Patti, and Hool using white cotton threads. The shawl emits sophistication and stylishness includes a fully embroidered front with beautiful motifs of flowers and petals. If you really like the soft and smooth fabric shawls, this black one is perfect choice.
Silhouette: Black pashmina chikankari shawl, designed with chikan stitches and cotton thread.


We are encouraging people to attend the World Congress of Nephrology's (WCN) Satellite Symposia on First Nations Kidney Health – a focus on transplantation. This in a one-day event that is being held at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre (MCEC), Melbourne on Thursday 11th April, 2019 from 8.30am to 6.00pm.
The meeting is focussed on transplantation for First Nations people. The agenda will be split into a morning and afternoon session. The morning session will involve hearing from Indigenous patients speaking about their experience and the afternoon session will comprise of a presentation of the recommendations from the Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) Expert Panel's Performance Report, following the inquiry into the barriers faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in need of kidney donations that is supported by Minister Ken Wyatt MP. There will be also be collaborations on clinical trials and transplant outcomes for First Nations people between Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
My introduction to the Can-SOLVE CKD network began just over a year ago when I joined the IPERC and the Patient Council as a patient-partner. I am a living kidney donor to my brother, Kevin, and it has been more than six years since we had successful transplant surgeries. It is difficult to witness a family member experience chronic kidney disease (CKD) and I can only imagine living with CKD. I see and feel my role is to support the voices of patient-partners in these processes of kidney health research and well-being.
I felt it necessary to introduce myself in one of my mother tongues (Anishinaabemowin) because language ties my identity to my well-being and understanding my relationships in and with all facets of life. Indigenous ceremonies also help to ground me as an Anishinaabe and Cree man. Moving forward, I believe that research with Indigenous people as patients, researchers, doctors and stakeholders have diverse and unique ways of seeing, doing, knowing and being that benefits health research.
I am a First Nations man, both Cree and Anishinaabe (Saulteaux/Ojibway). I was born in Winnipeg and continue to reside there. My home communities where my families originate from are Fisher River Cree Nation, Matheson Island, and Dauphin River First Nation, which are all located in the Interlake region of Manitoba. I am proud to have connection to all my home communities as my maternal and paternal grandparents were highly respected.
I have lived with CKD since I was diagnosed at 10 years old. I had nephrotic syndrome and have been under the care of pediatric nephrologists at the Children's Hospital in Winnipeg since that time. Many different types of interventions were offered to me and taking the medications was always a challenge. I remember one intervention I was on caused weight gain of 25 pounds in one month. My face was puffy and was not in proportion with the rest of my body. I loved playing hockey, but I couldn't play the game because of the constant cramping and being on liquid restrictions. It was very hard on my childhood but I feel that I can share my experiences with other children and youth who may be experiencing what I had to endure at such a young age.
Medications managed my kidney disease until I had kidney failure in September 2010 at the age of 19. My kidney function was at 3% and I required a kidney transplant. While a donor was being sought, I was on peritoneal dialysis until my kidney transplant in October 2012. My older brother donated a kidney to me so that I could live a healthier life. I am forever grateful to my brother for this gift of life.
I am currently a student at the University of Winnipeg pursuing a Bachelor of Arts degree majoring in Geography and Inner City Studies. I would like to pursue a law degree after my Arts degree and specialize in land protection/management. I am also interested in politics and ran for school trustee in my ward in September 2013 and lost by 150 votes. This experience helped me understand about the democratic process and campaigning. I was elected President of the University of Winnipeg Student Association for the 2016-17 school year. I am also very active in the Indigenous and inner city communities organizing events that encourage and provide awareness on issues of Indigenous education, the environment and Indigenous youth to name a few. For example, I co-founded Red Rising Magazine, which is a magazine written by youth for youth and the general public as they relate to interests and awareness of Indigenous youth.
I am interested in sharing my story and experiences as a patient of CKD and that of a kidney transplant recipient. As the proud father of a son, Ogimaabinens (which means Leading Thunderbird in Anishaabemowin) I am hoping that through the research, we will find a cure for kidney disease so that my son's generation will have less chronic kidney disease.
Dr Jaquelyne Hughes is a Torres Strait Islander woman. Her family come from Mabuiag Island in the near west Torres Strait.
Dr Hughes works as a nephrologist at Royal Darwin Hospital, and holds the clinical portfolio leadership for Consumer Engagement, New Start Dialysis Transition Clinic and Research Translation in the Top-End Renal Service.
Dr Hughes is a senior research fellow at Menzies School of Health Research in Darwin and leads the "eGFR Study", a longitudinal cohort kidney health study in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. She is the convenor of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Working Group with the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, was an expert advisor for the Transplant Society of Australia and New Zealand Society of Nephrology Performance Report to improve access and outcomes of kidney transplantation, and is a special advisor to the Minister for Indigenous Health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander kidney disease. She is the project leader for the Catching Some Air – Asserting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Information Rights in Renal Disease project.
In our beautiful Anishinaabe community, Chimnissing, otherwise known as the Beausoleil First Nation, we have many living with kidney illness. As an island located in a remote area of Ontario, many of our relations have had to commute long distances for life sustaining health care. This often involves crossing the stormy waters of Georgian Bay by ferry to further endure treacherous long drives, over ice and snow, for dialysis or for specialized health care. The people become weary and tired and life is very hard. Fortunately, a growing number have been able to donate their kidneys. This life-giving journey expresses our relational way that brings our families together even closer. Many though are waiting for donors. I am Chris's mom and donated my kidney to him in 2010 after he became very ill with IGA nephropathy at a young age. With this transplant he could go about life pretty much as usual. There are still worries, ongoing tests and bloodwork but the freedom from dialysis gives freedom to live as normal as possible. Giving the kidney was one of the most amazing things ever and I would do it again because it means so much. Sharing our story and learning from the stories of kidney donation and transplantation helps us, our families and communities to connect through our hearts. The stories bring us together making us stronger.
Angela Jackson currently practices as a Renal Nurse Practitioner at Counties Manukau DHB, Auckland. After qualifying in 1997 as a Registered Nurse in Scotland, she has spent the majority of her nursing career in New Zealand since 2001. She attained NP status May 2016 after working as a Renal CNS for 8 years. She has worked in all areas of nephrology and is an ABTC Certified Transplant co-ordinator. She has been a member of the NZ RSA Nursing Advisory group and is a current member of the ANZSN Kidney Transplant Working Group. Angela is involved in the University of Auckland NP Training Programme as well as the New Zealand Nursing Council accreditation process.
Nearly 3 years (May 2019) post-transplant, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia. Kelli is a proud Kaurna, Narungga & Ngarrindjeri woman from South Australia. She has lived extensively across Australia, born, and raised in South Australia. She is an honored mother of five children aged 15-28, grandmother of one aged 4, a devoted partner and step mum to four daughters. Kelli has a Bachelor of Education and a Masters in Indigenous Languages Education and has worked in the primary, secondary and TAFE sectors over two decades. Kelli is currently working as a primary school teacher in the Murrraylands District. She is an avid lifelong learner and Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) Practitioner with two businesses at infancy stages. Kelli actively advocates for organ donation, First Nation issues and healthy body, mind and spirit at all stages in life. She is extremely passionate about her blended family, making education fun for children, and she enjoys being grounded by practicing earth art an Indigenous Languages. Please be welcomed into her journey as she shares her story to her Kidney transplantation and beyond.
Dr. Kelsey Louie is Coast Salish from the Tla'amin First Nation located along British Columbia's Sunshine Coast and serves as a Medical Officer – Primary Care within the First Nations Health Authority's (FNHA) Office of the Chief Medical Officer. He carries the traditional name Men'ahl'elten, that of a hereditary chief from his nearby community. Dr. Louie completed his medical training at the University of British Columbia's Indigenous Family Practice residency program and also works as Family Physician in southern Vancouver Island. His work focusses on Indigenous health, mental health and addictions, and inner-city harm-reduction medicine. He continues to promote and support FNHA's health and wellness vision by integrating cultural safety and humility into both his clinical and non-clinical work.
Hi my name is Annalisa Pomare, I am of Maori descent from New Zealand. Born in a little township called Kawakawa in the Northland region of the North Island New Zealand my iwi (tribe) is Ngapuhi the people of Northland.
I have Polycystic Kidney Disease inherited by my maternal grandmother. I was as well as my two older siblings tested as children of having the same disease also my mother who currently is on haemodialysis and has been for 20 years now.
I was diagnosed in 2012 as having end stage renal failure and my kidney function only at 8%. I was first put on Peritoneal most commonly known in NZ as the bag, I only lasted three months due to many difficulties so was swiftly put on haemodialysis where I stayed for 5 years until a deceased donor transplant came available. I will be post two years in May. I turned 40 last year and I feel awesome and have been blessed that I have not as of yet had any complications nor hospital stays. I am looking at studying & getting back into the workforce but in the meantime just concentrating on caring for my mother and other ventures.
Eileen is from the Narungga, Ngarrindjeri and Kaurna peoples of South Australia. She has a Bachelor of Teaching in Junior Primary and worked as a teacher for over twenty years. She also spent time as the Principal of Point Pearce Aboriginal School and Director of the Kalaya Children's Centre. Eileen was diagnosed with end stage renal failure in 2011 and was on dialysis for four years until she received a transplant in 2014. During those times Eileen was full time employed in the SA Education Department as a Project Officer.
Jane Potiki is a Principal Advisor for National Services at New Zealand's Ministry of Health. Jane is committed to improving health outcomes for New Zealanders, but most particular for Māori and for other vulnerable people with renal disease.
Before joining the Ministry of Health 14 years ago, Jane worked as a nurse in hospitals in New Zealand, Australia and the United Kingdom. In addition to nursing, Jane has been involved hospital redevelopment projects and the design and implement major hospital IT systems.
Jane now works primarily with clinical groups and health consumers to design and implement evidence based, patient-centred service models for people with rare or complex health conditions.
Renal transplant services and organ donation are an important part of Jane's portfolio where the focus is on both lifting transplant rates but also improving equity in health outcomes for Māori and Pacific people who are disproportionately affected.


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Maybe you're like the Dinner Sisters and are loving summer, but really could use a break from a salad? You're in luck. Three recipes that use plenty of summer ingredients and techniques but still feel like a comforting meal. Simple preparations like the Chili Steak with Hawaiian rice, an easily-riffed on Cold Sesame Noodles, and a Chicken Breast with Corn Barley Salad round out the seasonal recipes for the week.
Chili Powder is a staple in our pantries and we use it often. But if it's not in yours, make sure its fresh. Open the jar and take a whiff. If you can't smell much, replace it. A recipe like this, with only a few seasonings, needs fresh spices.
Kate made this with flank steak to good results.We imagine you could adapt this to other cuts of beef, just make sure to adjust the cooking times.
If fresh pineapple isn't available, canned works a treat.
Cold sesame noodles are a summer staple for good reason. The sauce recipe is adaptable to taste, the salad keeps for days, you can add in any bits and bobs you like.
Adjust the ginger, add sriracha, dial up or back the vinegar or sugar as you see fit. We found this to be a good base recipe. Just make sure to take notes so you can replicate your perfect proportions.
We like to add in any of the following: shredded cabbage, zucchini, or carrots, cubed tofu, and shredded chicken.
If you simmer the sauce too long and it gets gloppy, never fear! You can easily thin it out with a bit of water and a vigorous whisk.
The water trick above works very well to reinvigorate the salad from the fridge. A little warm water (think a teaspoon or two from the hot tap) can loosen up the noodles and bloom the sauce again.
We've been doing some summer baking. Here's what we've got on our minds.
This is a butter cake with plums sunk in the batter and baked until you have the most amazing jammy fruit. Dinner party dream and the bonus of being an ideal breakfast cake.
If you have any semolina in the house, perhaps from a pasta project or other baking, this is a unique use that will satisfy your sweet tooth. It is a thick dough but don't worry- it bakes up to a creamy delight.
Cobblers are all alike, right? Not this one. Leave the sugar out of the cobbler dough, sprinkle it on top, then pour hot water over it to bake. The result is a shattery sugar crust covering a pillowy biscuit dough. Not to mention all those peaches.


text:
Answering queries using views: A survey (0)
by Alon Y Halevy
Venue: VLDB Journal: Very Large Data Bases
Data Integration: A Theoretical Perspective
by Maurizio Lenzerini - Symposium on Principles of Database Systems , 2002
"... Data integration is the problem of combining data residing at different sources, and providing the user with a unified view of these data. The problem of designing data integration systems is important in current real world applications, and is characterized by a number of issues that are interestin ..."
Data integration is the problem of combining data residing at different sources, and providing the user with a unified view of these data. The problem of designing data integration systems is important in current real world applications, and is characterized by a number of issues that are interesting from a theoretical point of view. This document presents on overview of the material to be presented in a tutorial on data integration. The tutorial is focused on some of the theoretical issues that are relevant for data integration. Special attention will be devoted to the following aspects: modeling a data integration application, processing queries in data integration, dealing with inconsistent data sources, and reasoning on queries.
Data Exchange: Semantics and Query Answering
by Ronald Fagin, Phokion G. Kolaitis, Renee J. Miller, Lucian Popa - In ICDT , 2003
"... Data exchange is the problem of taking data structured under a source schema and creating an instance of a target schema that reflects the source data as accurately as possible. In this paper, we address foundational and algorithmic issues related to the semantics of data exchange and to query answe ..."
Data exchange is the problem of taking data structured under a source schema and creating an instance of a target schema that reflects the source data as accurately as possible. In this paper, we address foundational and algorithmic issues related to the semantics of data exchange and to query answering in the context of data exchange. These issues arise because, given a source instance, there may be many target instances that satisfy the constraints of the data exchange problem. We give an algebraic specification that selects, among all solutions to the data exchange problem, a special class of solutions that we call universal. A universal solution has no more and no less data than required for data exchange and it represents the entire space of possible solutions. We then identify fairly general, and practical, conditions that guarantee the existence of a universal solution and yield algorithms to compute a canonical universal solution efficiently. We adopt the notion of "certain answers" in indefinite databases for the semantics for query answering in data exchange. We investigate the computational complexity of computing the certain answers in this context and also study the problem of computing the certain answers of target queries by simply evaluating them on a canonical universal solution.
...: Semantics and Query Answering 209 data integration system. In practice, however, most data integration systems studied to date are either LAV (local-as-view) systems or GAV (global-as-view) systems =-=[11,13, 14].-=- In a LAV system, each assertion in M relates one element of the source schema S to a query (a view) over the global schema G; moreover, it is usually assumed that there are no target constraints (Σt...
Scientific workflow management and the Kepler system. Special issue: workflow in grid systems
by Bertram Ludäscher, Ilkay Altintas, Chad Berkley, Dan Higgins, Efrat Jaeger, Matthew Jones, Edward A. Lee, Jing Tao, Yang Zhao - Concurr. Comput.: Pract. Exp , 2006
"... Many scientific disciplines are now data and information driven, and new scientific knowledge is often gained by scientists putting together data analysis and knowledge discovery "pipelines". A related trend is that more and more scientific communities realize the benefits of sharing their data and ..."
Many scientific disciplines are now data and information driven, and new scientific knowledge is often gained by scientists putting together data analysis and knowledge discovery "pipelines". A related trend is that more and more scientific communities realize the benefits of sharing their data and computational services, and are thus contributing to a distributed data and computational community infrastructure (a.k.a. "the Grid"). However, this infrastructure is only a means to an end and scientists ideally should be bothered little with its existence. The goal is for scientists to focus on development and use of what we call scientific workflows. These are networks of analytical steps that may involve, e.g., database access
Schema mediation in peer data management systems
by Alon Halevy, Zachary G. Ives, Dan Suciu, Igor Tatarinov, Alon Y. Halevy, Zachary G. Ives, Dan Suciu, Igor Tatarinov - In Proc. of ICDE , 2003
"... permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotiona ..."
permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to
... hence query answering amounts to view unfolding. In contrast, LAV is sourcecentric, describing the contents of the data sources. Query answering requires algorithms for answering queries using views =-=[14]-=-, but in exchange LAV provides greater extensibility: the addition of new sources is less likely to require a change to the mediated schema.s508 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Dat...
Data Exchange: Getting to the Core
by Ronald Fagin, Phokion G. Kolaitis, Lucian Popa , 2003
"... Data exchange is the problem of taking data structured under a source schema and creating an instance of a target schema that reflects the source data as accurately as possible. Given a source instance, there may be many solutions to the data exchange problem, that is, many target instances that sat ..."
Data exchange is the problem of taking data structured under a source schema and creating an instance of a target schema that reflects the source data as accurately as possible. Given a source instance, there may be many solutions to the data exchange problem, that is, many target instances that satisfy the constraints of the data exchange problem. In an earlier paper, we identified a special class of solutions that we call universal. A universal solution has homomorphisms into every possible solution, and hence is a "most general possible" solution. Nonetheless, given a source instance, there may be many universal solutions. This naturally raises the question of whether there is a "best" universal solution, and hence a best solution for data exchange. We answer this question by considering the well-known notion of the core of a structure, a notion that was first studied in graph theory, but has also played a role in conjunctive-query processing. The core of a structure is the smallest substructure that is also a homomorphic image of the structure. All universal solutions have the same core (up to isomorphism); we show that this core is also a universal solution, and hence the smallest universal solution. The uniqueness of the core of a universal solution together with its minimality make the core an ideal solution for data exchange. Furthermore, we show that the core is the best among all universal solutions for answering unions of conjunctive queries with inequalities. After this, we investigate the computational complexity of producing the core. Well-known results by Chandra and Merlin imply that, unless P = NP, there is no polynomial-time algorithm that, given a structure as input, returns the core of that structure as output. In contrast, in the context of data e...
A vision for management of complex models
by Philip A. Bernstein, Alon Y. Levy, Rachel A. Pottinger - SIGMOD Record , 2000
"... Many problems encountered when building applications of database systems involve the manipulation of models. By "model, " we mean a complex structure that represents a design artifact, such as a relational schema, object-oriented interface, UML model, XML DTD, web-site schema, semantic network, comp ..."
Many problems encountered when building applications of database systems involve the manipulation of models. By "model, " we mean a complex structure that represents a design artifact, such as a relational schema, object-oriented interface, UML model, XML DTD, web-site schema, semantic network, complex document, or software configuration. Many uses of models involve managing changes in models and transformations of data from one model into another. These uses require an explicit representation of "mappings " between models. We propose to make database systems easier to use for these applications by making "model " and "model mapping " first-class objects with special operations that simplify their use. We call this capability model management. In addition to making the case for model management, our main contribution is a sketch of a proposed data model. The data model consists of formal, object-oriented structures for representing models and model mappings, and of high-level algebraic operations on those structures, such as matching, differencing, merging, function application, selection, inversion and instantiation. We focus on structure and semantics, not implementation. 1
Piazza: Data Management Infrastructure for Semantic Web
by Alon Halevy, Zachary Ives, Peter Mork, Igor Tatarinov , 2003
"... The Semantic Web envisions a World Wide Web in which data is described with rich semantics and applications can pose complex queries. To this point, researchers have defined new languages for specifying meanings for concepts and developed techniques for reasoning about them, using RDF as the data mo ..."
The Semantic Web envisions a World Wide Web in which data is described with rich semantics and applications can pose complex queries. To this point, researchers have defined new languages for specifying meanings for concepts and developed techniques for reasoning about them, using RDF as the data model. To flourish, the Semantic Web needs to be able to accommodate the huge amounts of existing data and the applications operating on them. To achieve this, we are faced with two problems. First, most of the world's data is available not in RDF but in XML; XML and the applications consuming it rely not only on the domain structure of the data, but also on its document structure. Hence, to provide interoperability between such sources, we must map between both their domain structures and their document structures. Second, data management practitioners often prefer to exchange data through local point-to-point data translations, rather than mapping to common mediated schemas or ontologies.
...ry composition for an XQuery-like language. In the other direction, composing mappings requires using mappings in the reverse direction, which is known as the problem of answering queries using views =-=[15]-=-. These two problems are well understood in the relational setting (i.e., when data is relational and mappings are specied as some restricted version of SQL), but they have only recently been treated...
On the decidability and complexity of query answering over inconsistent and incomplete databases
by Andrea Calì, Domenico Lembo, Riccardo Rosati - In Proc. of PODS 2003 , 2003
"... In databases with integrity constraints, data may not satisfy the constraints. In this paper, we address the problem of obtaining consistent answers in such a setting, when key and inclusion dependencies are expressed on the database schema. We establish decidability and complexity results for query ..."
In databases with integrity constraints, data may not satisfy the constraints. In this paper, we address the problem of obtaining consistent answers in such a setting, when key and inclusion dependencies are expressed on the database schema. We establish decidability and complexity results for query answering under different assumptions on data (soundness and/or completeness). In particular, after showing that the problem is in general undecidable, we identify the maximal class of inclusion dependencies under which query answering is decidable in the presence of key dependencies. Although obtained in a single database context, such results are directly applicable to data integration, where multiple information sources may provide data that are inconsistent with respect to the global view of the sources. 1.
...tegrity constraints represent fundamental knowledge about the domain of interest [8, 1]. In many scenarios, data may not satisfy integrity constraints; this happens, for instance, in data integration =-=[20, 17]-=-, where integrity constraints enrich the semantics of the global view of a set of autonomous information sources, while such constraints may be violated by data at the sources [14, 6]. In principle, t...
Composing Mappings among Data Sources
by Jayant Madhavan, Alon Y. Halevy - In VLDB , 2003
"... Semantic mappings between data sources play a key role in several data sharing architectures. Mappings provide the relationships between data stored in different sources, and therefore enable answering queries that require data from other nodes in a data sharing network. Composing mappings is one of ..."
Semantic mappings between data sources play a key role in several data sharing architectures. Mappings provide the relationships between data stored in different sources, and therefore enable answering queries that require data from other nodes in a data sharing network. Composing mappings is one of the core problems that lies at the heart of several optimization methods in data sharing networks, such as caching frequently traversed paths and redundancy analysis.
Representing and Reasoning about Mappings between Domain Models
by Jayant Madhavan, Philip A. Bernstein, Pedro Domingos, Alon Y. Halevy , 2002
"... Mappings between disparate models are fundamental to any application that requires interoperability between heterogeneous data and applications. Generating mappings is a laborintensive and error prone task. To build a system that helps users generate mappings, we need an explicit representation of m ..."
Mappings between disparate models are fundamental to any application that requires interoperability between heterogeneous data and applications. Generating mappings is a laborintensive and error prone task. To build a system that helps users generate mappings, we need an explicit representation of mappings. This representation needs to have well-defined semantics to enable reasoning and comparison between mappings.
...usually based on heuristics that identify structural and naming similarities between models (Noy & Musen 2000; Rahm & Bernstein 2001) or on using machine learning to learn mappings (Doan, Domingos, & =-=Halevy 2001-=-; Lacher & Groh 2001; Doan et al. 2002; Berlin & Motro 2002). In both cases, the systems require feedback from a user to further refine a proposed mapping. Our opening claim in this paper is that the ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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In the pollution- ridden and highly toxic atmosphere we live in today, it is necessary to ensure that we at least consume purified and good quality water. Since the human body majorly consists of water, it is essential that the water we drink is fresh and free of contaminants that may harm the body. One of the best ways to get purified water is by purchasing an water purifier for the home.
RO water purifiers are known to be one of the best purifiers in the world. It is a simple and uncomplicated water purification process that filters impurities and contaminants from tap water to give clean and fresh water, ready for consumption. One may use the clean and healthy water for drinking.
While there are a number of water purifiers available in the market, it makes sense to purchase the RO water purifier. This is because it has numerous advantages over other usual purifiers on offer. RO based system maintains an equilibrium in water, and filters out only the harmful and disease causing contaminants. The minerals and good bacteria, which is required by the body, are retained by the filtration process.
If you want to install a water purifier at home, you should be looking for RO water purifiers. Buy online to avail best prices. Always go for a reputed brand of RO water purifier and make a purchase only after thorough analysis of the reviews and ratings. For a healthy and long life, installing a water purifier is the first and foremost step. However, to ensure effectiveness and efficiency, it is essential that you ensure proper maintenance of the water purifier.
Servicing and maintaining the water purifier is the primary and most important step to ensure longevity and good health. Not only will the water purifier work flawlessly, your family will also be in the best of health for a long time to come. RO water purifiers are of a sturdy make, and rarely encounter glitches and snags.
When the water purifier is within the warranty period, expert service representatives of the company will service the purifier at no extra cost on a routine basis. However, after the warranty expires, it is up to you how to maintain the purifier to keep it up and running. Since water purifiers have an internal filter, an output pipe at the rear end and ionizing agents to clean the water, the system itself needs to be cleansed once in a while. You can ask the company to teach you easy cleaning methods and seek tips online or from expert service reps. If the task seems too complex, it is better to hire a professional service to undertake the maintenance of the water purifier.
If the consistency of water in your area changes, the water purifier needs certain amendments for which, you should definitely contact your water purifier service provider. It is highly recommended that you change the filter of the system regularly. Additional accessories and components can be added to the existing RO water purifier.
KENT Blog Copyright © 2019.


Not several baseball players anticipate batting versus the so called flame throwers. There are a couple of baseball striking suggestions that could make your life as a baseball player simpler and also raise your opportunity of having an effective at bat! If a baseball hitter is a genuine excellent quick round player who has extremely quick bat speed, he should not transform his striking design and also needs to stand up there as well as take his normal swing.
On the other hand, not all players have that speed in their swing and also they must make changes to boost their chance for an effective at bat. Against some flame throwers, several excellent players reduced their stride or even omit it entirely, especially with two strikes on them. There is nothing incorrect with acknowledging a little bit to a pitcher. The only goal is an effective at bat and it's not essential just how you achieve that success.
For those players that have problem against? flame throwers," they should keep in mind that it's not necessary to take any kind of stride whatsoever or to open the bat hard. Some hitters, specifically more youthful players, do not obtain this message. They on a regular basis over swing as well as take this long, knotting swing that is quite late on the pitch and also have hardly any if any possibility in any way. This occasionally occurs over as well as over once more and is rather discouraging for a player of any age, whether it is a younger gamer or an older gamer. Younger gamers will not enjoy on the baseball field if this continuouslies occur. If a young player proceeds to head 3 times a video game, in no time at all whatsoever he will certainly lose interest in playing baseball in the future.
The name of this game, from a baseball player's perspective is to obtain the? wonderful" place of the bat on the ball. If you turn the bat so easy that it won't crush a grape, however could somehow procure the sweet part of the bat on the round, you will obtain your share of hits. If you do the very same thing versus a power bottle, you will certainly obtain more compared to your share of favorites. It's not vital exactly how weak a swing you contended the pitch and the weakness of your swing will go absolutely undetected. Exactly what will be effectively noticed is just how you hit the sphere very hard against a flame thrower that has actually been heading a great deal of batteries.
Leading bat suppliers invest numerous bucks on research study to have actually batted spheres leap off the pleasant component of the bats they make. The hitter's chore is to just get that pleasant area of the bat on the pitched baseball. Hitter's needs to allow the rate of the pitch do 90 % of the benefit them. Against the fire throwers, the hitter who has difficulty with the heating unit need to keep it as easy as feasible. Start the swing early and also no should stride whatsoever. Toss the barrel of the bat down at the pitch. Keep in mind, also if your swing is so very easy that it could possibly not squash a grape, the pleasant spot of the bat and also the velocity of the quick pitch will certainly do 90 % of the help you. It's no assurance for success yet it will absolutely enhance your possibilities for an effective at bat.
Larry Cicchiello is the effective author of "Exceptional Baseball Coaching: 30 Seconds Away." His EXTREMELY easy to use eBooks and CD's cover 320 subjects on playing excellent baseball. ALL players, trains or baseball moms and dads who wish to assist their youngster will certainly be completely geared up! Larry.s site provides some FREE baseball tips on attacking and also FREE baseball pitching pointers. For more information visit our site.


Hi there! My name is Kate. Here is my story. When I was very young, my parents gave me to a Baby House. It was not a very pleasant place to live. When I was six years old, I was sent to the orphanage that I would call my home where I would attend school with about 100 other children. We all have some kind of physical or mental/emotional problem.
Not long ago, Natasha, the massage therapist, invited me to receive massage. She is a very nice woman. Three problems that I have are aggression, emotional reactions to many situations. and I cry often over little things.
I am seeing changes in these areas. Massage therapy, exercise, and different games are calming my emotions. I feel better about who I am.
Mark and Sveta will update my progress reports as I receive treatment. They will invite you to visit this page.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
in Theissen & Sydow, Annls mycol. 13(5/6): 588 (1915)

#### Original name
Endodothella litseae Racib., 1915

### Remarks
null


Our sides are the perfect addition to our pizza, wings, and sub specialties. Indulge with some loaded french fries, or order a side of garlic cheese bread with your salad or pasta dinner.
Bacon, cheddar, mozzarella, and side of ranch dressing.
Includes 5 chicken wings, 3 mozzarella sticks, deep fried mushrooms and cauliflower. Served with side sauces and bleu cheese dressing.


text:
"The Remarkable Rise Of Eliza Jumel," In Harlem Heights
The NY Times writes George Washington slept there, but, oh, to have been a fly on the wall of that mansion in Harlem Heights, Manhattan's oldest surviving house, a few decades later, when Eliza Bowen moved uptown from what became Reade Street to live there with her husbands, Stephen Jumel and (again) Aaron Burr. (One at a time, of course.)
Margaret A. Oppenheimer, who has a doctorate in art history from New York University and volunteers as a docent at the Morris-Jumel Mansion, reintroduces readers to the woman who transformed herself from a poor Providence girl raised in a brothel into an elegant Upper Manhattan real estate mogul in "The Remarkable Rise of Eliza Jumel: Marriage and Money in the Early Republic" (Chicago Review Press).
The Morrises were Tories who lived there before the Revolution (curiously, there has been no outcry to rename Delancey Street and other places that memorialize British loyalists).
Washington commandeered the mansion briefly as his headquarters in 1776, but Ms. Oppenheimer focuses on the period from 1804, when Eliza and Stephen Jumel acquired the 140-acre estate (so big that slices were appropriated for the Croton Aqueduct and what became the New York Central railroad), to her death at age 90 in 1865, as well as the subsequent protracted court fight over her estate.
Ms. Oppenheimer recounts quotidian early-19th-century New York and imaginatively fills the gaps in the biographical record of that rare woman involved in financial affairs by invoking romantic literature and the ribald gossip of the day.
Eliza Jumel was a woman "who rose from grinding poverty to enviable wealth" when women were depicted as weak and were consigned to second place. To some, she also was "a prostitute, a mother of an illegitimate son, a wife who ruthlessly defrauded her husband and perhaps even plotted his death."
Madame Jumel's mansion survived, Ms. Oppenheimer writes, but her "reputation is not as well preserved as her furniture."
Look for more Harlem history here.
Black Swan Records, The Legendary Harlem Jazz, And Blues Label, 1921
Harlem's Espaillat, Hawk And Others Praise Mayor Adams Working People Agenda
Shoot Her Down, She Won't Fall: M3gan Movie Review (Video)
Requesting Harlem Public Opinion Regarding A Cannabis Dispensary
Attorney General James Announces Nominee For The Commission On Ethics
Harlem Playwright, Friends Of Dee, Poitier, Belafonte, Abram Hill, 1910-1986
books, Harlem, Harlem Heights, history, Real EstateAaron Burr, Eliza Bowen, George Washington, Harlem Heights, Manhattan's oldest surviving house, Morris Jumel Mansion, New York Central Railroad, Stephen Jumel, Upper Manhattan


text:
Robyn Regehr Interview - 2009 NHLPA Meetings
Last week we met with the Calgary Flames' blueline bruiser and player representative Robyn Regehr at the NHLPA Meetings in Las Vegas to discuss expansion, relocation, and his biggest rival. These are his stories.
Q: Discuss the NHLPA's position on Southern US franchises.
A: Now that the players' salary and benefits are tied into a percentage of the HRR number, having teams in some of those areas might not make sense. Gary's vision was to put all these teams in the Southern US and places like that and all of the sudden get a big TV contract and we haven't seen anything like that. The TV contracts have gotten smaller and the teams, a lot of them, are in serious financial trouble.
Q: Is the word contraction ever discussed in NHLPA meetings?
A: There's never any talk of contraction and that's for a few different reasons. First of all, we want to see as many jobs as possible in the NHL. That being said, there's also really good places for those hockey teams to go. It was poor judgment by Gary that put these teams in places where they've struggled and those are the ones that people talk about contraction. There's also been some mismanagement. How many lifelines are you going to throw a mismanaged business before it's time for them to either move on or change in some way. I think there are some really good markets available in the US. So the option of contraction hasn't even been talked about or thought about.
Q: How does the NHLPA approach franchise relocation or expansion in terms of location?
A: You have to look at a bunch of things. How's the relationship between the fans and that type of team. In Winnipeg there's a history there so it would probably be really strong in the first couple of years and hopefully for many years after that. If you look at Canada you have to factor in the currency exchange, a lot of people forget about it. Five years ago that was really hampering the Canadian teams to where they were considered a small market team. Well now that currency has swung substantially in the other direction, especially a couple of years ago, where it makes Canada a much more viable market. But there's that element of risk there. If you go somewhere that's more sustainable in the US you take that risk out of it. So you have to look at a whole bunch of different things when looking at that. I'm not smart enough to say what factors are more important than others or how you prioritize them.
Q: Do you think Las Vegas would succeed as a NHL town?
A: Yes I do for a few different reasons. First of all, I think they do a really good job of marketing here in Vegas. There's some teams that do a good job of that but here it's taken to a whole other level and I think it would be pretty successful. There is a minor pro team here and talking to some of the people that have been around that team they say that the fans are great. You also have a lot of people. I'm not sure the numbers on what Vegas attracts for tourists and visitors but it's a substantial amount every year. To get a fraction of those people in to see hockey, you may be introducing new people to hockey. I think it would be a real exciting opportunity for the NHL to have a team in Vegas.
Q: What about another team in Southern Ontario?
A: I think players would love to have another team in Southern Ontario. It's a place where you would be playing to very knowledgeable hockey fans. It's a place where you'd probably be playing to a capacity crowd and they really do appreciate the franchise. There's been some teams put in really weak areas that could do well in Southern Ontario.
Q: Who's the Flames biggest rival?
A: Right now? Well historically it's been Edmonton but over the past couple of years I think Vancouver has really become a pretty heated rivalry.
Q: Who's your least favorite player on the Vancouver Canucks?
A: The majority of them. I'd have to say Burrows.
Q: Why?
A: I can't tell you that really. It's a story that was told to me by a friend in Calgary and I just can't share that with you.
Many thanks to Robyn for speaking with us. Best of luck next season.
Labels: Interviews


She heard the click of the door latch behind her, but continued to touch up her make‑up.
"Why didn't you tell me you were coming here?" She forced a frown onto her face even as her insides were melting at the smell of his cologne.
Slowly, he edged closer to her. She retreated until the hard doorknob dug into her back. Reaching behind her, he flipped the lock on the door, the click echoing in the empty bathroom. Sucking in a deep breath, she waited, anticipating his next move.
Excerpted from His All Night by Elle Wright. Copyright © 2015 by Elle Wright. Excerpted by permission of Forever, Grand Central Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.


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