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Edinburgh Castle Dog Cemetery
The final resting place of soldiers' loyal canine companions.
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Poetry and Music in the Scottish Lowlands
From $3,430 USD
See the lowlands through the eyes of one of Scotland's most celebrated poets, exploring old port towns and ancient fortresses, sipping single malt whisky, and wandering the breathtaking landscapes that inspired the beloved bard.
+ 1 more date
Located off the main path at the top of Edinburgh Castle, a small garden space holds a soldiers' dog cemetery that dates back to 1837. The year marks the ascent of Queen Victoria to the British throne, and her reign (until 1901) was noted by several cultural traits, among which was an appreciation of pets and companion animals.
The same appreciation for animals that led to the story of Greyfriars Bobby could also have led to the establishment of this cemetery, especially since burial plots in castles were often considered exclusive to military personnel and nobles. The small graveyard is home to about 20 headstones. Many of the engravings have worn away over time, but the oldest visible inscription is from 1881, a dedication to Jess, band pet of the Black Watch 42nd Royal Highlanders. The youngest headstone commemorates Winkle, who died in 1980 and was the "dear and faithful friend of Lady Gow and the Governor."
The Scottish poet Robert Burns once commemorated the dog cemetery of Edinburgh Castle in verse: "Berkin dugs here lie at rest / The yappin worst, obedient best / Sodgers pets and mascots tae / Still the guard the castle to this day." However, this has proven to be erroneous. The words actually were penned by Ali Strachan, who worked for Historic Environment Scotland and were mistakenly attributed to the national bard when she was compiling poems for a Burns Night Supper.
The site of the cemetery may have once been a medieval tower, but it now acts as the final resting place for honored canine companions of the regimental officers. Visitors cannot enter the cemetery, but it can be viewed from above.
The cemetery can be seen from the top of Edinburgh Castle, down from the Argyle Battery ledge located east of Mons Meg and St. Margaret's Chapel. There is no physical access to the actual graveyard.
pet cemeteries catacombs crypts dogs catacombs, crypts, & cemeteries castles
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_cemetery
http://www.bestofedinburgh.com/Page.asp?Title=Edinburgh+Castle&Section=25&Page=1
http://www.royal-mile.com/castle/castle-cemetary.html
https://stoneanddust.com/2019/04/29/site-187-edinburgh-castles-dog-cemetery/
https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/whats-on/things-to-do/touching-story-edinburgh-castles-dog-cemetery-334207
http://www.royal-mile.com/castle/castle_plan.html
Edinburgh, Scotland, EH1
Mons Meg
William Wallace and Robert the Bruce Statues
Wojtek the Soldier Bear Memorial
A six ton wedding gift to King of the Scots.
Overlooked by many, the two famous Scottish warriors guard the main gate of Edinburgh Castle.
A statue in the heart of Edinburgh honors a bear that served in the Polish military during World War II.
'A Canine Connection'
This sculpture commemorates Edinburgh's sister city and their respective celebrity dogs.
Asnières-sur-Seine, France
Cemetery of the Dogs
The Cimetière des Chiens et Autres Animaux Domestiques is one of the oldest pet cemeteries in the world.
Cherokee, Alabama
Key Underwood Coon Dog Cemetery
A cemetery for only coon hounds in northwest Alabama.
Reveille Mascot Cemetery
Resting place of the Texas A&M canine mascots, who watch the game from the grave with their own miniature scoreboard.
La Pera, Spain
The Gala Dalí Castle
Of course Salvador Dalí lived in a castle...


"Last Chance! Revealing the Holy Land: The Photographic Exploration of Palestine"
Santa Barbara Museum of Art from the collection of Michael G. and Jane Wilson, Revealing the Holy Land presents 92 vintage prints and two albums that document a critical moment in the history of photography, the early history of scientific Biblical scholarship, and Britain�s cultural and political involvement in the region. >Exquisite 19th century photographs document the modern rediscovery of ancient Palestine (a territory now comprising Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and parts of Syria) by the nations of the West during the first golden age of photography. Organized by the Santa Barbara Museum of Art from the collection of Michael G. and Jane Wilson, Revealing the Holy Land presents 92 vintage prints and two albums that document a critical moment in the history of photography, the early history of scientific Biblical scholarship, and Britain�s cultural and political involvement in the region.
The images include tightly composed details of architectural assemblies that record layers of occupation of an ancient city, panoramas of the Sinai desert that defy any understanding of scale, iconic views of Jerusalem sought out by visitors today � the Damascus Gate, the Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre � and portraits of people from the region in characteristic costume. Alternately richly detailed and almost eerily barren, this is a stunning representation of the region as it looked over 100 years ago. The centerpiece of the exhibition is a group of 35 photographs taken by Sergeant James McDonald of the British Royal Engineers for their 1864 and 1868 surveys of Jerusalem and the Sinai. They are exhibited as a group for the first time since they were made. Revealing the Holy Land opens with images by the early masters of expeditionary photography, French writer Maxine De Camp (who learned photography in order to travel through the Holy Land), Rev. George Bridges and the Anglo-German banker Ernest Benecke. August Saltzman�s images of Jerusalem from 1856 are considered the first examples of applying photography to the documentation of Biblical archaeology. Bible and Empire are joined in the work of the next generation; Francis Bedford (who accompanied the Prince of Wales to the Middle East), Francis Frith, Frank Mason Goode, and the team of Robertson and Beato. The exhibition was made possible, in part, by grants form the Ralph M. Parsons Foundation and the Dana and Albert R. Broccoli Charitable Foundation.


wat can i say. this is MY life…….
went 2 sim lim and they got it 'workin' again..
y my life like this..
thats not all i got DD design 2 do and analytical and signals to do..
life mock me no more…. please…..
Next Post my life strikes.. yet again….


Get Vendio Gallery - Now FREE! Large Vintage Chinese Asian Brass Bronze Ornate Dragon Statue Gong/Bell on Footed Stand. Gorgeous piece with nice patina.
In excellent used vintage condition, with some wear on brass. Measures approx 19" tall, 6" wide at the base. The Dragon Bell Stand was made without a clapper because it was meant to be held by the finial and struck with a wooden wand. Check out my other items. The item "Vintage Chinese Asian Brass Bronze Ornate Dragon Statue Gong Bell on Stand 19" is in sale since Monday, February 29, 2016.
This item is in the category "Antiques\Maritime\Maritime Bells, Whistles & Horns". The seller is "10crystalclear" and is located in Reisterstown, Maryland. This item can be shipped worldwide.


The ACL or anterior cruciate ligament is a knee ligament that attaches from the back of the femur (thigh) to the front of the tibia (lower leg) to prevent motion of the tibia on the femur. The ACL is injured when the force to the knee exceeds the ability of the ligament to stabilize it. While an injury can occur from a traumatic event, such as a direct hit to the knee, it is more commonly injured through non-contact mechanisms. This may include hyperextension, an abrupt change in direction, twisting or a combination of these motions. Activities that involve jumping and landing, open field running and cutting or deceleration moves may result in injury.
There are approximately 250,000 ACL injuries in the United States each year. According to the Center for Injury and Research, women and girls are about 4-8 more times more likely to tear their ACL than men in practice and competition and account for more than 50% of knee injuries. Soccer, football, and basketball are the sports most commonly associated with an ACL injury.
How Can I Decrease the Risk of an ACL Injury?
ACL injury prevention programs have been developed to assist with prevention of knee and lower extremity injury. These programs typically consist of a warm-up to increase body temperature and blood flow to the muscles; stretching to the lower extremity including hamstrings, hip flexors, calves and quadriceps; plyometrics or jump training that focus on improving landing and power; and agility drills focused on coordination, speed and balance designed specifically for your sport.


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John Q. Sherman Award for Excellence in Patient Engagement Open for Nominations
Por: Latinowire | 21 de Enero 2016
DAYTON, Ohio & BOSTON–(BUSINESS WIRE)–EngagingPatients.org, an online community dedicated to sharing best
practices in patient and family engagement, opened nominations for the
2016 John Q. Sherman Award for Excellence in Patient Engagement today.
Established in 2014, the Sherman Award is dedicated to recognizing
innovative work that has resulted in better, safer care and improved
outcomes by engaging patients and families in their care. The award,
which is a partnership between EngagingPatients.org, the National
Patient Safety Foundation's (NPSF) Lucian Leape Institute and Standard
Register Healthcare, will be conferred at the NPSF's 18th
annual Patient Safety Congress in Scottsdale, Ariz. on May 24. The
winner will receive an all-expenses paid trip to Scottsdale for the
"Increasing attention on engaging patients and their personal support
networks signals a true shift in healthcare," said Mark O'Leary, chair
of EngagingPatients.org's advisory board and president of Standard
Register Healthcare. "Each project represents an organization's
commitment to creating deep and lasting relationships by engaging and
activating patients and families across the continuum of care. We hope
showcasing these outstanding projects and caregivers will inspire more
patient and family-centered practices."
Named for John Q. Sherman (1882-1939), founder of Standard Register and
philanthropist, the award is given to a program focused on enhancing
patient and family engagement. Programs will be judged on the degree to
which patient and families are involved in project design and
implementation; measurable results; sustainability; and the ability to
replicate the project.
"Patient and family engagement is essential to the delivery of safe and
appropriate health care," said Tejal K. Gandhi, MD, MPH, CPPS, president
and CEO of the National Patient Safety Foundation and president of the
NPSF Lucian Leape Institute. "We are pleased to collaborate with
EngagingPatients.org to recognize those who have put successful
practices into place to partner with patients, and this award is a
wonderful way to share what they have learned."
Nominations will be accepted through March 11. Work must have occurred
between January 1, 2014 and January 31, 2016. The official nomination
form and full details about criteria for the John Q. Sherman Award are
available at www.EngagingPatients.org/awardsubmissions.
About EngagingPatients.org
EngagingPatients.org, an online community dedicated to the
transformation of healthcare through patient engagement, was launched in
June 2013. The community recognizes the important role communication
plays in improving the patient experience, the quality of care and
ultimately creating better outcomes. Through partnerships, members
strive to advance engagement between patients, advocates and providers.
EngagingPatients.org is a centralized resource where the community can
find real-time news and relevant content, share best practices and
engage in thoughtful discussion.
About the National Patient Safety Foundation
The National Patient Safety Foundation's vision is to create a world
where patients and those who care for them are free from harm. A central
voice for patient safety since 1997, NPSF partners with patients and
families, the health care community, and key stakeholders to advance
patient safety and health care workforce safety and disseminate
strategies to prevent harm. NPSF is an independent, not-for-profit
501(c)(3) organization. The NPSF Lucian Leape Institute, established in
2007, is charged with defining strategic paths and calls to action for
the field of patient safety, offering vision and context for the many
efforts under way within health care, and providing the leverage
necessary for system-level change. To learn more about the NPSF's work,
visit www.npsf.org.
About Standard Register Healthcare
Standard Register, Inc., a subsidiary of Taylor Corporation, helps
customers advance their reputation and build their brands with
integrated digital and print communications programs delivered through
multiple channels. With more than a century of experience, Standard
Register, Inc. also can draw on the resources and capabilities of Taylor
Corporation's many companies around the world. Standard Register
Healthcare is a business unit serving more than 1,800 clients across the
continuum of care, including acute, ambulatory, long-term care and
managed care. A recognized leader in managing patient-centric
information and communications, Standard Register Healthcare provides
services and technology-enabled solutions to enhance patient engagement,
the coordination of care and achieve desired outcomes. More information
is available at www.standardregisterhealthcare.com
Standard Register Healthcare
Arundi Venkayya, 937-221-4482
arundi.venkayya@standardregister.com
Patient Safety Foundation
Patricia McTiernan 617-391-9922
pmctiernan@npsf.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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News : 12/31/2021 ~ Big Finish Releases Doctor Who Short Trips 11 Titles and Authors
https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/short-trips-packed-with-big-ideas
The history of Big Finish Short Trips is anything but short.
"Short Trips" was a label applied to stories and books, published by both BBC Books and Big Finish Productions. Early publications released under the "Short Trips" banner were short story anthologies. The majority of these anthologies were collections of prose issued from 1998 to 2009, but Big Finish resurrected the name as a label for audio anthologies and single audio downloads beginning in 2010.
"Short Trips" was a name initially given to three short story anthologies published by BBC Books, starting in 1999. The notion was very similar to Virgin Books' Decalog anthology series. These three new books were published in conjunction with the BBC Eighth Doctor Adventures and BBC Past Doctor Adventures book series. Each book contained stories featuring the first eight incarnations of the Doctor. After publishing the anthology Short Trips and Side Steps in March 2000, BBC Books abandoned short stories for full length prose.
In 2002, Big Finish Productions obtained the rights to the Short Trips series. The Big Finish Short Trips books, like the Decalog series, are built around themes. These include an annual volume dedicated to Christmas-related tales and one volume dedicated to Dalek stories. A total of twenty-eight volumes of new material — featuring several hundred stories featuring the first eight Doctors — were published by March 2009.
On 17 April 2009, Big Finish announced it was ending the Short Trips line, since the BBC had not renewed the company's license to issue Doctor Who stories in print.[1] A final Short Trips volume, a "best-of" collection, subsequently appeared in May 2009, coinciding with Big Finish briefly making its back stock of earlier Short Trips books available at a discounted rate.
Announced today: (quote)
"The Short Trips range is back with six sensational short slices of story, encompassing adventures set throughout all eras (and across many incarnations) of Doctor Who.
Originally a book series, Doctor Who – Short Trips was relaunched in 2010 as an audiobook range. This anthology of brand new adventures forms Volume 11 and is due to be released in February 2022. Three new writers make their Big Finish debut with stories in this collection.
Producer Alfie Shaw said: "There's something for everyone in this box set. We've got a couple of short-form dramas, there are first-person monologues and also some more traditional third-person stories. We're digging into the psychology of classic villains, monsters and companions, exploring the devastating effects of Time War, and taking a terrifying flight with the Tenth Doctor!
"We've taken a similar route with all our fabulous performers, pulling a cast together from actors who were part of the original TV show to those who have joined the wonderful world of Doctor Who through Big Finish's audio adventures. It's a privilege listening to these fantastic actors at work, and I hope everyone enjoys the box set."
The six very special stories are:
Rearguard by Alfie Shaw
Performed by Dan Starkey and Jacob Dudman
Trooper Stron has been given a great honour by Sontar. He's been chosen as the rearguard on Ubreus, protecting that world against anyone who would try to pry it from Sontaran control. The problem is, no one's coming to claim Ubreus, and that means there's no one for Stron to fight…
Messages From the Dead by Rochana Patel
Performed by Matthew Waterhouse
Adric wants to help the Doctor. The Doctor doesn't want Adric's help. Banished to updating the TARDIS logbook, Adric has to record the tale of the Hermes, a doomed freighter they found in E-Space. With Romana gone, and only the past as a guide, Adric needs to work out how to make this new dynamic work before it's too late for both him and the Doctor.
The Threshold by Felicia Barker
Performed by Jon Culshaw
After a collision in the vortex, the Master is trapped in his TARDIS. Luckily, the Doctor has come to save him. Unluckily, the Doctor's TARDIS has vanished. With the ship collapsing around them, can these arch-enemies put their rivalry aside long enough to survive?
Death Will Not Part Us by Alfie Shaw
Performed by Adéle Anderson
On the 14th of August 3097, everything is fine on the world of Gernica. Except, on the same day, the planet is being destroyed. Also, on the 14th of August 3097, no one in the universe has heard of Gernica. The planet's only chance to survive the horrors of the Time War lies with Viola Wintersmith. For Viola has a weapon that can destroy anything that stands in her way. A weapon that requires a unique form of ammunition. Her past.
Fear of Flying by Paul F Verhoeven
Performed by Ayesha Antoine
Hawa Hassan is terrified of flying. However, to make the most important audition in her life, Hawa's braving boarding an aeroplane. After all, it's just one flight. What could possibly go wrong?
Inside Story by Ben Tedds
Performed by Sophie Aldred
Helen Howard wishes to make it known the plot, all names, characters, and incidents portrayed in this story are fictitious. No identification with actual persons or time travellers should be inferred.
Doctor Who – Short Trips: Volume 11 is now available for pre-order as a digital download (only) at just £14.99 from the Big Finish website here:" (unquote and link added)
https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-short-trips-volume-11-2362
This appears to be a digital only release with no collectors edition CD-Rom being offered.
Digital Retail ISBN: 978-1-83868-547-8
One of the terrible tragedies of 2020 which certainly includes the death of Stephen Critchlow came the end of the subscriber bonus short trips. A list of which, including many unavailable is here:
https://www.bigfinish.com/pages/v/doctor-who---subscriber-short-trips
The slogan was 'Subscribers get more!" Yet unfortunately since the Big Finish Monthly Doctor Who series has ended with nothing to subscribe to, there is no.... More...
It will be great to see Short Trips return.


The future seems further away than the past. That's a psychological phenomenon which behavioural and neuro-economists try to exploit, along with other quirks of human nature. So, let's look at the next 20 years of superannuation.


We collaborated with @ThinkLumi to bring you this Heaven's Gate Pullover Hoodie and a collection of unique dreamscapes. This pullover hoodie serves as a canvas for a breathtaking view. It's made with ultra-soft fabric and printed with vibrant, eco-friendly inks that are made to never fade.
Heaven's Gate Pullover Hoodie has a rating of 5 stars based on 2 reviews.
The Heaven's Gate hoodie is gorgeous, with a color palette perfect for fall! Material is top notch, as always.


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The wet reception hopper system is more than just a pre-soak tank and has additional features and functionality which sets it apart from the competition. It provides an initial gentle reception of crop into water and then performs a soaking process before transferring crop to the rest of the processing line. During the flow through the system, sludge, stones and floating debris can be removed and delivered to one side of the hopper. The end result of this wet reception hopper is a "clean" waste free vegetable stream. The wet reception hopper is not designed to replace the core washing process but essentially improve the overall process and efficiency of cleaning. Its multi-functionality makes it unique and the auger base and optional drag chain combination also removes sludge / debris effectively from the base of the tank. The wet reception hopper has a capacity of up to 50tph.
and we shall get back to you.


text:
Facilitator, Coach, Corporate Role Player
Timothy Nga
is a professional actor and emcee with an established practice as a public speaking and leadership presence coach.
As a professional actor, he studies human behaviour intently and is able to articulate nuanced behavioural changes that drive and affect interpersonal relationships. He has won awards for his work in this field.
As an emcee and presenter, Timothy has fronted lifestyle and business programs, emceed conferences of up to 2,500 people and has interviewed leaders and subject matter experts from all over the world. He has a reputation for being stylish, articulate, quick on his feet and able to connect quickly and credibly with speakers, performers, and most importantly, the audience, regardless of size or culture.
This last trait adds to Timothy's practice as a content delivery consultant, helping organisations take live message delivery to the next level when they host or participate in conferences and showcases. He guides content teams in honing their message objective, structure, syntax and style, using diverse storytelling influences from theatre and film. He then coaches presenters to effectively use their personal styles to connect to their audience and deliver their message with maximum impact.
A bit of his story
Timothy's early career saw him invest 8 years in sales, business development, project management and business management in two IT software multinationals and a regional IT services start-up. His successes include closing multi-million dollar IT services projects, initiating new regional business lines and starting-up regional execution teams.
Timothy then followed his heart and chose to follow a life dream to "tell stories" by making a switch to media and the arts. He has been a professional in this field for over a decade and a half as an actor in film, television and stage, as an emcee and presenter for television and live events and conferences and, more recently, a director in theatre. As a director, he enjoys working with communities who don't normally have their stories told in mainstream society and making performances that challenge social norms.
He has trained with leading performance companies including SITI Company and Movement Theatre Studio in New York, Pig Iron Theatre Company in Philadelphia, Complicite in London, Teatro de los Sentidos in Barcelona and ARTHAUS Berlin.
More than a decade ago, while continuing to develop his artistic practice, Timothy dived back into the corporate space as a trainer and corporate role player. Over the years, he has developed this practice alongside his artistic journey.
His ongoing professional development in this area includes a certificate in Results Based Coaching (Neuroleadership Group), 4D Foundational Facilitation (Facilitators Network of Singapore) and a Certificate in Advanced Professional Practice in Gestalt Group Dynamics (Dr David Lines and Relational Change UK). He is currently pursuing certification as a provider in Trauma Releasing Exercises (TRE) by Dr David Berceli.
Timothy's business experience and artistic intuition bring an incisive creativity to his facilitation and coaching practice in helping individuals to flexibly bring the best versions of themselves from various aspects of their lives into any group dynamic, from being an effective and communicative leader of a high-performing team, to delivering a key message and getting bold action from a conference full of peers.


text:
Home » Mechanical company wins safety award from MCA
Mechanical company wins safety award from MCA
KEYWORDS HVAC contractors / HVAC market / trade associations
Mark Rook of AMS Mechanical Systems Inc. credits his company's "safety culture" for its low accident and injury rates.
The Burr Ridge, Ill.-based company's recordable Occupational Safety and Health Administration incident rate of 0.76 was good enough to win an award from the Chicago chapter of the Mechanical Contractors Association.
AMS won in the 1 million to 3 million hours worked category.
"It is an honor to be recognized by MCA Chicago, an achievement that speaks volumes about our culture of safety at AMS," said John Berzanskis, the company's president and CEO. "We take safety seriously and communicate our safety philosophy to employees in a variety of ways. We're fortunate to have a staff and workforce that embraces the culture, and live it in their daily work."
For Rook, who is the company's safety director, there is more to just practices in ensuring a safe workplace. Company officials point out that AMS has an incident rate more than 50 percent below national averages.
"A positive safety culture begins with senior management and must be communicated to employees on a daily basis," he said. "There are three key factors to developing an incident-free work environment. It's imperative to have a commitment from senior management. There must be a safety program in place. And employees must understand why safety rules are in place and practice them before they need to use them. Our employees practice safety principles 24/7 — not just on the jobsite."
HVAC market company wins SMACNA safety award
Company given safety award from 2 organizations
Connecticut company wins HVAC award from Winsupply
Zinc-using project, manufacturer wins MCA award


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end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"causing no harm to the fabric of our universe."
"[T]he baby universe has its own space-time and, as this inflates, the pressure from the true vacuum outside its walls continues to constrain it. As these forces compete, the growing baby universe is forced to bubble out from our space-time until its only connection to us is through a narrow space-time tunnel called a wormhole..."
Eventually, the "umbilical" connection between our space-time and the baby universe would be effectively cut, and the baby universe would enter into its own unique process of unending expansion. From our perspective, it would be lost inside a microscopic "black hole", which will not appear to expand into our space-time. Hawking radiation will be emitted and the tiny black hole will "evaporate", sealing the separation between the two universes.
John Snyder, of Bushnell township, Montcalm county, while insane, on the 1st, crushed his wife's head with an axe, killing her instantly.
Mrs. Chas. Martin, wife of a farmer living near Grand Rapids, poisoned herself and two of her children on the 3d, with "rough on rats."
A terrible accident occurred in the rolling mill of the Hubbard Iron company, at Hubbard,, Ohio, shortly after 2 o'clock on the morning of the 6th. Engineer Griffith Phillipps, aged 29 years in passing around the ore crusher oiling the bearings, was caught in the wheels and dragged into the crusher. He was mangled out of all semblance of humanity, the flesh adhering to the clogs. He leaves a wife and 3 children.
At North Branch on the 11th, Alexander Hoy's little son spilled a bottle of carbolic acid over his body. The stuff burned the child from his head to his feet, and he will probably die.
At Canton, Ohio, last week, Charles Danseizen, a bricklayer, went home drunk and, picking up a butcher-knife six inches long, murdered his wife by stabbing her in the throat. He says she drove him to the deed because she joined the salvation army.
It is said on the street that Miss Ida Carew, who mashed the patrons of the variety theatre by her song, "You can't do it, you know", died at New Orleans lately.
Lawrence Finn, a dissipated loafer, attacked his wife last week Saturday night with a heavy iron tea kettle he snatched from the stove. He knocked her down, beat her brains out and smashed the kettle in pounding her. The woman's eldest boy witnessed the assault and ran from the house screaming murder. A police officer was found who arrested Finn after he had horribly mutilated his wife's body.
As August Gunther, an employee of the Hancock chemical works, was driving a nail into a scantling saturated with nitro-glycerine, last week, an explosion occurred, injuring him beyond recovery.
Over four months ago a mass of molten iron was forced by an explosion into the mouth and throat of Jacob Halemberger, of Reading, Pa. The result was that the passage to the stomach was completely closed, and the man died of starvation.
Miss Metta Fordham, of Bronson, a music teacher and exceedingly bright young lady, died with measles. When the disease first seized her she told her friends she would never get well.
John Winter, who died recently at Grand Rapids, is alleged to have said with his dying breath that his wife poisoned him. The woman and her neighbors agree that he died of dissolute habits.
A Telegram received yesterday morning announced the death of Emporer Frederick William of Germany. He fought a valiant fight for many months, but no human and could stem the tide of the dread disease.
It just goes on and on and on like that! It's huge.


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Mollie's Fund Wins Effies
We are proud to announce that Mollie's fund has won two 2016 Effie awards – one Gold and one Silver for our very successful "Killer Tan" PSA. Jack and Maggie Biggane were in attendance to receive the awards.
Molloy College Nursing Program Skype Call
Molloy College, Nursing Program Skype Call to the nursing students and their faculty members of Dundlak College. This call was arranged through Molloy Professor Siegel as an introduction to her nursing students to their Irish peers which they will visit in May. During this phone call, Maggie Biggane shared Mollie's story and Karen McGuire, RN, a melanoma survivor discussed her surgery. Differences and similarities in skin cancer between the two countries were examined. Tanning salons and other behaviors were briefly discussed in preparation for a more meaning exchange in May.
Skin Cancer PSA in NYC Taxis
Washington DC taxis aired our skin cancer prevention psa from February 21st through February 27th. 14,000 views a day!!!
FDA proposes tanning bed age restrictions and other important safety measures
Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced important proposed steps to protect public health by preventing the use of sunlamp products (also commonly known as indoor tanning beds) by minors and reducing the risk of using these devices for adults. The FDA is committed to protecting public health by informing consumers of the risks of indoor tanning…
Mollie's Fund Wins 2 Global Awards
NEW YORK, Dec. 4, 2015 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) – The Global Awards, for the World ' s Best Healthcare & Wellness Advertising announced the 2015 award winners today at ceremonies taking place at New York Academy of Sciences in New York City and at the X Studio Sydney Australia .
Agencies from the United States were center stage and led the pack with 11 Global Awards. Global Award winning agencies include: Area 23 with 3 Global Awards, 2 for "Killer Tan" for Mollie Biggane Melanoma Foundation (Mollie's Fund) and 1 Global Award for "The State of Diabetes -Posters" for the diatribe Foundation . …
About the Global Awards: Now in their 21st year , The Global Awards are dedicated to excellence in healthcare and wellness communications on an internat ional basis. The Global Awards receives entries from healthcare corporations , hospitals,
advertising agencies, production companies , and design studios that produce communication for medical, pharmaceutical , healthcare & wellness related products and services …
Protecting the skin during the first 18 years of life can reduce the risk of some types of skin cancer by 78%.


What is the Duplicate Constituent Merge Custom Module and how to install it?
The Duplicate Constituent Merge Custom Module is a utility which allows The Raiser's Edge users to merge duplicate constituent records more efficiently than the out-of-the-box functionality provided by The Raiser's Edge 7. Note: This utility is no longer supported and has been replaced by the Mass Merge plugin.
The Duplicate Constituent Merge Custom Module is especially beneficial to organizations that import new constituent records on a regular basis.
Note: This utility has been replaced by the far superior Mass Merge Plugin.
Uses Raiser's Edge duplicate checking criteria.
Uses a Raiser's Edge query so you can work with smaller groups of constituents.
Presents duplicate records and lets you indicate which record(s) should be merged into another record. It can also run in auto-merge mode.
All data from the deleted records will be merged into the new record so that all history will be available. Duplicate merging will attempt to merge all data and will log any exceptions due to data inconsistencies.
Lets you select which record is the 'merge to' record based on the following criteria: newest gift, oldest gift, newest constituent, oldest constituent, greatest number of gifts, an attribute.
Provides options for merging all matching records immediately, or requiring user interaction to effect the merge.
Allows including alias names in the duplicate checking.
Additional enhancements can be delivered via customization.
Makes solicitors more efficient with communications.
Maximizes your return on investment in mailings and phone calls.
Simplifies merging constituent records by presenting possible duplicate records to the user via a report and user-friendly grid.
Allows you to deal with groups of records rather than one constituent at a time thereby speeding up the process.
Maintains accountability by transferring all pledges, gifts, and appeals with the record you choose to keep.
Please contact Blackbaud account representative if you are interested in the Mass Merge Plugin.


text:
Dulce Quental (Rio de Janeiro, 13 de abril de 1960) é uma cantora, musicista e compositora brasileira. Ex-vocalista da banda Sempre Livre no início da década de 1980, em 1985 Dulce lança o primeiro disco solo, Délica, fundindo os estilos pop, jazz e bossa nova.

Biografia
Dulce Quental é uma artista musical, filha de Felippe Quental e Maria Helena Quental. Ao longo de sua trajetória musical Dulce conta com composições gravadas por diferentes artistas e tem parcerias com nomes como Roberto Frejat, George Israel, Paulinho Moska, Ana Carolina, Zélia Duncan, Toni Garrido, Celso Fonseca e Paulo Monarco, também é compositora de sucessos das bandas Barão Vermelho e Cidade Negra, e cantoras como Leila Pinheiro e Simone por exemplo.

Formada em comunicação social, colaborou com resenhas de livros para o Caderno Ideias do Jornal do Brasil e artigos para a Revista de Estudos Femininos da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Falecido em 1964, o político e deputado federal San Tiago Dantas foi seu tio-avô, do qual a mãe do pai de Dulce era irmã; ainda jovem, Dulce ajudou a organizar os arquivos de correspondências e documentos que San Tiago havia deixado ao falecer. Seu pai tinha uma enorme discoteca de vinis de jazz em casa, o que influenciou a formação musical de Dulce; seu primeiro instrumento foi um sax alto, e admirava o saxofonista Paul Desmond.

Gravou cinco discotecas: "Avião de Combate" (CBS-1984), "Délica" (EMI-1985), "Voz Azul" (EMI-1988), "Dulce Quental" (EMI-1989) e "Beleza Roubada" (Cafezinho Música / Sony Música - 1994).

Levada à fama no período auge do rock nacional brasileiro, Dulce gravou o primeiro disco em 1984, como vocalista da banda "Sempre Livre". Em 1986 Dulce se lançava em experiencia musical individual; com o álbum "Délica", que trazia uma mistura pop e jazz, considerado um dos maiores sucessos da carreira.

Em 1987, lança Voz Azul, produzido por Herbert Vianna (que lhe presenteia com a música Caleidoscópio).

Em 1988 o terceiro disco solo,  em álbum intitulado com seu nome: Dulce Quental. Com composições de Arnaldo Antunes e Roberto Frejat (Onde Mora o Amor), Arrigo Barnabé (Numa Praia do Brasil), Itamar Assumpção (Mulher Dividida), Cazuza e George Israel (Inocência do Prazer) e Humberto Gessinger (Terra de Gigantes). Como compositora, compôs para artistas como Nico Rezende, Leila Pinheiro, Capital Inicial, Daúde, entre outros.

Em 1990 é lançada a canção "O Poeta Está Vivo", uma homenagem feita a Cazuza, da qual Dulce compôs os versos em parceria com Roberto Frejat. Ainda jovem, Dulce conhecera Cazuza no Baixo Leblon, ainda no início dos anos 80, formando com ele uma sólida amizade. Um dos maiores sucessos musicais na voz de Dulce Quental foi a canção 'A Inocência do Prazer', que teve sua letra feita por Cazuza, tendo sido inspirada no fim de uma romance que Dulce teve com uma pessoa ligada a Cazuza. Ainda com Cazuza, Dulce interpretaria com ele em dueto a música Tudo é Mais, composta por Aldo Meolla e gravada no primeiro disco de Dulce, o 'Délica'.

Em 2004, depois de quinze anos longe dos palcos e sem gravar discos, a cantora lança o CD Beleza Roubada, elogiado pela crítica.

No ano de 2012 reúne num livro as "Caleidoscópicas", com mais de quarenta crônicas escritas para o site paulista Scream & Yell e que depois tornaria-se uma coluna no portal iG. Também publicou o romance "Memória Inventada". Tudo feito de forma independente.

O quinto disco de carreira, "Música e Maresia", saiu em LP, em 2016, e registra suas gravações realizadas entre 1991 e 1994, período em que Quental não lançou disco, mas que mesmo assim apareceu como a compositora; no mesmo ano virou especial de TV e retrospectiva da carreira, a partir de show gravado pelo Canal Brasil em São Paulo em junho.

Intitulada "Sob o Signo do Amor", a obra foi lançada em março de 2022 nas plataformas musicais por meio do seu próprio selo, Cafezinho Edições. Buscando distanciamento da sua obra das décadas 1980 e 1990, Dulce estruturou este seu novo trabalho numa praia de Angra dos Reis, durante a Pandemia de COVID-19. Dulce dividiu a produção do álbum com os irmãos Jonas e Pedro Sá, autores de obras musicais dentro da nova geração da música brasileira. O disco contou também com a participação de nomes como Jaques Morelenbaum (na canção Vagalumes Fugidios), Zé Manoel (na canção A Arte Não é Uma Jovem Mulher), entre outros.

Dulce Quental participou da V Jornada Internacional de mulheres escritoras, do I Congresso Nacional de Literatura e Gênero, e do Seminário de encerramento do Pacto Nacional pela Educação na Idade Certa.

Discografia
 2017 – Música e Maresia (Ao Vivo) - (Plataformas Digitais Spotify & iTunes)
 2016 – Música e Maresia - Gravações Inéditas 1994 (LP/CD)
 2005 – Anos 80: Multishow ao Vivo (CD/DVD)
 2004 – Beleza Roubada, Cafezinho/Sony (CD)
 2001 – Dulce Quental Série Para Sempre, EMI (CD)
 1988 – Dulce Quental, EMI-Odeon (LP)
 1987 – Voz Azul, EMI-Odeon (LP)
 1986 – Délica, EMI-Odeon (LP)
 1984 – Avião de combate – com as Sempre Livre (LP)

Vídeos

Links externos
Página oficial de Dulce Quental

Cantautores do Brasil
Cantoras do Brasil
Cantores do Rio de Janeiro (estado)
Compositoras do Brasil
Compositores do Rio de Janeiro (estado)
Contraltos do Brasil
Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
class CreateAssignments < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.1]
  def change
    create_table :assignments do |t|

      t.timestamps
    end
  end
end


To allow our database to scale writes as well as reads, we need to start chopping it up into chunks as we do with web serving. Each piece we chop it up into will be able to handle the same number of writes as our initial single monolithic database, doubling our write capacity each time we double the number of chunks.
We can chop our data up in two ways, which are confusingly referred to as horizontal and vertical partitioning. Vertical partitioning, known as clustering, allows for easy but limiting scaling, while horizontal partitioning is a good general solution, allowing us to scale to any number of chunks but with a lot more effort involved. We'll look at the how we can implement each of them and the associated benefits and drawbacks they bring.
Clustering is known as vertical partitioning because of its limited scope for growth, although that's where the similarity ends. As with horizontal scaling, clustering involves splitting your database into multiple chunks or clusters, each of which contains a subset of all your tables, as shown in Figure 9-15.
This typically involves a large amount of application change, although the changes are fairly rote. By identifying which queries operate on which tables, we can modify our database dispatching layer to pick the right cluster of machines depending on the tables being queried. Each cluster can then be structured however you wisha single machine, a master with slaves, or a master-master pair. Different clusters can use different models to suit the needs of the various tables they support.
We don't have to split all of these up straight awaywe can simply carve off as much as we need with our current hardware setup. We might initially choose to separate the single database into two clusters, the first containing table clusters 1 and 3 while the second cluster contains table clusters 2 and 4. When we then need to expand capacity again, we can split into three or four clusters.
When we've hit our four clusters in our example application, we can no longer split any further. This limitation of clustering means that if we have a single table or set of joined tables with many writes, we're always bound by the power of a single server.
There are other downsides to this approach. Management of the clusters is more difficult than a single database, as different machines now carry different datasets and have different requirements. As we add any components that are not identical, the management costs increases.
Each page in our application that needs to use several tables will need to establish several MySQL connections. As the number of clusters increases, the connection overhead increases. By splitting tables into clusters, we also don't increase our connection limit. If a single master allows 200 connections before slowing down, then by having two clusters, we'll have 400 master connections. Unfortunately, since each page needs to connect to both clusters, we use twice as many connections, thus negating the gain. If a single large table requires many simultaneous connections, clustering doesn't help us.
Federation is the horizontal scaling equivalent for databases. To be able to scale out to arbitrary sizes, we need to be able to just add hardware to increase both read and write capacity. To do this for large tables, we need to be able to slice the data in the table up into arbitrarily sized chunks. As the size of our dataset and the number of queries we need to execute against it changes, we can increase the number of chunks, always keeping the same amount of data and same query rate on each chunk. These chunks of data and the machines that power them are usually referred to as shards or cells, but are sometime called clusters (just to make things confusing).
MySQL 5's NDB storage engine tries to do something like this internally without you having to change any of your application logic. For the moment, NDB is not really usable in a high-traffic production environment but this may change fairly soon. Going down the non-MySQL route, Oracle's RAC (Real Application Clusters) software offers similar capabilities, but is a little pricey. At $25,000 per processor licensing, 20 dual processor servers will set you back a million dollars after the cost of the hardware. As you need to scale further, this can become a serious expense. SQL server also offers something similar, but is relatively slow on the same hardware and can cost up to $30,000 per processor. In addition, you'll need to be running Windows, which adds additional costs and management issues that you'd be wise to avoid.
Performing federation yourself is difficult. Selecting a range of data from a table that has been split across multiple servers becomes multiple fetches with a merge and sort operation. Joins between federated tables become impossibly complicated. This is certainly true for the general case, but if we design our application carefully and avoid the need for cross-shard selects and joins, we can avoid these pitfalls.
The key to avoiding cross-shard queries is to federate your data in such as way that all the records you need to fetch together reside on the same shard. If you need to show a user all of their frobs on a page, then we can slice up the frobs table by user, putting the frobs for one chunk of users on one shard, another chunk on another, and so on. We then store the shard ID in the user's account record so that we know exactly where to look for the user's frobs when we need to. If we also need another view onto the same data, such as all green frobs belonging to any users, then we'll need to carve the data up in that way too. The way to accomplish this is our friend denormalization: we'll have our normalized table "Frobs," which is carved up by user, and a denormalized table "FrobsByColor," which is carved up by color. We need to store twice as much data, but we can create any number of shards we want, keeping the record count on each shard low.
Keeping this denormalization and shard access logic in our application logic layer can make for complicated code and make mistakes more likely. To mitigate this, we can split the federation logic into its own conceptual layer, shown in Figure 9-16.
By creating this data access middleware, we can keep all shard and denormalization logic in one place, making it simpler and less error prone. When we need to get a list of frobs, we pass our user ID to the middleware. The middleware knows what shard contains the user's frobs, so it passes the query on and returns the result set to the application layer. The application doesn't need to know how many shards there are, how the data is split across them, or what shard a user is assigned to. We just make a request for the data we want and the storage layer does the magic.
One of the often-criticized elements of denormalizing data over multiple machines is that we can easily end up with inconsistent data due to the lack of transactional integrity. We can't guarantee transactional integrity because we're writing to two machines, either of which could crash during the operation. We can get a little closer to avoiding inconsistency by using a pair of transactions to handle our writes. For example, we need to write a record to the Frobs tables on server A and the FrobsByColor table on server B. We start by opening a transaction on server A and executing the change, but we don't commit it. We then open a transaction on server B, execute the change, and commit it. Finally, we commit the first transaction. If the first server has failed before we started, we would try other servers in the same shard or abort the whole process. If the second server had failed, we could try other servers in its shard or roll back the first open transaction and abort the whole process. The only danger lies in server A dying in the time between our committing the second and first (still uncommitted) transactions. This isn't perfectby using a pair of transactions in this way we can cut the danger window down to a couple of milliseconds and avoid the much larger problem of one of the shards being down when we start the process.
When we have multiple shards, we need a new set of tools to administer them. We'll need to build tools for shard-specific management tasks, such as checking that the schema on each shard is consistent and that each machine in each shard is getting utilized efficiently. Part of your shard management toolkit should be tools to help you add and remove additional shards. As you grow, the time will come when you need to add shards. Adding new shards and making them available for writing new objects (such as new users, by which you'll federate data) is all very well, but that doesn't allow us to take advantage of new hardware as soon as we bring it onlineonly a small portion of our dataset will reside on new shards. At the same time, this doesn't give us the ability to scale when a shard becomes overloaded (such as when the users on that shard increase their datasets over time), so we end up with early shards being overutilized while newer shards are underutilized. If we build in the ability to move objects between shards, we can migrate data as new shards arrive and old shards become heavily loaded. For doing this, we'll need to build a tool to move the records federated by a particular primary key (say, a user ID) from shard to shard. With this, we can selectively migrate portions of data between shards, using the optimal amount of capacity on each.


text:
Philippines announces digital upgrade of its light rail train system
Jacqueline Miranda
pna.gov.ph
One of Metro Manila's oldest mass railway transits has received a major digital upgrade amid stronger initiatives to boost transportation in Metro Manila during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a press release, the Light Rail Manila Corporation (LRMC), the private operator of the Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line 1, has announced that it has signed a partnership with the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) to share the ikotMNL mobile app for the benefit of train commuters.
The ikotMNL is an application used to ensure seamless tracking of transportation systems. It was launched by the LRMC late last year to assist commuters. It is also used by tourists looking for places to visit in the Philippines. Users may download the app on iOS and Android devices.
This year, ikotMNL released additional features, namely contract tracing through Bluetooth technology and integration with another ride-hailing app. The additional features were aimed at improving trip planning and the overall commute experience of passengers within the LRT.
Through the app, users will be able to monitor real-time information regarding the LRT-1 and track the schedules of train arrivals and departures. The application also enables crowd monitoring and customer support.
The agreement provides that the LRMC shall develop and integrate into the app pertinent information about the LRT-2 which, the agency said, will be available in the first quarter of 2021. The LRMC will also provide all equipment needed for data gathering and would endorse all customer feedback to the LRTA.
LRMC emphasised the LRTA will allow LRMC to be a non-exclusive partner in providing LRT-2 information; assign a point person to oversee programme on their side for operations and maintenance of hardware and system in coordination with LRMC; comply with the training guidelines and app user roles to ensure accuracy and reliability of data for LRT-2, and promote the use of the app.
Integrated data and seamless travel
Juan Alfonso, LRMC President and Chief Executive Officer, expressed high hopes that the partnership would evolve to more than just ensuring a safe trip for commuters. The ultimate vision is to achieve overall integrated mobility in transportation.
The LRTA echoed the positive sentiment of LRMC, stressing that with the real-time data and contract tracing features of the app, passengers can enjoy a safe and improved quality of travel within Metro Manila.
The digital upgrade comes on the heels of an announcement by the LRTA that the LRT-2 system will resume full operations by January 2021, nearly a year after three of its stations, those in Santolan, Katipunan and Anonas were closed after a fire broke out and damaged parts of railway tracks. LRTA authorities made plans to open the Santolan station in Marikina by June. This was moved to September and further delayed until next year due to restrictions brought by the pandemic.
The Philippines has been scaling up operations in many government agencies despite a slowdown in operations in the earlier part of 2020 because of the pandemic. It has made big strides in innovating government transactions in healthcare, tax, education, and more recently, in immigration.
As reported by OpenGov Asia, the government has agreed to launch the Advance Passenger Information or API system which will require commercial carriers arriving and departing from the Philippines to give APIs of their passengers and crew members to immigration authorities. Through this advanced screening programme, authorities can intensify the enforcement of border control and other immigration protocols. Information gathered through this system can be shared and subsequently used to fortify regional and international security measures.


text:
The ubiquitous Spanish dollar—a photo essay
"The head of a fool on the neck of an ass."
That's how Londoners described the strange silver coin pictured above, which first appeared in Britain in 1797. Due to worries that Napoleon was about to invade the British Isles, a run had developed on the Bank of England. In response, Parliament allowed the Bank to refuse to redeem its notes with gold coins, but this had only resulted in an inconvenient shortage of coins.
To remedy the shortage, the Bank of England decided to open its vault and put its hoard of silver coins into circulation. Complicating matters was the fact that these coins were not native shillings or pennies, but Spanish dollars, otherwise known as eight real pieces. As such, they had to be re-purposed into local currency. The Bank of England accomplished this task by stamping the head of King George III—the fool—on the neck of Charles IV of Spain—the ass—who occupied the obverse side of that era's version of the Spanish dollar. The Bank then declared that all stamped Spanish dollars were to be worth four shillings and nine pence. People flocked to the Bank of England's window to get their hands on the new coins.
That the Spanish dollar temporarily became part of England's circulating media of exchange was due to its ubiquity—in its heyday the Spanish dollar, like today's U.S. dollar, was everywhere. After discovering huge amounts of silver in the new world, the Spaniards had set up a mint in Mexico City in 1536 to produce large quantities of silver coins. Mints in Potosi (Bolivia), Lima (Peru), and elsewhere soon followed. It is estimated that some four-fifths of the world's silver produced between 1493 and 1850 came from Spanish America, almost all of it in the form of Spanish dollars!
Although their design changed over the centuries, by the 1700s the Spanish dollar—easily identified by the two "pillars of Hercules" on the reverse side of the coin—had become known and accepted all over the world. As the map above shows, the two pillars refer to the Rock of Gibraltar in Spain and its counterpart on the Moroccan side of the narrow strait separating Africa from Europe.
In addition to England, the Spanish dollar shows up in the Caribbean islands where it made up a major part of the local coinage. To provide small change, locals cut dollars up into pieces. Below, an 1806 dollar used in Guadeloupe has had its centre carved out of it and stamped with the letter "G". Earmarking of coins was done to prevent exportation and restrict usage within borders. In this way, local currencies were literally piggybacked into existence off of the ubiquitous Spanish dollar.
Source: The Spanish Dollar as Adapted for Currency in Our West Indian Colonies
In the next image, a Trinidadian version of the dollar has been carved up like a pizza. The half piece has been countermarked with a "6", the third with a "4", and the sixth with a "2". These numbers refer to the number of bits or bitts the piece was worth, the bit being a local accounting unit. By marking the letters "TR" on each dollar to indicate Trinidad, the Spanish dollar has been forked to create a second currency.
Spanish dollar marked with TR for Trinidad
All possible methods of cutting up Spanish dollars were used. Here's a 1797 dollar from Saint Lucia that has been cut up lengthwise, like a loaf of bread, with "SLucie" being countermarked on each section.
Saint Lucia Spanish dollar
The Spanish dollar also made a notable appearance on the opposite side of the globe. In 1813, the colony of Australia minted its first currency, the so-called holey dollar. To deal with a shortage of coins, the governor of New South Wales imported thousands of Spanish dollars. A convicted forger was contracted to cut the centre from each one, countermarking each of the resulting pieces with the name of the colony and its nominal value in shillings and pence. As in the case of the Caribbean Islands, this mutilation of the dollar was an attempt to render them useless outside of the colony. The outer ring was rated at five shillings and the centre—the dump—at fifteen pence, or one shilling and three pence.
Australians solved a coin shortage in 1812 by overstamping Spanish reals—then cutting a second coin from the middle. https://t.co/HcM8FwCtyz pic.twitter.com/JYpzvmcihI
— JP Koning (@jp_koning) August 24, 2017
The Spanish dollar, which would become the Mexican dollar after Mexico won its independence from Spain, was also popular in China. Merchants and professional money exchangers, or shroffs, would test a coin to verify its silver content. According to James Gullberg, they went about this by balancing the coin on their finger and tapping it. If it rang, it was legitimate. The theory goes that once the coin had passed their purity test, a shroff would stamp that coin with his own peculiar chopmark—a Chinese character, an emblem, symbol, or a pseudo character. (I discussed this practice in more depth here). The more chops a Spanish dollar had, the better its quality—even after it had been chopped beyond recognition.
1807 Spanish dollar with chopmarks
Pictured above is a chopped Spanish dollar from 1807. According to Gullberg, Chinese merchants preferred the Carolus IIII dollar, which was issued between 1772-1810. They referred to it as four work, the IIII resembling the Chinese character for going to work. The influence of the Spanish/Mexican dollar continued even into the 19th century: the banknote below, issued in 1912 by the Sino-Belgian Bank, is redeemable in Mexican dollars.
International finance, 1912 edition. A Chinese banknote denominated in Mexican dollars issued by a Belgian bank. pic.twitter.com/wraMOcIepD
Moving back west, the Spanish/Mexican dollar had a key role to play in the North American economy up to the mid-1800s. In both Canada and the U.S., the unit of account function of money was separated from the medium of exchange function. Early colonists kept prices in pounds, shillings, and pence unit of account, but Spanish dollars and their subdivisions were used to transact business. Because of the long distance from England, there simply weren't enough shillings and pennies to make do.
Even though a local U.S. dollar coin—which was modeled off of the Spanish dollar—had been minted as early as 1794, the Spanish version remained by far the most popular form of coinage in the U.S. The presence of the Spanish dollar was even enshrined in American law, the coins having been declared legal tender in 1793. Many people have even speculated that the famous dollar sign, $, has been bastardized from the symbol for peso.
Source: Evolution of the Dollar Mark (1912)
To illustrate the ubiquity of the Spanish dollar in the U.S., below I've included a 6¼ cent note issued in 1816 by Easton and Wilkesbarre Turnpike Company, which built and operated private toll roads. This odd denomination only makes sense if you consider it in the same context as the Spanish dollar. Unlike U.S. dollars, which were divisible by 100 into cents, the Spanish dollar was divisible into 8 reals. A one-real coin, a fairly common unit around that time, would have been worth 12½ cents, and a ½ real coin worth 6¼ cents. So while the turnpike company's decision to issue a 6¼ cent note might seem odd to us today, it was probably meant as a convenience to its users, who would have been more familiar with Spanish coins than any other type of coin.
A 6¼¢ note (1816). Odd denomination, but logical given that the Spanish half-real was still a popular coin in the US. (8R = $1, so ½R = 6¼¢) pic.twitter.com/7oDAVCTfFc
— JP Koning (@jp_koning) September 18, 2017
As for Canada, below is an 1819 $5 bill from the Bank of Upper Canada. To help customers who couldn't read, the bank conveniently printed an image of five Spanish dollars at the bottom of the note.
This 1819 banknote has five Spanish dollars illustrated along its bottom
For a number of reasons, the Mexican dollar was eventually killed off . The U.S. had originally been on a bimetallic standard, but in 1834 the authorities changed the silver-to-gold ratio to 16:1 from 15:1, in the process slightly overvaluing gold. The discover of the yellow metal in California only further pressured the price of gold down relative to silver, exacerbating the legally-imposed undervaluation of silver. As a result, silver coins began to disappear. After all, anyone who had a stash of silver coins would have found it more profitable to melt them down and export them overseas where they traded at their true economic value. The U.S. had effectively flipped onto a gold standard. To compound matters, Spanish dollars lost legal tender status in 1856, which would have further crimped their demand.
As for Asia, several competing coins were created, including the Japanese yen, a near-replica of the Mexican dollar. The U.S. began to produce special trade dollars that were to be used solely in Asian trade (I wrote about the trade dollar here). Further reducing the demand for Mexican silver was the decision by many nations to follow the major western nations and officially adopt gold standards, including Japan in 1897 and the Philippines in 1904.
Even though it was eventually eclipsed, there are still modern day echoes of the old Spanish dollar. The pejorative term two bit is still used in the U.S. as a synonym for cheap or insignificant, as in two-bit thief. One bit was ⅛ of a dollar, or 12.5¢, and two-bits 25¢, so a two-bit thief is a 25¢ thief. Amazingly, the practice of pricing in sixteenths continued on the New York Stock Exchange up till 2001. The Toronto Stock Exchange decimalized in 1996.
Up here in Canada, Quebecers use the word piasse for dollar. I had always assumed that they meant piece, but I recently discovered that the wording actually goes back centuries to piastre, the French word for the Spanish peso. Even more interesting is the vernacular usage of trente-sous (or 30 sous) to mean 25-cents, which I only understood after reading this from Frédéric Farid.
After the '87 market crash, a business man begs for 25¢ (Source)
The story goes like this. In the 18th and 19th Centuries, an English halfpenny was referred to in the colony of Lower Canada (i.e. Quebec) as a sou. The pound-shilling-pence unit of account (£/s/d) was still in use at the time but Spanish dollars were the most common coin in circulation in both Upper and Lower Canada. Dollars were officially rated by the British authorities at $4 for each £1. A quarter Spanish dollar (a two-real coin or 25 cent piece) would therefore be worth £0.0625.
Since an English pound contained 240 pence, that meant a quarter Spanish dollar was worth 15 English pennies, or 30 half-pennies. And given that Quebecers referred to half-pennies as sous, that gave rise to the ongoing practice of referring to 25 cents as 30 sous. When they use this term today, Quebecers are just referring to the archaic exchange rate between Spanish dollars and pence.
Source: La Maison nationale des Patriotes
This odd system of conversion really hits home when you work through the above scrip note emitted by Distillerie St-Denis, printed in 1837. It is denominated in three different units. Trente-sous appears twice in French and once as XXX, while in the English paragraph near the bottom the £/s/d equivalent of one shilling and three pence, or fifteen English pennies, appears. Finally, a two-real coin, or quarter dollar—the pillars of Hercules side showing—has been emblazoned smack in the centre.
To end things off, you can also see a ghost of the old Spanish dollar in Venezuela's 12½ centimos coin. This coin is an eight of a bolivar—reckoning in terms of eights and sixteenths is a hallmark of the days of the old pillar coin.
Venezuela's strange 12.5 cent coin. It's a descendant of the famous Spanish dollar, divisible into eighth bits. pic.twitter.com/rVWmVkcdQO
— JP Koning (@jp_koning) May 20, 2016
Given Venezuela's ongoing hyperinflation, the likely destiny of the 12½ centimos coin is to be nothing more than another two-bit dead coin.
George Selgin, Good Money
A. Piatt Andrew, The End of the Mexican Dollar (link)
J.B. Caldecott. The Spanish Dollar as Adapted for Currency in Our West Indian Colonies (link)
Posted by JP Koning at 11:32 PM
Labels: Bank of England, cash, chopmarking, coins, legal tender, scrip, unit of account
Dinero October 13, 2017 at 10:23 AM
Wow ! you found an example of overstamping , on coins!
Why did the BoE not have them melted and minted in the form of a British coin current at the time.
JP Koning October 13, 2017 at 12:29 PM
People have been overstamping or countermarking coins a lot longer than they have banknotes.
Why didn't the BoE bring them to the Royal Mint for melting and minting into coin of the realm? Because the Mint's official price undervalued silver, so the BoE would be taking a big loss. By avoiding the mint, it could offload its silver at (or even above) its market value.
And remember that early in New France (later Lower (Bas) Canada, then Québec), the monetary unit was the Livre tournois (in the Middle Ages equivalent to the Pound Sterling) of 240 sols...
JP Koning October 14, 2017 at 11:21 AM
Hi Jacques, good point. A livre tournois would have actually only contained 20 sous. The LSD unit of account is such that livre=pound, sous=shilling, and denier=penny, where 1L contains 20S, and 1S contains 12D, or 240D in 1L.
That 1 sous was worth just 1/2 penny shows how far the French coins had been devalued relative to the English ones.
Mudit Gupta October 14, 2017 at 12:15 AM
The idea of forking here is very much analogous to the forking of the bitcoin in other cryptocurrency coins each with its own value.
I threw the bit about forking in for my bitcoin readers. There are some similarities, however a crypto fork creates two entirely different coins whereas an overstamp of a traditional coin replaces one with the other.
Warren December 2, 2017 at 11:07 PM
What I don't get is why some went through the bother of stamping out the middle of coins.
It seems that cutting the coins into wedges would be the intuitive way to go. Cheaper and easier.
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text:
However, in a violation of the international agreement, American scholars
invited to present papers in Moscow were refused travel visas. U. S. State Department officials privately intervened with the Soviet authorities. Rep. Dante
B. Fascell (D-Fla.) Chairman of the Commission on Security and Co-operation in
Europe heard the scholars protest earlier last week.
Those denied visas and presenting papers in addition to Wiesel include; Marvin
Herzog, Columbia University; Baruch Levine, New York University; Jacob Neusner,
Brown University; Marshall Sklare, Brandeis and Henry Feingold, City University of
New York. Prof. Leon Jick of Brandeis chaired the Cambridge meeting.
Also participating in the Conference-in-£xile were Harvard Faculty Dean Henry
Rosovsky; Brandeis University President Marver H. Bernstein; Jewish Studies Association President Marvin Fox. Present were Nobel Laureate and Harvard Economist
Kenneth Arrow and University of Massachusetts President (Boston), Robert Wood.
Other meetings of support took place in Berkeley, Chicago, Cleveland, Philadelphia
Los Angeles and New York City.
Conference in Exile
Transcript Conference Page 2 However, in a violation of the international agreement, American scholars invited to present papers in Moscow were refused travel visas. U. S. State Department officials privately intervened with the Soviet authorities. Rep. Dante B. Fascell (D-Fla.) Chairman of the Commission on Security and Co-operation in Europe heard the scholars protest earlier last week. Those denied visas and presenting papers in addition to Wiesel include; Marvin Herzog, Columbia University; Baruch Levine, New York University; Jacob Neusner, Brown University; Marshall Sklare, Brandeis and Henry Feingold, City University of New York. Prof. Leon Jick of Brandeis chaired the Cambridge meeting. Also participating in the Conference-in-£xile were Harvard Faculty Dean Henry Rosovsky; Brandeis University President Marver H. Bernstein; Jewish Studies Association President Marvin Fox. Present were Nobel Laureate and Harvard Economist Kenneth Arrow and University of Massachusetts President (Boston), Robert Wood. Other meetings of support took place in Berkeley, Chicago, Cleveland, Philadelphia Los Angeles and New York City. -30- 12.21.76


You might think that holding a Master of Business Administration, or MBA, is essential to building a career on Wall Street.
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The most common degree is in fact a Bachelor of Science.
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To better understand which degrees are most popular on Wall Street, we spoke with Emolument, a salary benchmarking website that collects self-reported pay data. It gathered data on 2,800 finance professionals in New York at the analyst, associate, vice president, and director level.
Here are the most popular degrees.
For entry-level analysts, the most common degree is a Bachelor of Science.
Bachelor's degrees dominate among associates, too.
Bachelor of Science degrees are most popular at the VP, or vice president, level too — but they are followed closely by MBAs and Bachelor of Arts degrees.
It gets even closer at the director level, but Bachelor of Science degrees are still more common.
Bachelors of Science and MBAs are tied for most popular degree at the managing director, or MD, level.
Here's one more look at the final tally.


text:
Apple and Pear Organization Act 1964
An Act relating to the Marketing of Apples and Pears.
Date of Assent 28 May 1964
Repealed by Australian Apple and Pear Corporation Act 1973
APPLE AND PEAR, ORGANIZATION.
[Assented to 28th May, 1964.]
[Date of commencement, 25th June, 1964.]
Short title and citation.
1.—(1.) This Act may be cited as the Apple and Pear Organization Act 1964.
(2.) The Apple and Pear Organization Act 1938-1960 is in this Act referred to as the Principal Act.
(3.) The Principal Act, as amended by this Act, may be cited as the Apple and Pear Organization Act 1938-1964.
Australian Apple and Pear Board.
2.—(1.) Section four of the Principal Act is amended—
(a) by omitting from sub-section (3.) the word "Governor-General" and inserting in its stead the word "Minister"; and
(b) by omitting sub-sections (4.) to (15.) (inclusive) and inserting in their stead the following sub-sections:—
"(4.) The members representing the growers in any State (other than the State of Tasmania) shall be growers and shall be elected by a poll of growers taken in the prescribed manner in that State.
"(5.) The members representing growers in a portion of the State of Tasmania shall be growers and shall be appointed on the nomination of the State Fruit Board of that State.
"(6.) Members of the Board shall, subject to this section, hold office for a period of three years, but are eligible for re-appointment or re-election, as the case may be.
"(7.) The Minister may, at any time, remove from office a member referred to in
"(8.) The Minister may, if the State Fruit Board of the State of Tasmania so recommends, remove from office a member referred to in paragraph (b) or (ba) of sub-section (2.) of this section.
"(9.) The Minister may, at any time, if the Board so recommends, remove from office a member referred to in paragraph (c) of sub-section (2.) of this section.
"(10.) The Minister may, at any time, remove from office a member referred to in paragraph (b), (ba) or (e) of sub-section (2.) of this section on the ground of misbehaviour or incapacity.
"(11.) On the occurrence of a vacancy in the office of a member, other than the Government representative, before the expiration of the term of office of the member, the Minister may appoint a person to fill the vacancy, and the person so appointed shall hold office for the residue of that term.
"(12.) Subject to the requirements of this Act in respect of a quorum, the exercise by the Board of its powers and functions under this Act is not affected by reason only of there being a vacancy or vacancies in the membership of the Board.".
(2.) A person who, immediately before the commencement of this Act, held office as a member of the Australian Apple and Pear Board continues to hold office for the remainder of the term for which he was appointed or elected as if he had been appointed or elected under the Principal Act as amended by this Act.
Deputies of members.
3. Section six of the Principal Act is amended by omitting from sub-section (1.) the word "Governor-General" and inserting in its stead the word "Minister".
Employment of staff.
4. Section twelve of the Principal Act is amended by omitting sub-section (3.).
5. After section twelve of the Principal Act the following section is inserted:—
Officers' Rights Declaration Act.
"12a.—(1.) Where a person who is employed by the Board was, immediately before his employment, an officer of the Public Service of the Commonwealth—
(a) he retains his existing and accruing rights;
(b) for the purpose of determining those rights, his service (whether before or after the commencement of this section) as a person employed by the Board shall be taken into account as if it were service in the Public Service of the Commonwealth; and
(c) the Officers' Rights Declaration Act 1928–1959 applies as if this Act and this section had been specified in the Schedule to that Act.
"(2.) For the purposes of this section, a person who holds office under section eleven of this Act as a representative of the Board overseas shall be deemed to be employed by the Board and, where such a person commenced to hold office before the commencement of this section, he shall be deemed to have been so employed from and including the day on which he commenced to hold office.".
Power to control export of apples and pears.
6. Section fourteen of the Principal Act is amended—
(a) by omitting sub-sections (1.) and (2.) and inserting in their stead the following sub-sections:—
"(1.) The Board may, at any time during a year, determine the quantity of apples or pears, or both, harvested in all States in that year that may be exported to a particular country or particular countries.
"(2.) Where, in a year, a determination is made under the last preceding sub-section in relation to a country or countries, the Board may, at the same time or at a later time during that year, determine, in respect of each State, the quantity of apples or pears, or both, harvested in the State in that year that may be exported to that country or those countries, but so that the total of the quantities determined under this sub-section equals the quantity specified in the determination under the last preceding sub-section.
"(2a.) The Board shall not exercise its powers under this section in a manner that gives preference to one State or any part of one State over another State or any part of another State.
"(2b.) The Board shall not exercise its powers under the regulations in a manner that is inconsistent with a determination under sub-section (1.) or (2.) of this section."; and
(b) by omitting sub-sections (7.) and (8.) and inserting in their stead the following sub-sections:—
"(7.) If the members present at a meeting of the Board are unable to arrive at a unanimous decision in respect of any matter arising for determination under sub-section (1.) or (2.) of this section, the Board shall refer the matter to the Minister for determination, and the Minister may make, in respect of the matter, any determination under the relevant sub-section that the Board could lawfully have made.
"(8.) In this section, 'year' means a period commencing on the first day of January and ending on the following thirty-first day of December.".


text:
Lack of skill-set hindering AI adoption in APAC: Survey
Wed,15 May 2019 12:02:40 PM
New Delhi, May 15 (IANS): While most business leaders in the Asia Pacific (APAC) region understand the importance of adopting artificial intelligence (AI), an overwhelming majority of them face challenges in finding the right skill-sets and talent for AI, said a new survey on Wednesday.
Coupled with the lack of continuous learning programmes, the challenge to upskill existing employees also ranks high as a challenge among enterprises, said the study by technology research firm Hammerkopf.
On the benefits realised from AI adoption, 80 per cent of the respondents cited improved business efficiencies, while 70 per cent indicated greater customer engagement and customer experience insights, contributing to improved business services and products.
"The adoption of artificial intelligence is reshaping the way enterprises operate in Asia Pacific, and more specifically, on how they engage with their target markets and consumers therein," Namagiri Anand, Managing Partner, Hammerkopf, said in a statement.
"The lack of thought leadership, risk-taking, and siloed organizational structure, coupled with the lack of resources, and the right infrastructure prohibits AI adoption," added Namagiri.
Enterprises looking at embracing AI face operational challenges, whether it be in breaking organizational silos (59 per cent), or in identifying the right predictive analytics platforms (55 per cent), and identifying the right technology partners (49 per cent), the study said.
The study involved around 300 C-level executives including business and IT leaders.
Title : Lack of skill-set hindering AI adoption in APAC: Survey
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