text:
MSP: Machete-Wielding Man Thought He Was Fighting Off Zombies
By Bria Brown January 12, 2021 at 3:53 pm
Filed Under:Benzie County, deer, Lansing Man, machete, michigan state police
Colfax Township, MI (WNEM) – A 22-year-old Lansing man was arrested after a bizarre incident in Benzie County involving a deer, a machete, and the suspected use of intoxicants.
A Michigan State Police trooper received a call about 2:30 a.m. on Jan. 5 for a crash involving a deer on Lindy Road near Copemish Road in Colfax Township.
When the trooper arrived on scene, he spoke to a passerby who reported the crash. The caller was about 150 yards behind the vehicle that struck the deer.
The caller told police he parked far away because the driver of the damaged vehicle was walking around acting funny and carrying something in his right hand.
The trooper then noticed a man running towards him with a machete, police said, adding the trooper ordered the man to drop the machete and he complied.
The man, 22-year-old Jordan Lee Cook, of Lansing, was then handcuffed.
"Cook was making statements that were irrational and he appeared to be under the influence. He spoke of things that were not there and stated he had been fighting off zombies," MSP said.
Cook's vehicle sustained heavy damage from hitting the deer. During a search of the vehicle, the trooper recovered three unloaded long guns from the trunk, police said.
Cook was lodged in the Benzie County Jail.
He was arraigned on Jan. 6 for one count of carrying a firearm or dangerous weapon with unlawful intent, one count of assault with a dangerous weapon, and one count of operating under the influence.
MORE FROM CBS DETROIT: Police Seek Suspect, 3 Others After Deadly Shooting Inside Detroit Coney Island
MORE FROM CBS DETROIT: Open-Carry Banned Inside Michigan Capitol, Concealed Permitted
The-CNN-Wire™ & © 2021 Cable News Network, Inc., a WarnerMedia Company. All rights reserved.


New ways to expand your horizons crop up all the time, but how often do you take advantage of them?
This year, we're all about improvement: enhancing knowledge, learning more, and doing better to keep Birmingham top of the UK's tech map. Each week, there are plenty of free and paid for events you can attend to do just that – and we've put together our favourites below that are coming up over the next few weeks.
Birmingham Open Code will be gathering for an open study evening next week, looking at all things coding and programming. The meetup is for anyone who is new to coding and wants to learn, all the way up to those who are well-versed in programming in various languages.
The session will have a collaborative approach, and you can bring your laptop, your current projects, and any burning questions you have about coding for our experts to answer – or for you to answer yourself!
Louise is a software test engineer at Malvern Panalytical, and her talk will be focused on improving the relability of automated test. She'll be discussing how over-reliance on technology can be pretty dangerous – what happens when it all goes wrong?
There will also be time to network and socialise with other event attendees both before and after Louise's talk.
January's edition of Maker Monday will see two speakers share their inspirational insights in tech. First up will be Mar Dixon, creator of many projects including Open Community Lab and MuseumCamp, with experience in culture, digital, publishing and tech.
You'll also be able to hear from Adam Clarke, leading Minecraft artist and digital producer, responsible for some of the most innovative Minecraft projects in the world. Drinks and food are also included for an event not to be missed.
GDPR was big news in 2018, and there's still so much knowledge around the subject to brush up on. Luckily, this event, co-organised with the Open Rights Group (ORG), will enable you to discover more about your personal data.
You will be able to hear from the experts and discuss how to exercise your GDPR rights – and how to look after the rights of others too.
Who's it for? Robotics fanatics – especially those with mini robots!
This free event held by fizzPOP is a monthly affair, with a fun mini robot sumo competition you can get involved in. You can bring yours along to compete, or pop along to chat to others about building your own.
The team are also looking at expanding their monthly event to include even more insight and tech know-how, so watch this space!
You can view – and book onto – all of our events via our dedicated events page on our website.


better check by yourself and let us know).
P.S. I promise won't say that your Arisema is a Gonatopus boivinii!
>parallel veins on the leaf like other philodendrons?
>Don't know about the other two.
> > Your assistance in identifying these plants will be greatly appreciated.


text:
est un film américain sorti en 1918.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Scénario : Rudolph Bylek
 Société de production : Triangle Film Corporation
 Société de distribution : Triangle Distributing Corporation
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : noir et blanc — 35 mm — 1,37:1 — Film muet
 Genre : Comédie
 Durée : 10 minutes (une bobine)
 Dates de sortie :  :
 Licence : Domaine public

Distribution
 Ruth Langdon
 Gino Corrado
 Arthur Moon

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1918
Film américain en noir et blanc
Comédie américaine
Film muet américain
Court métrage américain
Film de Triangle Film Corporation
Film dans le domaine public

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Cambridge Healthtech Institute encourages attendees to gain further exposure by presenting their work in the poster sessions. To secure a poster board and inclusion in the conference materials, your abstract must be submitted, approved and your registration paid in full by August 16, 2019.
*CHI reserves the right to publish your poster title and abstract in various marketing materials and products.


text:
Shure Debuts a Fresh, New Look and Even Better Sound for Its Award-winning Srh840 and Srh440 Headphones
Home » News » Shure Debuts a Fresh, New Look and Even Better Sound for Its Award-winning Srh840 and Srh440 Headphones
SRH840A and SRH440A Models Offer Improved Comfort, Durability, and Appearance
CHICAGO, January 11, 2022—Many of today's content creators, professional musicians, and recording artists will underscore the importance of using gear that looks as good as it sounds. With this in mind, Shure has unveiled new enhancements and improvements to its portfolio of SRH Headphones. Featuring significant product design upgrades and nuanced improvements to sound quality, the second-generation SRH440A and SRH840A Headphones provide superior audio, long-wearing comfort, and signature Shure durability.
The next evolution of the SRH Headphones build on the same foundation that established Shure headphones: iconic sound quality. Designed with creators and recording professionals in mind, SRH offers superior audio with improved capabilities and a modern design so professionals can always look as good as they sound.
"Today's consumers are seeking high-quality audio without sacrificing style and comfort," said Sean Sullivan, Global Product Manager, Listening Products, at Shure. "This upgrade delivers just that—a low-profile design that looks great on camera and improved acoustics to ensure clean, and consistent audio reproduction. Recording professionals and content creators will benefit from professional headphones that include Shure's iconic sound signature and a fresh, modern design."
The new models incorporate a series of design upgrades, ensuring Shure's iconic sound quality with an exceptional look to match. Both headphones are optimized for critical listening and studio monitoring, featuring nuanced improvements including lower harmonic distortion and more precise left-right driver matching. The SRH840A offers a precisely tailored frequency response powered by 40mm neodymium dynamic drivers to deliver rich bass, a clear mid-range, and extended highs, while the wide, padded headband and collapsible design combine to create the ultimate listening experience. The SRH440A delivers detailed frequency response with accurate audio designed for podcasting, home recording, and critical editing and mixing. The consistent and uncolored sound response provides an appropriate representation of the sound, making it an ideal fit for talent in a recording session.
Both the SRH440A and SRH840A also incorporate these features and benefits:
Ultra-Comfortable Lightweight Headband – Superior comfort for extended use. The closed-back, circumaural design rests comfortably over the ears and reduces background noise for long-wearing comfort over extended periods.
Sleek, Durable Design – The new industrial design with matte finish looks great on camera and withstands the rigors of constant use. A straight cable is now standard for both models to offer more mobility in creative spaces.
Legendary Shure Sound Quality – Both headphones provide unique sound signatures optimized for creating and editing. The SRH840A's precisely tailored frequency response delivers rich bass, clear mid-range, and extended highs. The SRH440A's transparent, natural sound signature delivers detailed accurate audio across an extended range.
Shure's SRH440A Headphones are available for a retail price of $99 USD at select retailers and at www.shure.com/en-US/products/headphones/srh440. Purchase includes the headphones; a detachable, straight 9-foot locking bayonet cable; and a threaded gold stereo 1/8" to 1/4" adapter.
Shure's SRH840A Headphones are available for a retail price of $149 USD at select retailers and at www.shure.com/en-US/products/headphones/srh840. Purchase includes the headphones; a carrying bag; detachable, straight 9-foot locking bayonet cable, and a threaded gold stereo 1/8" to 1/4" adapter.
About Shure
Shure (www.shure.com) has been making people sound extraordinary for nearly a century. Founded in 1925, the Company is a leading global manufacturer of audio equipment known for quality, performance, and durability. We make microphones, wireless microphone systems, in-ear monitors, earphones and headphones, conferencing systems, and more. For critical listening, or high-stakes moments on stage, in the studio, and from the meeting room, you can always rely on Shure.
Shure Incorporated is headquartered in Niles, Illinois, in the United States. We have nearly 40 manufacturing facilities and regional sales offices throughout the Americas, EMEA, and Asia.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Corey Daniel Stoll (* 14. März 1976 in New York City, New York) ist ein US-amerikanischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Stoll wurde in der New Yorker Upper West Side geboren und besuchte die High School for Performing Arts.

Er begann seine Karriere am Theater und erhielt nach seinem Umzug nach Los Angeles erste Fernsehrollen in Serien wie CSI: Vegas (2004), New York Cops – NYPD Blue (2004), Alias – Die Agentin (2005) und Numbers – Die Logik des Verbrechens (2005).

Ab 2005 folgten auch erste Filmrollen, darunter die des Killers Saul im Thriller Lucky Number Slevin (2006).

Von 2010 bis 2011 spielte er in den 22 Folgen der Krimiserie Law & Order: LA die Rolle des Detektivs Tomas Jaruszalski. In Woody Allens Komödie Midnight in Paris verkörperte er Ernest Hemingway. 2013 und 2016 war er in der US-Serie House of Cards als Peter Russo zu sehen. Im Kinofilm Aufbruch zum Mond spielte er den Astronauten Buzz Aldrin.

Von 2014 bis 2017 spielte er den Protagonisten Ephraim Goodweather in der Serie The Strain. Weitere Film- und Fernseharbeiten folgten, sein Schaffen umfasst mehr als 60 Produktionen.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 2001: Okénka (Kurzfilm)
 2004: Charmed – Zauberhafte Hexen (Charmed, Fernsehserie, Episode 7x10)
 2005: Kaltes Land (North Country)
 2005: Emergency Room – Die Notaufnahme (ER, Fernsehserie, Episode 12x01)
 2006: Lucky Number Slevin
 2006: A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story (Fernsehfilm)
 2006: The Nine – Die Geiseln (The Nine, Fernsehserie, 2 Episoden)
 2006–2007: Navy CIS (NCIS, Fernsehserie, 3 Episoden)
 2007: Number 23 (The Number 23)
 2009: Push
 2009: The Unusuals (Fernsehserie, Episode 1x06)
 2010: Helena from the Wedding
 2010: Salt
 2011: Midnight in Paris
 2010–2011: Law & Order: LA (Fernsehserie, 22 Episoden)
 2012: Victoriana
 2012: Das Bourne Vermächtnis (The Bourne Legacy)
 2012: Christine (Fernsehserie, 2 Episoden)
 2012: The Time Being
 2013: C.O.G.
 2013: Decoding Annie Parker
 2013, 2016: House of Cards (Fernsehserie, 12 Episoden)
 2014: Non-Stop
 2014: The Normal Heart (Fernsehfilm)
 2014: Sieben verdammt lange Tage (This Is Where I Leave You)
 2014: Homeland (Fernsehserie, Episode 4x01)
 2014–2017: The Strain (Fernsehserie)
 2015: Ant-Man
 2015: Black Mass
 2015: Dark Places – Gefährliche Erinnerung (Dark Places)
 2016: Girls (Fernsehserie, 4 Episoden)
 2016: Café Society
 2016: Gold – Gier hat eine neue Farbe (Gold)
 2018: The Seagull – Eine unerhörte Liebe (The Seagull)
 2018: Aufbruch zum Mond (First Man)
 2018: The Romanoffs (Fernsehserie, Episode 1x02)
 2019: The Report
 2020: Ratched (Fernsehserie, 3 Episoden)
 seit 2020: Billions (Fernsehserie)
 2021: The Many Saints of Newark
 2021: West Side Story
 2023: Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1976
Mann


Henry Abarbanel, of Del Mar, was appointed to the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board in November 2011. He has been a professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego and a research physicist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography since 1983. Mr. Abarbanel served on the Del Mar City Council from 1992 to 1996 and 2000 to 2008. He was chair of the San Diego Metro Wastewater Commission from 2005 to 2008. Mr. Abarbanel received his doctorate in physics at Princeton University.
Eric Anderson, of Elfin Forest, is vice president of La Costa Flower Shop and Nursery, a horticulture business, which specializes in the production, harvest, breeding, and processing of ornamental seeds and seedlings. He is serving as director of the San Diego County Farm Bureau and was president from 1996-1998. He also has served on the County of San Diego Sunset Review Commission and on the Resource Protection Review Committee. Mr. Anderson has served on the Elfin Forrest Harmony Grove Town Council. He is a past President of the San Diego Flower and Plant Association and a member of the International Palm Society. Mr. Anderson earned a bachelor of science degree from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.
Megan Blair, of San Diego, has been chief development officer at the San Diego Public Library Foundation since 2008. She was capital campaign and major gifts manager at Girl Scouts, San Diego – Imperial Council from 2007 to 2008, where she was a fund development associate from 2006 to 2007. Blair was a development associate and environmental analyst at Save the Harbor, Save the Bay from 2003 to 2005. She is a member of the United Way of San Diego Board of Directors, Women Give San Diego and the Junior League of San Diego.
Celeste Cantu, of Temecula, was general manager of the Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority from 2006 to 2017. She was executive director of the California State Water Resources Control Board from 2001 to 2006, state director at the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development from 1998 to 2001, executive director at the Imperial Valley Housing Authority from 1978 to 1998 and planning director at the City of Calexico from 1977 to 1978. Cantu is chief executive officer of the Water Education for Latino Leaders Board of Directors, president of the Public Policy Institute of California Water Policy Center Advisory Council and a member of the Water Foundation Board of Directors, Water Solutions Network, Water Education Foundation Board of Directors and the Master Gardeners of Riverside County. She earned a Master of Public Administration degree from the Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government.
Betty H. Olson, of Trabuco Canyon, was appointed to the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board in December 2014. Olson has been a professor at the University of California, Irvine Henry Samueli School of Engineering's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering since 2006. She was a professor at the University of California, Irvine School of Social Ecology from 1974 to 2006. Olson is president of the Santa Margarita Water District Board of Directors and a member of the Orange County Water Association and the Association of California Water Agencies. She earned Doctor of Philosophy and Master of Science degrees in environmental health science from the University of California, Berkeley.
Gary Strawn, of Santee, is a retired aerospace program manager. He worked for Hamilton Sundstrand Power Systems in San Diego from 1988 to 2006, after serving as an officer in the U.S. Navy from 1968 to 1988. Mr. Strawn is a member of Trout Unlimited, San Diego Fly Fishers, San Diego River Park Foundation, San Diego Stream Team, California Golden Trout and Southern California Steelhead Recovery Projects and Friends of Santee River Park. Mr. Strawn has a bachelors degree from San Jose State University and a Master of Science degree from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.
Stefanie Warren, of San Diego, was appointed to the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board in July 2013. Warren has been an attorney at McKenna Long and Aldridge LLP since 2006. She was a law clerk for the Honorable Irma E. Gonzalez from 2005 to 2006. Warren earned a Juris Doctorate degree from Emory University, School of Law.
The Governor of California appoints the seven-member Regional Board, whose members serve four-year terms once they are confirmed by the State Senate. Members of the Regional Board serve part-time and conduct their business at regular meetings where public participation is encouraged. The Board normally holds public meetings 10 times per year to make decisions on water quality matters.
The primary duty of the Regional Board is to protect the quality of the waters within the Region for all beneficial uses. This duty is implemented by formulating and adopting water quality plans for specific ground or surface water bodies and by prescribing and enforcing requirements on domestic and industrial water discharges. The specific responsibilities and procedures of the Regional Water Quality Boards and the State Water Resources Control Board are outlined in the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act (Division 7, California Water Code).
Regional Board members must reside in, or have a principal place of business within, the Region.
The Board relies on the Regional Board staff to conduct the day-to-day tasks associated with water quality management. Most of them are engineers, geologists and biologists.
Implementing programs according to state and federal law and following the Board's direction, staff recommends water quality standards, drafts permits, oversees remediation of contaminated sites, conducts enforcements activities, and deals directly with the public on a regular basis.


text:
Preview: New faces should spice up NFC
By Thinking Skins
Thinking Skins
http://www.redskins.com/story.asp?ContentID=11761
By Gil Brandt
Special to NFL.com
Brandt: AFC title will be up for grabs
(July 11, 2003) -- The NFC was a little more clear-cut than the AFC last season, but with all the improvements most of the losing teams made, this conference could be every bit as competitive.
And not all of the moves were made on the personnnel side. Bill Parcells and Steve Mariucci will look to turn around their new teams while Dennis Erickson will be responsible for maintaining consistency in San Francisco.
Defending Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay could have a tough time repeating in its own division, but the NFC East could be just as tough from top to bottom, especially if all of Washington's offseason moves pan out.
Dallas Cowboys: The Cowboys have won only 15 games over the past three seasons, but they should be better under new head coach Bill Parcells. The Cowboys have two big questions on offense: Who will start at quarterback and who will be their running back? Chad Hutchinson and Quincy Carter will vie for the QB spot, while Michael Wiley will challenge Troy Hambrick to start at running back. The team's defense and kicking game will be better. The Cowboys will open against Atlanta and play both New York teams on the road. This team will be improved, but it's not clear how many more games it will win.
New York Giants: They were one deep snap away from reaching the divisional round as a wild card. They need to replace the right side of the offensive line (Jason Whittle and Mike Rosenthal). Kerry Collins was the only NFC player to pass for over 4,000 yards. New York's offense ranked sixth in the NFL last year, and the defense -- which will return practically its entire starting lineup -- was ranked No. 9.
Philadelphia Eagles: When the Eagles play in their new stadium this fall, they will be without two outstanding starters -- Hugh Douglas and Shawn Barber -- who helped solidify the fourth-ranked defense in the league. Both were lost during the offseason and will be difficult to replace. On offense, the team will be lacking a big-time receiver.
Washington Redskins: Patrick Ramsey is key to what this team will do. He missed most of training camp in 2002, but played well in spots. The Redskins, who signed 15 free agents during the offseason, made team speed a priority and picked up former Jets WR Laveranues Coles and Rams RB Trung Canidate. Offensively, the team (ranked 20th in the 2002) should be better if Ramsey comes through. [\b]
Green Bay Packers: Everything comes up 12 in Green Bay -- 12 victories in 2002, 12th overall on offense, 12th overall on defense, and last year was No. 4's 12th season. Green Bay starters missed 58 games last year. Joe Johnson, Chad Clifton and Mark Tauscher, who missed 31 of the 58, should be back healthy. The Packers still are almost unbeatable at home, but the window is closing on this team; they need to win this year. They need to create turnovers like they did last year (tied for first in NFL with 17).
Minnesota Vikings: This team did a very good job of upgrading its 26th-ranked defense, which gave up 442 points last season. The overall offense was No. 2 in the league; the rushing game was No. 1. Michael Bennett -- whose left foot is slow to heal from an offseason injury -- and Randy Moss are very good, but they'll need a better year from Daunte Culpepper. New defensive coordinator George O'Leary should help.
Chicago Bears: Remember, they played 16 road games in 2002. They will open with two more away games before returning home against Green Bay in a Monday night game at newly remodeled Soldier Field. Kordell Stewart will help, but Anthony Thomas needs to play like he did in 2001 if the Bears are to have a winning season. The Bears placed 11 players on injured reserve in 2002, and they went from 13-3 to 4-12.
Detroit Lions: New coach Steve Mariucci, along with Charlie Rogers and Joey Harrington, should help the 29th-ranked offense in 2002. The offensive line allowed only 20 sacks last year, 46 fewer than in 2001. The defensive speed on this team is not good; the Lions will have a hard time covering fast receivers. The team has lost 16 consecutive road games. Mariucci is a great hire, but Harrington needs to improve -- and will.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers: In order to repeat as Super Bowl champions, you need a Hall of Fame quarterback. Troy Aikman, John Elway, Joe Montana. Brad Johnson is the key for this team, which ranked 24th on offense last year. The trade for Thomas Jones from Arizona could help the running game. The No. 1-ranked defense lost two starters to free agency. Jon Gruden, Monte Kiffin and Bill Muir do a great job as coaches.
Atlanta Falcons: The question is: Will Michael Vick take the next step at quarterback? The trade for Peerless Price will help the 23rd-ranked pass offense, and opposing defenses must respect Vick's playmaking abilities. The signing of three defensive backs should help the 19th-ranked defense. This is a well-coached team on offense and defense, and it has a chance to win the NFC championship. The Falcons will be tough at home in the sold-out Georgia Dome, and won't lose three games there like they did in 2002.
Aaron Brooks and the Saints beat the Buccaneers twice last season but stumbled down the stretch.
New Orleans Saints: They lost to four teams with losing records (Carolina, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Minnesota) in 2002 and failed to make playoffs, even though they beat the Super Bowl champions twice. The Saints have worked to improve their 27th-ranked defense with trades, free agency and draft choices. They have big-play people (Joe Horn, Deuce McAllister, Donte' Stallworth) on offense, and Michael Lewis is great kick returner. Aaron Brooks needs to play like he did in the first half last season.
Carolina Panthers: They had the No. 2-ranked defense in 2002 … and the 31st-ranked offense. The signing of free agents Stephen Davis and Jake Delhomme, plus the drafting of left tackle Jordan Gross, should help. John Fox did a great job in his first year as head coach. The team has a very good defensive line, which is very important.
(Note: I think Tampa Bay and Atlanta have a very good chance to reach the Super Bowl, with New Orleans not far behind.)
St. Louis Rams: If Kurt Warner and Marshall Faulk stay healthy, and Orlando Pace reports on time, the Rams will be hard to stop. The offensive line is greatly improved. The defense was the problem in 2002 (almost 24 points per game), and they need to cut down on turnovers (19 in 2002). This team can be a Super Bowl contender or not make the playoffs.
Seattle Seahawks: They played well in the final three games of 2002. The offense scored 30, 30 and 31 points in those games. Matt Hasselbeck finished the season strong with 17 TD passes and six INTs. Pro Bowl tackle Walter Jones is the key for having a good offensive team. Chike Okeafor was signed to help the pass rush (only 28 sacks last season). Rookie Marcus Trufant, veteran Norman Hand and new defensive coordinator Ray Rhodes should help a unit that was ranked 28th last season. Twenty-one of 22 starters will return.
San Francisco 49ers: New coach Dennis Erickson has to take the 49ers to the next step. He has a very good offensive mind. This team will score points (367 in 2002). The key on offense is a big year by Tai Streets, keeping Terrell Owens happy and the running of Kevan Barlow. The defense must improve against the pass. This is a hard team to predict.
Arizona Cardinals: You have to love Dave McGinnis for his upbeat attitude. He is a very good defensive coach who started last season 4-2. Arizona lost Jake Plummer and David Boston to free agency and traded Thomas Jones. The Cards signed all-time rushing leader Emmitt Smith, who has a chance to have a good season in part due to a good (when healthy) offensive line. The team ended up 27th on offense and 29th on defense in the 2002 league rankings.


text:
The Cambridge School of Bucharest (CSB) is an international British School Overseas (BSO) located in Bucharest, Romania. Headquartered in Voluntari, Romania, CSB operates under the flagship of Fundația Mateas.

Overview
CSB is an accredited British School Overseas (BSO) by the UK Department for Education, a member of the Council of British International Schools, and the Association of British Schools Overseas. It is a UK National Online Safety certified school and has been recognized by the UK Safeguarding Alliance for excellent practice in child protection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

CSB is divided into six sections grouped according to year, including EYFS-Kindergarten, lower primary, upper primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, and sixth form. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the school implemented digital solutions for IGCSE, AS, and A-level programs. Additionally, CSB used its social media platforms to participate in the Chase The Rainbow campaign, started fundraising activities with a local business to support medical personnel, and participated in the Getty Museum Art Challenge.

History
Since 2002, CSB is licensed by Cambridge University as an official exam center for Cambridge Assessments International Education (CAIE) examinations.

In September 2020, CSB moved to its 35 million euro campus in the Bucharest suburb of Pipera.  It accommodates up to 1,400 students, offering a host of sports and creative activities.

Notable alumni

 Tobi Ibitoye

References

International schools in Bucharest


Queenstown Therapeutic Massage can be found at Rees St 27 . The following is offered: Health and Beauty, Health Services, Massage - Health and Fitness . In Queenstown there are 31 other Health and Beauty. An overview can be found here.


text:
class CreateResponses < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    create_table :responses do |t|
      t.belongs_to :test_item
      t.belongs_to :user
      t.string :user_answer
      t.timestamps
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Community groups need state and local data on the uninsured to enable them to participate in health policy debates and advocate for their constituencies. The Access Project, a national initiative of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, is committed to assisting in this work by helping local organizations and coalitions collect useful and defensible data on the number of uninsured people in their communities. In 2000, the project developed a one-day training session for community activists to better understand the significance of Current Population Survey data and to assist them in shaping these and other data to build a case for addressing disparities in health care coverage. This presentation will provide a synopsis of the training, with an emphasis on examples of how various communities used the information to further their access campaigns for the uninsured.


text:
Microsoft Shares Fall Following Azure's Growth Slowdown
By Jennifer Loperon January 31, 2019
Microsoft Corporation met Wall Street's expectations for its fourth-quarter results on Thursday but the growth of its most ambitious product, Azure, slowed down. Azure is one of Microsoft's most ambitious products, meant to compete with the market leader Amazon Web Services, in the cloud product category. According to the latest earnings report, the sales growth of Azure has not grown at the same rate as last year, and that has triggered a selloff in the Microsoft stock.
Microsoft, which remains one of the most valuable companies in the world, fell as much as 3% following the earnings announcement. In this regard, it needs to be pointed out that the company met its earnings targets and in fact, marginally beat the earnings per share estimates of analysts. The company had been known for its Windows software for decades, but with Azure, it seeks to get a foothold in the cloud market and take on the market leader, Amazon Web Services. Last year, Azure sales had grown by a whopping 98% in the fourth quarter, but in 2018, the same figure stood at 76%.
In the recent past, Microsoft has picked up a lot of business from a range of industries, but it is the retail industry which has proven to be the biggest customers for Azure. Members of the retail industry are trying to keep up with Amazon and Azure seems to be an important tool for the biggest names in American retail. In January of 2019, Microsoft inked deals with Kroger and Walgreens Boots Alliance. In addition to that, the company has also entered into a long term agreement with retail giant Walmart Inc.
Chief Executive of Microsoft, Satya Nadella spoke about the company's cloud business in a statement yesterday. He said, "Our strong commercial cloud results reflect our deep and growing partnerships with leading companies in every industry including retail, financial services, and healthcare."
The company has gone big on its cloud product bet, and the spending on the latest technology rose significantly. In the same quarter, Microsoft spent $3.5 billion but a year earlier but the costs ballooned to $4.1 billion in the latest quarter. An analyst with Wedbush Securities explained how this might have affected the company's upside in the latest quarter. He said, "Clearly the company is spending aggressively to double down on its cloud bet, a dynamic that is a smart move but caps margin upside in the quarter."
Samsung Electronics profit slumps


The deaf community in Germany is vibrant and filled with organizations and resources that you can use. From German sign language to publications and websites for the hearing impaired, let's explore the deaf experience in Germany.
If you use an online translator to find the German word for "deaf" you might get taub as a result. However, this can be offensive and even considered vulgar in the German deaf community. It is used more often to condescend someone as in "What, are you deaf?"
Instead, use the word gehoerlos (or gehörlos) to refer to a deaf person. For hard-of-hearing, you can also use schwehörig (or schwehoerig).
German Sign Language (Deutsche Gebärdensprache), has only fairly recently been recognized as a legitimate language in Germany.
Germany has companies such as the Signum publishing house, which publishes sign language learning material. Another publisher, Karin Kestner, offers sign language books and software as well.
There is also an Institute of German Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf, based at Hamburg University. The institute works on sign language dictionaries and linguistics and they also produce learning software.
If you're looking for German sign language classes and teachers, you'll find plenty of resources at deafbase.de. The website includes many other resources, including information for cochlear implants, entertainment, and more.
Deutscher Gehorlosen-Bund - A primary deaf organization is the German Deaf Association and it is the successor to the Federation of Gehorlosen Germany (REGEDE). The organization is over 80 years old and has 26 regional chapters.
The German Deaf Association serves as an umbrella organization for other organizations. These include the Federation of Catholic Deaf Germany, an association of sign language teachers, and an association of interpreters. The GDA website also has general deafness information, advice for hearing people, and sign language information.
Deutsche Gesellschaft - Another primary organization is the German Society of the Hearing Impaired. It is also an umbrella organization that promotes the well-being of deaf and hard-of-hearing people and helps out a number of professional associations.
Deutscher Schwerhorigenbund - A large self-help organization is the German Schwerhörigenbund (DSB), which dates back to 1901. There are regional and local chapters all over Germany.
Their website is quite comprehensive and includes original poems by deaf Germans, original columns, book reviews, information about hearing aids, and much more.
Cochlear Implant Users in Germany - Cochlear implant users have the German Cochlear Implant Society (Deutsche Cochlear Implant Gesellschaft) to turn to. It is a member of the European Association of Cochlear Implant Users.
Interpreters in Germany - The main interpreting organization in Germany is the Federal Association of German Sign Language Interpreters (BGSD). The BGSD site has a list of regional federations and information on interpreter training and certification.
Deaf Sports in Germany - There is a German Deaf Sports Federation. It has deaf sports news, a calendar, and information on a variety of activities, including a deaf youth sports camp.
"Das Zeichen" is published by the Institute of German Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf. It covers a variety of topics, including history, education, life, and reviews.
Hörgeschädigten Pädagogik is aimed at hard of hearing people and is published by the professional association of deaf teachers (Berufsverband Deutscher Hearing Impaired Pedagogy, or BDH).
Tauben Schlag is a nice website filled with news, stories, and other information geared toward the hearing impaired.
German parents of deaf and hard of hearing children can participate in Bundesselternverband gehorloser Kinder. This organization is similar to the American Society for Deaf Children.
Gallaudet University has a study abroad program. Students can spend a few weeks in any number of countries, including Germany, and it is available for a variety of majors.


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Data on Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 'robustly and thoroughly reviewed', says HSA
FILE PHOTO: Vials with a sticker reading, "COVID-19 / Coronavirus vaccine / Injection only" and a medical syringe are seen in front of a displayed Pfizer logo in this illustration taken October 31, 2020. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/File Photo
By Matthew Mohan @MatthewMohanCNA
14 Dec 2020 05:51PM (Updated: 15 Dec 2020 11:49AM )
SINGAPORE: The data submitted by Pfizer-BioNTech on its COVID-19 vaccine was "robustly and thoroughly reviewed" by Singapore regulators, said the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) on Monday (Dec 14).
This follows the announcement by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong that the agency has approved the COVID-19 vaccine, with the first shipment due to arrive in Singapore by the end of December.
"As with other new vaccines, the data submitted by Pfizer-BioNTech was robustly and thoroughly reviewed by HSA's regulators, and international scientific standards were applied during the evaluation," said HSA.
"The vaccine was only granted interim authorisation after the data submitted by Pfizer-BioNTech was assessed by HSA to demonstrate that the vaccine meets the required safety, efficacy and quality standards, and that the benefits of the vaccine outweigh the known risks."
READ: Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine approved by Singapore, first shipment expected by end-December
In a media release, HSA noted that the vaccine developed by US pharmaceutical giant Pfizer and German firm BioNTech demonstrated a high efficacy rate of 95 per cent.
Two doses are required to be administered 21 days apart, in people aged 16 years and above, according to the vaccination regime submitted by Pfizer-BioNTech.
The safety profile of the vaccine is "generally consistent" with other registered vaccines, said HSA, which means some people may experience side effects such as pain, redness, swelling at the injection site, as well as fatigue, headache and muscle ache after vaccination.
While not everyone will experience these side effects, they are "common and expected" as part of the body's natural response to build immunity against COVID-19, explained HSA.
Pregnant women, people with compromised immune systems and those under the age of 16 should not receive the vaccine as the safety and efficacy data on these groups of people are not yet available, it said.
In addition, people with a history of anaphylaxis or the rapid onset of severe allergic reactions should not receive the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine as a precautionary measure.
Speaking at a COVID-19 multi-ministry task force press conference, Minister for Health Gan Kim Yong said that any vaccine administered to Singaporeans would need to meet "strict standards".
"Over the past months, the world has witnessed an astonishing speed of progress in vaccine development. But while the timelines for the COVID-19 vaccine trials have been accelerated, they must go through all the requisite clinical trials and safety checks to ensure that safety is not compromised," he said.
"They must also meet the World Health Organization's guidelines, as well as international standards. I want to assure all Singaporeans that only vaccines that meet strict standards of safety, quality and effectiveness will be used for our population."
READ: Singapore to start Phase 3 of COVID-19 reopening on Dec 28
READ: COVID-19: Social gatherings of up to 8 people allowed from Dec 28, further reopening of activities in Phase 3
INTERIM AUTHORISATION
The vaccine was granted interim authorisation under the Pandemic Special Access Route (PSAR), said HSA. It is similar to the emergency use authorisation framework adopted by other countries such as Canada, Switzerland and the United States.
This regulatory pathway facilitates access to critical novel vaccines, medicines and medical devices during a pandemic.
"Using PSAR, HSA can start evaluating new vaccines, medicines and medical devices from the early stages of clinical studies, as and when real-time data is submitted by companies on a 'rolling', or staggered basis, instead of waiting for the full data set to be submitted before starting our evaluation," added HSA.
This gives the agency more time to review the submitted data while companies continue with further clinical trials and development concurrently, it said.
"The clinical trials have also been designed to be innovative and efficient, enabling the companies to conduct multiple trials concurrently, while maintaining the scientific rigour. Such regulatory agility and flexibility allow for speedier development and evaluation," noted HSA.
"HSA regulators were able to complete the evaluation of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in the shortest possible time by working expeditiously on the available rolling data, instead of waiting for the full data set to be submitted before starting our evaluation, while upholding high standards of quality, safety and efficacy, and following the same rigorous processes as used to register vaccines in normal times," added Dr Mimi Choong, HSA's chief executive officer.
READ: Hong Kong to get Sinovac, Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines in first quarter
As a condition for the interim authorisation under PSAR, Pfizer and BioNTech will need to monitor the longer term efficacy of the vaccine to determine the duration of protection against COVID-19, said HSA.
"This will augment the available data which shows that the vaccine continues to be effective for at least two months, with no signs of waning protection," it noted.
Pfizer and BioNTech are also required to continue to follow up on the safety of the vaccine for a longer period of time to determine its full safety profile.
"The companies must continue submitting the longer term follow up data to HSA to assure the continued effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. HSA will actively review the data to ensure that the benefits of the vaccine continue to outweigh the known risks," said HSA.
EVERYONE "MEDICALLY ELIGIBLE" SHOULD GET VACCINATED
In a separate press release, an expert committee on COVID-19 vaccination which reviewed the vaccine's safety and efficacy data said it agreed with the HSA's recommendation.
The expert committee also recommended that Singapore should achieve "as comprehensive a coverage of COVID-19 vaccination as possible" across its entire population.
Everyone who is "medically eligible" should be vaccinated, it said, but vaccination should remain voluntary.
Priority will be given to those at greatest risk, such as frontline and healthcare workers, as well as the elderly.
More details on the committee's complete set of recommendations to the Government on the use and priority groups for vaccination will be provided in the coming weeks, the committee added.
The Ministry of Health's director of medical services Kenneth Mak also urged all Singaporeans who are eligible to be vaccinated.
"Vaccination is one of the key enablers that will protect us and our loved ones against COVID-19 infection and allow the economy to open up, for social activities to resume and having this community immunity will help us to be able to safely and quickly return back to normalcy," said Associate Professor Mak.
"And we encourage therefore everyone in Singapore to take up the vaccination when it is offered to you."
At the same time, Assoc Prof Mak noted that vaccinations should not be seen as a "silver bullet" that would end the pandemic.
"Safe distancing and safe management measures continue to be critical until such a time when sufficient numbers of our population are protected," he said.
"The COVID-19 vaccine will expedite our recovery from the pandemic. But it is going to be some time before the world returns to a pre-COVID normalcy. The key is not to let our guard down, and (not) to let our painstaking efforts in the past few months go to waste."
READ: In full: PM Lee's address on the COVID-19 situation
Singapore is one of the first countries to obtain the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, said the Prime Minister in his televised address to the nation on Monday.
Other vaccines are also expected to arrive in Singapore in the coming months, and the country "will have enough vaccines for everyone" by the third quarter of next year if all goes according to plan, he added.
The Ministry of Health said Singapore has also signed Advance Purchase Agreements with Moderna and Sinovac, and are in discussions with a few other pharmaceutical companies.
In a press release on Monday, Pfizer and BioNTech said that the agreement to supply their vaccine to Singapore comes after emergency use authorisation from the US Food and Drug Administration and interim authorisation for pandemic supply from HSA.
Financial details of the agreement with Singapore were not disclosed, but the terms were based on the timing of delivery and the volume of doses, said the two companies.
"As requested by the Government of Singapore, deliveries are planned through 2021," they added.Pfizer and BioNTech said that their combined manufacturing network has the potential to supply up to 1.3 billion doses globally by the end of 2021.
BOOKMARK THIS: Our comprehensive coverage of the coronavirus outbreak and its developments
Download our app or subscribe to our Telegram channel for the latest updates on the coronavirus outbreak: https://cna.asia/telegram
Source: CNA/mt(gs)
Health Science Authority
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Topics > Northumberland > Berwick upon Tweed > Royal Tweed Bridge
Royal Tweed Bridge
History and Design
The Royal Tweed Bridge in Berwick-upon-Tweed was officially opened by the Prince of Wales on 16th May 1928. Grade 2* listed.
The Royal Tweed Bridge is a road bridge in Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England crossing the River Tweed. It was intended to divert traffic from the 17th century Berwick Bridge, and until the 1980s it formed part of the A1 road, the main route from London to Edinburgh. However, the construction of the A1 River Tweed Bridge to the west of Berwick has since reduced the Royal Tweed Bridge's importance.
It was designed by L.G. Mouchel & Partners, with consulting engineers Charles Bressey and J. H. Bean, and the contractors for construction were Holloway Brothers of London.
Construction took place between 1925 and 1928. The total cost of the bridge was £180,000, and up to 170 workers were employed during its construction. It was opened by the then Prince of Wales, later Edward VIII, on 16 May 1928.
It was built to supplement the older Berwick Bridge a short distance downstream, which still carries road traffic. A bridge has first been proposed in 1896, and a scheme was produced in 1914, but the outbreak of the First World War meant that plans were put on hold until 1924. A seven arched stone bridge was proposed at this time, but eventually the concrete design was decided upon.
The bridge was repaired in 1980, as it had been damaged by de-icing salt and its proximity to the sea. The A1 River Tweed Bridge, which opened in 1984, now carries the A1 road about a mile to the west of the Royal Tweed Bridge, reducing its importance as a crossing of the Tweed.
It is a Grade II* listed building in recognition of its innovative design and striking scale.
The bridge is built from reinforced concrete and consists of four unequal arches, with approach viaducts at each end. The northern end of the bridge is higher, and towards that end the spans are longer.
The spans are of lengths 50.1 metres (164 ft), 74.4 metres (244 ft), 95.5 metres (313 ft) and 108.5 metres (356 ft), and the approach viaducts are 60 metres (200 ft) and 44 metres (144 ft) long. The spans consist of four arched ribs, solid in the case of the shortest span and hollow for the longer spans. Columns rise from the ribs and are connected at the top by longitudinal beams, which support perpendicular beams that carry the roadway. The piers and abutments are constructed from mass concrete, and there are expansion joints and a system of wind braces over each of the piers.
The parapets are made of dressed sandstone, and there are cast iron lamposts on either side of the roadway.
At the time of its construction, it held the record for the longest single concrete span in the UK.
Text from Wikipedia, available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (accessed: 29/07/2016).
Visit the page: Royal Tweed Bridge for references and further details. You can contribute to this article on Wikipedia.
Berwick upon Tweed Grade II* Listed River Tweed 1928 Tweedmouth Bridges
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from Flickr (flickr)
Pinned by Simon Cotterill
Royal Tweed Bridge with Royal Border Bridge in background and Old Bridge to left
Royal Bridge, Berwick upon Tweed
Royal Tweed Bridge - opening - 16th May 1928
Royal Tweed Bridge - Berwick upon Tweed - Opened 16th May 1928
from https://historicengland.org...
ROYAL TWEED BRIDGE - List entry
- "Royal Tweed Bridge is 430m long and almost 14m wide and has four arches, three of which are over the river and two approach viaducts.The span of the arches ...
Simon Cotterill
from Geograph (geograph)
Berwick-Upon-Tweed Architecture : Royal Tweed Bridge
Co-Curate Page
Tweedmouth
- Overview About Tweedmouth History Map Street View Tweedmouth is part of the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, located on the south bank of the River Tweed, near the mouth of the river. ...
Berwick upon Tweed
Grade II* Listed
River Tweed
Geo / Heritage Meta Data
List number: 1393563
List grade: 2*
Borough: North Tyneside
Grid ref: NT9952552795
Added by: Simon Cotterill , Last modified: 3 years, 11 months ago, Viewed:1591 times,


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A 19-year-old Bradenton man was arrested March 11 on felony drug charges after allegedly admitting he was on his way to sell a friend cocaine and marijuana.
According to the probable cause affidavit, a Holmes Beach police officer initiated a traffic stop at 4600 Gulf Drive. As the officer approached the vehicle, he observed Matthew Cammilleri in the passenger seat attempting to conceal a large Crown Royal bag.
The officer observed a large amount of marijuana sticking out of the Crown Royal bag.
According to the report, police recovered 42.3 grams of marijuana, .3 grams of cocaine, a digital scale and a marijuana grinder.
Cammilleri allegedly admitted that the drugs and paraphernalia were his, and that he was en route to a friend's house to sell him the cocaine.
According to the report, Cammilleri said he is unemployed and sells the marijuana to make a living and was going to attempt to sell the drugs to his friend, so he could pay his rent.
Cammilleri was arrested for felony possession of cocaine with intent to sell, felony possession of marijuana with intent to sell and misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia.
He was booked into the Manatee County jail and held on $9,500 bond. According to jail records, he posted bond March 12 and was released.
He was scheduled to be arraigned at 9 a.m. Friday, April 5, at the Manatee County Judicial Center, 1051 Manatee Ave. W., Bradenton.


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PLOS Currents FAQ
Behavior Problems and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Children Beginning School: A Comparison of Pre- and Post-Earthquake Groups
June 22, 2016 · Research Article
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Liberty K, Tarren-Sweeney M, Macfarlane S, Basu A, Reid J. Behavior Problems and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Children Beginning School: A Comparison of Pre- and Post-Earthquake Groups. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2016 Jun 22 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.2821c82fbc27d0c2aa9e00cff532b402.
Kathleen Liberty School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Michael Tarren-Sweeney School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Australia.
Sonja Macfarlane Te Oranga School of Human Development & Movement Studies / Te Kura Toi Tangata Faculty of Education, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Arindam Basu School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
James Reid Deptartment of General Practice and Rural Health. Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Introduction: Literature reviews caution that estimating the effects of disasters on the behavior of children following a disaster is difficult without baseline information and few studies report the effects of earthquakes on young children. In addition the relationship between age at the time of disaster and consequential behavior problems have not been reported for young children who experience disaster-related stress during a developmentally sensitive period.
Methods: Behavior problems and symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTS) were reported for two groups of children from nearby neighborhoods during their first term at school, using the Behavior Problem Index by teacher report, following approved informed consent procedures. Data on one group, "Pre-EQ" (N=297), was collected four years before the beginning of the earthquakes on children born 2001-2002. Data on the second group, "Post-EQ" (N=212), was collected approximately three to four years after the beginning of the earthquakes on children born 2007-2009 and living in heavily damaged neighborhoods. The Post-EQ group had significantly more children from high socioeconomic neighborhoods but no other significant differences on main demographic characteristics.
Results: The mean behavior problem score was significantly higher in the Post-EQ group (Mean =6.11) as compared to the Pre-EQ group (Mean = 3.78). PTS symptoms were also significantly higher in the Post-EQ group (Mean =2.91) as compared to the Pre-EQ group (Mean=1.98) and more children had high PTS scores (20.9% v. 8.8%, OR= 2.73, 95%CI =1.57, 4.76). Model testing identified that a younger age at the time of exposure was the only significant predictor of high numbers of PTS symptoms in the Post-EQ group.
Discussion: Rates of teacher-reported behavior problems in young children more than doubled following the Christchurch earthquakes. Younger children may be more vulnerable to the effects of earthquakes that occur during a developmentally sensitive period. Additional research is needed to consider the effects of age and duration of disaster effects to better understand the effects of disasters on children, their families and communities.
Funding Statement
This work was supported in part by the Asthma and Respiratory Foundation of New Zealand (Pre-EQ Group) and in part by the internal grants program of the University of Canterbury.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a specific psychiatric-defined mental health condition in adults and children.1 In children, PTSD often co-occurs with high rates of behavior problems.1 Risk factors for the development of PTSD following exposure to trauma include preexisting mental health and behavior problems, poverty, minority status, and gender; and, in the post-disaster environment, disruptions to normal life, perceptions of threat or reactions to specific events.2,3 In any community, children may develop behavior problems and PTSD associated with trauma affecting individual families (e.g., domestic violence, vehicle accidents, parent death).2,3 The impact of trauma interacts with risk factors and with characteristics of the particular trauma, such as its duration and intensity, as well as with family and community factors, including the availability of treatments and support.2,3,4 Behavior problems and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in young children are a serious mental health problem, and may be associated with continuing psychological issues, such as anxiety and conduct disorders, and may persist in adulthood.3,4,5
It has been postulated that the development of behavior problems and PTS symptoms may be influenced by age at the time of the traumatic event, particularly if it occurs during a developmentally sensitive period.4,6,7 Chronic traumatic stress in young children may be associated with a number of adverse biological effects, notably disruption of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrendal axis, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the pre-frontal cortex, and other neurological structures and processes.4 These disruptions are likely to affect the regulation of cortisol, serotonin, dopamine and oxytocin, and are associated with emotional and behavioral problems.4
Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine if age at the onset of trauma is a relevant factor in the development of problems, as studies of behavior problems and PTS often group children across ages (e.g. 6-18 years) for analysis without considering developmental status or the ages of sensitive periods (e.g., 8). Although studies often report age at the time the study was conducted, they do not often report children's age at the time of the trauma experience, or control for this in analysis.2,9 A meta-analysis of studies identifying risk factors for the development of PTSD in children and adolescence concluded that 'age' was a minor risk factor, but did not report the inclusion of any studies of young children, and did not investigate sensitive periods,9 possibly due to studies grouping ages across such periods in childhood and adolescence.
Young children who experience traumatic natural disasters, such as flooding, hurricanes, forest fires, earthquakes and the post-disaster period may also develop behavior problems and PTS symptoms.2,7,10 Exposure to earthquakes is thought to increase the risk of persistent PTS symptoms, as it is associated not only with a single traumatic event in the initial earthquake, but with continuing aftershocks, and with lengthy periods of community disruption due to infrastructure damage, damage to houses, and the disruptive nature of rebuilding.3,11,12 For example, 22.9% of Italian children aged 6-10 years exposed to a magnitude (M)5.7 earthquake had high numbers of PTS symptoms 12-17 months later13 and 28% of Turkish 8-15 year-olds had high numbers of PTS symptoms 36 months after a M7.4 earthquake.14
The Canterbury earthquake sequence began with a M7.1 earthquake on 4 September 2010, followed by 31 earthquakes of M>5.0 during the next four months.15 Then, on 22 February 2011, a shallow M6.2 earthquake with an epicenter within city limits and unprecedented upward ground acceleration velocities of 27.6 to 72.6 cm/s hit and literally lifted buildings off their foundations.15,16 There were 6600 injuries and 185 deaths in a population of about 440,000. Over the next eleven months, there were 32 more earthquakes of M>5.0 and approximately 14,00 aftershocks of lesser magnitude.17 The extended period of earthquakes over 17 months caused extensive liquefaction, destruction of 10,000-15,000 family homes, damage to more than 110,000 family homes of an estimated 140,000 homes in pre-EQ Christchurch, and a significant drop in New Zealand's gross domestic product.16,17,18 Christchurch experienced a significant decline of 17% in the number of households in the lowest income group following the earthquakes, which is primarily attributed to the loss of housing due to earthquake damage, particularly housing in low income neighborhoods.18,19
Fig. 1: Earthquakes in the Christchurch region, 4.10.10 to 19.09.12.
Stars indicate epicentres of major earthquakes >M6.0. The blue dots indicate aftershocks M5.0-M5.9. The dotted yellow line indicates approximate fault lines. Source: geonet. http://info.geonet.org.nz/display/home/Canterbury+Quakes ). The black square indicates the location of the central business district. The white triangle encompasses the locations of the schools and neighborhoods in this study.
Inter-spaced between earthquakes were periods of recovery and rebuilding, which would then be damaged by a subsequent aftershock. Although there were no M5.0 EQ between June 2012 and the conclusion of the study measurement period, the stressors associated with a post-disaster environment have continued, including the closure of areas to replace infrastructure, demolition of buildings and homes, loss of jobs, increased hospitalizations due to alcohol-related incidents, and so forth.3,20 Thirty months after the September 2010 earthquake, 78% of residents reported stress that had a 'negative impact' on their lives and 23% of the total reported that they were affected "always" or "most of the time".20 Adults had a 40% increased likelihood of mental disorder two years after the February 2011 earthquake compared to those who were not earthquake-exposed.21 The Canterbury District Health Board reported an increase of 69% in child and youth presentations for mental health services and a 40% increase in adult referrals almost four years after the February 2011 earthquake.22
We sought to investigate behavior problems and PTS symptoms of children entering school who had experienced the earthquakes and subsequent post-earthquake period from early childhood through to school entry. Although children who experience earthquakes are thought to be more likely to have an increased risk of behavior problems and PTS symptoms, literature reviews do not identify studies of children exposed to earthquakes in very early childhood.6,10,12,23
While natural disasters may more than double baseline rates of behavior problems and PTS symptoms, very few disasters strike in areas with pre-disaster studies of behavior problems or PTS, so it is difficult to determine the effect on communities of a natural disaster.12,23 We were fortunate in having conducted a study of children entering school about four years before the earthquakes, and to be able to use data from that study as a baseline comparison for the present study ("Pre-EQ" group). This study involved identical measures used with children who experienced the Christchurch earthquakes and the continuing post-earthquake period up to the time of school entry, when this study was conducted ("Post-EQ" group).
The study aims were to: (1) Determine if the Post-EQ group had more children with behavior problems and PTS symptoms as compared to the Pre-EQ group at the time that the children started primary school. (2) Investigate the relationships between risk factors and the PTS symptoms in the groups, and to identify which of those risk factors independently predicted high numbers of PTS symptoms. (3) In the Post-EQ group, determine if children aged 24 months or younger (a developmentally sensitive period) at the start of the earthquake period were more likely to develop high numbers of PTS symptoms by the time they started school, as compared with children who were older at the time the earthquakes began.
A descriptive quantitative study was undertaken with two groups of children as they entered school, using the same measurement procedure, with the informed consent of parents, teachers and schools. Institutional ethics committees approved the recruitment and informed consent procedures for both the Pre-EQ group and the Post-EQ group. The authors affirm that the study was conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.
Pre-EQ Group. The data from the Pre-EQ children are from a study of children's health and learning at eight primary schools about 30 months prior to the start of the earthquake period.24 Children in this group were born between 2001 and 2002. Parents were informed about the study by the school principal or deputy principal during enrollment processes, and informed written consent for participation was gained. Children with a diagnosed disability requiring special education support, or whose first language was not English or Māori (official languages of New Zealand) were excluded. Characteristics of the group are shown in Table 1.
Principals in the Pre-EQ study schools were not able to participate in the Post-EQ research study due to school closures, mergers and other issues resulting from the earthquakes. All schools in the Pre-EQ and Post- EQ groups were located within the white triangle imposed on Figure 1. The approximate dimensions are a maximum of 12 km in the north to south axis, and 19 km in the east to west axis.
Post-EQ Group. The data from the Post-EQ children were collected from five different primary schools also located within the white triangle shown in Figure 1. Data were collected during the period of February 2013 through June 2014; 12 to 18 months following the M5.0 EQ in January 2012. Demographic characteristics of this group are shown in Table 1. The only significant demographic difference between the two study groups was that the Post-EQ Group had proportionally more children from high SES.
In addition to the same inclusion criteria for the Pre-EQ group, we also required that children in this group have lived in Christchurch from the first major earthquake in September 2010 through the final EQ of M.50 in January 2012, continuing through the post-disaster period to the point of measurement (the first term of primary school). Within the Post-EQ group, children's mean age at the first large earthquake in September 2010 was 24.2 months (SD=7.4, range = 8-42).
Procedures and Measures
Identical measures of teacher-reported behavior were used for both groups. The measurement in the Pre-EQ group occurred during 2006-2007, as they entered school at age five years. The measurement in the Post-EQ group, occurred during 2013-2014, as they entered school at age five years. For the Post-EQ group, measurement occurred a mean of 38.3 months (SD=6.3; range=29-48 months) following the first earthquake in September 2010.
Demographic information. With parent consent, demographic information as to gender and ethnicity was collected from school records and socioeconomic status was estimated from parent-supplied home addresses on the consent forms, using census information available to researchers.25,26 The government-rated earthquake damage for each Post-EQ participant's address was also recorded, as this has been shown to be significantly associated with mental health problems in families in Christchurch.27 All of the Post-EQ participants were living on sections of land significantly or moderately damaged by the earthquakes, with the exception of eleven participants who were living on city-owned land which does not have publicly available classification, although these addresses are on the same streets as those of participants living on moderately or significantly damaged land.
Behavior problems. Once informed consent was obtained from parents/caregivers, teachers completed the Behavior Problem Index28 based on the Child Behavior Checklist 29 which is suitable for use with five-year-old children and has been used in many studies.30,31,32,33 Teachers rated 26 items using a 3-point Likert scale (0=not true, 1=sometimes true, 2=often true) for a total behavior problem score. A total BPI score was calculated (range 0-52).
PTS symptoms. There were no resources available for individual clinical appraisal of the children, so PTS symptoms were estimated using a screening model. The most commonly used screening measures for PTS, such as the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index; Child PTSD Symptom Scale; Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children, and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children are not suitable for children under the age of 6 years.3 In addition, children under the age of 6 years are not able to self-report on their own symptoms. Difficulties with measuring the symptoms of PTS in children under the age of six years are associated with their relative developmental immaturity, their limited communicative competence in understanding their own emotions, the lack of development of executive function needed to differentiate thoughts from emotions and memories from present events, and so forth.5,10 This difficulty has been recognized in continuing examination and consideration of how PTS symptoms are expressed in the behavior of young children, and as represented in the introduction of new diagnostic criteria for PTSD in children, with a separate set of symptom criteria for children aged six and younger.1
In order to provide a screening estimation of PTS symptoms, the present study used dichotomized scores for symptoms identified by Dehon and Scheeringa 34 as represented in items from the BPI (Items can be seen in Table 2). Dehon and Scheeringa 34 also used dichotomized scoring in their preschool scale, because the weight of symptom frequency has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, we applied dichotomous scoring, with items marked by teachers as 'sometimes true'; and 'often true' scored as "1" and items marked 'not true' scored as 0, yielding a possible score range of 0-10.34,35
In the first step of the analysis, we compared the mean total BPI score between the groups, the total PTS score, and an adjusted BPI score after removing the PTS items, using t-tests with 95% as a level of confidence. The next step was to examine the presence of high symptoms in both groups, using odds ratios. We used the 95% percentile in the Pre-EQ group as the cut-point for high symptom levels. The Pre-EQ group was the reference group for the odds ratios (OR) calculations. The third step was to analyze the behavior problem and PTS sub-scores, as well as the demographic characteristics of children who were hypothesized to be in different sensitive periods at the start of the earthquake exposure period based on their chronological age. Finally, logistic regression was used to test predictive models for high PTS symptoms (high symptom score vs. all other scores). Demographic variables were dichotomized by risk status identified in previous studies (i.e., gender was dichotomized as girl v. boy, SES was dichotomized as low SES v. all else; ethnicity was dichotomized as European v. minority status). The model testing for the Post-EQ group included the addition of two additional variables in Steps 2 and 3. In Step 2, land damage at the location of the child's house was dichotomized as severe v. moderate.25 In Step 3, children's age at the start of the earthquake period was dichotomized as < 24 months (N=110) or >24 months (N=112). From birth to 24 months of age has been identified as a sensitive period for initial development of expressive and receptive language, confident independent mobility, and competent imitation of a model, and has been associated with sensitive periods in brain development.4,6,39 All analyses were performed using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences version 21.
Children in the Post-EQ group had significantly higher scores for total behavior problem scores and post-traumatic symptoms scores (Table 2). In addition, children in the Post-EQ group had significantly more PTS symptoms (Table 2). A score of >6 (i.e., >60% of the 10 items we identified) was used to categorize high symptom scores. Dehon and Scheeringa34 identified that children scoring 60% of symptom items was a useful screening marker, which was the equivalent of our cut-off for a high screening score.
Significantly more children in the Post-EQ group (20.7%) had high PTS symptom scores as compared to the Pre-EQ group (8.8%) (Table 3). Children in the Post-EQ group were also more likely to demonstrate 8 of 10 individual PTS symptoms as compared to the Pre-EQ group (Table 3). The Post-EQ group showed increased Odds Ratio for high numbers of PTS symptoms for boys, girls, European ethnicity, and both low and high SES neighborhoods (Table 4), but not for Māori children.
Scores of children in the Post-EQ group were sub-divided into two groups, based on the child's chronological age at the start of the earthquake period. Data from children aged 24 months and younger (range 8-24 months) comprised the "Younger" group (N=102), and data from the other 110 children were categorized as "Older" (range 25-42 months). Comparisons identified that the groups were significantly different in age, and in the length of time from the start of the earthquake period to the time of measurement – the duration of their exposure to the earthquakes and the post-earthquake stressors (Table 5). Most importantly, the younger group was significantly more likely to have higher behavior problem and PTS scores. There were 29.1% of children in the "younger" group with PTS scores of 6 or more as compared to 11.8% of children in the "older" group (OR=3.08, 95%CI= 1.41, 6.82), and the only significant demographic difference between these groups was that more of the younger group were living on significantly damaged land.
Logistic regression models were performed to identify independent predictors of high numbers of PTS symptoms (Table 6). Step 1 testing identified that there were no independent predictors of high PTS symptom score in either the Pre-EQ or the Post-EQ groups, and none of the variables tested reached significance.
We then tested two additional variables related to the Post-EQ group. In Step 2, the severity of land damage did not improve the model. For Step 3, we added a dichotomized variable of age at the start of the earthquake period. When the younger v. older age at the start of the earthquakes factor was added to the model testing in Step 3 (Table 6), the model reached significance (X2=15.217, p=.009) and younger age at the start of the exposure period was the only independent predictor identified.
This is the first study to report behavior problems and PTS symptoms among children who had lengthy experience of earthquakes and post-disaster stressors during early childhood as compared to a demographically similar group from similar and nearby neighborhoods who did not experience the disaster. The major finding showed that there were significantly more behaviour problems and post-traumatic stress symptoms in the children who entered school after the earthquakes. The rate of PTS symptoms in the Pre-EQ Group is comparable to rates in non-disaster exposed communities.2,4 The rate of children with high PTS scores in the Post-EQ group is similar to that reported for older children who experienced earthquakes or other disasters,however, there is no comparable study of young children.3,8,9,13,14,36,37 The reports by the local health authority of a post-EQ increase of 69% in child mental health referrals 22 supports our results.
Many of the demographic factors associated with the development of PTS symptoms were associated with higher PTS scores in the Post-EQ group as compared to the Pre-EQ group. These relationships were expected for the demographic variables tested and are similar to other studies.23 However, there were two important discrepancies. One discrepancy was that EQ children in the mid-SES group did not show significantly increased rates of high PTS scores over the Pre-EQ group, while children in the low-SES and high SES groups both showed a significant increase. Although these differences may be due to small sample sizes, high- and mid- SES are not necessarily a protective factor for post-disaster PTS 3,37 and in the present study, SES was not a significant predictor for high PTS scores for either the Pre-EQ group or the Post-EQ group. A similar result was also reported in a study involving adults who experienced the Christchurch earthquakes.27 This suggests that other factors, such as the age at the start of the exposure period, are more likely to be related to the overall increase in high PTS levels than SES. This is one aspect that should be further examined.
The second difference was for Māori children, who did not show a significant increase in rates of high PTS symptoms in the Post-EQ group. This may also be due to low numbers of children in the study participants. However, research indicates that the social connectedness, spiritual support and collective dynamics that are associated within Māori communities in Christchurch may have protected them against the development of high PTS symptoms following the earthquakes 21,27,38 Hogg and colleagues27 also reported that Māori adults in highly earthquake-affected Christchurch neighborhoods were less likely to have a mood or anxiety disorder as compared to other ethnic groups. The rates in Māori study children may therefore be reflective of fewer mental health problems in their parents or community.
The only independent predictor of high PTS scores identified in the regression testing was 'age at the beginning of the earthquake period'. In the present study, children who were aged 24 months or younger at the time of the first major earthquake had almost triple the rates of high PTS as compared with the baseline Pre-EQ group. In addition, their rates were higher than the "older group", who had spent the same amount of time in the earthquake period, but were older at the start of the exposure period. Thus, this younger Post-EQ group had experienced a longer time period potentially marked by traumatic events that might have affected their emotional and behavioral development, as compared to children who were older at the time of the first earthquake. Although this is a small sample size, the data support the findings of other researchers who have suggested that traumatic stress at key developmental stages in early childhood can have long-lasting negative effects.6,7,39,40
Our findings are limited in a number of ways. First, the study is confined by problems common to post-disaster research– small sample size and lack of randomization.9,36 In addition, our findings may be limited by the fact that teachers had only known the children for a relatively short period of time before reporting on their symptoms, but this was identical for both the baseline and Post-EQ groups. Also, our study had fewer children from low SES and more children from high SES as compared to the Pre-EQ group, as the city experienced a drop in low income families due to the destruction of housing in the poor neighborhoods in the neighborhoods of participating schools. As low SES children are more vulnerable to developing PTS symptom,3 our relatively low rate of children from low SES limits the external validity of our results and indicates that our results may underestimate the rate of behavior problems and PTS symptoms.
Second, there are important limitations to our measurement. There was no clinical examination of the children by trained psychiatrists or clinicians, and the data represent the results of a behavior screening scale completed by teachers. This is an important limitation because teachers are not trained in diagnosis of behavior problems, and thus teacher reports may not represent clinical diagnosis. However, many studies and clinical diagnostic protocols use parent reports.1,3,5,37 Compared to parents, teachers may report more conservatively on children's symptoms, possibly due to the fact that they have a far wider experience base of typical and atypical behaviors, different expectations, or perceptions as compared to parents.41 For example, the PTS of 138 three to five year old children exposed to a traumatic event were rated by parents and teachers: significantly, parents rated irritability in 29% of the children as compared to 7.1% rated by teachers; similarly, parents rated clingy behavior in 46.7% as compared to 7.2% by teachers.42 Also, there is only a single informant for behavior problems and PTS symptoms, and, although this is also similar to 70% of disaster studies,43 it is possible that behavior problems and PTS has been under-estimated or over-estimated or otherwise limited in terms of accuracy. Finally, we did not have a measure of the child's mental health or developmental status at the start of the earthquakes, which are both risk factors for the development of behavior problems2,6,9,39,43 thus some children may have shown problems prior to the earthquakes. However, the baseline rates we have available for comparison, and the literature on PTS in children following earthquakes, indicate that it is more likely that increased behavior problems and PTS are associated with disaster exposure, but other possibilities can not be ruled out.
Despite these limitations, the study findings make an important contribution to our understanding of the complex effects of an extended duration of earthquakes and post-disaster stressors experienced during early childhood on child mental health. Our study findings demonstrate that pre-disaster rates of behavior problems and PTS symptoms in children entering primary school more than doubled following their experiences of growing up during earthquakes and post-earthquake stressors, similar to the results of other studies. These changes will have implications for families, schools, and mental health service providers, as well as community disaster planning.
Children who were two years of age or younger at the start of the earthquakes were far more likely to have negative impacts on their mental health. Age at the start of traumatic events, particularly chronic or long-lasting events, may have important implications for treatment. Future studies should report children's age at the start of any disaster period, and avoid combining results across age groups and sensitive developmental periods during analysis. This is particularly important as natural disasters associated with climate change are predicted to increase, with concomitant increased risk for poor mental health.44,45 Studies that report and consider chronological age at the time of trauma exposure would allow us to better understand the complex effects of natural disasters on children's mental health and to plan and consider developmentally appropriate therapies. Similarly, studies of children who experience potentially traumatic events such as war, terrorism or migration4,43,46 should investigate the relationships between children's age at the beginning of the trauma period and their mental health outcomes. The vulnerability of young children to traumatic events and their subsequent mental health requires a sustained research focus.
This research was funded in part by the Asthma and Respiratory Foundation of New Zealand (Pre-EQ group) and the internal grants programme of the University of Canterbury (Post-EQ group). Neither of the funders played any role in the design, execution, interpretation or dissemination of the results of this study. None of the authors have competing interests in regards to this research study.
We are very grateful for the thirteen Principals, Boards of Trustees and more than 60 teachers who participated in the study. We are also thankful to Maureen Allan, Carol Croy, Beth Ferguson, Catherine Moore, Shevaun Karipa, Tracey Weekes, Gail Hulme, Heather Orman and Jo Clarke for coordinating the studies in the schools. We acknowledge the support of Pat Coope in providing statistical advice. We are extremely grateful to the children, parents, and schools whose contributions made this study possible.
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text:
Malaysia: Parents and school authorities must address smoking habit among students
LABUAN: Close cooperation between the school authorities and parents and their strict monitoring are important in addressing the smoking habit among students.
Labuan Health Department director, Dr Ismail Ali said despite efforts made by the national authorities, information campaigns and advice on the deleterious effects of smoking, the inability to reduce smoking addiction was indeed regrettable and a cause for serious concern.
"Cigarette smoking is a prevalent habit among students and we believe the number of student smokers is growing. We need the cooperation of the parent-teacher associations (PTAs) to help resolve this issue," he told Bernama today.
He said undeniably, the habit was influenced by their family members' habit, mainly of their fathers'.
"Hence, parental behaviour, whether it is positive or negative can have a great impact on the growing years of children and even during their adolescent period," he said.
Dr Ismail said peer pressure at school and the workplace was another major factor for individuals to pick up the smoking habit.
"There must be a set of rules and policies to guide students on proper behaviour and on having good habits."
He noted that the mass media could play a significant role in disseminating important information about the bad effects of smoking, by supporting anti-smoking campaigns and promoting intervention programmes against smoking.
"Education and enforcement are two important elements in tackling the problem and they must go hand in hand," he said.
Secondary school teacher, Sitiphanus Alwi said the type of school attended by students was one of the major reasons for students to pick up smoking or not.
"If the school has a good reputation with high moral values instilled in their students, they will tend not to pick up bad habits like smoking or get involved in vice," Sitiphanus said.
According to the Resource Centre of the Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA), the smoking prevalence rate among men in Malaysia is just over 50% and it is estimated that by 2020, more than two-thirds of the world's smokers will be in Asia. – Bernama
Read more : http://www.thesundaily.my/node/295480
Parents and school authorities urged to address smoking habit among students
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OMFG!!! I think I just peed my pants a little. Any fan of American Horror Story will have the same reaction as well after seeing this epic promo for the upcoming season.
FX just shared footage from the highly-anticipated "Murder House" and "Coven" crossover season aka "Apocalypse." It begins with Leslie Grossman, Evan Peters and newbie to the franchise, Joan Collins, panicking as their plane goes down. I honestly don't want to describe more than that because I want to let you experience the euphoria yourself.
Also featured in the promo are Sarah Paulson, Jessica Lange, Dylan McDermott, Emma Roberts, Taissa Farmiga, Frances Conroy and Cody Fern. The latter from The Assassination of Versace: American Crime Story makes his debut as the grownup Michael Langdon who's being dubbed as The Antichrist.
American Horror Story: Apocalypse premieres on Wednesday, September 12 on FX. I can't wait. Check out the trailer below.