text:
1Name
2.1Iron Age
2.2Roman
2.3Anglo-Saxon
2.4Medieval
2.5Modern
3Governance
3.1Past
3.2Present
3.3Parliamentary representation
4.2Neighbourhoods
4.3Nearby towns and villages
5.1Road
5.2Rail
5.3Buses
6Culture and media
6.1Filming location
7.1Cricket
7.2Football
7.3Gymnastics
7.4Hockey
7.5Rugby league
7.6Rugby union
7.7Skateboarding
7.8Links with other sports
8Education
9International relations
9.1Twin towns – sister cities
City in southern Hertfordshire, England
For other places with the same name, see St Albans (disambiguation).
See also: St Albans City and District
Human settlement in England
View of the west front of St Albans Cathedral
Location within Hertfordshire
6.99 sq mi (18.1 km2)
11,752/sq mi (4,537/km2)
OS grid reference
19 mi (31 km) SSE
Shire county
Sovereign state
Postcode district
AL1-AL4
Dialling code
List of places
51°45′18″N 0°20′10″W / 51.755°N 0.336°W / 51.755; -0.336Coordinates: 51°45′18″N 0°20′10″W / 51.755°N 0.336°W / 51.755; -0.336
St Albans (/sənt ˈɔːlbənz/) is a cathedral city in Hertfordshire,[1] England, east of Hemel Hempstead and west of Hatfield, 20 miles (32 km) north-west of London, 8 miles (13 km) south-west of Welwyn Garden City and 11 miles (18 km) south-east of Luton. St Albans was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north and became the city of Verulamium. It is within the London commuter belt and the Greater London Built-up Area.
St Albans takes its name from the first British saint, Alban.[1] The most elaborate version of his story, Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, relates that he lived in Verulamium, sometime during the 3rd or 4th century, when Christians were suffering persecution. Alban met a Christian priest fleeing from his persecutors and sheltered him in his house, where he became so impressed with the priest's piety that he converted to Christianity. When the authorities searched Alban's house, he put on the priest's cloak and presented himself in place of his guest. Consequently, he was sentenced to endure the punishments that were to be inflicted upon the priest, unless he renounced Christianity. Alban refused and was taken for execution. In later legends, his head rolled downhill after execution and a well sprang up where it stopped.[2]
Main article: History of St Albans
There was an Iron Age settlement known as,[3] Verlamion, or Verlamio, near the site of the present city, the centre of Tasciovanus' power and a major centre of the Catuvellauni from about 20 BC until shortly after the Roman invasion of AD 43.[4] The name "Verlamion" is Celtic, meaning "settlement over or by the marsh".[3] The town was on Prae Hill, 2 km (1.2 mi) to the west of modern St Albans, now covered by the village of St Michael's, Verulamium Park and the Gorhambury Estate.[3] Although excavations done in 1996 produced finds which include silver coins from the Roman Republic era dating from 90/80 BC. There was evidence of trade with the republic and that a settlement already existed on the site 50 years before Julius Caesar attempted to invade Britain. However, it is believed that the tribal capital was moved to the site by Tasciovanus (around 25 to 5 BC). Cunobelinus may have constructed Beech Bottom Dyke, a defensive earthwork near the settlement whose significance is uncertain.
Remains of Roman wall
The Roman city of Verulamium, the second-largest town in Roman Britain after Londinium, developed from the Iron Age settlement[3] and was granted the rank of municipium around AD 50, meaning that its citizens had what were known as "Latin Rights", a lesser citizenship status than a colonia possessed. It grew to a significant town, and as such received the attentions of Boudica of the Iceni in 61, when Verulamium was sacked and burnt on her orders.[5] Excavations preceding the museum's new entrance done in 1996–97 within the centre of the Roman town gave archaeologists the chance to date a black ash layer to 60–65 AD, thus confirming the Roman written record. It grew steadily; by the early 3rd century, it covered an area of about 125 acres (51 ha), behind a deep ditch and wall. Verulamium contained a forum, basilica and a theatre, much of which were damaged during two fires, one in 155 and the other in around 250. These were repaired and continued in use in the 4th century. The theatre was disused by the end of the 4th century. One of the few extant Roman inscriptions in Britain is found on the remnants of the forum (see Verulamium Forum inscription). The town was rebuilt in stone rather than timber at least twice over the next 150 years. Roman occupation ended between 400 and 450 AD.
The body of St Alban was probably buried outside the city walls in a Roman cemetery near the present cathedral. His hillside grave became a place of pilgrimage. Recent investigation has uncovered a basilica there, indicating the oldest continuous site of Christian worship in Great Britain. In 429 Germanus of Auxerre visited the church and subsequently promoted the cult of St Alban.[6][7][8][9][10]
A few traces of the Roman city remain visible, such as parts of the city walls, a hypocaust – still in situ under a mosaic floor, and the theatre, which is on land belonging to the Earl of Verulam, as well as items in the museum. Further remains beneath nearby agricultural land have only had a few exploratory trenches, which have never been fully excavated and were seriously threatened by deep ploughing, which ceased in 2005 after compensation was agreed. Test trenches in 2003 confirmed that serious damage had occurred to buildings on the northern side of Old Watling Street by deep ploughing. Permission needs to be granted to enable the full extent of the damage to the western half of Verulamium to be investigated.
After the Roman withdrawal the town became the centre of the territory or regio of the Anglo-Saxon Waeclingas tribe.[11]
St Albans Abbey and the associated Anglo-Saxon settlement were founded on the hill outside the Roman city where it was believed St Alban was buried. An archaeological excavation in 1978, directed by Martin Biddle, failed to find Roman remains on the site of the medieval chapter house.[12] As late as the eighth century the Saxon inhabitants of St Albans nearby were aware of their ancient neighbour, which they knew alternatively as Verulamacæstir or, under what H. R. Loyn terms "their own hybrid", Vaeclingscæstir, "the fortress of the followers of Wæcla", possibly a pocket of British-speakers remaining separate in an increasingly Saxonised area.[13]
St Albans High Street in 1807, showing the shutter telegraph on top of the city's Clock Tower
The medieval town grew on the hill to the east of Wæclingacaester where the Benedictine Abbey of St Albans was founded by Ulsinus in 793.[14] There is some evidence that the original site was higher up the hill than the present building, which was begun in 1077. St Albans Abbey was the principal medieval abbey in England. The scribe Matthew Vickers lived there and the first draft of Magna Carta was drawn up there.[citation needed] It became a parish church after the dissolution of the Benedictine abbey in 1539 and was made a cathedral in 1877.
St Albans School was founded in AD 948. Matthew Paris was educated there and it is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a Pope (Adrian IV). Now a public school it has, since 1871, occupied a site to the west of the Abbey and includes the 14th-century Abbey Gateway. One of its buildings was a hat factory, a link with the city's industrial past.
On Abbey Mill Lane, the road between the Abbey and the school, are the palaces of the Bishops of St Albans and Hertford and Ye Olde Fighting Cocks, claimed to be the oldest pub in England.[15]
Between 1403 and 1412 Thomas Wolvey was engaged to build a clock tower in the Market Place. It is the only extant medieval town belfry in England.[16] The original bell, named for the Archangel Gabriel sounds F-natural and weighs one ton. Gabriel sounded at 4 am for the Angelus and at 8 or 9 pm for the curfew. The ground floor of the tower was a shop until the 20th century. The first- and second-floor rooms were designed as living chambers. The shop and the first floor were connected by a flight of spiral stairs. Another flight rises the whole height of the tower by 93 narrow steps and gave access to the living chamber, the clock and the bell without disturbing the tenant of the shop.
Two battles of the Wars of the Roses took place in or near the town. The First Battle of St Albans was fought on 22 May 1455 within the town, and the Second Battle of St Albans was fought on 17 February 1461, just to the north.[17]
A street market on Wednesdays and Saturdays, founded by Abbot Ulsinus, still flourishes.[14] In 1553, Henry's son Edward VI sold the right to hold the market to a group of local merchants and landowners via letters patent which also incorporated St Albans as a borough.[18]
Tudor buildings on George Street
Before the 20th century St Albans was a rural market town, a Christian pilgrimage site, and the first coaching stop of the route to and from London, accounting for its numerous old inns. Victorian St Albans was small and had little industry. Its population grew more slowly than London, 8–9% per decade between 1801 and 1861, compared to the 31% per decade growth of London in the same period. The railway arrived in 1858. In 1869 the extension of the city boundaries was opposed by the Earl of Verulam and many of the townsfolk, but there was rapid expansion and much building at the end of the century, and between 1891 and 1901 the population grew by 37%.[19]
In 1877, in response to a public petition, Queen Victoria issued the second royal charter, which granted city status to the borough and Cathedral status to the former Abbey Church. The new diocese was established in the same year, in the main from parts of the large Diocese of Rochester.
In the inter-war years it became a centre for the electronics industry. In the post-World War II years it expanded rapidly as part of the post-War redistribution of population out of Greater London. It is now a popular tourist destination.
St Albans has two tiers of local government, at district and county level: St Albans City and District Council and Hertfordshire County Council. The main part of the urban area of St Albans (the pre-1974 borough) is an unparished area, directly administered by St Albans City and District Council.
Ancient borough (1553–1835)
Municipal borough (1836–1974)
• Created
12 May 1553 (Ancient borough)
1 January 1836 (Municipal borough)
• Abolished
• Succeeded by
St Albans City and District
• HQ
Contained within
• County Council
The early administrative history of the town of St Albans is closely tied to St Albans Abbey. The town was effectively controlled by the abbey through the Middle Ages, but there were frequent disputes between the abbot and townspeople about the extent of the abbey's powers in the town. Following the dissolution of the abbey in 1539, the rights previously held by it passed to the crown.[20] On 12 May 1553 the town was granted a charter by Edward VI, incorporating it as a borough with a mayor.[21]
The borough consisted of the ancient parish of St Albans (also known as the Abbey parish) and parts of the parishes of St Michael and St Peter.[22] The borough was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to become a municipal borough, and the boundary was adjusted to additionally include part of the parish of St Stephen. On 28 August 1877 the borough gained city status, following the elevation of St Albans Abbey to become a cathedral.[23] The boundary was also adjusted in 1877 to include part of the parish of Sandridge.
The Local Government Act 1894 divided parishes that were partly within municipal boroughs. The parts of St Michael, St Peter and Sandridge within the borough became the new parishes of St Michael Urban, St Peter Urban and Sandridge Urban. The part of St Stephen within the borough was absorbed by the parish of St Albans. The parishes that were formed outside the borough, that is St Michael Rural, St Peter Rural, Sandridge Rural and the reduced St Stephen, became part of St Albans Rural District on 28 December 1894.
St Albans Town Hall was built in 1829–1831 and served as the council's meeting place until the 1960s, when the council moved to new premises at City Hall and adjoining buildings.
In 1898 the parish of St Albans absorbed St Michael Urban, St Peter Urban and Sandridge Urban so the parish and borough occupied the same area. In 1901 the population of the borough was 16,019, growing to 18,133 in 1911. St Albans expanded in 1913 by gaining parts of Sandridge Rural (241 acres), St Michael Rural (138 acres), St Peter Rural (992 acres) and St Stephen (335 acres). In 1921 the population of the enlarged borough was 25,593, growing to 28,624 in 1931. It expanded again in 1935 as part of a county review order gaining more of St Michael Rural (890 acres), St Peter Rural (436 acres) and St Stephen (712 acres).[24] The population of the borough was 44,098 in 1951 and 50,293 in 1961.[25]
St Albans viewed from the Clock Tower: French Row (to the left), Market Place (to the right), St Peter's Street and the tower of St Peter's Church (centre)
Main article: City and District of St Albans
The borough was abolished on 1 April 1974 and St Albans became part of the new, larger St Albans City and District. City status was transferred to the entire district by letters patent dated 9 July 1974.[26] Local government services are now provided by Hertfordshire County Council (strategic services) and St Albans City and District Council. Eight local parish councils (limited local services) cover the parts of St Albans City and District that were previously in St Albans Rural District and Harpenden Urban District, but the area that was St Albans Borough prior to 1974 is an unparished area. Within this area, (the Ashley, Batchwood, Clarence, Cunningham, Marshalswick South, St Peters, Sopwell and Verulam wards) a City Neighbourhood Committee of the district council was set up in June 2013 with comparable responsibilities to parish councils for small parks, playgrounds, open spaces, war memorials, allotments and public conveniences.[27][28] The City and District Council built a new civic centre in 1989 adjoining the 1960s City Hall complex, which became known instead as the Alban Arena.
Main article: St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)
St Albans is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Established in 1885, it is a county constituency in Hertfordshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
St Albans has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to most of the United Kingdom.
Climate data for Rothamsted, elevation: 128 m (420 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1914–present
12.2 10.4 9.2 9.5 8.4 8.3 8.5 9.5 8.9 11.4 12.1 11.8 120.2
60.0 78.3 119.1 165.9 202.5 205.2 209.0 194.4 149.8 111.5 69.2 56.0 1,620.9
Source 1: Met Office[29]
Source 2: KNMI[30]
Batchwood
Bernards Heath
Chiswell Green
Cell Barnes
Hill End
Jersey Farm
Marshalswick (also extends into Sandridge parish)
New Greens
Sopwell
St Stephens (not to be confused with St Stephen)
Nearby towns and villages
Neighbouring areas
Redbourn Harpenden Welwyn Garden City
Watford Radlett Potters Bar
Other nearby towns: Borehamwood, Luton, Stevenage, Berkhamsted, Barnet (historically a separate town, a London borough since the 1960s)
Nearby villages: Abbots Langley, Kings Langley, Bricket Wood, Colney Heath, Elstree, Frogmore, Lemsford, London Colney, Markyate, Park Street, Radlett, Redbourn, Sandridge, Wheathampstead, Shenley
Nearby hamlets: Chiswell Green, Colney Street
St Albans is northeast of the intersection between the M1 and M25 motorways. Access from the north is by junction 8 of the M1 while access from the south is by junction 6. Access from the west is by junction 21A of the M25 while access from the east is by junction 22.
The A414 road runs directly south of St Albans between Hemel Hempstead and Hatfield. The A405 road provides a direct link to Watford.
Two railway stations serve the city: St Albans City, which is situated 0.5 miles (800 m) east of the city centre, and St Albans Abbey, which is situated approximately 0.7 miles (1 km) south-west of the city station.[31]
St Albans City on the Midland Main Line is served by Thameslink services, on a frequent and fast rail link to central London. Suburban services stop at all stations on the route, while express services are non-stop to London St Pancras.[32] Trains run north to Harpenden, Luton, Luton Airport Parkway and on to Bedford. St Albans Abbey station is the terminus of the Abbey line from Watford Junction.[33]
St Albans is well served by local buses, with links to local villages and major towns run by Arriva, Uno, Red Eagle, Sullivan Buses and several small operators. Buses in Hertfordshire are run under the Intalink Partnership [1]
Culture and media
St Michael's Church
St Albans has a cultural life, with regular concerts and theatre productions held at venues including Trestle Arts Base,[34] St Albans Abbey, The Horn,[35] The Pioneer Club,[36] Maltings Arts Theatre,[37] the Alban Arena, the Abbey Theatre,[38] St Peter's Church and St Saviour's Church, given by organisations including St Albans Bach Choir,[39] St Albans Cathedral Choir, St Albans Cathedral Girls' Choir, St Albans Symphony Orchestra,[40] St Albans Chamber Choir,[41] St Albans Chamber Opera,[42] The Company of Ten,[43] St Albans Choral Society,[44] and St Albans Organ Theatre.[45] St Albans is also home to Trestle Theatre Company,[46] who have been creating professional, physical storytelling theatre since 1981. Originally known for their work with masks, Trestle collaborates with UK and international artists to unify movement, music and text into a theatrical experience. The Sandpit Theatre is a theatre attached to Sandringham School which hosts plays throughout the year, mainly performances put on by the pupils of Sandringham School. The school also hosts Best Theatre Arts,[47] a part-time theatre school for children aged 4 to 16. Furthermore, St Albans is home to many music acts such as Enter Shikari, Friendly Fires, Maximum Love, The Zombies, Trash Boat and Your Demise.
The Odyssey Cinema (formerly the Odeon) on London Road is an independent, arthouse cinema that was restored and re-opened in 2014. Originally opened in 1931, it stands on the site of the Alpha Picture House, Hertfordshire's first cinema, which was opened in 1908 by film-making pioneer Arthur Melbourne-Cooper.[48][49]
The Maltings Shopping Centre in St Albans
The Watercress nature reserve is by the River Ver and is run by the Watercress Wildlife Association.[50]
St Albans Town Hall
St Albans Museums runs two museums: Verulamium Museum, which tells the story of everyday life in Roman Britain using objects from the excavations of the important Roman Town; and, the St Albans Museum + Gallery, located in the old St Albans Town Hall, which focuses on the history of the town and of Saint Alban.[51]
The area is served by 92.6FM Radio Verulam, a community radio station.
Filming location
The mixed character of St Albans and its proximity to London have made it a popular filming location. The Abbey and Fishpool Street areas were used for the pilot episode of the 1960s ecclesiastical TV comedy All Gas and Gaiters. The area of Romeland, directly north of the Abbey Gateway and the walls of the Abbey and school grounds, can be seen masquerading as part of an Oxford college in some episodes of Inspector Morse (and several local pubs also appear). Fishpool Street, running from Romeland to St Michael's village, stood in for Hastings in some episodes of Foyle's War. Life Begins was filmed largely in and around St Albans. The Lady Chapel in the Abbey itself was used as a location for at least one scene in Sean Connery's 1995 film First Knight, whilst the nave of the Abbey was used during a coronation scene as a substitute for Westminster Abbey in Johnny English starring Rowan Atkinson. The 19th-century gatehouse of the former prison near the mainline station appeared in the title sequence of the TV series Porridge, starring Ronnie Barker. The 2001 film Birthday Girl starring Ben Chaplin and Nicole Kidman was also partly filmed in St Albans.
More recently, several scenes from the film Incendiary, starring Michelle Williams, Ewan McGregor and Matthew Macfadyen, were filmed in St Albans, focusing in particular on the Abbey and the Abbey Gateway. It has also been used in the setting for the fictional town Waltringham, in the TV show Humans. In early 2022 Verulamium Park was used as a filming location for Wonka starring Timothée Chalamet.[52]
In December 2007, Sport England published a survey which revealed that residents of St Albans were the 10th most active in England in sports and other fitness activities. 30.8% of the population participate at least 3 times a week for 90 minutes.[53]
Cricket pavilion at Clarence Park
Clarence Park plays host to St Albans Cricket Club.[54] The club currently runs four Saturday sides, playing in the Saracens Hertfordshire Cricket League and also two Sunday sides in the Chess Valley Cricket League. In 2008 the club's 1st XI won the Hertfordshire League Title. In the previous two seasons, the first XI came 5th (2011) and 4th (2012) in division one.
The local football team is St Albans City FC: its stadium is on the edge of Clarence Park and the team won promotion from the Conference South League in 2005–06. It played in the Nationwide Conference Division of the Football Conference for the 2006–07 season, but finished at the bottom of the table and was relegated.[55]
St Albans Gymnastics Club, founded in 2005, provides the St Albans area with recreational classes as well as a professionally managed competitive squad.[56]
St Albans is also home to St Albans Hockey Club,[57] based in Oaklands, St Albans. The club is represented at National league level by both women's and men's teams, as well as other local league competitions. The club's nickname is The Tangerines.
St Albans Centurions Rugby league Club have their ground at Toulmin Drive, St Albans. They play in the London Premier League. In 2007 and again in 2010 'The Cents', as they are known, won 'the triple' – topping the league, and becoming the Regional and National Champions of the Rugby League Conference Premier Divisions.
Old Albanian RFC is a rugby union club that plays at the Old Albanian sports complex. They play in National League 1 the third tier of the English rugby union system. Saracens A team and OA Saints Women's Rugby team also play here. This complex hosts the offices of the Premiership Rugby club Saracens (and have recently moved their home ground to Barnet). St Albans RFC play at Boggymead Spring in Smallford. Verulamians RFC (formerly Old Verulamians) play at Cotlandswick in London Colney.
St Albans is home to one of the country's oldest indoor skateparks,[36][58] the Pioneer Skatepark in Heathlands Drive, next to the former fire station. Its ramps are available to all skateboarders and inliners. A new outside mini ramp was built in March 2005. A second outdoor mini ramp was opened at Easter 2009.
Links with other sports
St Albans is additionally home to a community of traceurs from around Hertfordshire.[59]
St Albans was once home to the then most prestigious steeplechase in England. The Great St Albans chase attracted the best horses and riders from across Britain and Ireland in the 1830s and was held in such high esteem that when it clashed with the 1837 Grand National the top horses and riders chose to bypass Aintree. Without warning the race was discontinued in 1839 and was quickly forgotten.
St Albans was once home to Samuel Ryder, the founder of the Ryder Cup. He ran a very successful packet seeds business in the 1890s which at one time he ran from a packing warehouse on Holywell Hill (currently Café Rouge). His interest in golf and sponsorship led to his donation of the now famous Ryder Cup. He is buried in Hatfield Road Cemetery, where in July 2012 the Olympic Torch Relay passed by to honour him.
The Abbey Gateway, now part of St Albans School
St Albans has many state primary and secondary schools, and a number of independent schools.
The law school of the University of Hertfordshire used to be based in Hatfield Road in St Albans until it moved to the university's De Havilland campus in Hatfield in 2011. Hertfordshire County Council purchased the site. The interior of the former law school building has since been refurbished and now forms part of Alban City School, a state-funded Free School for primary aged children, which started taking reception class children in September 2012.
A campus of Oaklands College, a further education college, is also located in Smallford in St Albans.
Twin towns – sister cities
Odense, Syddanmark, Denmark
Nevers, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Nyíregyháza, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Hungary
Fano, Pesaro and Urbino, Marche, Italy
Main article: List of people from St Albans
Kingsbury Watermill Museum
St Alban and St Stephen's Church, St Albans
St Albans Museums
St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)
Sopwell Priory
Sopwell House
Verulam House, St Albans
Verulamium Museum
^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "St Albans" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1012.
^ "Medieval St. Albans". Retrieved 3 November 2013.
^ a b c d Rosalind Niblett, Roman Hertfordshire, Wimborne: Dovecote Press, 1995
^ John Wacher, 1976, The Towns of Roman Britain, p. 202, both for Tasciovanus and the Catuvellauni.
^ "BBC – History – Boudicca".
^ Garcia, Michael (January 2010). "Saint Alban and the Cult of Saints in Late Antique Britain". academia.edu. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Constantius of Lyon; Trans. Vermaat, Robert. "The text of the Vita sancti Germani". vortigernstudies.org.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Martin Biddle, "Alban and the Anglo-Saxon Church", in Robert Runcie (ed), Cathedral and City: St Albans Ancient and Modern, Martyn Associates, 1977
^ ""Story of St Alban", Cathedral and Abbey Church of St Alban".
^ Painter, Kenneth (1989). "Kenneth. S. Painter, "Recent discoveries in Britain", Publications de l'École française de Rome, 1989, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp. 2031–2071". Publications de l'École Française de Rome. 123 (1): 2031–2071.
^ Williamson, Tom (2000). The Origins of Hertfordshire. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 64. ISBN 071904491X. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
^ "Chapter House History – The Cathedral and Abbey Church of Saint Alban". Stalbanscathedral.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
^ Loyn, Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest, 2nd ed. 1991:11.
^ a b St Albans Millenary Pageant Souvenir Programme, n.p, 1948
^ Kitton, F.G. (1899–1900). "The Old Inns of St Albans". Transactions of the St Albans & Hertfordshire Architectural & Archaeological Society: 260.
^ "Clock Tower". St Albans Museums. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
^ History of Verulam and St. Alban's S. G. Shaw, 1815 pages 64–66. Accessed April 2011
^ Freeman, Mark (2008). St Albans: a history. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-85936-190-0.
^ Asa Briggs, "The Victorian City", in ''Cathedral & City: St Albans Ancient and Modern'', ed. Robert Runcie, Martyn Associates, 1977
^ Kate Morris. "Other publications | Research papers | Places | St Peter's in the Borough | A lecture given by Kate Morris on 26 November 2010". St Albans History.
^ Page, William (1908). A History of the County of Hertford, Volume 2. London: Victoria County History. pp. 477–483. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ "St Albans Borough through time | Census tables with data for the Ancient District". Visionofbritain.org.uk.
^ "Whitehall, September 11, 1877". The London Gazette (24502): 5185. 11 September 1877. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ "St Albans AP/CP through time | Census tables with data for the Parish-level Unit". Visionofbritain.org.uk.
^ "St Albans AP/CP through time | Population Statistics | Total Population". Visionofbritain.org.uk.
^ "No. 46352". The London Gazette. 24 September 1974. p. 7920.
^ "St Albans City & District Council – City Neighbourhood Committee takes on local agenda". Stalbans.gov.uk. 1 July 2013.
^ "St Albans City & District Council – Proposed City Neighbourhoods Committee under scrutiny". Stalbans.gov.uk. 1 March 2013.
^ "Rothamsted 1991–2020 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
^ "Indices Data - Rothamsted Station 1844". KNMI. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
^ "Trainline".
^ "St Albans City [SAC] to London St Pancras International [STP]".
^ "Abbey Line Passenger Survey Final Report" (PDF). June 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ "Trestle Theatre Company, St Albans". trestle.org.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "History".
^ a b "History".
^ "The Maltings Arts Theatre, St Albans". Stalbans.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "Abbey Theatre, Trestle Arts Base, St Albans". Abbeytheatre.org.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "St Albans Bach Choir". St Albans Bach Choir. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "St Albans Symphony Orchestra". Saso.org.uk. 11 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "St Albans Chamber Choir". St Albans Chamber Choir. 25 April 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "St Albans Chamber Opera". Hertsdirect.org. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "The Company of Ten, St Albans". Hertsdirect.org. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "St Albans Choral Society". Choralsociety.com. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "St Albans Organ Theatre". St Albans Organ Theatre. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "Trestle Theatre Company History". trestle.org.uk. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "Best Theatre Arts". Best Theatre Arts. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "The Odyssey History". Odyssey Cinema St Albans. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ "Restored art-deco cinema reopens". BBC News. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ "Watercress Wildlife Association, St Albans". Watercress Wildlife Association. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
^ "St Albans Museums". St Albans Museums. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
^ "Parts of Verulamium Park in St Albans due to close 'for Wonka filming'". BBC News. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ "Sport England—Active People Survey". Sportengland.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "St Albans Cricket Club". Stalbanscc.com. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "Football Conference – League Table – Nationwide Conference". 27 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 November 2005. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "St Albans Gymnastics Club". stalbansgymclub.com. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
^ "St Albans Hockey Club". Stalbanshc.co.uk. 17 April 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
^ "Area Guide: The popular Bernards Heath area of St Albans". 14 January 2022.
^ "Hertfordshire Parkour". Hertsparkour.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
St Albans in the Domesday Book
St Albans council website
Once Upon a Time in St Albans – a graphic journey to St Albans past
enjoystalbans – visitor website for St Albans – what's on, where to go, what to see, accommodation, etc
allaboutstalbans – events and leisure website for visitors to St Albans
Herts Advertiser newspaper
St Albans & Harpenden Review newspaper
Radio Verulam – St Albans based community radio station, covering West Herts on 92.6FM
St Albans Remarkable Heritage
"Alban's, St." . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Ceremonial county of Hertfordshire
Boroughs or districts
Dacorum
East Hertfordshire
Hertsmere
North Hertfordshire
City of St Albans
Welwyn Hatfield
Major settlements
Berkhamsted
See also: List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire County Council
European Parliament constituency
Boundary changes
Settlements by population
Lost settlements
SSSIs
Grade I listed buildings
Grade II* listed buildings
Lord Lieutenants
High Sheriffs
King George V Playing Fields
Civil parishes in Hertfordshire
Dacorum (partly parished)
Aldbury
Bovingdon
Chipperfield
Flamstead
Flaunden
Great Gaddesden
Little Gaddesden
Markyate
Nash Mills
Nettleden with Potten End
Northchurch
Tring Rural
Wigginton
Unparished area
East Hertfordshire (wholly parished)
Anstey
Ardeley
Aspenden
Bayford
Bengeo Rural
Benington
Bramfield
Braughing
Brent Pelham
Brickendon Liberty
Cottered
Datchworth
Gilston
Furneux Pelham
Great Amwell
Great Munden
Hertford Heath
Hertingfordbury
High Wych
Hormead
Hunsdon
Little Berkhamsted
Little Hadham
Little Munden
Meesden
Much Hadham
Sacombe
Standon
Stanstead Abbots
Stanstead St Margarets
Stapleford
Stocking Pelham
Tewin
Thorley
Thundridge
Walkern
Wareside
Watton-at-Stone
Westmill
Widford
Wyddial
Hertsmere (partly parished)
Aldenham
Elstree and Borehamwood
South Mimms
Unparished areas
North Hertfordshire (partly parished)
Ashwell
Barkway
Bygrave
Caldecote
Clothall
Codicote
Graveley
Great Ashby
Hexton
Hinxworth
Holwell
Ickleford
Kelshall
Kimpton
King's Walden
Knebworth
Newnham
Nuthampstead
Offley
Pirton
Radwell
Sandon
St Ippolyts
St Paul's Walden
Therfield
Wymondley
St Albans (partly parished)
Colney Heath
Harpenden Rural
Redbourn
Wheathampstead
Three Rivers (partly parished)
Batchworth
Croxley Green
Sarratt
Watford Rural
Rickmansworth (parts not within Batchworth or Croxley Green parishes)
Welwyn Hatfield (partly parished)
Ayot St Lawrence
Ayot St Peter
North Mymms
Northaw and Cuffley
Woolmer Green
Wholly unparished boroughs
Broxbourne (containing Cheshunt and Hoddesdon)
List of places in Hertfordshire
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans


Robert Witzburg, MD, has been named the 2017 recipient of the Jerome Klein Award for Physician Excellence. Witzburg is the associate dean and director of admissions and professor of medicine at BUSM, and professor of health policy and management at BUSPH, and a general internal medicine physician at BMC.
The Jerome Klein Award was established in 2010 to commemorate Klein's 50 years of service to BUSM/BMC and is presented annually to a physician who shares Dr. Klein's attributes, including clinical and research excellence, leadership, and dedicated commitment to education and mentoring.
Witzburg has been a part of the BUSM/BMC community for more than 40 years. After graduating from BUSM in 1977, Witzburg completed his residency at Boston City Hospital, now BMC. He served as training program director and associate chief of medicine at Boston City Hospital for 12 years and then as associate chief medical officer at BMC. He was the first medical director of the BMC HealthNet Plan, a community-based managed care organization founded by BMC that offers comprehensive coverage to provide care for families across Massachusetts. Witzburg was also the first chief of the section of community medicine at BMC and BUSM and a founder, president, and medical director of the Neighborhood Health Plan.
Witzburg has published numerous peer-reviewed papers, book chapters and books, including the first clinical manual on the care of HIV patients in primary care practice. He also held national leadership roles in achieving diversity in the physician workforce, using technology to facilitate individualized applicant assessment and in the development and validation of the new Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT).


Find a tutor near you today. Search for tutors in Bowie, MD offering private lessons in English. Get homework help and test prep coaching from one of our 95,320 active tutors.
I love to learn and love to help others learn as well. I have three younger sibling in elementary, middle and high school. I work the most with the one in elementary school with improving reading ability and comprehension as well as writing. I am also good with teaching prealgebra skills.
Strong Math Foundation And Entry Level Sciences.


Hage theme supports Anemone and WinterBoard.
Hage Home icon and settings icon.
Use a combination of Anemone or WinterBoard and IconBundles.
In the case of WinterBoard use, the shadow of the icon to install the IconOmatic.
Anemone and WinterBoard common Tweaks. MagicDots and OpenNotifier9.
OpenNotifier9 is no support for the use.
Because ClassicDock is integrated with Anemone, Dock theme Anemone only available.


I bought N70 1 month back, i am facing a problem.. My call summary is not visible.. nothing is coming in missed calls, Received Calls, Dialled number.. Cananybody help me out, Is it related to some virus.
hi there friends... ive been using this phone quit a while, but seems like i got kinda bored with the downloaded themes... do u have any idea where can i download a free theme maker for this phone???or its better if u can send me the setup file..cus planing to make my own theme, hope u guys can help me with it...thanks alot..
can we charge our Nokia N70 through our laptop?
i just bought the n70 or n70 music edition 2 be exact and its da greatest.
does anyone out there know how to shut the camera shutter jey sound off ? i cant fnd the shuter key sound. highly apppreciate ur reply. i need the reply by today evening ! thanks a lot !
I wonder if anyone has worked out a 'site map' sort of guideline for using the set. I can handle it from the icon layout - but have difficulty in finding my way through the direction keys.


text:
Home » Creator Of Facebook » The Person who Created Facebook
The Person who Created Facebook
By Moch Uddin — Nov 9, 2018 — Creator Of Facebook
The Person who Created Facebook - On the 4th February Facebook turned 14 years of ages. Now among the biggest companies in the world, it's become a day-to-day fixture of countless lives all over the world.
Companies, also, have found their area from industry titans to the charming cafe in a little community of a couple of hundred individuals.
So exactly how did one young US trainee go from coding in his dorm room to the head of one of the most important and prominent technology companies in history?
Zuckerberg begins
Mark Zuckerberg took the very first steps of his course at a very early age. Clearly comprehending the importance of coding, Zuckerberg's papa Edward educated him Atari BASIC computer system programs. It didn't take wish for his abilities to become obvious. When he was 11, his parents employed a software application designer called David Newman to tutor him. Newman to this day calls Zuckerberg a "natural born player".
Within a number of years, Zuckerberg produced an unbelievably practical programme: ZuckNet. His dad ran a dentists outdoors and desired a straightforward way for the assistant to call him without yelling through their home. ZuckNet, which worked like an inner split second messaging system, did simply that.
While attending Phillips Exeter Academy, an elite boarding college, his drive to produce did not mellow out. He attracted passion from AOL and also Microsoft. The wished to acquire Synapse, an item of software program that discovered a customer's music taste with AI and paying attention routines he created with a friend, as well as provide him a task.
Inevitably, he transformed it down and establish his websites on Harvard. It's right here where the origins of Facebook can be located. It's a decision he unlikely regrets currently.
Having declined 2 of the greatest technology firms worldwide, Zuckerberg headed off to Harvard in 2002. Plainly he had bigger plans. He decided to major in psychology, however took lots of computer science courses in addition to it. At first the psychology choice appears strange. Why not major in shows or something similar?
Yet when you think of Facebook's nature, the supposed 'addictive' nature of the likes, remarks, and also pokes, the psychology component ends up being clearer. Facebook from the off pulls you into share individual details and also seek interaction from other people. Being able to design something like this must involve some understanding of the human mind.
Zukerberg attracts his first big controversy in October, 2003. He creates and also published Facemash, a web site that allows Harvard students judge the good looks of each other to develop rankings (just like the Hot or Not site that introduced in 2000). As he didn't actually obtain consent to make use of student images, unsurprisingly numerous were not pleased with his job.
Within a few hrs the site had actually seen 22k image sights, however within a few days it was closed down. He was hauled in front of the Harvard Administration Board. With the danger of expulsion on the table, the board lastly chose to let him stay. After a public apology he proceeded from his first brush with authority and established his sights on his next task.
After that, finally, in December, 2009, Facebook hits a major milestone. With 350m registered users and also 132m distinct regular monthly users, it ends up being one of the most prominent social platform worldwide. Obviously, the business wasn't planning to leave it at that.
The following year saw great deals much more tweaking and also adjustments, such as the ability to such as remarks as well as renovations to photo tagging. July saw the variety of signed up users struck 500m, while completion of the year saw a large assessment of the business.
In November, 2010 Facebook was valued at a huge $41bn. Meanwhile it came to be the Third biggest internet firm in the United States, resting behind Google and also Amazon. All of this being achieved in under 5 years with no indicator of progress slowing down.
Another massive landmark was reached the list below year. June, 2011 saw Facebook get to 1 trillion web page views, inning accordance with a research study by DoubleClick. And after that, for the year overall, Nielsen found the site was the 2nd most gone to in the United States.
August additionally saw the release of Facebook Carrier as a standalone application. This followed the firm obtained Beluga, a team messaging solution, back in March.
Facebook had currently come to be a significant name, an around the world made use of web site, as well as ahead of the social media sites revolution. Not too shabby from somebody that was still in school simply a few years prior.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to understand this bash script debugging framework? I try to understand the following script debug framework.
#!/bin/bash
_DEBUG="on"
function DEBUG()
{
 [ "$_DEBUG" == "on" ] &&  $@
}

DEBUG echo 'Reading files'
for i in *
do
  grep 'something' $i > /dev/null
  [ $? -eq 0 ] && echo "Found in $i file"
done
DEBUG set -x
a=2
b=3
c=$(( $a + $b ))
DEBUG set +x
echo "$a + $b = $c"

I could not understand the function DEBUG and its usages.
My question is
(0) What does $@ mean?
(1) how does DEBUG echo 'Reading files' work using $@?
(2) How does
DEBUG set -x
a=2
b=3
c=$(( $a + $b ))
DEBUG set +x

work using $@?
Thank you very much.

A: $@ expands all the parameters passed to a function (or the bash script itself)
For example. If you call DEBUG echo "test" the special variable $@ will expand to echo "test".
The DEBUG function just check if $_DEBUG variable is set to "on". If so, it executes the command passed as parameter (stored into $@ variable)
The set -x will make the interpreter print each command right before it is executed, so it will aid you in knowing what is happening at any point in time.
set +x will restore the normal behaviour

A: (0) See man bash. $@ is the list of all the positional parameters.
(1) DEBUG echo 'Reading files' calls DEBUG with two parameters, echo and Reading files. As the result, echo Reading files is calles.
(2) set +x makes bash print the command and their arguments as they are executed. DEBUG works with $@ the same way as in (1).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package au.edu.uts.eng.remotelabs.schedserver.rigmanagement.pages;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.apache.velocity.Template;
import org.apache.velocity.VelocityContext;
import org.apache.velocity.app.Velocity;
import org.apache.velocity.context.Context;
import org.hibernate.Session;

import au.edu.uts.eng.remotelabs.schedserver.dataaccess.DataAccessActivator;
import au.edu.uts.eng.remotelabs.schedserver.server.AbstractPage;

/**
 * Base class for Rig Provider administration pages which use Apache Velocity
 * to render the view.
 */
public abstract class AbstractRigProviderPage extends AbstractPage
{
	/** Web page context which contains any dynamic variables to inject into
	 *  the template to be rendered. */
	protected final Context context;

	 /** Post methods. */
    private Method postMethod;

    /** Database session. */
    protected final Session db;

	public AbstractRigProviderPage()
	{
		this.context = new VelocityContext();

		this.db = DataAccessActivator.getNewSession();

		/* Added web page resources. */
		this.headCss.add("/css/rigmanagement.css");
        this.headJs.add("/js/rigmanagement.js");
	}

	@Override
    public void preService(HttpServletRequest req)
    {
        String requestSuf = req.getRequestURI().substring(req.getRequestURI().lastIndexOf('/'));
        if (requestSuf.length() > 1) requestSuf = requestSuf.substring(1); // Remove last '/'

        if ("POST".equals(req.getMethod()))
        {
            try
            {
                this.postMethod = this.getClass().getMethod(requestSuf, HttpServletRequest.class);
                this.framing = false;
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                /* This is a valid case, it just means the request is not handled
                 * specially. Rather it is a page load. */
            }
        }
    }

	@Override
	public void contents(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException
	{
		if (this.postMethod != null)
        {
            try
            {
                resp.setContentType("application/json");
                this.out.print(this.postMethod.invoke(this, req));
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                this.logger.error("BUG: Exception invoking post method " + this.postMethod.getName() + ", message: " +
                        e.getMessage());
            }
        }
        else
        {
            /* If it is a GET request, we are going to provide the view. */
            this.setupView(req);

            this.flushOut();

            Template template;
            try
            {
                template = Velocity.getTemplate("/META-INF/templates/" + this.getClass().getSimpleName() + ".vm");
                template.merge(this.context, this.out);
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                this.logger.error("Failed to loaded view of rig provided page: " + e.getMessage());
                throw new IOException("Failed to loaded Velocity template.", e);
            }
        }
	}

	/**
	 *
	 *
	 * @param req
	 */
	public abstract void setupView(HttpServletRequest req);

    @Override
    public void postService(HttpServletResponse resp)
    {
        this.db.close();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Supreme Court (Source: Wikimedia Commons)
SC Aadhaar Verdict: 10 Facts You Should Know About the Game-Changing Judgement!
How long can the Govt keep your Aadhaar data? Do you need an Aadhaar for a mobile connection? Can you opt out? The judges have answered it all.
Post author:Rinchen Norbu Wangchuk
Post category:Law / News / Quick Bytes
Today the five-judge Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court delivered its verdict on a clutch of petitions challenging Aadhaar, which has enrolled over 118 crore people thus far.
Speaking for three of the five judges, including Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra, Justice AK Sikri endorsed the Aadhaar project and said the enrolment was valid.
He also dismissed the possibility of mass profiling of individual citizens, since, he said, there were inbuilt safeguards against it.
"Minimal demographic and biometric data of citizens are collected by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) for Aadhaar enrolment. Aadhaar number given to a person is unique and can't go to any other person. Aadhaar identification is unparalleled," said Justice Sikri.
Nonetheless, a person's individual rights could not be denied on the ground of lack of the unique ID, the majority decision said.
Here are the key points –
1) The Court struck down Sections 33(2) and 57 of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Service) Act, 2016.
Under Section 33(2), the government is authorised to disclose a person's Aadhaar-related information in the interest of national security on the direction of an officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary working under Government of India.
The court says that this is arbitrary and requires a judicial warrant.
In other words, the government cannot disclose anyone's Aadhaar information even under the guise of national security without a warrant.
Section 57, meanwhile, permits private entities to avail Aadhaar data, which the court disallowed.
So as per the court's verdict, private entities cannot use Aadhaar information to authenticate the identity of the person.
2) The court said it is mandatory to quote Aadhaar ID for income tax filing and for making an application for the allotment of Permanent Account Number (PAN), thus upholding Section 139AA of the Income Tax Act.
3) Aadhaar cannot be made mandatory for the opening of a bank account or acquiring mobile connections.
4) Schools cannot make submission of Aadhaar details mandatory for admission of the child. Aadhaar isn't necessary to appear in CBSE, UGC and NEET exams. A child cannot be denied any schemes if they are not able to share their Aadhaar number.
5) Consent of parents necessary to enrol children in Aadhaar. Once the children attain majority, they must have the option to opt out.
6) Very importantly, the court struck down Section 47 of the Aadhaar Act, according to which only the UIDAI can file criminal complaints for data breach. What this effectively meant was that only the UIDAI could decide what was a serious breach and when a complaint should be filed.
Now individual citizens can file complaints with the UIDAI.
7) The three judges with the majority opinion also confirmed that the government did nothing wrong by introducing Aadhaar Act as a money bill, thus allowing it to bypass the Rajya Sabha, where it's in a minority.
8) Justice Chandarchud, however, dissented with the majority opinion, arguing against the very constitutionality of the Aadhaar Act. "Passing of bill as Money bill when it does not qualify as a Money bill is a fraud on Constitution and violates its basic structure," Chandrachud said.
9) The Court asked the government to bring in a robust data protection law at the earliest.
10) Aadhaar authentication data cannot be stored for more than six months. The court has struck down the provision in Aadhaar Act which provides for retention of data for a period of 5 years.
Also Read: Want to De-Link Aadhaar Details From Banks & Mobile Numbers? Here's How To Do It!
Previous PostIndia's First Registry of Sex Offenders Out Today: Everything You Should Know!
Next Post"Not Afraid Anymore": Kerala HC Comes to Rescue of Lesbian Couple, Lets Them Live-In!


We can't tolerate this anymore. These tragedies must end. And to end them, we must change. We can't accept events like this as routine.
Are we really prepared to say that we're powerless in the face of such carnage, that the politics are too hard? Are we prepared to say that such violence visited on our children year after year after year is somehow the price of our freedom? Can we honestly say that we're doing enough to keep our children, all of them, safe from harm?
If we're honest with ourselves, the answer is no. We're not doing enough. And we will have to change.
To the Washington Post writers covering the event, this was a signal that the president would push for new laws restricting ownership of guns.
Up until the shooting, the president's advisors correctly perceived that there was no political will to push his agenda for more gun controls. Philip Rucker, writing for the Washington Post a few days later, said that "the White House calculated that gun-control measures couldn't pass [the current] Congress, and President Obama's political strategists determined that it was best for him, and for the Democratic Party, if the issue was put off until after the 2012 election." Coincidentally and fortuitously for the president and his agenda, the shooting in Connecticut took place just 39 days after the election, giving the president the opportunity he had been seeking.
That "signal" was not lost on citizens across the country, who immediately flocked to gun stores to get ahead of any potential legislation that might restrict their rights. For example, Rick Hawkins, the owner of Boots and Buckshot in Cartersville, Georgia, said that sales at his gun store increased 600 percent in the week after the shooting, and that sales would have even been higher except that he ran out of inventory.
At present, guns similar to that allegedly used in the Connecticut shooting, AK-47s, may legally be purchased and owned by citizens after passing a background check. The 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban specifically banned the domestic manufacture of AK-47s but the law expired on September 13, 2004.
If such a ban were to be implemented once again, or worse, what would be the likely outcome? According to the 2003 Small Arms Survey, published annually in Geneva, Switzerland, not much would change. In Belgium, there were 458,000 registered firearms, while another two million were unregistered. In France, 2.8 million firearms were registered out of an estimated 18 million. In Germany, 7.2 million firearms were registered out of a total of 24 million. And in the United Kingdom, there were 1.8 million registered, out of a total of six million.
The black market is the natural response to such alleged attempts to restrict ownership of weapons. The demand for guns is met through smuggling, through theft from weapons manufacturers, through bribing government officials, and through private manufacturing. For example, the small town of Danao in the Philippines has been a leader in manufacturing guns for world trade since 1905, and that industry is now such an important part of the economy there (employing as much as 20 percent of the workforce) that it is officially sanctioned by the government of the Philippines.
When Tuccille applied for a permit to buy a semi-automatic weapon in New York City, he found himself frustrated at every turn. He assumed that the gun shop had the proper connections with the authorities — he called them "expediters" — who would be influenced by financial considerations (bribes), but even that didn't seem to work.
As the saying goes, I knew a guy who knew a guy. It took an email, a phone call, and a friendly meeting, and for less than 300 bucks, I was the proud owner of a semi-automatic variant of an AK-47 — strictly verboten in New York City.
And it cost me about a third of the usual price.
He learned something else about doing business in the black market in New York City: The sellers were much easier to deal with as well. "As it turned out, the illicit rifle was not only cheaper and easier to obtain … but the seller was much more pleasant to deal with than the cops administering the official process."
Today, many more guns are owned illegally within the boundaries of New York City than are owned legally. Tuccille estimates that there a roughly 37,000 licensed handgun owners and about 21,000 rifle and shotgun licenses in the city, but unregistered, "illegal" guns are at about two million.
In Pakistan, for instance, there is a thriving industry in manufacturing modern firearms, produced by pre-teens "making guns with their bare hands in caves" according to Suroosh Alvi, a co-founder of Vice magazine, who pulled some strings to get into the Northwest Frontier Province to see for himself. Thousands of 9mm pistols, copies of AK-47s, machine guns, and ammo to feed them are manufactured there over wood fires using simple hand tools. It's the black market at work.
The largest numbers of publicly owned firearms continue to be found in the United States, where there are an estimated 238 million to 276 million private firearms. With roughly 83 to 96 guns for every 100 people, the United States is approaching a statistical level of one gun per person.
Prohibiting possession would require disarming the citizenry; whether done quickly or over a long period, it would be a monumental challenge, fraught with danger. Millions of citizens would not surrender their handguns.
Given a choice between complying with restrictions on firearms ownership and defying the law, a clear majority of people in most jurisdictions have chosen rebellion. The tighter the law, the more obvious the rebellion.
Despite the now-obvious intentions of the Obama administration to wage its long-sought war on guns, private ownership of private unregistered (and therefore untraceable) weapons will likely continue to increase, thanks to those intentions.


text:
Архиепархия Мосула () — архиепархия Сирийской католической церкви с центром в городе Мосул, Ирак. Численность верующих архиепархии Мосула Сирийской католической церкви составляет  человек. Кафедральный собор — Ат-Тахера (Непорочного Зачатия Пресвятой Девы Марии).

История
Архиепархия Мосула была учреждена в 1790 году. В 1862 и 1863 годах архиепархия Мосула передала часть своей территории для возведения архиепархии Багдада и епархии Джизре.

Ординарии архиепархии
 епископ Grégoire Hisa (Higa) — ?;
 архиепископ Cyrille Behnam Benni (9.03.1862 — 12.10.1893);
 архиепископ Cyrille Paul Daniel (1893—1901);
 архиепископ Григорий Пётр Хабра (16.08.1901 — 24.03.1924);
 архиепископ Афанасий Георгий Даллаль (31.07.1926 — 14.12.1951);
 архиепископ Юлий Георгий Кандела (20.02.1952 — 23.08.1959);
 архиепископ Кирилл Эммануэль Бенни (6.12.1959 — 9.12.1999);
 архиепископ Василий Георгий Касмусса (8.05.1999 — 26.06.2010);
 архиепископ Бутрос Моше (26.06.2010 - по настоящее время).

Литература

Примечания

Ссылки
  Информация
  Информация

Восточнокатолические епархии Ирака
Епархии Сирийской католической церкви
Мосул

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Change background of JLabel in runtime using reflection I need to change background of JLabels dynamically.
I've 70 JLabels in a class. All JLabels represent some specific items. The items names are same as the variable of JLabel. The Sold Items names are saved in database. If I run a query that will return an array of the sold items. The sold items that are same as the JLabel should change the background. Rest will not change.
I've got the variables of all fields like this:
  Field fld[] = BlueLine.class.getDeclaredFields();
   for (int i = 0; i < fld.length; i++)
   {
   System.out.println("Variable Name is : " + fld[i].getName());
   }

How can I cast my fld to a JLabel and change background of the JLabel when certain condition meets ? for example:
   if(fld[i] == label5){
   label5.setBackground.(Color.red);
   } // or something like this. ?

Any outline will help.

A: Currently you're just looking at the fields themselves - you're interested in the values of those fields. For example:
Object value = fld[i].get(target); // Or null for static fields
if (value == label5) {
    ...
}

Here target is a reference to the object whose fields you want to get the values from. For static fields, just use null, as per the comment.
It's not at all clear that all of this is a good idea, however - problems which can be solved with reflection are often better solved in a different way. We don't really have enough context to advise you of specifics at the moment, but I would recommend that you at least try to think of cleaner designs.

A: Try it using Jcomponent.putClientProperty() and Jcomponent.getClientProperty().
Steps to follow:

*

*First set the name of the JLabel same as its variable name

*Put it as client property of JPanel where JLabel is added

*Get it back using client property from JPanel using name of JLabel
Note: you can access it by using Field.getName() as defined in your question.
Sample code :
    final JFrame frame = new JFrame();
    final JPanel panel = new JPanel();
    panel.addContainerListener(new ContainerListener() {

        @Override
        public void componentRemoved(ContainerEvent e) {
            String name = e.getChild().getName();
            if (name != null) {
                System.out.println(name + " removed");
                panel.putClientProperty(name, null);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void componentAdded(ContainerEvent e) {
            String name = e.getChild().getName();
            if (name != null) {
                System.out.println(name + " added");
                panel.putClientProperty(name, e.getChild());
            }
        }
    });

    MyLabels myLabels = new MyLabels();
    panel.add(myLabels.getProduct1());
    panel.add(myLabels.getProduct2());
    panel.add(myLabels.getProduct3());

    JButton btn = new JButton("Product1 and Product3 are sold");
    btn.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {

        @Override
        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
            String[] soldItems = new String[] { "Product1", "Product3" };

            for (String soldItem : soldItems) {
                Object obj = panel.getClientProperty(soldItem);
                if (obj instanceof JLabel) {
                    ((JLabel) obj).setForeground(Color.RED);
                }
            }
        }
    });
    panel.add(btn);

    frame.add(panel);
    frame.setSize(400, 200);
    frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    frame.setVisible(true);

MyLabels.java:
class MyLabels {
    private JLabel Product1;
    private JLabel Product2;
    private JLabel Product3;

    public MyLabels() {
        Product1 = new JLabel("Product1");
        Product1.setName(Product1.getText());

        Product2 = new JLabel("Product2");
        Product2.setName(Product2.getText());

        Product3 = new JLabel("Product3");
        Product3.setName(Product3.getText());
    }

    public JLabel getProduct1() {
        return Product1;
    }

    public void setProduct1(JLabel product1) {
        Product1 = product1;
    }

    public JLabel getProduct2() {
        return Product2;
    }

    public void setProduct2(JLabel product2) {
        Product2 = product2;
    }

    public JLabel getProduct3() {
        return Product3;
    }

    public void setProduct3(JLabel product3) {
        Product3 = product3;
    }

}


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August 25, 2015 | Comments Off on Céline Opens at South Coast Plaza
Céline Opens at South Coast Plaza
Céline South Coast Plaza
The wait is over. After months of waiting, storied French fashion house Céline has finally opened its doors at South Coast Plaza. The opening marks the brand's second SoCal location — the first is on Rodeo Drive, naturally — and another feather in South Coast Plaza's couture hat (no doubt designed by Philip Treacy).
Modeled after the maison's Paris flagship, the new store is situated in the shopping center's Nordstrom wing, rubbing shoulders with fellow French labels Christian Dior, Roger Vivier and Chanel. Inside, shoppers will find bespoke furniture by Danish artist FOS, including heavy metal racks, which house a small selection of ready-to-wear, along with pebbled stone terra cotta planters, a lamp and pink marble display case. But let's get real: Céline is known for its — and the store is stocked. Each satchel, hobo and tote is displayed on stone and metal cubes: a Box bag on onyx, Phantoms on travertine and Luggage totes in all sizes sit atop pebble stone. Trapeze bags peek out from shelves and a Portuguese marble display case holds smaller accessories. Shoes and sunglasses are also available, just in case you need something to distract you from the purses.
Famously exclusive, the brand has kept its distribution small. It's completely forgone E-commerce, opting instead to offer up goods at Bergdorf Goodman, Barneys New York locations and Neiman Marcus in addition to its own boutiques (which are sprinkled across cities such as Las Vegas, New York and more). The new store offers up just one more spot for the brand's die-hards to snag the latest colorways and releases.
Céline is the latest opening at the center, following in the well-heeled footsteps of Charlotte Olympia, Dolce & Gabbana, A. Lange & Söhne and more. In the coming months, Ralph Lauren will debut a newly remodeled storefront.
For more information, visit www.celine.com and www.southcoastplaza.com.
Images courtesy Céline
The Webster To Open First West Coast Store in OC
Three Luxe Labels Arrive At South Coast Plaza
Tags: accessories, Celine, fashion, feature1, L.A. Stories, South Coast Plaza
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Kings Of Leon have announced details of a surprise UK show set to take place this evening (Tuesday, October 18).
The US band released their new album 'WALLS' last week. They are on track to score their fifth UK number one album this week.
To mark their seventh LP release, Kings Of Leons will play a special show at London venue 229 Great Portland Street tonight.
Tickets are £20 and will be on sale at the venue's box office from 1pm today. Fans also stand the chance of winning tickets through the band's social media pages.
Doors open at 7pm, with the band taking to the stage at 8pm.
Kings Of Leon recently announced details of a UK arena tour for February 2017. They will play five huge dates next year – calling at Leeds, Birmingham, Newcastle, Liverpool and Glasgow. Scroll below to see the dates in full.


4 April 2017, Monaco -- The Arctic Ocean urgently needs protection as melting sea ice is opening up previously inaccessible areas to activities such as shipping, bottom trawl fishing and oil exploration, according to a scientific report launched today by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in partnership with the US-based Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and UNESCO's World Heritage Centre. The report identifies seven globally significant marine sites in the Arctic Ocean that warrant protection and could potentially qualify for World Heritage status.
The Arctic Ocean stretches across the northernmost side of the planet, spanning 14 million square kilometers. Its icy waters are home to wildlife found nowhere else on the planet, including bowhead whales, narwhals and walruses. As one of the most pristine oceans on Earth, it provides critical habitat for threatened species, such as polar bears and Atlantic puffins, both assessed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
However, climate change is posing a serious threat to the Arctic region, which is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Rapidly melting sea ice is opening up previously inaccessible areas to potential new shipping routes, oil and gas development and industrial fishing. These changes increase the urgency of improving our understanding and effective conservation of the Arctic's globally unique marine ecosystems.
The sites identified in the report that could potentially qualify for World Heritage status include: the Remnant Multi-Year Sea Ice and Northeast Water Polynya Ecoregion, which boasts the oldest and thickest ice in the Arctic and may give polar bears the greatest chance of survival through the 21st century; the Bering Strait Ecoregion, one of the world's great migration corridors for millions of seabirds and marine mammals; the Northern Baffin Bay Ecoregion, which supports the largest aggregation of a single species of seabirds, the little auk; the Scoresby Sound Polynya Ecoregion, the world's largest fjord system which supports the Critically Endangered Spitsbergen stock of bowhead whale; the High Arctic Archipelagos, which support 85% of the world's population of ivory gulls; Disko Bay and Store Hellefiskebanke Ecoregion, a critical winter habitat for the West Greenland walrus and hundreds of thousands of king eiders; and the Great Siberian Polynya, where the seasonal formation and melting of ice influences oceanic processes on a large scale.
Currently, there are five World Heritage sites within the Arctic Circle, only one of which is listed for its marine values – Russia's Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve. Inscribed in 2004, it boasts the world's largest population of Pacific walrus, with up to 100,000 animals congregating in the island's rookeries, and the highest density of ancestral polar bear dens. Research suggests that some humpback whales from the Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino in Mexico migrate all the way to the waters around Wrangel Island for summer feeding, highlighting the connections between the Arctic Ocean and World Heritage sites in lower latitudes.
Launched today in Monaco, "Natural Marine World Heritage in the Arctic Ocean: Report of an expert workshop and review process" was produced with support from the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation and WWF-Canada.


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NCERT – Books, Solutions
Home 7th Class NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English Chapter 1 Three Questions
NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English Chapter 1 Three Questions
NCERT Solutions Class 7 English (Honeycomb) Chapter 1 Three Questions – Here are all the NCERT solutions for Class 7 English Chapter 1. This solution contains questions, answers, images, explanations of the complete chapter 1 titled Three Questions of English taught in class 7. If you are a student of class 7 who is using NCERT Textbook to study English, then you must come across chapter 1 Three Questions. After you have studied lesson, you must be looking for answers of its questions. Here you can get complete NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English Chapter 1 Three Questions in one place.
NCERT Solutions Class 7 English 1 Chapter 1 Three Questions
Here on AglaSem Schools, you can access to NCERT Book Solutions in free pdf for English 1 for Class 7 so that you can refer them as and when required. The NCERT Solutions to the questions after every unit of NCERT textbooks aimed at helping students solving difficult questions.
For a better understanding of this chapter, you should also see summary of Chapter 1 Three Questions , English 1, Class 7.
Subject English 1
Book Honeycomb
Chapter Number 1
Class 7, English 1 chapter 1, Three Questions solutions are given below in PDF format. You can view them online or download PDF file for future use.
Comprehension CheckP.10
Q.1: Why did the king want to know answers to three questions?
Ans : The king wanted to know the Answers to the three Questions because he thought that he would never fail once he knew the Answers to the Questions.
Q.2: Messengers were sent throughout the kingdom
(i) to fetch wise men.
(ii) to find answers to the questions.
(iii) to look for the wise hermit.
(iv) to announce a reward for those who could answer the questions.
Mark your choice.
Ans : Messengers were sent throughout the kingdom to announce a reward for those who could Answer the Questions.
Q.1: Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate parts of the sentences given in the box.
1. Many wise men answered the king's questions, _________________________
2. Someone suggested that there should be a council of wise men_____________
3. Someone else suggested that the king should have a timetable_____________
4. The king requested the hermit___________________________________
5. The king washed and dressed the bearded man's wound,_________________
but the bleeding would not stop.
to Answer three Questions.
but their Answers were so varied that the king was not satisfied.
and follow it strictly.
to help the king act at the right time.
Ans : 1. Many wise men Answered the king's Questions, but their Answers were so varied that the king was not satisfied.
2. Someone suggested that there should be a council of wise men .to help the king act at the right time
3. Someone else suggested that the king should have a timetable and follow it strictly.
4. The king requested the hermit to Answer three Questions.
5. The king washed and dressed the bearded man's wound, but the bleeding would not stop.
Working With The TextP.14
Q.1: Why was the king advised to go to magicians?
Ans : The king was told that in order to decide the right time for doing something, it was necessary to look into the future. Since only magicians could do so, he was advised to go to magicians.
Q.2: In answer to the second question, whose advice did the people say would be important to the king?
Ans : The second Question also got varied responses. As Answer to this Question, some said that the people most necessary to the king were his councillors. Hence, their advice would be the most important. Others said that the priests were the most important. A few others chose the doctors. And yet others said that his soldiers were the most important.
Q.3: What suggestions were made in answer to the third question?
Ans : ln Answer to the third Question, some said that the most important thing was science. Others said fighting; and yet others chose religious worship.
Q.4: Did the wise men win the reward? If not, why not?
Ans : No, the wise men did not win the reward. As he got very different Answers to his Questions, the king was not satisfied, and therefore, he chose not to give the reward to anyone.
Q.5: How did the king and the hermit help the wounded man?
Ans : When the king and the hermit saw the large wound on the man's stomach, the king washed and covered it with his handkerchief. Since the blood did not stop flowing, he re- dressed the wound until it stopped bleeding. When the man felt better, he gave fresh water to him. Then, with the help of the hermit, he took the wounded man into the hut and laid him on the bed. This is how they helped the wounded man.
Q.6: (i) Who was the bearded man?
(ii) Why did he ask for the king's forgiveness?
Ans : (i) The bearded man an enemy of the king. The king had put the man's brother to death and had also seized his property. That is why he wanted to take revenge on the king.
(ii) He had come with the intention of killing the king. When he left his hiding place, the king's bodyguard recognised him and thus, wounded him. He managed to escape, but would have died if the king had not taken care of him and dressed his wounds. Ironically, he was saved by the very person whose life he wanted to take. That is why he asked for the king's forgiveness.
Q.7: The king forgave the bearded man. What did he do to show his forgiveness?
Ans : The king forgave the man. He showed his forgiveness by telling him that he would send his servants and his own doctor to look after him. He also promised to give back the man his property.
Q.8: What were the hermit's answers to the three questions? Write each answer separately. Which answer do you like most, and why?
Ans : Answer:ln Answer to the first Question, the hermit said that there is only one time that is important and that time is 'Now It is the only time when one has any power to act. The hermit Answered the second Question by saying that the most necessary person is the person you are with at a particular moment. This is because no one knows what will happen in the future and whether we will meet anyone else. The hermit's response to the third Question was that the most important thing is to do good for the person one is with. This is because all are sent into this world for that purpose alone.
All the Answers are linked to each other and have their own significance.
Working With The languageP.15
Q.1: Match items in List A with their meanings in List B.
Use any three of the above words in sentences of your own. You may change the form of the word.
Ans : (i) wounded - severely injured
(ii) awoke - got up from sleep
(iii) forgive - Pardon
(iv) faithful - loyal
(v) pity - feel sorry for
(vi) beeds - small patches of ground for plants
(vii) return - give back
Q.2: Each of the following sentences has two blanks. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of the word given in brackets.
He has _______________ to help me. Do you think he will remember his _________________? (promise)
He has promised to help me. Do you think he will remember his promise?
(i) The _______________ said that only fresh evidence would make him change his _________________.(judge)
(ii) I didn't notice any serious ________________ of opinion among the debaters, although they _________________ from one another over small points. (differ)
(iii) It's a fairly simple question to ________________, but will you accept my ________________ as final? (answer)
(iv) It isn't ________________ that ________________ should always be the mother of invention. (necessary)
(v) Hermits are ________________ men. How they acquire their ________________ no one can tell. (wise)
(vi) The committee has ________________ to make Jagdish captain of the team. The ________________ is likely to please everyone. (decide)
(vii) Asking for ________________ is as noble as willingness to ________________ . (forgive)
Ans : (i) The judge said that only fresh evidence would make him change his judgement.
(ii) I didn't notice any serious difference of opinion among the debaters,
although they differed from one another over small points.
(iii) It's a fairly simple Question to Answer, but will you accept my Answer as final?
(iv) It isn't necessary that necessity should always be the mother of invention.
(v) Hermits are wise men. How they acquire their wisdom no one can tell.
(vi) The committee has decided to make Jagdish captain of the team. The decision is likely to please everyone.
(vii) Asking for forgiveness is as noble as willingness to forgive.
Speaking And WritingP.16
Q.1: Imagine you are the king. Narrate the incident of your meeting the hermit. Begin like this:
The wise men answered my questions, but I was not satisfied with their answers. One day I decided to go and meet the hermit…
Ans : I had heard that the hermit saw only simple people. Therefore, I dressed myself in ordinary clothes and rode my horse. My bodyguards were with me. I left my horse with my body-guards at some distance from the hermit's hut. I came near the hermit's hut alone. The hermit was digging the ground in front of his hut. The hermit greeted me. However, he continued digging. Being old and weak, he was breathing heavily. I went up to him and put my questions before him. He did not reply to my questions but began digging again.
Q.2: Imagine you are the hermit. Write briefly the incident of your meeting the king. Begin like this:
One day I was digging in my garden. A man in ordinary clothes came to see me. I knew it was the king…
Working With The PoemP.17
Q.1: Why does the poet say the squirrel "wore a question mark for tail"? Draw a squirrel, or find a picture of a squirrel sitting on the ground. How would you describe its tail?
Ans : The poet said that the squirrel "wore a question mark for a tail" because its tail is twisted appearing like a question mark.
Q.2: Do we usually say that an animal 'wears' a tail? What do we say? (Think: Does an animal wear a coat? Consult a dictionary if you like, and find out how 'wear' is used in different ways.)
Ans : We usually say that an animal 'has' a set of given characteristics rather than saying 'wear'. The poet, however, uses the word 'wear' to indicate the external characteristics of the squirrel.
The dictionary meaning of 'wear' suggests something of an outer covering, for instance clothes.
Q.3: "He liked to tease and play". Who is teasing whom? How ?
Ans : The poet liked to tease and play with the squirrel. Whenever the poet went a little close to the squirrel, the squirrel would run away in the other direction.
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Hi everyone, How are you all after Christmas? I hope you had an amazing time, I know I did!
https://www.instagram.com/backtoyoubeauty/ . I Post all kinds of great photos on there including beauty,lifestyle, food, my dog haha! Make sure you pop over and say hi!
Here are my #2015bestnine photos on Instagram!
"Top 12 Favourite products from my 2015 Blog"


Accoring to the US Census Bureau, "Alig" ranked #33,830 in frequency out of 151,671 surnames for which statistics were released from the 2000 Census. 635 people, or approximately 1 in every 424,822 individuals in the US had this surname in 2000.
Accoring to the US Census Bureau, "Alig" ranked #58,801 in frequency out of 88,799 surnames for which statistics were released from the 1990 Census.
Histopolis currently has 5 grave(s) with the surname "Alig".
Search the Histopols Grave Index for the surname "Alig".
Surnames that Sound Like "Alig"
The surname "Alig" has a Soundex code of A420. The following 180 surname(s) may sound similar to "Alig" since they share the same Soundex code.


Imagining how the world could be … a project for living in harmony with nature and ourselves.
We are searching for an alternative way of doing things, free from the violence, corruption, fear, oppression, injustice, poverty, consumerism, the abuse of power and the destruction of nature of "the mainstream". Weare seeking an alternative system of true freedom, dignity and equality and a life in peace with ourselves, in peace with each other and in peace with Mother Earth. We are creating an alternative way for our big family of human beings to organise ourselves, to live in oneness with nature and to fulfil the basic needs of everyone.
Phi Beta Iota: The entire manifesto is well worth reading in full. However, it bears repeating over and over that none of this is new — this is how our indigenous forebearers lived prior to 1491. People forget that the industrial era, scientific reductionism and objectivism, and predatory capitalism are all "new" in relation to centuries of prior art in which humans lived in harmony with the Earth (but not one another). To advance we must restore are "do no harm" stewardship of the Earth at the same time that we learn to do no harm to one another.


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"In other words, they're apples that ripen late in the season and a grower here doesn't want to grow them, because they may freeze on the tree. They may not ripen before we get a cold spell. I understand their reservations."
While Redding could do what many cider makers do and just grow his own apples, he's happy to stay away from that side of the industry.
"It's a very different business, and by not growing, it allows us to focus on the cider," he said.
Focus, he does. Cider isn't just a fun side hobby for Redding — it's serious science (which makes sense, as that's where his professional experience lies). It's this approach that sets Good Intent apart from some of the other options you may find.
"With the cider, we pay close attention to the chemistry of it; basic things like pH are very important. We're also very consistent with the way we ferment and just the process (in general). That's one of the big things for us, consistency," he said. "While we do like to make things that are new and different, we like our standard product to be fairly consistent from year to year. Also, we don't use artificially high levels of carbonation and high sugar levels to hide flaws that might exist in the cider or to cover for a lack of character. You can add sugar and carbonation to give a cider body, but really, it's cheating."
The current (and continuous) favorite at the cidery? North Meets South, a 10 percent ABV variety aged in bourbon barrels.
"People like the bourbon flavor ... . It's the second type of cider we ever made and still the top seller," Redding said.
Close behind is Hoptide.
"Because of the flavor of the hops and the cider ... it's quite surprising to a lot of people," Redding said. "It's not very bitter — it's very fruity, very floral. People who like IPAs would appreciate that to some extent. It's not the same as a beer, but the aroma is there."
Redding's own personal favorite, though, is the Happy Valley Hodge Podge, which blends more than 20 local apple varieties for what he calls "a really complex, really delicious cider."
"I feel like we misnamed it," Redding said, "and we'll probably change the name, because it makes people think it's a collection of junk, when really it's a collection of some really awesome apples."
However, Redding attributes the cidery's success to more than just good product.
"Part of what's made us who we are is the experience of coming to the cidery, and how cool that space is," said Redding, who also offered serious kudos to his staff of nine for helping create a warm, inviting atmosphere.
The tasting room can comfortably fit about 20 people, both at tables on the periphery of the room, and at a wrap-around bar. However, Redding plans to move his production area to a larger building next door, which will allow the tasting room to expand to fit closer to 50, with an added loft space for musicians to perform during winter months. He expects the changes to be finished by November.
Other things to expect from the cidery in the upcoming months include two menu additions — one being the Winter Warmer, which hasn't been produced since 2014, and an updated variety of their perry (different from a pear cider, which can often be an apple cider sweetened with pear juice, while perry is literally made from fermented pears).
"The variety this year is quite different, still perry but a little bit edgier. It's a bit tart," Redding said.
He also hints at some new opportunities for picking up your favorite Good Intent products at other places around town.
"I don't think that we'll expand the number of products we make, but we'll instead expand the number of places you can get the cider from," he said. "We'll likely begin to supply local bars and restaurants again with bottle or kegs."
Regardless of your taste in cider, or your taste in alcoholic beverages in general, you're pretty much guaranteed to find something you like at Good Intent. Just don't make the mistake of thinking you'll be sipping on a beer, or of comparing ciders to many of today's mass-produced apple ales.
"It's like making a white wine," Redding said of the cider-making process. "It's a shame that many ciders are marketed like beers, because ... they're more expensive to produce than beers and they really can and should be produced only seasonally, so they're produced when the apples are ready, and once the apples are gone for that season, you have to wait for another year."
Don't like your first sip of cider? Redding urges cider newbies to keep trying different varieties, from the sweeter options to the totally dry, until they come across one they like, as there's a cider out there for everyone.
"We get every slice of the population here, and I think that's a testament to us not being pigeonholed as belonging to a group. Cider is totally undefined," Redding said. "There's a lot of room for cider to grow, whether it be our cider or any other."
Holly Riddle is a freelance food, travel and lifestyle writer. She can be reached at holly.ridd@gmail.com.
Good Intent Cider has been offering ciders in Bellefonte for the past three years. Photo provided
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Howard nano-brewery, Hublersburg Inn team up for local craft beer fans
By Holly Riddle
The Hublersburg Inn and MAD-K Brewery in Howard have formed a partnership where MAD-K craft beer can be purchased and tasted at the inn. The restaurant will carry six different MAD-K brews on draft and growlers.
Owners of Centre Hall event venue plan to add restaurant
Wing lovers rejoice: Tussey Mountain's WingFest will soon return, with new competitors
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The drugs? I do not prefer them. They make me feel like I'm on a roller coaster ride, and not the exhilarating kind. The puke-your-brains-out kind.
I'm bizarrely running a fever and have been fighting a migraine all day. So to say "Hey this is great, Annie can get a lot of work done" is true but has been unfortunately not true.
I have an appointment at 7:30am on Friday. I'm hoping for a great night tonight- unlike last night, when it took me approximately ten minutes to get to the kitchen at 3:30am.
– I have some SUPER SWEET friends here in town that have helped me anytime I needed it.
– I still have both legs. I am really grateful for the days my legs do work right. And the idea of them working right again.
– The pain. Not cool. Especially when combined with a headache and nausea.
– I joke about the clumsiness, but honestly. Let's pray that whatever it is that is causing this new self-injury problem would go away. Without freaking anyone out, I just want to remind you that our battle is not against flesh and blood and that our enemy is all about killing, stealing, and destroying.
I may be down, but I'm not out. God is bigger than the boogie-man… and a sprained ankle.
And, may I also add, that according to my trainer, this is NO DAIRY NOVEMBER. And nothing adds insult to injury like not being allowed to eat ice cream or yogurt or cheese. Especially cheese.