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Part A & Part B
LTC Overview
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Home » Breaking News » Lawmakers Take Shot at Prime
Lawmakers Take Shot at Prime
Posted on June 18, 2015 by Administrator in Breaking News
Source: Victorville Daily Press, Gilroy Dispatch
A contingency of 18 Democratic California lawmakers urged Attorney General Kamala Harris on Thursday to block the sale of six hospitals to Ontario-based Prime Healthcare, citing concerns that "under Prime, patient care and healthcare worker rights will suffer at these hospitals."
The letter from lawmakers to Harris refers to Prime's bid to purchase six hospitals in the Catholic nonprofit Daughters of Charity Health System, a move that has been opposed by the powerful Service Employees International Union — United Healthcare Workers West.
The hospitals have been losing $10 million a month since the beginning of the year, officials said.
"Our biggest concern is Prime's history of unfair business practices that have resulted in civil and criminal investigations by government agencies for allegedly overbilling Medicare as well as violations of patient confidentiality," reads the letter, which is signed by members of the California Democratic Congressional Delegation.
Prime spokesman Edward Barrera said Thursday that the support for Prime's bid is overwhelming and comes from those who matter most: Patients, physicians, nurses and community members.
"If SEIU, and the politicians who it has misinformed, succeed in derailing this acquisition," Barrera said, "it would be tragic for these hospitals, the employees who work there and the communities they serve."
Prime CEO Dr. Prem Reddy met with the Daily Press earlier this week at Prime's flagship Desert Valley Hospital, where he pointed to the sale's support from Daughters of Charity CEO Robert Issai as well as the California Nurses Association and SEIU Local 121RN unions.
CNA Co-President Zenei Cortez, RN, said Thursday that "nurses will not be silent in the face of this emergency" at DCHS hospitals.
"Those who oppose this sale without offering an alternative that would protect our patients and our communities are putting everyone at risk," Cortez said in a statement.
RNs and nuns will hold a vigil Friday at O'Connor Hospital in San Jose to rally support for Daughters of Charity hospitals, CNA officials said.
In a move that could provide some precedent, however, Harris rejected Prime's bid in 2011 to buy Victor Valley Community Hospital, concluding only that the sale would not be in the public interest.
Reddy said he believed SEIU-UHW was largely to blame for Harris' decision, noting the power the union has among Democratic lawmakers in the state.
In acquiring the Daughters of Charity hospitals, Prime has pledged to assume all collective bargaining agreements and full pension liabilities; keep the system out of bankruptcy and all hospitals open; and spend at least $150 million in capital improvements at DCHS hospitals over the next three years.
A decision by Harris isn't expected until the spring.
"4 in 10 households with children under age 18 say they would immediately have trouble meeting daily expenses if the primary wage earner died today." (Source: LIMRA 2010)
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New Zealand is known worldwide for its' wines, in fact, thanks to the the 11 wine-growing regions, wine is now one of the country's top ten exports. Whether you're keen for a day of wine-tastings, or a stroll around a vineyard, here's our top 3 NZ wineries.
Craggy Range is a family owned winery that was established in 1998 in Hawkes Bay, in the shadow of Te Mata Peak. Their restaurant was also the winner of two hats at the 2018 Cuisine Good Food Awards, so if you're up for lunch or dinner perfectly paired with Craggy Range wines, you're in the right place!
Mudbrick Vineyard is set amongst bushes and vines, and offer panoramic views with Auckland city in the distance. There are a few different things to do at the vineyard, from tastings at the cellar door to tours, to simply strolling through the gardens.
Situated in the Wairau Valley in the heart of Marlborough, Cloudy Bay's cellar door has floor-to-ceiling glass doors, and an open fire in winter. Grab lunch in the outdoor wine lounge, or enjoy a glass in the unique hanging egg chairs. Feeling active? Why not challenge a friend to a game of petanque or croquet.


Documentation leaders are knee-deep in technical communications issues, but rarely get help on people side of the fence. If that sounds familiar, you're not alone. Effectively managing technical writers and smart documentation teams requires leaders equipped to tackle an increasing variety of "people issues." We're here to help.
Join guest host, Paul Perrotta, and Barry Saiff—Founder and CEO of Saiff Solutions, author of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Technical Communications Leaders, and a 30-year veteran documentation leader—for a discussion about the staff management challenges that many documentation leaders face but rarely talk about.
Attend this webinar to learn how to you can overcome some of the most difficult-to-solve "people issues." You'll discover a wealth of resources you already have at your disposal to help you resolve interpersonal challenges.


One of the more useful features of Amazon's Alexa voice assistant is the ability to create custom recordings and use them as announcements for your entire network of Alexa-enabled connected speakers. Now, Sonos is getting the feature, too: announcements are coming to Sonos One and Sonos Beam.
Creating announcements is easy; simply say "Alexa, announce" and then speak (or sing!) your announcement. Other commands like "Alexa, broadcast" and "Alexa, tell everyone" can also be used. Once you create the announcement, you'll hear a short chime, after which the recording will play across all of your Alexa-powered household devices, now including the two Sonos devices as well. If you don't want certain devices to get announcements, you can set it to Do Not Disturb, or turn off the feature in the Settings for each individual device via the Alexa app.


Comments: Nicely authored, handheld camera audience shot, nice quality! Also includes interesting bonus footage of the car ride to the venue, with radio promotions. Interesting to see the 'On Every Street' stage layout, obviously designed by someone who watched far too many episodes of "Star Trek": The Next Generation"!


I won a set of washi tapes from Lea's giveaway. I told Lea that the washi tapes will be very useful to my DIY projects for Xmas. My first project is the wrapping of Xmas presents for my colleagues. I initially wanted to involve my nieces for this task. Unfortunately the kiddies are busy attending Trick or Treat activities everywhere :) The Tita has no choice but to literally and figuratively DIY.
I started shopping for presents before my week long break. Aside from the gifts, I remember needing to purchase kraft papers for the project. I searched a number of bookstores and found nothing. Quite frustrated, I searched for an alternative. I opted for this cheaper substitute.
A roll of Manila Paper saved the day!
The best thing about using Washi Tapes is its capability to prettify everything ordinary. My basic gift wrapping output was improved when I played with the designs of the tapes.
The gifts are all wrapped up and ready to be distributed a month from now.
Congratulations on your win and so clever to use the tapes on your gift wrapping. I'm so impressed that you already have so many gifts ready to go.
I love these packages! They remind me of a time when I was given a roll of white meat packing paper. White makes such a nice base for all kinds of designs and I do love the tapes you used for them. How organized you are Diane! You already have Christmas ready to go. Also, wanted to make a comment on your lovely family pictures. How convenient your sliding door is to the picnic area and kitchen and what a nice party!
What fun you're having! I love the Washi tape and you've found a great use for it! Sweet hugs friend and namemate!
Super cute Diane. I have not really used Washi tape but see a lot of fun ideas. There are so many cute designs.
Love it paired with the brown paper! So quirky cute!


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Address by Deputy Minister Buti Manamela at the University of South Africa (UNISA) Conference on Decolonising Knowledge, Teaching and Learning in Higher Education
The subject of decolonization of higher education has been at the centre of numerous discourses, student and academic protests and intense dialogue and debate in post – apartheid South Africa
PRETORIA, South Africa, October 15, 2018,-/African Media Agency (AMA)/- Programme Director; Vice Chancellor of UNISA – Prof Mandla Makhanya; Keynote Speaker – Prof Kwesi Prah; Distinguished academics
The subject of decolonization of higher education has been at the centre of numerous discourses, student and academic protests and intense dialogue and debate in post – apartheid South Africa.
South Africa, like the Global South, possesses higher education institutions with direct and deep roots in colonialism and racism that are challenging existing structures and invoking indigenization, diversification, depatriachalization, decolonization and democratization.
Comparative insights and experiences of change in the higher education sector across the Global South are important at this time.
Therefore this conference is important for the higher education sector as a whole
Decolonisation is commonly understood as the undoing of colonialism.
It entails the process whereby colonised people rediscover and recover their own history, culture, language and identity.
It is when colonised people invoke their histories, worldviews, and indigenous knowledge systems to theorise and imagine alternative possibilities, including a different curriculum.
Decolonisation is a necessary response to first and second generation colonialism, neo-colonialism and neoliberalism.
First generation colonialism was the conquering of the physical spaces and bodies of the colonised, whilst second generation colonialism was involved with the colonisation of the mind through disciplines, such as education, science, economics and law.
Neo-colonialism relates to the achievement of technical independence by a country, but that is still under the influence of ex-colonial country.
The first President of independent Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah, argued that neo-colonialism is a more insidious form of colonialism because it is more difficult to detect.
It also involves new-elites who were trained by colonialists and that take on the roles of colonialists in countries, post-independence.
In the context of South African higher education, decolonisation is the comprehensive transformation or change of the curriculum and institutional cultures to primarily reflect and promote African context.
It signifies the process of effecting meaningful change in the academic, social, economic, demographic, political and cultural domains of institutional life. It relates to discarding what has been wrongly written, and interrogating distortions of people's life experiences, negative labelling, deficit theorizing, genetically deficient or culturally deficient models that pathologized the colonised.
It involves retelling the stories of the past and envisioning the future.
It is about self-determination and social justice for those who have been marginalised by the Western academy and about seeking legitimacy for knowledge that is embedded in their own histories, experiences and ways of viewing reality.
It is about the formulation, legislation and dissemination of ethical issues related to the protection of indigenous knowledge systems.
Decolonisation accentuates the importance of teaching/learning in indigenous languages as part of the anti-imperialist struggle.
It relates to international scholars sharing common experiences, issues and struggles of colonised people in global and local spaces.
It is also concerned with a critical appraisal of the imperial model of the academy that continues to deny the colonised and historically marginalised other spaces to communicate from their own frames of reference.
Since inception, all South African universities adopted Western models of academic organisation which largely excluded and decimated the knowledge of black people.
The colonial model of academic organisation of the university, based on Western disciplinary knowledge, was entrenched during apartheid and has not been sufficiently transformed in post-apartheid era.
Although student demographics at South African universities, particularly in historically predominantly white universities, changed significantly, staff demographics have not changed in accordance.
This has ensured the preservation of colonial academic organisation, including curricula.
These colonial academic organisations also include historical legacies of capitalism, racism and patriarchy as intrinsic to institutional cultures and practices in Universities.
Recent events surrounding the #RhodesMustFall campaign have reinvigorated the need to transform these prevailing colonial academic organisations and to create African universities located in a national and regional context that centres the African and African knowledge and practices as vital to human relationships and growth.
The #RhodesMustFall campaign was not just about a statue but about the need to decolonise the institutional culture and practices of the university more broadly.
There is an urgent need to create new kind of academic institutions with new kind of public spaces premised on Constitutional principles of human dignity and equality.
Decolonizing the university starts with the de-privatization and rehabilitation of the public spaces.
It starts with a redefinition of what is public, i.e., what pertains to the realm of the common and as such, does not belong to anyone in particular because it must be equally shared between equals.
The decolonization of buildings and public spaces includes a change of those colonial names, iconography, i.e., the economy of symbols whose function, all along, has been to induce and normalize particular states of humiliation based on white supremacist presuppositions.
Such names, images and symbols have nothing to do on the walls of a public university campus more than 20 years into a democratic dispensation.
The biggest question when it comes to these issues is whether in their current form, they are relevant for the massive expansion of higher education in South Africa, which has opened up to students across race and class lines.
Some, if not many of these students don't fit the profile of the typical rich and middle class, white, "university-ready" 18-year-old school leavers, but are students from rural and historically disadvantaged backgrounds, young adults some with families and responsibilities already, not so good basic education results, etc.
The involvement of students and the prospective employers is an issue of concern that universities need to consider when developing the curriculum, teaching and research methods.
For example, it is common knowledge that curriculum content is predominantly western, capitalist, heterosexual and dominated by European worldviews in South Africa.
It is necessary therefore that the content is changed to include the perspectives, experiences and epistemologies of Africa.
A clear strategy to tackle the issue of decolonisation of the curriculum, teaching and research needs to be developed.
It is clear that this will need different kinds of resources and expertise.
The unequal distribution of resources in higher education further compounds this predicament.
Serious consideration of a strong focus on rectifying this is necessary.
The risk of not having a clear strategy is that higher education will look no different 10 years down the line than what it is currently.
The Western model of academic organisation on which the South African university is based, remains largely unchallenged.
One way of challenging it is to ask bold and controversial questions and have continuous engagements to try and come up with answers.
Decolonisation involves fundamental rethinking and reframing of the curriculum and bringing South Africa and Africa to the centre of teaching, learning and research.
It's time for Africa to tell its own stories in university classrooms.
Everyone, academics, students, workers, government officials, parents, business, the community and many more must come on board to ensure the success of reviewing and rethinking the curriculum to get to curriculum that incorporates epistemic perspectives, knowledge and thinking from the African continent and the global South into their teaching, research and community engagement.
So this is not to isolate South African universities from the rest of the world.
South African universities enjoy autonomy in a wide range of areas including the nature of the curriculum, teaching and research.
However, they have to be responsive to the constituencies they serve if they are to be relevant.
Efforts to decolonise the curriculum, teaching and focus of research must therefore be undertaken at institutional level and with the involvement of the range of university constituencies including students for whom curriculum, teaching and research is primarily intended.
There are already a range of meaningful curriculum reform, teaching support and research development initiatives underway in most universities.
From the perspective of the Department of Higher Education and Training (the Department) these initiatives are supported by the University Capacity Development Programme (UCDP), the Department's flagship programme to transform teaching, learning, researching and leading towards enhanced quality, success and equity in universities.
The programme formally started in January 2018, although first steps were taken much earlier.
Teaching and research development at universities are key components of the UCDP and a range of programmes have been conceptualised and are being implemented to build capacity in these areas.
The UCDP is intended to enable an integrated approach to capacity development across three focus areas, namely: i) student development; ii) staff development and iii) programme/curriculum development.
The budget allocation for the UCDP is almost R1 billion for the 2018 academic year.
The first comprehensive component of the University Capacity Development Programme – the New Generation of Academics Programme (nGAP) has gone from strength to strength, and is now a well-regarded capacity development programme in the sector that is making a difference.
Thus far, a total of 373 nGAP posts have been allocated to universities.
Over 80% of the posts are held by Black and/or women academics.
From 2018 onwards, and as part of the UCDP, a minimum of 100 new nGAP posts will be made available.
The nGAP serves to recruit new academics which we hope will contribute to the issues of decolonisation.
The University Staff Doctoral Programme follows on from the nGAP and it is intended to support existing academics to achieve doctoral degrees.
The USDP was initiated as part of the Staffing South Africa's Universities Framework (SSAUF) component of the UCDP.
The main purpose of the USDP is to support academics at South African universities to achieve doctoral degrees.
A secondary purpose is to build supervisory capacity at South African universities.
A third purpose is to promote collaboration between South African and international universities.
All these programmes will, in one way or the other, have an influence in the debate around decolonization.
Through the UCDP, universities are also implementing programmes on decolonization of the curriculum under the component of Programme/Curriculumn development.
Universities started with the implementation of these programmes early 2018.
Progress in their implementation will be monitored as we expect to learn some useful lessons that will contribute to the discourse of decolonization.
There are many debates around decolonization of higher education, including some voices that vociferously maintain that the debate is irrelevant and that the focus should be on increasing throughput and graduation rates.
There is work being done at an institutional level and through the various initiatives of the DHET, as I earlier outlined.
But there is more that we can do.
This conference must contribute to the change agenda of decolonizing higher education.
It must reflect on what is being done and assess where the gaps are.
It must propose new initiatives at an institutional and national level.
And finally, it must give further impetus to continuing the fight for decolonized knowledge, teaching and learning in higher education in South Africa and beyond.
Distributed by African Media Agency (AMA) on behalf of Republic of South Africa: Department of Government Communication and Information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Posted inFeatures, Music+Clubs
On Paracosm, Washed Out outlasts the digital chillwave craze by going analog
by Patrick Wall October 30, 2013
Ernest Greene wants to be excited about touring Europe, but he just can't do it. He and his bandmates in Washed Out just returned from a hellish three-week stretch he and the band dubbed the "No Fun Tour." The trek was marred by long drives, logistical issues, and at least one stolen bottle of rye whiskey.
"The shows themselves were good, but in between the shows, man, it was just some rough scheduling," Greene says with a laugh.
Unfortunately, his respite from the road is about to end. When we speak, Washed Out is just four days away from a three-week tour of Europe. The scheduling, he groans, is even worse, the between-show distances even greater. He's trying to get psyched about it, but he just can't.
"I remember the first tour we did in Europe. We did a lot of flying," Greene says. "It sounds really glamorous, and it sounds like it'd be a lot easier, but the flights are long, and the fucking check-ins and having to get there super-early for flights, and we're traveling with a lot of gear. Man, it's way worse. It's a pain in the ass. We're just trying to get into the mindset of, 'Yeah, this is going to be rough for three weeks, but we have to get through it.' "
Greene was one of the breakout stars of the 2009 summer of chillwave that also spawned Toro Y Moi. Greene's drowsy, distorted electro pop, characterized by the gauzy Life of Leisure EP and the otherwordly single "Feel It All Around," was all the rage, and it eventually landed him a deal with Sub Pop. Not bad for a dude who'd made music in his bedroom in Columbia to pass time while finishing his library science doctoral degree. ("Feel It All Around" is still a relatively massive hit; Portlandia uses it as its opening theme.)
In the years since, Greene's chillwave peers have largely fallen by the wayside, with artists like Nite Jewel and Memory Tapes unable to escape their flavor-of-the-month status. Both Toro Y Moi's Chaz Bundick and Greene wised up and fleshed out their hazy electronic pop by augmenting laptop loops and synthesizers with live backing bands. But unlike his friend Bundick, who'd spent the majority of his teenage years leading rock bands, Greene had never ventured out of the bedroom and into the garage.
"There were some obvious growing pains, so there was a lot of learning involved," Greene says.
Washed Out's latest, Paracosm, finds Greene at the apex of that learning curve. Where his first album Within and Without was sad and monochromatic, Paracosm is a burst of bright, summery pop, a Technicolor dreamcoat that's influenced by his band.
"With Within, the record was so synth-heavy that we were all stuck behind synths the whole time," Greene says. "And I really wanted to find ways to break out of that."
With Paracosm, Greene packs his songs with more than 50 different analog instruments — drums, guitars, upright basses, even pedal steel. There are still a lot of synths, but even then, he added a flotilla of vintage synths, Mellotrons and Novatrons and Optigans, to his arsenal. The sounds the old synths produce are worn and warm like an old sample.
"The reason I love the Mellotron stuff so much is that it has really raw, imperfect sounds," Greene says. "But it's a keyboard, so you can actually play it. The early Washed Out stuff, it took forever, because when you're working with samples, you have to put the puzzle together and find pieces that will actually fit together. There's very little playing. It's more like making a collage."
Greene, for one, is glad that the days of chillwave are behind him.
"I think the hype, we're kind of past that," Greene says. "I don't feel like I really need to prove anything. We're just doing what we do. If people like it, great. And I didn't feel like that a few years back. It was a real do-or-die thing."
Now, Greene's content to enjoy the ride. "I'm married. I own a house. I'm pretty grounded," Greene says. "I take things pretty seriously. I try to take it all in stride. Obviously, I feel super lucky to be able to do what we do."
He laughs.
"I feel a little jaded, though. Like, we started talking, and I was bitching about going to Europe," he says. "I mean, it could be way worse."
Tagged: Chillwave, Ernest Greene, Music Farm, Washed Out


A game of tennis, anyone? This sport lends itself well to fine art photography in general, but throw in an ostrich as your opponent and this print is taken to a whole new level.
Kicking our heels up for this one… We love a good pool party scene, but the juxtaposition of colorful high heels paired with this crystal clear pool gives us the best creative vibes.
What's more unique than a few llamas in the middle of a Bolivian salt flat? Oh that's right—llamas wearing rainbow tassel earrings in the middle of a Bolivian salt flat. Give us allll the llamas with tassels.
To add a truly high-end touch to any space, we'd suggest Gray's series Art of Living. This series juxtaposes elements of interior design floating on aqua waters with a stunning natural backdrop, and any of these prints are sure to catch your guests' eye and hold their attention.
The Prada art installation in Marfa, TX is a conversation starter in and of itself, so it only makes sense that this pick would make our list. After all, you gotta love this high-fashion-meets-Western-style combo.
Talk about a party… If this lone disco ball doesn't get your creative gears turning (and simultaneously make you want to party), then we don't know what will.
If there's one thing we can't get enough of, it's a neutral desert scene with an unexpected pop of color. This print has a little bit of everything we love, and the fact that these hot pink zebras are actually mylar balloons make it all the more interesting.
If there's one thing that's guaranteed to spark conversation, it's an element of mystery… Can you guess who all of these first-class icons are?
Which of these prints speaks to you the most?


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The Latest: Malaysia extends ban on foreign tourists
Slow and steady: Two Harbors couple launches Turtle Hare Farm + Stay
Protesters hold sit-in at Portland mayor's condo building
PORTLAND, Ore. — Protesters took to the condo lobby of Portland's mayor Friday night as Oregon protests against racial injustice persist.
The protesters at the sit-in have issued demands, including police budget reductions and Mayor Ted Wheeler's resignation, the Oregonian/OregonLive reported. A crowd of about 150 had gathered outside the building.
Portland has been gripped by nightly protests for three months since the police killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis. The demonstrations, often violent, usually target police buildings and federal buildings. Some protesters have called for reductions in police budgets while the city's mayor and some in the Black community have decried the violence, saying it's counterproductive.
Seventy-four people are now facing federal charges related to protests that have rocked the city for three months since George Floyd was killed, the local U.S. attorney announced Thursday.
The misdemeanor and felony charges include assaults on federal officers, arson and damaging federal property.
Earlier Friday, Wheeler had said he sent a letter to President Donald Trump declining his offers to help the city manage the protests. In early July, Trump sent more federal agents to the city to protect the federal courthouse, but local officials said their presence made things worse. The federal agents later pulled back.
Former Twitter employees are confused over the company's failure to collect their work laptops, report says
Ukraine official gloats after drone strike on weapons facility in Russian-allied Iran: 'Ukraine did warn you'


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Battery Park Pool Greenock
Toward Point Jetty
Snib Scott
Children's Homoeopathic Hospital
Italian Chapel Orkney
Cairndhu House
HMS Vernon Helensburgh
Ardencaple Castle
Ardencaple plaque
� Stephen Mackenzie
Ardencaple Castle was located in Helensburgh, on the Firth of Clyde.
The original castle dated from the 12th century, and was the traditional stronghold and seat of the Clan MacAulay, but by the 17th century they had sold off most of their land, and abandoned the castle as a roofless ruin. The estate was purchased by John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll, after which the castle was extensively redeveloped, featuring work by Robert Adam, becoming a large mansion, rather than a defensive castle. By 1852, the Duchess Dowager of Argyll had sold the Ardencaple estate to the Colquhouns of Luss. Sir Ian Colquhoun of Luss was responsible for building the planned town of Helensburgh, named after his wife Helen.
In 1923, Sir Iain Colquhoun sold the castle to Mrs H Macaulay-Stromberg, a wealthy American, who restored the castle and lived there until her death in 1931, when ownership of the castle passed to Adelaide Parker Voorheis. In 1935 it passed to a consortium of developers, and between 1936 and 1937, they created a housing estate on what had been Tower Lawn.
The arrival of World War II saw the castle being requisitioned by the Royal Navy, at which time it is believed to have become part of HMS Vernon , possibly HMS Revlis, and used for torpedo and mines countermeasures training, and degaussing operations.
A childhood account of the occupation of the castle by the Royal Navy can be found in this article: Ardencaple Castle and the Royal Navy[1]
The castle was not returned at the end of the war and, in 1957, most of the castle was demolished by the government in order to make way for naval housing being built to serve HMNB Clyde, the nearby naval base at Faslane. Ardencaple Castle, or rather the remaining square tower, became a Category B listed building on May 14, 1971.
1950s Ardencaple Castle
Prior to its demolition, the Royal Navy used the castle for accommodation, and had divided the interior into flats, and the pictures to the right, which were taken during the 1950s, show the structure that once lay adjacent to the present day tower. We're grateful to reader Jill Fox, who provided the pictures, and whose family lived in the castle grounds at the time. Click on the images as usual, for slightly larger versions.
Ardencaple Castle tower
Range rear light
When the castle was demolished in 1957, one square tower was left standing, and used a mount navigational beacons and transit lights for the Royal Navy. The tower came to be known as "Ardencaple Castle Range Rear Light", with two green lights mounted on the southwest corner of the 45 foot (13.7 m) tower. Technically described as an active light, with a focal plane of 26 metres (86 ft), showing two continuous green lights, one mounted 3 metres (10 ft) above the other, with no lantern, on an unpainted 14 metre (46 ft) square stone castellated tower. The lights are mounted behind two protective square mesh grilles visible in the upper left quarter of the pictured tower.
The range front light is mounted on pilings in the Clyde, located on Castle Point on the west side of the entrance to Rosneath Bay, west of Helensburgh. For some reason, the location given on the web by sites listing lighthouses and beacons is incorrectly positioned on Rosneath Point, rather than Castle Point. For information, both are shown on our map below, and identified accordingly.
Correction?
Having identified what is believed to be an error in the position of the range front light, it would seem that the light we have identified as the range front light is not correct either. The light shown is therefore a beacon, but not the the range front light, as far as we know.
We have identified a further light, which is located in the water on pilings in the Clyde, although the exact location is not known, nor is it marked on any Ordnance Survey maps we have checked so far.Arden [2]
Beacon on Castle Pointt
� william craig
1 ⇑ Ardencaple Castle and the Royal Navy Retrieved 4 February 2017.
2 ⇑ Scotland / Schottland Retrieved 19 April 2011 17:27:16.
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Ardencaple Castle photographs a
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Ardencaple Castle Range Rear Light
Ardencaple Castle (Castle Point Range Rear)
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Ardencaple Castle - Range rear light
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\section{Controlling food chains}
The replicator equations and Lotka--Volterra models of ecological communities are among the most basic and classical mathematical models in mathematical biology, e.g., \cite{hofbauer1998ega}. The methods of physics and statistical physics in particular have a long history being applied to these models, e.g. \cite{goel1971volterra}. In the vast majority of cases, however, it is assumed that the parameters in these systems of ordinary differential equations are constant for each particular system realization. That is, the evolution of distributions in the replicator equation and the evolution of the population sizes in the Lotka--Volterra equations is usually conditioned on the premise that the given set of parameters is fixed for given circumstances. Clearly, the conditions may change, and hence the evolution of the quantities we are interested in also changes. However, such case is usually considered as a different possible realization of the same system.

On the other hand one of the most basic and foundational principles in physics is that the observed regularities are the consequence of some extremal principle (e.g., least action principle). For many years there was a search for a similar principle(s) to explain the observed regularities in ecological communities (see, e.g., a historical discussion in \cite{svirezhev1978stability}). Another possible approach to this problem is first to formulate a mathematical model, postulate an extremal principle (define a quantity to be maximized or minimized) and then study the regularities which will form under this principle. In the present text we follow this rout.

In \cite{bratus2018evolution} it was suggested to look at the replicator equation from an evolutionary prospective, allowing for the changes of the parameters within the same system realization; the basic assumption was the separation of the time scales whereas during the fast time dynamics the system settles at an asymptotic regime, and during the slow time dynamics the system is allowed to change its parameter values according to some prescribed evolutionary principle (usually the fitness maximization). This approach was further extended and illustrated by other examples of replicator equations in \cite{drozhzhin2021fitness} and \cite{samokhin2020open}. The Lotka--Volterra equations, being a close relative to the replicator equation, are equally well suited for this approach of evolutionary adaptation, and in the present text we show how to implement it using a specific example of the Lotka--Volterra equations ---  the so-called \textit{food chains} and \textit{food webs} (e.g., \cite{cohen2012community}).

Our starting point is the dynamical system that models \textit{food chain}, i.e., we assume that there is a basal species at the bottom of the food chain, there is a predator for this basal species, which is the only prey for another predator, and so on. Taking the intra-specific competition into account we end up with the system of ordinary differential equations
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:1}
   \dot u_i=u_i\Bigl(\rho_i-\bigl(\bs{Au}\bigr)_i\Bigr),\quad i=1,\ldots,n,
\end{equation}
where $\rho_1=r_1>0, \rho_j=-r_j, r_j>0,\,j=2,\ldots,n,$ are the Malthusian parameters, in particular $\rho_2,\ldots, \rho_n$ are the death rates of the predators in the chain; matrix $\bs A$ has the form
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:2}
    \bs A=\begin{bmatrix}
            a_{11} & a_{12} & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\
            -a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\
            \vdots &  &  &  &  &\vdots  \\
            0 & 0 &\ldots &0& -a_{n,n-1} & a_{nn} \\
          \end{bmatrix},
\end{equation}
where all the parameters are positive; finally, $(\bs u)_i$ is the $i$-th element of the vector $\bs u=(u_1,\ldots, u_n)$.

It is well known \cite{harrison1979global,so1979note,hofbauer1998ega} that if there exists an equilibrium $\bs{\hat u}$ of \eqref{eq1:1} in the interior of $\R^n_+$ then this equilibrium is globally stable in the sense that any orbit starting in the interior of $\R^n_+$ converges to $\bs{\hat u}$.

First we consider the problem to control a given food chain through the choice of the death rates $r_2,\ldots,r_n$. From the practical point of view this is a natural thing to look into, since in this case we can imagine that we assign quotes to harvest or hunt on particular species, which directly leads to changes in the death rates. If we, say, increase $r_j$, it means that we increase the quotes to harvest the $j$-th species; similarly, if we decrease $r_j$, it implies that we employ some strategies to boost the $j$-th species reproduction.

Within given above interpretation it is a reasonable goal to maximize the (weighted) total population size at a fixed time moment $t=T$:
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:3}
    S_p(\bs u(t))=\sum_{i=1}^n p_i u_i(t)\longrightarrow \max_{t=T},
\end{equation}
where $p_i\geq 0$ are given weights.

To the best of our knowledge, this problem was analyzed mathematically for the first time in \cite{svirezhev1972}. In this work the functional $S_p(\bs u)$ was maximized for the predator--prey model for the given constant $T$ and given initial conditions, which poses some computational difficulties. In the present text we solve the same problem using an additional hypothesis of time separation in our model, similar to what was done for certain classes of replicator equations in \cite{bratus2018evolution,drozhzhin2021fitness,samokhin2020open}. This hypothesis allows a significant simplification in solving problem \eqref{eq1:3}.

To wit, we assume that there are two time scales in our problem: fast system dynamics when all the parameters are assumed constant, and slow dynamics, in which we allow changes in the death rates (more general case will be considered below). Mathematically, we have
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:4}
    \frac{\D u_i}{\D t}(t;\epsilon t)=u_i(t;\epsilon t)\Bigl(\rho_i(\epsilon t)-\bigl(\bs {Au}(t;\epsilon t)\bigr)_i\Bigr),\quad i=1,\ldots, n,
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon>0$ is a small parameter. Introducing $\tau=\epsilon t$ yields
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:5}
    \frac{\D u_i}{\D \tau}(\tau/\epsilon;\tau)=u_i(\tau/\epsilon;\tau)\Bigl(\rho_i(\tau)-\bigl(\bs {Au}(\tau/\epsilon;\tau)\bigr)_i\Bigr),\quad i=1,\ldots, n.
\end{equation}
For the finite values $0\leq t\leq T$, due to the smallness of $\epsilon$, the dynamics of \eqref{eq1:1} is close to the dynamics of \eqref{eq1:4}. Taking the limit $\epsilon\to 0$ implies
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:6}
    \hat u_i(\tau)\Bigl(\rho_i(\tau)-\bigl(\bs{A\hat u}(\tau)_i\bigl)\Bigr)=0,\quad i=1,\ldots,n,
\end{equation}
where $\hat{u}_i(\tau)=\lim_{\epsilon\to 0}u_i(\tau/\epsilon;\tau)$. If we impose the restriction that $\hat{u}_i\neq 0$ for any $i$, the process of evolutionary changes of the system boils down to consideration of the system of linear equations
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:7}
    \bs{A\hat u}(\tau)=\bs{\rho}(\tau),\quad \bs \rho(\tau)=\bigl(r_1(\tau),-r_2(\tau),\ldots,-r_n(\tau)\bigr),
\end{equation}
which depends on the slow time $\tau$. As a result, we obtain a related but different maximization problem
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:8}
    S_p(\bs{\hat u}(\tau))=\sum_{i=1}^n p_i\hat u_i(\tau)\longrightarrow\max_{\rho(\tau)},
\end{equation}
on all possible solutions to \eqref{eq1:7}, where vector $\bs \rho$ must satisfy certain constraints. Specifically, we assume that parameter $r_1$ is fixed, i.e., we do not allow harvesting the basal species. The rest of the parameters must satisfy
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:9}
    m_i\leq r_i(\tau)\leq M_i,\quad i=2,\ldots, n,
\end{equation}
where $m_i,M_i$ are given positive constants.

To further represent problem \eqref{eq1:7}--\eqref{eq1:9} in the form of evolutionary adaptation, we divide this problem into a sequence of steps, at each of which a linear programming problem should be solved. Strictly speaking this step is not necessary for the problem at hands, but will be essential for the more complicated problems, considered in the following.

Consider an allowable perturbation of vector $\bs \rho$ in the form
$$
\bs \rho+\Delta\bs \rho=\bigl(r_1,-(r_2+\Delta r_2),\ldots,-(r_n+\Delta r_n)\bigr),
$$
assuming
$$
\sum_{i=2}^n \Delta r_i\leq \varepsilon, \quad \varepsilon>0,
$$
where $\varepsilon$ is a sufficiently small given constant. Then the equilibrium vector $\bs{\hat u}$ will get a perturbation $\Delta \bs{\hat u}$. Clearly, the equation connecting $\Delta\bs \rho$ and $\Delta \bs{\hat u}$ is the linear system
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:10}
    \bs A\Delta\bs{\hat u}=\Delta\bs \rho.
\end{equation}
Consider an auxiliary system
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:11}
    \bs A^\top \bs{v}=\bs p.
\end{equation}

After taking the scalar product of both sides of \eqref{eq1:10} with $\bs v$ we obtain
$$
\IP{\Delta\bs \rho}{\bs v}=\IP{\bs A\Delta\bs{\hat{u}}}{\bs v}=\IP{\Delta\bs{\hat u}}{\bs A^\top\bs v}=\IP{\Delta\bs{\hat u}}{\bs p},
$$
from where
$$
\Delta S_p=\IP{\Delta \bs{\hat u}}{\bs p}=-\sum_{i=2}^nv_i\Delta r_i.
$$

Let $K^{+}$ ($K^{-}$) be the subsets of the set of indexes $\{2,\ldots,n\}$, for which the components of $\bs v$ that solves \eqref{eq1:11} are positive (negative) and, assuming we have no zero components, $K^{+}\bigcup K^{-}=\{2,\ldots,n\}$.

The form of the expression $\Delta S_p$ immediately implies that if both of the sets $K^{+}$ and $K^{-}$ are nonempty then there is a potential way to increase the value of $S_p$ by either choosing $\Delta r_i<0$ for $i\in K^{+}$ or $\Delta r_i>0$ for $i\in K^{-}$. Moreover, if $K^{+}=\emptyset$ ($K^{-}=\emptyset$) then increase of the total population size at the expense of increasing harvest of some specific species (decreasing it) is impossible.
We say ``a potential way to increase the value of $S_p$'' because the analysis of perturbations $\Delta r_i$ and $\Delta{\hat u}_i$ should also include the analysis of given constraints. In particular, recall that $M_i\geq r_i\geq m_i$ for all $i$. So, if we find that, for instance, $r_i\leq m_i$ then one must add that $\Delta r_i\geq 0$ with certain changes for the expression for $\Delta S_p$. Similarly, since our hypothesis of time separation is based on the fact that the internal equilibrium of the food change is globally stable, if it exists, we also require that all $\hat u_i\geq \delta>0$, and if for some index $i$ we already approached the coordinate plane, i.e., $\hat u_i=\delta$ then one must additionally require that
$$
\Delta \hat{u}_i=\Bigl(\bs{A}^{-1}\Delta\bs \rho\Bigr)_{i}\geq 0.
$$

Taking everything together, we obtain an efficient numerical procedure to solve problem \eqref{eq1:8}, and hence, with high degree of accuracy, approximate significantly more computationally involved problem \eqref{eq1:3}.

Here is the basic algorithm. We start with fixing the values of $m_i,M_i,i=2,\ldots,n,\varepsilon>0,\delta>0$. Let $\bs \rho^0$ satisfies the given constraints. We first solve the auxiliary problem \eqref{eq1:11}, find $\bs v$, and consider the linear programming problem
\begin{equation}\label{eq1:12}
    \Delta S_p=-\sum_{i=2}^n v_i\Delta r_i^0,\quad \sum_{i=2}^n \Delta r_i^0\leq \varepsilon, \quad i=2,\ldots, n,
\end{equation}
and such that the vectors $\bs \rho^0+\Delta\bs \rho^0$ and $\bs{\hat u}$ are allowable. It means that $\bs \rho^0+\Delta\bs \rho^0$ within the given constants $m_i,M_i$, and $\bs{\hat{u}}^0+\Delta \bs{\hat{u}}^0$ is away from the boundary of $\R^n_+$ at least $\delta$ units. If we are capable to find such $\Delta\bs\rho^0$ we compute
$$
\bs \rho^1=\bs \rho^0+\Delta \bs \rho^0
$$
and repeat the previous step, until we can make an allowable change. This problem is convex because of the convexity of the set of imposed constraints and linearity of problem \eqref{eq1:7}, and therefore its solution always exists, although it could be non unique.

Here is an example. We note that we use this example only for illustrative purposes to show how our algorithm of evolutionary adaptation works, without pretending that a real food chain is considered. We consider the case of $n=10$ species in the food chain.

Let
\begin{equation}\label{eq:A}
\bs A=
\left[
\begin{array}{cccccccccc}
 1 & 4 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
 -4 & 1 & 6 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
 0 & -7 & 1 & 5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
 0 & 0 & -6 & 1 & 3 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
 0 & 0 & 0 & -8 & 1 & 6 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -7 & 1 & 9 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -2 & 1 & 3 & 0 & 0 \\
 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -4 & 1 & 5 & 0 \\
 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -2 & 1 & 9 \\
 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -3 & 1 \\
\end{array}
\right]
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq:B}
\bs\rho=(16, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -2)
\end{equation}
in the problem $\eqref{eq1:1}$. We choose the following weights
\begin{equation}\label{eq:C}
\bs p=(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 10, 10, 10, 10).
\end{equation}

For the given parameter values we find, keeping one digit after the decimal point, that
$$
\bs{\hat{u}}=(4.2, 2.9, 2.2, 3.5,  2.8, 4.0, 1.6, 1.8, 0.7, 0.2)\in \R^n_+
$$
solves \eqref{eq1:10}, and, solving \eqref{eq1:11},
$$
\bs v=(48.1,   9.5,  26.0,   8.9,  12.4,  -1.6,    6.3,  -4.5,   2.2, -10.0).
$$
Therefore it looks like there is a potential to improve the value of $S_p$, which is initially $S_p(0)=731$.

The constraints for the problem are
$$
0.1\leq r_i\leq 3,\quad i=2,\ldots,n,
$$
$$
\hat{u}_i>\delta=0.001,\quad i=1,\ldots,n,
$$
and, finally, $\varepsilon=0.01.$

Now we can run a sequence of steps, at each of which a linear programming problem is solved, until our solution moves outside of the allowable set. For the given set of parameters the algorithm runs for approximately 550 steps, at which the value of $S_p$ is 805, see Fig. \ref{fig:1}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig1.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{The change in the value of functional $S_p$ given by \eqref{eq1:8} at each step of evolutionary algorithm in Section 1.}\label{fig:1}
\end{figure}
As we see in the coordinates of vector $\bs v$ for the given example, the algorithm tries to increase the sixth, eighth, and tenth death rates and decrease all others, see Fig. \ref{fig:2}.
\begin{figure}[!b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig2.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{The change in the death rates $\bs r$ at each step of evolutionary algorithm in Section 1.}\label{fig:2}
\end{figure}

In general what this simple numerical experiment shows is that if one is capable to modulate the death rates of a given food chain within a reasonable interval of allowable values, it is almost always possible (and was \textit{always} possible in our numerical experiments) to increase the weighted total population size at the equilibrium. Moreover, an extremely simple numerical procedure of finding the auxiliary vector $\bs v$ in \eqref{eq1:11} indicated which coefficients of the vector $\bs\rho$ in \eqref{eq1:1} should be increased and which decreased during the evolutionary steps.

As a final remark here, we note that from a practical point of view it it the harvesting of the top predator in a given food chain that of the most interest. This specific situation can be easily modeled with the described approach by setting vector $\bs p$ to $(0,\ldots,0,1)$.

\section{From food chains to food webs}

In the previous section we analyzed only food chains, i.e., communities, for which the interaction graph of matrix $\bs A$ has the simplest linear structure, where any node, except for the first and the last ones, has only two neighbors, one is a prey and another one is a predator. In reality these graphs are certainly more complicated and represent what is generally called \textit{wood web}. Let us ask therefore the following question: Is it advantageous for a given food chain to modify itself (i.e., to add new trophic interactions) under given circumstances (evolutionary constraints)?

Mathematically it means that now we allow evolutionary changes in the elements of matrix $\bs A$. For simplicity, we first assume that the predator with number $k$ has the ability to feed on any species with numbers $k-j,j=2,\ldots,k-1$, where the basal species has the number $1$. For this computation we fix vector $\bs \rho$, and the elements of matrix $\bs A$ are now chosen from the allowable set $\sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij}^2\leq K$ for some prescribed constant $K>0$. In this case the elements of the perturbation $\bs A+\Delta\bs A$ of the original matrix $\Delta A$ must be negative, if they are under the main diagonal, and positive if they are above the main diagonal. As before, to use the principle of the time scale separation, we assume that each perturbation $\Delta a_{ij}$ satisfies
\begin{equation}\label{eq2:1}
|\Delta a_{ij}|\leq \varepsilon
\end{equation} for some given constant $\varepsilon$.

We also call any perturbation $\Delta\bs A$ from the set \eqref{eq2:1} allowable, if the spherical norm of matrix $\bs A$ is non-increasing, which, up to the second order, means that
\begin{equation}\label{eq2:2}
    \sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij}\Delta a_{ij}\leq 0.
\end{equation}
Assuming that all the perturbations are proportional to $\varepsilon>0$ we have, up to the order $O(\epsilon^2)$,
\begin{equation}\label{eq2:3}
    \bs A\Delta\bs{\hat u}+\Delta \bs A\bs{\hat u}=0.
\end{equation}
Multiplying the equality \eqref{eq2:3} by $\bs v$ that solves \eqref{eq1:11}, we find that
\begin{equation}\label{eq2:4}
    \Delta S_p=\IP{\Delta\bs{\hat u}}{\bs p}=-\IP{\Delta\bs A\bs{\hat u}}{\bs v},
\end{equation}
which implies that the total weighted population size can be potentially increased if it is possible to find the allowable changes of $\Delta\bs A$, which make the expression \eqref{eq2:4} positive. Hence, at each evolutionary step our goal is to maximize \eqref{eq2:4}. We note that in this case we are not guaranteed to reach the global maximum.

Before we illustrate the process of evolutionary adaptation in this case, we should pause and note two complications that arise here. These complications are also relevant to the application of the described methods to general Lotka--Volterra models.

In the previous section we were able to use the process of evolutionary adaptation because the food chain is globally stable if there exists an internal unique equilibrium. If we allow, as in this section, for the matrix $\bs A$ stops being of the form \eqref{eq1:2}, and assume that $|a_{ij}|>0$ if $|i-j|>2$, then the presence of the internal equilibrium does not guarantee that the system during the fast time scale settles at it; it is actually possible to have much more complicated scenarios in this case, see \cite{hofbauer1998ega}. To make sure that the process of evolutionary adaptation works as desired we must require one more condition at each step: that the system that we obtain after our perturbation is \textit{permanent}.

Recall that general Lotka--Volterra system \eqref{eq1:1} is permanent, if its orbits, after a sufficiently large initial time, end up in a compact set $L\subseteq \Int\R^n_{+}$, where $\Int\R^n_{+}$ is the interior of $\R^n_+$. A necessary condition for \eqref{eq1:1} to be permanent is the existence of unique internal equilibrium $\bs{\hat{u}}\in L$. From the discussion above it follows that for the food chains this condition is also sufficient, but it is no longer true for general $\bs A$. What is most important for us is the fact that if system \eqref{eq1:1} is permanent then
\begin{equation}\label{eq2:5}
    \lim_{T\to\infty}\bs{\bar u}=\lim_{T\to\infty}\frac{1}{T}\int_0^T \bs u(t)\D t=\bs{\hat u},
\end{equation}
i.e., the averages $\bs{\bar u}$ along the orbits are exactly the coordinates of the internal equilibrium in the limit $T\to\infty$. This means that for the permanent systems the coordinates of the unique equilibrium still contain significant information about system behavior even if the system itself is not attracted to $\bs{\hat u}$.

Therefore, for our evolutionary algorithm to work we also at each step should check whether the obtained allowable perturbation implies a permanent food web. There are efficient, but computationally involved, algorithms to perform this task (e.g., \cite{stadler1993probability}), but for simplicity we shall resort to only checking the condition \eqref{eq2:5}, as our numerical experiments show this works well for most of the time. Specifically, we run our system from a number of random initial conditions and calculate time averages along the orbits; if they are sufficiently close to the coordinates of the equilibrium $\bs{\hat u}$ we assume that the system is permanent and we can continue out adaptation.

The second complication is that we consider such changes in the matrix $\bs A$ that non necessarily lead to the true predator--prey relation. Namely, we allow, for instance, $a_{25}$ to be positive and $a_{52}$ be zero, or $a_{52}$ be negative and $a_{25}$ be zero, hence including more general trophic interactions.

Now we are ready to summarize the algorithm for the evolutionary adaptation if matrix $\bs A$ is allowed to be changed. As usual, we start with an allowable matrix $\bs A$, and maximize $\Delta S_p$ in \eqref{eq2:4} assuming that $\Delta a_{ij}$ satisfy \eqref{eq2:1} and \eqref{eq2:2}. Moreover, we also assume additionally that elements of $\bs A+\Delta\bs A$ are such that all the entries above the main diagonal are non-positive, and all the entries below the main diagonal are non-negative. Finally, we check that the new coordinates $\bs{\hat u}+\Delta\bs{\hat u}$ are at distance at least $\delta$ units from the boundary of $\R^n_+$ and that the resulting system is permanent. If all the conditions are met, we can make the next evolutionary step in maximizing the total weighted population size.

To see what may happen in this scenario, we take $\bs A$, $\bs \rho$, $\bs p$ as in \eqref{eq:A}, \eqref{eq:B}, and \eqref{eq:C}. As before we take $\delta=0.001$ and $\varepsilon=0.01$. Following the steps outlined above, we find that our evolutionary algorithm is capable to increase $S_p$ approximately 1.8 times, the final value is $S_p(end)=1300$ (recall that $S_p(0)=731$), Fig. \ref{fig:3}.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig3.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{The change in the value of functional $S_p$ given by \eqref{eq1:8} at each step of evolutionary algorithm in Section 2. }\label{fig:3}
\end{figure}

This time however, the algorithm stops because one of the equilibrium coordinates approaches zero, see Fig. \ref{fig:4}.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig4.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{The changes in the equilibrium coordinates in the example of evolutionary algorithm in Section 2.}\label{fig:4}
\end{figure}

For comparison we also show the averages along the orbits in this particular case, Fig. \ref{fig:5}.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig5.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{The averages along the orbits at each evolutionary step of the evolutionary algorithm in Section 2. Compare with Fig. \ref{fig:4}.}\label{fig:5}
\end{figure}

Finally, the resulting graph is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:6}, where the numbering of the vertexes corresponds to the linear order of the species in the original food chain, number 12 being the basal species, and number 10 being the top predator. We have both arrows connecting $i$ and $j$ is they are in the relation ``predator--prey'' and only one arrow if the relation of amensalism or commensalism.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig6.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{The trophic graph of the resulting food web in the numerical example in Section 2.}\label{fig:6}
\end{figure}

\section{Maximizing the mean population fitness in the Lotka--Volterra systems}
In the previous two sections we considered applications of the principle of evolutionary adaptation to the food webs using as an optimization criterion the total (weighted) population size. Such an approach is very natural from the point of view of artificial management of the resources because it is the total population sizes of some of the species in a given food web that are frequently the most important quantities from the point of view of harvesting or survival of some species. From the point of view of natural evolution this criterion is doubtful at best. Hence we would like to consider a different extreme principle for the possible evolution of food webs.

As in many other sciences the search for the extreme principle that shapes the population communities has a long history, see some discussion in \cite{svirezhev1978stability}; for our purposes we \textit{define} the population fitness in the Lotka--Volterra models \eqref{eq1:1} as
\begin{equation}\label{eq3:1}
F(\bs u)=\sum_{i=1}^n \rho_i u_i-\frac 12\IP{\bs{Au}}{\bs u},
\end{equation}
for the given population vector $\bs u$. To the best of our knowledge this function was used to find the correlations of system's dynamics with some extremal principle (namely, maximizing \eqref{eq3:1}) for the first time in \cite{svirezhev1978stability}. As some justification we note that if $\bs A$ is symmetric, then $F$ is increasing along the orbits of \eqref{eq1:1}. Indeed,
\begin{align*}
\dot F(\bs u)&=\sum_{i=1}^n \rho_i^2 u_i-2\sum_{i=1}^n (\bs{Au})_i\rho_i u_i+\sum_{i=1}^n(\bs{Au})_i^2=\\
&=\sum_{i=1}^n(\rho_i-(\bs{Au})_i)^2u_i\geq 0.
\end{align*}
This property is no longer true if $\bs A$ is not symmetric, but we still consider \eqref{eq3:1} as the optimality criterion that we expect to be maximized during the long time evolution of ecological community. Certainly, it is well known that for many mathematical models of evolution the mean population fitness is actually not increasing and not monotone (see, e.g., \cite{birch2015natural,bratus2017adaptive,Bratus2021} for a detailed discussion), but as a first approximation of the action of natural selection on the ecological communities it is arguably the most logical extremal principle.

To summarize, in what follows we apply the principle of evolutionary adaptation to the permanent Lotka--Volterra model \eqref{eq1:1} under the goal to maximize the functional \eqref{eq3:1} at the internal equilibrium $\bs{\hat u}$, allowing now for both the vector $\bs \rho$ and matrix $\bs A$ to be changed during the slow time evolution. The only requirement, as before, is the constraint to keep them in the form to describe food webs.

As before we consider the linear system \eqref{eq1:7}, where now we assume that both the elements of $\bs A$ and $\bs \rho$ depend smoothly on the slow time $\tau$, and also satisfy the constraints
\begin{equation}\label{eq3:2}
    -m_i\geq \rho_i\geq -M_i,\quad i=2,\ldots,n, \quad \sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij}^2\leq K,
\end{equation}
for given positive constants $m_i, M_i,K$.

Denote $\Delta\bs A,\Delta\bs{\hat u},\Delta\bs{\rho}$ the main parts of perturbations at each evolutionary step of $\bs A,\bs{\hat u,\bs{\rho}}$ respectively (we omit the dependence on $\tau$). Our first goal is to find the perturbation the fitness functional \eqref{eq3:1} gets in this case.

From \eqref{eq1:7} it follows that
\begin{equation}\label{eq3:3}
    \Delta \bs A\bs{\hat u}+\bs A\Delta\bs{\hat u}=\Delta\bs{\rho}.
\end{equation}
Now,
$$
\Delta F=\IP{\bs\rho}{\Delta\bs{\hat u}}+\IP{\Delta\bs\rho}{\bs{\hat u}}-\frac 12\IP{(\bs A+\bs A^\top)\bs{\hat u}}{\Delta\bs{\hat u}}-\frac 12\IP{\Delta\bs A\bs{\hat u}}{\bs{\hat u}}.
$$
From \eqref{eq3:3} we have
$$
\Delta\bs{\hat u}=\bs A^{-1}(\Delta\bs \rho-\Delta\bs A\bs{\hat u}),
$$
therefore,
$$
\Delta F=\frac 12\IP{\bs \rho}{\Delta\bs{\hat u}}+\frac 12\IP{\Delta\bs \rho}{\bs{\hat u}}=\frac 12\left(\IP{(\bs A^{-1})^\top\bs\rho}{\Delta\bs\rho-\Delta\bs A\bs{\hat u}}+\IP{\bs{\hat u}}{\Delta\bs \rho}\right).
$$
If we introduce an auxiliary linear system
\begin{equation}\label{eq3:4}
    \bs A^\top\bs v=\bs\rho\implies \bs v=(\bs A^\top)^{-1}\bs\rho,
\end{equation}
we finally find
\begin{equation}\label{eq3:5}
    \Delta F=\frac 12\left(\IP{\bs{\hat u}+\bs v}{\Delta\bs \rho}-\IP{\bs v}{\Delta\bs A\bs{\hat u}}\right),
\end{equation}
where the perturbations $\Delta\bs \rho$ and $\Delta\bs A$ must be allowable, i.e., satisfy the conditions \eqref{eq3:2}, keep the structure of the system as for a food web, maintain the uniqueness of the internal equilibrium $\bs{\hat u}+\Delta\bs{\hat u}$, and guarantee that the resulting system is permanent, similar to what we discussed in more details in the previous section.

To illustrate the algorithm consider the same initial matrix $\bs A$ and initial vector $\bs \rho$ as in the example of Section 1, i.e., \eqref{eq:A} and \eqref{eq:B}. Solving the linear programming problem on each step for maximizing $\Delta F$, we find that it is possible to increase the mean population fitness almost 4.4 times, see Fig. \ref{fig:7}.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig7.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{Increase of the mean population fitness in the numerical example of evolutionary adaptation to maximize \eqref{eq3:1}.}\label{fig:7}
\end{figure}

For this specific calculation it turns out that at some step the system stops being permanent, which we check in the same way as was described in Section 2. The changes in the coordinates of the equilibrium $\bs{\hat u}$ are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:8}.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig8.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{The changes in the equilibrium coordinates in the numerical example of evolutionary adaptation to maximize \eqref{eq3:1}.}\label{fig:8}
\end{figure}

As before, we find that the major changes come as a result of turning the initial food chain into a much more complicated structure of a food web, see Fig. \ref{fig:9}. It is an interesting open question to find some regularities in the final trophic web, obtained as a result of evolution under the principle of maximizing the mean population fitness \eqref{eq3:1}.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig9.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{The trophic graph of the resulting food web in the example of Section 3. See details in the text.}\label{fig:9}
\end{figure}

\section{Concluding words}
Here we presented a relatively simple computational algorithm to incorporate an explicit time dependent community evolution in the classical Lotka--Volterra models. This is an approximate algorithm, however it consists in a sequence of steps at each of which a linear programming problem is solved, which can be done very fast and accurately. We illustrate this algorithm by using two different optimization criteria, namely, optimizing the total weighted  population size and what we call ecological fitness, which can be considered as an analogue of the potential energy in physics. We show that our algorithm performs well being able to increase the required functional in a significant way.

First we apply our algorithm to the food chains and show that it is always possible, by managing the death rates of the system, to increase the total population size of the community. Moreover, a simple algebraic test indicated which death rates should be increased, and which --- decreased.

We also consider more complicated cases allowing for the appearance and disappearance of new trophic interactions. An interesting observation here is that the food chain, which is our usual initial step, is not evolutionary stable under given extremal principals, and it always evolves into a more complicated structure of food web.

It is an interesting open problem to identify the regularities in the obtained under evolutionary adaptations systems, which is part of the ongoing work.

\paragraph{Acknowledgements:} ASB is supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant 19-11-00008 and
by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education Grant 075-15-2019-1621.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


" Emilie made us feel so comfortable, it was like having an old friend with us. I have never cried so much happiness as I did when we received all the photographs, Emilie completely took my breath away. Just magical. She can make even mundane backdrops look magical. "
I'm a destination wedding photographer based in London. I've been shooting weddings, including a few celebrity ones, for over 5 years across the globe. I truly enjoy a good sense of humour, and the little sensory pleasures in life, like the smell of fresh coffee in the morning or the sound of snow crunching under your feet. I love my wine and cheese (did I mention I'm French?), good food (and cooking!) and sometimes I swear a bit too much, like any respectable French person!
I fell in love with an Australian man and together we have two young kids. London is our home, but I've lived in 6 different countries before that. Life experiences have taught me to enjoy the simple pleasures in life. I challenge myself to slow down and notice the little things, the ordinary moments, the compelling light shining through my bathroom window or the sometimes totally unattractive places that make up our daily life and routine.
AWARD WINNING WEDDING PHOTOGRAPHER FEATURED IN VARIOUS PUBLICATION IN THE UK, US, AUSTRALIA AND FRANCE.
I adore cinema and love to bring that aesthetic with all its beautiful framing, its light and shadows and moody hues, into my work. My photography style is a mix of creative documentary and editorial portraiture with what I call a touch of that cinematic style. I shoot a mixture of artistic portraits alongside reportage-style real and genuine images that are full of raw emotion. I do my best work when I feel an honest connection with my couples, allowing them to open up in front of the camera and truly be themselves. By getting a feel for who they are, their story and what makes them tick, I know how to approach the creative process with them and to put them at ease on one of the most emotional days of their lives. Oh, and I love a great sense of humour – a client I can laugh with is a dream client.
My ideal client likes to do things a little 'outside the box' and understands that I might not shoot the day in a conventional way but the results will be damn special. I want my couples to be able to relax and truly take in the incredible experience of their wedding day, knowing that I know my craft, I care deeply about the results and I will absolutely deliver only the very best. In 2017, Rangefinder Magazine based in NYC named me one of the Rising Stars of wedding photography and more recently, Condé Nast Brides listed me as one of the top wedding photographers of 2018. My work has been featured some of the top luxury wedding publications such as Condé Nast Brides, the Lane or Together Journal.
"Words can't describe how much we love and enjoy seeing our wedding become an art like this. You are an artist who made our fantasy come true - that is, having the most badass wedding photos!!!! We love how you juxtapose the light, City, flowers, and plants with us. It was an honor. "
"Her photographs have a real dream-like quality. She has this wonderful way of capturing the moment that feels really natural and candid, but not intrusive. She and her assistant were fantastic and looking back at the photographs, we had actually forgotten we had photographers there for the most-part, which I think is the sign of true professionals at work."


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Many companies believe that a little online research would lead to full fledged knowledge of SEO, and would bless them with the professional knowledge of SEO techniques, but eventually SEO is not merely limited to the basic concepts learnt from the internet, rather it requires a well-versed knowledge of SEO trends to chart on the top of the SEO rankings. Don't fiddle with your marketing strategy with the half-baked knowledge of SEO basics rather hire the services of an SEO expert to gain a better and productive traffic on your website.
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Ross Coulter's Audience is a photographic series that documents audience members who were photographed in more than seventy Melbourne galleries and museums between 2013 and 2016. Coulter invited members of the local art community to attend a photo-shoot and they were instructed to imagine viewing a performance art event. Drawing on the visual language of 1970s performance art documentation, the work constructs a photographic archive of audiences. As an installation, comprised of more than 400 photographs, the work is a form of performance for the camera, whilst also recording the appearance, dress and body language of various social groups at a particular moment in time.
A film by Ross Coulter to accompany the exhibition of the same title at the NGV.


150mm x 150mm, blank inside greeting cards & envelopes. Pack of 3 designs. Price includes UK postage.
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text:
Pope Says Condoms Can Be Used In Some Cases
from http://www.npr.org/
Alberto Pizzoli/AFP/Images
Pope Benedict XVI leads a consistory in St Peter's Basilica at the Vatican on Saturday. In a new book, Benedict says condom use is acceptable "in certain cases," notably by male prostitutes to reduce the risk of infection with HIV.
Pope Benedict XVI says in a new book that condoms can be justified for male prostitutes seeking to stop HIV, a stunning turnaround for a church that has long opposed condoms and a pontiff who has blamed them for making the AIDS crisis worse.
The pontiff made the comments in a book-length interview with a German journalist, Light of the World: The Pope, the Church and the Signs of the Times, which is being released Tuesday. The Vatican newspaper ran excerpts on Saturday.
Church teaching has opposed condoms because they're a form of artificial contraception although it has never released an explicit policy about condoms and HIV. The Vatican has been harshly criticized in light of the AIDS crisis.
Benedict said that for male prostitutes — for whom contraception isn't the central issue — condoms are not a moral solution. But he said they could be justified "in the intention of reducing the risk of infection.''
He called it "a first step in a movement toward a different way, a more human way of living sexuality.''
Benedict drew the wrath of the United Nations, European governments and AIDS activisits when he told reporters en route to Africa in 2009 that the AIDS problem on the continent couldn't be resolved by distributing condoms.
"On the contrary, it increases the problem,'' he said then.
Journalist Peter Seewald, who interviewed Benedict over the course of six days this summer, revisited those comments and asked Benedict if it wasn't "madness'' for the Vatican to forbid a high-risk population to use condoms.
"There may be a basis in the case of some individuals, as perhaps when a male prostitute uses a condom, where this can be a first step in the direction of a moralization, a first assumption of responsibility,'' Benedict said.
But he stressed that it wasn't the way to deal with the evil of HIV, noting the church's position that abstinence and marital fidelity is the only sure way.
Christian Weisner, of the pro-reform group We Are Church in the pope's native Germany, said it was "surprising, and if that's the case one can be happy about the pope's ability to learn.
In other comments, Benedict said:
"If a pope is no longer physically, psychologically or spiritually capable of doing his job, then he has the "right, and under some circumstances, also an obligation to resign.''
On Islam, in Europe, he declined to endorse such moves as France's banning the burqa or Switzerland's citizen referendum to forbid topping mosques with minarets.
"Christians are tolerant, and in that respect they also allow others to have their self-image,'' Benedict replied when asked if Christians should be "glad'' about such initiatives. "As for the burqa, I can see no reason for a general ban.''
He was surprised by the scale of clerical sex abuse in his native Germany and acknowledged that the Vatican could have better communicated its response. "One can always wonder whether the pope should not speak more often.''
A man of deep personal faith, the former Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger has alienated some Roman Catholics with his zeal in enforcing church orthodoxy.
He grew up in the conservative Alpine foothills of Bavaria and at 78, he is the 265th pope of the Catholic Church and the first Germanic pope since the 11th century.
Many in Germany blamed Ratzinger for decrees from Rome barring Catholic priests from counseling pregnant teens on their options and blocking German Catholics from sharing communion with their Lutheran brethren at a joint gathering in 2003.
He also clashed with prominent liberal and moderate theologians.
In his autobiography, Ratzinger said he sensed he was out of step with his fellow Germans as early as the 1960s, when he was a young assistant at the Second Vatican Council in Rome.
Ratzinger wrote that he was enrolled in the Nazi youth movement against his will when he was 14 in 1941. He deserted the German army in April 1945, re-entered the seminary and was ordained, along with his brother, in 1951. He then spent several years teaching theology. In 1977, he was appointed bishop of Munich and elevated to cardinal three months later by Pope Paul VI.
John Paul II named him leader of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1981, where he was responsible for enforcing Catholic orthodoxy and was one of the key men in the drive to shore up the faith of the world's Roman Catholics.
Ratzinger who speaks Italian, English as well as his native language German, has been called a subtle thinker with a deep understanding of Catholic tradition and a personal touch he's not often given credit for.
Labels: Condom Adverts, Condoms, Pope Benedict XVI, Sex Education, Vatican, Vatican City
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Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey says in a new interview that his company's conservative employees are afraid to express their opinions.
"We have a lot of conservative-leaning folks in the company as well, and to be honest, they don't feel safe to express their opinions at the company," Dorsey told Recode in an interview published Friday.
"They do feel silenced by just the general swirl of what they perceive to be the broader percentage of leanings within the company, and I don't think that's fair or right," he added, though he did not specify to what extent or how many of Twitter's conservative employees felt unable to voice their opinions.
"We should make sure that everyone feels safe to express themselves within the company, no matter where they come from and what their background is," he said.
Dorsey admitted last month that Twitter has a left-leaning bias.
Dorsey's comments come as tech companies face accusations of being biased against conservative viewpoints.
Late last month, senior Facebook engineer Brian Amerige wrote that the company is "intolerant of different views" and that "employees are afraid to disagree with the political climate."
Conservatives lawmakers have also accused social media companies like Twitter and Facebook of silencing conservative speech on their platforms. Earlier this month, House Republicans grilled Dorsey during a hearing on alleged bias against conservatives in social media, ending an hours-long day of testimony.
Dorsey promised that Twitter would work to test for inadvertently biased algorithms before implementing them.


"Hedwig and the Angry Inch" is a punk-rock musical about a transgender East German singer who marries an American GI and emigrates to the U.S.
" 'Hedwig' saved us," says D. Lynn Meyers, producing artistic director of Ensemble Theatre Cincinnati.
That probably doesn't sound like a show capable of saving anything. But when it opened off-Broadway in 1998, it was a surprise hit. Later, in 2014, Neil Patrick Harris starred in the Broadway revival of the show that went on to win numerous Tony Awards.
For Meyers, the connection to "Hedwig" is very personal. For starters, ETC has staged the show twice before.
The first time was in 2001. In April of that year, just a couple of blocks north of ETC's theater, a young and unarmed black man named Timothy Thomas was killed by a Cincinnati policeman, setting off five days of rioting, most of it in Over-the-Rhine.
Meyers had spent the previous six years resurrecting ETC from near-collapse. Her formula had been to fill the schedule with intriguing, sometimes provocative shows and to stage them very well. If this theater was to survive, she figured, she would have to employ the same strategy.
Call her determined. Or stubborn. Or, if you're feeling charitable, committed. Whatever the proper adjective, Meyers and her mostly reluctant board opted to stay.
She hadn't even seen the show. But she read the enthusiastic reviews and had an enthusiastic report about the New York production from then-board member Van Ackerman. She turned to Richard Rosenthal and his late wife Lois, philanthropists well known for their support of new and edgy plays.
The production sold to 93 percent capacity.
ETC stayed and thrived. And, in May 2016, it launched a $6.2 million expansion and improvement of the theater's Vine Street complex. The renovated facility was completed in October 2017, in time to open the current season.
So it was only fitting that, as the closing show of the 2017-2018 season, Meyers would return to "Hedwig." She has reassembled much of the band that anchors the show. And she has brought back the original production's stars, Todd Almond as Hedwig and a. Beth Harris (the Hiders, the Brian Olive Band) – as Yitzhak, Hedwig's backup singer/husband.
You would think that he has bigger theatrical fish to fry than a production in a small theater in Cincinnati. But to Almond, coming back makes total sense.
Besides, he says, he spent most of the past decade writing and performing his own work. It was often exhilarating. But it sometimes proved grueling, as well.
In 2014, Almond and his husband, agent Mark Subias, were vacationing with actor Michael C. Hall ("Dexter") and his wife when Hall received a phone call offering him the role of Hedwig on Broadway.
But it rekindled his fascination with the role.


text:
Axonify ranks top 10 in Deloitte's Technology Fast 50™ companies and 84th Fastest Growing Company in North America on Deloitte's 2016 Technology Fast 500™
WATERLOO, ON (Nov. 16, 2016)—Axonify, the company behind the world's first SaaS Employee Knowledge Platform, announced today that it has been named as one of Canada's fastest growing technology companies in the 19th annual Deloitte Technology Fast 50™ awards for demonstrating bold innovation, dedicated leadership and strong growth. Axonify ranked 10th with a 1519.6 percent in revenue growth from 2012 to 2015. Additionally, Axonify was named the 84th Fastest Growing Company in North America on Deloitte's 2016 Technology Fast 500™.
The Deloitte Technology Fast 50 program celebrates leaders in the Canadian technology industry and tracks the successful growth of Canadian-grown leaders. The program augments the broader Deloitte North American Technology Fast 500 initiative with winners automatically eligible for this elite ranking. Overall, 2016 Technology Fast 500 companies achieved revenue growth ranging from 121 percent to 66,661 percent from 2012 to 2015, with an average growth rate of 290 percent.
Axonify's CEO, Carol Leaman, credits the company's growth to its award-winning Employee Knowledge Platform, as well as its superior customer delivery and operational execution.
"This hugely respected award is a testament to the incredible work our team is doing to transform the way organizations across the globe approach employee training," said Leaman. "Never before have business leaders been able to build and sustain employee knowledge across their teams, and ensure their staff can translate that knowledge to the job. It's incredible to have Axonify recognized for its innovative technology, which is having a significant, measurable impact on businesses of every kind — from retail to manufacturing to logistics and more."
"Fast 50 companies are the cutting-edge innovators leading the technology industry in Canada," said Anders McKenzie, Technology, Media and Telecommunications Managing Partner for Deloitte in Canada. "Their bold vision, unrivaled growth and true commitment to innovation allow them to not only improve today's world, but also shape tomorrow's."
To qualify for the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 ranking, companies must have been in business for at least four years, have revenues of at least $5 million, be headquartered in Canada, own proprietary technology, conduct research and development activities in Canada and invest a minimum of five percent of gross revenues in R&D.
In order to be eligible for Technology Fast 500 recognition, companies must own proprietary intellectual property or technology that is sold to customers in products that contribute to a majority of the company's operating revenues. Companies must have base-year operating revenues of at least $50,000 or USD, and current-year operating revenues of at least $5 million or USD. Additionally, companies must be in business for a minimum of four years, and be headquartered within North America.
About the Deloitte Technology Fast 50™ – The Deloitte Technology Fast 50 program is Canada's pre-eminent technology awards program. Celebrating business growth, innovation and entrepreneurship, the program features three distinct categories including the Technology Fast 50 Ranking, Companies-to-Watch Awards (early-stage Canadian tech companies in business less than four years, with the potential to be a future Deloitte Technology Fast 50 candidate) and the Leadership Awards (companies that demonstrate technological leadership and innovation within the industry.) Program sponsors include Deloitte, Aequitas NEO Exchange, Bank of Montreal, Bennett Jones, OMERS Ventures and Vistara Capital Partners. For further information, visit www.fast50.ca.
About Deloitte's 2016 Technology Fast 500™ – Technology Fast 500TM provides a ranking of the fastest growing technology, media, telecommunications, life sciences and energy tech companies – both public and private – in North America. Technology Fast 500 award winners are selected based on percentage fiscal year revenue growth from 2012 to 2015.
About Axonify – Axonify is pushing beyond the boundaries of eLearning with the introduction of the world's first Employee Knowledge Platform. Powerhouse brands like Walmart, Toyota and Johnson & Johnson are leveraging the Axonify platform to fuel their employees with the knowledge they need to be successful on the job. Built with the fundamentals of brain science, adaptive learning, gamification, microlearning and knowledge-on-demand at its core, the award-winning Axonify Employee Knowledge Platform is proven to encourage employees to take the right actions — ultimately driving business outcomes that increase revenue or decrease expenses. Through its unique analytics and reporting capabilities, Axonify is the only solution that allows organizations to finally tie the impact of employee knowledge to behavior change to bottom line results. Axonify: Fuel your people + power your organization.
Axonify
Laura Martin, VP of Marketing
Axonify Inc.
Email: lmartin(at)axonify.com
Tel: 519-585-1200 x203


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub