KATE BARBER talks with neuroscience educator NATHAN WALLIS about the profound impact that learning a second language has on the development of the brain.
Of all the things our brain does, language is the most complex, according to neuroscientist Nathan Wallis. The brain requires cognitive structures to support the acquisition of language, and "the more richly diverse the language, the more complex these structures need to be," he explains.
It follows then, that growing up in a bilingual environment or having regular exposure to a second language leads to more complex cognitive development. That is, the benefits extend far beyond knowing two languages: learning a second language makes the brain itself more intelligent.
Nathan explains that there are measurable changes to the structure of the brain if a child is exposed to two languages before the age of seven. While there are, of course, advantages in learning a second language after this age, "the corpus callosum is measurably thicker if two languages are present before seven.
In terms of cognitive function, "as soon as you have two languages, you actually have three," he says, because you have what's called metalanguage, which is the capacity to compare these languages in terms of the rules they follow – whether the adjective precedes the noun (as in English) or follows it (as in Spanish), or whether the language contains gendered pronouns (he/she) or only gender neutral ones.
Being able to compare the languages also involves recognising the different world views or ways of thinking that they open up. Nathan compares te reo Māori and English by way of example: whereas English is a language for technology, he says, te reo is one for spirituality, with many concepts that cannot be directly translated into English, like mana and mauri.
When it comes to school, the focus at primary is on developing children's English language skills; generally speaking, it is not until secondary school that students are offered the chance to learn a second language. That our children should consolidate one language before we introduce a second is an "old-fashioned idea", he says.
But is there any shadow of truth in thinking that exposing a baby/child to a second language will hinder their progress with English? As Nathan explains, "growing up bilingual is, overall, associated with enhanced language acquisition in both languages, but could mean a child's first language takes slighter longer to emerge as the child deals with the complexity of two languages. At three years of age they often mix the languages together, and may even create their own language, based on the two they have along with a dose of imagination. We now understand this to be a sign of complexity, not confusion.
As astounding and exciting as this all sounds, how can we support our children to learn a second language? As products of an education system that focuses almost exclusively on English, many of us speak only one language: we talk, read and sing with our babies and children in English alone.
Despite this obstacle, all is not lost. As Nathan says, it takes only 60 words to cover all the sounds unique to a language. So, by singing two waiata or reading two nursery rhymes in te reo each day, you expose your child to the unique sounds of that particular language thereby wiring up their brains to these sounds.
Whichever second language you choose to introduce to your child, it's important to be committed and to speak the language with enthusiasm, he says. Using correct pronunciation is also important and exposing your child to a fluent speaker of the language is incredibly valuable in terms of reinforcing these connections.
Contrary to concerns that speaking to our babies and young children in a second language will confuse them, Nathan says that we actually want there to be some confusion. In the early years the brain is working out what sort of brain it needs to be for life. Through nurturing, responsive interactions that are richly diverse in language, the brain will grow; and through confusion it will develop greater structural complexity.
Kids who grow up exposed to and speaking only English "miss out on so much," he says, in terms of the worlds that different languages open up, and in terms of the complexity of their brains.
In his presentations across the country and overseas, neuroscience presenter and director of X-Factor Education, Nathan Wallis explains that in the last 20 years there has been a proliferation of information about the brain and how it grows. He talks about the importance of our interactions with babies and young children in the first 1000 days as their brains 'wire up' for life.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Preliminary Steps for Adding Forms (For CIG Coordinators)</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta content="sakai.metaobj" name="description">
<meta content="OSP, Open Source Portfolio, form, forms, adding forms, XSD, XML schema, field, fields, field names, CIG coordinators, site organizers" name="search">
<link href="/library/skin/tool_base.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8">
<link href="/library/skin/neo-default/tool.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8">
<link href="/library/skin/neo-default/help.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8">
<link href="/library/js/jquery/featherlight/0.4.0/featherlight.min.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" charset="utf-8">

Preliminary Steps for Adding Forms (For CIG Coordinators)

Preliminary Steps

Before adding a form, follow these steps:

1. Create, or find, the XSD file that defines the data structure that you want. Review existing global forms on your Sakai instance. You may find a form that suits your purposes, in which case you do not need to create a new one. You cannot create an XSD file in the Forms tool; to create an XSD file, use an off line XML editor or the Form Builder (Contrib) tool.

2. When creating or editing an XSD file, plan the content carefully. Keep the following points in mind:

Field names are displayed to the left of the text fields to which they apply.

Field names wrap somewhat unpredictably.

Long field names are difficult for participants to read.

3. Consider adding the new form to the Forms tool in a test site in order to view and change it as needed before including it in your production site.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Intergalactic Business Report about to contact uncontacted tribe.
Heavily betting on the fact that nobody will read this, the Intergalactic Business Report is making rapid movements towards contacting a tribe that has been classified as "uncontacted."
By press time, we will know what happened in our dealings with the Ampermutha, the name we have given the tribe since we don't understand their language and decided to choose something that sounded tribal and nativey but also had the root word "amp" in it.
Every world organization that protects the rights of "uncontacted" tribes has chosen to not issue us a specific warning or request to not enter Ampermutha land, but we will in ten minutes (which is probably going to mean three or four days ago, using your time). For the safety of our interns who have been sent in on this quest, we are not disclosing the location of the Ampermutha or the names of our interns.
Having said all this, we lay out below the background for this scientific quest that will bring new understanding among cultures and finally bridge the limits of history with the promise of hope.*
1. Jodi Fisch and Danny Severn won the intern contest to travel to visit the Ampermutha people. The contest consisted of them being called into an office and asked to guess a number between one and one hundred. Even though neither of them came close to guessing the number 69, they were both given the assignment.
2. Because we didn't want to be detected by international agencies or foreign governments, we asked our interns to charge everything to their own credit cards, because this would make them look more like tourists and not part of one of the greatest information seeking organizations on the planet.
3. We heard from locals that the Ampermutha would probably try to kill anyone who entered their land and that they were known for bizarre rituals involving cannibalism and bodily mutilation. Jod and Danny were warned about this in a way we found effective to their mission.** They proceeded with courage.
4. Jodi and Danny entered the jungle at 5:38 a.m. local time and took with them several enormous bags containing Gatorade; portable Nintendo devices; porn; electronic devices to show the porn on; a projector to project porn onto the side of one of their huts; and several Whatchmacallit bars.
5. Intergalactic Business Report editors who had accompanied the interns to the outskirts of the jungle then hiked back several meters and found a taxi, which took them several hundred miles away to a bar at which they set up camp and waited to hear back from Jodi and Danny. The four hours spent there were tense, with drinks flowing constantly, as part of our "tourist cover." Jodi's parent's American Express card was used to run the tab and to protect our identities.
6. That evening, our editors had still not heard anything from Jodi and Danny. One of the problems had to do with a lack of communications tools and devices, such as cellular phones or even crappy walkie talkies, which were not given to the interns because one of the editors came up with the idea that such things might frighten the Ampermutha and make them think that Jodi and Danny were some kind of demons.
7. An excruciating late night decision was made by our editors to call it a night and get some sleep at the inn to which the bar was attached.
8. The next morning, a loud banging was heard on one of the editor's hotel room doors. When he opened it, he was shocked to see Jodi and Danny standing before him. They seemed distraught and traumatized.
9. Because it was early morning and there had been so much drinking as part of our cover, the editors made the call to sleep for a few more hours before debriefing with Jodi and Danny. To communicate this to them, an editor slammed his door and shouted something about letting him fucking sleep because he was up all night drinking and worrying about their mission.
10. Several hours later, the editors regrouped with the interns at the hotel bar. A suggestion was made that everyone minus the interns start drinking again but one of the interns was such a dick about it that our editors had to tell the waiter to hold on for a few minutes.
11. Danny angrily and disrespectfully explained that they were dropped off not in the jungle, but in a really shitty neighborhood of some town. All their goods were stolen by "natives" but not the kind that are in uncontacted tribes.
12. Needless to say, the editors were pissed that the interns lost all their shit and made the excruciating decision to charge Jodi's mom's Amex to replace everything.
13. Jodi threatened to call the U.S. Embassy for some reason and Danny tried to act all tough like he was going to fight the editors or something. Luckily, cooler heads prevailed when the interns were told that their passports were hidden somewhere and if they didn't straighten up, they would be burned and some other stuff too that the editors can't remember now because they started drinking again.
14. Great news came the next day when a local store opened and the team was able to gather new gifts of porn, candy bars, and sports drinks for the Ampermutha.
15. A different entrance to the jungle was located, even though the interns complained that it was actually just a public park and that the editors were lying again, but then we saw a man in the distance who looked like an uncontacted tribe member.***
16. The interns were sent towards him and disappeared soon after into the jungle.**** Stay tuned to find out what happens, but we are fairly certain that our next report will involve one of the greatest anthropological discoveries in the last ten thousand years.
17. As we sign off, the editors are opening some beers in celebration of what will come next. We plan to retreat to the hotel bar and await news from Jodi and Danny.
*That sounds like it means something.
**Telling Jodi and Danny about the cannibalism and murder would have been a morale killer, so we left that stuff out.
***We guess.
****It was far enough away that it could have been the jungle.
Reports so secret we hide them on this page.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kojima Productions released an 8-minute trailer for Death Stranding
A few days ago, Kojima Productions released the launch trailer for Death Stranding. This 8-minute trailer was dedicated to the launch of the PS4 version, which is why we didn't bother with it. However, it appears that some of you are interested in it, so you can now watch it below.
Death Stranding is one of the most anticipated games and stars Norman Reedus, Mads Mikkelsen and Léa Seydoux. Furthermore, there will be additional appearances by Guillermo del Toro, Conan O'Brien and Geoff Keighley.
Death Stranding follows the story of Sam Porter who must travel across a ravaged wasteland and save humanity from impending annihilation after mysterious explosions set off a series of supernatural events and otherworldly creatures begin to plague the landscape.
505 Games will publish the PC version in early Summer 2020. The publisher also claimed that it will reveal more details about the PC version in the near future.
Death Stranding - Launch Trailer | PS4
Death StrandingKojima Productions
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text:
/* vim:set ts=3 sw=3 sts=3 et: */
/**
 * Copyright © 2008-2013 Last.fm Limited
 *
 * This file is part of libmoost.
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
 * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
 * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
 * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
 * subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
 * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
 * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */

#ifndef MOOST_UTILS_DEMANGLER_HPP__
#define MOOST_UTILS_DEMANGLER_HPP__

#include <cstring>
#include <string>

/*!
*
* /file Demangle symbol names
*
* The gcc compiler doesn't produce very pretty output from type_info (Windows does an ok job)
* and since we often use the type_info class names when logging this is needed to pretty it up.
*
* http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/manual/ext_demangling.html
*
*/

#if (!defined(NDEBUG) || defined(DEMANGLE_NAMES)) && defined(__GNUG__)
#define DEMANGLE_NAMES___
#endif

#ifdef DEMANGLE_NAMES___
#include <cxxabi.h>
#include "scope_exit.hpp"
#endif

namespace moost { namespace utils {

   inline
      std::string demangle_name(char const * name)
   {
#ifdef DEMANGLE_NAMES___
      int status = -1;
      moost::utils::scope_exit::type<char>::free_malloc res(
         abi::__cxa_demangle(name, NULL, NULL, &status)
         );
      return (status==0)?res->get():name;
#else
      return name;
#endif
   }
}}

#ifdef DEMANGLE_NAMES___

#define DEMANGLE_NAME(name) \
   moost::utils::demangle_name(name)

#else

#define DEMANGLE_NAME(name) name

#endif

/*!
*
* /file Convert full function names to short function names
*
* This function will convert the full function name (and all its adornments) into something a little less
* verbose. It will strip off all calling and template arguments and the return type and leave behind just the
* name of the function and, if it is a class member function, the class to which it belongs. Note the name of the
* class in the case of a class member function is not shortened, so if it contains a vast number of template
* parameters it may still be long.
*
* http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/manual/ext_demangling.html
*
*/

namespace moost { namespace utils {
   inline
      std::string short_function_name(char const * name)
   {
      // [31/3/2011 ricky] I'm using nasty C string functions here to delay as much as I can the assignment to string
      //                   I could just assign to the string then use standard string::find and string::substr/resize
      //                   but this is a sub-optimal approach as it will involve more copying and memory usage. This
      //                   may not be pretty but it should be quicker.

      // Find the functions opening parameter
      char const * end = strchr(name, '(');
      char const * start = end;
      bool shorterned = false;

      // Find the start of the function name

      if(end)
      {
         size_t bcnt = 0;
         bool start_parse = false;
         bool end_tplate = false;

         // we now need to parse back from where we think the function name
         // starts to find where it actually starts and where it actually ends.
         while(!shorterned && --start!=name)
         {
            // first of all, there could be space that we should just skip
            if(!start_parse)
            {
               // so far we've only seen white space so we're gonna skip it
               start_parse = 0 == isspace(*start);
            }

            if(start_parse)
            {
               // all white space skipped, now let's try and find the start and end of this function name
               switch(*start)
               {
               case '>':
                  // we seem to be in a template so we'll skil until it's closed.
                  ++ bcnt;
                  break;
               case '<':
                  // when bcnt == 0 we're at the end of all the function template stuff
                  if(0 == --bcnt && !end_tplate)
                  {
                     end = start; // this is the real end of the function name
                     end_tplate = true; // any more templates will be part of the class name (if this is a member function)
                  }
                  break;
               default:
                  // have we skipped over any template params and white space we don't care about?
                  if(isspace(*start) != 0&& 0 == bcnt)
                  {
                     // We have, job done -- we have a candidate:)
                     shorterned = true;
                  }
                  break;
               }
            }
         }

         // just make sure we didn't get here and failed to find a start and end (if start == name we failed).
         shorterned = (start!=name);
      }

      // If we found the short name return it otherwise return the original
      return shorterned ? std::string(start+1, end - start - 1) : std::string(name); // hopefully NRVO will optimise this return by value
   }

}}

#endif // MOOST_UTILS_DEMANGLER_HPP__


Crediting of residential and commercial real estate under 1.99% of the Bank «Globus»!
In the depths of winter when it's absolutely freezing outside we have prepared GREAT DISCOUNTS on apartments so that you could save on square meters.
You can get 11% discount on apartments in Pektoral housing estate at 100% payment.
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Choose your own apartment from over 70 in Pektoral housing estate!
Our managers will gladly help you you with the choice of an apartment and calculate the amount of your savings.
Let life in a new home fill you with happiness every day!
* 11% discount is valid at 100% payment. Information about the apartments for which the discount is valid, is available in the sales department. The offer is valid for individual apartments. Discounts of other offers cannot be summarized. The offer is valid from 01.02.2019 to 28.02.2019 inclusive.
** A discount of 5% is provided at 100% payment or with a down payment in amount of 25% (standard installment terms).
*** The list of housing estates where the CLAP smart home system will be installed can be found in the sales departments.
**** "Ukrbud Development" Ltd. has the right to make changes and amendments to the offer above without notice.


Man's life depends on plants, and in turn, the life of plants is dependent on man's activities.
Owing to the presence of similar factors (Homo-factors) people and plants enter into a process of Homo interaction, which guarantees them preservation,stability and development.
Posted in Quotes and tagged Homo energy, plants, seed therapy, seeds, similarity, simplicity, su jok on December 11, 2014 by GlobalIndiaSujok.


We aim to send the orders within 1 to 3 working days after receipt of payment and will be send via Post.nl. Once the package is sent, you will receive a track & trace code so that the delivery can be followed via www.tracktrace.nl. Track trace codes are only to follow within Netherlands.
There will be special attention paid to vulnerable products. We do this by using protective packaging materials. In addition, the products will be packaged and shipped in a sturdy cardboard box.
The Netherlands amounts to € 6.95 per delivery tariffs within 20 kg. Packages can be up to 20 kg in excess of this weight will be € 6.95 per package a additional amount of.
For packages that need to be delivered in Belgium is also the shipping costs € 11.95 for Belgium, the packets no heavier than 20 kg may roads. For each additional package € 11.95 comes in.
Also at the Mexicaansewinkel.nl, we have a "Think Green" policy for us this means that we will reuse packaging materials as much as possible. That is, we recycle as much as possible the cardboard boxes.


text:
The Birmingham and Oxford Junction Railway was an English railway line promoted by the Great Western Railway to gain a route from its southern base towards the industrial centres of the West Midlands, and in due course the north-west. It overtook another GWR subsidiary, the unbuilt Oxford and Rugby Railway, and the Birmingham Extension Railway which was to build a new independent station in the city. It was authorised in 1846 and formed a single project to connect Birmingham and Oxford.

The Great Western Railway used the broad gauge at the time; the rival narrow (standard) gauge London and North Western Railway used dubious tactics to retain the West Midlands in its own monopoly. Nevertheless the line was opened throughout in 1852. It quickly became the springboard for the anticipated expansion to the Lancashire industrial areas. However the broad gauge was not permitted to be extended north of Wolverhampton, and this proved to be the seed of the end of the broad gauge.

The route became an important corridor for express passenger trains and heavy freight flows. In 1910 the Bicester cut-off was opened, shortening the journey to the north by avoiding the route by way of Oxford. When the West Coast Main Line was electrified in the 1960s, the former GWR route declined substantially, renamed as the Chiltern Main Line, it revived in the 1980s  and now carries an excellent train service to rival the West Coast Main Line.

Origin

In the mid-1840s the Great Western Railway wanted to build a railway line from Oxford northwards. It did so by promoting subsidiary companies; in particular the Oxford and Rugby Railway, and the Birmingham and Oxford Junction Railway.

Through the agency of the Oxford Railway, it had opened a line from Didcot, on the Great Western Railway main line, to Oxford, opening on 12 June 1844. The Oxford terminus was immediately south of the river, near Folly Bridge, in what is now Marlborough Road. The capital was put up by directors of the GWR, with no independent shareholders, and the Company was quickly absorbed by the GWR. At the time Rugby was an important hub for traffic to and from the northern districts of England; the Midland Counties Railway and the London and Birmingham Railway connected there, and formed the only route to the north.
The Oxford and Rugby Railway was conceived to enable the GWR to connect the southern areas it served into the northwards network. It would run from a junction with the Oxford Railway line south of Oxford, with a new through Oxford station nearer to the centre of the city, through Banbury and Fenny Compton to a junction at Rugby. The Oxford and Rugby Railway was given the Royal Assent on 4 August 1845. Broad gauge was authorised, but mixed gauge would have to be provided if required by the Board of Trade.

Early in 1845 the Grand Junction Railway projected a line from their Birmingham terminus to join the Oxford Railway at Oxford. The Grand Junction Railway was dependent on the London and Birmingham Railway for access to London, and there was considerable friction between the two companies; an Oxford line would get to London without involving the L&BR. The Great Western Railway too found the L&BR a difficult trading partner, and gave the GJR scheme its support. The GWR and the Oxford Railway were broad gauge, and the new line would be broad too; indeed the GJR prepared estimates for converting its own network to the broad gauge.

The GJR observed that the Oxford and Rugby Railway scheme was successful in Parliament, and they altered their own proposal to join the O&RR line at Knightcote, north of Fenny Compton, shortening the necessary construction. However, soon afterwards, the hostility between GJR and the L&BR suddenly abated, and they became allies; the GJR summarily resiled from the agreements it had made with the GWR. The GJR and the L&BR, together with the Manchester and Birmingham Railway, amalgamated to form the London and North Western Railway on 16 July 1846.

The GWR steps in
The GWR and the other parties interested in the line decided to proceed anyway, and the scheme became known as the Birmingham and Oxford Junction Railway. As the earlier scheme had presumed the use of the Grand Junction's Curzon Street station in Birmingham, an additional Bill was prepared, for the Birmingham Extension Railway, a short line from Bordesley to the central station that later became known as Snow Hill station. The London and Birmingham Railway had resorted to a series of spoiling tactics intended to undermine the case for the line, but after a struggle, the Royal Assent was given to the Birmingham and Oxford Junction Railway, and to the Bill for the Birmingham extension and terminus, on 3 August 1846. Capital was to be £1 million for the two railways combined; the Birmingham Extension Railway Act authorised the station scheme, and directed that the Extension should immediately be amalgamated with the B&OJR.

In fact sixteen railway bills were passed that day; two of them for railways between Birmingham and Wolverhampton: the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stour Valley Railway, which was soon to fall into LNWR hands, and the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway, later to be a GWR offshoot. In addition there was a Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway, which was in fact to construct no further south than Wolverhampton.

It was evident that amalgamation with the GWR by the B&OJR as well as the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway was advantageous. Some shareholders of the B&OJR objected on the grounds that better terms might be secured from the LNWR. However after considerable procedural difficulties, the amalgamation was approved. It was formalised on 2 January 1847.

At this the LNWR faction attempted to subvert the whole affair, at first by acquiring large numbers of B&OJR shares, buying them at a premium. They were thereby able to win votes at shareholders' meetings. A forged common seal of the company was procured, and numerous procedural devices were attempted. At length in January 1848 the matter was found in the GWR's favour in the Court of Chancery, and the LNWR finally acquiesced. The amalgamation was settled, and the line from Fenny Compton to Wolverhampton was to be built by the GWR.

The gauge question
The furore was well publicised, and it moved the House of Lords to order the Railway Commissioners to consider the gauge question. It was obvious that a through railway from London to Birmingham ought not to have an avoidable break of gauge, but the whole question was reopened. This issue was now debated inconclusively, but on 31 August 1848 the amalgamation Bill was passed and mixed gauge was authorised.

LNWR prevarication
The GWR line was required to make a narrow (standard) gauge connection with the LNWR on the south side of Birmingham. The original authorisation of the B&OJR was to terminate at Curzon Street, but the LNWR was now vacating that station and extending the line approaching it into the centre of Birmingham, in order to reach the station that was later named New Street. The LNWR would not allow the GWR to make the mandatory connection into that line, fearing that the GWR would make advantageous use of the Stour Valley Line, and insisted on completion of the original connection to Curzon Street, although that was now useless. Nevertheless as matters proceeded the LNWR realised this must involve a flat crossing of their Birmingham (New Street) extension line, and they objected to the GWR connection entering their property, although they had demanded it. The GWR meanwhile constructed the necessary viaduct up to the property boundary; in fact work on it was still progressing when the line into Snow Hill opened. The connection on the viaduct was not wanted by either company and never carried track or trains. MacDermot commented:

And so the derelict Duddeston Viaduct or most of it still stands, a melancholy monument to the ill-conditioned spite of a great Railway Company against a victorious rival in the old fighting days.

The viaduct still stands at the present day (2019).

In 1846 the Oxford and Rugby Railway was absorbed into the GWR.

On 31 August 1848 the Bill was passed authorising the absorption of the B&OJR and the Birmingham Extension Railway, and the laying of mixed gauge track on it. The entire route from Millstream Junction, south of Oxford, to the future Snow Hill station in Birmingham, as well as the Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway, were now in GWR hands.

Construction
Work had started on the Oxford and Rugby line in 1845, but there was a delay in getting possession of the necessary land; then the contractor proved unsatisfactory, and work was in abeyance for some time. By August 1849 it had been decided that the Oxford and Rugby powers would only be used as far as Fenny Compton, and that the Rugby part of the powers would be abandoned. The company obtained Board of Trade permission to open a single line to Banbury on the broad gauge only, as for the time being no narrow gauge line connected with it. The Board of Trade were cowed by an angry response from the LNWR demanding that the useless third rail should be provided, but the GWR held out.

The line between Oxford and Banbury was opened as a broad gauge single line on 2 September 1850; the formation was made for double track. As yet there was no station at Oxford on the line, and trains reversed at Millstream Junction and used the Oxford Railway terminus. Work started on construction of the B&OJR part of the line in 1847, the contractors Peto and Betts being employed. Money was very short and the work was delayed on that account. The portion of the Oxford and Rugby Railway as far as Fenny Compton was being proceeded with. There was to be a new station at Oxford.

Captain Douglas Galton of the Board of Trade visited the line for the statutory inspection of the line for passenger operation on 14 September 1852. He was satisfied with the line in general, but the final short section into Snow Hill, and the Duddeston Viaduct, were not ready, and he declined to approve those last sections. The shortcoming was rectified and the line into Snow Hill was approved on 28 September 1852. The line was opened to the public throughout from Oxford to Birmingham on 1 October 1852, as a mixed gauge double track.

The connecting Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Dudley Railway opened on 14 November 1854, connecting through the short Wolverhampton Railway with the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway.

Gauge conversion
As it moved north, the GWR acquired narrow (standard) gauge lines, the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway and the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway. It considered running broad gauge trains throughout to Birkenhead, but the idea was frustrated early on. The GWR obtained running powers to Birkenhead, Liverpool and Birmingham, and shortly afterwards a half share in the Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway. This considerable expansion of business in narrow gauge territory made the broad gauge gradually untenable, and after considerable reflection the GWR abolished it north of Oxford on 1 April 1869.

Connecting lines
The Birmingham to Oxford line was an important trunk route running through prosperous farming and manufacturing areas, and naturally there were a number of connecting lines and branches, shown here in geographical order north to south:

North Warwickshire Line

At Tyseley, the North Warwickshire line diverged, heading to Stratford-upon-Avon, joining the existing Stratford branch at Bearley Junction. The line opened in 1907 to goods and to passengers the following year. It had been promoted by a local company, but taken over by the GWR. In the past it has served as a secondary main line route, but since about 1970 it has become chiefly a residential passenger branch line, and is still (2019) in use.

Henley-in-Arden branch
At Rowington Junction near Lapworth, the branch diverged to Henley-in-Arden, opening in 1894. The need for the branch ceased when the North Warwickshire Line was opened, serving Henley-in-Arden intermediately. The branch closed in 1915 when track materials were taken for the war effort in France.

Stratford-upon-Avon branch

At Hatton, there is a triangular junction serving the Stratford-on-Avon branch. It opened in 1860 from the south, using Leamington as the railhead for the branch. The north curve was opened in 1897.

Leamington
At Leamington, the London and Birmingham Railway already had a terminus of a branch line from Coventry, opened in 1844. The stations were separate. In 1851 the LNWR (which had been formed when the L&BR amalgamated with others) made a branch from Rugby, running to the L&BR station.

There was a connection between the routes made in 1864 allowing through running from the GWR station towards Coventry, and this was modified in 1966. The connection and the line to Coventry are in use at the present day. There was also a connection from the GWR station towards Rugby, opened in 1908, and closed in 1961. The former LNWR Rugby line closed in 1966.

Fenny Compton

The Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway crossed the GWR main line obliquely at Fenny Compton, running alongside it for some distance, but there was no connection. However in 1960 a junction was installed providing a shorter route for iron ore trains from Banbury to South Wales than the former route by way of Leamington.

Although almost all of the SoA&MJR has closed, a short stub has been retained to serve MoD Kineton, a Defence Munitions base, using the 1960 connection.

Banbury Junction
The Great Central Railway built its London Extension and it opened a connection from Woodford Halse in 1900. There was considerable co-operation between the GWR and the GCR over through passenger services, some of which used this connection.

Aynho Junction
Aynho Junction was the divergence of the Bicester cut-off, below.

Blenheim branch

A branch line was built to serve the Duke of Marlborough's seat; it opened in 1890 and closed in 1954.

Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway

The OW&WR main line was authorised at the same time as the B&OJR and opened in 1853. It remains open at the present day (2019).

The LNWR at Oxford
The Buckinghamshire Railway, controlled by the LNWR, opened a line to its own Oxford station in 1851. The line was extended eastwards, becoming the Oxford to Cambridge Line. During World War II this was planned to be part of a freight diversionary route avoiding London, and a connection was laid in from the Bicester direction into the GWR Oxford line.

The Bicester cut-off
In 1910 the GWR opened a cut-off line, that ran directly from London to Banbury and cut nearly 19 miles from the distance to Banbury. The Oxford to Banbury section naturally continued in use, but the new line took the majority of the through trains. A grade-separated junction was provided at Aynho, where the two northward routes converge.

Train services after 1919
The line's status as the North Main Line continued in the twentieth century. There were heavy freight flows, and the line was an important trunk passenger route. Semmens shows eleven daily express services between Paddington and Wolverhampton in 1922, including three by the "old route" via Oxford. Some of the down trains slipped coaches at Oxford or Banbury. One train ran via Ealing Broadway, making a call there, and then ran non-stop to Birmingham. There were also long-distance trains from Portsmouth, Bournemouth and Dover, all travelling via Oxford.
By 1939 there was one additional train between London and Birmingham. The Birkenhead trains were shown as making connections for the Isle of Man, or Belfast overnight. Four trains covered the London to Birmingham journey in two hours.

Banbury hump yard
In 1931 a large hump marshalling yard was built at Banbury; it was with Government financial assistance under the Development (Loan Guarantees and Grants) Act 1929. It was on the up side of the line between Banbury Junction (where the GCR Woodford Halse line joined) and Banbury station. The hump yard had 19 sidings and was capable of holding 1,400 wagons.

1933 Quadrupling
In the first years of the twentieth century the GWR had quadrupled the line between Birmingham Moor Street and Olton. In 1933 the quadruple track was extended to Lapworth; 33 bridges and five stations were reconstructed as part of the work.

Leamington Spa station and others
The original 1854 Leamington Spa station was cramped and unsatisfactory, and in 1938 it was reconstructed in Art Deco style. Christiansen recorded in 1981 that

Those who knew the striking, white Leamington Spa station at the time of its creation in 1938, with its walnut veneered waiting rooms, windows edged with stainless steel, and the long wide and widely separated up and down platforms outside, will find it virtually untouched today.

Banbury station was reconstructed in the years following 1945; Christiansen did not find that so attractive. Oxford station was subject to "continuous station change" and the new station was opened in 1972. It has a "pre-fab" appearance.

1960s decline
In the 1960s the general decline in railway passenger and goods traffic struck the line with some force. British Railways rationalised much of the duplication of lines in the greater Birmingham area, and this seemed to attack the former GWR lines in particular.

In the first half of the 1960s main line electrification work on the West Coast Main Line was in progress, and for a while this involved enhanced express trains on the Paddington to Birmingham line (to reduce traffic on the lines under development). However in 1966 the work was substantially completed between London and Birmingham, and main line express trains were transferred to that line. These two factors almost wiped out Snow Hill station and in 1968 it was all but closed, and on 4 March the southern approach to Snow Hill was actually closed. Moor Street station became the northern terminus of the residual GWR services from the south.

Regeneration
In 1987 Snow Hill station and the connection to Moor Street was reopened, and Leamington and Stratford-upon-Avon services were diverted back to the route. In 1993 through trains from London Marylebone via Bicester and Leamington Spa were introduced. In the spirit of the times, these were marketed as a cheaper and lower quality alternative to the Euston main line trains, branded The Chiltern Line. The service proved commercially attractive, and led to successful privatisation in 1996. Infrastructure improvements enabled enhanced journey times and frequencies, and the line became an equal competitor with the Euston services.

Other train services
The opening of Birmingham International station in 1976 led to a demand for passenger train calls on cross country routes. The line between Coventry and Leamington Spa was reopened to passenger trains in 1977, and carries trains from Manchester to the south of England, which use the route Birmingham International – Coventry – Leamington Spa – Oxford. Certain freightliner trains to and from Southampton follow the same routing.

Location list
The entire line was built by the Great Western Railway, but it was authorised in three sections:

Birmingham Extension Railway
 Birmingham; opened 1 October 1852; renamed Birmingham Snow Hill 1858; closed 6 March 1972; reopened 5 October 1987; still open;
 Moor Street; opened 1 July 1909; through station 28 September 1987; still open;

Birmingham and Oxford Junction Railway
 Bordesley; opened June 1855; relocated southwards 7 March 1915; still open;
 Small Heath & Sparkbrook; opened April 1863; still open;
 Tyseley; opened 1 October 1906; still open;
 Acocks Green; opened June 1853; sometimes known as Acocks Green and South Yardley; still open;
 Olton; opened January 1869; still open;
 Solihull; opened 1 October 1852; still open;
 Widney Manor; opened 1 July 1899; still open;
 Knowle; opened 1 October 1852; renamed Knowle and Dorridge 1899; renamed Knowle 1968; renamed Dorridge 1974; still open;
 Kingswood opened October 1854; renamed Lapworth 1902; still open;
 Hatton; opened 1 October 1852; still open;
 Warwick; opened 1 October 1852; still open;
 Leamington; opened 1 October 1852; renamed Leamington Spa 1913; still open;
 Harbury; opened 1 October 1852; renamed Southam Road and Harbury unknown date; closed 2 November 1964;

Oxford and Rugby Railway
 Fenny Compton; opened 1 October 1852; closed 2 November 1964;
 Cropredy; opened 1 October 1852; closed 17 September 1956;
 Banbury Junction; convergence of Great Central line from Woodford Halse 1900 – 1966;
 Banbury; opened 2 September 1850; sometimes name Banbury General; still open;
 Aynho Junction; divergence of Bicester cut-off line to London;
 Aynho; opened 2 September 1850; closed 2 November 1964;
 Kings Sutton; opened 1 June 1872; still open;
 Somerton; opened April 1854; renamed Fritwell and Somerton 1907; closed 2 November 1964;
 Heyford; opened 2 September 1850; still open;
 Tackley; opened 6 April 1932; still open;
 Woodstock; opened 2 September 1850; renamed Woodstock Road 1851; renamed Kirtlington 1855; renamed Bletchington 1890; closed 2 November 1964;
 Woodstock Road; opened 1 June 1855; renamed Kidlington 1890; closed 2 November 1964;
 Wolvercot; opened 1 February 1908; renamed Wolvercot Platform 1912; closed 1 January 1916;
 Oxford; opened 1 October 1852; still open;
 Millstream Junction; convergence with Oxford Railway.

Notes

References

Early British railway companies
Great Western Railway constituents
Railway companies established in 1846
Railway lines opened in 1850
Rail transport in Oxfordshire
Rail transport in Warwickshire
Rail transport in Birmingham, West Midlands
History of Birmingham, West Midlands
Transport in Oxford
1846 establishments in England

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home / Menu Pictures / biology articles for students
biology articles for students
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Home / Celebrities
Wahu Kagwi is an award-winning musician that has been at the top of the Kenyan music industry for more than a decade. She has given us some of the best hits like "Sweet Love" and is still going strong. She is also an entrepreneur and a former model. Here is Wahu Kagwi's full biography
Wahu Wow Fans With Pics Of Her Elder Sister And All-Grown Baby Shiru
'Shishi looks like Nyakio kabisa'
Wahu's Emotional Tribute To Late Father: 'A Cut Above The Rest'
This will make you cry.
Wahu Hints She Has Received A Push Gift, 'Chakula Ya Shiru' Hoodie
Wahu Kagwi | Source: Instagram
Most people just know her as Wahu but her full names are Rosemary Wahu Kagwi. She was born on 22 March 1980 in Nairobi to Mr GS Kagwi and Mrs Nyakio Kagwi.
Wahu grew up in Parklands with her five siblings. She has two sisters and two brothers - Serah Kagwi, Charity Kagwi, Daniel Kagwi and David Kagwi.
Little is known about what Wahu's siblings do as they aren't don't share much on social media.
Wahu Kagwi's Schooling
Wahu Kagwi went to Hospital Hill Primary School. She was not just about the books as she participated in swimming and running.
She then joined Precious Blood Riruta. Wahu describes herself as a below-average student who worked hard.
Despite the difficulties she faced in her education, she learnt the values of hard work, neatness and discipline, traits that she still embodies up to date.
As for the university, Wahu is an alumnus of the University of Nairobi. She graduated with a bachelor of arts in mathematics and later a masters in communication.
Wahu Kagwi's Career
She might not have been the brightest in her class at Precious Blood but she left a mark. After she discovered her ability to write music, Wahu penned her first song at the age of 16 for her brother who was diagnosed with tuberculosis.
She went on to write her second "Showers of Blessings" with a high school friend named Wangeci to celebrate the school's top performers.
For an education system that highly values academics over the arts, Wahu remains proud that the school loved her song so much that they still sing it.
Before she went into music, Wahu was a model, a gig she did purely to make extra money.
Wahu performing with her husband | Source: Instagram
She won a few contests and even represented local universities in a global beauty pageant held in Korea.
In 2000, Wahu embarked on her music career with the release of "Niangalie", "Liar", and "Esha". Wahu was under the Ogopa DJs record label when she released her first hit song "Sitishiki".
Then Wahu dropped "Sweet Love", a song that ruled the airwaves for much of 2006. She said her daughter Tumiso inspired her to write the song.
Wahu has been feted for her amazing musical talent. She's won numerous awards including being the first artist to win the coveted MTV Africa Music Awards (MAMAs).
Wahu has collaborated with numerous artists including her husband Nameless, P-Unit, Nonini, Fally Ipupa and Wyre amongst others.
Switch to Gospel
After so many years at the top of the secular music world, Wahu turned to Gospel music in 2017. Wahu said that her decision was grounded on her desire to cherish her faith. She has since released "Nifanane Nawe", "Sifa", and "My Everything".
Wahu Kagwi's business
Away from music, Wahu Kagwi is the director of Afro Siri Salon, which opened around 2013 and is located in the Westlands.
It offers all sorts of beauty-related services to men and women from hair, nails, and spa to barber.
We've seen Wahu Kagwi rock different kinds of hairstyles, long and shot. She looks gorgeous in whatever she rocks and makes them look super stylish. Lately, Wahu has been wearing a short haircut.
Wahu Kagwi's Relationship
Wahu and her husband Nameless | Source: Instagram
Wahu's relationship with Nameless is one of the longest celebrity marriages in the country.
The pair met at the University of Nairobi and dated for seven years before they officiated their union on 10 September 2005.
Wahu Kagwi Mathenge's wedding was held in Naivasha and as they celebrated their 15th anniversary, Wahu was not short of words as she recalled it all.
Wahu and Nameless | Source: Instagram
"September 10 2005… I got on a boat… sailed across a lake and said "I do" to my campus sweetheart. We've had our issues but 15 years later, you are still the one."
For those who have been starving for details about Wahu and Nameless' love story, you can finally satisfy your curiosity as the two have a reality tv show "This Love" produced by Eugene Mbugua. The show gives insight into their 15-year marriage which they have largely kept away from the public.
Nameless and Wahu family
Wahu, Nameless and their child | Source: Instagram
Wahu and Nameless have two daughters, Tumiso Nyakwea and Nyakio Mathenge. Tumiso will be turning 16 in August and Nyakio eight in the same month.
Wahu and her daughter Nyakio | Source: Instagram
Tumiso and Nyakio | Source: Instagram
The Sweet Love hitmaker is on record stating that she doesn't intend to have any more children, and even rubbished rumours that she was expecting another child after images of her protruding belly made rounds online.
Wahu is expecting her third child | Source: Facebook
In a twist of events, the songstress recently confirmed that she is expecting her third baby.
Wahu Kagwi's Controversy
Wahu has been in the limelight for more than a decade but her name is hardly in the news for controversial reasons.
Despite her celebrity status, she keeps much of her affairs to herself. This goes for her relationship as well which is why she has managed to have a scandal-free marriage.
"That's our nature. Nameless and I are two introverted individuals and because of that, people will not see us out there as much.
I think that helps to an extent. We really try to keep our personal home matters at home."
Did she backslide?
Wahu's commitment to her faith has been questioned particularly after the release of her love song "This Love by Wahu".
The songstress responded to haters and said that claims of backsliding don't bother her. She further stated that she can sing love songs whilst still being dedicated to her faith.
Wahu's arrest
In 2019, Wahu was driving a Mercedez Benz 440 L when she was arrested for driving without a valid driving license.
She was also charged with obstruction of other road users as well as dangerous overtaking. She was released on a cash bail that amounted to Ksh 15,000.
Wahu Kagwi's Car & House
Wahu and her car | Source: Instagram
When Wahu says that she lives a private life, she really means it. When it comes to her car and house, there isn't much she has revealed.
Apart from the news that she was arrested in 2019 while driving a Mercedez Benz, the number of cars and brands she owns aren't known.
As for her house, if the pictures that circulated online a few years ago are anything to go by, then Nameless and Wahu live in a luxurious house in an unspecified location.
Nameless posted a picture of a house under construction but didn't reveal whether it was his or that of a client. The guy is an architect so it might have been on duty.
Wahu Kagwi's Net Worth
Wahu has been in the music industry for more than a decade and still manages to keep her name in the minds of people.
Over the years, she has made money through her music, live events and through her business. This gives Wahu an estimated net worth of $900,000 - $1.5 million.
As for Nameless and Wahu's combined net worth, the couple is valued at around Ksh 100 million.
Since she started her music career, Wahu has scooped numerous awards for some of her biggest songs.
2010: Best Reggae Song for the "Leo" remix featuring AY at the Tanzania Music Awards
2008: Best Song for "Sweet Love" at the Kisima Awards
2008: Favourite Female Artist at the CHAT Awards
2008: Best Female Artist in Kenya at the Pearl of Africa Music Awards
2008: MTV Africa Music Awards
2011: Best Song and Best Collaboration Song for "Mkono Moja" with Temba and Chege at the Tanzania Music Awards
2009: Best African East & Best Ragga Dancehall Video for "Sweet Love" at the Channel O Music Video Awards
2009: Best East African Song for "Sweet Love"
2008: Best African Act at the MOBO Awards
2008: Best Newcomer at the MTV Africa Music Awards
2006: Best Kenyan Female Artiste at the Pearl of Africa Music Awards
Wahu's Instagram: @WahuKagwi
Wahu's Twitter: @WahuKagwi
Wahu's Facebook: Wahu Kagwi
Wahu's YouTube: Wahu Kagwi
Which tribe is Wahu?
Wahu Kagwi is from the Kikuyu tribe.
How old is Wahu?
Born on 22 March 1980, Wahu Kagwi's age is 42
Is Wahu still married to Wahu?
Yes. Wahu's husband is fellow musician David Mathenge popularly known as Nameless. The two tied the knot on 10 September 2005 and will be celebrating their 17th anniversary this year.
Where is Wahu from?
Wahu was born in Nairobi and raised in Parklands.
When did Wahu get married?
Wahu got married on 10 September 2005 to David Mathenge aka Nameless in a ceremony held at Lake Naivasha. The two met whilst they were students at the University of Nairobi.
Is Wahu a Kenyan?
Yes. Wahu was born and raised in Nairobi.
How many years have Wahu and Nameless been married?
Wahu and Nameless have been married for 17 years now. They tied the knot on 10 September 2005 in Lake Naivasha. Nameless and Wahu have a four-year age gap. Wahu is 42 while Nameless is 46.
Rosemary Wahu Kagwi.
Singer, Songwriter
Tumiso Nyakwea and Nyakio Mathenge
$900,000 - $1.5 million or Ksh 108 million to Ksh 181 million
Related Celebs
Corazon Kwamboka
Brenda Wairimu
Wahu Expresses Her Worst Fears Concerning Her Baby Shiru
There is something about the last baby
Wahu Introduces Her 2nd Nanny Of 9 Years (Photo)
Best boss!


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Q: onActivityResult not called inside fragment I know this question has been answered many a times in stack overflow but none of the solutions worked for me. I need to choose a pdf file from the device. The startActivityResult() gets called, I am able to choose a pdf file but then the onActivityResult is never called. The strange thing is it was working before perfectly but suddenly it is no more responding.
MainActivity.java
@Override
        protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
            super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
            for (Fragment fragment : getSupportFragmentManager().getFragments()) {
                fragment.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
            }
        }

Fragment.java
@Override
    public void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
        super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
         if (requestCode == PICKFILE_REQUEST_CODE && resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK && data != null && data.getData() != null )

//do something

        }

@Override
    public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
        ConnectivityManager CM = (ConnectivityManager) getActivity().getSystemService(CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
        NetworkInfo ninfo = CM.getActiveNetworkInfo();

        if (item.getItemId() == R.id.upload_prax && ninfo!=null && ninfo.isConnected() ) {

            if (permissionexternal == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_GET_CONTENT);
            intent.setType("*/pdf");
            fragment.startActivityForResult(intent, PICKFILE_REQUEST_CODE);
        }

A: In your fragment, use
startActivityForResult(intent, PICKFILE_REQUEST_CODE);

And you don't need to add onActivityResult() for your activity . Just remove
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
        super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
        for (Fragment fragment : getSupportFragmentManager().getFragments()) {
            fragment.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
        }
    }

and in your fragment,
@Override
    public void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
        super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
         if (requestCode == PICKFILE_REQUEST_CODE && resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK && data != null && data.getData() != null )
             //do something
           }

         Toast.makeText(getActivity(), "On Activity Result Called", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
          // add toast to check whether it is working or not

 }

A: Request which you made in fragment. Response of that request you can retrieve in activity which you set the fragment.
@Override
        public void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
            super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
             if (requestCode == PICKFILE_REQUEST_CODE && resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK && data != null && data.getData() != null )

    //do something

            }

this code should be in parent activity of fragment.

A: Try this in activity
@Override
    protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
        for (Fragment fragment : getSupportFragmentManager().getFragments()) {
            if (fragment != null) {
                switch (fragment.getTag()) {
                    case "Set your fragment name":
                        int PICKFILE_REQUEST_CODE  = 138;
                        fragment.onActivityResult(PICK_IMAGE_SINGLE_MULTI, resultCode, data);
                        break;
                }
            }
        }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As a final rinse add 2-6 drops of qabaTM essential hair and scalp oils to a litre of warm water.
Shake the blend and disperse through your hair to impart shine and lustre to hair.
This will aromatise the hair as well as providing a nourishing treatment to the scale.


A first real patient. A first procedure. A first exam. There's nothing like a first time, right? Whatever your level of preparation, you never quite know what to expect. This can be both exhilarating and terrifying. It can also be harnessed and shared. These true stories are designed to be an extra jolt of confidence when you're feeling overwhelmed and isolated. They say, "It wasn't pretty, but I survived and you will, too." Sometimes, that—and maybe a cup of coffee —are all you really need to push through the worst days, so you can have some of your best ones, and maybe create some great stories of your own.
© 2015 My First Cadaver. All rights reserved. All content and stories within the My First Cadaver podcast and site are exclusive property of My First Cadaver and may not be used for anything other than personal, noncommercial use without express permission from My First Cadaver.


text:
Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. ›› 2012, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (11): 2616-2624.doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201208133
• ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND NEW ENERGY • Previous Articles Next Articles
In the present study, a coaxial probe was used for online electrochemistry/electrospray mass spectrometry (EC/ES-MS). The probe can be constructed quickly using readily available materials at low cost. A wireless potentiostat floating at the electrospray high voltage was used to control the probe in a two-electrode configuration. Using an acetonitrile solution containing diphenylanthracene or triethylamine, we examined the performances of the probe, including the accuracy of potential control, the conversion efficiency, the response time, and the tolerance to fouling. A silver(I) salt solution (10 mmol·L-1) in acetonitrile was used as the electrolyte and depolarizer. This decreased the solution resistance of the probe to approximately 250 Ω and enabled precise potential control during online operations. Good correspondence was observed between the hydrodynamic and cyclic voltammograms of diphenylanthracene. At 3.6 μL·min-1, the response time of the probe was as low as 5 s and the conversion efficiency for triethylamine was 77%. Using the coaxial probe, we investigated the electrochemical derivatization of anthracene with dodecylamine. As a non-polar compound, anthracene usually cannot be detected by ES-MS. However, with the EC/ES-MS, the anthracene was first oxidized electrochemically, and then derivatized online by reactions with dodecylamine. The derivatization produced polar compounds that appeared in the ES-MS in high abundance. The products were identified and the reaction mechanism was elucidated. The results provide insight into the complex electrochemical behavior of anthracene.
Key words: Electrochemistry, Electrospray, Mass spectrometry, Online, Derivatization
Click here to download Supporting Info material in PDF type
LING Xing, DING Chuan-Fan. Online Electrochemistry/Electrospray Mass Spectrometry with a Coaxial Probe for Investigation of Electrochemical Derivatization of Anthracene with Dodecylamine[J].Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2012, 28(11): 2616-2624.
http://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/EN/Y2012/V28/I11/2616
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A patio is just an individual element of a garden design and style, but it is one of the most expensive areas of any garden build. Because the patio fulfills several different functions it needs be given careful consideration. Here are a few pointers on how to design an outdoor. Most patios are placed immediately adjacent to the rear exit strategy from the house because it is hassle-free - this may not be the best position for your patio. The back of the home may be shaded all day therefore not ideal if you wish to love to sit in the sun. Consider a little terrace to the rear of the house with another seating location somewhere else in the garden which will gets more sun. When designing a garden it's a good idea to incorporate more than one patio.. One patio and garden can be sited so that it captures the last of the evening sun to provide a warm spot for a morning drink or meal. This will make the garden much more interesting and ensures that you are using a lot of garden.
Gugara - Yellow wingback chair bmpath furniture. I acquired an old, drab wing back chair look below for the before picture at the local d i , a thrift store here in utah i paid $8 00 for it shop the newest leather based wingback chairs on the world's largest trend website curtain fabric shop providing designer curtain fabric, upholstery fabric and curtain material, online and [ ]. Buy wingback chairs, yellow living room chairs online at. Wingback chairs, yellow living room chairs : create an inviting atmosphere with new living room chairs decorate your living space with styles ranging from overstuffed recliners to wing back chairs overstock your online living room furniture store! get 5% in rewards with club o!. Vintage & used yellow wingback chairs chairish. Shop the yellow wingback chairs collection on chairish, home of the best vintage and used furniture, decor and art make an offer today!. : yellow wingback chair. : yellow wingback chair skip to main content tikami wing chair slipcovers 2 piece spandex stretch wingback chair with arms sofa furniture protector covers off white by tikami 3 6 out of 5 stars 16 $ $ 50 99 get it as soon as mon, mar 11 free shipping by amazon. Metal rope light clips bmpath furniture. Apply pickup today see details choice for home nurseries garden outdoor a sturdy design and mounting kit designed for heavy duty jobs involving not only lifting slings from us cargo control come in your plant of adjustable grow light mounting kit includes clear clips and 4leg bridle. Yellow wingback chair chairs ebay. Shop from the world's largest selection and best deals for yellow wingback chair chairs shop with confidence on ebay!. Buy yellow living room chairs online at overstock our. Yellow living room chairs : create an inviting atmosphere with new living room chairs decorate your living space with styles ranging from overstuffed recliners to wing back chairs overstock your online living room furniture store! get 5% in rewards with club o!. Yellow accent chairs you'll love wayfair. Ivo wingback chair by laurel foundry modern farmhouse yellow accent chairs will make a lovely addition and a splash of bright color just where it is needed most the nice thing about accent chairs in yellow is that any space or type of living area can have just the perfect amount of color there are styles to match any design theme and all. Yellow wingback chair ideas on foter. Find yellow wingback chair would you like to have one of these wingback chairs? make sure to spend some more time on these site, so as to find something appropriate for yourself all in all, there are hardly any other collections that would feature so many interesting designs can you see something for you. Wingback chairs hayneedle. Shop our best selection of wingback chairs to reflect your style and inspire your home find the perfect home furnishings at hayneedle, where you can buy online while you explore our room designs and curated looks for tips, ideas & inspiration to help you along the way.


Yields: 1 Just For You!
To make the apples, heat a small skillet on medium heat. Melt butter and brown sugar on low until well mixed. Add the apples and cook, stirring occasionally, for 10 minutes or until soft and caramelized.
Pour the Foodstirs™ Organic Cinnamon Swirl Coffee Cake Minute Mug Cake into a microwave-safe mug. An 8 oz mug is recommended. Add 2 Tbsp. of hot water and stir with a spoon until well combined. Add in 2 Tbsp. of the caramelized apples. Mix again. Microwave on high for 1 minute or until fully cooked. Cooking time may vary based on the microwave.
Carefully, remove the mug from the microwave, using the handle. The mug will be hot. Let cool for one minute.
Top with a scoop of vanilla bean ice cream and more caramelized apple. Sprinkle cinnamon on top. The cake is best consumed warm. Enjoy!


If you are in need of an exhibition stand builder, the process of setting up a trade show or convention booth may feel a bit overwhelming. With so many people focused on having a clean, elegant design to their booths that also attract attention, deciding just what you need for your display can be challenging. Because of how important it is to draw positive attention at a trade show, you want to make certain that you do not cut any corners when you are designing your booth. Fortunately, if you have no experience at setting up trade show exhibition booths, builders will be willing to help you every step of the way through the design and construction process.
Your exhibition stand builder should be someone who has created booths similar to what you want. When you select your specific builder, take the time to look at their portfolio. A respectable builder will have a profile of booths that they have assisted constructing. However, before you make your final selection, you should be aware of the different types of builders that are available for your use. Not every style of exhibit builder will provide the services that you need in order to make your trade show a success. A few factors that will make a big difference is if you want just the items crafted for you so that you can set them up at any trade show you attend or if you need them to assemble the exhibit at the show. This can make a drastic difference in who is suitable for your job.
The cheapest type of exhibition stand builder is a company who helps you design and craft your stand system for your use at trade shows and exhibitions. It will be your responsibility to set up the exhibition at the show. This lets the builder focus on the design and building of your stand system. However, if you do not have the resources to construct the stands on your own, you may need to hire hands to help you with the construction process on premises. The amount of work involved in setting up your exhibit will be dependent on how complex you decide to make your display. Fortunately, most stand systems are fairly simplistic to set up if you are using a standard banner system. Modular sets are harder to set up, but offer a great deal more flexibility.
The most expensive exhibition stand builder is the contractor who will help you every step of the process. Local to where your convention or trade show will be taking place, these individuals will not only help you design your exhibit, but they will ensure that it is set up properly to ensure the professional look that you want. If you are attending a large scale convention or trade show for the first time, it is suggested that you take advantage of full services so that you can make the strongest impact on your new potential clients. Making a good first impression is vital in both advertising and branding campaigns.
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Home Environment & Nature Gov. Cuomo among creators of new climate alliance
Gov. Cuomo among creators of new climate alliance
Local officials weigh in on President Trump's decision to withdraw from Paris Agreement
New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, center, helped to establish the United States Climate Alliance in the aftermath of President Donald Trump's withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. Lawmakers signed a bill protecting the Long Island Sound last year. File photo from Cuomo's office
By Alex Petroski
U.S. President Donald Trump's (R) decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, a global effort to combat the threat of climate change, elicited strong responses from around the world. One of the more notable reactions came from New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo (D), who along with the governors of California and Washington State established the United States Climate Alliance. The coalition will convene the three states, and others that have come out in support of the initiative, in committing to uphold the parameters of the Paris Agreement despite Trump's June 1 announcement. As of June 5 the alliance included 13 members — 12 states and Puerto Rico.
Gov. Andrew Cuomo's executive order establishing the United States Climate Alliance. Image from governor's website
"The White House's reckless decision to withdraw from the Paris climate agreement has devastating repercussions not only for the United States, but for our planet," Cuomo said in a statement. "New York State is committed to meeting the standards set forth in the Paris accord regardless of Washington's irresponsible actions. We will not ignore the science and reality of climate change, which is why I am also signing an executive order confirming New York's leadership role in protecting our citizens, our environment and our planet."
The Paris Agreement, which officially took effect in November 2016, aimed to strengthen the response to climate change globally by keeping temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius during the current century and also strengthen countries' ability to deal with the effects of climate change. The U.S. is now one of only three nations on the planet not included in the agreement.
According to Cuomo, the United States Climate Alliance will seek to reduce emissions by 26 to 28 percent from 2005 levels and meet or exceed the targets of the federal Clean Power Plan, each of which were self-imposed U.S. goals of the Paris Agreement. The Clean Power Plan was established in 2015 to establish state-by-state targets for carbon emission reductions. Trump signed an executive order early on in his administration placing a hold on the plan and pledging a review. Cuomo also announced New York State will be investing $1.65 billion in renewable energy and energy efficiency in the aftermath of Trump's decision. In addition he said he aims to create 40,000 clean energy jobs by 2020.
Republican New York State Sens. John Flanagan (R-East Northport) and Ken LaValle (R-Port Jefferson) did not respond to requests for comment through spokespersons.
Local officials from across the political spectrum spoke out about Trump's decision in the aftermath of the announcement.
"We live on an island and have already begun to see some of the effects of our rising seas," Brookhaven Supervisor Ed Romaine (R) said in a statement. "To protect Brookhaven for our children and generations to come it is our responsibility to take action now. The president's announcement today regarding the Paris climate accord is disappointing. On behalf of our residents, I will continue to fight to protect our environment."
Democrats including 3rd Congressional District U.S. Rep. Tom Suozzi (D-Glen Cove), U.S. Sens. Chuck Schumer (D-New York) and Kirsten Gillibrand (D-New York) and others blasted the decision in public statements.
"President Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement is a devastating failure of historic proportions," Schumer said. "Future generations will look back on President Trump's decision as one of the worst policy moves made in the 21st century because of the huge damage to our economy, our environment and our geopolitical standing. Pulling out of the Paris Agreement doesn't put America first, it puts America last in recognizing science, in being a world leader and protecting our own shoreline, our economy and our planet."
New York State 4th District Assemblyman Steve Englebright (D-Setauket) expressed support for the newly minted climate alliance on Twitter, sharing the hashtag "#LeadNotLeave."
First Congressional District U.S. Rep. Lee Zeldin (R-Shirley) said in an emailed statement through a spokeswoman that he supported many of the goals of the Paris Agreement, but thought the U.S. "approached this entire agreement all wrong." He criticized former President Barack Obama (D), who played a leadership role in establishing the Paris Agreement, for bypassing Congress in reaching the agreement and for what he viewed as outsized pledges made by the U.S. compared to other world powers in the agreement.
"What we need to do moving forward should include continuing to take an international approach to protect clean air and clean water, and reduce emissions that are impacting our climate, but we must negotiate it correctly so that we aren't over promising, under delivering and causing unnecessary harm," he said.
Sen. Schumer was among the most forceful opponents of Trump's decision. File photo by Kevin Redding
During Trump's June 1 speech announcing the withdrawal, he sited a loss of American jobs in the coal industry and crippling regulations on the business world as the drivers behind his decision.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt, who was appointed by Trump, praised his decision.
"This is a historic restoration of American Economic Independence — one that will benefit the working class, the working poor, and working people of all stripes," he said. "With this action, you have declared that people are the rulers of this country once again."
Administrators from the New York District Office of the U.S. Small Business Administration, a government agency that offers support to small businesses, were not available to comment on Trump's decision or the formation of the United States Climate Alliance, but a spokesperson for the department instead directed the request to answers U.S. SBA Administrator Linda McMahon gave to Yahoo Global News June 6. She agreed with Trump's decision to leave the Paris Agreement, adding she believes this will result in more job opportunities for Americans.
"I think [Trump] was making a statement that we're going to look at what's good for America first," she said. "I do think climate change is real, and I do think that man has some contribution to climate change. As to the extent of the science, predictions as to what might happen 20, 30, 40 years from now, I'm not sure we have that totally decided, but I do respect the science behind a lot of it."
Gov. Andrew Cuomo
Supervisor Ed Romaine
United States Climate Alliance
Update: Restaurant owners suggest valet parking in Port Jeff Village
Man shot in Greenlawn
Alex Petroski


My Eyes are Open to Orphans — What Now?
For the month of November, as we've celebrated National Adoption Awareness Month with the Facebook series "Celebrating Superheroes-in-Waiting," we've highlighted the 132 million vulnerable children, abandoned children and orphans around the world and what it takes to change their story.
Maybe God has pricked your heart or opened your eyes, and maybe, just maybe, He's calling not just "those" families but YOURS to be His hands and feet.
To LOVE those who may have never experienced unconditional love.
To EMBRACE those who may have never been truly held.
To be a VOICE for those whose sounds on the global stage are often silent.
To make that scary left turn.
It doesn't take perfect people to make perfect parents for precious superheroes-in-waiting; it takes imperfect people relying on the strength of a PERFECT GOD to form the perfect families for perfect-in-His-eyes children.
All it takes is open hands and open hearts to change the orphan story.
Maybe you want to foster-to-adopt. Read about Ariele, a former social worker and adoptive mother, and her journey to adopting twins out of the foster care system.
Maybe you want to adopt domestically but don't know where to begin. Learn about the process HERE with my sweet friends at Amazing Grace Adoptions.
Maybe your heart is breaking for these sweet children with broken hearts and broken pasts, but fear has stopped you in your tracks.
Maybe you are concerned that, after having biological children, you will never be able to love your adopted children in the same way. Read this sweet mama's story of how loving her children when the feelings don't flow is a choice.
Maybe you're a military family who doesn't know how you would balance the demands of military life with the challenges of bringing another child into the family. Read why capes and combat boots actually go PERFECTLY together HERE.
Maybe you're a family who just doesn't have $30 - $50K sitting in your back pocket. Read how God provided every dime of our adoption costs, then check out this list of 25 family-tested fundraisers that can get YOUR family fully funded so you can bring a superhero home SOON.
Maybe you're a family who has already adopted, but your eyes are just now opening to the global orphan and abandoned child crisis. Read how one trip to China turned our hearts from the expansion of OUR family to the urgent need to find FOREVER FAMILIES for the millions of superheroes we left behind.
Or maybe adoption just isn't an option for you right now.
That doesn't mean that supporting orphans can't be.
Orphan hosting is an amazing way to serve these deserving children, love on them in real and raw and intentional ways, update their adoption profiles and give them a 75 to 85 percent better chance of finding a forever family. Check out our everything-you-need-to-know about hosting guide, as well as the story of how hosting changed our family's life, HERE. Great Wall sponsors one orphan hosting session every Christmas and two every summer.
Volunteer. Serve in organizations that provide aid to orphans and impoverished children. Stand up for superheroes-in-waiting by being a voice for social change — by serving in places where you can change laws that inevitably PREVENT abandonment. By being a voice that changes a culture to one where ALL children are embraced as blessings.
Or spend your vacation time serving orphans on mission trips worldwide. This entire book is filled with stories of families who traveled to China to update adoption profiles and change the orphan story.
Get involved in orphan and First Family care, and find ways to equip and support families in countries where they are abandoning their children. Your care could make the DIFFERENCE in a nuclear family staying together and one more child on an adoption listserve.
And give. Adoptive families couldn't do what THEY do without those who support them with prayers and with finances. And orphan aid organizations couldn't do what THEY do on the front lines without your dollars.
Maybe this season, in lieu of purchasing gifts from retail stores, you purchase gifts from these adoptive families and orphan-supporting businesses. Purchasing with a purpose blesses not just YOUR superhero but the superhero THESE sweet families are trying to bring home.
Or this year, in lieu of birthday or Christmas gifts, give to amazing orphan care organizations like Love Without Boundaries in the names of those you love. THOSE gifts are ones with lasting and eternal value.
Not everyone can become an adoptive parent, but everyone CAN help change the orphan and abandoned child story.
With open hands. Open hearts. And an availability to be used by the Father to the fatherless.