Welcome to the second week of the Summer Learning Journey. We hope that you enjoyed learning about the amazing land habitats that we have here in New Zealand and overseas. This week we are going to focus on water; the lakes, rivers and oceans that make up our beautiful country. Are you ready to jump in and get wet? Let's hope you brought your togs!
In New Zealand we have many beautiful beaches and stunning waterfalls. One of the most spectacular waterfalls is called Kitekite and it is located in Piha, a small village west of Auckland. Tourists and locals flock to Piha during the summer season to enjoy the waterfall, the local beach, and the great surf. Have you ever tried surfing? Although I have never surfed many of my friends have and they absolutely love it. In fact, it is their favourite summer activity! What is yours?
For this activity, please take a picture of yourself doing one of your favourite summer activities. It could be anything! Here is a picture of one of our team members (Laura) doing one of her favourite summer activities.
On your blog, post a picture of yourself doing one of your favourite summer activities. Below the picture tell us what the activity is and tell us why it is one of your favourites.
Every year approximately 7500 people arrive in Taupo, New Zealand to compete in a one-day cycling race around Lake Taupo. The race route is 160 km in length. Participants can choose to compete in the full race or the half-race (80 km). Let's imagine that you were given a free ticket to compete in the Lake Taupo Cycle Challenge next year and you were able to bring three people with you as your 'support crew.' Who would you bring with you?
If it was me, I would choose my son, Aronui, as one of my supporters because he's really funny and energetic. I think that he would make sure that I had a great time and that I spent the entire day laughing and smiling. I would also choose my sister, Leigh, because she is very strong and fast. Thirdly, I would choose my co-leader, Hazel, because she is very organised and would make sure that we followed the trail and didn't get lost!
On your blog, list the three people you would like to have on your Lake Taupo Cycle Race Support Crew. Tell us why you have chosen each person.
One of the longest and largest rivers in the world is called the Amazon River. It is located in South America and is approximately 6400 kilometres (kms) long. That is four times longer than the entire country of New Zealand. Wow!
Scientists believe that there are over 3000 different kinds of fish that live in the Amazon River. Now, that is a lot of fish! To learn more about fish, we went online and found some really cool facts about fish.
For this activity, we are going to provide you with five sentences about fish. Some of them are true and some are them are not. It is your job to read these 'facts', and decide whether they are true or false.
On your blog, write out each fact and in CAPITAL LETTERS beside the fact, write the word 'TRUE' if it is a true fact or 'FALSE' if it is not true.
Fish Fact #1: The oldest known fish in the world is a 65 year old Australian lungfish.
Fish Fact #2: Sharks are the only fish that have eyelids.
Fish Fact #3: Starfish are a type of fish.
There is a long history in New Zealand of collecting natural plants, including flax (harakeke), and using them to create cloaks, baskets (kete), mats, traps and ropes. Flax weaving is an art form. It can take years for people to perfect the art of weaving. Have you ever tried it?
For this activity, you are asked to watch a short video of someone weaving a fish (ika) out of flax.
Here in New Zealand we have a native tree called a Kiwi Mangrove. Kiwi Mangroves grow in shallow water (harbours). The largest mangrove or manawa forests in New Zealand are located in Northland and in Auckland. According to many environmental experts, they are one of the toughest and strongest trees in the world because they can survive in really harsh (difficult) conditions.
For this activity you are asked to think of someone who is very tough and strong. They can be someone who you know personally or they can be a character that you have read about in a book, seen in a movie, or on a television show.
On your blog, tell us about this person. Who are they? Why are they, in your opinion, so strong and tough?
Here on earth there are more than 298 000 different kinds (species) of plants. Some of these plants live on land and some live in the water. Follow this link to read about 10 of the strangest plant species in the world. When you are finished, choose two of the plants from the list.
On your blog, list three similarities and three differences between the two plants that you chose. To earn five extra bonus points, post a picture of both plants on your blog..
Here in New Zealand we have many amazing and unique sea creatures, including penguins. The blue penguin, or kororā, is particularly special because it is the smallest penguin in the entire world! Blue penguins are typically found on the east coast of the South Island in places like Oamaru but they can be hard to spot as they rarely leave the water. If they do come onto land it is usually at night, when most of us are sound asleep! That's because they are nocturnal. Not all of us, however, sleep all night. In fact, some people love to stay awake late into the evening. People who like to stay up late are called 'night owls.' Are you a night owl or are you an early riser, like me? I typically wake up every day around 6:00 a.m. and jump out of bed, ready to start the day!
On your blog, tell us whether you are a night owl or an early riser. Then, tell us about the rest of your family. Are they the same as you? .
Whitebait is a very special fish in New Zealand. It is rumoured (believed) to be a very delicious fish. Some restaurants in New Zealand make dishes that feature whitebait, including whitebait fritters. Have you ever tried whitebait fritters? They are a favourite dish of many of my friends. I, personally, prefer foods from places like Mexico and Italy. Pizza and nachos are two of my all-time favourite foods! In fact, I often make homemade pizza with Aronui on Friday nights using the same ingredients (pizza base, tomato sauce, mozzarella cheese, sun-dried tomatoes, chicken, red onion, basil and feta cheese) each time.
For this activity, please choose a favourite food and find a recipe for it.
On your blog, share a list of the ingredients that you need to make this food. You must type out the list of ingredients yourself (and not simply copy and paste it from a website) to earn full points.
Deep in the ocean, far below the surface, lies an area called the 'Midnight Zone.' It is called the midnight zone because it is always dark or 'pitch black' in this area. Much of the deep sea has yet to be explored by humans, however, we do know a little bit about the creatures that live here. One of these creatures is called the 'Colossal Squid.' A colossal squid can weigh as much as 495 kilograms (kg)! Here in New Zealand, we have a full sized colossal squid on display at Te Papa Museum in Wellington. It is the only specimen of its kind in the entire world! This squid weighs approximately 500 kg. In 2018, a team at Te Papa decided to move the giant squid from one area of the museum to another.
On your blog, tell us how you will solve this maths problem. You can write your answer in words, use a Sketchpad image or post a video explaining how you would figure it out. Be sure to give us your final answer. .
Arguably, one of the most dramatic and spectacular (beautiful) places to visit in New Zealand is Milford Sound. It has been referred to as the 'eighth wonder of the world.' It is a beautiful fiord (steep valley) that was formed when big pieces of ice (glaciers) melted. The melted glaciers created a beautiful river that is surrounded by dramatic cliffs and snow-capped mountains. People who visit Milford Sound are able to take a boat cruise through the middle of the fiord, walk around the area on the Milford Track or fly above the fiord as part of a private helicopter tour.
Let's imagine that you had the chance to visit Milford Sound by boat, foot (walking) or air (helicopter). Which option would you prefer?
On your blog tell us which of the three options you would take to explore Milford Sound. Be sure to tell us why you have chosen this option.
Rotorua is one of New Zealand's most popular tourist destinations. It is a city filled with incredible forests, mountain biking tracks, lakes, and geothermal wonders, including hot springs (geysers) and mud pools. One of the most famous geothermal pools is called the Devil's Bath at Wai-o-Tapu Thermal Wonderland. It is a neon green pool of stinky water.
Over the years, people have suggested that we come up with a new name for the pool. What do you think we should call it? Take a minute to let your creative juices flow.
On your blog, give us a list of three to five options for the name of this geothermal pool. Put a star (*) beside the name that you like the most.
While New Zealand is home to some beautiful waterfalls, there are a number of stunning waterfalls in places like Canada and South Africa. In Canada, the largest waterfall is called Niagara Falls. It sits on the border between Canada and the United States of America. Thousands of tourists flock (go) to Niagara Falls every year to see the falls and to have their picture taken in front of this natural wonder. Over the past few years people have started taking 'selfies' and posting them online. Do you ever take selfies?
On your blog, write a short story about what you think is happening in the picture. Be sure to tell us where you think the people are and what you think they were doing at the time that they stopped to pose for the selfie. To earn full points, the story must be 8 – 10 sentences long.
Fishing is a really common activity in New Zealand. In fact, people have fished in New Zealand for centuries. Unfortunately, over the past few decades some people have caught too many fish in one area and left the region without enough fish to refill (replenish) the stocks. When this happens we call the area 'overfished' and it is closed to all private and commercial fishing. If people are caught fishing in these areas, they are required to pay a fine (money). The maximum fine for fishing in a restricted area is $100 000.
What do you think about this rule? Is it fair that people are charged up to $100 000 for overfishing?
On your blog, tell us what you think about this rule and why you think it!.
Approximately two-thirds of all rivers and one-half of all lakes in New Zealand are too polluted to swim in, according to a recent article in an online newspaper. One of the most polluted is the Tarawera River in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand. Pollution enters the river from a local pulp and paper mill, from local farms and through the local sewage system. Many other rivers in New Zealand are also polluted with waste from businesses and farms.
Use Google to help you find two other polluted rivers in New Zealand.
1) The names of the rivers. 2) The location of the rivers. 3) What is being done to clean up the rivers (if anything).
The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, made up of 2900 individual reefs. It is so big that it can actually be seen from space! The reef is located on the east coast of Australia and many people believe that it is millions and millions of years old. For most of its life, the reef has been a healthy, vibrant ecosystem. Over the past thirty years, however, it has changed dramatically. Much of the beautiful bright coral has become bleached and has lost its colour. Sections of the reef have also been damaged by tourists, cyclones and the introduction of new, damaging invasive species.
The Australian government is working to protect and preserve the reef. Each year they spend about $200 million dollars repairing and protecting the reef. It is a lot of money and they could really use some help raising the money (funds) required to repair the reef. This is where you come in!
On your blog, list three different ideas or strategies for raising funds to preserve the Great Barrier Reef. What could you do to fundraise here in New Zealand?


The New Stand helps you enjoy your daily commuting!
The New Stand is a New-York based transit trade concept that opened at the end of 2015. Their motto? «We believe that your daily routine should be anything but routine». These small shops, already located in 3 subway stations, offer a wide choice of useful products for travellers (snacks, juices, books and headphones…), but also a selection of design products that could compete with any of the latest fashion concept stores.
The brand also developed a free application with numerous functionalities (discounts, loyalty program, and mobile payment) and offering new content every day: daily news, articles on trends, music and videos. The content is renewed twice a day, once in the morning, and once in the evening, in order to match perfectly commuters' flows, heading back and forth to work in the morning and in the evening.
The New Stand is both a physical store and a « discovery platform»; the first one sells useful products, while the other one inspires and entertain commuters, especially by creating partnerships with brands that they promote. The smart little extra: the app content is available offline, a must in the subway station!
‽ What about adapting your shops dimensions and offers to your customers' different expectations according to their locations and each moment of the day? How could you help them seamlessly and smartly in their daily life?
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Most refugees don't go far because they want to return.. but let's not hurry to push them back too quickly, says UN refugee chief
The head of the UN refugee agency says there are ways for every country, rich and poor, to cope with an influx of refugees. Mina Al-Oraibi, editor-in-chief of The National meets Filippo Grandi, a man with a plan
United Nations (UN) High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi. Christophe Archambault /AFP
Mina Al-Oraibi
Filippo Grandi is having a busy week. Among the many topics on the agenda at the UN during the General Debate this week, that of refugees and migration is one of the most compelling. With 65.5 million people displaced in the world, 22.5 million of them refugees, at a time when ultra-nationalism is on the rise, the United Nations' high commissioner for refugees has been speaking on behalf of those who have no voice, and advocating for those who have no other advocate because they have no state.
His mandate is a difficult one. In an exclusive interview with The National at the United Nations building in New York on Thursday, Mr Grandi set out his ideas for an international plan for coping with refugee flows that can be adopted by all nations. It is a plan fit for the 21st century and he wants it in place next year.
Out of last year's UN New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, an agreement was reached to have two compacts endorsed by the General Assembly by 2018 - one on migrants, the other on refugees. Mr Grandi and the UNHCR are tasked with preparing the compact. An appendix in the New York declaration sets out what the response to a refugee crisis should be.
Some elements have always been there, Mr Grandi explains,and some are new. "It says refugee emergencies are humanitarian emergencies, so people need food and medicine and blankets and shelter but not just that, they need education. Soon they will need to become self-sustaining and have jobs."
Humanitarian aid is "short lived," says Mr Grandi. "So that whole element of long term means bringing in other actors, more experts and those who have resources for that."
The UNHCR has built partnerships with the World Bank, Ikea, Vodaphone and Google, among many others.
"This is very exciting," Mr Grandi says. "That is why it is called a comprehensive framework, because it is broader than what we do right now."
So the framework is there: the issue remains of how to implement it. Mr Grandi says there are two key elements: the policy and the practical elements. On the practical side, the UNHCR is seeking countries that are willing to be models. There are already 11 countries looking at applying the comprehensive approach to refugees.
"Uganda was the champion from day one. They have all these South Sudanese refugees, it is very tragic but they are very open because they let people have land, have access to schools, so they are already doing half of what is in that agenda, but they need support for the other half from the international community."
[ UN refugee chief says world response is changing after Syria ]
[ Refugee crisis deteriorating rapidly as 3.5 million children are left without education ]
[ Trump's call for refugee resettlement causes a stir in Lebanon ]
Mr Grandi hopes to present practical examples of success to the General Assembly, to say, "You see, it is possible." He concedes that not everyone is on board with the plan, and some countries want to limit the number of refugees they take in. "Ultimately, this is a state process. UNHCR is doing it but states have to apply it."
And there will be multiple versions of the plan, depending on the circumstance of each country. "With some people fleeing central American states like Honduras, Salvador, Guatemala, these people are fleeing gang violence, which is very different from people fleeing civil war in South Sudan. so elements of the compact must keep some adaptability'.
He hopes to present his report next year and have member states sign up or it. It will not, however, be binding. "But it refers to other instruments that are binding, like the Refugee Convention and international humanitarian law. It will take time, but I hope having created positive precedents, having shown that there is an advantage, there will be more and more embracing it'.
Then there are the political complications. In his address to the General Assembly, US president Donald Trump said the US would send financial aid to keep refugees "in their home region." Mr Grandi was unsurprised.
"'It is not just the US president, we hear this more and more, in Europe, in Australia, in all the rich world." He counters such statements with three of his own. "Firstly, refugees are already near their countries of origin. Ninety per cent of refugees only go as far as the country next to theirs. They don't want to go further away, they want to stay relatively close so they can go back. And these neighbours are not rich countries, they are poor or middle income, like Uganda or Jordan."
Secondly, he wishes leaders like Mr Trump would acknowledge that, "Absolutely, yes, it is good to help them stay there if they can, but that means the support we give to those [host]countries must be much more. I want these leaders to do what they say. What is happening now is insufficient, the assistance given to big host countries like Uganda, Pakistan, Mexico, is insufficient."
As to the third point, "There will always be people that go further than that, not a big number, but they are there. That is more tricky, they leave for various reasons and the door has to be open." Nor should helping people in their region mean closing all doors to third country resettlement.
[ UN postcard: Afghanistan and Pakistan make their case ]
[ UN approves special team to investigate ISIL crimes in Iraq ]
The main issue regarding third country resettlement for refugees is how they are resettled, how to avoid people resorting to smuggling routes or traffickers.
"We need to offer a way for those who feel compelled to leave to do it through legal paths, safe ways to move on. This is resettlement." But those safe paths are few. Of the 22.5 million refugees in the world, only 162,000 — less than one per cent — were resettled last year. The UNHCR estimate that 10 per cent of refugees are vulnerable enough for resettlement and are waiting. Some become desperate enough to take the risky routes.
"The Canadian model is very, very good, because Canada has a state programme — and it is important that the state programme continues, as states have to take their responsibilities — but they strengthen it by having communities get involved, NGOs, companies and others. This adds places and creates awareness in the community." The Canadian model provides community support for a year and then the refugee has to become self-supporting, an approach Mr Grandi praises as " it does not create dependency."
Turning to Syria, where the war has produced one of the greatest refugee and humanitarian crises ever seen, Mr Grandi warned against a rush to push Syrian refugees to return. Syria remains "a mobile war," he said, in which the internally displaced move from one area to another, according to safety.
He was in Syria earlier this year. "We see some internally displaced people going back because the area they came from stabilises, but they need help as often they go back to utter destruction. Other times, people go back because the area they moved to [for safety] becomes more destabilised. And there are some areas where there is new displacement, like from Raqqa, It is a very fluid situation."
"What we have not seen in significant numbers is the return of refugees.For Syrian refugees, it is still safer to stay where they are than to go back."
The problem is that funding for the Syria crisis is now on the wane, compelling the UNHCR to use their own core funding, instead of special funding for Syria, to keep their projects going. The UNHCR's surveys on "intentions to return" show most Syrian refugees say they do want to go back, but not now. So Mr Grandi appeals to host countries to "please be patient. don't push, it must be voluntary. If you ask me, I would say, please wait. It's a waiting time for everybody, the political situation is very uncertain, the military situation is very uncertain."
This uncertainty extends to Iraq, where internally displaced Iraqis are unsure about what will happen to them if the Kurdistan region referendum goes ahead. "Of course there are concerns, anything in Iraq can unsettle that very precarious balance and can cause conflict and displacement. So we do hope they will come to a political agreement and move on in a spirit of unity as they should. Iraq has to explain it is a diverse country made of different people who have to live together. Anything that goes against that will be unsettling and we have to be careful.
"Iraq is a much faster moving situation. The military offensive against ISIS progressed and at the moment of fighting, quite a large number of people moved, but also many people went back as soon as fighting was over. However, the more destruction, the less return. We were ready for the displacement, we have been able to host all those who were displaced and we have been able to help those who want to go back. But there are some complicated protection issues there. When the government takes back control of areas controlled by ISIS, how they rule is complicated … the government is much more careful."
Mr Grandi is also deeply concerned by the plight of the Rohingya Muslims forced to flee Myanmar and become refugees in Bangladesh. He says that at its heart, the conflict is "a citizenship issue which has never been appropriately resolved." This crisis was "almost inevitable" ' as there is no recognition of the Rohingya. They are stateless people.
But the UNHCR is mandated to resolve statelessness. Mr Grandi has spoken to the government of Myanmar, calling for "authentication" to end the ongoing tragedy. "There is high communal tension and one of the most appalling levels of poverty I have ever seen." In Rakhine, the situation is complicated by "the very radical position on the Buddhist side and eventually this provoked radicalisation on the Muslim side."
He adds, "We should have intervened earlier."
[ Why there's been a dramatic drop in refugee numbers to Europe ]
[ UN postcard: What is the great debate of our time? ]
[ Violence has driven away nearly half of Myanmar's Muslims in less than a year ]
IkeaUnited Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesAustraliaGuatemala
UK PM to urge Putin to 'step back' from conflict with Ukraine

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Q: Relabelling in prometheus I am trying to relabel after copying the existing metrics for Kafka only for below match
Kafka_log_size{partition="1", topic="ab_bc_cd_12345_ef_001",} 10
I want output as :
Kafka_log_size{partition="1", topic="ab_bc_cd_12345_ef_001",} 10
Kafka_log_size_uniq{partition="1", uniq="12345",} 10
From reading multiple articles , it seems this can be achieved by relabeling . But not sure how to start with please advise . Thanks

A: You have two options to relabel your metrics in Prometheus:

*

*at ingestion time using metric_relabel_configs (in Prometheus configuration)

*at request time using label_replace
In both cases, you need to have a regex that matches the content of topic label and extracts what you need.
Relabeling in config
In your job scraping for Kafka, you have to match the metric name you want to replace and use relabeling config:
metric_relabel_configs:
  - source_labels: [topic]
    regex: '[a-z_]+_([0-9]+)_.*'
    action: replace
    target_label: uniq
    replacement: $1

And then add a rule to drop the label
  - regex: 'topic'
    action: droplabel

Relabeling in request
The new label is generated using label replace:
label_replace(Kafka_log_size, "uniq", "$1", "topic", "[a-z_]+_([0-9]+)_.*")

And then, apply an aggregation operator to remove the unwanted label:
max(label_replace(Kafka_log_size, "uniq", "$1", "topic", "[a-z_]+_([0-9]+)_.*")) without(topic)

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2020 will go down in history as the year of rapidly changing restrictions, trials and hardships, affecting the lives of billions of people in all corners of the world.
For a globalized industry as shipping, founded on international mobility and free movement of its people and ships, the pandemic in many ways pulled the rug out from under our feet.
Gearbulk Covid Action Plan
Early on, Gearbulk established its Covid Action plan, and one of the main objectives was to keep our staff onboard and ashore out of harm's way.
With a fleet sailing worldwide and offices around the globe, we can thankfully report that only crew onboard two vessels were infected, in addition to a few individuals ashore; all recovered swiftly. Dedicated efforts from our staff onboard and ashore in diligently following company protocols is the main reason for the low numbers.
The Gearbulk seafarers have taken the brunt of the hardships. Contracts have been extended for months and the vessels have sailed in and out of areas under strict covid restrictions. They have not been able to take shore leave, have had minimal interaction with shore staff and have had to adhere to strict protocols for crew changes. Despite this, the vessels were able to maintain cargo deliveries across the globe.
To be able to complete crew changes, a number of vessels had to be deviated off their trading pattern. Because of this, Gearbulk accumulated approximately 55 days in deviations and consumed in excess of 800 tons fuel in doing so.
Several support measures were put in place to support our crews which is elaborated further upon in the next sections.
Gearbulk is both proud and humbled by the professionalism our sailing staff has shown during the pandemic.
Covid Action Committee
In April 2020, Gearbulk established its Covid Action Committee, consisting of people from different departments and locations in the organization. The committee was tasked to work with all departments and functions to establish a Company Covid-19 action plan.
"Our highest priority has been to keep our seafarers and shore staff, along with their families, harm free and to minimize the potential of infection." - Kristian Jebsen, Chairman
Covid-19 Support Efforts for our Seafarers
Gearbulk Solidarity Fund
Early in the pandemic it was clear that the Covid-19 situation would affect the seafarers more than any, hence it was decided to establish a solidarity fund, where the company and employees had the possibility to contribute financially to those heavily affected by the pandemic.
The establishment of the Gearbulk Solidarity Fund has been highly appreciated by the crew with need for support in these challenging times. The fund has supported 122 seafarers and is still available to crew who are in need of financial support. This initiative will continue for as long as the situation requires and is something the company would not hesitate to use again should there ever be a need.
Covid-19 Allowance
Due to port restrictions, the vast majority of our crews have had to extend their contracts by months; as a result on-signers have not been able to re-join the vessels and provide an income for their families. Gearbulk therefore implemented a Covid-19 allowance, both for those having to extend their stay onboard and for those having to remain at home.
Welfare funds onboard were also increased to allow for additional social events to show appreciation for the commitment and dedication of the crew.
Cash Advance Payments
Cash advance payments were offered to crew at home in need of funds to support their families.
Covid Crew Newsletter
Since the outbreak of the pandemic, clear and concise communication has been of outmost importance. Hence a Covid Crew Newsletter was introduced, where the company on a regular basis has shared updates and developments on the situation with all seafarers.
This was well received by the crew, and these newsletters will continue to be distributed on a regular basis until the situation is back to normal.
Health & Well-being Campaigns
In order to support seafarers in this difficult situation Gearbulk arranged several health and well-being campaigns, addressing both physical and mental health in addition to healthy eating onboard the Gearbulk vessels.
The feedback received from seafarers regarding these campaigns was very good, and it is reported to have had a positive impact on crew's well-being through these challenging times.
Overcoming challenges with remote solutions
In many ways, 2020 accelerated the organization's transition to working fully digitally much quicker than we could imagine before the pandemic struck.
A home office set up was quickly rolled out across all our offices. Luckily Gearbulk had already implemented Microsoft 365 which allowed the shore organization to maintain a high level of productivity, albeit having to learn and adapt quickly to work and collaborate in different manners than before.
A global travel ban prevented ship visits from operational and technical staff, and a higher degree of self-reporting was required from the fleet. Scheduled dry dockings in China had to be postponed as the yards were on minimum manning. When vessels could finally could go for docking, Gearbulk's technical department had to do remote site supervision of the docking projects. Either experienced Gearbulk Chinese Chief Engineers attended on site or third-party companies were used in combination with a tight follow up on phone, email, Teams/ video and other platforms.
Gearbulk shore staff has put in long hours to keep the wheels turning and have adapted to new ways of working impressively fast.


This process, also known as homogenizing annealing, is employed to remove any structural non-uniformity, like dendrites, columnar grains and chemical inhomogeneities are generally observed in the case of ingots, heavy plain carbon steels castings. These defects promote brittleness, and reduce ductility and toughness of steel.
Steel is sufficiently above the upper critical temperature (say 1000-2000°C), and held at this temperature for prolonged time, usually 10-20 hours, followed by slow cooling.
Segregated zones are eliminated, and a chemically homogeneous steel is obtained by this treatment as a result of diffusion.
Heating to such a high temperature results in considerable coarsening of austenitic grains & heavy scale formation. The coarse austenite thus obtained further transforms to coarse pearlite on cooling, which is not a desirable structure as mechanical properties are impaired.
The main aim of homogenising annealing is to make the composition uniform, i.e., to remove chemical heterogeneity.
The impact energy and ductility of the steel increases as the homogenizing temperature increases and the hardness yield strength and tensile strength decrease with an increase in the homogenizing temperature.
Grain coarsening of austenite, there by impairing the properties.
Thick scales on the surface of steels.


We seek to buy businesses in sectors and markets that we understand, at sensible prices, and to increase shareholder value by sharing best practice, promoting organic growth and improving operational efficiency. Although we have an overall strategy for each market, every investment must have a clear rationale.
We focus on interesting geographical markets with scope for growth, and normally identify potential acquisitions through our own local network of business contacts.
We operate a cluster-strategy whereby we can build our presence in a city-region, and then bolt-on subs-scale businesses that can share local overheads and generate efficiencies.


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Friday, July 19, 2019 Spokane, Washington Est. May 19, 1883 67° Clear
100 Years Ago in Spokane: Child's fall down Hutton elevator shaft gets new trial
Mon., May 6, 2019, 4 a.m.
A judge granted a new trial in the civil case against Levi W. Hutton, the Spokane Daily Chronicle reported on May 6, 1919. He was sued by the family of Virginia Getty, a 6-year-old who fell 75 feet in an elevator shaft in the Hutton Building the previous October. (Spokesman-Review archives)
By Jonathan Brunt jonathanb@spokesman.com(509) 459-5442
A judge granted a new trial in the civil case against Levi W. Hutton.
He was sued by the family of Virginia Getty, a 6-year-old who fell 75 feet in an elevator shaft in the Hutton Building the previous October.
A jury quickly rejected a claim of $20,000 after only 20 minutes of deliberation on April 23.
Attorney Frank T. Post, who represented the girl, argued that one of the jurors was not an American citizen. He also claimed that three of the five women on the jury "were of mature years and had never had children."
"He claimed this had a direct bearing on the decision, as one of them has a positive dislike for children," the Spokane Daily Chronicle reported.
Testimony at the trial differed on whether the girl would fully recover from her injuries.
From the labor beat: Spokane's police chief was bringing in reserve officers to deal with "threatening aspects" of the teamsters and chauffeurs strike.
An argument led a worker at Diamond Ice and Fuel company to pull a gun on a union member at Sprague and Bernard, but they were friends and police opted not to pursue the matter after they shook hands.
Union officials said the decision to bring in reserve officers appeared to be an effort to discredit strikers.
"There will be no call for police reserves on our account. It is ridiculous. Our men may 'kid' a strikebreaker about 'scabbing,' but there will be no disorder," said E.N. Nash, acting secretary of the union.
From the victory beat: Spokane was taking another break to celebrate more troops returning from World War I by train.
"Spokane's street canyons will resound tomorrow morning to the tramp of feet of 342 veterans," the Chronicle reported. A parade through downtown, a luncheon at the Davenport Hotel and automobile rides and movies were on the schedule.
Jim Kershner is on sabbatical.
Published: May 6, 2019, 4 a.m.
Tags: news, Spokane, This day in history
Former Eastern Washington standouts weigh in on Gage Gubrud's move to Washington State …
Gonzaga one of six finalists for talented center Walker Kessler …


Today's tech-hungry students take technology into consideration when deciding which university is right for them, and expect a more universal, connected experience inside and outside of the classroom. Just like any other mobile application or service they have grown up with, students demand a personalised experience that will help them adjust to their new surroundings, optimize their life on campus and connect more deeply with their university experience. So how are universities preparing to move with the times?
Some are starting to looking to leverage the power of artificial intelligence, and more specifically, chatbots.
Chatbots have the power to improve communication, increase productivity, and minimize ambiguity from interactions. They can effortlessly lend themselves to focused, result-oriented online conversations — which is precisely what modern educational institutes need in this day and age.
To understand this better, let's explore what higher education chatbots bring to the table.
For any university, effective communication is the key to converting prospective applicants into enrolled students. At the moment, these prospective applicants consist of young millennials with a perpetual online presence across multiple devices, and a strong preference for on-demand, instant responses to queries.
During the run-up to the admissions season every year, prospective students flock to universities with applications or enquiries about specific courses, fees and scholarships. The university staff proceed to address these queries, using both online and offline channels. The process takes time, requires a great deal of manpower, and leaves at least some margin for error or ambiguity in communication. Higher education chatbots eliminate all these issues. They can be programmed with automated answers to repetitive questions, and any number of prospective students can chat with them, free of cost, at any hour of the day or night.
Colleges and universities that use online chatbots on their websites therefore have a greater chance of drawing and retaining the attention of their target audience. Through these higher education chatbots, educational institutes can create an effective funnel for dispensing relevant information about their courses.
Studies have shown that potential applicants find the one-on-one, IM-style interaction familiar and convenient. Immediate responses and end-to-end message histories make these live chats much more efficient than emails, which take longer and can lead to ambiguity.
Depending on the quality of higher education chatbot development, AI bots embedded into university websites can learn from their interactions with prospective students, and fine-tune their responses in a way that gets applicants to enrol in courses or register for updates.
The role of online chatbots in higher education goes beyond catering to student requests. These AI bots also serve as an asset for the universities that use them on their websites. Over the course of their interactions with prospective and existing students, university chatbots gather large amounts of data. This data contains helpful pointers about student behaviour, with respect to information that they can — or cannot — find on the university website.
University management can track and monitor student queries received via live chat, and carry out analyses to identify areas where their website content or interface needs improvement. The entire process can be repeated at regular intervals, allowing the university to understand and keep up with the changing demands and preferences of its students.
Campus guidance and troubleshooting after admission.
Studies have shown that poor student support and a general impression of neglect are among the key reasons why students drop out of colleges or universities. Effective and frequent communication with students, along with proper identification of information gaps, can help reverse this trend. The best chatbots for higher education websites are able to deliver on both these fronts.
When implemented correctly, higher education chatbots can ensure a seamless experience for students who are offered admission at a particular university. The same chatbot that helped them with course information and during the application process, can now play the role of a campus guide.
Even before arriving on campus, new students can find out about available scholarships, halls allotment status, and the facilities and services that the university offers, and once the semester is underway, the chatbot can continue to assist students with online issues such as their university email accounts, online library access, and so on.
Universities are therefore able to forge better relationships with their students when they use AI bots for automated tasks. In the process, they are also able to reduce some of the workload that their staff handles. The resulting microclimate revolves around efficient, mutually beneficial interactions, which puts them on a solid footing for further growth.
Often students feel vulnerable when they first step foot on campus and begin their university journey. Many students have moved to a different city or even different country and may not have any friends or family around them for support. But when universities work to connect with students on an emotional level it can help them get started on the right path and can foster long-term loyalty.
A study conducted by Ellucian revealed that 68% of students whose university offers a centralised campus app were "overwhelmed" by the volume of information their university provided when they first started their higher education journey. In contrast, when no app was offered, 85% of students believe it would have made the transition to university easier as well as increased their participation in student organisations. But the stats don't end there.
It's clear to see that students are expecting more digitally personalised experience from their university. But taking the steps to implement this transformation does take time.
To discover how ANS are helping the higher education sector to enhance its digital learning experiences and improve student engagement, click here.


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Q: How do I Inherit the CSS Theme Color in my Sharepoint 2013 App? I am building a Sharepoint 2013 App in Javascript / HTML / CSS and I want to implement / inherit the color / class / css used by the theme.
How do I do this?
I want to ensure consistency through usage of the same colors.
Thanks in advance!

A: I achieved this goal by adding the following to my App.js:
//Build absolute path to the layouts root with the spHostUrl
var layoutsRoot = strHostUrl + '/_layouts/15/';

//Create a Link element for the defaultcss.ashx resource
var linkElement = document.createElement('link');
linkElement.setAttribute('rel', 'stylesheet');
linkElement.setAttribute('href', layoutsRoot + 'defaultcss.ashx');

//Add the linkElement as a child to the head section of the html
var headElement = document.getElementsByTagName('head');
headElement[0].appendChild(linkElement);

This has the effect of importing the client sites CSS styles into my App's default.aspx.
Reference:
Link

A: Thanks to the other answers I have solved the problem.
The default css file is automatically linked when using the App, but using Keith Tuomi's code to define the css file is a good idea to ensure linkage.
I went through the css file and found the appropriate class called ms-ContentAccent1-bgColor which gives the color.
I am going to test if this works cross-theme, but for now it works!
Thank you!
EDIT: Using Keith Tuomi's solution to implement the layout does not work cross-theme as it implements the default theme where I want to get the color from the currently selected theme. Which works by using the automatically added css file and the same class.
EDIT2: After searching around in the CSS file and the rest of the (default) site, I found out that there are better classes to use then the class like ms-ContentAccent1-bgColor. The class ms-tileview-tile-content for example is used on the main page to show tile content, perfect for my Flexbox implementation.
EDIT3: Using the correct classes is mandatory, so doing some research into this is a wise idea. Following the links provided by the other answers I got to this very useful list: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj220046.aspx#UXGuide_CSS

A: Make the Default.aspx page of your the app inherit from the app.master Masterpage. This way your app web will automatically take the styling of your host web.

A: I just wrote a blog entry on how to do this on the server-side. Put the class ThemeHelper into your apps, and then generate your CSS on the server-side, placing theme colors into the CSS where necessary.
http://go.limeleap.com/community/bid/287707/How-to-Easily-Bring-SharePoint-2013-Theme-Colors-Into-Your-Apps
Hope this helps!

A: In the MSDN library you can find the UX guidelines that help you to understand which styles you have inside the sheets: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj220046.aspx
BTW if you use tha standard controls/chrome controls,they use the standard style inside the standard css.


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Home » Nigeria In One Minute » 10 top stories from Nigerian newspapers Monday morning, December 9, 2019
Latest • Nigeria In One Minute • Politics • Top Stories
10 top stories from Nigerian newspapers Monday morning, December 9, 2019
These 10 top stories from Nigerian newspapers will interest you this Monday morning.
1. DSS INVASION: Stop spreading falsehood, APC tells Atiku, PDP
The All Progressives Congress (APC) on Sunday berated the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and its presidential candidate, Atiku Abubakar, for its criticism of the Muhammadu Buhari administration and the Department of State Services (DSS) over Friday's court invasion. In a statement Sunday night, Lanre Issa-Onilu, APC National Publicity Secretary, accused Atiku and the PDP of propagating concocted alternative facts and lies on the incident.
APC noted that the presidency had clarified that the DSS did not necessarily need the president's permission in all cases to carry out its essential and constitutional responsibilities. Read more
2. DSS must stop lying, even their team leader apologized to Justice Ojukwu over the court invasion — Falana
The leader of the Department of State Services (DSS) team that invaded the Federal High Court, Abuja, Friday apologized to Justice Ijeoma Ojukwu on the incident, human rights lawyer, Femi Falana, claims on Sunday.
Some operatives of the secret police had reportedly stormed the court in a commando-style on Friday and whisked the co-convener of the #RevolutionNow protest movement, Omoyele Sowore and his co-defendant, Olawale Bakare, back to custody. Read more
3. Amaechi's attackers ignorant of Buhari's giant strides—APC Chieftain
A chieftain of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Chukwuemeka Eze, has tagged the attack on the Minister of Transportation, Rotimi Amaechi, in Spain, a violent violation of everything good about Nigeria's march to development.
Amaechi who was in Madrid, Spain for an event on climate change, had revealed on Friday that some "misguided Nigerians" tried to physically assault him. He explained that Spanish policemen succeeded in stopping his attackers before they could hurt him. Read more
4. My husband's life is in danger, Sowore's wife cries out
Opeyemi, the wife of the convener of #RevolutionNow, Omoyele Sowore, has urged the United States government to intervene in her husband's plight in the hands of the Nigerian secret police, saying his life was in danger. Sowore and his co-defendant, Olawale Bakare were re-arrested by operatives of the Department of State Services (DSS) within the premises of the Federal High Court, Abuja, Friday. The duo were re-arrested just 24 hours after they were released by the DSS on order of Justice Ijeoma Ojukwu. Read more
5. Nigeria has become a global laughing stock – Cleric
Awaiting the Second Coming of Jesus Christ Gospel Church senior pastor, Adewale Giwa, on Sunday wondered if there was still a sitting president in Nigeria.
He said the country had become a global laughing stock and "needs total deliverance from the hands of the few people who are hell-bent on destroying it." The cleric was reacting to the Department of State Service (DSS) denying the Friday invasion of the Federal High Court, Abuja, to re-arrest the convener of the #RevolutionNow protest, Omoyele Sowore. Read more
Read also: 10 top stories from Nigerian newspapers Sunday morning, December 8, 2019
6. I won't contest for any elective position again – Goje
A former Gombe State governor, Danjuma Goje, said on Sunday he would not contest for any elective position again. Goje, who is the chairman of Senate Committee on Maritime, stated this during his empowerment outreach at the Pantami Stadium in the state.
The ex-governor, however, said he was not resigning from politics. The senator expressed gratitude to God over his senatorial position and for his past political positions as governor, commissioner and minister. Read more
7. Kano elders want Ganduje to repeal Kano Emirate Law
A group of Kano elders on Sunday urged Kano State Governor, Abdulahi Ganduje, to repeal the law creating additional emirates in the state. The elders described the action of the governor as an attempt to rewrite and destroy the over 1000 years' heritage of the ancient city.
The statement signed by the presidential candidate of the defunct National Republican Convention (NRC), Bashir Tofa, read in part: "The Advocates for United Kano is a non-partisan group of citizens from all professions and backgrounds, who are law-abiding and irrevocably committed to the peace and progress of our dear state." Read more
8. Lagos Assembly opposes scrapping of fat pension for ex-governors, others
The Lagos State House of Assembly has said it would not repeal the state's pensions law permitting former governors, including Bola Tinubu, Babatunde Fashola and other public office holders, to receive juicy pensions from state coffers.
During an interview on Sunday, the Chairman, House Committee on Information and Strategy, Tunde Braimoh, disclosed that Lagos Assembly would not go the way of the Zamfara Assembly which recently repealed the pension law for its former governors. Read more
9. APC says security agents helped rig Adamawa council election, rejects outcome
The Adamawa State chapter of the All Progressives Congress (APC) has described the local government council elections conducted in the state on Saturday as "a selection backed by law enforcement agents." Although the results had not been officially announced by the Adamawa State Independent Electoral Commission (ADSIEC), APC rejected the outcome of the polls.
Unofficial results indicated the ruling Peoples Democratic Party had swept all 20 chairmanship seats from results collated so far by ADSIEC. APC alleged that it was not conducted in compliance with the provision of the Adamawa State electoral law. Read more
10. SEX TAPE: Why we expelled female student – Babcock VC
The Vice-Chancellor of the Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Prof. Ademola Tayo, has reacted to the expulsion of a female student in a sex video that went viral on the internet last month.
Prof. Tayo in a statement issued on Sunday said the institution took the decision in order to protect its image and its alumni, adding that if the decision had not been taken, "the public would think that anything goes in the institution." Read more
10 top stories from Nigerian newspapers Nigerian newspapers Top stories
Nigerian Senate to revisit Petroleum Industry Bill in January
Lagos to launch app on cultural events


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The Price of Recycling Old Laptops: Toxic Fumes in Thailand's Lungs
by faster | Dec 8, 2019 | Blog
SNIP: Crouched on the ground in a dimly lit factory, the women picked through the discarded innards of the modern world: batteries, circuit boards and bundles of wires.
They broke down the scrap — known as e-waste — with hammers and raw hands. Men, some with faces wrapped in rags to repel the fumes, shoveled the refuse into a clanking machine that salvages usable metal.
As they toiled, smoke spewed over nearby villages and farms. Residents have no idea what is in the smoke: plastic, metal, who knows? All they know is that it stinks and they feel sick.
The factory, New Sky Metal, is part of a thriving e-waste industry across Southeast Asia, born of China's decision to stop accepting the world's electronic refuse, which was poisoning its land and people. Thailand in particular has become a center of the industry even as activists push back and its government wrestles to balance competing interests of public safety with the profits to be made from the lucrative trade.
Last year, Thailand banned the import of foreign e-waste. Yet new factories are opening across the country, and tons of e-waste are being processed, environmental monitors and industry experts say.
"E-waste has to go somewhere," said Jim Puckett, the executive director of the Basel Action Network, which campaigns against trash dumping in poor countries, "and the Chinese are simply moving their entire operations to Southeast Asia."
"The only way to make money is to get huge volume with cheap, illegal labor and pollute the hell out of the environment," he added.
Each year, 50 million tons of electronic waste are produced globally, according to the United Nations, as consumers grow accustomed to throwing away last year's model and acquiring the next new thing.
The notion of recycling these gadgets sounds virtuous: an infinite loop of technological utility.
But it is dirty and dangerous work to extract the tiny quantities of precious metals — like gold, silver and copper — from castoff phones, computers and televisions.
In October of this year, the Thai legislature unveiled loosened labor and environmental regulations for all factories, a move that has benefited the e-waste industry. Under one provision, small companies are no longer subject to pollution monitoring.
"Thailand is welcoming environmental degradation with its own laws," said Somnuck Jongmeewasin, a lecturer in environmental management at Silpakorn University International College. "There are so many loopholes and ways to escape punishment."
The consequences are frightening.
If some types of electronic waste aren't incinerated at a high enough temperature, dioxins, which can cause cancer and developmental problems, infiltrate the food supply. Without proper safeguarding, toxic heavy metals seep into the soil and groundwater.
Locals who fought against the deluge of trash have been attacked.
"Why don't you in the West recycle your own waste?" said Phayao Jaroonwong, a farmer east of Bangkok, who said her crops had withered after an electronic waste factory moved in next door.
"Thailand can't take it anymore," she said. "We shouldn't be the world's dumping ground."
In 2013, a village chief spoke out about the illegal dumping of toxic waste. He was shot four times in broad daylight. The man charged with ordering the killing, an official in the local Department of Industrial Works, was acquitted in September.
In the shadow of the corroded smokestack at New Sky Metal, Metta Maihala surveyed her eucalyptus plantation. The lake that waters the farm has clouded over, and the smell is nauseating.
Suddenly, through the rows of trees, a pair of Burmese workers emerged. The man showed burns on his arms from his work at New Sky Metal but said he had no idea what liquid had caused his wounds.
The woman, Ei Thazin, said she received $10 a day for sorting metal. "I didn't know this was dangerous work," she said.
In Thailand, millions of undocumented workers from poorer countries like Myanmar and Cambodia are vulnerable to abuse, environmental watchdogs say, adding that the need for such laborers will only intensify.
"We can't choose the air we breathe," said Ms. Metta, the eucalyptus farmer. "Now there will be even more factories. We are all going to die a slow death."


Covington Catholic High School in Park Hills, Kentucky is reopening today under police protection after being closed Tuesday to hedge against violent threats against the school, all because of a viral video on social media and a rush to judgment in the mainstream media.
Now, Nick Sandmann, the teen who found himself at the center of that video is speaking out on TV for the first time.
"As far as standing there, I had every right to do so. My position was I was not disrespectful to Mr. Phillips. I respect him. I'd like to talk to him. In hindsight, I wish we could have walked away and avoided the whole thing," he told NBC's "Today" show.
It was over a video which shows Sandmann and others, many wearing Make America Great Again hats, appearing to surround Nathan Phillips and a Native American group at the Lincoln Memorial.
Sandmann was with a school group attending the March for Life in Washington. Phillips was there for an Indigenous People's March.
In one clip the students were seen chanting, laughing, and dancing along as Phillips drummed. Social media users went into a frenzy, condemning and threatening Sandmann and his classmates.
Then a longer clip put the incident in context.
A number of tweets threatened the boys with death, including an especially shocking one which depicted them being thrown into a wood chipper – but that's just one example out of the many disturbing reactions.


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Carbon Neutral by 2022
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Morgan Stanley commits to sourcing 100% of its global energy needs from renewable energy by 2022.
The commitment to run on renewable energy, follows a 36% reduction in the firm's greenhouse gas emissions since 2006. To become carbon neutral, Morgan Stanley is looking to reduce energy usage by 20% by 2022, from a 2012 baseline. The goal to become carbon neutral aligns with the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard for emissions. To achieve carbon neutrality, the firm will consider on-site power generation, power purchase agreements, renewable energy credits and carbon offsets as part of its strategy.
"Morgan Stanley has been committed for over a decade to reducing our greenhouse gas emissions through strategic energy efficiency in our buildings and adding new renewable energy capacity to the grid from on-site power generation at our own properties," said Tom Nides, Vice Chairman of Morgan Stanley.
Morgan Stanley has also joined the RE100, an initiative led by The Climate Group and CDP, which unites more than 100 companies working to increase the demand and delivery of renewable energy.
Here are some examples of what Morgan Stanley has done so far on-site to increase its renewable energy use:
At the end of 2013, Morgan Stanley completed installation on, and began operating, a 720 kW solar installation at its facility in Purchase, NY. In fiscal year 2016, the firm generated and consumed 1.17 million kWh from this installation.
Morgan Stanley installed a solid oxide fuel cell at its Purchase, NY facility to reduce reliance on the regional power grid. It produces two million kWh of electricity annually and provides 200 kW of continuous backup power in the event of a grid outage. In 2016, a 750 kW fuel-cell system was also installed in Morgan Stanley's headquarters in Times Square, demonstrating that clean energy can be deployed at scale in dense urban areas.
In 2016, several subsidiaries in Europe—the UK, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Germany—contracted with their electricity suppliers to secure 100% renewable electricity, backed by Guarantees of Origin.
In 2018, Morgan Stanley will be bringing online an 1,800 kW solar array at a data center site in Somerset, NJ.
"The firm's commitment today complements our efforts to leverage our core competency as an investment bank to accelerate renewable energy adoption and advance a low-carbon future for Morgan Stanley and our clients across the globe," says Audrey Choi, Chief Sustainability Officer and Chief Marketing Officer of Morgan Stanley.
This material was published on January 2, 2018, and has been prepared for informational purposes only and is not a solicitation of any offer to buy or sell any security or other financial instrument or to participate in any trading strategy. This material was not prepared by the Morgan Stanley Research Department and is not a Research Report as defined under FINRA regulations. This material does not provide individually tailored investment advice. It has been prepared without regard to the individual financial circumstances and objectives of persons who receive it. Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC (collectively, "Morgan Stanley"), Members SIPC, recommend that recipients should determine, in consultation with their own investment, legal, tax, regulatory and accounting advisors, the economic risks and merits, as well as the legal, tax, regulatory and accounting characteristics and consequences, of the transaction. The appropriateness of a particular investment or strategy will depend on an investor's individual circumstances and objectives.
This material contains forward looking statements and there can be no guarantee that they will come to pass. Information contained herein is based on data from multiple sources and Morgan Stanley makes no representation as to the accuracy or completeness of data from sources outside of Morgan Stanley. References to third parties contained herein should not be considered a solicitation on behalf of or an endorsement of those entities by Morgan Stanley.
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A Super Green Building Planned for Brussels
Home/Green Building/A Super Green Building Planned for Brussels
Architect Vincent Callebaut is well-known for his ambitious sustainable architecture project proposals, and this latest one that he's proposing for the EU city of Brussels is no exception. His plans call for turning the city's industrial area of Brussels into a sustainable community. They plan to renovate existing buildings, as well as build new high-rises, which would be equipped with a wide array of sustainable features.
Callebaut's plans call for the building of three high-rises, which would have a total floorspace of 915,000 sq ft (85,000 sq m). These buildings would feature a slide-like shape and rise to a max height of 328 ft (100 m). The roof would be clad in solar panels, while the balconies could be used to grow fruits and vegetables.
The plans also include the renovation of the old Marine Terminal, which measures 538,000 sq ft (50,000 sq m) to serve the communities needs. It would be divided up into different areas, and would feature several geodesic domes that would house restaurants, bars and other structures. There would also be raised pods made from CLTs that would serve as meeting spaces. Retail and office spaces would be housed in another set of CLT structures. It would also be possible to attach small greenhouses to the exterior of the buildings.
Among the green tech planned for this project are the already mentioned large solar power arrays, wind turbines, airtight building envelopes, natural ventilation, and rainwater collection systems. They calculated that the complex would generate 186 percent of its annual electricity requirements, and this surplus would then me used to power the historic buildings in the area, as well as any planned future developments.
We will, however have to wait and see whether this project gets picked up by the city's planning commission.
By Jetson Green|2017-06-23T20:51:22+00:00June 23rd, 2017|Green Building|0 Comments
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johnna says:
Absolutely love this design!...
William Adams says:
$450-600 per square foot. Not economical by any means. 1,200 sq ft...
coupe du monde 2018 says:
Definitely believe that that you said. Your favorite reason seemed to be...


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Le désert des Mojaves, de Mojave, ou simplement désert Mojave, est une grande étendue désertique d'environ . Il est situé dans l'Ouest des États-Unis, dans le Sud de la Californie essentiellement, mais il déborde sur les États voisins du Nevada et de l'Arizona. Ce désert appartient au même ensemble géologique que le Grand Bassin ou que le désert de Sonora, et son nom est emprunté à un peuple amérindien, les Mohaves. C'est un désert d'abri, bordé par les montagnes Tehachapi, San Gabriel et San Bernadino.

La rivière Mojave () est une source d'eau importante pour l'irrigation. En outre, une partie du fleuve Colorado traverse l'est du désert de Mojave.

Climat
Le désert des Mojaves possède de façon générale un climat subtropical, désertique chaud en tous cas en vallée caractérisé par des étés longs, très chauds et très secs et par des hivers courts, doux à extrêmement doux et secs. Le désert des Mojaves reçoit moins de  de précipitations par an et a une altitude située entre . Le désert des Mojaves contient l'endroit le plus chaud du monde (jusqu'à  sous abri Stevenson), qui est également le plus bas et le plus sec des États-Unis contigus (troisième lieu le plus aride du monde) : la vallée de la Mort où les températures moyennes, les températures minimales moyennes et les températures maximales moyennes sont en juillet à Furnace Creek Station respectivement de  ,  et .
En moyenne annuelle à Furnace Creek Station la température est de  (la région la plus chaude en moyenne annuelle des États-Unis contigus est l'extrême sud de la Floride, exemple Marathon Airport, latitude 24.7258, longitude -81.0517 avec ).

Le désert des Mojaves se situe dans l'ombre pluviométrique de la Sierra Nevada, importante chaîne de montagnes qui rend la masse d'air beaucoup plus sèche et plus chaude par effet de foehn. Le climat sec y est aussi influencé par des reliefs montagneux moins importants tel que la chaîne Spring mais qui ont le même effet réchauffant et asséchant, ce qui au bout du compte contribue à créer une zone très aride.

Les températures moyennes maximales en hiver en haute altitude se situent autour de  alors que les températures nocturnes peuvent être glaciales (autour de  voire parfois en dessous). Cependant, les températures moyennes maximales hivernales en vallée, à des altitudes beaucoup moins élevées dépassent facilement .

Les températures moyennes maximales en été (de mai à septembre) après milieu mai sont normalement supérieures à  et fréquemment au-dessus de . Le climat estival est dominé par la chaleur extrême. Les températures en vallée peuvent grimper au-delà de  pendant les vagues de chaleur et au-delà de  à des altitudes encore plus basses. L'humidité relative de l'air y est très faible et n'atteint généralement pas 30 %, ce qui rend la chaleur plus supportable. L'humidité relative basse, les températures élevées et la pression atmosphérique basse attirent l'humidité en provenance du golfe du Mexique en créant des orages de forte chaleur à travers le sud-ouest du désert. Cette période d'orages est connue sous le nom de mousson nord-américaine et peut occasionner des crues dans les profondes vallées.

Le printemps et l'automne sont agréables, chauds et secs mais dominés par les perturbations océaniques venant de l'océan Pacifique avec des précipitations occasionnelles. Le mois d'octobre est l'un des mois les plus chauds, les plus secs et les plus ensoleillés du désert des Mojaves : les températures restent aux alentours de  voire supérieures à  dans les vallées.

La durée d'ensoleillement du désert des Mojaves est l'une des plus élevées au monde : par exemple Las Vegas reçoit en moyenne  d'ensoleillement annuel soit  de Soleil par an (85 % du temps).

Caractéristiques

Le désert des Mojaves est dans sa majeure partie recouvert de plaines rocailleuses, parfois interrompues par des massifs montagneux. Une des caractéristiques de ce désert est la présence d'une espèce de yucca nommée Joshua Tree. La région reçoit moins de  de précipitations par an, mais se situe à des altitudes assez élevées, comprises entre . C'est pourquoi il arrive que la neige y tombe en certains endroits pendant l'hiver. L'amplitude thermique, d'une saison à l'autre, varie de façon très importante.

La vallée de la Mort fait partie de ce désert. Le vent y souffle fort et régulièrement, c'est pourquoi une série d'éoliennes a été installée près du col de Tehachapi. Pour cette raison, le désert de Mojave occupe la première place mondiale pour la production d'énergie éolienne.

Histoire
Le désert des Mojaves était peuplé par les Mojaves, un peuple amérindien qui lui a donné son nom.
Pendant la conquête de l'Ouest, le désert des Mojaves fut d'abord fréquenté par des aventuriers et des chercheurs d'or dans les années 1870, qui campaient près de l'oasis de Mara. En 1938, le Baby Homeland Act attribuait gratuitement une parcelle d'un hectare à toute personne désireuse de s'y installer et d'y édifier une structure en dur. L'objectif était de peupler cette région peu occupée.

Urbanisation
Les rares villes sont liées aux ressources naturelles de ce désert qui sont très nombreuses : minerais de fer, borax, argent. Les villes fantômes comme Calico constituent les reliques de ces activités. On trouve aussi des bases militaires, telles Inyokern.

Les villes principales sont : Palmdale en Californie et Las Vegas ( en 2006), la capitale mondiale des jeux de hasard, située dans le Nevada. Les autres villes sont Victorville, Barstow, Lancaster, Hesperia, California City, Apple Valley, Adelanto, Boron, Rosamond, Ridgecrest, Henderson, Needles, Joshua Tree, Yucca Valley, Twentynine Palms, Landers et Mojave.

De la fin des années 1950 à , le désert des Mojaves abritait l'une des cabines téléphoniques les plus retirées du monde, la Mojave phone booth, devenue un lieu culte.

Activités humaines

Connu pour ses activités aérospatiales avec la Edwards Air Force Base, le Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake et son récent astroport civil d'où ont décollé SpaceShipOne et le Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex, le désert des Mojaves reste une destination privilégiée des grimpeurs, en particulier dans les montagnes du parc national de Joshua Tree. Il sert de refuge aux marginaux, aux groupes de rock underground de Los Angeles ou aux joueurs de didjeridoo. De nombreux artistes contemporains (, Jack Pierson), architectes (Linda Taalman) et musiciens (Eric Burdon, ) sont attirés par l'isolement et les étendues sauvages de ce désert aux portes de Los Angeles. Les amateurs d'art contemporain viennent visiter les jardins de sculptures en plein air, les ateliers d'artistes et les œuvres d'architecture expérimentale. Chaque année, l'artiste Andrea Zittel organise le High Desert Test Sites. On peut aussi visiter le dôme Integratron, œuvre de George Van Tassel.

Des studios d'Hollywood se sont également installés dans cette région désertique, notamment à Pioneertown, une ville construite en 1946 par Roy Rogers.

Les centrales solaires du désert des Mojaves ont une capacité totale de .

Transports
Les principales routes qui traversent le désert des Mojaves sont :
 Interstate 15 ;
 California State Route 14 ;
 Interstate 40 ;
 US Highway 395 ;
 U.S. Route 95 ;
 L'ancienne route historique U.S. Route 66.

Écorégion et protection

Le désert des Mojaves forme une écorégion terrestre définie par le WWF, qui appartient au biome des déserts et terres arbustives xériques de l'écozone néarctique.

Y est protégée la El Paso Mountains Wilderness; située au nord du désert.

Flore

Faune

Aires protégées

Ce désert contient quatre parcs nationaux (parc national de la vallée de la Mort, parc national de Joshua Tree, parc national de Zion, parc national du Grand Canyon) et plusieurs réserves naturelles (Wilderness Areas):

Galerie

Dans la culture populaire

Littérature
 Truman Capote, dans son roman De sang-froid, évoque ce désert où un terrible fait divers se déroula. Son roman, porté plus tard à l'écran, fut un triomphe.
 Ce désert est mentionné dans le livre documentaire, biographique et semi-autobiographique de Jon Krakauer, Voyage au bout de la solitude, notamment au chapitre quatre. C'est l'endroit où Christopher McCandless se voit contraint d'abandonner sa voiture, après que cette dernière l'a conduit de Géorgie jusqu'au sud-ouest des États-Unis, près du lac Mead. Le véhicule refuse de fonctionner après que son moteur fut touché par les eaux d'une rivière située dans le désert Mojave jusqu'alors asséchée. Les passages du roman faisant allusion au désert des Mojave en décrivent le climat et l'environnement.
 La nouvelle Les Langoliers de Stephen King relate l'aventure d'un groupe de passagers d'avions dans un univers parallèle sans vie (issu des délires d'un psychotique) après avoir traversé une aurore boréale au-dessus du désert Mojave.

Arts visuels
 Michael Heizer, comme de nombreux artistes du Land art, a produit des sculptures monumentales installées dans la nature de manière pérenne. On trouve notamment dans le désert Mojave son œuvre Double Negative (1970).
 Edward Ruscha, peintre majeur du  a installé son atelier dans le désert Mojave pendant une dizaine d'années, et a largement représenté les paysages et infrastructures da la région dans ses peintures.
 L'œuvre Inert gas series (1969) de l'artiste conceptuel américain Robert Barry a pour décor ce désert.
 Plus récemment, Andrea Zittel a installé son œuvre A-Z West proche du Joshua Tree National Park. Il s'agit d'un campement accueillant de jour comme de nuit les visiteurs désirant vivre l'ambiance du désert.
 De nos jours d'autres artistes se sont rendus dans ce désert pour produire des œuvres d'art contemporain, tels que Pierre Bismuth ou Romain Gandolphe qui y réalisent divers interventions et vidéos.

Musique
 Le désert sert de décor aux clips de la chanson Frozen de Madonna ainsi que Tout l'or des hommes et Contre nature de Céline Dion

Fiction
 Le générique de la série K 2000 a été tourné dans ce désert.
 Bagdad Café, film mythique de 1987, a été tourné sur place dans le désert, à Newberry Spring, dans ce désert.
 Le désert est présent à différentes reprises dans la série 24 heures chrono, dont l'action se situe à Los Angeles dans les six premières saisons : ainsi, une bombe nucléaire explose à cet endroit dans la saison 2, et l'avion présidentiel s'y écrase dans la saison 4.
 Le désert est également le lieu où Duel de Steven Spielberg a été tourné.
 Le film d'animation Rango prend place dans le désert des Mojaves, dans la ville fictive de Poussière.
 L'action du film Hors de portée se situe dans ce désert.
 Jim Morrison y joue le rôle d'un auto-stoppeur fou dans le film HWY: An American Pastoral en 1969.

Jeux vidéo
 Le désert des Mojaves sert de décor au jeu vidéo Fallout: New Vegas, ainsi qu'au jeu Parasite Eve 2.
 Une partie du désert des Mojaves a été modélisé dans la zone de Blaine County dans Grand Theft Auto V.
 Le jeu free To Play Warface possède une carte dans les Mojaves
 Une partie du désert des Mojaves est modélisée dans The Crew.

Télévision
 Le désert des Mojave a servi de décor pour la représentation de Britney Spears le 17 septembre 2013 à  heure française en direct à la télévision américaine dans l'émission Good Morning America.
 Le premier épisode de l'émission The Grand Tour présenté par le trio Clarkson, Hammond et May a été tournée dans le désert des Mojaves.

Informatique
 Le  à la WWDC 2018, Apple a nommé son nouveau système d'exploitation macOS Mojave, incluant un fond d'écran dynamique du désert.

Cinema
 Dans le film Top Gun : Maverick, sorti en 2022. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell vit dans le desert des Mojaves.

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens externes

  Portail sur le désert Mojave : faune, flore, géologie, réserves naturelles, histoire, etc.
  Ecosystème du désert des Mojaves
  Tour virtuel du désert Mojave.

Environnement en Californie
Environnement au Nevada
Environnement en Arizona
Écorégion aux États-Unis
Mojaves
Grand Bassin des États-Unis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
In This Article Geography of Industrialization
Pioneering Foundations
The Industrial Revolution: Why Europe, especially the United Kingdom?
Creative Destruction and Long Waves
Catch-Up Strategies
Asian Industrialization: Japanese Leadership
The Tigers as 20th-Century Latecomers
China's Contemporary Industrial Revolution
National Innovation Systems
Regional and Spatial Innovation Systems
Industrial Agglomeration and Dispersal
Resource-Based Industrialization
Rise of Big Business
Labor Markets
Industrialization and Environment
Population and Urbanization
Roger Hayter, Jerry Patchell
LAST REVIEWED: 16 December 2016
Industrialization broadly refers to the transformation of agrarian-rural societies to industrial-urban societies that are dominated by manufacturing and services. The beginning of this transformation, conventionally referred to as the industrial revolution, is typically traced to the late 18th century in England. Although the term has broader usage, "industry" is often equated with manufacturing, and industrialization specifically with the growth of manufacturing within the so-called factory system that began to proliferate at this time. The new factories featured mechanical power and the employment of specialized, waged labor to operate machines to supply large volumes of standardized goods to markets mediated by the price mechanism. In the UK, and subsequently in many other countries, the onset of industrialization featured the textile, iron and steel, machine tool, and coal industries. More generally, industrialization is seen as part of the Great Transformation that features the rise of market-based forms of exchange and rapid economic growth based on deepening divisions of labor and economic interdependencies across economic sectors. Indeed, industrialization has involved co-evolutionary changes in agriculture, energy, transportation, and service sectors, as well as in manufacturing. Globally, industrialization has been led and dominated by the capitalist or market economies of western Europe, their New World offshoots, and Japan. The Soviet Union, eastern Europe, and China emphasized industrialization within the framework of centrally planned economies during the mid-20th century; but they have since accepted market forces as the principal means of organizing the production and exchange of goods and services. Similarly, the recent rapid economic growth of newly industrializing economies (NIEs), especially in Asia, and the transitional economies of eastern Europe, has been led by the development of internationally competitive manufacturing sectors. Market-led industrialization is remarkably dynamic and both creative and destructive. While generating vast wealth and facilitating massive increases in human population, industrialization features structural crises and has imposed formidable problems of inequality, poverty, social cohesion, and environmental degradation. Indeed, on a global scale industrialized and rich (i.e., powerful) nations became synonymous with each other (along with poor, non-industrial nations). This connection between industrialization, broadly conceived, and economic growth is modified but not disrupted by the idea of post-industrial societies that are dominated by service sector jobs. Thus, these jobs are themselves highly specialized and many linked to goods-producing activities within increasingly globalized value chains. For 250 years industrialization has exerted massive impacts on society and economy that are now often discussed in the context of globalization. Moreover, the challenges of industrial transformation are incessant: leading countries and regions constantly search for new forms of growth, while laggards seek to transform agrarian-rural societies to an urban-industrial base and "catch-up" with the leaders. The generation of wealth needs to address issues of its distribution; and the imperatives of growth and efficiency cannot be divorced from social and environmental concerns. Over time and space these challenges are connected and different.
Several studies provide a comprehensive understanding of the geo-evolutionary dynamics of global industrialization with particular reference to the transformations generated by and since the industrial revolution of the late 18th century. Bairoch 1982 and Maddison 2007 provide key starting points as they incorporate original quantitative, global and national, estimates of economic growth and industrial production. Bairoch 1982 estimates the shares of global manufacturing production for leading countries, and as a whole for "developed" and Third World countries from 1750 to 1980. Maddison's magnum opus, Maddison 2007, focuses on national estimates of gross domestic products (GDPs), complimented by many other statistics such as population size, employment levels, and structures, export levels and commodity stocks, as well as by per capita and rate of growth measures, and provides especially rich data sets between 1820–2003. In addition, GDP estimates are provided as far back as AD 1 for various world regions, while Maddison 2005 provides a succinct, readable anticipation of the same trends. The estimates and interpretations of Maddison 2007 and Bairoch 1982 reveal differences, for example, regarding when Europe had overtaken China in terms of per capita wealth. However, both studies confirm the intimate connections between rapid industrialization from the late 18th century (Bairoch) or early 19th century (Maddison) with rising national incomes and the global dominance of western capitalist countries. They also recognize the recent resurgence of Asia, especially China. In an earlier widely read study, Rostow 1967 summarily interpreted globally uneven development in terms of a five stages of economic growth model in which the propensity to innovate and the realization of economies of scale were important drivers, for him culminating in the stage of high mass production and consumption in 1960s America. Without the teleological implications of Rostow's stages, Stearns 2012 is an insightful history of industrialization that emphasizes its rise in Europe and subsequent spread around the globe up to the 21st century. Similarly based on considerations of technological change, national policy, economic organization, and geography, Allen 2011 is another concise account of industrialization from a global perspective. With particular reference to the role of innovation in economic development, Freeman and Louçã 2001 argues that the profound transformations in the industrial structures of leading nations since 1760 have evolved through various techno-economic paradigms" whose path-dependent trajectories are shaped through the interplay of science, technology, politics, culture, and economic history. Meanwhile, Marxian-based analyses of industrialization, such as Mandel 1978 and its portrayal of "late capitalism" as occurring since 1945, following earlier phases of competitive and monopoly capitalism, have been invigorated by recent global crises, highlighted by Piketty 2014, a widely read interpretation of European and US economic history that emphasizes self-reinforcing patterns of income inequalities.
Allen, Robert C. Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780199596652.001.0001E-mail Citation »
Explains global patterns of income inequalities since 1500 in terms of the interplay of geography, technological change, and economic policy.
Bairoch, Paul. "International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980." Journal of European Economic History 11 (1982): 269–333.
Documents and interprets the evolution of manufacturing activities for leading nations and major world regions from the beginnings of the industrial revolution. Based on original estimates of manufacturing output.
Freeman, Christopher, and Francisco Louçã. As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolution to the Information Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Interprets economic growth since the industrial revolution on the basis of "reasoned" history that emphasizes the diverse factors shaping innovative behavior, and the nature of path dependencies. Recognizes different eras or techno-economic paradigms that feature clusters of technologies and associated institutional conditions.
Maddison, Angus. Growth and Interaction in the World Economy: The Roots of Modernity. Washington, DC: AEI, 2005.
A handy summary anticipation of Maddison 2007 that in four parts explains why the West became rich, explains Europe's transformation of the Americas, looks at interactions between Asia and Europe, and gives an outline of African development.
Maddison, Angus. Contours of the World Economy: 1–2030. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
A lucid explanation of how the world has evolved economically for the past two thousand years particularly with respect to income growth among nations and world regions. The study is based on quantitative estimates of gross domestic products, population size and related variables.
Mandel, Ernst. Late Capitalism. Translated by Joris De Bres. London: Verso, 1978.
A Marxist interpretation of capitalist development since 1945 that helped stimulate interests in the idea of long waves of economic development.
Piketty, Thomas. Capital in the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge, UK: Belknap, 2014.
DOI: 10.4159/9780674369542E-mail Citation »
Drawing on extensive data, especially tax records, Piketty argues that returns on invested wealth on stocks and land grow faster than economy as a whole, providing the basis for growing income inequality. Emphasizes the need for income redistribution policies.
Rostow, Walt W. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. London: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
This book seeks to simplify (model) economic development by its recognition of five "arbitrary" stages: traditional societies, conditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and the age of high mass production and consumption. Written as an alternative to Marxism and especially Communism.
Stearns, Patrick N. The Industrial Revolution in World History. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2012.
Defines the range and scope of the industrial revolution, why it happened, when and where it happened, and its global diffusion to all parts of the world up to the 21st century.