Henry Edward Whitney was born in Macclesfield on 8 April and baptised on 1 May 1881 at St Alban's Catholic Church, Macclesfield, the son of Mary, a cotton twister, and John Whitney, a coach smith of Macclesfield. His name was incorrectly recorded in the baptism register as 'Joannes Henricus' – John Henry. In the 1891 census, nine-year-old Henry Edward was living at 18 Great King St with his parents and siblings John James (13), Joseph Arthur (7), Ann (3) and Agnes Jane (1).
Henry was educated at St Alban's School and attended St Alban's Catholic Church. He joined the Cheshire Militia (4th Cheshire Regiment) with service number 4303 and served in South Africa during the second Boer War. He returned home injured and was awarded the Cape Colony and Orange Free State medal clasps.
By 1901, the family had moved to 4 Water St, Macclesfield, and Henry, aged 20, was employed as a cotton weaver.
Henry married Elizabeth Bennett at St Alban's Catholic Church on 30th June 1902, and by 1911 the couple were living at 1 Brunswick Square, Macclesfield with their two children: ten-year-old Bertha Bennett and James, aged 8. Henry was employed as a general labourer and his wife was a cotton weaver.
Henry left his family and emigrated to Australia, leaving London on the Benalla on 17 April 1914 and arriving in Australia the following month. His wife and family were planning to join him in Australia when war broke out.
Henry enlisted with the Australian Imperial Force on 19 November 1914 at Liverpool in New South Wales, Australia. His army service records describe him as 5 feet 8½ inches tall, weighing 10 stones 11 pounds, with a 34½ inch chest, dark complexion, blue eyes and black hair. A note states that his teeth were to be attended to.
After training, he was posted to Egypt in February 1915, where he participated in the Lone Pine Charge. He moved to the Dardanelles in May 1915 and participated in the landings at Suvla Bay. After the evacuation from Gallipoli, Henry arrived at Alexandria on 28th December 1915. He immediately went absent without leave for three days, for which he was punished at Tel-el-Kebir, forfeiting three days pay and being given 21 days field punishment no. 2 – shackled in irons for up to two hours per day.
On 12 March 1916, two months after this punishment, Henry was promoted to Lance-Corporal, and ten days later he left Alexandria on HMT Ivernia, arriving at Marseilles on 28th March 1916 to fight in France. On 21st May he was allowed ten days furlough, during which he travelled to Macclesfield to see his wife and children for the first time in over two years. He rejoined his unit in France on 1st June 1916, and two months later, on 13th August, he was promoted to Sergeant. Just one week after his promotion he was killed in action at Pozieres, on 20th August 1916, when a shell burst in his trench.
After Henry's death, Elizabeth moved to 7 Loney St, off Crompton Rd, Macclesfield.
Mrs Whitney, of 1 Brunswick Square, off Green Street, has received information stating that her husband, Sergeant Henry Whitney, of the Australian Imperial Force, was killed in action in France on August 20th… The following letter from deceased's commanding officer, Capt Howell Price, states: "A large shell burst in the trench killing Sergeant Whitney instantaneously… Sergeant Whitney was a brave, quiet, competent and reliable soldier. He was buried by the Rev Ashley Brown and a cross has been erected in his memory. His comrades mourn the loss of a popular hero.
Sergeant Whitney, who was 36 years of age, was formerly employed at the Macclesfield Gasworks, and emigrated to Australia about three years ago. He obtained employment there as a platelayer, and joined one of the Australian contingents about 18 months ago.
He was first sent to Egypt, where he took part in the famous Lone Pine Charge, and was then sent on to the Dardanelles, where he, amongst other Anzacs, so distinguished themselves. He was also in the landing at Suvla Bay. About three months ago he obtained a short leave and came over to see his wife, after which he was sent back to France. He went all through the 'big push,' and was in the recent heavy fighting around Pozieres, being killed there as stated on August 20th.
Sergeant Whitney served with the Cheshire Militia in the South African War. He has several relatives serving, his two brothers, Quartermaster-Sergeant James Whitney, who has 21 years' service to his credit, is at the Record Office, Shrewsbury, and Private Arthur Whitney, who fought with the Cheshires in the Dardanelles, where he was wounded, is now at Oswestry. Deceased also has four brothers-in-law in the Army, one in the 8th Cheshires, two in the 1/7th Cheshires, and one in the ASC. Their father went through the South African War with the Cheshire Regiment, and at the outbreak of the present war joined the Royal Engineers, but has now been discharged through rheumatism. Sergeant Whitney leaves a wife and two children to mourn his loss.
Sergeant Whitney was a member, by marriage, of a family who have shown a worthy example of patriotism. He was born in Macclesfield 34 years ago and was educated at St Alban's School and attended the Catholic Church. For eleven years he was employed as a stoker at the Macclesfield Gasworks. The deceased fought in the South African War. He emigrated to Australia four years ago and his wife and children were about to join him when war broke out….
Mrs Whitney is a daughter of Mr Samuel Bennett, of Cuckstoolpit Hill, four of whose sons are in the forces. Mr Bennett, too is an ex-soldier. He was connected for a long period with the Macclesfield Militia and went out to the South African War. On the outbreak of the present war he joined the Royal Engineers, with whom he was on service for ten months in France, holding the rank of Corporal. He has now been discharged from the army on account of rheumatism and is hoping shortly to secure employment on munition work. His eldest son is Sergeant John Bennett, Cheshire Regt, now stationed at Oswestry. Some time ago he was wounded with shrapnel in the left arm. Thirty-two years of age, Sergt. Bennett was formerly employed as a foreman at the Corporation gasworks. He was educated at St Paul's School and was at one time a well-known local footballer. Corpl. Samuel Bennett, Cheshire Regt, is also at Oswestry. He took part with the local Territorials at the landing at Suvla Bay and was subsequently invalided home from Egypt. Prior to enlisting he was employed as a fireman at Parkside Asylum. Driver William Bennett is in France with the Army Service Corps. He is 24 years of age and was in the employ of the Great Central Railway Company. Sergeant Lance Bennett, the youngest son, is in Egypt with the Cheshire Regiment. His age is 23, and he was employed at the Lower Heyes Mill.
Several of Mrs Whitney's relatives are also on active service, and the family have other military connections. An uncle, the late Mr J Grant, formerly of Macclesfield, served 22 years in the Staffordshire Regt, in which he held the rank of Quartermaster-Sergeant. He took part in the Zulu War. Mrs Whitney's great-grandfather, Mr John Brookfield, fought at Waterloo with the Shropshire Light Infantry. He died at the age of 82. Mr J Grant, of Shrigley St, Macclesfield, another relative, went through the South African campaign with the 4th Cheshires.
A further report of his death was reported in the Macclesfield Times of 15th September 1916.
Sgt Henry Whitney has no known grave and is named on the Villers-Bretonneux Memorial in Somme, France. The memorial is the Australian National Memorial erected to commemorate all Australian soldiers who fought in France and Belgium during the First World War, especially those whose graves are not known.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission holds casualty details for Sgt Henry Whitney.
In Macclesfield, Sgt Henry Whitney is commemorated on the Park Green, Town Hall, and St Alban's Church war memorials.
Brother of James Whitney, who served as QMS with the Shropshire Light Infantry, and Arthur Whitney, who served as Private 148 with the 5th Cheshire Regt.
Read more about Henry on St Alban's website.


The volume of research at U-M totaled $1.55 billion in the fiscal year that ended June 30. That marks a 4.4 percent increase from FY '17.
"As credit to our innovative campus community and strong external collaboration, the University of Michigan has conducted the largest volume of research of any public university in the United States for eight consecutive years," said S. Jack Hu, vice president for research.
The federal government remains an essential partner in the university's research endeavors, covering 55 percent of the university's total volume of research last year. Federal investment in FY '18 totaled $852 million, which supports U-M research that strengthens national security, improves public health and bolsters economic competitiveness.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which includes the National Institutes of Health and is consistently the largest external sponsor of U-M research, awarded $579 million to U-M in FY '18.
Industry support also increased last year, as total research expenditures from industry sources reached a record high of $109 million — a 9 percent increase from FY '17.
Research investment at U-M also culminates in the development of new products and services. In FY '18, U-M researchers reported a record number of new inventions with 484 — the sixth straight year with more than 400.


text:
Rise in heat waves tied to kidney disease 'epidemics'
By Kathryn Doyle, Reuters Health
(Reuters Health) - An increase in heat waves worldwide linked to climate change may be behind epidemics of kidney disease detected in workers who are increasingly exposed to heat and dehydration, according to a research review.
Global warming has increased temperatures overall by nearly 1 degree Celsius (just under 2 degrees Fahrenheit) over the past century, and they are expected to rise by another 3 to 4 degrees C by the end of this century, the authors write. Heat waves have also become more common, with about three quarters of the increase blamed on climate change, they add.
"There's evidence that long periods of heat waves have increased more significantly with climate change, when it's extremely hot the risk for kidney damage begins to really become evident," said senior study author Dr. Richard Johnson of the University of Colorado, Denver.
Extreme heat exposure can have immediate health effects, causing dehydration, heat exhaustion and heat stroke, as well as worsening pre-existing chronic disease, which can be fatal, Johnson and his colleagues write in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.
Although chronic kidney disease is often caused by diabetes or high blood pressure, it can also be the result of recurrent heat exposure with physical activity and not enough hydration, which puts a heavy strain on the kidneys.
Chronic kidney disease often has no symptoms and has to be diagnosed by blood test. In early stages it may be treated with medications, but as kidneys fail over time they may require dialysis to filter the blood, and ultimately they can fail entirely, leading to death or kidney transplant.
Johnson and his coauthors studied reports of upticks in cases of chronic kidney disease detected in hot climates and among populations without regular access to healthcare, such as poor agricultural workers.
A recent epidemic of chronic kidney disease in Central America, particularly among male sugarcane workers on the Pacific coast, was initially suspected to be linked to chemicals or other toxins, for example. But the kidney damage was found to be more common among sugarcane cutters than among pesticide applicators, and less common at higher altitudes where temperatures are cooler - suggesting that workers with the greatest exertion and heat exposure had the highest risk.
A similar epidemic is currently affecting about 100,000 individuals in northern Sri Lanka, primarily among young to middle-aged male rice farmers and women working in the fields, the authors write. Still another epidemic is affecting Andhra Pradesh on the southwestern coast of India, an area with some of the longest heat waves in the country.
Heat waves occur when sustained temperatures reach 40 degrees C (104 degrees F), or the temperature increases by 5 to 6 degrees C over the normal maximum temperature of the region or any time temperatures reach 45 degrees C (113 degrees F) or greater.
"It is undeniable that there will be numerous direct and indirect health effects as a result of climate change," said Rebecca Laws, a postdoctoral associate at Boston University School of Public Health who was not part of the new study. "We could be witnessing one such direct health effect, as epidemics of (chronic kidney disease) become more apparent in hot and humid regions throughout the world," she said.
"To better understand potential implications from climate change, we need to conduct more research to determine the role of heat stress and dehydration in each geographic region, as well as identify the underlying biological mechanisms," Laws told Reuters Health by email.
Similar epidemics may be ongoing in the hotter regions of Africa and the Middle East, and improving hydration and worksite practices may help prevent some heat related cases of chronic kidney disease, the authors write. But more studies are needed to determine whether there is a cause and effect relationship at work.
"There's enough here to warrant concern that heat stress and dehydration could be a real problem for poor people working in the field," Johnson told Reuters Health.
"I think improving hydration and providing shade can be recommended now," he said. "Will it prevent this epidemic? That needs to be tested."
SOURCE: bit.ly/1qe2hbO Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, online May 5, 2016.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
February 24, 2019 Updated 16:17 GMT
Homepage : In-depth : Israeli politicians and press attempt to slander progressive Palestinian-Israeli democratic movement
Israeli politicians and press attempt to slander progressive Palestinian-Israeli democratic movement
Prime ministerial candidate Benny Gantz compared Balad to a banned Jewish fascist group [AFP]
Date of publication: 24 February, 2019
Israeli PM candidate Benny Gantz compared Palestinian Balad Party to right-wing Israeli fascist group, while right-wing journalists uses potential alliance between Arab and centrist parties to further incite against Balad.
Israel, elections, Palestinian, Balad, Azmi Bishara,
Israeli prime ministerial candidate Benny Gantz compared a progressive Palestinian-Israeli movement to a banned Jewish far-right group this week, in an attempt to discredit the pro-democracy Balad Party, advocates equal civil and democratic rights for Jewish and Palestinian citizens alike.
In his remarks against the Democratic Alliance, which advocates a democratic manifesto and calls for the establishment of a state "for all its citizens", Gantz equated Balad with the far-right Otzma Yehudit.
This party - described as "fascist" - is led by adherents of the Kahana movement, which was merged with the Jewish Home Party and National Union following pressure from Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu.
"In our government there will be no Kahane and no Balad," Gantz said.
Balad, which was founded by the prominent Palestinian writer Azmi Bishara in 1995, responded to Gantz' remarks in a statement.
"[The comments] show that Gantz - who not long ago glorified and boasted about the destruction he inflicted on Gaza - is no different from Netanayhu who incites against the Arabs and warns about their coming to vote in droves."
"Balad is a moral party which promotes the most democratic platform - a state of all its citizens," the statement said.
Rights for all
Although incitement against Palestinians in Israel by the Israeli Right has been frequent in recent months, a special focus on the Balad Party has been made in right-wing Hebrew-language press to justify the presence of Kahane supporters in the pro-Netanyahu camp.
Rumours of a potential alliance between a newly-founded Arab electoral list and Ganzt's party gave the green light for prominent Israeli right-wing journalist Amit Segal to fuel rhetoric against Balad and its founder Azmi Bishara.
In a recent article for Israeli daily Yedioth Ahronoth, Segal sought to forestall any effort by the Gantz's list to ally with Palestinian-Israeli parties.
He claimed that the Israeli Left used Palestinian-Israeli politicians 20 years ago to get into power, in reference to the election campaign in which Ehud Barak competed against Netanyahu in 1999.
This gave the opportunity to focus especially on the founder of Balad by claiming "a year later, the Shin Bet discovered that Bishara had urged Arab youth to establish a Palestinian army that would free the Palestinian people, including the Arabs of Israel, from Jewish occupation", claims that have never been substantiated.
Segal added: "Members of the Labor Party and Meretz voted in favor of Bishara, under the guise of freedom of expression, and so that the size of the leftist camp would not shrink at the ballot box."
However for Segal, the votes by left-wing parties to protect Bishara's parliamentary immunity was contrasted with efforts of some of these to dismiss supporters of the far-right Kahane movement.
"This right to freedom of expression was not so important [to the left]," Segal said. "When the representatives of the left voted unanimously for the removal of Baruch Marzel (a supporter of the Kahane movement)."
The series of slurs against Bishara and the Balad Party continued across the piece, taking especial advantage of Bishara's inability to respond or file defamation suits due to his forced exile. This allowed him to make far-fetched claims that the Palestinian intellectual spied on Israel and helped "guide" Hizballah missiles.
"When his betrayal appeared, he fled the country forever," Segal concluded.
In a further example of equating the progressive democratic Palestinian-Israeli movement with the fascistic Israeli faction, Segal railed against the Left's apparent protection and use of the Palestinian-Israeli parties on the one hand and their condemnation of Kahane on the other.
"The [Balad] Party is an organisation that supports terror and is funded by a party, but for them, the criteria applied against the Kahane movement have not been implemented," he wrote.
Kahana has calle for for the expulsion of Palestinian citizens from Israel, while the National Democratic Alliance has a democratic programme calling for an inclusive state with Jewish and Palestinian citizens having equal rights.
In exile, Bishara left party politics entirely focused on writing and research. He emerged as one of the most important democratic thinkers in the Arab world.
But democratic thought in Israel becomes a charge when it is persistent and challenges the state's increasingly right-wing and hostile administrations under Netanyahu.


text:
XCOR Aerospace's Lynx Mark I Spacecraft Closer to Full Assembly – Satellite Today
The Lynx Mark I manned suborbital spacecraft under construction at XCOR Aerospace in Mojave, Calif. Photo: Mike Massee / XCOR
[Via Satellite 05-11-2015] XCOR Aerospace has bonded the XCOR Lynx Mark I strakes to the Lynx spacecraft fuselage. Lynx is a piloted, two-seat, fully reusable liquid rocket-powered vehicle that takes-off and lands horizontally.
With the strakes bonded to Lynx, "we have an open path toward the integration of a number of subsystems, and this means we will now start electrical wiring, plumbing, installing the control system, and populating the landing gear bays," said XCOR's Chief Technology Officer Jeff Greason.
The strakes make up a large portion of the Lynx aerodynamic shell. Each strake is partitioned into four independent fuel tanks that are pressurized during flight and supply kerosene to the Lynx engines. Each strake also houses a main landing gear assembly and two reaction control thrusters that the Lynx will use to make attitude adjustments while outside of the atmosphere.
The Lynx-family of vehicles serves three primary missions depending on their specific type including: research and scientific missions, private spaceflight, and micro satellite launch (only on Lynx Mark III). Lynx production models (designated Lynx Mark II) are designed to be multi-mission commercial vehicles capable of flying to more than 100 km in altitude up to four times per day.
The post XCOR Aerospace's Lynx Mark I Spacecraft Closer to Full Assembly appeared first on Via Satellite.
http://www.satellitetoday.com/launch/2015/05/11/xcor-aerospaces-lynx-mark-i-spacecraft-closer-to-full-assembly/


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{s:introduction}
Morphology is one of the key observables in extragalactic astronomy
for understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies, and it is
the consequence of all physical processes at work.

The origin of such processes can be both external (environmental) or
internal (intrinsic) to the galaxy itself.  The strongest evidence of
a correlation between the morphological types (Hubble types) and the
environment in which galaxies are located comes from studies conducted
on galaxy clusters.  The well-known morphology-density relation, first
described by \citet{D1,D2} shows that ellipticals and S0s
are the dominant population in high density regions while galaxies in
low density regions are mainly spirals.  A relation between galaxy
morphologies, or structural parameters, and local density was found to
exist also in galaxy groups by \citet{P} and \citet{T}, and in the
SDSS general field \citep{G,K}.

Studies of higher redshift clusters proved the existence of a
morphological evolution of galaxies \citep{D3,F1,PP} with an increase of
the S0 fraction at low redshift at the expense of the spiral
population.
The morphological evolution depends strongly on galaxy
stellar mass both in clusters and in the field
\citep{V,O}, and it is
stronger in low-mass than in massive clusters \citep{PO,W,J}. Measuring the evolution of
galaxy morphologies as a function of
environment represents an important step towards a better
understanding of the observed morphological mix, and for disentangling
between the role of environment and the role of galaxy intrinsic
effects. \citet{KK} found that galaxy structure is
strongly correlated with galaxy stellar mass. On the other hand, the
distribution of galaxy stellar masses itself depends on local density
\citep{B,BO,VV}.
Therefore it is hard to assess the relative roles played by
the galaxy mass and by the physical processes linked to the
environments that the galaxy experienced during its life-time.

To this aim, in the last decade, a great effort has been made to
obtain large catalogues of morphologically classified galaxies.  For
example, detailed morphological classifications have been obtained by
\citet{F2} for cluster galaxies at low redshift in the
WIde-field Nearby Galaxy-cluster Survey
(WINGS), and several catalogues with visual classifications have been
produced for SDSS field galaxies \citep{N,BA,L,FU}.

Recently, \citet{BM}, using a local, visually classified
sample from the Galaxy Zoo project, analysed the relationship between
galaxy morphology, colour, environment and stellar mass characterising
the environment by local galaxy density and by distance from the
nearest group/cluster with $M = 10^{13}- 10^{15} \, h^{-1} \,
M_{\odot}$.
They showed that ``only a small part of both the morphology-density and
colour-density relations can be attributed to the variation in the
stellar-mass function with environment.''

In spite of the recent observational progress, what drives the
observed trends of the different morphological types remains still a
controversial topic not fully explored.
For example, to date, there has not been any large statistical study
on the morphological distribution of galaxies with {\it global}, as opposed
to local, environment. By galaxy ``global environment'' we mean the
structure to which the galaxy belongs,
from massive clusters, to groups, to haloes hosting a single luminous galaxy,
over the whole range of
galaxy system masses, and corresponding dark matter halo masses.

This letter is the first work which
analyses how the morphological mix
and the relation between morphological fractions and galaxy stellar mass
change in the local Universe not as a function of local galaxy density, but
as a function of global environment.\footnote{See also \citet{W2}
submitted, Dave Wilman 2011 private communication.}
To do this we use two galaxy datasets representative of the whole range
of cosmic structures: the Padova-Millennium Galaxy and Group Catalogue (PM2GC)
of groups, binary systems
and isolated galaxies \citep{C}, built from the Millennium Galaxy
Catalogue (MGC) \citep{LI},
and the cluster sample from the WINGS survey \citep{F2}.

The higher quality imaging of the MGC and WINGS surveys compared to
the Sloan survey and the combination of multiwavelength photometry and
spectroscopy for both our samples allow us to give a clear
representation of the morphological distribution of galaxies in
different environments as a function of galaxy stellar mass.
We adopt $H_{0}=70 \, \rm km \, Mpc^{-1} s^{-1}$,
$h=H_{0}/$100, $\Omega_{m}=$0.3 and $\Omega_{\lambda}=$0.7.
\section{The Datasets}
The data used in this letter consist of two samples of galaxies in
the local Universe, in which we identify different environments.

We selected group, binary, isolated and general field galaxies from
the PM2GC \citep{C}, a sample sourced from the MGC
\citep{LI,DR}. The MGC is a B-band contiguous survey of
$\sim$38$\rm deg^{2}$, complemented by a highly complete spectroscopic
survey down to B=20.  The PM2GC is based on the spectroscopically
complete sample including all galaxies in the MGC area in the
redshift range 0.03$\leq$z$\leq$0.11 brighter than M$_{B}<$-18.7.

The PM2GC catalogue of groups (PM2-G) contains 176 galaxy groups at
0.04$\leq$z$\leq$0.1 with at least three members brighter than
M$_{B}=$-18.7, identified using a FoF group-finding algorithm. A
galaxy is a group member if its spectroscopic redshift lies within
$\pm 3\sigma$ from the median group redshift and if it is located
within a projected distance
of $\leq 1.5 \, R_{200}$\footnote{$R_{200} = 1.73 \, \frac{\sigma}{1000 \, \rm km \, s^{-1}} \, {\frac{1}{\sqrt{{\Omega}_{\Lambda} + {\Omega}_{0}(1+z)^3}}} \, h^{-1} \, \rm Mpc$} from
the group geometrical centre. Galaxies which have no neighbour or
solely one with a projected mutual distance $\leq 0.5 h^{-1}$Mpc and a
redshift within 1500$\rm km \, s^{-1}$ are considered ``isolated''
galaxies (PM2-FS) or ``binary-system'' galaxies (PM2-FB),
respectively. The general field (PM2-GF) includes all galaxies regardless
of environment, and assembles galaxies in the PM2-G, PM2-FS and PM2-FB
together with galaxies that, although located in a trial group, did
not make it into the final group sample.  A detailed description of
the FoF method and catalogues of PM2GC groups and galaxies in
different environments can be found in \citet{C}.

For the analysis conducted in this letter we prune the PM2GC catalogues of
isolated, binary system and general field galaxies to the same
redshift range of groups, thus 0.04$\leq$z$\leq$0.1.

In addition, we use a sample of galaxies belonging to 21
clusters taken from WIde-Field Nearby Galaxy-cluster Survey (WINGS)
\footnote{http://web.oapd.inaf.it/wings}, a multiwavelength survey
based on deep optical (B,V) wide field images of 77 clusters at
0.04$<$z$<$0.07 selected in the X-ray \citep{F2} which span a
wide range in velocity dispersion ($\sigma$ typically between 500-1100
km s$^{-1}$) and X-ray luminosity (L$_{X}$ between
0.2-5$\times10^{44}$ergs$^{-1}$). The galaxy spectroscopic
completeness of this subsample of clusters
is $\geq$50\%, and a spectroscopic incompleteness correction
has been applied to our analysis. For redshifts measurements, cluster
membership and completeness see \citet{CV}.

Although reliable estimates of individual halo masses are available
only for WINGS structures based on cluster velocity dispersions
and X-ray luminosity, by combining PM2GC and WINGS certainly we are
statistically investigating a very broad range of global environments,
and corresponding dark matter halo masses, from $\sim 10^{15}
M_{\odot}$ for WINGS, to the order
of $\sim 10^{12} M_{\odot}$ or lower for single galaxies.

For all galaxies in PM2GC and WINGS, stellar masses have been estimated
using the \citet{BL} relation which correlates the
stellar mass-to-light ratio (M/L) with the optical colors of the integrated
stellar populations\footnote{The relation is:
$\log_{10}(M_{\star}/L_{B})=a_{B}+b_{B}(B-V)$ having considered the
B-band photometry, a Bruzual \& Charlot model with $a_{B}$=-0.51 and
$b_{B}$=1.45 for a Salpeter IMF (0.1-125 M$_{\odot}$), subsequently scaled to
a Kroupa (2001) IMF, and solar metallicity.}.
Our mass estimates are in agreement with DR7 masses and with estimates
obtained from the spectrophotometric model fitting of WINGS spectra,
with a scatter that is equal to the typical error on photometric mass
estimates (0.2-0.3dex), without any dependence on morphological type
(see Calvi et al. 2011 for PM2GC, and Vulcani et al. 2011 and
Fritz et al. 2011 for WINGS for all details regarding stellar masses).
\begin{table}
\centering
\resizebox {0.51\textwidth }{!}{
\begin{tabular}{lccccc}
\hline
\textbf{Envir.} & \textbf{N. of gal.} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{Galaxy type}}\\
            & & Ellipticals & S0s & Late-type & Early-type \\
\hline
WINGS  & 690 (1056.12) & 33.8$\pm$1.5\% & 50.7$\pm$1.5\% & 15.4$\pm$1.0\% &
            84.5$\pm$1.0\%\\
PM2-GF & 1188 & 27.0$\pm$1.3\% & 28.7$\pm$1.3\% & 44.3$\pm$1.5\% &
            55.7$\pm$1.5\%\\
PM2-G & 583 & 29.7$\pm$1.9\% & 32.4$\pm$2.0\% & 37.9$\pm$2.1\% &
            62.1$\pm$2.5\%\\
PM2-FB & 174 & 25.3$\pm$3.5\% & 25.8$\pm$3.6\% & 48.8$\pm$4.0\% &
            51.1$\pm$4.0\%\\
PM2-FS & 334 & 21.5$\pm$2.3\% & 24.2$\pm$2.5\% & 54.2$\pm$2.8\% &
            45.7$\pm$3.0\%\\
\hline
\end{tabular}}
\centering
\caption{Number of galaxies and fractions of each morphological type
  in the PM2GC and WINGS mass-limited samples with
  $M_{\star}$=10$^{10.25}M_{\odot}$. Early-type galaxies comprise ellipticals and S0s.
  Errors are binomial. The WINGS number of galaxies between
  brackets is the weighted total number of galaxies above our completeness
  limit.}\label{t2}
\end{table}
In order to properly investigate the relation between morphology, galaxy mass
and environment,
without being affected by the different distributions
of star formation histories (hence colors) in different environments,
it is important to restrict the analysis to a galaxy sample that is complete in
mass. The PM2GC galaxy stellar mass completeness limit
was computed as the mass of the reddest $M_{B}$=-18,7 galaxy ($B-V$=0.9) at
our redshift upper limit (z=0.1), and it is equal to
$M_{\star}$=10$^{10.25}M_{\odot}$.
The WINGS sample is complete in mass down to $M_{\star}$=10$^{9.8}M_{\odot}$,
but for the purposes of this work, we have adopted for WINGS the same
galaxy mass limit as for the PM2GC.

Hence, all the results presented in this paper are based on galaxy stellar
mass limited samples ($M_{\star} \geq 10^{10.25}M_{\odot}$),
for a \citet{KR} IMF.
The total numbers of galaxies in each environment
above our mass limit are listed in Table \ref{t2}.

To morphologically classify galaxies in both samples we used MORPHOT,
an automatic tool purposely designed \citep{F4}, see also
Appendix A in \citet{F3}, which used B-band images for
PM2GC galaxies and V-band images for WINGS. Visual inspection of
a random subset of 300 galaxies
showed no significant systematic shift in broad morphological
classification (E, S0 or late-type) and a typical scatter ($\Delta T$=1.2)
between the V and B WINGS images. By adding to the
classical CAS (Concentration/Asimmetry/clumpinesS) parameters a set of
additional indicators derived from digital imaging of
galaxies, this tool mimics the visual classifications.
The MORPHOT morphological classifications have been proved to
be as effective as the eyeball estimates,
as shown by the comparison with visual classifications of
WINGS and SDSS images
yielding an average difference in Hubble type $\Delta T$
($ \leq 0.4$) and scatter ($\leq 1.7$)
comparable to those among visual classifications
of different experienced classifiers
(see Fasano et al. 2011).
In particular, MORPHOT has been shown to be
able to distinguish between ellipticals and S0 galaxies with
unprecedented accuracy.
\section{Results}
\subsection{The Hubble type fractions}
\begin{figure}
	\vspace{-2cm}
 	\includegraphics[scale=0.36]{table_new.eps}
 	\caption{Morphological fractions in different global
environments for our mass-limited samples (\textbf{for $log_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun}
\geq 10.25$)}, as in Table \ref{t2}. Errors are binomial.}
\label{F1}
\end{figure}
In Table \ref{t2} and Figure \ref{F1}
we show the morphological fractions for the PM2GC and
WINGS mass-limited samples for galaxies with $log_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun}
\geq 10.25$.

The fractions of ellipticals, S0s and early-type galaxies (E's + S0's)
progressively increase in more massive environments, from single
galaxies to binary systems, to groups and clusters.
Late-type galaxies follow the opposite trend with global environment.

We note that elliptical galaxies have the smallest fractional
variation with environment. Their fraction in clusters ($\sim$34\%)
is not very dissimilar from that in the general field ($\sim$27\%) .
For isolated galaxies, binary systems and groups,
although the trend is slowly increasing as we
move towards more massive environments, the fraction of ellipticals
is always between $\sim$22-30\%.

The fraction of S0s is very similar to the elliptical fraction
in all environments ($\sim$1:1 number ratio) except in clusters (1.5).
The S0 fraction ranges from 24\% among single galaxies,
to 32\% in groups, with a jump to 50\% in clusters.
S0's in clusters are almost twice more common than in the general field.

As a consequence, the early-type fraction ranges from 46\% among single
galaxies to 85\% in clusters.
It is striking that even in the least massive
environments we consider, (those of single galaxies),
almost half of the total galaxy population above our mass limit is composed
of early-type galaxies.

Correspondingly, the fraction of late-type galaxies changes strongly with
environment.  For PM2-FS and PM2-FB this fraction is about $\sim$50\%,
it decreases for group galaxies to $\sim$38\%, and then it declines sharply
in clusters (mirroring the S0 cluster enhancement)
reaching a fraction of $\sim$15\%, a third with respect to the
general field ($\sim$44\%).

In \citet{PO}\footnote{In the 2009 work the analysis was
carried out for a magnitude-limited sample of galaxies. We have
verified that the results do not change for the mass-limited WINGS
sample we use in this paper.} we found that in clusters
($\sigma > 500 \rm \, km \, s^{-1}$)
there is no
correlation between the fractions of late-types, S0s and ellipticals
and cluster velocity dispersion or X-ray luminosity (both of
which are cluster mass proxies), except for a weak anticorrelation of
the late-type fraction with X-ray luminosity.
Together with the results of this paper, this suggests
that the morphological trends we observe going from less
massive (single galaxies) to more and more massive environments
(groups and clusters) must flatten out for the most massive haloes.

In summary, we see a smooth increase/decline in the fraction of
Es-S0s/late type galaxies going to more and more massive
environments. On top of that, the cluster environment is characterized
by a sharp enhancement/dearth of the S0/late-type fractions compared
to other environments. For clusters above $500 \rm \, km \, s^{-1}$
the morphological fractions do not depend on halo mass anymore.
Overall, the fraction of elliptical galaxies
represents always at least 20\% of
the galaxy population even in the least massive environments, and at
most 34\% in clusters.

\subsection{The Morphology-Mass relation in different environments}
In this section we investigate the dependence of the distribution of
morphological types on galaxy stellar mass, and whether this changes
with global environment. Table \ref{t3} lists the fractions of each morphological type at masses $10.25\leq$
log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun}<11.0$ and log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun}\geq 11.0$
in different environments and can be used in the following to compare
the morphological fractions at low- and high-masses, and in different
environments in the same mass range.
\begin{table}
\centering
\resizebox {0.51\textwidth }{!}{
\begin{tabular}{lccccc}
\hline
\textbf{\% morph.type} & \textbf{WINGS} & \textbf{PM2GC-GF} & \textbf{PM2GC-G} & \textbf{PM2GC-FB} & \textbf{PM2GC-FS}\\
\hline
 ell $M\geq 10^{11}M_{\odot}$ & 63.2$\pm$4.4\% & 42.0$\pm$4.5\% & 48.2$\pm$4.5\% & 29.4$\pm$13.5\% &
            26.6$\pm$9.6\% \\
 ell $M< 10^{11}M_{\odot}$ & 29.3$\pm$1.6\% & 24.8$\pm$1.5\% & 26.6$\pm$2.0\% & 24.8$\pm$3.7\% &
			21.0$\pm$2.5\% \\
 s0 $M\geq 10^{11}M_{\odot}$ & 26.3$\pm$4.0\% & 20.0$\pm$3.5\% & 21.6$\pm$5.0\% & 29.4$\pm$13.5\% &
            13.3$\pm$7.8\% \\
 s0 $M< 10^{11}M_{\odot}$ & 54.4$\pm$1.7\% & 30.0$\pm$1.5\% & 34.2$\pm$2.0\% & 25.4$\pm$3.8\% &
            25.3$\pm$2.6\% \\
 lt $M\geq 10^{11}M_{\odot}$ & 10.4$\pm$2.9\% & 38.0$\pm$4.5\% & 30.1$\pm$6.0\% & 41.1$\pm$14.3\% &
            60.0$\pm$10.4\% \\
 lt $M< 10^{11}M_{\odot}$ & 16.1$\pm$1.2\% & 45.2$\pm$1.5\% & 39.2$\pm$2.5\% & 49.6$\pm$4.3\% &
            53.6$\pm$3.0\%\\
\hline
\end{tabular}}
\centering
\caption{Fractions of each morphological type above and below $M= 10^{11}M_{\odot}$ in
different environments. Errors are binomial.}\label{t3}
\end{table}
\subsubsection{Fixed environment}

The morphological fractions at masses below and above
log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} = 11.0$ are different (Table \ref{t3}). These
differences are statistically significant in clusters, groups and
general field, while among binaries and single galaxies numbers are
too low to draw conclusions.

Figure \ref{F8} shows how the fraction of each morphological type
varies with stellar mass in the four PM2GC environments and in
clusters. We note that, as discussed in detail in Calvi et al. (in prep.),
in binary and single systems there are no galaxies with
masses log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} \geqslant 11.2$ and
log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} \geqslant 11.55$, respectively, indicating
that the most massive galaxies are only present in the most massive
haloes. Up to log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} \sim 11.1$, in the PM2GC there is generally
little dependence of the morphological fractions on galaxy mass.
Moreover, at these masses
late-type galaxies tend to be the most common type of galaxies
in all PM2GC environments, being matched by S0s only in groups.

In contrast, at masses log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} > 11.1$, there is a
noticeable dependence of the morphological mix on galaxy mass in those
environments hosting galaxies this massive.  In the PM2-FS the
late-type galaxy fraction rises towards higher masses, while in groups
it declines, as the most massive group galaxies are mostly
ellipticals.

In clusters, from \citet{V},
the trends partly resemble those in the
PM2GC groups, except that in clusters the dominance of ellipticals at
high masses is even more pronounced and for log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} >
10.8$ there is a clear declining
trend of S0s with galaxy mass that is absent in groups.
This behaviour of the S0 fraction-galaxy mass relation in clusters is
different from all other environments,
where the S0 fraction remains rather constant at all galaxy masses.

Though it is commonly believed that the morphological mix depends
on galaxy mass, our results highlight that such a dependence
is generally weak at masses in the range
log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} = 10.25-11$, while it becomes strong
at higher masses, where the dominant galaxy type changes with
global environment (elliptical in clusters and groups, late-type among
single galaxies).

\subsubsection{Fixed morphological type}
\begin{figure}
	\vspace{-3pt}
 	\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{MMR_fig2_mod2.eps}
 	\caption{The fraction of each
 	morphological type as a function of stellar mass in different
 	environments: PM2 single-field (top left), PM2 binary-field
 	(top right), PM2 galaxy groups (middle left), PM2 general
 	field (middle right), WINGS (bottom left, reproduced from Fig.10 of Vulcani et al. 2011).
    The WINGS number of galaxies is weighted on the total number
    of galaxies above our completeness limit. Errors are binomial.}
\label{F8}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
	\vspace{-10pt}
 	\includegraphics[scale=0.48]{MMR_fig3_mod.eps
 	\caption{{\bf Top.} The fractions of elliptical (left panel), SO
 	(central panel) and late-type (right panel)
 	galaxies in different environments as a function of stellar mass. {\bf Bottom.} Cumulative distributions of ellipticals, S0s and late-type galaxies: fractions of each type among galaxies more massive than log$_{10}$M on the X axis. This plot can
used to infer the global morphological fractions in mass-limited samples
for any mass limit higher than ours. Errors are binomial. (The WINGS galaxies are weighted on the total number
    of galaxies above our completeness limit.)}
\label{F10}
\end{figure}
Figure \ref{F10} comprises all environments, and directly shows
the strong environmental variation of the morphology-mass relation
for each galaxy type.
The upper panels present the differential fractions,
and the lower panels the cumulative distributions showing the fractions
for galaxies more massive than a mass $M$.
Comparing our general field with results obtained using the
\citet{N} catalogue at the redshifts of our work, we
find qualitatively similar morphological trends with mass, though
even steeper high-mass slopes for ellipticals and late-types.

The top panels in the figure highlight that the variation of the
morphology-mass relation {\it with environment} is pronounced
(1) above all at high galaxy masses (log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} >11$),
but also
(2) at low galaxy masses for S0 and late-type galaxies in clusters
compared to the other environments.

(1) In non-cluster environments, the fraction of each morphological type
at masses $ 10.25 < log_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} < 11$
changes relatively little from one environment to the other,
while it varies much more strongly with environment for
$log_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} >11$ (also Table \ref{t3}). The environmental variation at
high masses is especially outstanding for ellipticals and for late-types.

(2) The peculiarity of the behaviour of the S0 and late-type fractions in
clusters suggests cluster-specific effects on these two types of
galaxies.  It also suggests that a significant number of S0 galaxies
in clusters has a different origin with respect to S0s in other
environments.  The S0 fraction-galaxy mass relation in clusters
resembles more closely the late-type fraction-mass relation in the
general field and groups than the S0-mass relation in non-cluster
environments, in agreement with a scenario in which clusters are very
efficient in transforming spiral galaxies into (some of today's) S0s
\citep{D3,F1}. We speculate that
while a large number of cluster S0s have a ``late-type origin'',
a large number of non-cluster S0s have a truly ``early-type origin''
(a dominant spheroidal component that forms a very small disk, an
``intermediate type'' between disky ellipticals and Sa's).

The fact that the morphology-mass relation changes significantly with
environment
demonstrates that galaxy mass is not the only parameter driving the
morphological distribution of galaxies.
Thus, the change of morphological mix with global
environment cannot be solely due to an eventual change in the galaxy mass
function with halo mass (see Calvi et al. in prep. for a description
of the galaxy mass function as a function of global environment).
\section{Summary}
We use group, binary and isolated field galaxies from the PM2GC sample
and cluster galaxies from the WINGS survey to study the morphological
fractions and morphology-mass relation in different environments for
mass-limited galaxy samples with $ log_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} \geq
10.25$.  Morphologies were derived from B-band and V-band images in
PM2GC and WINGS, respectively, with our tests showing no systematic
shift in broad morphological classification between B and V.

\begin{itemize}
\item
We observe a smooth increase/decline in the fraction of Es-S0s/late type
galaxies going from single galaxies, to binaries, to groups.
Considering all environments, the fractional variation
is more conspicuous for S0s
and late-types than for ellipticals,
due to a sharp enhancement/dearth of S0s/late-types in clusters
compared to other environments. \citet{PO} found that
above $500 \rm \, km \, s^{-1}$
the morphological fractions do not depend on halo mass anymore.
\item
In all environments
the morphological fractions strongly depend on galaxy stellar mass {\it only}
for masses above log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} \sim 11$ (10.8 in clusters),
while they are weakly dependent
of mass at  $ 10.25 < log_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} < 11$.
At high galaxy masses, the dominant type
changes with global environment (elliptical in clusters and groups,
late-type in single galaxies).
\item Also the variation of the morphology-mass relation with environment
is much more pronounced at log$_{10}M_{\star}/M_{\sun} > 11$, especially
for ellipticals and late-types, while at lower masses there is relatively
little change from one environment to the other, except for clusters.
\item The morphology-mass relations for cluster S0s and late-types
remarkably differ from the corresponding relations in all other
environments.
Our findings strongly suggest that cluster-specific effects act on these
two types of galaxies, and that a significant number of S0s in clusters
has  a different origin with respect to S0s in other environments.

Our results show that the morphology-mass relation changes with global
environment and that galaxy stellar mass cannot be the only
parameter driving the morphological distribution of galaxies.

\end{itemize}
\section*{Acknowledgments}
We thank Preethi Nair for sending us their data, and
the anonymous referee for a careful reading and useful comments.
BV and BMP acknowledge financial support from ASI contract I/016/07/0.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Lindsey Graham's recent warning that Republicans might yet push for a presidential impeachment serves to demonstrate, if further demonstration was still required, of just how brutal Washington politics could get if his party ends up in control of both Houses of Congress after the mid-term elections in November. In progressive terms, the achievements of the Obama Administration have been, at best, only modest: and yet that modesty does not remove the need to defend them – and to defend them energetically – in the face of sustained Republican attempts to roll them back.
By challenging the Republicans' core criticisms of the Affordable Care Act.
The ACA is not a job-killer as the Republicans like to claim. Nor did the recent Congressional Budget Office report say that the full implementation of the ACA will "kill" 2.3 million jobs by 2021. On the contrary, the report made clear that the Affordable Care Act will not increase either unemployment or underemployment (people working part time who want to work full time). It also found little evidence of employers dismissing workers to avoid having to provide coverage. What the Report did predict was that 2.3 Americans may chose not to work because they no longer need to do so to get healthcare cover from their employer. The ACA will increase their choice. It will not take away their jobs.
Far from costing jobs, the full implementation of the ACA may actually help increase employment by slowing the rate of healthcare costs and by subsidizing the purchase of healthcare coverage by the low paid. The effect in both cases will be to increase that part of total national income available for the purchase of other goods made by other workers. If the full implementation of the ACA then does enable some sick or poorly-paid workers to pull out of the labor market entirely or in part, their departure will leave fewer people competing there, so strengthening wage growth (and consumer demand) again. It seems reasonable to expect therefore that the marginal disincentive to work associated with the phasing out of federal healthcare subsidies as income rises (a common feature of all safety-net programs) will be more than offset in the ACA case by the general boost to consumer demand triggered by the subsidies themselves.
The ACA will not institutionalize death panels, bring big brother control of your individual healthcare decisions, grossly inflate existing insurance rates or expose private health data to the wider world. All it will quietly do (and is now doing) is make access to adequate healthcare affordable for that wide tranche of Americans currently unable to afford healthcare insurance and so forced back onto an erratic dependency on emergency hospital coverage and free clinics. The ACA is not driving people out of healthcare coverage. It is simply obliging some people to change their particular healthcare plans, often for something better.
Nor will the ACA collapse under its own weight – there is no "death spiral" for the Act because enough young healthy people are already enrolling and far fewer than anticipated are choosing to take the fine – and the long-term budgetary implications of the ACA are all positive. A healthier population paying more taxes, helping to bring the long-term trajectory of public debt down rather than up.
Listing the many ways in which the Affordable Care Act is already bringing much needed improvements to the U.S. health care system, and will yet bring more.
In spite of the problems associated with the initial launch of the healthcare exchanges, the number of Americans signing up on them for coverage has already reached at least 8 million.
Among those not signing up on the exchanges but gaining/retaining cover, we need to count the 2.37 million young Americans enabled by the ACA to stay on their parents insurance until age 26, 1.87 million of whom would otherwise be likely uninsured.
The ACA improves access to healthcare for those with pre-existing medical conditions, and for women of all ages, by banning a series of insurance company practices that discriminated against both categories of Americans.
People without employer-provided healthcare insurance (a growing proportion of the U.S. population) can now buy insurance on exchanges especially created for that purpose, and receive financial help from the federal government if their income falls below four times the poverty level for their size of family.
In states that take up the option, people on the edge of poverty (earning up to 133% of the poverty level for their size of family) become eligible for Medicaid, with the federal government initially picking up all the additional costs involved in making that provision.
Senior citizens get help financing part of the doughnut hole in their purchase of prescription drugs (with the hole to be fully eradicated by 2020). In 2011, 3.6 million Americans saved more than 42 million as a result.
The ACA contains a number of cost-containment provisions that can only help to lower the trajectory of overall healthcare costs over time. These include changes to payment systems (especially for Medicare), an Independent Payment Advisory Board, and funding for research designed to increase medical efficiency, as well as an increased emphasis on wellness and illness prevention.
Showing that the impact of the Act would have been greater but for opposition from conservatives to key elements of its design & implementation.
The impact of the Act on the trajectory of health care costs would have been greater if the original legislation had included a public option, but that element was removed from the original bill in order to win support from blue-dog Democrats and moderate Republicans.
That refusal by Republican state legislators to expand Medicaid coverage will shut out from affordable healthcare anywhere between 5 and 8 million of the most vulnerable and poorly paid Americans. It also creates a genuine "Medicaid Gap" in which people eligible for full assistance in purchasing healthcare coverage on the state exchanges run the risk – if they lose their jobs and end up with income between 100% and 133% of the poverty level – of finding that Medicaid will not step in to make up the loss.
Demonstrating that – to the degree that the Republicans do possess a coherent alternative set of reforms – those reforms will only make health matters worse.
The Republican Party has been very slow to offer a detailed alternative, caught as it has been in the realization that "you can't achieve the good stuff in the ACA, like coverage for people with pre-existing conditions, without also including the stuff they hate, the requirement that everyone buy insurance and the subsidies that make that requirement possible." This silence on policy design is compounded by the fact that the main thing Republicans appear to dislike in the ACA – the individual mandate – was originally a Republican rather than a Democratic suggestion, offered as an alternative to the Clinton health plan in the 1990s.
The main plan currently on offer – the Hatch/Coburn/Burr plan – will add to middle-class tax burdens. The plan would use market competition to keep costs down, and level the playing field between employer-provided healthcare and privately purchased health care by capping the proportion of health insurance contributions by both employers and their employees that goes untaxed. Currently 100% does. They propose setting a cap at 65%. But that would represent a significant tax-hike on middle –class Americans, the very thing Republican lawmakers regularly set their face against doing. The Senate Republican plan would also "likely cover fewer uninsured people, raise premiums for many older Americans, shrink Medicaid…scale back protections for people with pre-existing conditions, and allow private insurers to escape many of the consumer-friendly protections now imposed on them." It is hardly surprising then that Republican enthusiasm for the plan has quickly wilted.
A simple repeal of the ACA would leave the status-quo-ante in place: and that is itself both morally and politically questionable. Are Republicans really in favor of taking young adults off their parents' healthcare coverage, allowing insurance companies to discriminate against pregnant women and the really sick, or ending subsidies for healthcare for low-income hardworking American families? In the name of what: the right of young currently healthy Americans to free-ride on the hospital system should they become suddenly and unexpectedly sick? Untrammeled freedom for young millennials is a weak moral basis for rolling back even the modest gains made by the Affordable Care Act: and even healthy twenty-year olds eventually grow old.
Recognizing the limits of the Affordable Care Act, and proposing ways of improving it.
32 million Americans were still without coverage in 2012. The CBO estimated in April that 31 million will still be uninsured a decade from now. They will not get that coverage until/unless we reverse the refusal of states to extend Medicaid availability, or effect a root-and-branch replacement of the ACA with a single-payer system. Currently, 80 million Americans remain either uninsured or underinsured. That cannot be right.
The early implementation problems have damaged the credibility of the ACA and continue to bedevil it. Right now, for example, of the six million Americans who have gained Medicaid coverage since last September, at least 1.7 million of them are still waiting for their applications to be processed – some indeed have waited eight months already. Improvements here are needed fast.
Health care costs continue to rise, as is the proportion of that rise falling back on patients (via deductibles and co-pays), with the burden greatest for the chronically ill. Neither trend is satisfactory. We will not pull healthcare costs fully under control without tighter regulation of insurance companies, the breaking of local insurance monopolies, and the replacement of a fee-for-service medical reimbursement system with one based on a per capita basis.
The ACA remains unpopular. It is time to reverse that by some honest, detailed and informed talk. It is time to insist that the social contract at the heart of the ACA – that the healthy pay for the sick, and when sick themselves are covered by the healthy – remains a morally desirable one. It is also time to re-emphasize the basic choice that all healthcare systems face – of how to balance conflicting demands for treatment with the necessarily limited resources available to meet them – and to stress again that unregulated market mechanisms are singularly inappropriate for the striking of that balance, given the current level of income inequality.
It is time to say too that the case for a single–payer system remains compelling, and that the ACA should be best thought of as one more stage in the on-going struggle to achieve a healthcare system free at the point of use.
The biggest problem the Republicans have with their opposition to the ACA is that, for all its faults, the Act is actually making a positive difference. The evidence is everywhere. When its prototype was introduced (by Mitt Romney of course!) in Massachusetts, the mortality rate fell. When medical providers combined in the ACA's Accountable Care Organizations, their spending on Medicare fell.  "State health insurance marketplaces that offered consumers very few health plan choices in 2014 are starting to add more insurers,"…and so on. We can't afford to let Republicans take us backwards in this key area of social reform, which is why now is the time to push back against the ACA's conservative critics with all the force we can muster. Hopefully this checklist will be of some value in that pushback.
This entry was posted on Thursday, June 12th, 2014 at 9:23 am, was written by David Coates, and is filed under home, US Blog. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
The Role of Unrealistic Optimism in Explaining Preventive Behaviors in High Versus Low Endemic Malaria Settings in Belize
Daniel G. Handysides
Background: Of all the diseases an individual can encounter in the world, malaria is one of the most destructive. Simple measures like sleeping under a bednet would greatly reduce the burden (Abeku, 2007). When people estimate their risk relative to others, they are most often unrealistically optimistic, which may explain why those at risk often fail to perform behaviors, such as using a bednet that will reduce their risk. However, one study showed that people at high risk for malaria held pessimistic perceptions of their risk for the disease, but the reasons for this finding are unclear (Morrison, Ager, & Willock, 1999).
Purpose: In this study I examined risk perceptions about malaria, specifically absolute and comparative risk for the disease, and the role such perceptions play in encouraging or discouraging preventive behavior in areas with high (> 50 cases/1,000) and low (< 1 case/1,000) rates of endemic malaria. In addition, I tested the accuracy hypothesis (Brewer, Cuite, Herrington, & Weinstein, 2004) between perceived risk of malaria and engaging in the preventive behavior of using a bednet.
Method: This study used a cross-sectional, non-equivalent group comparison observational design and was conducted in Belize, Central America. The data were collected using both self-reported surveys and personal interviews from residents of 20 selected villages across the country with high (n = 10 villages) and low (n = 10 villages) endemic malaria. A minimum of 15 people per village were recruited, for a total sample size of 300 people, with approximately equal numbers of males and females. The survey assessed absolute and comparative risk perceptions, based on the recommendations by Brewer et al., as well as perceived control and risk behaviors related to malaria, and standard demographics.
Results: More people in the high risk area had ever had malaria compared to those in the low risk area (42.7% vs. 8.8%, p < .001). Average perceived risk of ever getting malaria was 48.4%, with no significant difference between the high (51%) and low (46%) areas; however, those in the high area who had ever had malaria reported a significantly higher risk of ever getting malaria in the future (mean = 59% vs. 45% chance, p = .003). indicating a fairly accurate perception among those in the high risk area but pessimism among those in the low risk area. However, participants in both high and low risk areas were most likely to show an optimistic bias for comparative risk items. When compared to others in their town, 47.1% thought they were below average, 32.5% average, and 20.3% above average risk (with no differences between high and low areas). Bednet use varied, with 40.7% of those in the high, and only 2.0% of those in the low, risk area always using a bednet (p < .001); those who had a history of malaria in the high risk area were more likely to always use a bednet than those who have no history of malaria (50.0% vs. 33.7%, p < .05). There was no evidence for the accuracy hypothesis: greater perceived risk regarding malaria was not associated with regular bednet usage. However, perceived control was significantly correlated with preventive behavior (r = 0.236, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: These results show both pessimistic and optimistic biases regarding risk of malaria, depending on the type of risk assessed (absolute vs. comparative risk), actual risk of malaria (high vs. low risk areas), and perceptions of control. However, risk perceptions regarding malaria were not reliably associated with preventive behavior, unlike that found by other researchers, although it is unclear why this is so. Future studies should be longitudinal in nature, to determine if risk perceptions and perceived control are related to future behavior. These studies must use standardized measures of risk perceptions to adequately examine risk-behavior hypotheses.
Helen Hopp Marshak
Patti Herring
Naomi Modeste
Doctor of Public Health (DrPH)
Malaria -- prevention & control -- Belize; Endemic Diseases -- prevention & control -- Belize; Malaria -- epidemiology -- Belize; Environmental Exposure; Attitude to Health; Risk Assessment; Risk Reduction Behavior; Health Promotion -- education -- Belize; Community-Based Participatory Research.
xi; 118
Handysides, Daniel G., "The Role of Unrealistic Optimism in Explaining Preventive Behaviors in High Versus Low Endemic Malaria Settings in Belize" (2010). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 1487.
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Here we have a good news for the fighting game lovers, if you are search of most loveable fighting game then you have parked your mind at the right place. Here we have everything, about the release date of most anticipated fighting game, which is named as Tekken 7: Fated Retribution.
Tekken 7: Fated Retribution will be the seventh installment of Tekken series, which was started in 1994. After a successful journey of almost two decades with six installments, their developer has decided to launch its seventh installment, for almost all the platforms. All the previous games of Tekken series were developed for PlayStation and Xbox, but this will be the first time when Tekken is also going to release for Microsoft Windows.
All the previous game of Tekken Series had only a single mechanism, because of which this game was started losing its popularity among the game lovers. To make it more interesting, this time its developers has included two mechanism.
Tekken 7: Fated Retribution if basically developed for one on one fights, like all the previous games of this series. But this time one more mechanism will make this game more interesting.
First mechanism of this game is "Rage Art", this mechanism allows the character to make terrific attacks on its opponent, which includes only 30% damage of its opponents and bring the health bar to normal and allows the character to take revenge, in the next mechanism.
The name of the second mechanism is hidden inside the title of this game itself, which is Fated Retribution. This mechanism is specially designed to take revenge. This mechanism makes the character much stronger for the next brutal attacks of the opponents, and allows the player to reply with more power.
Apart from these two mechanisms there are many more features like, an arcade mode has also been introduced in this game, in which our character has to fight with the five different opponents, to reach to next stage.
It has two gaming modes single player and multiplayer. One more feature is included in this version, which is modification of character. With the help of this feature we can modify our players' ability and appearance.
After watching all these features, which have been included in Tekken 7: Fated Retribution, we can say that it is going to be more awesome, then its all previous versions.
The plot of this game will close to the story of Tekken 4. We have already seen that Heihachi's son Kazuya and his grandson Jin Kazama, wants to kill Heihachi, because he was behind the murder of his wife. In this seventh part this story will led to its conclusion.
One new character has been introduced to this Akuma, who is a street fighter. Akuma has a guest appearance in this game, who will play a major role in this new series.
Master Raven: – The fighting style of this character is similar to the Raven. This lady ninja belongs to the organization of Raven.
Akuma: – The most dangerous street fighter has been included in this game to repay the debt of Kazumi's murder to Heihachi.
Jack 7: – The new upgraded fighter of Jack series with red hairs and green arms is one of the deadliest fighters of this game.
Katrina Alves: – Sassy Brazilian woman expert in the art of Savate. She is specially designed for the beginner gamers.
Lucky Chole: – Most interesting fighter of Tekken 7, with the kitten costume. Its fighting style quite different form the other fighters, with a unique freestyle dancing fighting capability.
With these new characters, some old characters have also been returned to Takken 7: Fated Retribution like, Brayan, Lee, Paul, King and many more.
This game is going to release in the early months of 2017 for PlayStation, Microsoft Windows and Xbox.
The upgraded Arcade mode of Tekken 7: Fated Retribution, has already been released in Japan in July, 2016.
This is all for now about the release date of Tekken 7: Fated Retribution, for more updates and release dates, stay connected to Release Date Portal.


text:
Chief Buildings establishing operations in Lancaster County
$22.1 million investment will create 102 new jobs over the next five years
Chief Buildings, a subsidiary of Chief Industries, Inc. and a premier metal building system manufacturer, today announced plans to establish operations in Lancaster County. The company's $22.1 million investment will create 102 new jobs over the next five years.
Founded in 1966, Chief Buildings is a nationwide leader in low-rise, non-residential metal building systems. The company's custom-engineered steel solutions optimize and integrate steel framing, roofing and walls.
Located at 992 Quality Drive in Lancaster, Chief Buildings' new state-of-the-art Lancaster County operations will expand the company's footprint in the Southeast and increase service to its authorized builder network.
Operations are expected to be online in October 2022. Individuals interested in learning more about Chief Buildings should visit the company's website.
The Coordinating Council for Economic Development has approved job development credits related to this project. The council also awarded a $200,000 Set-Aside grant to Lancaster County to assist with costs of building improvements.
"Lancaster was the ideal location to expand our operations. The expansion is a logical step in our business growth strategy and helps to ensure we meet the needs of our stakeholders. This project in Lancaster would not be possible without the support from the Lancaster County Department of Economic Development and South Carolina Department of Commerce." -Chief Industries Chairman of the Board, CEO and President DJ Eihusen
"Chief Buildings will be an exceptional addition to Lancaster County's manufacturing community. Since our initial meeting with Chief Industries' CEO DJ Eihusen and his team in September, we realized just how special of a company we were recruiting and committed to securing the project. This third-generation, family-owned business is not only a leader in their industry, but in the communities in which they operate. Lancaster County couldn't be more appreciative of their decision to bring these outstanding manufacturing jobs here, and we look forward to being a partner with them as they grow their operation here over the coming years." -Lancaster County Department of Economic Development Executive Director James Gilbert
"We are thrilled that Chief Buildings has selected Lancaster County for their new facility! Chief Buildings' investment in the I-77 region, after an extensive, multi-state site selection process, sends a clear message that this is an ideal location to do business, especially for small and midsized manufacturers. Welcome to South Carolina!" -SC I-77 Alliance President and CEO Steven Pearce.


Ashegoda (Ethiopia) (AFP) – From the sky, the 84 glimmering white turbines at Ashegoda wind farm shoot up from the ground like massive spokes, standing out high amid vast expanses of yellow wheat.
Ethiopia's northern Tigray region, mostly populated by cattle farmers who grow the country's staple grains, is an unlikely site for a modern French-run wind farm, let alone sub-Saharan Africa's largest.
With its multi-billion dollar projects in wind, hydropower, solar and geothermal energy, Ethiopia's pioneering green energy efforts aim to supply power to its 91 million people and boost its economy by exporting power to neighbouring countries.
"Ethiopia stands alone in Africa as using green energy for transformative growth," said Ahmed Soliman, from Britain's Chatham House think tank.
Current energy production capacity stands at 2177 megawatts (MW), with ambitions to reach 10,000 MW by 2015.
Ashegoda's turbines, which tower above young boys in tattered clothes watching over their livestock, have a total capacity of 120 megawatts, making it the biggest on the sub-continent.
The project was built by France's Vergnet Group, and is the first of several planned wind farms in the country, including a 204 MW Chinese-built site under construction in the southeast.
Ashegoda, 780 kilometres (484 miles) from Addis Ababa, is part of ambitious plans to transform Ethiopia into a middle-income, carbon-neutral country by 2025.
The $313 million (230 million-euro) wind farm, funded by the French government and several private French banks, is an indication of growing interest from European companies in Ethiopia, where Chinese, Indian and Turkish investments are also growing.
Both France and Ethiopia's government are "very enthusiastic to reinforce even more links", said Romano Coutrot, site manager at the wind farm, adding Ashegoda is one of Vergnet's "most important" projects globally.
The project took four years to complete and became fully operational in October, but faced several hurdles along the way.
Soaring up to 80-metres (262-feet) high, the turbines had to be driven to landlocked Ethiopia on semi-paved roads from Djibouti, which posed a major challenge.
Completion was further delayed to relocate the site five kilometres north after the aviation authority said it was interfering with its airspace.
Coutrot admitted that doing business in Ethiopia can be challenging, with infrastructure shortfalls and crippling bureaucracy.
"The taxation system, customs, the relationship with authorities, it's sometimes a bit difficult," he said, speaking from his office on site amid the imposing turbines.
Ethiopia ranks 125 out of 189 countries on the World Bank's ease of doing business index.
"Government services like customs, land issues, other government services are improving," said Minister for Water and Energy Alemayehu Tegenu, insisting the government was committed to improving conditions for investors.
The government says its investment in green energy is a central pillar of its development plan, crucial in a country where the majority of people live on less than $2 a day.
"Health, education, communication, water supply, industry, these all need sustainable and reliable power supply," Alemayehu said.
Only 53 percent of the country currently has access to electricity, with large swathes of Ethiopia's rural regions in the dark and relying on firewood for basic household needs.
"Unless you have this kind of ambitious plan, the pace of population pressure will take over and you won't see any change," said Belay Simane, professor of environment at Addis Ababa university.
The country is already exporting power to Djibouti and Sudan, with a line to transport energy to Kenya under construction.
Soliman said it will solidify Ethiopia's role as a leader in green energy in the region.
"Ethiopia will have a competitive regional advantage, not having to rely on economically and technically less-feasible sources of energy such as gas or oil to meet growing demands, which many East African countries are doing," Soliman said.
The hard currency earned from these power exports will go toward increasing the number of renewable energy projects in Ethiopia, according to the government.
Heavy investment in the green energy sector extends beyond economics: the country is keen to avoid the mistakes of countries such as China or India, that experienced rapid economic growth but with grave environmental costs.
"If we invest in these resources, we can develop in a green way without affecting the environment like they did in Europe," said Fisseha Gebremichael, Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation's Ashegoda project manager.
Alemeyahu said he hopes Ethiopia's aggressive investments in wind and other renewable energy resources will persuade other African countries to follow suit.
"We don't want to keep African populations in the dark for a long time, we have to run very fast to access light for industry and for social and economic development," he said.


If you're a retailer on the fast track for growth, Ruckus retail Wi-Fi solutions can play a greater role in your success. We ensure that customers stay happily connected when visiting your locations. We help you promote your brand and engage with customers, and we give you valuable insights about customer behavior—including how they use your Wi-Fi resources—to inform marketing and IT planning.
Get easy cloud-based management that doesn't require expensive IT resources. If you're expanding fast, Ruckus Cloud Wi-Fi makes it easy for you deploy new Wi-Fi enabled locations,and bring all of your sites together into a single view. Troubleshoot from anywhere without driving from location to location.
All of your customers expect a fast, uninterrupted Wi-Fi experience. A poor experience hurts your brand. A frustrated customer may walk out and never come backwhich is why rock-solid Wi-Fi is critical for any retail business. Our Ruckus access points (APs) use patented BeamFlex and ChannelFly technologies for better coverage and interference mitigation and higher throughput.
Real-time and historical Wi-Fi analytics are also a part of Ruckus Cloud Wi-Fi. Find out what time of day, and how long customers are using the Wi-Fi network, and how much network resources they consume. Understand which websites are visited most often and what devices are used to access the network.
If you have a large retail venue, get analytics on footfall traffic with Ruckus Smart Positioning Technology (SPoT™). Combine SPoT with Ruckus partner solutions that gives you a large selection of innovative ways to market to customers.
Add Ruckus Cloudpath security and policy management software to secure the physical devices, such as IP surveillance cameras and POS terminals,and manage your entire Wi-Fi network with Ruckus Cloud Wi-Fi.
"Wi-Fi-as-you-grow" to extend and adapt to the changing needs of your business.


text:
Q: XML Load file inputting wrong data into MySQL This is the XML schema I'm trying to script into the database. It has worked adding the details but it is not inputting the exact data, and I'm confused about what is going on.
<Questions>
    <Question>
      <Text>Q1. How do you consider your overall health in general?</Text>
      <QuestionID>qu_008</QuestionID>
      <Index>2</Index>
      <Variable>Q_2</Variable>
      <FullVariable>Q_2</FullVariable>
      <QType>eqtAmerican</QType>
      <AnsweredTimeStamp>2020-11-16T10:52:15Z</AnsweredTimeStamp>
      <QuestionAnswer>Very healthy</QuestionAnswer>
      <Answers>
        <Answer>
          <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
          <Text>Very healthy</Text>
          <Index>1</Index>
          <AnswerID>0</AnswerID>
          1
          <AnswerShortID>an_008_001</AnswerShortID>
          <AnswerVariable>A_Q_2_1</AnswerVariable>
          <DesignTimeFlags>None</DesignTimeFlags>
        </Answer>
      </Answers>
    </Question>
    <Question>
      <Text>Q2. How often would you say that you..?</Text>
      <QuestionID>qu_009</QuestionID>
      <Index>3</Index>
      <Variable>Q_3</Variable>
      <FullVariable>Q_3</FullVariable>
      <QType>eqtMultiTopics</QType>
      <AnsweredTimeStamp>2020-11-16T10:55:33Z</AnsweredTimeStamp>
      <Topics>
        <Topic>
          <Text>Smoke</Text>
          <Index>1</Index>
          <TopicID>0</TopicID>
          <TopicAnswer>Never</TopicAnswer>
          <TopicShortID>tp_009_001</TopicShortID>
          <TopicVariable>T_Q_3_1</TopicVariable>
          <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
          <Answers>
            <Answer>
              <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
              <Text>Never</Text>
              <Index>5</Index>
              <AnswerID>4</AnswerID>
              5
              <AnswerShortID>an_009_005</AnswerShortID>
              <AnswerVariable>A_Q_3_5</AnswerVariable>
              <DesignTimeFlags>None</DesignTimeFlags>
            </Answer>
          </Answers>
        </Topic>
        <Topic>
          <Text>Take medicines prescribed by a doctor</Text>
          <Index>5</Index>
          <TopicID>4</TopicID>
          <TopicAnswer>Very little/ occasionally</TopicAnswer>
          <TopicShortID>tp_009_005</TopicShortID>
          <TopicVariable>T_Q_3_5</TopicVariable>
          <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
          <Answers>
            <Answer>
              <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
              <Text>Very little/ occasionally</Text>
              <Index>4</Index>
              <AnswerID>3</AnswerID>
              4
              <AnswerShortID>an_009_004</AnswerShortID>
              <AnswerVariable>A_Q_3_4</AnswerVariable>
              <DesignTimeFlags>None</DesignTimeFlags>
            </Answer>
          </Answers>
        </Topic>
        <Topic>
          <Text>Concern about the prices of healthy foods</Text>
          <Index>8</Index>
          <TopicID>7</TopicID>
          <TopicAnswer>A lot/ Very often</TopicAnswer>
          <TopicShortID>tp_009_008</TopicShortID>
          <TopicVariable>T_Q_3_8</TopicVariable>
          <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
          <Answers>
            <Answer>
              <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
              <Text>A lot/ Very often</Text>
              <Index>1</Index>
              <AnswerID>0</AnswerID>
              1
              <AnswerShortID>an_009_001</AnswerShortID>
              <AnswerVariable>A_Q_3_1</AnswerVariable>
              <DesignTimeFlags>None</DesignTimeFlags>
            </Answer>
          </Answers>
        </Topic>
        <Topic>
          <Text>Control the portions you eat (counting calories)</Text>
          <Index>9</Index>
          <TopicID>8</TopicID>
          <TopicAnswer>A lot/ Very often</TopicAnswer>
          <TopicShortID>tp_009_009</TopicShortID>
          <TopicVariable>T_Q_3_9</TopicVariable>
          <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
          <Answers>
            <Answer>
              <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
              <Text>A lot/ Very often</Text>
              <Index>1</Index>
              <AnswerID>0</AnswerID>
              1
              <AnswerShortID>an_009_001</AnswerShortID>
              <AnswerVariable>A_Q_3_1</AnswerVariable>
              <DesignTimeFlags>None</DesignTimeFlags>
            </Answer>
          </Answers>
        </Topic>
        <Topic>
          <Text>Read labels/nutritional information on products</Text>
          <Index>10</Index>
          <TopicID>9</TopicID>
          <TopicAnswer>A little/Sometimes</TopicAnswer>
          <TopicShortID>tp_009_010</TopicShortID>
          <TopicVariable>T_Q_3_10</TopicVariable>
          <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
          <Answers>
            <Answer>
              <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
              <Text>A little/Sometimes</Text>
              <Index>3</Index>
              <AnswerID>2</AnswerID>
              3
              <AnswerShortID>an_009_003</AnswerShortID>
              <AnswerVariable>A_Q_3_3</AnswerVariable>
              <DesignTimeFlags>None</DesignTimeFlags>
            </Answer>
          </Answers>
        </Topic>
        <Topic>
          <Text>Concern about healthy living</Text>
          <Index>11</Index>
          <TopicID>10</TopicID>
          <TopicAnswer>Very little/ occasionally</TopicAnswer>
          <TopicShortID>tp_009_011</TopicShortID>
          <TopicVariable>T_Q_3_11</TopicVariable>
          <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
          <Answers>
            <Answer>
              <IsOtherSpec>False</IsOtherSpec>
              <Text>Very little/ occasionally</Text>
              <Index>4</Index>
              <AnswerID>3</AnswerID>
              4
              <AnswerShortID>an_009_004</AnswerShortID>
              <AnswerVariable>A_Q_3_4</AnswerVariable>
              <DesignTimeFlags>None</DesignTimeFlags>
            </Answer>
          </Answers>
        </Topic>
      </Topics>
    </Question>
</Questions>

I derived this as the standard SQL Schema from the XML for this particular table.
CREATE TABLE `surveyapp`.`question` (
   id INTEGER AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
   Text VARCHAR(500),
   QuestionID VARCHAR(100),
   Indexsur INT,
   Variable VARCHAR(100),
   FullVariable VARCHAR(100),
   QType VARCHAR(100),
   AnsweredTimeStamp TIMESTAMP,
   QuestionAnswer VARCHAR(100),
   Topic VARCHAR(100),
   AnswersID INT,
   ChapterID INT
) CHARSET utf8mb4 ENGINE=InnoDB;

I'm using the XML loader to load the file into the database. What I noticed is that it's not doing it rightly. As an example when it is supposed to use the question text it is adding a different thing entirely. I have troubleshot it but could not discover what the problem is.

This is the XML load data I'm using
LOAD XML LOCAL INFILE 'C:\\MyUser\\MyUser\\Documents\\SurveyData\\SurveyData.xml'
  INTO TABLE Question
  ROWS IDENTIFIED BY '<Question>'
  (@Text, @QuestionID, @Variable, @FullVariable, @QType, @AnsweredTimeStamp, @QuestionAnswer, @Topic, @AnswersID, @Index, @ChapterID)
  SET Text=@Text, QuestionID=@QuestionID, Variable=@Variable, FullVariable=@FullVariable, QType=@QType, AnsweredTimeStamp=@AnsweredTimeStamp, QuestionAnswer=@QuestionAnswer, Indexsur=@Index, Topic=@Topic, AnswersID=@AnswersID, ChapterID=@ChapterID;

A: Thanks for all the contributions. I was able to resolve it by using this code. The unfortunate thing is that I forgot to note where I got this answer from on SO. it worked perfectly.
LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'C:\\Users\\GEGE\\Documents\\SurveyData\\SurveyDataText.xml'  INTO TABLE  question  CHARACTER SET 'utf8'
  LINES STARTING BY '<Question>' TERMINATED BY '</Question>'
    (@tmp) SET
    -- id      = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//id'),
    Text = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//Text'),
    QuestionID = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//QuestionID'),
    Variable = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//Variable'),
    FullVariable = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//FullVariable'),
    QType = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//QType'),
    AnsweredTimeStamp = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//AnsweredTimeStamp'),
    QuestionAnswer = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//QuestionAnswer'),
    Topic = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//Topic'),
    AnswersID = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//AnswersID'),
    Indexsur = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//Index'),
    ChapterID = ExtractValue(@tmp, '//ChapterID');

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
'use strict'
var mongo = require('./helpers/mongo.js')
var routes = require('./routes.js')

var server = null

module.exports = {
  start: function (cb) {
    mongo.connect(function (err) {
      if (err) { return cb(err) }
      server = routes.listen(process.env.PORT, cb)
    })
  },
  stop: function (cb) {
    server.close(function (err) {
      if (err) { return cb(err) }
      mongo.disconnect(cb)
    })
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Bringing Mothers' Milk to Everyday Foods
Breastfeeding is often regarded as the purest expression of a mother's love — as well as the most nutritious way to feed your infant. Now, Technion alumna Maya Ashkenazi Otmazgin has launched Maolac, a foodtech startup that could bring the benefits of mothers' milk to grownups.
Otmazgin first devised a sophisticated search algorithm that analyzes nutrients found in both human and cow colostrum, the first breastmilk released after giving birth — and discovered more than 400 almost identical proteins. Another Maolac algorithm matches key proteins in human breast milk with alternative sources found in mushrooms, algae, and plants. Combining the nutrients of both the colostrum and plants, Maolac is creating supplements that can be added to foods without changing their taste, texture, or color.
Each year, more than five billion liters of bovine colostrum are routinely discarded worldwide by the cattle industry. Maolac will be the first company to upcycle the currently wasted colostrum. "We are creating something new from something that is discarded," Otmazgin told London's jc.com (Jewish Chronicle).
Maolac is in the process of getting regulatory approval in the U.S. and Europe and is in discussions with food and supplement companies in Israel and dairy companies around the world. The company recently raised $3.2 million seed funding to build a state-of-the-art facility for small scale production, analytics, customer samples, and clinical trials. Its first product line will consist of anti-inflammatory supplements aimed at helping athletes reduce muscle strain and improving mobility for the elderly. "Soon," said Otmazgin, "we hope you'll have Maolac-infused ice cream to relieve your arthritis or other inflammatory diseases."
The idea came to Otmazgin about four years ago when she was breastfeeding her daughter. "Looking down at her, I was in awe of the fact that all her little body needed in order to grow and develop into a fully formed toddler was this one single liquid — breast milk," reported jc.com. She realized that if she could identify the key proteins and nutrients in breast milk, she could make them accessible to adults through supplements added to everyday foods.
Otmazgin earned her master's degree at the Technion in biomedical engineering in 2018. Teaming up with Ariel Orbach and Eli Lerner, she founded Maolac the same year and serves as CEO.
AI to Help Children with Autism Communicate
AI System Analyzes Breast Cancer Scans More Accurately than Doctors
When It Comes to Digesting Food, Men and Women Really are from Different Planets
New Medical Device May Spare Patients from Open Heart Surgery


text:
From Audrey Hepburn to Sylvester Stallone, Chunky Move's Lucid subverts roles of film and dance
Dance, theatre or film? A new work from contemporary dance company Chunky Move blurs the boundaries and explores the differences.
By Philippa Hawker
Updated May 23, 2016 — 12.50pm first published at 12.16pm
A woman's face, a man's face, projected onto a screen. The images slip, slide and combine. One is superimposed on the other, two become one, the differences dissolving. How are they distinct, in what ways are they the same? And what does this process of transformation mean?
This is a moment from Lucid, created by Chunky Move's artistic director Anouk van Dijk, a work that involves two figures whose relationship is in flux throughout. "They are two individuals who strongly relate," van Dijk says. "Not lovers, but maybe best friends, a brother and sister, a young father with a very adult daughter," and many other things besides.
Dancer Lauren Langlois with actor Stephen Phillips in rehearsal for Chunky Move's Lucid. Credit:Penny Stephens
Whatever their relationship might be, she says: "You have a feeling that they are in it together. And the dynamic that I want to create throughout the show is that because of the other, each one can go further than they would go alone. They support each other going places, they step into each other's dreams."
Lucid's cast members are dancer Lauren Langlois and actor Stephen Phillips, both of whom appeared in an earlier van Dijk work, Complexity Of Belonging. Their performance takes place on stage but it also plays out on screens, and the interaction between image and physical body is an important element of the piece. "We see this work almost as a film dance work, rather than a theatre dance work," van Dijk says.
"In it together", Lauren Langlois and Stephen Phillips in Lucid which plays with transformation and perception. Credit:Penny Stephens
Lucid plays with transformation and perception; how characters perceive themselves and how they project this, how an observer or an audience understands this projection, and how this understanding can affect viewing and reception. Meanings shift.
As part of the development process, van Dijk asked Langlois and Phillips to think about their icons, to reflect on people whose example has inspired them in some way or who have had a part in shaping their creative sense of self. Who did you aspire to be, what would you have liked to become, she asked them – or what path did you take that led you away from someone you wanted to emulate?
Langlois' iconic figures included the contrasting figures of Audrey Hepburn and Sylvester Stallone; the road not taken included musical theatre. Phillips is drawn to Willem Dafoe, whom he first saw as a teenager in Platoon; as a musician and a bass player, he also connects with Flea from the Red Hot Chili Peppers. His icons include theatrical characters who had made an impression on him, such as Blanche Dubois from A Streetcar Named Desire.
These figures and their physical manifestations seep into the performances in a range of ways, overtly and subtly. "We've been looking at the different extremes of masculinity and femininity, Langlois says, "and we explore that at different times too".
Lauren Langlois and Stephen Phillips performed together in 2014's Complexity of Belonging. Credit:Jeff Busby
Langlois is a dancer, who has long been drawn to acting. She grew up in Perth taking ballet and tap lessons, but decided to take a break when she turned 16 to concentrate on study. "I've always been driven by the meaning of whatever work I'm doing, what the character or the story is and that's a hook for me. Performing is what I love, more than the dance or the physicality." She thought about auditioning for NIDA or WAAPA, but decided that she would find her way towards the theatre via dance.
She had to work hard, she recalls, to return to dance after a three-year absence. She performed with Australian Dance Theatre and Sydney Dance Company before coming to Melbourne as a freelancer. And in 2014 in Complexity Of Belonging, a piece van Dijk devised with a regular collaborator, writer-director Falk Richter, Langlois got her chance to explore her capacities as an actor.
The text-laden work brought a cast of actors and dancers together, and Langlois had a show-stopping scene, devised through improvisation and writing, as a woman sharing with the audience her list of what she wanted from a perfect man. It was a frantic, hilarious physical and vocal performance, and it won her a Green Room award in 2015.
Just as Langlois was attracted to drama, Phillips had long been intrigued by dance theatre. Doing Complexity Of Being was an opportunity he had been looking for. "I still pinch myself that I get to share the floor with these people," he says.
"Anouk has the ability to take non-dancers and put them in physical systems of movement and choreography in which their lack of training or expertise isn't exposed.There was a way in for us to feel we were part of the ensemble."
Lucid has pushed him further in various ways. He's been struck by the rigor of dancers' preparation, "90 minutes of class before they begin the day, because the work demands it. I've applied that to myself in this process". And working with van Dijk, he says, "has freed up a lot of what I see is possible".
Actors and dancers have contrasting attitudes to presence and space, van Dijk says, and their training prepares them differently for creative work. Phillips, says van Dijk, can find an emotional state in an instant; but actors tend to need a narrative or a character to provide a context for what they do. Dancers can "memorise movement, details and intent in a very pure way," something actors find challenging. Differences can have creative consequences, however, she says: "if it clicks and the chemistry works well, they can really strengthen each other".
Lucid is at Chunky Move Studios, 111 Sturt Street, Southbank, from May 26 to June 12.
chunkymove.com


PS – I think I cracked the code. I knew there was a reason the carpetblogger called his home Third Base Politics. What? Who? I dunno. THIRD BASE!
Bizarro World: Ohio GOP attempts to attack Strickland over ties to… Kasich's last employer?
Republicans on Tuesday again tried to turn a perceived weak spot of their gubernatorial candidate John Kasich into a moot point.
Cough it up, Mary Taylor – how much money did you make moving jobs out of Ohio?