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The Golden Ass
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The Metamorphoses of Apuleius, which Augustine of Hippo referred to as The Golden Ass (Asinus aureus),[1] is the only ancient Roman novel in Latin to survive in its entirety.[2]
Title page from John Price's Latin edition of Apuleius' novel Metamorphoses, or the Golden Ass (Gouda, Netherlands, 1650)
Picaresque novel
Late 2nd century AD
The protagonist of the novel is called Lucius.[3] At the end of the novel, he is revealed to be from Madaurus,[4] the hometown of Apuleius himself. The plot revolves around the protagonist's curiosity (curiositas) and insatiable desire to see and practice magic. While trying to perform a spell to transform into a bird, he is accidentally transformed into an ass. This leads to a long journey, literal and metaphorical, filled with inset tales. He finally finds salvation through the intervention of the goddess Isis, whose cult he joins.
1 Origin
3 Inset stories
3.1 Aristomenes' Tale
3.2 Thelyphron's Tale
3.3 Tale of Cupid and Psyche
3.4 Tale of the Wife's Tub
3.5 The Tale of the Jealous Husband
3.6 The Tale of the Fuller's Wife
3.7 Tale of the Murderous Wife
4.1 Style
4.2 Final book
5 Adaptations and influence
8.1 English translations
OriginEdit
Lucius takes human form, in a 1345 illustration of the Metamorphoses (ms. Vat. Lat. 2194, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana).
The date of composition of the Metamorphoses is uncertain. It has variously been considered by scholars as a youthful work preceding Apuleius' Apology of 158/9 AD, or as the climax of his literary career and perhaps as late as the 170s or 180s.[5] Apuleius adapted the story from a Greek original of which the author's name is said to be Lucius of Patrae (the name of the lead character and narrator). This Greek text has been lost, but there is Λούκιος ἢ ὄνος (Loúkios è ónos, Loukios/Lucius or The Ass), a similar tale of disputed authorship, traditionally attributed to Lucian of Samosata, a contemporary of Apuleius. This surviving Greek text appears to be an abridgement or epitome of "Lucius of Patrae's" text. Possibly the original lost story was written by Lucian and the abridged version was later transmitted under his name.
PlotEdit
The prologue establishes an audience and a speaker, who defines himself by location, education, and occupation. The narrator journeys to Thessaly on business. On the way, he runs into Aristomenes and an unnamed traveler. The unnamed traveler refuses to believe Aristomenes' story. The narrator insults the unnamed traveler and tells a short story about a sword swallower. He promises Aristomenes a free lunch if he will retell his tale. The narrator believes Aristomenes' tale and becomes more eager to learn about magic. The narrator arrives at Hypata, where he stays with Milo, a friend and miser, and his wife Pamphile. Photis, Milo's slave, takes the narrator to the baths, after which the narrator goes to the marketplace. There, he buys some fish and runs into his old friend Pytheas, who is now a market official. Pytheas reveals the narrator's name as Lucius. Pytheas says that Lucius overpaid for the fish and humiliates the fish-monger by trampling on the fish. Lucius returns to Milo's house, hungry and empty-handed. Milo asks Lucius about his life, his friends, and his wanderings, which Lucius grows bored with. Lucius goes to sleep hungry.
The next morning, Lucius meets his aunt Byrrhena in the town, and she brings him home and warns him that Milo's wife is an evil witch who will kill Lucius. Lucius, however, is interested in becoming a witch himself. He then returns to Milo's house, where he repeatedly makes love to Photis. The next day, Lucius goes to his aunt's home for dinner, and there meets Thelyphron, who relates his tale about how witches cut off his nose and ears. After the meal, Lucius drunkenly returns to Milo's house in the dark, where he encounters three robbers, whom he soon slays before retiring to bed.
Lucius spies Milo's wife transforming into a bird. Illustration by Jean de Bosschère
The next morning, Lucius is abruptly awoken and arrested for the murder of the three men. He is taken to court where he is laughed at constantly and witnesses are brought against him. They are just about to announce his guilt when the widow demands to bring out the dead bodies; but when the three bodies of the murdered men are revealed, they turn out to be puffed-up wineskins. It then turns out that it was a prank played by the town upon Lucius, to celebrate their annual Festival of Laughter. Later that day, Lucius and Photis watch Milo's wife perform her witchcraft and transform herself into a bird. Wishing to do the same, Lucius begs Photis to transform him, but she accidentally turns him into an ass, at which point Photis tells him that the only way for him to return to his human state is to eat a fresh rose. She puts him in the stable for the night and promises to bring him roses in the morning, but during the night Milo's house is raided by a band of thieves, who steal Lucius the ass, load him up with their plunder, and leave with him.
On a break in his journey with the bandits, Lucius the ass trots over to a garden to munch on what seem to be roses (but are actually poisonous rose-laurels) when he is beaten by the gardener and chased by dogs. The thieves reclaim him and he is forced to go along with them; they talk about how their leader Thrasileon has been killed while dressed as a bear. The thieves also kidnap a rich young woman, Charite, who is housed in a cave with Lucius the ass. Charite starts crying, so an elderly woman who is in league with the thieves begins to tell her the story of Cupid and Psyche.
Psyche is the most beautiful woman on earth, and Venus jealously arranges for Psyche's destruction, ordering her son Cupid to arrange for her to fall in love with a worthless wretch. An oracle tells Psyche's parents to expose her on a mountain peak, where she will become the bride of a powerful, monstrous being. Psyche is left on the mountain, and carried away by a gentle wind.
The elderly woman continues telling the story of Cupid and Psyche. Cupid, Venus's son, secretly protects Psyche; Cupid becomes Psyche's mysterious husband, who is invisible to her by day and only visits her at night. Psyche's jealous sisters arouse her curiosity and fear about her husband's identity; Psyche, against Cupid's commands, looks at him by lamplight at night; Cupid abandons Psyche, who wanders in search of him, and takes revenge on her wicked sisters.
Book Six
The elderly woman finishes telling the story of Cupid and Psyche, as Psyche is forced to perform various tasks for Venus (including an errand to the underworld) with the help of Cupid and an assortment of friendly creatures, and is finally reunited with her husband. Then Jupiter transforms Psyche into a goddess. That is the end of the tale. Lucius the ass and Charite escape from the cave but they are caught by the thieves, and sentenced to death.
Charitë embraces Tlepolemus while Lucius looks on. From an illustration by Jean de Bosschère
Book Seven
A man appears to the thieves and announces that he is the renowned thief Haemus the Thracian, who suggests that they should not kill the captives but sell them. Haemus later reveals himself secretly to Charite as her fiancé Tlepolemus, and gets all of the thieves drunk. When they are asleep he slays them all. Tlepolemus, Charite and Lucius the ass safely escape back to the town. Once there, the ass is entrusted to a horrid boy who torments him but the boy is later killed by a she-bear. Enraged, the boy's mother plans to kill the ass.
Book Eight
A man arrives at the mother's house and announces that Tlepolemus and Charite are dead, caused by the scheming of the evil Thrasillus who wants Charite to marry him. After hearing the news of their master's death, the slaves run away, taking the ass Lucius with them. The large group of travelling slaves is mistaken for a band of robbers and attacked by farmhands of a rich estate. Several other misfortunes befall the travelers until they reach a village. Lucius as the narrator often digresses from the plot in order to recount several scandal-filled stories that he learns of during his journey. Lucius is eventually sold to a catamite priest. He is entrusted with carrying the statue of an Assyrian goddess on his back while he follows around the group of sinful priests. While engaging in lewd activity with a local boy, the group of priests is discovered by a man in search of a stolen ass who mistakes Lucius' braying for that of his own animal. The priests flee to a new city where they are well received by one of its chief citizens. They are preparing to dine when his cook realizes that the meat that was to be served was stolen by a dog. The cook, at the suggestion of his wife, prepares to kill Lucius in order to serve his meat instead.
Lucius encounters the murderous wife. Illustration by Jean de Bosschère
Book Nine
Lucius' untimely escape from the cook coincides with an attack by rabid dogs, and his wild behavior is attributed to their viral bites. The men barricade him in a room until it is decided that he is no longer infected. The band of priests packs up and moves out. The narrative is interrupted by The Tale of the Wife's Tub. After the arrest of the priests Lucius is sold into labor, driving a baker's mill-wheel. Lucius, though bemoaning his labor as an ass, also realizes that this state has allowed him to hear many novel things with his long ass-ears. The Tale of the Jealous Husband and The Tale of the Fuller's Wife mark a break in the narrative. The theme of the two intervening stories is adultery, and the text appropriately follows with the adultery of the baker's wife and the subsequent murder of the baker. Lucius the ass is then auctioned off to a farmer. The Tale of the Oppressive Landlord is here told. The farmer duly assaults a legionary who makes advances on his ass (Lucius), but he is found out and jailed.
Lucius is returned to human form during the procession of Isis. From an Illustration by Jean de Bosschère
Book Ten
Lucius comes into the legionary's possession, and after lodging with a decurion Lucius recounts Tale of the Murderous Wife. He is then sold to two brothers, a confectioner and a cook, who treated him kindly. When they go out Lucius secretly eats his fill of their food. At first a source of vexation, when the ass was discovered to be the one behind the disappearing food it was much laughed at and celebrated. Again he was sold, and he was taught many amusing tricks. Rumor spread, and great fame came to the ass and his master. As it happened, a woman was so enamored of the sideshow ass that she paid off his keeper and took him to bed with her. The Tale of the Jealous Wife is aired. The murderess depicted in this tale is precisely she whom Lucius is made to mate with at the Shows. After an enactment of the judgment of Paris and a brief but important digression, the time comes for Lucius to make his much awaited appearance. At the last moment he decides against this, fearing for his life, and he runs away to Cenchreae eventually to nap on the beach.
Book Eleven
Lucius wakes up in a panic during the first watch of the night. Considering Fate to be done tormenting him, he takes the opportunity to purify himself by seven consecutive immersions in the sea. He then offers a prayer to the Queen of Heaven, for his return to human form, citing all the various names the goddess is known by to people everywhere (Venus, Ceres, Diana, Proserpine, etc.). The Queen of Heaven appears in a vision to him and explains to him how he can be returned to human form by eating the crown of roses that will be held by one of her priests during a religious procession the following day. In return for his redemption, Lucius is expected to be initiated through the Navigium Isidis into Isis' priesthood (Isis being the Queen of Heaven's true name, according to her). Lucius follows her instructions and is returned to human form and, at length, initiated into her priesthood. Lucius is then sent to his ancestral home, Rome, where he continues to worship Isis, under the local name, Campensis. After a time, he is visited once more by the goddess who speaks again of mysteries and holy rites which Lucius comes to understand as a command to be initiated into the cult of Isis. He does so. Shortly afterwards, he receives a third vision. Though he is confused, the god appears to him and reassures him that he is much blessed and that he is to become once more initiated that he might supplicate in Rome as well. The story concludes with the goddess, Isis, appearing to Lucius and declaring that Lucius shall rise to a prominent position in the legal profession and that he shall be appointed to the College of Pastophori that he might serve Osiris and Isis' mysteries. Lucius is so happy that he goes about freely exposing his bald head.
Inset storiesEdit
Similar to other picaresque novels, The Golden Ass features several shorter stories told by characters encountered by the protagonist. Some act as independent short stories, while others interlock with the original novel's plot developments.
Aristomenes' TaleEdit
At the beginning of Book One, Lucius encounters two men arguing on the road about the truth of one's story. Lucius is interested, and offers the teller a free lunch for his tale.
Aristomenes goes on business for cheese and he runs into his friend Socrates, who is disheveled and emaciated. Aristomenes clothes Socrates and takes him to the bathhouse. Aristomenes berates Socrates for leaving his family. While they're eating lunch, Socrates tells about his affair with Meroë. Socrates tells Aristomenes that Meroë is an ugly witch who turns her ex-lovers into rather unfortunate animals. Aristomenes doesn't believe Socrates' tale but is nevertheless afraid. Aristomenes barricades the door and they both go to bed. In the middle of the night, Meroë and Panthia break in, cut open Socrates, drain his blood, rip out his heart, and replace it with a sponge. Before leaving, they urinate on Aristomenes. The witches spare Aristomenes because they want him to bury Socrates in the land. Aristomenes fears that he will be blamed for the death of his friend and attempts to hang himself, but is comically stopped when the rope is revealed to be too rotten to support his weight. In the morning, Socrates wakes up and everything seems to be normal. They continue travelling and reach a stream, where Socrates bends to take a drink, which causes the sponge to fall out and him to die. Aristomenes buries Socrates in the ground, and then proceeds on his way.
Thelyphron's TaleEdit
In Book Two, Thelyphron hesitantly relates a story requested at a dinner party that was previously popular with his friends:
While a University student, Thelyphron partakes in many wanderings and eventually runs out of funds. At Larissa, he encounters a large sum being offered to watch over a corpse for the night. When he asks, a citizen tells him that shape-shifting witches are quite common in the area, using pieces of human flesh to fuel incantations. Thelyphron takes the job for a thousand drachme and is warned to stay very alert all through the night. The widow is at first hesitant, taking inventory of the body's intact parts. Thelyphron requests a meal and some wine, to which she promptly refuses and leaves him with a lamp for the night. A weasel enters the room and Thelyphron quickly chases it out, then falls into a deep sleep. At dawn, Thelyphron awakes and to his relief finds the body intact. The widow enters, and calls for Thelyphron to be paid, satisfied with the intact corpse. Thanking the widow, Thelyphron is suddenly attacked by the crowd and narrowly escapes. He witnesses an elder of the town approach the townspeople and claim that the widow had poisoned her husband to cover up a love affair. The widow protests, and a necromancer is called to bring back the deceased for the only truly reliable testimony. The corpse awakes, and affirms the widow's guilt. The corpse does thank Thelyphron for his trouble; during the night the witches entered as small animals, putting Thelyphron to sleep and stealing pieces of his ears and nose. The witches cleverly replace the missing flesh with wax to delay discovery. Thelyphron touches his nose and ears to find wax fall out of where they once were. The crowd laughs at Thelyphron's humiliation.
Psyche et L'Amour (Psyche and Amor). William-Adolphe Bouguereau, 1889
Tale of Cupid and PsycheEdit
Main article: Cupid and Psyche
In Book Four, an elderly woman tells the story to comfort the bandits' captives. The story is continued through Books Five and Six.
Psyche, the most beautiful woman in the world, is envied by her family as well as by Venus. An oracle of Venus demands she be sent to a mountaintop and wed to a murderous beast. Sent by Venus to destroy her, Cupid falls in love and flies her away to his castle. There she is directed to never seek to see the face of her husband, who visits and makes love to her in the dark of night. Eventually, Psyche wishes to see her sisters, who jealously demand she seek to discover the identity of her husband. That night, Psyche discovers her husband is Cupid while he is sleeping, but wakes and scars him with her candle. Infuriated, he flies to heaven and leaves her banished from her castle. In attempted atonement, Psyche seeks the temple of Venus and offers herself as a slave. Venus assigns Psyche four impossible tasks. First, she is commanded to sort through a great hill of mixed grains. In pity, many ants aid her in completing the task. Next, she is commanded to retrieve wool of the dangerous golden sheep. A river god aids Psyche and tells her to gather clumps of wool from thorn bushes nearby. Venus next requests water from a cleft high beyond mortal reach. An eagle gathers the water for Psyche. Next, Psyche is demanded to seek some beauty from Proserpina, Queen of the Underworld. Attempting to kill herself to reach the underworld, Psyche ascends a great tower and prepares to throw herself down. The tower speaks, and teaches Psyche the way of the underworld. Psyche retrieves the beauty in a box, and, hoping to gain the approval of her husband, opens the box to use a little. She is put into a coma. Cupid rescues her, and begs Jupiter that she may become immortal. Psyche is granted Ambrosia, and the two are forever united.
The story is the best-known of those in The Golden Ass and frequently appears in or is referred to directly in later literature.
Tale of the Wife's TubEdit
The Wife and her lover near the Tub. Illustration by Jean de Bosschère
In the course of a visit to an inn in Book Nine, a smith recounts an anecdote concerning his wife's deceit:
During the day, her husband absent at his labors, the smith's wife is engaged in an adulterous affair. One day, however, the smith, work finished well ahead of schedule, returns home prematurely—obviously to his wife's great consternation. Panicked, the faithless woman hides her lover in an old tub. After absorbing his spouse's efforts at distraction, which take the form of bitter reproaches that his coming back so early betokens a laziness that can only worsen their poverty, the smith announces that he has sold the tub for six drachmae; to this his wife responds by saying that she has in fact already sold it for seven, and has sent the buyer into the tub to inspect it. Emerging, the lover complains that his supposed purchase is in need of a proper scrubbing if he is to close the deal, so the cuckolded smith gets a candle and flips the tub to clean it from underneath. The canny adulteress then lies atop of the tub and, her lover pleasuring her the while, instructs her hapless husband as to where he should apply his energies. To add insult to injury, the ill-used man eventually has to deliver the tub to the lover's house himself.
The Tale of the Jealous HusbandEdit
In Book Nine, a baker's wife of poor reputation is advised by a female 'confidant' to be wary of choosing her lover, suggesting she find one very strong of body and will. She relates the story of one of the wife's previous school friends:
Barbarus, an overbearing husband, is forced leave on a business trip, and commands his slave, Myrmex, to watch his wife, Aretë, closely to assure she is being faithful during his time away. Barbarus tells Myrmex that any failure will result in his death. Myrmex is so intimidated that he does not let Aretë out of his sight. Aretë's looks, however, charm Philesietaerus who vows to go to any lengths to gain her love. Philesietaerus bribes Myrmex with thirty gold pieces and the promise of his protection for allowing him a night with Aretë. Becoming obsessed with gold, Myrmex delivers the message to Aretë and Philesietaerus pays Myrmex a further ten pieces. While Aretë and Philesietaerus are making love, Barbarus returns but is locked out of the house. Philesietaerus leaves in a hurry, leaving behind his shoes. Barbarus does not notice the strange shoes until the morning, at which point he chains Myrmex's hands and drags him through town, screaming, while looking for the shoes' owner. Philesietaerus spots the two, runs up, and with great confidence shouts at Myrmex, accusing him of stealing his shoes. Barbarus allows Myrmex to live, but beats him for the 'theft'.
The Tale of the Fuller's WifeEdit
In Book Nine the baker's wife attempts to hide her lover from her husband, and entertains to her husband's story of the Fuller:
While coming home with the Baker for supper, the Fuller interrupts his wife's love-making with a lover. She frantically attempts to hide her lover in a drying cage in the ceiling, hidden by hanging clothes soaked in sulphur. The lover begins to sneeze, and at first the Fuller excuses his wife. After a few sneezes, the Fuller gets up and turns over the cage to find the lover waiting. The Fuller is talked out of beating the young man to death by the Baker, who points out that the young man will shortly die from the sulphur fumes if left in the cage. The Fuller agrees and returns the lover to the cage.
The tale is used to contrast the earlier tale told to the Baker's wife of high suspicion and quick judgments of character by her 'auntie' with the overly naive descriptions of nefarious people by her husband.
Tale of the Murderous WifeEdit
In Book Ten a woman condemned to public humiliation with Lucius tells him her crimes:
A man goes on a journey, leaving his pregnant wife and infant son. He commands his wife that if she bears a daughter, the child is to be killed. The child is indeed a daughter, and in pity, the mother convinces her poor neighbours to raise her. Her daughter grows up ignorant of her origin, and when she reaches a marriageable age, the mother tells her son to deliver her daughter's dowry. The son begins preparation to marry the girl off to a friend, and lets her into his home under the guise of her being an orphan to all but the two of them. His wife, however, is unaware the girl is his sister, and believes he keeps her as a mistress. His wife steals her husband's signet ring and visits their country home accompanied by a group of slaves. She sends a slave with the signet to fetch the girl and bring her to the country home. The girl, aware that the husband is her brother, responds immediately, and on arrival at the country home is flogged by the wife's slaves, and put to death by a torch placed 'between her thighs'. The girl's brother takes the news and falls gravely ill. Aware of suspicions around her, his wife asks a corrupt doctor for instant poison. Accompanied by the doctor, she brings the poison to her husband in bed. Finding him surrounded by friends, she first tricks the doctor into drinking from the cup to prove to her husband the drink is benign, and giving him the remainder. Unable to return home in time to seek an antidote, the doctor dies telling his wife what happened and to at least collect a payment for the poison. The doctor's widow asks for payment but first offers the wife the remainder of her husband's collection of poisons. Finding that her daughter is next of kin to her husband for inheritance, the wife prepares a poison for both the doctor's widow and her daughter. The doctor's widow recognizes early the symptoms of the poison and rushes to the Governor's Home. She tells the Governor the whole of the connected murders and dies. The wife is sentenced to death by wild beasts and to have public intercourse with Lucius the ass.
OverviewEdit
The episodic structure of The Golden Ass inspired the style of humorous travel in picaresque novels such as Tristram Shandy (pictured) and Tom Jones.
The text is a precursor to the literary genre of the episodic picaresque novel, in which Quevedo, Rabelais, Boccaccio, Cervantes, Voltaire, Defoe and many others have followed. It is an imaginative, irreverent, and amusing work that relates the ludicrous adventures of one Lucius, a virile young man who is obsessed with magic. Finding himself in Thessaly, the "birthplace of magic," Lucius eagerly seeks an opportunity to see magic being used. His overenthusiasm leads to his accidental transformation into an ass. In this guise, Lucius, a member of the Roman country aristocracy, is forced to witness and share the miseries of slaves and destitute freemen who are reduced, like Lucius, to being little more than beasts of burden by their exploitation at the hands of wealthy landowners.
The Golden Ass is the only surviving work of literature from the ancient Greco-Roman world to examine, from a first-hand perspective, the abhorrent condition of the lower classes. Yet despite its serious subject matter, the novel remains imaginative, witty, and often sexually explicit. Numerous amusing stories, many of which seem to be based on actual folk tales, with their ordinary themes of simple-minded husbands, adulterous wives, and clever lovers, as well as the magical transformations that characterize the entire novel, are included within the main narrative. The longest of these inclusions is the tale of Cupid and Psyche, encountered here for the first but not the last time in Western literature.
StyleEdit
Apuleius' style is innovative, mannered, baroque and exuberant, a far cry from the more sedate Latinity familiar from the schoolroom. In the introduction to his translation of The Golden Ass, Jack Lindsay writes:
Let us glance at some of the details of Apuleius' style and it will become clear that English translators have not even tried to preserve and carry over the least tincture of his manner ... Take the description of the baker's wife: saeva scaeva virosa ebriosa pervicax pertinax... The nagging clashing effect of the rhymes gives us half the meaning. I quote two well-known versions: "She was crabbed, cruel, cursed, drunken, obstinate, niggish, phantasmagoric." "She was mischievous, malignant, addicted to men and wine, forward and stubborn." And here is the most recent one (by R. Graves): "She was malicious, cruel, spiteful, lecherous, drunken, selfish, obstinate." Read again the merry and expressive doggerel of Apuleius and it will be seen how little of his vision of life has been transferred into English.
Lindsay's own version is: "She was lewd and crude, a toper and a groper, a nagging hag of a fool of a mule."
Sarah Ruden's recent translation is: "A fiend in a fight but not very bright, hot for a crotch, wine-botched, rather die than let a whim pass by—that was her."[6]
Apuleius' vocabulary is often eccentric and includes some archaic words. However, S. J. Harrison argues that some archaisms of syntax in the transmitted text may be the result of textual corruption.[7]
Final bookEdit
Further information: Mysteries of Isis
In the last book, the tone abruptly changes. Driven to desperation by his asinine form, Lucius calls for divine aid, and is answered by the goddess Isis. Eager to be initiated into the mystery cult of Isis, Lucius abstains from forbidden foods, bathes and purifies himself. Then the secrets of the cult's books are explained to him and further secrets revealed, before going through the process of initiation which involves a trial by the elements in a journey to the underworld. Lucius is then asked to seek initiation into the cult of Osiris in Rome, and eventually becomes initiated into the pastophoroi, a group of priests that serves Isis and Osiris.[8]
Adaptations and influenceEdit
The style of autobiographical confession of suffering in The Golden Ass influenced Augustine of Hippo in the tone and style—partly in Polemic—of his Confessions.[9] Scholars note that Apuleius came from the M'Daourouch in Algeria, where Augustine would later study. Augustine refers to Apuleius and The Golden Ass particularly derisively in City of God.
In 1517, Niccolò Machiavelli wrote his own version of the story, as a terza rima poem. It was uncompleted at the time of his death.[10]
In 1708, Charles Gildon published an adaptation of The Golden Ass, titled The New Metamorphosis. A year later in 1709, he published a re-adaptation, titled The Golden Spy, which is regarded as the first, fully-fledged it-narrative in English.[11]
In 1821, Charles Nodier published "Smarra ou les Demons de la Nuit" influenced by a lecture of Apuleius.
In 1883, Carlo Collodi published The Adventures of Pinocchio which includes an episode in which the puppet protagonist is transformed into an ass. Another character who is transformed alongside him is named Lucignolo (Candlewick or Lampwick), a possible allusion to Lucius. The episode is frequently featured in its subsequent adaptations.
In 1915, Franz Kafka published the short story The Metamorphosis under a quite similar name, about a young man's unexpected transformation into an "Ungeziefer", a verminous bug.
In 1956, C. S. Lewis published the allegorical novel, Till We Have Faces, retelling the Cupid–Psyche myth of books four through six from the point of view of Orual, Psyche's jealous ugly sister. The novel revolves upon the threat and hope of meeting the divine face to face. It has been called Lewis's "most compelling and powerful novel".[12]
In 1985, comic-book artist Georges Pichard adapted the text into a graphic novel titled Les Sorcières de Thessalie.
In April 1999, the Canadian Opera Company produced an operatic version of The Golden Ass by Randolph Peters, the libretto of which was written by celebrated Canadian author Robertson Davies. An operatic production of The Golden Ass also appears as a plot device in Davies's novel A Mixture of Frailties (1958).
In 1999, comic-book artist Milo Manara adapted the text into a fairly abridged graphic novel version named Le metamorfosi o l'asino d'oro.
In the fantasy novel Silverlock by John Myers Myers, the character Lucius Gil Jones is a composite of Lucius, Gil Blas in Gil Blas by Alain-René Lesage, and Tom Jones in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding.
Novels portal
Metamorphoses by Ovid, the best-known collection of metamorphosis myths.
Cupid and Psyche Roman story.
Silver Age of Latin literature
Till We Have Faces – A novel by C. S. Lewis; retells the story of Cupid and Psyche from a different point of view.
FootnotesEdit
^ St. Augustine, The City of God 18.18.2'
^ James Evans (2005). Arts and Humanities Through the Eras. Thomson/Gale. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7876-5699-7. The "Golden Ass," the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety
^ The Golden Ass 1.24
^ The Golden Ass 11.27
^ S. J. Harrison (2004) [2000]. Apuleius: A Latin Sophist (revised paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-19-927138-0.
^ Apuleius (Sarah Ruden, translator). The Golden Ass. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2011. p. 195
^ S. J. Harrison (2006). "Some Textual Problems in Apuleius' Metamorphoses". In W. H. Keulen; et al. (eds.). Lectiones Scrupulosae: Essays on the Text and Interpretation of Apuleius' Metamorphoses in Honour of Maaike Zimmerman. Ancient Narrative Supplementum. Groningen: Barkhuis. pp. 59–67. ISBN 90-77922-16-4.
^ Iles Johnson, Sarah, Mysteries, in Ancient Religions pp. 104–05, The Belknap Press of Harvard University (2007), ISBN 978-0-674-02548-6
^ Walsh, P.G. (1994). Introduction. The Golden Ass. Oxford: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-954055-6 p. xi
^ Patapan, Haig (2006). Machiavelli in Love: The Modern Politics of Love and Fear. Oxford: Lexington Press. ISBN 978-0-7391-1250-2 p. 61.
^ Wu, Jingyue (2017), ' "Nobilitas sola est atq; unica Virtus": Spying and the Politics of Virtue in The Golden Spy; or, A Political Journal of the British Nights Entertainments (1709)', Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 40:2 (2017), pp. 237–53 doi:10.1111/1754-0208.12412
^ Filmer, Kath (1993). The Fiction of C. S. Lewis: Mask and Mirror. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. p. 120. ISBN 9781349225378. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
English translationsEdit
Apuleius; Adlington, William (Trans.) (1566). The Golden Ass. Wordsworth Classics of World Literature, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd.: Ware, GB. ISBN 1-85326-460-1
Apuleius; Taylor, Thomas (Trans.) (1822). The Metamorphosis, or The Golden Ass, and Philosophical Works, of Apuleius. London: J. Moyes (Suppressed (dirty) passages printed separately.)
Apuleius; Head, George (Trans.) (1851). The Metamorphosis of Apuleius; A Romance of the Second Century. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. (Bowdlerized)
Apuleius; Anonymous Translator (Trans.) (1853). The Works of Apuleius. London: Bohn's Library.
Apuleius; Byrne, Francis D. (Trans.) (1904). The Golden Ass. London: The Imperial Press. (Dirty passages rendered in original Latin.)
Apuleius; Butler H. E. (Trans.) (1910). The Golden Ass. London: The Clarendon Press. (Dirty passages removed.)
Apuleius; Graves, Robert (Trans.) (1950). The Golden Ass. Penguin Classics, Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 0-374-53181-1
Apuleius; Lindsay, Jack (Trans.) (1962). The Golden Ass. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20036-9
Apuleius; Hanson, John Arthur (Trans.) (1989). Metamorphoses. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99049-8 (v. 1), ISBN 0-674-99498-1 (v. 2)
Apuleius; Walsh, P.G. (Trans.) (1994). The Golden Ass. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-283888-9
Apuleius; Kenney, E.J. (Trans.) (1998, rev. 2004). The Golden Ass. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-043590-0
Apuleius; Relihan, Joel C. (Trans.) (2007). The Golden Ass Or, A Book of Changes Hackett Publishing Company: Indianapolis. ISBN 978-0-87220-887-2
Apuleius; Ruden, Sarah (Trans.) (2011). The Golden Ass. Yale UP. ISBN 978-0-300-15477-1
Benson, G. (2019). Apuleius' Invisible Ass: Encounters with the Unseen in the Metamorphoses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carver, Robert H. F. (2007). The Protean Ass: The 'Metamorphoses' of Apuleius from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921786-1
De Smet, Richard. (1987). "The Erotic Adventure of Lucius and Photis in Apuleius' Metamorphoses." Latomus 46.3: 613–23. Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles.
Gaisser, J. Haig. (2008). The Fortunes of Apuleius and the Golden Ass: A Study in Transmission and Reception. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gorman, S. (2008). "When the Text Becomes the Teller: Apuleius and the Metamorphoses." Oral Tradition 23(1), Center for Studies in Oral Tradition
Griffiths, J. Gwyn (1975). Apuleius of Madauros: The Isis-Book (Metamorphoses, Book XI). E. J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-04270-9
Harrison, S. (2000). Apuleius. A Latin Sophist. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Harrison, S. (ed.) (2015). Characterisation in Apuleius' Metamorphoses: Nine Studies. Pierides, 5. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Harrison, S. J. (2013). Framing the Ass: Literary Texture in Apuleius' Metamorphoses. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Hooper, R. (1985). Structural Unity in the Golden Ass. Latomus, 44(2), 398–401.
Kenney, E. (2003). "In the Mill with Slaves: Lucius Looks Back in Gratitude." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974–) 133.1: 159–92.
Keulen, W. H. (2011). Aspects of Apuleius' Golden Ass : The Isis Book: A Collection of Original Papers. Leiden: Brill.
Kirichenko, A. (2008). "Asinus Philosophans: Platonic Philosophy and the Prologue to Apuleius' "Golden Ass."" Mnemosyne, 61(1), fourth series, 89–107.
Lee, Benjamin Todd, Ellen D Finkelpearl, and Luca Graverini. (2014). Apuleius and Africa. New York;London: Routledge.
May, R. (2006). Apuleius and Drama: The Ass on Stage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oswald, Peter (2002). The Golden Ass or the Curious Man. Comedy in Three Parts after the Novel by Lucius Apuleius. London: Oberon Books. ISBN 1-84002-285-X
O'Sullivan, Timothy M. (2017). "Human and Asinine Postures in Apuleius' Golden Ass." The Classical Journal, 112.2: 196–216.
Paschalis, M., & Frangoulidis, S. A. (2002). Space in the Ancient Novel. Groningen: Barkhuis Publishing.
Perry, B. E. (2016). "An Interpretation of Apuleius' Metamorphoses." Illinois Classical Studies 41.2: 405–21
Schlam, C. (1968). The Curiosity of the Golden Ass. The Classical Journal, 64.3: 120–25.
Schoeder, F. M. (2008). "The Final Metamorphosis: Narrative Voice in the Prologue of Apuleius' Golden Ass." In S. Stern-Gillet, and K. Corrigan (eds.), Reading Ancient Texts : Aristotle and Neoplatonism – Essays in Honour of Denis O'Brien, 115–35. Boston: Brill.
Stevenson, S. (1934). "A Comparison of Ovid and Apuleius as Story-Tellers." The Classical Journal 29.8: 582–90.
Tatum, J. (1969). "The Tales in Apuleius' Metamorphoses." Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 100: 487–527.
Tilg, Stefan (2014). Apuleius' Metamorphoses: A Study in Roman Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870683-0
Wright, C. S, Holloway, J. Bolton, & Schoeck, R. J. (2000). Tales within Tales: Apuleius Through Time. New York: AMS Press.
The Golden Asse
Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Golden Ass.
Forum Romanum: Metamorphoses (Latin text only.)
William Adlington's English translation made in 1566:
Project Gutenberg: The Golden Asse (Plain text.)
Sacred Text Archive: The Golden Asse (Based on the preceding.)
EServer: The Golden Asse (Based on earlier edition of the HTML version above.)
The Most Pleasant and Delectable Tale of the Marriage of Cupid and Psyche (Excerpt illustrated by Dorothy Mullock, 1914.)
Metamorphosis or The Golden Ass public domain audiobook at LibriVox
The Spectacles of Apuleius: a digital humanities project on the Metamorphoses of Apuleius
Metamorphoses at Perseus Digital Library
The Golden Ass by Apuleius, essay by Ted Gioia (Conceptual Fiction)
The Golden Ass by B. Slade
Book One and Apuleius' Metamorphoses," in J. S. Ruebel, Apuleius: Metamorphoses Book I. (PDF.)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Golden_Ass&oldid=930508879"


The Citizens Foundation (UK) (TCF-UK) are proud to welcome British historian, writer and broadcaster, William Dalrymple, for an evening of literary conversation.
Inspired by Marco Polo, William Dalrymple underwent extensive travels and published his first book, In Xanadu, based on his remarkable journey at the tender age of 22. In 1989 he settled in India and wrote other books including City of Jinns. William changed genre to focus on history where one of his bestsellers, White Mughals (2003), won him the Wolfson Prize, the most prestigious history prize. This was followed by The Last Mughal described as a "masterpiece" in The New York Review which won him many awards. With his major contribution to history and captivating as well as rich style of writing, this literary genius has added numerous accolades to his name.
Join us for an intimate discussion with this legendary author based on his latest brilliant literary work, Return of a King – The Battle for Afghanistan, chaired by Pakistani author, Moni Mohsin. William will read a short excerpt and then engage in a detailed discussion of his book. You will also have an opportunity put any burning questions directly to the author.
(TCF) is an educational charity which builds and supports purpose-built schools for underprivileged children across Pakistan. Currently we have 1,000 school units educating 145,000 children.


'Tis the season! Tooting is full of festive fun for all ages this Christmas. Do you have an event you'd like to share? Add to whatson.tootingdailyprss.co.uk and we'll add it to our line-up!
Lots of festive goodies, hand-made gifts and delicious treats for sale, plus the chance to win fantastic prizes in a raffle!
Local designers and makers selling handmade products, plus mulled wine and Christmas music.
First 50 shoppers get a free festive goodybag. Entry £1 for adults, free for kids.
Crafts, delicious food & mulled wine, fantastic items for sale, a tombola, pictures with Father Christmas and much more. Admission for adults is £1 and free for children. Proceeds in aid of Love 146, the Cancer Appeal at St George's and the mission of All Saints Church.
Stalls, Santa and Christmas Lights switch-on.
Corner of Mitcham Road and Church Lane, followed by mulled wine and mince pies inside the hall of St. Nicholas Church.
Corner of Thrale Road and Mitcham Lane.
Food and drink trails, family fun, handmade fair, Pooch Parade, live music and more.
In their first ever full-scale performance, the 40-strong choir will treat you to classic pop and modern hits, backed by a brilliant live band. Profits from the event will go to The Little Village Charity.
Stalls for those last minute gifts and Christmas supplies from art to chilli sauce to cheese! Jonesy's Jukebox DJ'ing all the Christmas classics and more throughout the evening. Wear your best (or worst!) festive outfits to be in with a chance of claiming some beery giveaways!
Join Transition Town Tooting's free annual Christmas crafts workshop, creating beautiful presents & decorations to take home! Free, for all ages.
Lots of carols, a children's talk, balloons, and a tea afterwards.
Over 50 stalls, Santa's Grotto, mulled wine in abundance, free children's crafts and 5 great bands/choirs to entertain.
Live music and a prize for whoever turns up in the best Christmas Jumper! Happy Hour 7pm-9pm and FREE ENTRY!
Candlelit Carol Service, followed by mince pies and mulled wine. All very welcome!
Christmas carols with candles and fairy lights. Stick around afterwards for some mince pies and mulled juice.
Traditional carols with the St Augustine choir, followed by mince pies and mulled wine.
Celebrate Christmas by letting your kids loose on the dance floor. Santa will be popping by to give out some presents and the amazing DJ Dan is taking over the decks.
Complimentary cheeses, mince pies and mulled wine. Christmas jumpers are very much encouraged! Prizes for the best.
The Rose & Crown Pub and All Saints Church are partnering to share a bit of Christmas cheer by having a pint or two and singing our favourite Christmas Carols. Come along to get in the holiday spirit!
Traditional yuletide songs, raising money for Wateraid.
Reenact the Christmas story at the annual Crib Service. All very welcome!


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Та́мбицы — деревня в составе Великогубского сельского поселения Медвежьегорского района Республики Карелия, комплексный памятник истории.

Общие сведения
Расположена на Заонежском полуострове в северной части Онежского озера.

Впервые поселение упоминается в «Писцовой книге Обонежской пятины» в 1563 году.

Сохраняется памятник архитектуры — деревянная часовня Hиколая Чудотворца (XVIII век). В 1989 году была проведена фрагментарная реставрация.

Интересные факты
Крестьянин деревни Тамбицы Ермилкин Михаил Фёдорович (1892—?), герой Первой мировой войны, бомбардир, был награждён военным орденом Святого Георгия 4-й степени.

Население
Численность населения в 1905 году составляла 309 человек.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Часовня Николы Чудотворца

Населённые пункты Медвежьегорского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Check Point Firewall Software Blade builds on the award-winning technology first offered in Check Point's FireWall-1 solution to provide the industry's strongest level of gateway security and identity awareness. Check Point's firewalls are trusted by 100% of the Fortune 100 and deployed by over 170,000 customers, and have demonstrated industry leadership and continued innovation since the introduction of FireWall-1 in 1994.
Check Point invented the stateful packet inspection technology that is utilized by virtually all firewalls today. A long-time leader in Gartner's Enterprise Network Firewalls Magic Quadrant, Check Point is recognized by the leading analyst firm for its strong technology leadership and vision, and has won multiple awards from other analyst firms over the years. The Check Point Firewall Software Blade incorporates all of the power and capability of the revolutionary FireWall-1 solution while adding user identity awareness to provide granular event awareness and policy enforcement.
The Firewall Software Blade enables network administrators to securely control access to clients, servers and applications. With detailed visibility into the users, groups, applications, machines and connection types, the Check Point Firewall Software Blade enables network administrators to provide superior protection across the entire security gateway.
Seamless and agent-less integration with Active Directory provides complete user identification, enabling simple application-based policy definition per user or group directly from the firewall.
To ensure the security of your network, you need to be able to confirm the identity of all users attempting to access it. Authentication assigns access permissions to individuals and groups, based on their level of responsibility and role within the organization.
Based on the industry's most advanced identity awareness, the Firewall Software Blade provides robust authentication capabilities to confirm the identity of all users and establish their rights and privileges.
Whether computers have routable or non-routable addresses, administrators may want to conceal their real addresses, to ensure that addresses cannot be seen from outside the organization or from other parts of the same organization. A network's internal address contains the topology of the network and therefore hiding this information greatly enhances security.
A security gateway in bridge mode operates as a regular firewall, inspecting traffic and dropping or blocking unauthorized or unsafe traffic, and is invisible to all Layer-3 traffic. When authorized traffic arrives at the gateway, it is passed from one interface to another through a procedure known as bridging. Bridging creates a Layer-2 relationship between two or more interfaces, whereby any traffic that enters one interface always exits the other. This way, the firewall can inspect and forward traffic without interfering with the original IP routing.
The Firewall Software Blade is integrated into the Software Blade Architecture and included in the Security Gateway container when you purchase a Security Gateway product.


A couple of years ago I wrote a post on how to make tomato sauce with fresh summer tomatoes. Every year I make as much sauce as I can and put it in my freezer to use during the autumn and winter months (in baked pasta, braises, etc.). But sauce is only one way to preserve the delicious vine-ripened tomatoes of summer. Another great way is to dry them out a bit by roasting them in a slow oven. The resulting tomatoes are a fraction of their original size and have an intense, concentrated flavor. Tucked away in the freezer, they can be used all through the tomato-less months of winter on pizzas, in pasta sauces, relishes, soups, stews, vegetable gratins and ... that is, if you don't eat them all before winter arrives. They are that good.
I have been slow-roasting (or "oven-drying") tomatoes for as long as I have been cooking professionally. Besides being a great way to preserve tomatoes, the slow roasting process creates a product that packs a powerful tomato flavor punch without adding a lot of bulk or liquid to a dish. Moreover, if your tomatoes aren't great, slow-roasting them will bring out the very best flavor possible, making it a very useful technique.
You don't really need a recipe to slow-roast tomatoes. The peeled tomato halves are simply dressed with olive oil, salt, pepper and optional herbs and garlic and baked at a low temperature until they have shrunk and given up a large percentage of their liquid. Depending on your oven, the temperature you choose to use, the juiciness and size of the tomatoes you are roasting, the number of tomatoes you are roasting and finally just how dry you want your tomatoes to be (some chefs prefer them a bit softer and less shriveled than others), the process can take anywhere from an hour and a half to three hours...even longer. This is a perfect activity for a day (or evening) whey you will be home doing other things and can check on the tomatoes occasionally.
The recipe I am posting is largely taken from Tom Colicchio's book Think Like a Chef. The main difference between his recipe and any other recipe I have ever seen is that instead of going to the trouble to blanch and shock the tomatoes in order to peel them, he starts them out in a hot oven. This causes the skin to release itself from the flesh of the tomatoes so that it can be easily pulled off and discarded. (A brilliantly efficient method.) The oven temperature is then reduced so the tomatoes can have a nice slow roast.
Another great thing about Colicchio's recipe is that it produces more than just roasted tomato halves. One of the by-products of his process is soft, sweet roasted garlic. The roasted cloves can be peeled and used in innumerable ways. The other "extra" is the flavorful tomato liquid that is poured off during the roasting process. This roasted tomato juice can be added to soups, sauces, vegetable ragouts, vinaigrettes, etc. I love it that there is no waste. Like the tomatoes, both the juices and the roasted garlic can be frozen.
I have changed only a few details of Colicchio's recipe. First, after I peel the skins away, I brush the surfaces of the tomatoes with some of the oily tomato juices released during the initial high temperature roast. I also wait until the tomatoes have been peeled before I salt & pepper them. It doesn't make sense to me to salt the skins which will then be discarded. If it bothers you that there is no salt underneath the tomatoes, go ahead and salt them when you toss them with the olive oil and then give them a very light sprinkle of salt after the skins have been removed. Finally, I remove the garlic cloves from the pan when they are just soft—after about an hour. If they remain in the pan for the entire time, they darken too much for my taste and they also tend to become a bit hard.
You should not feel like the quantities given in the recipe below are iron-clad in any way. It is the process—not the amounts—that is important. I have simply recorded the quantities of ingredients I used the last time I roasted a batch of tomatoes. You should roast whatever you have on hand. For whatever quantity of tomatoes you decide to roast, just remember to choose a rimmed pan that is just the right size to hold all of the tomato halves in an even single layer. If the pan isn't full, the tomatoes will roast unevenly.
In the coming months, I will try to remember to occasionally post recipes that make use of these delicious tomatoes. But if you make them I'm sure you will have no trouble coming up with your own uses...layered into a summer lasagne, tucked into a sandwich, made into a quick relish to top a goat/ricotta smeared crostini..... If you want to have some left for the winter, you should probably make a really big batch.
Place the tomato halves in a large bowl with the remaining ingredients and toss to coat everything with the oil and distribute the garlic and herbs uniformly.
Transfer the tomatoes, herbs, garlic and all liquid to a rimmed half sheet pan that has been lined with parchment paper. (If you don't have any parchment paper, simply brush the pan with a thin film of olive oil. ) The tomatoes should be placed cut side down and should be arranged so that they are evenly spaced. The garlic and herbs too, should be distributed evenly around the baking sheet.
Place the tomatoes in a hot oven (375° to 400°) and roast until the skins split and begin to separate from the flesh—about 20 to 25 minutes. Remove the pan from the oven and tip off the accumulated juices into a heat-proof container. With the assistance of a pair of tongs or a small paring knife, lift off and discard the skins. Brush the peeled surface of the tomatoes with some of the olive oil that has risen to the top of the tomato juice that was just poured off. Season the tomatoes lightly with salt and pepper (be careful—the tomatoes are going to shrink considerably).
Reduce the oven temperature to 275° to 300° and return the tomatoes to the oven. The lower the temperature, the longer the tomatoes will take...but the less likely they might become over-caramelized as they roast. At the higher temperature, they will cook more quickly, but you will need to monitor them more closely and possibly reduce the temperature as the tomatoes near doneness.
The tomatoes will take anywhere from another 1 1/2 to 4 hours to finish. Remove the garlic cloves after an hour of roasting time (or whenever they have become soft and tender) and continue to tip off and reserve any accumulated juices from the pan as necessary. The tomatoes are done when they have shrunk and appear concentrated—but they should not be dried out.
Allow the tomatoes to cool on the sheet before lifting off and transferring to storage containers. Store the tomatoes in between layers of parchment paper in an airtight container. They will keep in the refrigerator for about a week. If frozen, they are best used within 6 months.
Looks super delicious!! I am going to try this one!!
Just wonderful - we have so many tomatoes at the moment - this is perfect!
I'll be making these! So much simpler than the method I've been using which calls for peeling and seeding the tomatoes before roasting, not to mention peeling nearly 40 cloves of garlic!
Great tip about the vacuum sealer bags!...I just layer between parchment and pack in air-tight containers...but if you have access to the vacuum system, that's a better way to do it.


Fianna Fáil's Spokesperson on Health, Billy Kelleher TD has said that Minister Harris has less than a week to ensure that the emerging trolley crisis in our hospitals doesn't escalate into a national emergency.
Today's figures from the IMNO are a startling reminder about how close our hospital system is to collapsing under the strain of increased patient numbers.
"We need to see much more creative and challenging thinking on how to deliver good quality and reliable health services," concluded Kelleher.


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Full Text View: 1083
Effect of different mixing methods on the bacterial microleakage of white Portland cement and white Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
Shahriar Shahi 1, Asmar Bashirzadeh 2, Hamid Reza Yavari 3, Farnaz Jafari 4*, Amin Salem Milani 3, Negin Ghasemi 3, Mohammad Samiei 3
1 Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2 Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3 Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4 Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
*Corresponding Author: Email: dr.jafarif@gmail.com
Background. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different mixing methods (ultrasonic, amalgamator, and conventional) on the bacterial microleakage of white Portland cement (WPC) and white MTA (Tooth-colored Formula, Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK). Methods. A hundred human single-rooted permanent teeth were decoronated to obtain 14 mm of root length in all the samples. The root canals were cleaned, shaped and obturated. Three millimeters of each root apex were cut off and randomly divided into 6 groups of 15 each (3 groups for WMTA and 3 groups for WPC, each with 3 different mixing methods) and 2 positive and negative control groups (each containing 5 samples). Brain-heart infusion agar (BHI) suspension containing the bacterial species Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was used for leakage assessment. Statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and Kaplan Mayer survival analysis with censored data and log rank test using SPSS 18. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results. The survival means in PC for conventional method, amalgamator, and ultrasonic were 80.2±13.64, 78.5±13.46 and 84.667±11.42 days, with 49.13±12.96, 66±13.32 and 69.07±11.5 days for MTA, respectively. The log rank test showed no significant differences between the three methods in each material (P>0.05). Conclusion. Bacterial microleakage in the studied samples was not significantly different in terms of the type of the mixing method.
Keywords: Dental cement, dental leakage, Enterococcus faecalis, MTA, mixing method
© 2017 Shahi et al. This is an Open Access article published and distributed by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2022 59 60 56 52 26 13 14 7 7 15 17 16
2022 2 4 3 7 9 11 5 7 3 6 6 8
2021 44 20 11 18 15 9 11 16 9 7 11 10
2022 29 20 14 16 10 18 20 16 8 8 11 10
2021 20 11 8 15 12 14 11 14 9 9 13 16
Submitted: 24 Dec 2016
Accepted: 18 Jun 2017
Articles by Shahi S
Articles by Bashirzadeh A
Articles by Yavari HR
Articles by Jafari F
Articles by Salem Milani A
Articles by Ghasemi N
Articles by Samiei M

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Frank Ocean teams up with Boys Noize for first release of the year
music news 22/10/2019
After premiering a new track last weekend during his 'blonded RADIO' show on Beats 1, Frank Ocean has officially released his latest track 'DHL' produced by German electronic artist Boys Noize.
Along with the official release of 'DHL', Ocean shared a pair of minute-long previews of new tracks at his PrEP+ party - 'Dear April' and 'Cayendo' - which reportedly have official remixes from Justice and Sango, who made guest appearances at the party.
Catch a clip of that performance below! The new release is Ocean's first since February 2018's cover of 'Moon River'.


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Immigrant Attrition During The Great Wave
Those of us crusading for immigration sanity (i.e. an end to illegal immigration, departure of all illegal aliens, and severe throttling of legal immigration) routinely come up against the thought-stopping—and thoughtless—slogan that we're a "nation of immigrants." (Oh? And a native Chicagoan such as myself could "return" to which country?)
Next we're lectured about the "Statue of Liberty" and the promises it supposedly makes to "huddled masses" of immigrants, "yearning to breathe free." (The statue's actual name is "Liberty Enlightening the World," and it has nothing to do with immigration.)
Finally, we're castigated: "All these nasty things were said about immigration during the 1880-1924 Great Wave, yet look how well things turned out. Don't worry, be happy, you racist xenophobe."
But most of those who look back so nostalgically on the Great Wave probably don't know that a large fraction of the Wave couldn't hack it here, so they returned home. (The country wasn't a welfare state back then.)
Recently, Steve Malanga of the Manhattan Institute (and senior editor of the Institutes's flagship City Journal) made this point quite memorably when he took part in an authors' discussion of the Institute's new book, The Immigration Solution: A Better Plan Than Today's , by Malanga, Heather Mac Donald, and Victor Davis Hanson.
(Unfortunately, Malanga is still hooked on the "nation of immigrants" mantra—with a leavening twist, though; see below — but he's new to the fray and coming along.)
Here's Malanga on the Great Wave's returnees:
"Now, I said who stayed here. That's important to understand because the majority of them didn't stay here, and very few people understand this. In the first great immigration, America did not have a social safety net; we did not have welfare, we did not have Medicare, Medicaid, we did not have school lunch programs. We did not have any of those things. If you couldn't make it here, you went back. And in fact, it's estimated that more than half, we don't know exactly how many, but more than half of all immigrants during the first great immigration went back. There have been some studies of individual ethnic groups, Italian Americans, it's estimated 65 percent of all Italian-American immigrants went back, either because they never intended to stay in the first place or because they couldn't make it here, or they got lonely or whatever.
"So when we say we're a nation of immigrants, what we really mean is we're a nation of the immigrants who stayed. Now, that sounds obvious, except that we forget how great remigration was during the first great immigration. What that means is that one of the reasons, another one of the reasons why those immigrants succeeded, then, not only were they on par with the workforce at the time, but also they were the self-selected group. They were the ones who were best able to adapt to America. They were the ones who were the most entrepreneurial."
(Malanga's 65% figure for homebound Italians is spectacular; I'd never heard such a high number before. Note that I'm not disparaging Italians—as a physicist, my greatest hero is Enrico Fermi, the last physicist who could do it all.)
Remember Malanga's facts, please, when you're confronted with the "Don't worry, be happy" argument for limitless immigration — throw them in your tormentors' faces! (Malanga doesn't source these facts in the linked discussion, but I assume he does in his chapter of the three-author book.)
However, the Manhattan Institute and City Journal are recognizably conservative. Do you dare quote them to your skeptical liberal friends?
Fortunately, you won't have to! Yesterday, the New York Times ran an article [Brazilians Giving Up Their American Dream, by Nina Bernstein and Elizabeth Dwoskin, December 4, 2007) containing the casual observation, "And like Italian immigrants early in the 20th century, who typically planned to return to Italy - half of them eventually doing so - many Brazilians arrived with the intention of going back as soon as they met their financial goals." [emphasis added]
Thus you're ready to take on anyone who springs the "It'll work out great, again" slogan on you. Your rejoinder: We're a welfare state now, so hardly any immigrants go back. Except there are starting to be real pressures for illegal aliens to go back. The New York Times piece is also useful as another contemporary example showing that we won't need to cram twelve million (Twenty million? See here and here.) deportables onto buses. Instead, make living with their illegal status uncomfortable enough — the strategy known as "attrition through enforcement"—and people will buy their own tickets home:
"Faced with diminishing rewards and rising expenses in the United States, long separated from aging relatives in Brazil, 'people say, "Is this worth it, being illegal, being scared?"' said Maxine L. Margolis, a professor of anthropology at the University of Florida in Gainesville who has written extensively on Brazilians in the United States.
"There are regional variations, but the pattern is consistent. In South Florida, the expiration of a driver's license is often a turning point for families already caught short by the slump in housing construction, said Sister Judi Clemens, a pastoral assistant with Our Lady Aparecida Mission, which serves five different Brazilian communities in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami. She noted that until seven years ago, Brazilians with tourist visas could get Florida licenses valid for eight years, but they are all expiring now and cannot be renewed.
"There's no public transportation here in Florida, so people drive to work in fear and trembling,' worried that a traffic stop could mean months in immigration detention, she said. 'A lot of people have just simply said, "I've had enough." "


The Bnei Baruch Kabbalah Education Center hosts public lectures every Tuesday at 7:00 PM Israel time. The lectures are broadcast live on our TV channels "YES-66" and "HOT-66" as well as on the Kab TV website. All lectures are translated live from Hebrew into English, Spanish, German, Italian, Russian and Turkish.


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Signature silos beckon guests to Alfalfa Farm Winery
Alfalfa Farm is much like other farms in the Topsfield, MA area. The once-thriving dairy and crop farm had been reduced in acreage, but owner Richard Adelman was determined to keep it as an agricultural enterprise. And although the profile of the farm has changed, the signature silos that have been a familiar landmark for many years are still present.
The Adelman family purchased the property in the early 1970s when the dairy farm went out of business. "My brother David, a chemist, had done some amateur wine making and thought that the farm could be home to a vineyard and winery," said Richard. "We were the 13th farm winery when we started, and now there are about 42 in the state."
Winemaker and event coordinator Trudi Perry appreciates the rich history of Alfalfa Farm Winery. "We became a bonded winery in 1995, so last year was our 20th year," she said. "I stepped into the role of winemaker several years ago."
Trudi says her first winemaking experience was in England, where she lived for about 10 years. There, she learned how to make wine with loganberries, raspberries and blackberries.
Alfalfa Farm grows some grapes for winemaking and also purchases juice. Juice is sourced from Chile, France, California and also locally. "They're all on the dry side," said Trudi, explaining the wines she makes. "We make 30 cases at a time, and there are slight variations in each batch. We make a total of several hundred cases of each per year from the grapes we grow and several hundred from the juice we bring in."
Grape varieties grown on the farm include Marechal Foch, a French hybrid; Leon Millot, another hardy hybrid; Seyval Blanc, a light and fruity grape with a honey and eucalyptus nose; and Aurore, a white grape that produces a semi-sweet wine.
Trudi says it's nice to grow some of the grapes on site, but there's a lot less labor involved in making wine from juice that's brought in. "That's probably the only difference," she said. "We don't use any additives, clearing agents or color enhancers."
The juice for wine arrives in large refrigerated drums, and undergoes the same testing and preparation as juice produced on the farm. "We do the same thing as we'd do with our own grapes," Trudi explained. "We test sugar content and acid, and balance if we need to. If it's a little too acidic, we add bicarbonate to bring up the pH. If it needs any sugar for the yeast to feed on, we add that. We treat it the same as if we'd crushed and pressed it ourselves."
Trudi's degree in zoology provided her with some chemistry background, but she says winemaking comes down to ratios. "When we crush grapes, we have an old-fashioned scale, and once the fermentation gets going, it doesn't matter if you're a pound either way," she said. "You either need a little more nutrient, or it'll have enough and finish up when you want it to. It's all a matter of ratios. A certain formula for wine works, but the juice has to be within a certain pH range for the yeast to grow. Depending on the temperature of the must, sometimes it ferments very quickly. We try to ferment all of our wines all the way down to dry so that all of the residual sugar has been used up and converted to alcohol. For the fruit wines, we use cane sugar to get it to a sweetness that we think the public will like."
As an example of how winemaking doesn't always go quite according to plan, Trudi recalls that some Pinot Grigio she made several years ago didn't go down to dry easily — it was too sweet for a Pinot Grigio. "We named it Silo White," she said. "People loved it."
Alfalfa Hill Winery's blueberry, pomegranate and cranberry wines have become quite popular. The semisweet blueberry wine was awarded a double gold at a wine competition in Indiana last year, and the pomegranate wine was awarded a bronze medal in South Carolina. Trudi noted that a batch of blueberry wine that she finished this spring took two weeks longer for primary fermentation because temperatures were lower. "If I make it in July or August, it will ferment at a much higher temperature," she said, "and will take much less time."
The opportunity to create a tasting room and patio setting for guests came in 2004 after part of the long-standing dairy barn was destroyed by heavy snow. "When that long barn came down, they created the tasting room and patio," said Trudi. "Then it was easier to hold events. In the winter of 2014-2015, we lost another long barn. Fortunately, the production section of the winery was left intact."
In addition to making wine, Trudi also manages the tasting room, which is open for public tastings through summer on Sundays and includes live music as well as vineyard and winery tours. Trudi maintains an extensive email list to notify regular guests of new wines so they can come in and get them before they sell out.
Trudi says she sees both regular and new guests in the tasting room. For those who are visiting for the first time, Trudi believes it's important to provide a relaxed and inviting atmosphere. "Some people come in and are intimidated," she said. "They don't know where to start, or maybe they don't like red wine. The important thing is that it's a wine 'tasting' – we have a dump bucket, so if you don't like it, try another. You don't have to soldier through and think you're supposed to like it."
One of the most unique aspects of Alfalfa Farm Winery is the group of dedicated volunteers who offer their time to help in various aspects of the operation. Volunteers help in the vineyard with pruning, training and harvest; and also help with bottling and labeling. Most of the volunteers have been coming for several years and look forward to spending time helping at the winery.
Richard says as a member of the Massachusetts Farm Wineries and Growers Association, Alfalfa Hill benefits from networking with other winemakers and learning about new techniques in winemaking and vineyard management.
Visit Alfalfa Farm Winery online at www.alfalfafarmwinery.com.


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Home > Psychiatry > Psychiatry Publications and Presentations > 186
Psychiatry Publications and Presentations
Smoking status and substance abuse severity in a residential treatment sample
Jonathan Krejci, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Marc L. Steinberg, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Douglas M. Ziedonis, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolFollow
Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; *Residential Treatment; Severity of Illness Index; Smoking; *Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Substance-Related Disorders; Treatment Outcome
Treatment seeking substance abusers were classified as current smokers or non-smokers to identify differences between groups on psychiatric and substance use severity variables. The Addiction Severity Index (fifth edition; ASI) was administered to 313 substance abusers seeking treatment in a private, residential addictions treatment program. Since current smokers were younger and less educated than non-smokers, these variables were entered as covariates in all analyses. As measured by the ASI, current smokers experienced a significantly greater number of days with drug problems in the last 30 days and were seen as being in significantly more need of drug treatment and alcohol treatment by ASI interviewers. These findings indicate that smoking status may be a marker for greater substance use severity, although the fact that participants were not randomly assigned to groups precludes making causal interpretations of these data. Areas of future research are suggested including examining the potential mediating role of third variables such as personality and temperament.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003 Dec 11;72(3):249-54.
Drug and alcohol dependence
Krejci, Jonathan; Steinberg, Marc L.; and Ziedonis, Douglas M., "Smoking status and substance abuse severity in a residential treatment sample" (2003). Psychiatry Publications and Presentations. 186.
https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/psych_pp/186
Department of Psychiatry Website
Ekaterina Pivovarova
Sheldon Benjamin
Barry N. Feldman


One of the largest expenses for any business are benefits offerings, and it is also the benefit that can be the most challenging to administer for Human Resources staff members. The trust that you must have with your employee benefits broker is exceptional, as this is the individual or group with whom you are trusting with the heart of your organization. Poor administration of these programs can affect employee turnover and satisfaction as well as cost the organization a great deal of their hard-earned profits. Here are 7 questions you can ask a potential employee benefits broker to find the best fit for your needs.
Program administration is crucial to ongoing operations, and these questions will help you distill which organization will support the needs of your employees.
1. What services, knowledge, and experience do you provide?
Understanding how your employee benefits broker will supplement your knowledge of best practices is an important first question. Look for a broker whose associates are required to undertake ongoing education so you know that they are staying relevant in their field of knowledge and expertise. Several years of experience in the field means that they have heard questions multiple times and should have a good idea how to find the answers that you need quickly and efficiently.
While many people can talk a good game, you need to know that your employee benefits broker has the work experience and customer service ethics to back up their knowledge. Speaking with previous customers to get a reference of how the partnership has worked out provides an added level of peace of mind that can be valuable when you are working with a new organization.
There is an unbelievable number of moving parts in an employee benefits program, and you need to know that your broker can fluently handle the details. However, the individual or group that you are working with is only part of the package. The other part is the day-to-day operations that make your program a success, including the online and communications toolsets that are a part of their offering.
3. How will you help me streamline and automate my open enrollment process?
Working with an enrollment team who can provide a recommended communications schedule and messaging can help you get more people on board early, to save that dreaded last-minute rush to enroll. A well-practiced benefits team should be able to give you a jump-start on your new enrollment year.
4. What kind of online enrollment and other tools do you offer?
Online enrollment tools can make your process move much more swiftly. Having an automated online process can truly streamline your enrollment operations. Even smaller organizations can have a big tangle of information by attempting to enroll individuals by paper methods. HIPAA data security standards also come into play, as personally identifiable information (PII) must be kept incredibly confidential and tightly protected at all times.
All of the upfront promises and online tools are not helpful if you can't get quick assistance when you need it! Make sure any employee benefits broker that you interview places a high value on their level of customer service and response times. Ask questions to determine the degree of support you will receive from the candidate.
Having a dedicated account manager saves you time and energy. Instead of constantly having to explain your background and business situation to someone in a random call center, an account manager understands your needs and can grasp them quickly — solving your problem faster.
6. Will you assist with claim resolution and problems?
When your employees come to you with a challenging question, will your account manager know how to help you solve it? Knowledge, experience, and timeliness — as well as a true willingness to dig in and do some research — can help tip the scales in favor of one broker over another.
7. What is your preferred communication method and response time?
Does your employee benefits manager prefer to communicate via phone or email, or is there an online portal where you ask your questions and wait for a response from a ticketing system? Neither answer is right or wrong — but it is likely that one is preferable for your team and the way they like to work. Look for a good cultural fit as well as someone who will quickly respond to your queries.
Another key topic is how your employee benefits broker stays up-to-date on compliance and regulation issues. Together, these questions will provide you with well-rounded responses to your benefits questions! Feel free to modify this list as needed and use it as a template for interviewing your next broker.


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Virginia Senator aims to reduce "out of hand" punishment for marijuana possession in the Commonwealth
by Amy David | Jan 5, 2016 | POLITICS
Sen. Adam Ebbin, D-Alexandria, is once again pushing to decriminalize weed during this year's General Assembly.
The bill, SB 104, would decriminalize simple marijuana possession and reduce the current $500 fine to $100 for the first offense and take away the possibility of any jail time.
"This is not medical, it's not legalization and it still does not make it, in the eyes of the law, okay to use marijuana, but the penalties are out of hand and there's a tremendous racial disparity," said Ebbin, who recently proposed the legislation.
The bill also reduces the criminal penalties for distribution and intent to distribute as well as limits forfeiture of property from sale or distribution of marijuana to quantities of more than one pound.
Read the full text here.
Ebbin said pot prohibition in the United States and Virginia has failed.
According to the Drug Policy Alliance, over the last four decades the US has spent about $1 trillion fighting the war on drugs. Meanwhile a 2013 ACLU study pointed out the racial disparities faced by members of the Black community who are six times as likely to be arrested for marijuana possession as whites. The study went on to suggest that number increases to 30 times in counties with the worst racial disparities.
"…That money could be better spent on other things," said Ebbin. "But more importantly marijuana has not caused the kind of damage that alcohol causes in terms of impaired driving."
Last year's marijuana decriminalization bill which was also introduced by Ebbin, was voted down 10-4 by The Senate Courts of Justice Committee.
In 2000, Del. Harvey B. Morgan proposed similar legislation, which Ebbin co-sponsored. It also went nowhere.
Under current law, Virginia residents caught with marijuana can lose their driver's license for six months and serve a maximum of 30 days in jail. Ebbin plans to put in a bill in this year's assembly that deals with driver's license revocation as well.
"All that needs to be removed from the criminal justice system," he said.
Virginians arrested for marijuana possession has increased 76 percent according to another study released by the Drug Policy Alliance in October. Arrests increased from 13,032 in 2003 to 22,948 in 2014.
Ebbin said he's heard and received support from not only local residents but organizations such as NORML, one of the most vocal national orgs working to reform pot laws.
"I think the people who are advocating for this deserve to be heard," he said.
A study released last January by Christopher Newport University found that 71 percent of Virginians supported decriminalizing marijuana.
Last year, Gov. Terry McAuliffe signed into law two medical marijuana bills which decriminalized the use of Cannabidiol oil and THC-A oil by patients who suffer from persistent epileptic seizures.
Currently, 23 states have laws legalizing marijuana in some form and four states including Alaska, Oregon, Washington, and Colorado have legalized marijuana for recreational use.
Even with the success of legalized marijuana, Ebbin said he's not advocating for legalization in Virginia.
"I don't think legalization helps us in Virginia, I think that people are not eager to see legalization in Virginia, and I think that it's important to make the distinction," he said.
The 2016 Virginia General Assembly will convene on Wednesday, January 13.
Amy David
Amy David was the Web Editor for RVAMag.com from May 2015 until September 2018. She covered craft beer, food, music, art and more. She's been a journalist since 2010 and attended Radford University. She enjoys dogs, beer, tacos, and Bob's Burgers references.
RVA Magazine And GayRVA Endorse Virginia Senator Jennifer McClellan
RVA Magazine and GayRVA are proud to endorse Virginia Senator Jennifer McClellan for Virginia's 4th congressional district to continue the progressive legacy of the late Rep. Donald McEachin and represent us in the United States House of Representatives. Our team...
Op-Ed: Virginia's Contaminated Army Bases Increase Environmental Risks for Surrounding Communities
Over the past hundred years, the US army's improper use and disposal of toxic chemicals have taken a significant environmental toll with long-lasting consequences for unsuspecting service members and civilians. Primarily due to a lack of awareness regarding long-term...
Art & Country: A Sunday Essay
Back in April, I had the great privilege of visiting the Louvre for the first time. The many works in that historic museum exceeded all my expectations and kept me enthralled for the all too short three hours I spent inside. As closing time approached, museum staff...
We want to raise awareness of the situation in Iran with a mural
ed. note: In light of fact checking this morning we have to retract the information presented on our platforms yesterday and clarify that Iran has NOT sentenced 15,000 protestors to the death penalty but the possibly remains they could in the future. We apologize for...
Red Wave Ends In A Ripple, Go Blue! The Morning After Midterm 2022 Rundown
We don't hide the fact that our blood runs blue over here at the magazine. So waking up this morning and scanning the headlines today has been a mixed bag but overall not the bloodbath every other media was telling us it would be. Here is a quick rundown on where we...
You Beto Work 2: A Bumble Love Letter to Beto O'Rourke
Fall calls for late nights and warm blankets, lost in the small glare of the light from my phone. Tired of endlessly swiping right on the same balding white guy named Jeff holding a spotted bass he is entirely too proud of. Tinder? Never. I'm far higher brow than...
Virginia Lawmakers, Advocates 'Ready To Fight' For Abortion Access
Abortion access is anticipated to push voters to the polls in the wake of a Supreme Court decision earlier this year. Democrats have rallied voters around the issue for months, hoping to drive turnout in an election that will determine the balance of power in...
Dissociative Gaze Into The Abyss: A Sunday Essay
Is the revival of the 2014 Tumblr girl how the internet copes with the end of the world? The dissociative pout, also referred to as the dissociative gaze, was first coined by i-D Magazine in the 2022 article "The cult of the dissociative pout" by Rayne Fisher-Quann,...
Topics: general assemby 2016, Marijuana, marijuana decriminalization, pot laws, Virginia NORML
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Dr. Plummer Alston Jones, Jr., professor of library science at East Carolina University in Greenville, NC was selected as the 2018 recipient of the Reference and User Services Association's (RUSA) History Section's Genealogy / History Achievement Award, sponsored by ProQuest. The award consists of a citation and $1,500* to a librarian, library or publisher, in recognition of professional achievement in historical or genealogical reference, service, or research librarianship.
Dr. Jones received his PhD in Information and Library Science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1991, and his Master of Science in Library Science at Drexel University in 1977. He developed and teaches one of the few courses for graduate credit in a library science program that is geared towards genealogical and local history collection librarianship. He served as a previous editor of the North Carolina Genealogical Society, NCGS News, and on the Executive Board as a director.
Additionally, he was awarded the Outstanding Contribution to Family History Award, given by the North Carolina Genealogical Society, for The Jones Family of Blounts Creek, Beaufort County, and Allied Families, in 1998 and has written several other books contributing to North Carolina family history research. As a long-time member of the North Carolina Library Association, he has previously served in several roles including Vice-President and President, and has served as editor of their journal, North Carolina Libraries. He was recognized with an outstanding contribution award in 2005. He participates in local genealogy societies and has submitted several genealogical articles to various publications.
Dr. Jones is a former chair of the ALA Ethnic and Multicultural Information Exchange Round Table and the author of two books on public library services with immigrants and minorities: Libraries, Immigrants, and the American Experience (Greenwood, 1999) and Still Struggling for Equality: American Public Library Services with Minorities (Libraries Unlimited, 2004). He previously served on the ALA Library History Roundtable and received their Phyllis Dain Library History Dissertation Award in 1993.
The selection committee includes: Jennifer Daugherty (Chair) and Mary E. Bogan.


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Ruscha, Ed (b.1937)
1 / 1 Archived Works
Browse Available Works
Edward Ruscha (b.1937), 'Lisp', Lithograph, 1970 , Ruscha, Ed (b.1937) , 20th Century
Signed, dated and numbered from the edition of 90 (there were also 22 artist's proofs) by the artist in pencil. Printed on white Arches wove paper by David Trowbridge and Ed Hamilton for Cirrus Editions, Los Angeles, with collaboration and supervision by Jean Milant. Co-published by Cirrus Editions and Brooke Alexander inc., New York.

 Three colours printed in three runs from two aluminium plates and one stone: 1. light blue - plate; 2. medium blue - stone; 3. dark blue - plate.

Edward Ruscha (b.1937), 'Lisp', Lithograph, 1970
Please Note: This item is not for sale.
Signed, dated and numbered from the edition of 90 (there were also 22 artist's proofs) by the artist in pencil. Printed on white Arches wove paper by David Trowbridge and Ed Hamilton for Cirrus Editions, Los Angeles, with collaboration and supervision by Jean Milant. Co-published by Cirrus Editions and Brooke Alexander inc., New York.
Three colours printed in three runs from two aluminium plates and one stone: 1. light blue - plate; 2. medium blue - stone; 3. dark blue - plate.
Paper Size 50.8 x 71.1 cm
Literature 'Edward Ruscha: Editions 1959-1999 Catalogue Raisonné', Engberg and Philpot, no. 43
Collections MOMA; Whitney Museum of American Art; Minneapolis Institute of Art; Albright-Knox Art Gallery; National Gallery of Australia; UBS Art Collection; LACMA; Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
Edward Ruscha (b.1937), 'Lisp', Lithograph, 1970 - Ruscha, Ed (b.1937)


St. Matthew's, Latham, began as a mission chapel of St. Johns, Troy. In 1943 gas rationing became an issue and 25 families began worshipping in a Latham Fire House, then moved to a Grange Hall. In 1953, funds were raised to erect a chapel on Old Loudon Road. Sixty families held their first service on December 19th, 1954. Sixty plus years later, our faithful family worships in a church completed in 1958, and gathers for events in our parish hall (original chapel). The steeple was added in 2004. We welcome everyone, providing donations to numerous missions both local and worldwide, and wrap those in need with items made with Love from our "Knit One, Pray Too Ministry." Come Join Us!


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RootsTech NEWS!!!
In case you missed the big RootsTech news this week, here's the scoop! In October 2019, RootsTech will be hosting a second conference location in London!
I confess, I am SUPER excited about this! I am a bit of an Anglophile as any of my friends can attest. If I am watching television, it's usually something where the cast has a British accent. Royal weddings make me giddy! I made my daughter wake up extra early to watch the marriage of Prince Henry to Meghan Markle. I myself have been to this vibrant and historical city three times, and sincerely hope that I am able to return for RootsTech London!
My autographed Sarah, The Duchess of York Plate- Brought out for breakfast on Prince Harry & Meghan Markle's Royal Wedding Day
When previously visiting London, I did not know of my own connection to both the city, and also the greater United Kingdom, until later when I began researching my family tree. I have now identified connections through many of my family lines, and my DNA results with the big five testing companies confirm my high percentage of English ancestry.
My LivingDNA Results- Sub- Regional Breakdown
One of the several lines I have been researching are my Goodwin ancestors. My paternal grandmother was a Goodwin, and she's who instilled in me the love of family history. Research uncovered my Goodwin forbears living in London during the Visitation of 1633-1635.
The Visitation of London, 1633-1635- Source: Ancestry.com
Additionally, I was able to locate the church that my 9th great grandparents, Peter Goodwin and Sarah Hillard (Hellard) were married on 20 Feb 1609. St. Olave's Hart Street is still standing, and is like walking back in time. This church is rumored to have been built on the site of the Battle of London Bridge in 1014, when Ethelred the Unready attempted to reclaim the English crown with the assistance of King Olaf II of Norway, from whom the church derives its name. The area flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries as it was in the center of London trade. Many merchants, like my 9th great grandfather who was a salter, attended here. Several of Queen Elizabeth's spies under her Secretary, Sir Francis Walsingham, attended and are buried here as his home was next door and a central meeting place for her agents. It is one of the few churches in the city that survived the Great Fire of London in 1666. It is remarkable to me that my family is part of this ancient church's legendary story. It is my sincere hope that I may be able to visit it one day, and see where Peter and Sarah took their marriage vows.
I have uncovered so many other family stories in Cornwall, East Anglia, and several other places throughout England, Wales and Scotland. Attending RootsTech London would not only be a highlight for the amazing experience RootsTech offers, but also in the opportunity to visit several places my ancestors walked over centuries of incredible history.
If you are as excited as I am about RootsTech London, don't hesitate to visit the website and sign up to receive updates as details unfold. Additionally, here's the Facebook video with more details from Steve Rockwood, CEO of FamilySearch International, and Jen Allen, director of RootsTech events.
Happy researching and traveling!
Copyright © 2015-2018 Beth Wylie and Life in the Past Lane. All rights reserved. The opinions included are my own. References to other parties do not imply endorsements by those parties.
Published by Beth Wylie
Beth is an Arklahoman- an Arkansas native who became an Oklahoman by marriage. She's on a mission to shake all of her ancestors out of her family tree even if it takes a lifetime. When she's not researching family history, she's busy juggling the crazy but rewarding life of a working wife and mother.	View all posts by Beth Wylie
Conferences, Goodwin, Out and About
DNA, England, Goodwin, LivingDNA, London, RootsTech, RootsTech London, Royal Wedding, Saint Olaves Hart Street, St. Olave's
RootsTech 2019
Family History Month 2018 Activities & AncestryDNA Kit Giveaway


Don't know what gift to give? Our Gift Certificates are always a good answer.
Available for $25, $35, $50, and $100. Redeemable online, phone call, email, or at the Rock Paper Silver Shop & Studio. Call to set up an appointment, 612.331.2482.


This software application was originally a website and mobile application, but impressed with our quality approach – we then developed a "widget" application that sits on a computer desktop and allows physicians and other healthcare professionals to quickly search a variety of multiple sclerosis resources, find answers to point-of-care questions, and obtain Continuing Medical Education (CME) credit. Each therapeutic area within the website is a unique application, with its own search-engine rules, third-party content providers and administrative area for content grooming/approval.
In early 2010, the site and concept won the 2010 Award for Outstanding Industry-Supported CME Activity. Only one of these awards is given each year.


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