Coriander Design presents an extensive bathroom design service for residential and industrial interiors in Wellington, Hutt Valley, Porirua, and Kapiti Coast. Bathroom By Design is a Boutique Design Apply specializing in bathroom styling and creating distinctive bathrooms from idea to a wealth of design expertise we are pleased to offer knowledgeable design service to help purchasers create their ideal bathroom.
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With competence and aptitude, we can implement the whole undertaking from design right via to last set up, collaborating with architects and different key specialists to ensure that the approved designs are carried out to the highest standard and in a timely method.
When procuring around for a medication cabinet, look for a hardworking design (or have a customized one made) that gives plenty of storage and loads of different practical options, too. In the case of bathroom lighting this light could possibly be obtained by a substitute light or a fill in light in distinction with pure lighting. Totally different shades of the identical color are okay, but persist with just a couple to make a small bathroom appear larger. It's possible you'll not need to paper your living room in cabbage roses, however you would upholster a chair or just cowl some throw pillows in coordinating designs. Right here, design blogger Layla Palmer gave a builder-fundamental vanity a trendy cottage-style replace with a quart of gray paint and a bit of distressing with sandpaper. Equally, select wall protecting supplies in accordance with your finances and the fashion of your bathroom.
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Q: Creating Post request documentation with swaggo/swag I'm just learning go and using it to a simple Todo tutorial (plenty of them out there) but I wanted to add swagger to the mix. For good or ill I found swag/swag and started using it and have been pretty successful at documenting the Get and Delete side of the app.
// @Summary Show a specific todo
// @Description Show a specific todo
// @ID TodoShow
// @Accept  json
// @Produce  json
// @Param todoID path int true "TODO ID"
// @Success 200 {string} string "ok"
// @Router /todos/{todoID} [get]

However, I can't find any documentation or examples of how to define a structure and have it represented as an input body within the swagger UI.
Best I could find was the following
// @Summary Create a new Todo
// @Description Create a new Todo
// @ID TodoCreate
// @Accept  json
// @Produce  json
// @Param Todo body Todo true "Add TODO"
// @Success 200 {string} string "ok"
// @Router /todos/{todo} [post]

Where the parameter Todo is a simple structure
package main

import "time"

// Todo : define the Todo structure
type Todo struct {
    ID int              `json:"id"`
    Name      string    `json:"name"`
    Completed bool      `json:"completed"`
    Due       time.Time `json:"due"`
}

And while this shows up in the swagger UI as a place for parameters to be entered there is no real model or helper functions as I've seen with more hand coded swagger implementations.
MikeC.

A: I would put the model into the model package and with this correction it should work:
// @Summary Create a new Todo
// @Description Create a new Todo
// @ID TodoCreate
// @Accept  json
// @Produce  json
// @Param data body model.Todo true "The input todo struct"
// @Success 200 {string} string "ok"
// @Router /todos/todo [post]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Balkan News in English
F.Y.R.O.Macedonia
You are here: Home > Business > Current Article
War veterans' leaders say veterans should be given 7% of HEP shares
By Editor / 04/01/2017 / Comments Off on War veterans' leaders say veterans should be given 7% of HEP shares
Commenting on the possible sale of 25% of HEP power company shares, the leader of the Association of Special Police from the 1991-95 Homeland War, Josip Klemm (photo), said on Wednesday that war veterans should participate in the transaction in such a way to allow the transfer of 7% of HEP shares to the War Veterans' Fund.
Klemm confirmed to Hina that this was a proposal by leaders of some of the associations of Homeland War veterans and victims, stressing that the privatisation should be regulated by law.
He said that veterans did not want to be bypassed as they had been in the privatisation of the Croatia Osiguranje insurance company, when, he said, no shares had been allocated to the War Veterans Fund.
The War Veterans Ministry would not comment on announcements about the possible privatisation of a 25% stake in HEP, and the leader of the HVIDRA association of disabled war veterans, Josip Djakic, was unavailable for comment.
Some media have reported that leaders of war veterans' associations have proposed that the government should transfer 7% of HEP shares to the War Veterans' Fund despite the fact that since 2010 the government does not have the obligation to transfer any shares to that fund, but can do so as an option.
Economy Minister Martina Dalic said on Tuesday that selling 25% minus one share in HEP through an initial public offering (IPO) would ensure the same impact of the state on HEP's development as it did nowadays, when the state was HEP's sole owner.
Offering HEP shares based on the IPO model would also increase the transparency of the company's operations and ensure its better and more professional management, she added.
The government has recently proposed the sale of its shares in the HEP power company as a way of securing funds for the purchase of the Hungarian energy group MOL's stake in the INA oil and gas company, now owned jointly by MOL and the Croatian government./IBNA
Source: eblnews.com
Published: 3 years ago on 04/01/2017
By: Editor
Last Modified: January 4, 2017 @ 6:06 pm
Filed Under: Business, Croatia, Energy, HR Business, HR Energy, HR Social, Politics
PSD governing programme: Not much about the fight against corruption. PM-designate vows firm approach, but protecting the human rights
Croatia's economy short of more than 1,800 robots
View all articles by Editor »
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Hello, we are Carraro Design Management, a creative agency based in the Hunter Valley offering exceptional graphic design, web design, digital, branding and media services.
Our two Key Design Managers are Andrew Carraro and Grahame Brown.
Both Andrew and Grahame studied at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, Graduating in 1999 and 1998 respectively.
We are web designers, graphic designers, creatives and account service professionals.
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Home News Diamond Rugs Announces First Song Premiere From New Album
Diamond Rugs Announces First Song Premiere From New Album
Partisan Records is very excited to announce their latest signing, Diamond Rugs. The band is a collaboration between John McCauley (Deer Tick), Robbie Crowell (Deer Tick), Ian Saint Pé (The Black Lips), Steve Berlin (Los Lobos), Hardy Morris (Dead Confederate) and Bryan Dufresne (Six Finger Satellite). The debut offering from the new album, "Christmas In A Chinese Restaurant" is available now for download. Although not indicative of the sound of the record, which is rather rocking, the holiday spirit overcame the band and they decided it would be fun to share their version of Christmas cheer. Bloggers feel free to post to ensure that said cheer is spread far and wide!
Not too dissimilar from the beginnings of Middle Brother, McCauley decided he wanted to make another record during his downtime in his new home base of Nashville with producers Adam Landry and Justin Collins (Middle Brother, Deer Tick). While attending a Los Lobos show (one of his all-time favorite bands), he made his way backstage and met Steve Berlin. McCauley convinced Berlin to come to Nashville to play on the record. Over the course of the next month, he also managed to convince Saint Pe (whom he'd met once before), Morris (who had opened for Deer Tick on tour) and his good friend from his hometown of Providence, RI, Dufresne. McCauley also recruited Deer Tick keys/sax player Robbie Crowell to play bass on the album. What happened next was entirely unexpected; the musicians McCauley had recruited to play on his record, ended up contributing their own songs to the album and a fully-formed band emerged, rather than a group of musicians playing on another artists' record.
The Diamond Rugs long player is going to be released in the spring of 2012. It was recorded in Nashville and produced by Adam Landry and Justin Collins (Middle Brother, Deer Tick). Diamond Rugs will play their first show ever on December 29th at The Earl in Atlanta, GA.
Diamond Rugs – Christmas In A Chinese Restaurant by Partisan Records
John McCauley – Christmas In A Chinese Restaurant from Rollo & Grady Sessions on Vimeo.
http://www.facebook.com/diamondrugs
diamond rugs
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It is well known that the air in an aircraft cabin can be dry and uncomfortable. What is not commonly known is that the human resistants to bacteria and viruses is reduced in this dry air. For long flight the relative humidity inside an aircraft can be reduced to as low as values as 5%, sometimes even lower. This low relative humidity is very extreme and can normaly be found in some deserts. To solve this, the aircraft companies can install humidifiers and raise the relative humidity to more comfortable levels. CTT System has a product which consists of layers of glass fiber sheets which are made wet with a watering system. When the dry air flows through this wet block the water evaporates into the air. This air is then taken to selected parts of the cabin. This project was made to get a deeper understanding of this product. The goal was to investigate two dierent models to simulate the airflow through this humidifier. For this task SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation was used. It is a commercial Fluid Dynamic solver. To validate the result from the simulation experimental testing have also been done. In the comparison between experimental data and simulated data both pressure drop over the humidifier and velocity profile close after the humidifier have been of interest. The first model is a high detailed CAD version of the humidifier. This model had high demand on mesh quality and the result was time demanding and poor. The second model was a less general model. It constist of a porous block with set properties to match the experimental data. This model had a better prospect and showed a better comparison the experimental data.
In this paper the dynamics of a new type of quadrotor configuration, called Y4, is investigated. The configuration is proposed to be more energy efficient than the traditional design where four rotors are placed around the center of the aircraft frame. This by taking advantage of the benefits of a larger centered rotor in order to produce more lift. A complete mathematical model of the configuration is derived and modeled in the software Simulink. Different control laws is then developed and derived in order to control the Y4, starting with a simple PID control and then moving to non linear control methods using Lyapunov theory. The dynamics of the Y4 is then investigated by simulating different maneuvers, starting with hover and then continuing with attitude, altitude and position maneuvers. The Y4 is shown to be controllable but is less responsive than a typical quadrotor. It show more dynamics of an ordinary helicopter. The conclusion is that the Y4 might have a place in aeronautics if one prioritize power efficiency or lift power and not maneuverability, but still needs the benefits of a VTOL aircraft. However, more research regarding power optimization, design and aerodynamics needs to be done before one can say exactly how much less power the Y4 consumes compared with the standard design.
The aerodynamic sub-discipline of flow control has for many years been, and still is today, a very prominent subject of research. This field encompasses devices that produce a beneficial change in wall-bounded or free shear flows that may lead to, among many possibilities, reduced drag of ground vehicles and airplanes. The end result could have a substantial improved impact on fuel economy and also introduce new possible design options.
Creo Dynamics AB recently started to venture into the field of active flow control with huge interest for the technology and its possible applications. One such application includes a system that reduces drag on ground vehicles via the use of active flow control. The system is composed of three components: actuators, controller and sensors. The work carried out in this thesis deals with a study into the sensory placement and control approach related to the system on a very conceptual level.
and in the wake. This data is then to be relayed to a control system producing the correct actuation response to achieve desired flow characteristics. For this system to work knowledge about the coupling between wake behavior and pressure distribution on surfaces upstream of the separated flow is necessary. This thesis is an initial investigation into the possible couplings that can be found. The scope also includes investigation of the coupling during cross-winds and gusts.
Simulations of a simplified car geometry were carried out using the CFD package OpenFOAM and the DDES turbulence model. The initial investigation yielded promising results, showing that a link between the wake behavior and pressure distribution up-stream exists. But further work has to be carried out, as is discussed in the last chapter, before the algorithm according to Creo's specifications can be constructed.
Increasing demands on the performance and sustainability of modern turbofan engines put high requirements on each system component, and the limit of what is possible is expected to continue to extend. This thesis focuses on studies on the so-called turning struts concept which aims to shorten the compressor module of a future turbofan engine by introducing aerodynamically modified struts in the compressor mid-frame. Through CFD analysis and low-speed experimental evaluations, this concept is further developed with promising results attained in its early design stages. Important aerodynamic aspects related to this concept are highlighted, and appropriate conceptual design approaches are discussed. It was found that the length of the intermediate compressor duct could be reduced by up to 20% by eliminating the need for the last stator row in the upstream compressor, whilst providing comparable or improved performance compared to conventional designs.
This report presents the work done in the frame of a master thesis at Airbus Defence and Space, Les Mureaux on « Relative Close Navigation for Non cooperative Rendezvous » from the 3rd of March to the 29th of August 2014.
The master thesis subject is the implementation of an initialization algorithm based on Infrared monovision sensors into a pose estimation simulator in the frame of a Non cooperative Rendezvous.
The pose of a satellite represents its orientation in Euler angles and its relative position to the chaser.
The initialization algorithm chosen to be implemented is a model-based method involving a Principal Component Analysis. A target template image of size (K, L) pxls is decomposed into a feature vector of size (1, r ). The feature vector contains all the main characteristics of the image. The matching is done via a comparison between a set of feature vectors representing several known target attitudes and the feature vector of the input attitude. The computation load is higly reduced compared to a omparison between images.
The simulations with simulated images of a basic target shape (a cube) led to accurate attitude and position estimations.The results with real Infrared images inputs give us reasons to believe that the estimations in real space conditions could be conclusive. However, the simulations were done for simplified cases, without, for instance, considering noise measurements. Further studies will have to be done to see if the initialization algorithm allows the simulator tracking algorithm to converge.
This thesis presents the work done to implement new computational tools and methods dedicated to aircraft conceptual design sizing and optimization. These tools have been exercised on different aircraft concepts in order to validate them and assess their relevance and applicability to practical cases. First, a geometry construction protocol has been developed. It is indeed essential to have a geometry description that supports the derivation of all discretizations and idealizations used by the different analysis modules (aerodynamics, weights and balance, stability and control, etc.) for which an aircraft concept is evaluated. The geometry should also be intuitive to the user, general enough to describe a wide array of morphologies and suitable for optimization. All these conditions are fulfilled by an appropriate parameterization of the geometry. In addition, a tool named CADac (Computer Aided Design aircraft) has been created in order to produce automatically a closed and consistent CAD solid model of the designs under study. The produced CAD model is easily meshable and therefore high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) computations can be performed effortlessly without need for tedious and time-consuming post-CAD geometry repair.Second, an unsteady vortex-lattice method based on TORNADO has been implemented in order to enlarge to scope of flight conditions that can be analyzed. It has been validated satisfactorily for the sudden acceleration of a flat plate as well as for the static and dynamic derivatives of the Saab 105/SK 60.Finally, a methodology has been developed to compute quickly in a semi-empirical way the buffet envelope of new aircraft geometries at the conceptual stage. The parameters that demonstrate functional sensitivity to buffet onset have been identified and their relative effect quantified. The method uses a combination of simple sweep theory and fractional change theory as well as the buffet onset of a seed aircraft or a provided generic buffet onset to estimate the buffet envelope of any target geometry. The method proves to be flexible and robust enough to predict within mainly 5% (and in any case 9%) the buffet onset for a wide variety of aircrafts, from regional turboprop to long-haul wide body or high-speed business jets.This work was done within the 6th European framework project SimSAC (Simulating Stability And Control) whose task is to create a multidisciplinary simulation environment named CEASIOM (Computerized Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimization Methods), oriented toward stability and control and specially suited for aircraft conceptual design sizing and optimization.
This paper describes a methodology that inexpensively predicts the buffet envelope of new transport airplane wing geometries at the conceptual design stage. The parameters that demonstrate a strong functional sensitivity to buffet onset were identified and their relative effect was quantified. To estimate the buffet envelope of any target aircraft geometry, the method uses fractional change transformations in consort with a generic reference buffet onset curve provided by the authors or the buffet onset of a known seed airplane. The explicit design variables required to perform buffet onset prediction are those describing the wing planform and the wingtip section. The mutually exclusive nature of the method's analytical construct provides considerable freedom in deciding the scope of free-design-variable complexity. The method has been shown to be adequately robust and flexible enough to deal with a wide variety of transport airplane designs. For the example transport airplanes considered, irrespective of aircraft morphology and en route flight phase, the relative error in prediction was found to be mostly within +/-5.0%, with occasional excursions not exceeding a +/-9.0% bandwidth. The standard error of estimate for the lift coefficient at 1.0 g buffet onset at a given Mach number was calculated to be 0.0262.
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol.
In view of a continuous increase of computer performance, it is nowadays feasable to use CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis very early in the conceptual design stage, if not the pre-concept phase, of aircraft. This requires the generation of a CAD (Computer Aided Design) model suitable for CFD computations, which is a tedious and time consuming process because a disconnect exists between the geometrical definition required for a CAD model and the limited number of geometry related design parameters defined by the designer. An additional complication to this is the requirement of producing a closed and consistent CAD model suitable for problem setup of CFD computations. The CADac (CAD-aircraft) tool nils this gap by automating the generation of closed and consistent CAD models via the implementation of a parameterized approach to conceptual design. CADac enables therefore to use CFD earlier and to use tools with inter-laced fidelity at the conceptual design phase.
This paper deals with the study of the robustness concerning the attitude control of the spacecraft TARANIS regarding disturbances on its sun acquisition sensors. Two kinds of disturbances have been studied: the masking of the sunlight by the dierent spacecraft devices as well as the sunlight reexion on their surface. This study has been performed by doing rst the sensor and observer modeling on a simulator specially designed for the study from the whole spacecraft simulator. Then the modeling of the disturbances has been achieved depending on the characteristics of the sources in terms of size, positioning, roughness and light reection. Finally a set of simulations of the acquisition and survival mode has been executed in order to evaluate the impact of the disturbances on its convergence time. The study shows that the algorithm designed to calculate the spacecraft attitude from the solar sensors data set is robust concerning these disturbances with the actual design of the satellite, but also shows limits concerning the size and positioning of its devices.
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale, Politecnico di Milano.
This paper presents a design tool based on computational methods for the aero-structural analysis and optimization of aircraft layouts at the conceptual design stage. The whole methodology is based upon the integration of geometry construction, aerodynamic and structural analysis codes that combine depictive, computational, analytical, and semiempirical methods, validated in an aircraft design environment. The two primary modules are presented: CADac (Computer Aided Design Aircraft) for parametric geometry handling and NeoCASS (Next generation Conceptual Aero-Structural Sizing Suite) for structural sizing and numerical aeroelastic analysis. The aero-structural numerical kernel enables the creation of efficient low-order, high fidelity models which makes particularly suitable to be succesfully used within an MDO framework to drive the optimization tool into the most appropriate direction. Indeed, solving adverse aeroelastic issues like divergence, control surfaces reversal, flutter, increased drag at cruise speed due to structural deformability may require considerable changes in the structural design, limitations in flight envelope or weight penalties. The late discovery of this type of issues may result in significant cost increases and, in some cases, it may even require to actually close the project. In order to overcome the insurgence of these issues, the influence of deformability on flight and handling performances, on structural weight and on design costs needs to be taken into account as early as possible in the design process.
The prediction of combustion instabilities is crucial for aircraft engines manufacturers to ensure the reliability and the life span of their engines. To study these phenomena, numerical simulations are more and more often performed. They o er advantages: a wide range of parameters is available, they are safe and inexpensive compared to experiments.
This work presents a rst step in the general study of combustion instabilities. Firstly, several tools for acoustics and combustion are validated. The tests are performed on simple cases which have reference solutions from analytical resolution or measurements, such as one dimensional ames for combustion and rectangular duct for acoustics. The parameters of these cases are close to the more complex ones. Then, the dynamics of a laminar ame are studied. Finally, a laboratory scale conguration is explored. Kinetics for a methane-air mixture are validated as well as the TFLES model for combustion. The AVSP code for acoustics correctly determines the eigenmodes of a simple conguration.
The TFLES model on a pulsed ame has a signicant impact on its dynamics, depending on the thickening factor and the model used. An unstable mode is found for reacting RANS computations of a laboratory scale conguration. An unstable mode is also predicted by AVSP computations with an active ame model. Even if further work is needed to develop these tools, the rst results indicate that they can quickly yield predictions about combustion instabilities.
Gust load computations are one of the various load cases computations required by the regulation in order to get an aircraft certified. These loads can even be the ones which have to be used for the structural sizing of the vertical and horizontal tail or the main wing of the aircraft. Three numerical methods to model penetration into a cylindrical gust are presented and their results are compared in terms of loads prediction on the structure. The influence of model parameters is studied and some general thoughts about delay and penetration are gathered. It is shown that the spatial discretization of the phenomenon does not need to be fine to yield accurate results and that different treatments of aerodynamic interactions between the subparts of an aircraft might bring rather large discrepancies in the results. In order to evaluate whether these numerical methods predict realistic loads, a comparison between experimental data and numerical computations on a simple wing profile is performed.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, Aerodynamics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
A manufacturing method for tape springs in a deployment system for a nano satellite was developed. The system relies on composite tape springs for deployment force and post deployment structural integrity, and has been proposed and used in several previous nano satellites. The tape spring was made of preimpregnated glass fiber weave. Initial test verifying the tape springs functions have been made and proven successful. The tape springs have also been tested in an engineering model of the satellite and are able to perform an adequate deployment.
Further tests, especially long time storage are needed the tape spring solution for the deployment system looks promising.
The SimSAC project has developed the design software CEASIOM, a framework tool that integrates discipline-specific tools like CAD & grid generation, CFD, stability & control analysis etc. for the purpose of aircraft conceptual design. Significant features developed and integrated in CEASIOM are geometry, aerodynamics, flight dynamics and aeroelasticity modules. The design begins with a design specification and uses conventional design methods to prescribe a baseline configuration. Then CEASIOM improves upon this baseline by analyzing its flying and handling qualities. This paper reports on the Transonic cruiser TCR from baseline design to Tier-I design. The baseline T-tail design is based on the design specification, which is a fairly non-complicated one with the exception for the design cruise speed of Mach 0.97. The flight dynamical analysis in CEASIOM of this configuration showed that trimming the aircraft required too large deflections in the design point so a new approach with a canard configuration was designed. A model of this configuration was built and tested in wind tunnel. The paper focuses on the validation of computational tools of different fidelity, from Tier I to Tier II RANS solvers, with test data to get a range of fidelity of the tools. The results showed that Tier I methods fail to reproduce experimental pitch moment already at moderate angles of attack. Euler methods give reasonably accurate predictions but only RANS offers good overall experimental agreement for all angles attack, in particular at higher angles where the flow starts to separate.
Ground vehicles, both on roads or on rail, are sensitive to crosswinds and the handling, travelling speeds or in some cases, safety can be affected. Full modelling of the crosswind stability of a vehicle is a demanding task as the nature of the disturbance, the wind gust, is complex and the aerodynamics, vehicle dynamics and driver reactions interact with each other.
One of the objectives of this thesis, is to assess the aerodynamic response of simplified ground vehicles under sudden strong crosswind disturbances by using an advanced turbulence model. In the aerodynamic simulations, time-dependant boundary data have been used to introduce a deterministic wind gust model into the computational domain.
This thesis covers the implementation of such gust models into Detached-Eddy Simulations (DES) and assesses the overall accuracy. Different type of grids, numerical setups and refinements are considered. Although the overall use of DES is seen suitable, further investigations can be foreseen on more challenging geometries.
Two families of vehicle models have been studied. The first one, a box-like geometry, has been used to characterize the influence of the radius of curvature and benefited from unsteady experimental data for comparison. The second one, the Windsor model, has been used to understand the impact of the different rear designs. Noticeably, the different geometries tested have exhibited strong transients in the loads that can not be represented in pure steady crosswind conditions.
The static coupling between aerodynamics and vehicle dynamics simulations enhances the comparisons of the aerodynamic designs. Also, it shows that the motion of the centre of pressure with respect the locations of the centre of gravity and the neutral steer point, is of prime interest to design vehicles that are less crosswind sensitive. Recommendations on the future work on crosswind sensitivity for ground vehicles are proposed at the end of this thesis.
Ground vehicles are subjected to crosswind from various origins such as weather, topography of the ambient environment (land, forest, tunnels, high bushes...) or surrounding traffic. The trend of lowering the weight of vehicles imposes a stronger need for understanding the coupling between crosswind stability, the vehicle external shape and the dynamic properties. Means for reducing fuel consumption of ground vehicles can also conflict with the handling and dynamic characteristics of the vehicle. Streamlined design of vehicle shapes to lower the drag can be a good example of this dilemma. If care is not taken, the streamlined shape can lead to an increase in yaw moment under crosswind conditions which results in a poor handling.
The development of numerical methods provides efficient tools to investigate these complex phenomena that are difficult to reproduce experimentally. Time accurate and scale resolving methods, like Detached-Eddy Simulations (DES), are particularly of interest, since they allow a better description of unsteady flows than standard Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) models. Moreover, due to the constant increase in computational resources, this type of simulations complies more and more with industrial interests and design cycles.
In this thesis, the possibilities offered by DES to simulate unsteady crosswind aerodynamics of simple vehicle models in an industrial framework are explored. A large part of the work is devoted to the grid design, which is especially crucial for truthful results from DES. Additional concerns in simulations of unsteady crosswind aerodynamics are highlighted, especially for the resolution of the wind-gust boundary layer profiles. Finally, the transient behaviour of the aerodynamic loads and the flow structures are analyzed for several types of vehicles. The results simulated with DES are promising and the overall agreement with the experimental data available is good, which illustrates a certain reliability in the simulations. In addition, the simulations show that the force coefficients exhibit highly transient behaviour under gusty conditions.
The relative flexibility of nowadays numerical methods offers an alternative way to experiments in order to investigate unsteady crosswind aerodynamics in an industrial framework. In this study, time accurate methods such as Detached-Eddy Simulations (DES) are used to simulate the flow. A simple vehicle shape, the so-called Windsor model, is chosen for the model. The ReL of the corresponding flow case is 2.0x106. Then, different deterministic models of wind gusts that are varied in the streamwise and the vertical direction are tested. The magnitude of the gusts models corresponds to a yaw angle of 20o. The aerodynamic loads calculated show a large excess of drag coupled with a reduction of the pitch moment. Although the side force has a smooth variation in the gust, overshoots up to 18% higher than the steady value of yaw moment are also observed.
Transient disturbances concerning ground vehicles are not only due to rail or road irregularities but are also caused by unsteady ambient wind conditions. This study presents a numerical investigation of unsteady crosswind aerodynamics by using the commercial software STAR-CD from CD-Adapco. The unsteadiness of the aerodynamics is introduced through time-dependent inflow boundary conditions that describe a jet flow according to Schlichting . The purpose of this study is to explore the validity of the commonly used numerical methods (URANS and DES) for the current crosswind application. To this end, simplified vehicle geometries are utilized, for which the experimental results of Chadwick et al.  are used as reference data.
Due to progress in CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), it is now possible to compute and analyzesteady ow and phenomena for turbomachine design. Unsteady instability predictions are important tocertify that a turbomachine will not encounter high vibration levels in operation. Flutter is one of the mostcommon fan instabilities. Thus, the fan design is bound to respect a given Flutter Margin. It guaranteesa certain operation envelope for the engine and its fan, refered as operability. The operation envelope ofan engine is dened in the fan map mass ow rate - pressure ratio as the space in which the engine can berun in during operation. The fan map is made of isovelocities. An isovelocity is a line described by varyingmass ow rate and keeping constant the rotational speed. This domain is bounded by phenomena such asrotating stall, surge, utter, etc which are hazardous for engine mechanical integrity. Fig. 1 highlights howan operating envelope is bounded. When operation envelope is too small, the fan blade geometry needsto be modied to improve its utter behavior and therefore increase the size of the envelope. Eciency,pressure ratio and operability can be strongly impacted by the changes made. Therefore design parametersinuencing utter must be precisely spotted. This can be done if mechanisms which trigger utter are wellunderstood. Thus the blade can be reshaped to lower the contribution of a given phenomenon. However,when a phenomenon is identied, one should quantify its contribution to the globally stable or unstablebehavior. In fact, to reduce the geometrical changes and therefore consequences on operability, one shouldact on the most critical phenomenon.The study has been performed on a single fan blade with dierent congurations of back pressure androtational speed. Consequently, two kinds of utter are investigated : stall utter and transonic utter. Therst one occurs at low rotational speed. It corresponds to zone 1 in Fig. 1. It is commonly driven by owseparation. As described in,1 separation on the suction side of a blade can be responsible for utter. Article1shows that unsteady pressure and blade motion are out of phase in the separated zone. Furthermore, studiesin2 reveal that traveling Mach waves on the blade surface can destabilize it. It depends on the phase betweenthe waves and the blade motion. Acoustic interference is also studied in.1 Transonic utter occurs at higherrotational speed when the blade is shocked. It corresponds to zone 2 in Fig. 1. There are two main sourcesthat destabilize the blade: interaction between the shock waves and the boundary layer and the shock waveoscillation as presented in.3 That study divides the prole into four parts. Each part corresponds to a givenmechanism: supersonic part (stabilizing), shocked part (both stabilizing and destabilizing if the shock wavesoscillates), downstream the shock (destabilizing due to separation) on the suction side and the pressure side(stabilizing).The objective of this paper is not only to identify mechanisms responsible for utter at low and high rotationalspeed but also to follow their evolution along an isovelocity. A global approach from the mechanismsidentication to the quantication of the phenomenon is then described.The critical mechanisms responsiblefor fan blade utter for a given conguration can be pointed out.
A systematic analysis of incipient separation and subsequent vortex formation from moderately-swept blunt leading edges is presented for a 53°-swept diamond wing. This work contributes to a collective body of knowledge generated within the multinational NATO/STO AVT-183 Task Group titled "Reliable Prediction of Separated Flow Onset and Progression for Air and Sea Vehicles". Details of vortex formation are inferred from numerical solutions of two flow solvers after establishing a good correlation of the global flow field and surface pressure distributions with those from wind tunnel measurements. From this, significant and sometimes surprising insights into the nature of incipient separation and part-span vortex formation are derived from the wealth of information available in the computational solutions.
Physics based simulation is widely seen as a way of increasing the information about aircraft designs earlier in their definition, thus helping with the avoidance of unanticipated problems as the design is refined. This paper reports on an effort to assess the automated use of computational fluid dynamics level aerodynamics for the development of tables for flight dynamics analysis at the conceptual stage. These tables are then used to calculate handling qualities measures. The methodological questions addressed are a) geometry and mesh treatment for automated analysis from a high level conceptual aircraft description and b) sampling and data fusion to allow the timely calculation of large data tables. The test case used to illustrate the approaches is based on a refined design passenger jet wind tunnel model. This model is reduced to a conceptual description, and the ability of this geometry to allow calculations relevant to the final design to be drawn is then examined. Data tables are then generated and handling qualities calculated.
Physics based simulation in conceptual design is widely seen as a way of increasing the information about designs, thus helping with the avoidance of unanticipated problems as the design is refined. This paper reports on an effort to assess the use of CFD level aerodynamics for the development of tables for flight dynamics analysis at the conceptual stage. A number of aerodynamic data sources are used with sampling and data fusion to allow the efficient generation of the tables. A refined design passenger jet wind tunnel model is used as a test case, and three simplified conceptual versions of this geometry are generated. The influence of geometry approximations and modelling influences are evaluated to assess the usefulness of CFD for this application. Finally, the aerodynamic differences are assessed in terms of basic longitudinal flight dynamics analysis.
Institute of Aeronautics & Applied Mechanics, Aircraft Design Department, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
CEASIOM, the Computerized Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimization Methods, is a framework tool that integrates discipline-specific tools for conceptual design. At this early stage of the design it is very useful to be able to predict the °ying and handling qualities of this design. In order to do this, the aerodynamic database needs to be computed for the configuration being studied which then has to be coupled to the stability and control tools to carry out the analysis. This paper describes how the adaptive-fidelity CFD module of CEASIOM computes the aerodynamic dataset of an air craft configuration, and how that dataset is analyzed by the SDSA module to determine the °ying qualities of the aircraft. These predicted °ying qualities are then compared with the °ight-test data of the Ranger 2000 trainer aircraft in order to verify the goodness of the overall approach.
The main objective of this study carried on within the Aerodynamics department of Airbus Helicopters Marignane was to validate the Engine Air Intake tests with a CFD model of the helicopter including the whole wind tunnel building. The quantities which have been validated were aerodynamic criteria presented in the below parts. This study was done in order to improve the method and tools of the Airbus Helicopters Aerodynamic Department. The modeling has been improved during this study in order to make the computations results closer to the wind tunnel tests results.
Structures of an aircraft engine are not completely rigid. Therefore when they are subjected to aerodynamic loading, those structures will deform elastically and their shape will change, especially fan blades because of their size. Those elastic deformations and change in load can, depending on structural and flow characteristics, lead to stability problems and cause an excessive fatigue of the structure decreasing its lifetime or in the worst case, break the structure. Consequently it is necessary to study the engine response to aerodynamic loads to design it to prevent those problems and to simplify the certification.
A way to do it is to use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations to predict behaviors and better explain phenomena. Today, the trend for turbofans in order to decrease their fuel consumption is to increase their bypass ratio so their fan diameter as well and consequently increase potential elastic deformations, and to shorten the length of the engine air intake to decrease the engine mass but therefore the flow homogeneity also. In these conditions, the crosswind has an increasing impact on turbofan engines because it can create instabilities on the fan blades. Therefore it is important to develop a method to predict the fan behavior under crosswind with a numerical simulation. The present study thus aims to develop a robust and accurate methodology which from a given crosswind speed predicts the displacement of a fan blade to characterize the fan forced response under crosswind.
Computations will be made on a high-bypass turbofan engine where such phenomena can occur and which was tested. Thus computed results will be compared to test results.
This document is a report summering the master thesis work dealing with the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) study of the flow around a high-speed train. The model is a scaled 1:50 generic train with two cars, one inter-car gap and simplified bogies. A platform is set on the side of the train since one of the aim of the study is to look at the consequences of the phenomena in the wake on people or objects standing on the platform. The slipstream is one of this phenomena, it is due to the fact that the viscous air is dragged when the train is passing. If too strong, it can move or destabilize people or objects on the platform.
In addition of the slipstream study, a velocity profile study, a drag and lift coefficients analyze as well as a Q-factor study and a frequency study have been realized. Some results of these different studies are compared with the ones obtained on the same model with a Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES).
Since the flow is turbulent, for those different studies, the flow has been simulated with a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equation model (RANS) which is the k-ω SST model for the turbulence.
The study of the slipstream allowed to calculate the Technical Specification for Interoperability (TSI) which must not be higher that the European Union requirement set at 15.5 m/s, the result obtained is 8.1 m/s which is then lower than the limit.
The velocity profile shows similarities with the DDES results even though it is less detailed. The same conclusion is done for the Q-plot where is clearly visible the two counter-rotating vortices in the wake.
Finally, a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm has been applied to instantaneous velocity results in the wake of the train in order to get the frequency of the aerodynamic phenomena in that wake. The main frequency is 25 Hz and corresponds to a Strouhal number of 0.1, quite closed to the results obtained with DDES which is 0.085.
The results of the RANS and DDES are reasonably similar and by regarding at the large difference between the cell numbers (respectively 8 500 000 and 20 000 000) it can be conclude that in some ways the RANS model can be preferred at the DDES to save time for the computation but it does not contain the small scales resolved by the DDES.
Vigor Wave Energy AB is one of several companies on the swedish west coast, focusing their work on developing new ocean energy harvesting devices being able to provide the society with sustainable power sources. Vigor's device was invented by Daniel Ehrnberg and works on the principle of transporting water and air batches through a hose to an enclosed turbine creating an increase in pressure, driving the turbine and thereby creating energy. The work presented in this report describes how a prototype of the device is designed and how to start it up and run it. The minimum underpressure required to initiate the system was found to be of 13 kPa, accelerating the water inside the hose to a desired velocity of 3.5 m/s. The energy generated by this prototype was previously estimated to 3 kW.
This paper presents a new revolutionary design in commercial aircraft: the conven-tional vertical and horizontal tails are not present as generally known, and their contri-bution to the manoeuvering of the aircraft, namely the presence of the rudder and theelevators, is achieved by locating them at the wingtips and in the canard, respectively.Substituting the horizontal tail with the canard, the possibility of dividing the fuel be-tween the wing (where it is located conventionally) and the canard allows the pilot tochange the center of gravity during the ight with more freedom, while the eect of theelevators continues present. Locating the vertical stabilizers at the wingtips combinesthe eect of the vertical stabilizer and the winglet all in one, with the corresponding lostof weight. In this sense, the aerodynamic, stability and aeroelastic characteristics of anaircraft such as the one described have been analyzed using dierent modules belongingto CEASIOM program, and the results are very encouraging, showing that it is reallyfeasible to change the current concept of the commercial aircraft without penalizing theperformance.
Although it is possible to directly solve an entire flow-acoustics problem in one computation, this approach remains prohibitively large in terms of the computational resource required for most practical applications. Aeroacoustic problems are therefore usually split into two parts; one consisting of the source computation and one of the source propagation. Although both these parts entail great challenges on the computational method, in terms of accuracy and efficiency, it is still better than the direct solution alternative. The source usually consists of highly turbulent flows, which for most cases will need to be, at least partly, resolved. Then, acoustic waves generated by these sources often have to be propagated for long distances compared to the wavelength and might be subjected to scattering by solid objects or convective effects by the flow. Numerical methods used solve these problems therefore have to possess low dispersion and dissipation error qualities for the solution to be accurate and resource efficient.
The wave expansion method (WEM) is an efficient discretization technique, which is used for wave propagation problems. The method uses fundamental solutions to the wave operator in the discretization procedure and will thus produce accurate results at two to three points per wavelength. This thesis presents a method that uses the WEM in an aeroacoustic context. Addressing the propagation of acoustic waves and transfer of sources from flow to acoustic simulations. The proposed computational procedure is applied to a co-rotating vortex pair and a cylinder in cross-flow. Overall, the computed results agree well with analytical solutions.
Although the WEM is efficient in terms of the spatial discretization, the procedure requires that a Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse is evaluated at each unique node-neighbour stencil in the grid. This evaluation significantly slows the procedure. In this thesis, a method with a regular grid is explored to speed-up this process.
The development of an aerodynamic simulation model for the inclusion in an open-loop Stability & Control model is presented. The model, based on a generic UCAV configuration, is derived from data gathered during a number of experimental campaigns conducted using various test models and facilities, and covers the full subsonic flight regime. The model includes uncertainties in key model parameters to yield an expected range of model outputs for any given condition.
This paper describes two Open Source Software libraries which are currently under development-libm3l and lsipdx. The libm3l library is a utility enabling storage of the basic data types in a linked list and their transfer through the TCP/IP socket. The linked list can be transferred as a whole or just its part. The second utility, the lsipdx library, is a utility which enables transfer of the data among a number of processes and their synchronization. The libraries are therefore suitable candidate for data exchange and synchronization of a number of solvers in the multidisciplinary analysis. Both libraries are written in the ANSI-C programming language and are available to the public under GNU Lesser GPL, LGPL, license through the github site.
roughness and that at least two cell layers are used to resolve the turbulent boundary layer.
The Tahitian company 'Electricité de Tahiti'operates two out of eight power groups named G7P and G8P equipped with SCR units to limit the pollution of these groups.The real impact of these units is to be assessed. By using an atmospheric dispersion model called AERMOD,it is shown that the results are very similar with and without the SCR units, as the heights of the chimneys and the wind profile of the valley induce a good dispersion of the fumes for these two groups.
The objective of this diploma thesis is to perform a complete risk assessment of an insulation blanket's trial installation for an Airbus A320 aircraft. Technical and functional requirements have been described in order to understand the changes operated on the blanket. Through the study of non-conformities and graphs depicting deliverables versus time, quality issues and time delays are tracked in the best possible way in order to identify risks. Appropriate risk tables and matrix were chosen as a frame for this assessment. Risks associated with the trial installation of the new insulation blankets were then assessed, prioritized according to their criticality and placed automatically on a risk matrix using a VBA program. Mitigationactions were finally proposed and validated to achieve the main objective of this risk assessment: to annul the occurrence and to decline the impact of all potential unforeseen turns of event described in this report.
It is aim of this thesis to develop a potential ow solver for unsteady aerodynamics in MATLAB environment. In order to achieve this target a vortex lattice method based has been developed. The validation of this program involves two dierent stages. Initially, it is compared with classical experiments and a well tested code. In a second step, the program is compared with wind tunnel experiments for two dierent aircraft's con gurations, classical and with canard. In the end it will be demonstrated that the present method achieves good agreement in both stages.
A number of useful engineering methods are available for fast and economic estimates of the aerodynamic characteristics of complex flight vehicles. This article investigates the application of three specific engineering methods to the X-31 fighter configuration, and CFD, wind tunnel, and flight test data are used for comparison and evaluation purposes. The emphasis is on static longitudinal stability aspects up to high angles of attack; however, selected asymmetric and unsteady effects are considered. Results from the engineering methods are in good agreement with experiment and CFD for angles of attack up to 15° for most cases and higher angles for some cases. Results for pitching moment are in good agreement with CFD, but many of the nonlinear characteristics of the airplane are not predicted by the engineering methods. The quality of the longitudinal stability results is discussed in terms of the prediction of the center of pressure on the vehicle. The results provide improved understanding of the continued usefulness of engineering methods as an analysis tool during the design phase and into the flight test diagnostic phase of a new aircraft.


text:
Joseph-Eugène Crèvecoeur, né le  à Calais et mort le  dans la même ville, est un compositeur français. Il est second prix de Rome en 1847.

Biographie
Eugène Crèvecoeur est le fils d'un capitaine. On ne sait rien de son éducation musicale dans son enfance. Il est admis au Conservatoire de musique et de déclamation de Paris au début des années 1840, où il est l'élève d'Hippolyte Colet. Il reçoit un deuxième prix d'harmonie vocale et instrumentale en 1844 et, en 1845, il obtient le premier prix. En 1847, il remporte avec le morceau lyrique L'Ange et Tobie, d'après un poème de Léon Halévy, le second prix de Rome. Durant sa formation au conservatoire, il donne des cours particuliers de composition au jeune Édouard Lalo.

On ne connait que très peu d'éléments sur sa carrière ultérieure. En 1849, il donne des leçons d'harmonie à Charles Lecocq, le compositeur d'opérette. Il travaille quelque temps au théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin. Il se marie avec Marie-Catherine Jearsin, le , à l'église Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs, puis abandonne sa carrière musicale, en s'installant comme commerçant en dentelle à Calais, où il meurt le .

Références

Liens externes
 .

Compositeur français de la période romantique
Naissance en janvier 1819
Naissance à Calais
Décès en décembre 1891
Décès à Calais
Prix de Rome en composition musicale
Décès à 72 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Oedipina pacificensis es una especie de salamandras en la familia Plethodontidae.
Habita en Costa Rica y Panamá.
Su hábitat natural son los  bosques húmedos tropicales o subtropicales a baja altitud, plantaciones, jardines rurales y zonas previamente boscosas ahora muy degradadas.

Referencias
 Bolaños, F., Chaves, G., Savage, J., Wake, D. & Ibáñez, R. 2004.  Oedipina pacificensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Consultado el 23 de julio de 2007.

Enlaces externos

pacificensis


text:
Golosov Valentin
Chief Research Scientist
D.Sc.
golosov [at] igras.ru
Quantitative assessment of the redistribution of sediment and sediment-associated pollutants transported along with them in small catchments and in small river basins of lowland and mountain areas, using traditional and modern methods and techniques. Investigation of the intensity of exogenous processes in the mountains; using the bomb-derived and Chernobyl-derived cesium-137 for evaluation of sedimentation rates in the different sediment sinks for the different time windows; assessment of the contribution of various sediment sources to the river suspended sediment; the study of the formation and geomorphological consequences of flash floods in the mountains; assessment of global erosion.
European territory of Russia, including the Caucasus
Valentin Golosov, Oleg Yermolaev, Leonid Litvin, Nelli Chizhikova, Zoya Kiryukhina, Gusel Safina Influence of climate and land use changes on recent trends of soil erosion rates within the Russian Plain // Land Degradation and Development. 2018. Vol. 29(8). P. 2658–2667. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3061
Valentin Golosov, Oleg Yermolaev, Ivan Rysin, Matthias Vanmaercke, Regina Medvedeva, Mariya Zaytseva Mapping and spatial‐temporal assessment of gully density in the middle Volga region, Russia // Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2018. Vol. 43. P. 2818–2834. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4435
Christian Brandt, Gerd Dercon, Georg Cadisch, Nguyen Lam T., Paulina Schuller, Claudio Bravo Linares, Alejandra Castillo Santana, Valentin Golosov, Moncef Benmansour, Nourredine Amenzou, Zhang Xinbao, Frank Rasche Towards global applicability? Erosion source discrimination across catchments using compound-specificδ13c isotopes // Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. — 2018. — Vol. 256. — P. 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.01.010
Gusarov A.V., Golosov V.N., Sharifullin A.G. Contribution of climate and land cover changes to reduction in soil erosion rates within small cultivated catchments in the eastern part of the Russian plain during the last 60 years // Environmental Research. 2018. Vol. 167. P. 21–33.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.046
Valentin Golosov, Collins Adrian L., Qiang Tang, Xinbao Zhang, Ping Zhou, Xiubin He, Anbang Wen Sediment transfer at different spatial and temporal scales in the Sichuan hilly basin, China: Synthesizing data from multiple approaches and preliminary interpretation in the context of climatic and anthropogenic drivers // Science of the Total Environment. 2017. Vol. 598. P. 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.133
Golosov V.N., Walling D.E., Konoplev A.V., Ivanov M.M., Sharifullin A.G. Application of bomb- and Chernobyl-derived radiocaesium for reconstructing changes in erosion rates and sediment fluxes from croplands in areas of European Russia with different levels of Chernobyl fallout // Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, VOL. 186, 2018, 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.06.022
7. Konoplev A., Golosov V., Laptev G., Nanba K., Onda Y., Takase T., Wakiyama Y., Yoshimura K.Behavior of accidentally released radiocesium in soil–water environment: Looking at Fukushima from a Сhernobyl perspective// Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2016. Vol. 151, no. part 3. P. 568–578. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.06.019
Valentin Golosov, Alexander Koiter, Maxim Ivanov, Kirill Maltsev, Artyom Gusarov, Aidar Sharifullin, Irina Radchenko Assessment of soil erosion rate trends in two agricultural regions of European Russia for the last 60 years . // Journal of Soils and Sediments. — 2018. — Vol. 18, no. 12. — P. 3388–3403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2032-1
Valentin Golosov, Nadezhda Ivanova, Saniya Kurbanova Influence of agricultural development and climate changes on the drainage valley density of the southern half of the Russian Plain // International Journal of Sediment Research. — 2017. — Vol. 32, no. 1. — P. 60–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2016.11.002
Konoplev A., Golosov V., Wakiyama Y., Takase T., Yoschenko V., Yoshihara T., Parenyuk O., Cresswell A., Ivanov M., Carradine M., Nanba K., Onda Y. Natural attenuation of Fukushima-derived radiocesium in soils due to its vertical and lateral migration. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 186, 2018, P. 23–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.06.019
Matthias Vanmaercke, Jean Poesen, Bert Van Mele, Matthias Demuzere, Amber Bruynseels, Valentin Golosov, José Fernando Rodrigues Bezerra, Sergey Bolysov, et al. How fast do gully headcuts retreat? Earth-Science Reviews, 154, 2016, 336– 355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.01.009
Golosov V. N., Belyaev V. R., Markelov M. V. Application of Chernobyl-derived 137Сs fallout for sediment redistribution studies: lessons from European Russia // Hydrological Processes. — 2013. — Vol. 27, no. 6. — P. 781–794. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.9470
Golosov V., Zhang X., He H., Tang Q., Zhou P. Principal denudation processes and their contribution to the fluvial suspended sediment yields in the Upper Yangtze Basin and Volga River basin. Journal of Mountain Science, 12(1), 2015, 101–122. DOI: 10.1007/s11629-014-2975-7
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Pascoal Mocumbi (Moçambique, 10 de abril de 1941) é um médico e político moçambicano.

Foi Ministro da Saúde, dos Negócios Estrangeiros (entre 1987 e 1994) e Primeiro-ministro do Governo de Moçambique de 1994 até 2004. Deixou o cargo em 17 de fevereiro de 2004 para se candidatar a Director-Geral da OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde), cargo para o qual não conseguiu ser eleito.

Neste momento é Alto Representante da Parceria dos Países Europeus e Países em Via de Desenvolvimento para os Ensaios Clínicos.

Primeiros-ministros de Moçambique
Médicos de Moçambique
Naturais de Moçambique colonial
Residentes da Casa dos Estudantes do Império


Below is a video gallery of Dance For You team at most exclusive World Dance Festival in Blackpool, England, 24th of May - 1st June, 2018. A complete set of videos is available in our playlist on YouTube. Read a full article about this event.
Cha Cha Cha - Dmitriy and Alena.
Tango - Sergii and Ute.
Quickstep - Sergii and Ute.
Foxtrot - Sergii and Ute.
English Waltz - Sergii and Ute.
Tango - Sergii and Kellie.
Quickstep - Sergii and Kellie.
Foxtrot - Sergii and Kellie.
English Waltz - Sergii and Kellie.
Rumba - Dmitriy and Liza.
Samba - Dmitriy and Alena.
PasoDoble - Dmitriy and Alena.


Highlights: Stuffed a "reluctant to go home" David and Helen into their taxi at 10AM today, then turned our attention to cleaning and putting the boat back to normal. Spent about 30 minutes on that nonsense, then said tomorrow's another day, let's relax and chill out. Spent rest of day napping, getting some dinner, and reading before turning in for the night.


text:
Alternative meaning: I Ching (monk)
The I Ching (Simplified Chinese: 易经; Traditional Chinese: 易經, Hanyu Pinyin: Yì Jīng; Cantonese IPA: ; Cantonese Jyutping: jik6ging1; alternative romanizations include I Jing, Yi Ching, Yi King) is the oldest of the Chinese classic texts. It describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy which is at the heart of Chinese cultural beliefs. The philosophy centres on the ideas of the dynamic balance of opposites, the evolution of events as a process, and acceptance of the inevitability of change (see Philosophy, below). In Western cultures, the I Ching is regarded by some as simply a system of divination, but, in fact it expresses the wisdom and philosophy of ancient China.
1 Implications of the title
3.1 Components of Hexagrams
3.2 Chart of Trigrams
3.3 The Hexagrams
4 Unicode
5 Philosophy
5.1 The Binary Sequence
6 Divination
7 Symbolism
8 Influence on Western culture
Implications of the title
易 (yì), when used as an adjective, bears the meaning of "easy" or "simple", while as a verb it implies "to change".
經 (jīng) here means "classic (text)", which derived from its original meaning of "regularity" or "persistency", inferring that the text describes the Ultimate Way which will not change throughout the flow of time.
The conception behind this title, thus, is profound. It has three implications:
Simplicity - the root of the substance. The fundamental law underlying everything in the universe is utterly plain and simple, no matter how abstruse or complex some things may appear to be.
Variability - the use of the substance. Everything in the universe is continually changing. By comprehending this one may realize the importance of flexibility in life and may thus cultivate the proper attitude for dealing with a multiplicity of diverse situations.
Persistency - the essence of the substance. Everything in the universe seems to be capricious, yet among the changing tides there is, always, a persistent principle--a central rule--that does not vary in space and time.
(易一名而含三義:易簡一也;變易二也;不易三也。, commented by Zheng Xuan (鄭玄 zhèng xúan) in his writings Critique of I Ching (易贊 yì zàn) and Commentary on I Ching (易論 yì lùn) of Eastern Han Dynasty)
Due to the profound ideas conveyed by the title itself, it is practically impossible to arrive at an unbiased translation which could preserve the original concepts intact. The translation of the title into English used to be "Book of Changes", though a slightly more accurate name, "Classic of Changes", appears more frequently in recent use.
Traditionally it was believed that the principles of the I Ching originated with the legendary Fu Hsi (伏羲 Fú Xī). In this respect he is seen as an early culture hero, one of the earliest legendary rulers of China (traditional dates 2852 BCE -2738 BCE ), reputed to have had the trigrams (八卦 bā gùa) revealed to him supernaturally. By the time of Yu (禹 Yǔ), trigrams had been developed into hexagrams (六十四卦 lìu shí sì gùa), which were recorded in the scripture Lian Shan (《連山》 Lián Shān; also called Lian Shan Yi). Lian Shan, meaning "continuous mountains" in Chinese, begins with the hexagram Bound (艮 gèn), which depicts a mountain (::|) mounting on another and is believed to be the origin of the scripture's name.
After the Xia Dynasty was overthrown by the Shang Dynasty, the hexagrams were re-deduced to form Gui Cang (《歸藏》 Gūi Cáng; also called Gui Cang Yi), and the hexagram Field (坤 kūn) became the first hexagram. Gui Cang may be literally translated into "return and be contained," which refers to earth as the first hexagram itself indicates. At the time of Shang's last king, Zhou Wang, King Wen of Zhou deduced the hexagram and discovered that the hexagrams beginning with Force (乾 qián) revealed the rise of Zhou. He than gave each hexagram a description regarding its own nature, thus Gua Ci (卦辭 guà cí, "Explanation of Hexagrams").
When King Wu of Zhou, son of King Wen, toppled the Shang Dynasty, his brother Zhou Gong Dan created Yao Ci (爻辭 yáo cí, "Explanation of Horizontal Lines") to clarify the significance of each horizontal line in each hexagram. It was not until then that the whole context of I Ching was understood. Its philosophy heavily influenced the literature and government administration of the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE - 256 BCE).
Later, during the time of Spring and Autumn (722 BCE - 481 BCE), Confucius wrote Shi Yi (十翼 shí yì, "Ten Wings"), an introductory comment on the I Ching. By the time of Han Wu Di (漢武帝 Hàn Wǔ Dì) of the Western Han Dynasty (circa 200 BCE), Shi Yi was often called Yi Zhuan (易傳 yì zhùan, "Commentary on the I Ching"), and together with the I Ching they composed Zhou Yi (周易 zhōu yì, "Changes of Zhou"). All later texts about Zhou Yi were explanations only, due to the classic's deep meaning.
In the past 50 years a "Modernist" history of the I Ching has been emerging, based on context criticism and research into Shang and Zhou dynasty oracle bones, as well as Zhou bronze inscriptions and other sources (see below). These reconstructions are dealt with in a growing number of books, such as The Mandate of Heaven: Hidden History in the I Ching, by S. J. Marshall, and Richard Rutt's Zhouyi: The Book of Changes, (see References, below). Scholarly works dealing with the new view of the Book of Changes include doctoral dissertations by Richard Kunst and Edward Shaughnessy. These and other scholars have been helped immensely by the discovery, in the 1970s, by Chinese archaeologists, of intact Han dynasty era tombs in Mawangdui near Changsha, Hunan province. One of the tombs contained more or less complete 2nd century BC texts of the I Ching, the Dao De Jing and other works, which are mostly similar yet in some ways diverge significantly from the "received," or traditional, texts preserved by the chances of history.
The tomb texts include additional commentaries on the I Ching, previously unknown, and apparently written as if they were meant to be attributed to Confucius. All of the Mawangdui texts are many centuries older than the earliest known attestations of the texts in question. When talking about the evolution of the Book of Changes, therefore, the Modernists contend that it is important to distinguish between the traditional history assigned to texts such as the I Ching (felt to be anachronistic by the Modernists), assignations in commentaries which have themselves been canonized over the centuries along with their subjects, and the more recent scholarly history aided by modern linguistic textual criticism and archaeology. Many hold that these perspectives are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but, for instance, many Modernist scholars doubt the actual existence of Fuxi, think Confucius had nothing to do with the Book of Changes, and contend that the hexagrams came before the trigrams.
The I Ching symbolism is embodied in a set of 64 abstract line arrangements called hexagrams (卦 guà). These are each composed of six stacked horizontal lines (爻 yáo); each line is either Yang (unbroken, a solid line), or Yin (broken, an open line with a gap in the centre). With six such lines stacked from bottom to top in each hexagram, there are 26 or sixty-four possible combinations and thus sixty-four hexagrams.
Each hexagram is considered to be composed of two three-line arrangements called trigrams (卦 guà). There are 23, hence 8, possible trigrams.
Each hexagram represents a state, a process and may represent a change happening. When a hexagram is cast using one of the processes of Divination with I Ching, each of the lines may be indicated as moving or fixed. Moving ("old", or "unstable") lines have a polarity in the process of reversal; a full reading will consider the hexagram that would result from the lines changing polarity.
The traditional methods for casting the hexagrams use biased random number generation procedures, so the 64 hexagrams are not equiprobable.
There are a few formal arrangements of the trigrams and hexagrams with a traditional context. The bā gùa is a circular arrangement of the trigrams, traditionally printed on a mirror, or disk. Legend states that Fu Hsi found the bā gùa on the scales of a tortoise's back.
The King Wen sequence is considered the authoritative arrangement of the hexagrams.
Components of Hexagrams
The solid line represents yang, the creative principle. The open line represents yin, the receptive principle. These principles are also represented in a common circular symbol (☯), known as taijitu (太極圖), but more commonly known in the west as the yin-yang (陰陽) diagram, expressing the idea of complementarity of changes: when Yang is at top, Yin is increasing, and the reverse.
In the following lists, the trigrams and hexagrams are represented using a common textual convention, horizontally from left to right, using '|' for yang and ':' for yin. Note, though, that the normal diagrammatic representation is to show the lines stacked vertically, from bottom to top (i.e. to visualize the actual trigrams or hexagrams, rotate the text counterclockwise 90°).
There are eight possible trigrams (八卦 bāguà):
Trigram
1 ||| (☰) Force (乾 qián) heaven (天) northwest
2 ||: (☱) Open (兌 duì) swamp (澤) west
3 |:| (☲) Radiance (離 lí) fire (火) south
4 |:: (☳) Shake (震 zhèn) thunder (雷) east
5 :|| (☴) Ground (巽 xùn) wind (風) southeast
6 :|: (☵) Gorge (坎 kǎn) water (水) north
7 ::| (☶) Bound (艮 gèn) mountain (山) northeast
8 ::: (☷) Field (坤 kūn) earth (地) southwest
The first three lines of the hexagram, called the lower trigram, are seen as the inner aspect of the change that is occurring. The upper trigram (the last three lines of the hexagram), is the outer aspect. The change described is thus the dynamic of the inner (personal) aspect relating to the outer (external) situation. Thus, hexagram 04 :|:::| Enveloping, is composed of the inner trigram :|: Gorge, relating to the outer trigram ::| Bound.
Chart of Trigrams
Ch'ien
Heaven |::
Chên
Thunder :|:
K'an
Water ::|
Kên
Mountain :::
K'un
Earth :||
Wind |:|
Flame ||:
Ch'ien 1 34 5 26 11 9 14 43
|::
Chên 25 51 3 27 24 42 21 17
:|:
K'an 6 40 29 4 7 59 64 47
::|
Kên 33 62 39 52 15 53 56 31
K'un 12 16 8 23 2 20 35 45
:||
|:|
||:
The Hexagrams
The text of the I Ching describes each of the 64 hexagrams, and later scholars added commentaries and analyses of each one; these have been subsumed into the text comprising the I Ching.
01. |||||| Force (乾 qián)
02. :::::: Field (坤 kūn)
03. |:::|: Sprouting (屯 chún)
04. :|:::| Enveloping (蒙 méng)
05. |||:|: Attending (需 xū)
06. :|:||| Arguing (訟 sòng)
07. :|:::: Leading (師 shī)
08. ::::|: Grouping (比 bǐ)
09. |||:|| Small Accumulating (小畜 xiǎo chù)
10. ||:||| Treading (履 lǚ)
11. |||::: Prevading (泰 tài)
12. :::||| Obstruction (否 pǐ)
13. |:|||| Concording People (同人 tóng rén)
14. ||||:| Great Possessing (大有 dà yǒu)
15. ::|::: Humbling (謙 qiān)
16. :::|:: Providing-For (豫 yù)
17. |::||: Following (隨 suí)
18. :||::| Corrupting (蠱 gǔ)
19. ||:::: Nearing (臨 lín)
20. ::::|| Viewing (觀 guān)
21. |::|:| Gnawing Bite (噬嗑 shì kè)
22. |:|::| Adorning (賁 bì)
23. :::::| Stripping (剝 bō)
24. |::::: Returning (復 fù)
25. |::||| Without Embroiling (無妄 wú wàng)
26. |||::| Great Accumulating (大畜 dà chù)
27. |::::| Swallowing (頤 yí)
28. :||||: Great Exceeding (大過 dà guò)
29. :|::|: Gorge (坎 kǎn)
30. |:||:| Radiance (離 lí)
31. ::|||: Conjoining (咸 xián)
32. :|||:: Persevering (恆 héng)
33. ::|||| Retiring (遯 dùn)
34. ||||:: Great Invigorating (大壯 dà zhuàng)
35. :::|:| Prospering (晉 jìn)
36. |:|::: Brightness Hiding (明夷 míng yí)
37. |:|:|| Dwelling People (家人 jiā rén)
38. ||:|:| Polarising (睽 kuí)
39. ::|:|: Limping (蹇 jiǎn)
40. :|:|:: Taking-Apart (解 xiè)
41. ||:::| Diminishing (損 sǔn)
42. |:::|| Augmenting (益 yì)
43. |||||: Parting (夬 guài)
44. :||||| Coupling (姤 gòu)
45. :::||: Clustering (萃 cuì)
46. :||::: Ascending (升 shēng)
47. :|:||: Confining (困 kùn)
48. :||:|: Welling (井 jǐng)
49. |:|||: Skinning (革 gé)
50. :|||:| Holding (鼎 dǐng)
51. |::|:: Shake (震 zhèn)
52. ::|::| Bound (艮 gèn)
53. ::|:|| Infiltrating (漸 jiàn)
54. ||:|:: Converting The Maiden (歸妹 guī mèi)
55. |:||:: Abounding (豐 fēng)
56. ::||:| Sojourning (旅 lǚ)
57. :||:|| Ground (巽 xùn)
58. ||:||: Open (兌 duì)
59. :|::|| Dispersing (渙 huàn)
60. ||::|: Articulating (節 jié)
61. ||::|| Centre Confirming (中孚 zhōng fú)
62. ::||:: Small Exceeding (小過 xiǎo guò)
63. |:|:|: Already Fording (既濟 jì jì)
64. :|:|:| Not-Yet Fording (未濟 wèi jì)
The hexagrams, though, are mere mnemonics for the philosophical concepts embodied in each one. The philosophy centres around the ideas of balance through opposites and acceptance of change.
The hexagram symbols range from U+4DC0 – U+4DFF (19904 – 19967) in Unicode.
Gradations of binary expression based on yin and yang (old yang, old yin; young yang or young yin—see the divination paragraph below—are what the hexagrams are built from). Yin and yang, while common expressions associated with many schools known from classical Chinese culture, are especially associated with the Taoists.
Another view holds that the I Ching is primarily a Confucianist ethical or philosophical document. This view is based upon the following:
The Wings or Appendices are attributed to Confucius.
The study of the I Ching was required as part of the Civil Service Exams. These exams only studied Confucianist texts.
It is one of the Five Confucian Classics.
It does not appear in any surviving editions of the Dao Zheng.
The major commentaries were written by Confucianists, or Neo-Confucianists.
Both views may be seen to show that the I Ching was at the heart of Chinese thought, serving as a common ground for the Confucian and Taoist schools. Partly forgotten due to the rise of Chinese Buddhism during the Tang dynasty, the I Ching returned to the attention of scholars during the Song dynasty. This was concomitant with the reassessment of Confucianism by Confucians in the light of Taoist and Buddhist metaphysics, and is known in the West as Neo-Confucianism. The book, unquestionably an ancient Chinese scripture, helped Song Confucian thinkers to synthesize Buddhist and Taoist cosmologies with Confucian and Mencian ethics. The end product was a new cosmogony that could be linked to the so-called "lost Tao" of Confucius and Mencius.
The Binary Sequence
In his article Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire (1703) Gottfried Leibniz writes that he has found in the hexagrams a base for claiming the universality of the binary numeral system. He takes the layout of the combinatorial excercise found in the hexagrams to represent binary sequences, so that |||||| would correspond to the binary sequence 000000 and |||||: would be 000001, and so forth.
The binary arrangement of hexagrams was developed by the famous Chinese scholar and philosopher Shao Yung (a neo-Confucian and Taoist) in the 11th century. He displayed it in two different formats, a circle, and a rectangular block. Thus, he clearly understood the sequence represented a logical progression of values. However, while it is true that these sequences do represent the values 0 through 63 in a binary display, there is no evidence that Shao understood that the numbers could be used in computations such as additions or subtractions.
The I Ching has long been used as an oracle and many different ways coexist to "cast" a hexagram with its dynamic relationship to others.
See main article : I Ching divination.
The flag of South Korea, with tàijítú in the center with four trigrams representing earth, air, fire, and water.
The Flag of South Korea contains the T'ai Chi symbol, or tàijítú, (yin and yang circling and merging into one another), representing the origin of all things in the universe. The taijitu is surrounded by four of the eight trigrams: earth, air, fire and water, similar to the four elements of Western mythology, representing the various states of existence.
Influence on Western culture
The I Ching has influenced countless Chinese philosophers, artists and even businessmen throughout history. In more recent times, several Western artists have used it.
John Cage - experimental musician who used the I Ching to decide the arrangements of many of his compositions.
Philip K. Dick - science fiction writer who used the I Ching to decide some of the plot movements in The Man in the High Castle. The I Ching is referred to several times through the plot of the book, and is consulted by certain characters at key points in the plot.
Dead Prez - an activist hip-hop group that refer to the I Ching in several of their songs. To them, the I Ching represents the change they want to bring about through revolution. The symbol in their logo is the seventh hexagram, sze, which represents an army - the "people's army".
The ABC soap opera Dark Shadows at one point featured a copy of the I Ching and yarrow sticks amongst its many mystical plot elements. Rather than using it as a tool of divination, the characters meditated on its hexagrams as a means for travelling into the astral plane.
George Harrison of the Beatles read the I Ching and decided he should surrender to chance. Following this, in his words, he "picked up a book at random, opened it, saw 'gently weeps,' then laid the book down again and started the song" (While My Guitar Gently Weeps).
In the late 1960s, the comic book Wonder Woman temporarily changed the title character from a superhero to a secret agent, and placed her under the guidance of an elderly mentor named "I Ching". The writer behind this change later expressed regret at potentially offending Asian audiences, and later the character was retconned so that "I Ching" was merely a code- or nickname.
British author Philip Pullman's book The Amber Spyglass (part of the His Dark Materials trilogy) features use of the I Ching by the character Dr. Mary Malone. The I Ching is presented as one of many divinatory methods by which individuals in Pullman's universe are able to communicate with Dust.
The song "Chapter 24" from Pink Floyd's first album, The Piper At the Gates of Dawn , written by Syd Barrett features lyrics adapted from the Book of Changes.
Marshall, S. 2001. The Mandate of Heaven: Hidden History in the I Ching. Columbia University Press
Rutt, R. 1996. Zhouyi: The Book of Changes. Curzon Press.
Wilhelm, R. & Baynes, C., trans. 1967. The I Ching or Book of Changes, 3rd. ed., Bollingen Series XIX. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967, (1st ed. 1950).
I CHING Bookmarks Includes full text translations of the I Ching.
Text Links: I Ching readings Includes full text translations of the I Ching and more.
Is your web browser capable of displaying the trigram symbols used on this page? Check out this Unicode test page.
I Ching or the Book of Changes Provides information about philosophy and practice of I Ching. Includes online course.
I Ching Discussion Forum Members are encouraged to discuss the philosophy of I Ching.
Yijing Dao: Calling Crane in the Shade A website by S J Marshall, author of "The Mandate of Heaven: Hidden History in the I Ching". Reviews of books on the Yijing (I Ching), a complete 'Introduction to Yijing' for beginners, an accurate transcription of the 1935 Harvard-Yenching Zhouyi in pinyin and Chinese, original work on hexagram sequences including many animations, and an archive of scans of I Ching diagrams from old Chinese books.
Yijing in vertical traditional Chinese with English or French translation and ability to cast an hexagram.
I Ching, The Classic of Changes, The first English translation of the newly discovered second-century B.C. Mawangdui texts by Edward L. Shaughnessy, Ballantine, 1996. ISBN 0345362438.
I Ching discussion forum A discussion group on I ching.
Super I-ChingA modified version of I-Ching by Alex Chiu