With each passing day, online threats to a web- based company keep increasing. In light of this, the staff of the company needs to have some training on essential IT security practices.
Let us take a look at some of the basic ones.
Acceptable User Policy: this policy specifically tells the employees as to what is permitted and what is prohibited in order to protect corporate systems from unnecessary risk. Resources like e-mail, social media, web browsing, downloads and computer security should be given the once over.
Confidential Data Policy: This policy will pick out examples of data that your particular business finds confidential, and you should be clear about the manner in which such data is handled and processed. Things like regular file backups are to be discussed.
E-mail Policy: Even though e-mail is a very convenient way of communication within the organization, the written records, unless purged at regular intervals, will turn out to be a security liability. Have a consistent e-mail policy that is tailor made for your organization.
Telecommunicating and BYOD policy: BYOD stands for Bring Your Own Device and this policy includes personal cell phones, including permissible network access as to connect to data of the company. While a benefit in a lot of cases, the staff should also be aware of the high risk that cell phones pose for the security of the network.
Guest access and wireless security: Any possible access that an employee performs on the computer network should be according to very strict guidelines in order to mitigate risks. If you have clients visiting, you could, if you want, constrict the access they have to only outbound internet to ensure no breaches occur.
Incident response Policy: the employees need to know what the plan is in the case of a cyber- attack on the company network. They should be drilled in the proper procedures so they can respond effectively to cut down on data loss. Lost/stolen laptops, phishing attacks, malware and virus attacks are possible scenarios.
Network Security Policy: the It security plan must have specific technical guidelines of operation. There should be rules in place to service, install, test and replace all company hardware. This policy also includes storage and password creation, cloud backups, networked hardware and password creation.
Netrika has professionals in its employ who are experts in imparting training regarding company IT security measures. They are flexible enough to specialize the training according to the way you want it, and needless to say, the training is very thorough, leaving no room for mistakes.


text:
Technological improvements in lubricant development due to recent advances in nano additives
(Nanowerk Spotlight) Lubricants are essential for optimal equipment efficiency and performance. However, in order for the latter to be achieved, lubricants have to be well developed and optimized. Hence, many tribological research studies are being conducted to advance lubricant technology.
This article will discuss the use of nanotechnology in lubricants. Nanoparticle additives show significant enhancements in lubricant attributes like anti-oxidation capability, tribological features, and thermal properties. Nanotechnology offers the possibility of using nanosized additives to increase the performance of lubricating oil. The addition of nanoparticles to conventional base oils is a promising method for improving properties like friction and wear resistance in instruments.
Tribology is a science dedicated to lubrication, and encompasses how lubricants affect the friction and wear between contacting surfaces. Tribological research primarily aims to understand the mechanisms by which lubrication occurs.
Comprehension of such lubrication mechanisms is vital as it enables researchers the ability to predict friction and wear trends, to gauge the effect of altering lubrication conditions, or to compare various lubricant formulations.
Tribological research is integral towards promoting energy efficiency, longevity, and durability for the machinery of countless industries including automotive, paper, and steel. Recent studies indicate that advances in tribology could lead to savings of around 11% of total energy loss in power generation, transportation, and industrial processes [1].
Optimal lubricant or grease formulations work by maintaining smooth contact between surfaces, thus reducing the overall energy loss due to friction. However, available lubricants can oftentimes be inapplicable or inefficient for certain applications, for example, applications at extreme pressures, temperatures, or contact loads. Improper lubrication, corrosion/oxidation, or thermal runoff can subsequently result in lubricant degradation and thus machinery failure [2].
Furthermore, the advancements in base oil technology are reaching an upper limit in terms of tribological and thermal properties. Additives, therefore, have greatly risen in importance as a supplement to widen the range of applicability while simultaneously improving lubrication and anti-wear properties in a lubricant. Although dispersants and detergents were the additives of choice for quite some time, nanoparticles, such as WS2 and MoS2, have demonstrated outstanding effects as solid lubricant additives to traditional base oil lubricants [3][4].
Among the advantages of using nano-additives are their suitable sizes to enter contact asperities, thermal stability, variety of particle chemistries, and the ability to react with the surface without an induction period, an important feature for conventional lubricant additives [2].
Contrarily, proper dispersion and suspension stability in base oil lubricants remain a prominent challenge in the incorporation of nano additives. A comprehensive understanding of how various nano additives affect lubricant properties and the underlying mechanisms which vary with morphology, concentration, and size is required in order to adequately benefit from their effectiveness.
Key Mechanisms for Lubrication with nanoparticle additives
Many studies on nanoparticle additives are still in debate in terms of explaining the mechanistic effect through which nano additives improve lubrication performance. Numerous research groups have proposed a number of lubrication mechanisms consistent throughout multiple tribological studies through surface analysis techniques, including scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [5].
Ball-Bearing Effect
The ball-bearing effect is most typically observed in spherical or quasi-spherical nanoparticles [5]. If the size of the nanoparticles exceeds the surface roughness, they can roll between the surfaces when sheared against one other, as depicted in Figure 1. They may become stuck between the asperities and lose their lubricity if this happens.
As a result, the friction mechanism shifts from sliding to a combination of rolling and sliding, reducing friction and wear. Low-load conditions must be maintained between the rubbing surfaces in order for the nanoparticles' shape and stiffness to be kept, which is one of the prerequisites for this mechanism to work.
Figure 1. Illustration of the ball-bearing effect. (Kheireddin 2013)
Tribo-film Formation
There is also the protective film formation, also referred to as tribo-film [5]. The tribological behaviors of interacting surfaces are governed by tribo-films and near-surface materials. The reaction between the treated material and the additives in the given environment triggers the creation of this film [6].
The development of such films is a complicated phenomenon that has sparked a lot of research into their mechanism and composition. Rapoport et al. found that dispersing IF-WS2 nanoparticles in lubricating oil improved tribological properties by forming a physical protective coating composed of distorted nanoparticles depositing on the surfaces. [5].
Liu et al. also reported the creation of a tribochemical coating on rubbed surfaces as a result of the deposition of chemical reaction products created during shearing action [5].
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the lubrication mechanism of silica nanoparticle dispersed in PAO. (Sui et al. 2015)
Polishing and Mending Effect
Another method is the polishing effect or the smoothing out process. It has been hypothesized and experimentally proven that nanoparticles can fill in the valleys between the asperities in a process known as smoothing out [5]. Because of the reduced surface roughness, this "artificial smoothing" technique will improve tribological qualities [5].
A reduction in surface roughness would contribute to less friction and thus less wear. Additionally, nanoparticles can also impart a mending or self-repairing effect, which is characterized by the deposition of nanoparticles on interacting surfaces compensating for mass loss [7]. The nanoparticles deposit on the worn surface minimize abrasion during this process.
Nanoparticles suspended in lubricating oil have the ability to fill friction surface scars and grooves. Figures 1 and 2 depicts the antiwear and friction-reduction mechanisms of nanoparticles as lubricant additives. When lubricants carried nanoparticles into the contacting area, they filled in microgrooves on the metal surface (mending effect) and polished rough metal surfaces (polishing effect) [8]. Both of these processes have the potential to reduce surface roughness, hence lowering friction and wear.
Effects of Size and Structure
Nanoparticles size in lubricants have three different types of effects. To begin with, the size of nanoparticles determines their intrinsic mechanical and physicochemical properties, which directly relate to their tribological properties [1].
When nanoparticles with a tougher surface than the shearing surfaces are placed between the latter, the surfaces indent and scratch. As a result, while designing nanoparticle-based lubrication systems, the size-induced differences in the hardness of nanoparticles must be considered.
When nanoparticles squeeze out of the contact region during loading and shearing, the shearing surfaces do not benefit from the tribological properties of nanoparticles [1]. To protect shearing surfaces, nanoparticle-based lubrication solutions must remain in the contact zone throughout loading and shearing.
As the asperities of shearing surfaces can operate as physical barriers that retain nanoparticles inside the contact zones, the effect of nanoparticle size can come into play [1]. Two separate conceptual scenarios can be considered to demonstrate this impact.
Figure 3. The effect of surface roughness on the organization of nanoparticles between the asperities of shearing surfaces. (Akbulut 2012)
The ratio of root mean square (RMS) roughness to nanoparticle radius is a measure of how much lateral force is necessary to dislodge a nanoparticle out of an asperity barrier in the first scenario, when the characteristic roughness length scale of shearing surfaces is smaller than the radius of the nanoparticles as shown in Figure 3 [1].
If the nanoparticles are excessively big and non-adherent, they can readily exit the contact zone, resulting in inadequate lubrication. The valleys between asperities of the shearing surfaces can be filled with nanoparticles in the second case, when the characteristic roughness length scales (h) are much larger than the radius of the nanoparticles; nanoparticles artificially smooth out the shearing surfaces and, thus, can improve the tribological properties (Figure 4) [1].
Figure 4. The effect of nanoparticle shape on the contact pressures upon loading. (Akbulut 2012)
Finally, lubricant homogeneity is strongly influenced by colloidal stability when it comes to the ability of the lubricant to function reliably and smoothly [1]. It is important to know the rate at which nanoparticles settle out of dispersion because this is an important parameter that determines colloidal stability.
Nanoparticle shapes are another important factor to consider when designing lubricant additives based on nanoparticles [1]. There are several shapes (structures) of the nanoparticles, including platelets, spherical solids, spherical multilayered particles and nanoparticles with hollow core. Spherical solid particles scratch or indent the surface, but if particles have hollow core they deform and absorb the shock [9]. Usually multilayered structures do not scratch/polish the surface, as interlayer forces are weak, and they exfoliate under shear or shock forces, thus reducing friction.
In addition, as nanoparticles are loaded, their shape directly determines the pressures they experience. As illustrated in Figure 4, a nanosphere would experience the most pressure for a given load, while a nanosheet would experience the least pressure. The reasoning behind this is that nanospheres make point contact with a counter surface, while nanoplatelets make a planar contact [1]. Therefore, nanosheets are the least likely to indent and deform asperities of shearing surfaces for a given load.
Another important distinction to establish is the difference between solid and hollow core nanospheres. Incorporating a hollow core in fact prevent indentation as they are much more flexible and allow for the absorption of load [10].
Manufacturing of Nanoparticle Additives
Solid-phase Techniques
Technology has been developing in the manufacturing of nanoparticle additives that can be used in lubricants. One prominent technique is nanoimprint lithography (NIL) [11]. To nanoimprint a surface, three basic components are necessary: a stamp with appropriate feature sizes, the material to be printed, and printing equipment with an adequate temperature of 90 °C to 100 °C, pressure in the range of about 50 to 100 bar, and control of parallelism of the stamp and substrate.
NIL is a biocompatible, flexible, and low-cost fabrication technology. As a result, NIL has an advantage over traditional nanofabrication techniques, and various versions have been developed. NIL is available in numerous forms, including the most common parallel technique, a sequential process known as Step-and-Stamp Imprint Lithography (SSIL), and roll-to-roll NIL [11].
Step and flash imprinting lithography (SFIL) is a technique in which no pressure is applied and instead a UV (ultraviolet) polymer curing process is introduced into the sequence. NIL is a method for fabricating organic optoelectronics and sensors. By patterning 400 nm gratings to a depth of 20 nm on a conjugated polymer, this approach is utilized to produce organic light-emitting diodes. Data storage, bioelectronics, and nanofluids are examples of applications.
The ultimate resolution of NIL is determined by the stamp's minimum feature size. Electron beam lithography and dry etching are commonly used for high-resolution stamps, whereas metal lift-off is used for shallow stamps. Si or SiO2, which is occasionally electroplated, is the preferred material [11]. Stamps on wafer-size scale have been studied by many groups depending on the use. The design of the stamp is intrinsically linked to the polymer to be printed.
Polymers used for this process include Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA), Polystyrene (PS) polymers, mr-I-8000, mrI-9000, and mr-L6000 [11]. To achieve uniform thickness of the residual layer and patterned features over the sample area, it is critical to keep the stamp parallel to the substrate throughout the procedure. This process is illustrated in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Schematic of the principles of Nanoimprint lithography. The heated sample and stamp (A), stamp and sample are brought into contact and pressure is applied (B), the system is cooled down and stamp is separated from the sample. (Nowosielski et al. 2006)
Another solid-phase technique is mechanical attrition, a method for creating new alloys and phase mixtures from powder particles that have been developed as an industrial process since 1970. This approach can overcome the quantity limits of nanocrystalline preparation, allowing for the large-scale production of nanocrystalline powders.
Mechanical milling has the advantage of being able to operate at low temperatures, allowing freshly produced grains to expand slowly. It is feasible to create advanced materials with specific grain or interface-boundary designs using this technology. Researchers working with mechanical attrition are focusing on nanocrystalline nanomaterials with grain or interphase barriers between nanophase domains.
Gaseous-phase Techniques
Furthermore, gaseous methods are also prominent methods for industrial nanoparticle manufacturing, particularly using a system of solid or liquid particles suspended in air or another gaseous environment known as aerosol [12]. Aerosol-based nanoparticles can be made by either atomizing a solution with a specific composition to generate tiny droplets that crystallize into solid nano-constructs when the solvent is evaporated or by aero-to-particle conversion via condensation and coagulation, respectively [13].
Nebulization or electrohydrodynamic atomization can be used to atomize many types of solutions, while spark discharge, flame, furnace, or plug-in-play plasma processes can be used to prepare aero-to-particles [13]. Particles can range in size from a few molecules to 100 micrometers.
Another gas phase technique is atomic or molecular condensation (gas condensation). In this technique, a stream of vaporized and atomized materials is sent to a chamber filled with either an inert or reactive gas environment after a bulk material, mainly metal, is heated to a sufficiently high temperature (far beyond the melting point but less than the boiling point) within a vacuum chamber [12].
The gas pressure is strong enough to stimulate particle formation, yet low enough to allow spherical particle formation. The nucleation and subsequent production of nanoparticles are caused by the rapid cooling of metal atoms caused by collisions with gas molecules.
Additionally, laser ablation technology utilizes a high-power laser beam with an optical focusing system and a metal-target feeding device [12]. The laser beam is focused on the target's surface, and a plume of evaporated material is ejected perpendicular to the target's surface, extending into the gas region above the target. The carrier gas transports the produced particles to the product collector.
Liquid-phase Techniques
There are also liquid phase techniques [12]. A chemical approach based on hydrolysis or condensation processes is the sol-gel process. The sol–gel process entails two steps: (1) hydrolysis of the precursor in acidic or basic mediums, and (2) polycondensation of the hydrolyzed products. After this, the sol-gel process works using chelating agents. The chelating agent, usually a polymer, reacts with metal ions. Metal ions are trapped by the chelating agent in the condensation nets of the gel structure [14]. While this occurs, the microstructure of the polymer is strongly impacted by the pH value.
Nanosized particles precipitate when the number of reactants used correspond to the appropriate mole ratio [15]. Low temperatures during processing, adaptability, and ease of shape and embedding are only a few of the benefits of sol-gel methods.
Finally, there is sonochemistry, a field of study in which molecules undergo chemical reactions as a result of the use of high-intensity ultrasound radiation. Acoustic cavitation, which involves the development, growth, and collapse of bubbles in an ultrasonically irradiated liquid, is the driving force behind the sonochemical process.
It should be noted that carbon-based materials are also common in the production of nanomaterials [12]. Methods of synthesis for fullerenes include the gas combustion method, in which a continuous low flow of hydrocarbon fuel is burned at low pressure in the presence of oxygen, and the arc discharge of graphite electrodes in the presence of helium at 200 Torr, resulting in yields of up to 70% of C60 fullerenes and 15% of C70 fullerenes. The first method has the benefit of producing huge clusters of fullerenes with a size distribution that can be easily controlled by adjusting combustion conditions.
As nanotechnology continues to develop, it still has quite a few challenges. Some of them include dispersion stability issues, purity, defects, and environmental concerns. One of the most difficult tasks tribological researchers are faced with is ensuring uniform dispersion throughout the grease base oil [16].
A useful lubricant requires a steady suspension of nanoparticles. The ability of nanoparticles to lubricate the contact region is hampered by their aggregation. Lubricant's tribological performance deteriorates as the concentration of nanoparticles is increased. This is due to weakening interfacial interaction between the additives and the lubricants. The weak interfacial interaction causes the full potential of using nanoparticles as lubricant additives to be severely constrained.
Two significant variables to improve dispersion stability are to solve the compatibility problem between nanoparticles and non-aqueous solvents, as well as to reduce the adhesion and agglomeration problem between particles.
Adsorption of a surfactant, particularly polymers, onto the surface of nanoparticles can improve their compatibility with non-aqueous liquids. Adsorption of a surface modifier on a particle's surface works as a bridge between nanoparticles and the base fluid, increasing the steric resistance between particles and allowing nanoparticles to be dispersed in non-aqueous solvents [17].
Many researchers have successfully dispersed nanoparticles in non-aqueous solvents and kept the dispersion stable for a long time using this method. Also, nanoparticles in a dispersed environment begin to condense when the van der Waals attraction between them is higher than other repulsive forces [17]. It is hard to break down huge clusters or aggregates back into primary particles after they have formed. Physical methods include ultrasonication, mechanical stirring, high-shear mixing, ball milling, and high-pressure homogenization [18].
Chemical techniques refer to the use of chemical agents to chemically change nanoparticle surfaces in order to improve dispersion stability [18].
Surface modification agents, such as organic modification agents and silane coupling agents, primarily address the issue of inorganic nanoparticle stabilization in base oils. Organic compounds utilized as modifying agents typically have polar groups and long alkyl chains that can chemically adsorb onto inorganic nanoparticles, allowing for uniform dispersion of inorganic nanoparticles in an organic solvent. Physical suspension methods are environmentally friendly, easy, and cost-effective, and have been widely employed in prior studies, however, nanoparticles treated physically are prone to secondary agglomeration and are unstable in lubricants [18].
Although chemical approaches can considerably improve dispersion stability, chemical agents impair the natural characteristics of nano additives while also affecting the tribological properties of nano lubricants [18]. As a result, self-dispersed methods for preparing a stable and uniform suspension must be developed.
Another challenge is the purity of nano additives. Many nanotube forms leave a lot of metallic impulse behind, which can be hazardous to work with [19]. One method of purification of nanoparticles is diafiltration [20]. Diafiltration has a lot of promise for the effective and convenient purification and size separation of water-soluble nanoparticles since it allows for the removal of small-molecule contaminants as well as the separation of tiny nanoparticles from larger nanostructures all in one step, using ultrafiltration membranes.
Although nano additives may be playing an indispensable role in enhancing mechanical efficiency, they may have detrimental effects on the environment. For instance, Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is the most common anti-wear and friction reducer (ZDDP) [21]. Despite its widespread use, ZDDP has been observed to degrade catalysts in catalytic converters, and the sulfur emissions from ZDDP constitute an environmental concern.
The prospect of taking environmental protection into account motivates the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly lubricant additives, such as polymer brush-grafted nanoparticles and oil-soluble hairy nanoparticles [21].
To operate machinery and equipment, all processes and industries require a considerable quantity of energy in the form of electricity or fuel, which is amplified by the presence of friction. Machine efficiency is improved by reducing the amount of energy lost due to friction.
Friction-induced wear is also a key cause of failure of critical engineering components in systems such as pin-joints, engines, power generators, wind turbine gears, aerospace parts, bearings, camshafts, pumps, and so on. Tribological inadequacies cause energy and material losses in practically every mechanical device in use, and they account for a considerable amount of the cost of any country's economy. Oil sources are declining and energy prices are continuing to rise [22].
Advancements in lubricants would result in gains in mechanical efficiency leading to large energy and cost savings. Economic investigations have led experts to believe that proper tribology R&D funding in countries like the US, UK, China, and Canada, may result in a 1.0 to 1.4% increase in gross national product [22].
While the importance of nanotechnology in lubricants has been highlighted, it must be further researched not only to improve mechanical efficiency and economies but also due to address health factors. Apart from all the benefits nano additives bring, they may also have unintended negative consequences on human health and the environment, as the quantum mechanics that govern nanomaterials interactions with other substances also make toxicological behavior difficult to predict.
Further research must be conducted to understand to a greater extent the prevalent processes and effects of nano additives on industrial uses. As the industry continues to develop, the nanotechnology aspect of it must be further advanced in order to avoid holding back the utilization of utmost instruments.
[1] Akbulut, Mustafa. "Nanoparticle-based lubrication systems." J. Powder Metall. Min 1.1 (2012): 1-3.
[2] Shahnazar, Sheida, Samira Bagheri, and Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid. "Enhancing lubricant properties by nanoparticle additives." International journal of hydrogen energy 41.4 (2016): 3153-3170.
[3] An, Vladimir & Irtegov, Yuri & De izarra, Charles. (2014). Study of Tribological Properties of Nanolamellar WS2 and MoS2 as Additives to Lubricants. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2014.
[4] Kalin, Mitjan, Janez Kogovšek, and Maja Remškar. "Mechanisms and improvements in the friction and wear behavior using MoS2 nanotubes as potential oil additives." Wear 280 (2012): 36-45.
[5] Kheireddin, Bassem. Tribological properties of nanoparticle-based lubrication systems. Diss. 2013.
[6] Ghanbarzadeh, A., Wilson, M., Morina, A., Dowson, D., & Neville, A. (2016). Development of a new mechano-chemical model in boundary lubrication. Tribology International, 93, 573–582.
[7] Gulzar, M., et al. "Tribological performance of nanoparticles as lubricating oil additives." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 18.8 (2016): 1-25.
[8] Sui T, Song B, Zhang F, Yang Q (2015) Effect of particle size and ligand on the tribological properties of amino functionalized hairy silica nanoparticles as an additive to polyalphaolefin. J Nanomater 2015:9.
[9] Aldana, P. U., Dassenoy, F., Vacher, B., Mogne, T. L., Thiebaut, B., & Bouffet, A. (2016). Antispalling Effect of WS2 Nanoparticles on the Lubrication of Automotive Gearboxes. Tribology Transactions, 59(1), 178–188.
[10] Xu, Z. Y., Xu, Y., Hu, K. H., Xu, Y. F., & Hu, X. G. (2015). Formation and tribological properties of hollow sphere-like nano-MoS2 precipitated in TiO2 particles. Tribology International, 81, 139–148. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2014.08.012
[11] Torres, CM Sotomayor, et al. "Nanoimprint lithography: an alternative nanofabrication approach." Materials Science and Engineering: C 23.1-2 (2003): 23-31.
[12] Charitidis, Costas A., et al. "Manufacturing nanomaterials: from research to industry." Manufacturing Review 1 (2014): 11.
[13] Gautam, Milan, Jong Oh Kim, and Chul Soon Yong. "Fabrication of aerosol-based nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical fields." Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation (2021): 1-15.
[14] Lu, Jing, et al. "Preparation of gas sensing CoTiO3 nanocrystallites using EDTA as the chelating agent in a sol–gel process." Ceramics International 41.3 (2015): 3714-3721.
[15] Chen, Dong-Hwang, and Xin-Rong He. "Synthesis of nickel ferrite nanoparticles by sol-gel method." Materials Research Bulletin 36.7-8 (2001): 1369-1377.
[16] Anand, Gautam, and Prateek Saxena. "A review on graphite and hybrid nano-materials as lubricant additives." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 149. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2016.
[17] Hou, Xianjun, et al. "An experimental study and mechanism analysis on improving dispersion stability performance of Al2O3 nanoparticles in base synthetic oil under various mixing conditions." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 23.4 (2021): 1-16.
[18] Zhao, Jun, et al. "Nanolubricant additives: A review." Friction 9.5 (2021): 891-917.
[19] Tonk, Ravinder. "The challenges and benefits of using carbon nano-tubes as friction modifier lubricant additives." Materials Today: Proceedings 37 (2021): 3275-3278.
[20] Sweeney, Scott F., Gerd H. Woehrle, and James E. Hutchison. "Rapid purification and size separation of gold nanoparticles via diafiltration." Journal of the American Chemical Society 128.10 (2006): 3190-3197.
[21] Wright, Roger AE, et al. "Oil‐soluble polymer brush grafted nanoparticles as effective lubricant additives for friction and wear reduction." Angewandte Chemie 128.30 (2016): 8798-8802.
[22] Jost, H.P.. (2005). Tribology micro & macro economics: A road to economic savings. Lubrication Engineering. 61. 18-22.
By Dr. Raj Shah, Mr. Blerim Gashi, Mr. Avishek Mojumdar, Dr. Steve Nitodas. The authors wish to thank Dr. George Diloyan for reviewing the manuscript.
Dr. Raj Shah is a Director at Koehler Instrument Company in New York, where he has worked for the last 27 years. He is an elected Fellow by his peers at IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSTMC, Institute of Physics, The Energy Institute and The Royal Society of Chemistry. An ASTM Eagle award recipient, Dr. Shah recently coedited the bestseller, "Fuels and Lubricants handbook", details of which are available at ASTM's Long-Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook 2nd Edition Now Available (https://bit.ly/3u2e6GY). He earned his doctorate in Chemical Engineering from The Pennsylvania State University and is a Fellow from The Chartered Management Institute, London. Dr. Shah is also a Chartered Scientist with the Science Council, a Chartered Petroleum Engineer with the Energy Institute and a Chartered Engineer with the Engineering council, UK. Dr. Shah was recently granted the honorific of "Eminent engineer" with Tau beta Pi, the largest engineering society in the USA. He is on the Advisory board of directors at Farmingdale university (Mechanical Technology ) , Auburn Univ ( Tribology ) and Stony Brook University ( Chemical engineering/ Material Science and engineering). An Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, in the Department of Material Science and Chemical engineering, Raj also has over 475 publications and has been active in the petroleum industry for over 3 decades. More information on Raj can be found at https://bit.ly/3sayVgT
Mr. Blerim Gashi and Mr. Avishek Mojumdar are part of a thriving internship program at Koehler Instrument company and students of chemical engineering at State University of New York, Stony Brook, where Dr. Shah currently heads the External advisory board of directors.
Dr. Steve (Stephanos) Nitodas is currently a member of the Faculty of the Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering at Stony Brook University, NY. His expertise lies in the synthesis and applications of nanostructured carbon and polymer nanocomposites. He has served as Coordinator/Principal Investigator in five (5) EU funded research projects of 4.2 million Euro total budget, and he has been involved as Co-Principal Scientist in thirteen (13) other funded research projects. Dr. Nitodas has worked for several years in the nanotechnology industry, possessing significant know-how related to transfer of knowledge from academia to the industry and the setup of startup companies.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I'm not going to lie- when I noticed ice cream recipes popping up left and right without the use of eggs, I was a little skeptical. Actually, I was more than skeptical, I was in disbelief that the ice cream 1. would freeze like ice cream freezes and 2. would have that luxurious creamy consistency I just love about homemade.
You see, there's definitely a reason good homemade ice cream starts off with that custard-y base made with egg yolks. The French knew what they were talking about. It creates the thickest most divine texture as well as this amazing full bodied cream flavor a good ice cream should have. Yes, it's harder work. Yes there's a chance, if you don't know what you're doing, that you might curdle your eggs ruining the whole thing. BUT WHEN (not "if", "when") you get the hang of it- I promise you will not be unhappy with the result.
So, of course not believing the whole "no egg" recipes out there I created and posted my own recipes using the custard base. Like this one, and this one, and this one. I even had my eggs-only-club version of coconut ice cream.
But those easier ice cream recipes continued on. Week after week I saw more and more eggless recipes popping up and tempting me to try once more.
I tried and tested and came up with my own coconut ice cream recipe....egg free.
Again, I won't lie...it was amazing. It was still creamy. It was still custard-y. It churned and froze just fine. It was still absolutely yummy even though my beloved eggs weren't included. AND...it was definitely...easier. I can almost hear my Le Cordon Bleu cooking education swirling down the drain while screaming "traitor!!"
This couldn't be easier to make, seriously.
1. In a small sauce pot add your heavy cream, coconut milk, and sugar. Cook over medium low, stirring occasionally until just about to simmer.
2. Once about to simmer, turn heat to low and cook stirring occasionally until sugar is dissolved- about 1 minute.
3. Remove pan from heat and stir in coconut extract, vanilla extract, and salt. Stir well. Allow to cool in pot for about 15-20 minutes. Once cooled, add to a container with tight fitting lid and place in fridge for about 8 hours or best, overnight.
4. Next, stir coconut custard once more, pour into your ice cream maker (which is already running! Never add ice cream base to a standing-still ice cream maker) and churn according to your maker's instructions. You're looking for a soft serve consistency as well as an increase in volume. For my Cuisinart this took about 17 minutes.
Of course, homemade ice cream (of any sort) is meant to be shared! So, share away friends!
your pictures and styling are gorgeous. I am looking forward to trying. I have had a lot of "melty" ice creams.
Isn't that like, the worst? I understand ice cream melts...but it shouldn't melt as quick as some did! I want my ice cream to still be ice cream when I go to consume!!!
Thank you SO much for the kind words!! That's a huge compliment coming from you!! I mean that. Let me know how that ice cream making goes!!
Is there anything better than ice cream ever?? Well, okay eggless ice cream that still tastes awesome! I will be trying this!! Can't wait!
Very good recipe thank you for sharing this recipe, will try this very soon.
Glad I found this recipe, my husband was talking about coconut icecream last nite. I go a maker a few weeks ago and have made 2 batches of icecream. A really nice vanilla one and a vanilla one with chocolate swirled through it. Both recipes were eggless just to start lol.
Looking forward to getting the ingredients to make the coconut one !!!!
This is so perfect, eggless and easy, can't wait to find out how it tastes!
This one great ice cream and what I'm amazed of is it's egg free. Thanks for posting this recipe.
what type of labels do you have?
What type of label did you use?
hi. would like to ask will your ice cream feel a bit icy after made?
Hi there Shawn! You know, for this particular ice cream, it was totally NOT icy! I was a little skeptical too, before making. I was a BIG custard based ice cream maker. But to my delightful surprise, this came out very creamy :) Just make sure you follow your ice cream machine's churning instructions!
This recipe is exactly what I was looking for, elegant and easy, thanks!!


Americans could have encountered black vinegar onto the table at a Chinese restaurant, or in addition to their soup dumplings (called xiao long bao at China) at a small bowl flecked with grated ginger. Dark, greasy, and lightly acidic, it makes an ideal foil for fatty, plush dumplings, plus it's a convenient basis to have for domestic Chinese cookery.
Cooking Chinese food is enjoyable, but it includes a lot of sauces, pastes oils and vinegar. This will confuse you when preparing especially if you aren't a native. But amidst all of the ingredients that you use in the traditional meal, is vinegar.
Precisely the same way almost every meal expects that you have the soy sauce, you'll need a type of vinegar to make the meal. Both soy sauce and ginger are important in Oriental cuisine. Notice there are varying types of vinegar made in China.
They vary in color, the region of origin and what it is composed of. For this reason, the article aims at highlighting the top 10 best Chinese black vinegar.


Could each topic have its own image that gets displayed in the main page.
Topic: What mean Validate upload certificate?
Re: What mean Validate upload certificate?
Contact this guy, he already had something done for an older version.
Topic: Why should we trash Amazing Styles for every releases ?
Re: Why should we trash Amazing Styles for every releases ?
Why should we trash Amazing Styles for every releases ?
For PhpBB3.2 Arabic Theme and Lang could be found here.
theme is also customized for RTL languages.
Amazing Thanks ... How would I go in doing the same for mp4/ogg html5 videos. PhpBB current uses image or Flash only.. it would be nice to have the standard html player.


It is most likely a topic you have, at some point, discussed with your friends and family, so we put the question to Rovers fans to collate an all-time Blackburn Rovers XI.
The question, posed on @RoversTweet on Twitter, was for fans to vote for their favourite players from the Premier League era in a flat 4-4-2 formation - and there was some surprising results.
Joining on a free transfer, Friedel spent eight years at Rovers and lifted silverware as Blackburn Rovers' Number 1. The former USA international, who gained 82 caps, won the League Cup in 2002 and went on to represent Blackburn in the Europa League.
He even managed to get on the scoresheet during his time at Rovers, getting a 90th-minute equaliser at Charlton in 2004, only to concede again moments later.
The shot-stopper beat the likes of Premier League winner Tim Flowers to represent Rovers with a staggering 90 per cent of 406 votes.
Perhaps a surprise inclusion, Salgado beat the likes of Henning Berg and Lucas Neill to the right-back spot.
Don't get me wrong, the decorated footballer spent 10 years at Real Madrid and won countless trophies a a member of the Galacticos.
And his time at Ewood wasn't too shabby either, on a personal level, but the then 34-year-old was a part of the Steve Kean era which eventually saw Blackburn Rovers relegated - although he was dropped from the side in controversial circumstances.
Salgado amassed 45 per cent of votes, with Neil pipping Berg for second place.
Braveheart at the back, Hendry was a huge part of the success built by Jack Walker in the 1990s, helping the club achieve promotion to and winning the Premier League.
The central defender received 45 per cent of votes from Rovers fans as our first choice centre-half.
Ryan Nelsen meanwhile was a part of Blackburn's European exploits and beat the likes of central-defensive partner Chris Samba to stand alongside Hendry, receiving 43 per cent of votes.
The no-nonsense partnership would battle it out for the armband and, although not the fastest pair we could have had at the heart of defence, it is hard to disagree with the colossal ability the pairing possessed.
Another Premier League winner, Le Saux faced stiff competition with the likes of popular left-backs Stephen Warnock and Martin Olsson competing for the spot.
Le Saux, though, gained 49 per cent of the vote and was a part of the Premier League team of the year for the 1994-95 season.
He is, not so fondly, remembered for his bust up with team-mate David Batty in the Champions League match against Spartak Moscow though, but this did not damage his chances of claiming a place in the fans' hearts.
Featuring two loans and one permanent stint in East Lancashire, Bentley was the fans choice to rip up the right-hand side rather than Stuart Ripley and Brett Emerton, gaining 53 per cent of votes.
Bentley first joined on loan from Arsenal before securing a permanent transfer. He returned the favour for the faith put in him by hitting a hat-trick against Manchester United in his first game.
The winger eventually went on to pastures new at Tottenham Hotspur, commanding a £15million fee, but his career soon fizzled out and he concentrated on his restaurant venture in Marbella after falling out of love with the game.
He may have only scored 11 goals for Rovers, but you can guarantee every one Tugay hit was an absolute screamer, a main factor in the reason he got 79 per cent of votes for the first central midfield slot.
Mark Noble once described the midfield maestro as the best player he had come up against, the Turkish international had a grace of quality not many Rovers fans have seen before - earning him the vote as the second ever greatest football at Ewood Park by the fans.
His partner, David Dunn, needs no introduction as the local lad put his best years in at Ewood Park and pipped Tim Sherwood, captain of the title winning squad, to play in the centre of the park.
Dunn, who got 53 per cent of votes for the second central midfield position, is well remembered for priceless moments against bitter rivals Burnley, including the 'debatable' offside strike in 2013 to continue Blackburn's then impressive run against the Clarets. Luckily for him, his failed Rabona trick came in the blue of Birmingham, so it doesn't make the list.
Naturally a right-footed winger, Pedersen's father and then footballer Ernst Pedersen trained his son to become stronger on his left side due to the fierce competition down the right.
Not only did he become competent on that side, it became a wand of a foot that earned him 54 per cent of the votes from Blackburn fans ahead of the likes of Damien Duff, who had a brilliant few years at Rovers before joining Chelsea and going on to win countless trophies.
Pedersen hit 35 goals in 288 appearances for Rovers and his trademark set-pieces had the Ewood faithful on their feet time and time again.
It is hardly surprising that this title-winning strike force, dubbed the SAS, topped the charts in term of Rovers' forwards.
And we've had some good ones. Andy Cole, Roque Santa Cruz, Benni McCarthy, Matt Jansen... the list could go on.
Shearer, the PFA Player of the Year in 1995 and all-time Premier League top scorer, earned 97 per cent of the votes and stands in Rovers' folklore as the greatest ever player to wear the shirt.
And it makes sense to partner him with the man who stood by his side and tore up Premier League defences as a partnership back in 1995.
Sutton became the most expensive player in English football when he joined Rovers in 1994 and was worth every penny as he contributed 15 goals to help Rovers to the title.


Henniker Chamber Of Commerce Local Toys For Local Tots Toy Drive - Henniker Chamber of Commerce, NH ?
Henniker, NH, November 9, 2018 - The Henniker Chamber of Commerce continues a "Local Toys for Local Tots" Toy Drive for Henniker children. Since items put in the nationally known donation boxes at local retailers don't stay local, the Henniker Chamber of Commerce teamed up with local businesses to collect toys for families in Henniker.
Local Toy for Local Tot boxes will be put out the week of November 19th and are scheduled to be picked up Friday, December 14th. Boxes are set up for drop off locations including the Henniker Farm & Country Store, Henniker Pharmacy, Intervale Pancake House, Henniker Brewing Company and Edmunds Ace Hardware.


The aim of this paper is to develop a semi-empirical model for erosion phenomena under ice crystal condition, which is one of the major phenomena for ice crystal accretion. Such a model would be able to calculate the erosion rate caused by impinging ice crystal on accreted ice layer. This model is based on Finnie  and Bitter   solid/solid collision theory which assumes that metal erosion due to sand impingement is driven by two phenomena: cutting wear and deformation wear. These two phenomena are strongly dependent on the particle density, velocity and shape, as well as on the surface physical properties such as Young modulus, Poisson coefficient and surface hardness. However, as cutting erosion is mostly driven by tangential velocity and is more effective for ductile eroded body, deformation erosion is driven by normal velocity and is more effective for brittle eroded body. Several researchers based their erosion modelling on these two phenomena such as Hutchings et al.  for deformation erosion, or Huang et al.  and Arabnejad et al.  for cutting and deformation erosion. The main work of this paper is to develop an erosion model for ice crystal impingement based on these two phenomena, and to show its capability to predict accretion shape by simulating experimental cases from the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). NRC's Currie et al. ice crystal experiments   realized in warm aerodynamics condition, such as the one encountered in high icing severity areas of a turbofan engine, show accretion severity for a large range of liquid water content to total water content. In order to validate the erosion model based on solid/solid collision, this paper present the simulation of the lower melting rate experiment. Results show fair agreement with experimental data and allow us to propose pertinent further work.


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But Listen: 150: Blindness – Monsoon EP
Posted on March 27, 2017 June 20, 2017 By adam
Looking back at my various notes and posts about gigs over the years, it's now the best part of seven years since I first discovered Blindness, thanks to a chance catching of a post by a friend linking to the video for then-single Confessions.
Monsoon EP
Buy from: Blindness Bandcamp
Review: Wrapped In Plastic
2016: Best Gigs
2015: Best Albums
Now, being a long-time fan of Curve, Garbage and a number of other female-fronted, industrial-and-shoegaze-influenced rock bands, how could I resist?
I was an instant convert. Since then, I've dutifully picked up their handful of releases, seen them live sixteen times (up to their final gig last summer), and listened to them a hell of a lot. But that final show seemed to rather leave things unfinished. There were quite a number of songs that they'd been playing live that were never recorded – including two that were among their best songs – and hints that another EP might follow kinda went rather quiet.
Until very recently. The signs that something more might be coming was initially confirmed when The Next Monsoon (one of those regular live tracks) appeared on Saint Marie Records' Static Waves 5 compilation before Christmas, and then a video dropped for it last week – and finally, an EP was announced.
As a matter of tying up loose ends, this is a great way to do it. Six songs, some brand new, some very familiar indeed, and – crucially – a production and mastering that does justice to the recordings, after their album Wrapped In Plastic was let down at points by exactly this.
The most immediate of the songs by far is Born Liar. It has been in the band's live sets as long as I've been attending (so back to 2011 at least), and I was always a little surprised it didn't get recorded before. From the moment the omnious synths fade in – and even more so once the dense rhythm rips in – it makes the sonic links to Curve that they have always hinted at explicit. This is a thundering juggernaut that could have been on Cuckoo, and contains a similar, jagged rage to Missing Link.
Another song that had made quite an impression in more recent live sets – often either opening or closing them – is the epic, snarling closer Give Out. Nearly twice the length of most of their songs, it broods and simmers before Beth unleashes all the venom and spite she's held back in song in one gigantic "fuck you", and it is also notable for one of the few songs that I remember Beth swearing in, but she certainly makes up for those where she hasn't here.
The theme of being wronged and trying to move on is certainly something that links the songs here, with the wrenching howl of No One Now (key lines: "oh, leave me for dead / you're no-one / you're no-one now") also hammering a past relationship deep into a box marked 'done with and to forget', while The Next Monsoon has a pleasant, almost bluesy acoustic guitar hook that is accompanied by little more than a preset drum machine loop, and sounds rather more stark and spare than many of the band's other songs – and Beth gives away her love of PJ Harvey in the vocal stylings, too, here…
The other two songs here – both new and, to my knowledge, rarely if ever aired live – show a different side to the band. Head In My Hands is a devastating sketch of a song, little more than Beth's voice and a piano until an extended guitar-led coda to close it out, laying bare despair in a way that the band often avoided doing in the past. Lessons Learned is full of shimmering guitars, and a feel of resignation in the laid-back vocals and sonics.
But then, this would appear to be the end. Clearly the band weren't quite done when they played their last show last summer, with this set of songs to record, and this posthumous release rams home just how much potential this band had.
Life goes on, of course, and in a small(er) band the other things you have to worry about (jobs, relationships, etc) must take precedence, and it seems that this was the reason the band ended.
They've moved on now, of course. Debbie has been involved in other projects anyway (that I must admit I find difficult to keep track of!), while Beth has been releasing a few demos recently under the name Where We Sleep, which sees her take an interestingly different direction to Blindness – and will certainly be worth watching. Bassist Emma is I'm sure now involved in music elsewhere but I couldn't find where, while previous bassist Kendra (who was in the band earlier on) is nowadays making a name for herself as part of the very-good Kite Base.
Either way, to end a relatively long period active, this is a fitting epitaph to an exceptional band.
Posted in /But Listen, /ReviewsTagged albums, Blindness, reviews
Into the Pit: 194: Sunn O))) – Barbican, London – 21-March 2017


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Home » Auto Safety Tips » School Buses Don't Have Seat Belts – Are They Safe for Our Kids?
School Buses Don't Have Seat Belts – Are They Safe for Our Kids?
The question of whether school buses are a safe mode of transportation for our kids is often asked by nervous parents. School bus safety is one of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) highest priorities. The primary function of the NHTSA is to establish motor vehicle safety standards with the intent of reducing the number of traffic related fatalities and injuries from motor vehicle crashes, which indirectly has helped lower car insurance rates over the years.
The NHTSA requires all new school buses to meet strict safety standards, such as improved emergency exits, roof structure, and seating, as well as fuel systems and overall body joint integrity. In addition, the NHTSA works closely with each state, stressing bus safety and occupant protection.
Without a doubt, according to current statistics, school buses are regarded as one of the safest forms of transportation in the United States. And, that says a lot when compared to passenger car deaths. Every year more than 42,000 people are killed in traffic crashes on U.S. roadways. Annually, approximately 450,000 public school buses travel nearly 4.3 billion miles, while transporting 23.5 million children to and from school. Still, every year, on average, six school-age children are killed nationwide as passengers in school bus crashes. The NHTSA's ultimate goal is to ensure that there are no fatalities in school buses.
Another question often asked is – if seat belts are required in passenger cars –why not have them in school buses? This one is a matter of physics. Large school buses are much heavier and distribute the forces of a crash differently than passenger cars and light trucks, therefore, occupants of the school buses experience much less force as a result. Instead of seat belts, the NHTSA opted for a concept called "compartmentalization". Through this compartmentalization, passenger crash safety is provided by a protective envelope consisting of strong, closely-spaced seats that have energy-absorbing seat backs.
As a general rule, states or school districts are not prohibited by the federal government from purchasing seat belts in large public school buses. Over the past 30 years, some states have required new large school buses to come equipped with seat belts, but this is still an ongoing process.
Compared to other motor vehicles, school buses are approximately seven times safer than passenger cars or light trucks. The numbers speak for themselves, as the fatality rate of 0.2 fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles traveled (VMT) for school bus occupants is considerably lower than the rates for passenger cars and light trucks, which came in at 1.44 per 100 million VMT…making the school bus safer than going to and from school in the family van. As a whole, pedestrian fatalities account for the highest number of school bus-related fatalities.
So, the bottom line is – school buses are the safest mode of transportation for your kids – reassuring news for nervous parents.
Be reassured that you're getting the best rate on your car insurance. Why not get a free car insurance quote today?
Did you know that school buses were so safe? Feel free to share your thoughts in the comments section below.
Look Both Ways – Safety When You're Not Behind the Wheel
The Importance of Hot Car Death Prevention
Maintaining Your Tires – Don't Take Your Safety for Granted
school busesseat beltsthe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
More on Auto Safety Tips
10 Unsafe Driving Techniques That Put Your Life at Risk
5 Reasons Why You Need a Tire Pressure Gauge
Are LED Headlights Really Better?
Bikes and Cars: How We Can Live in Harmony
8 Car Parts You Should Probably Replace


Captivating Mt. Evans views with a fantastic home like this are hard to find. The current owner was one of the first few privileged to build in this special gated, 30 home community. The lots are known for the premium, amazing views, gentle topography and close proximity to downtown Evergreen. The classic architectural design of the home frames the priceless, commanding views perfectly. As you enter the front glass panel doors, the high vaulted ceiling and abundant windows give way to wide open living. The focal point, floor to ceiling wood burning fireplace sets the stage for mountain living. The master bedroom is a place for a retreat with picturesque windows, sky-high ceilings, and a private deck to take in those tranquil views. Multi integrated living spaces for entertaining and comfort are offered throughout. A functional floorplan that is well suited for families or empty nesters. Virtual staging in some photos. Showings start Wednesday 2/6/19.


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5 Ways Kids Lives Have Been Turned Upside Down by COVID
Home/Robert F Kennedy/5 Ways Kids Lives Have Been Turned Upside Down by COVID
The negative impact of lockdowns on health, especially that of children and young people, has been and continues to be, immense.
This week marks Children's Mental Health Week in the UK. As its theme is 'Express Yourself' we've decided to give young people a voice so their voices can be heard over and above the external pandemonium. Not only do our young today, who are at significantly reduced risk from COVID-19, face the burden of shouldering the pandemic costs incurred by governments across the globe, but children are substantially more likely to suffer long-term physical, mental and emotional effects too.
School closures resulting from the response to the pandemic could cost an individual child £40,000 in lost future earnings, based on the likely average earnings of £1 million over their working life. This equates to an astronomical £350 billion in lost lifetime earnings across the 8.7 million children in the UK alone according to figures from the Institute of Fiscal Studies.
However, the more devastating impact of such losses is far more likely to be felt by children from disadvantaged backgrounds. This also doesn't take into account the knock-on effects to people of a severely depressed economy due to the reduction in earnings.
Let's also not forget all those newly graduated young adults who've had the rug pulled out from under their feet in 2020. Their hopes and dreams brutally ripped away by the response to the virus known as SARS-CoV-2.
Children and young people have been affected in a multitude of ways. We take a look at five areas where their health, happiness and futures are being impacted by current events — many might say unnecessarily impacted.
Media reports and social media posts reflect the impact of lockdowns on young people. Many are on the verge of giving up as they see their futures destroyed before their eyes. Over 1.5 billion children globally have been impacted by school closures since April 2020. It may have been less than a year, but for children and young people it feels like a lifetime already.
Not only have school closures and lockdowns separated young people from their friends, they've also been parted from their grandparents, wider family and communities. The very support networks on which they rely. The comfort of hugs and squeezes are a distant memory for too many. Video calls a poor substitute.
One of the biggest impacts for many children and adolescents has been the loss of face-to-face schooling. This is the first generation of young kids who've been forced to adopt online learning. Something many children are struggling to cope with. Lack of suitable tech, space in which to study at home, support from parents, reduced access to support services for those with special educational needs and school lunches for others. Being at home can mean many distractions that are far more attractive than schoolwork, making it that bit harder to knuckle down.
It's not all doom and gloom though. For some, lockdown has been a positive experience that has resulted in a reduction in stress levels as pressure to achieve at school is lifted, less bullying and negative peer pressure. Yet for others it has increased levels of anxiety, depression, irritability, boredom, inattention, fostered a fear of illness and worsened existing mental health issues.
Increased screen-time due to online learning is impacting young children's health in multiple ways while lockdowns and lack of schooling have led to a substantial rise in anti-social behaviors as young people find other outlets to vent their frustrations.
Sadly, for many young people the loss of their support networks has left them believing suicide is their only way of dealing with their distress. In Las Vegas, the rapid increase in the number of young people committing suicide has pushed authorities to reopen schools.
For others, being at home can be a terrifying ordeal due to the abuse they suffer at the hands of the very adults who should be protecting them as they no longer have the safety of school. Many adults may also be suffering from the effects of the pandemic restrictions.
Children and young people's immune systems rely on their mixing and mingling to learn, mature and develop cross-reactivity to different bugs. The true health cost of enforced isolation and draconian lockdowns won't be felt for some time yet, but unless specific action is taken to restore immune resilience, we could be facing a health crisis of unforeseen proportions in a few years time.
How will young people's socialization skills and related neuronal development be affected? How will it affect their ability to find partners or jobs in the future? On the plus side, we're likely to see a reduction in teenage pregnancies, but we don't know how fertility in general might be impacted in the 'pandemic generation' as fertility is very closely associated with immune health.
Many families have used lockdown as an opportunity to start cooking at home together, teaching children how to cook from scratch and improving the quality of their diet.
On the flip side lockdowns have also seen increased consumption of junk foods as family budgets are hard hit and fast food outlets go mobile. Food has always been an age-old method of reward and comfort.
For UK footballer Marcus Rashford, the exponential rise in poverty and child hunger due to lack of access to free school meals has led him to campaigning to ensure kids from disadvantaged homes in the UK don't go hungry. Children in the U.S. and beyond are similarly going hungry too often due to a combination of family poverty induced by restrictions and loss of earnings, as well as reduced access to food.
Poor food choices combined with a lack of exercise is leading to children gaining weight and exacerbating additional weight gain in the already overweight group. The stark reality of the association between lockdowns and rapid weight gain has resulted in a yet another new term — 'covibesity'.
Is it any surprise kids have been less active during lockdowns? For many going to school provides their main opportunity to take part in a variety of sporting activities. For those who take part in extracurricular sporting activities, those too have been closed down. This has led to far too many hours sitting in front of screens and TVs as the motivation to move rapidly dwindles.
Sedentary behaviors are self-fulfilling as the less you move, the less you want to move as the body conserves energy by making less energy. Add that to an increased consumption of junk food and you have a ticking time bomb for future health prospects.
Team sports and sports in general are integral to the development of children's gross motor skills, like catching, kicking and overarm throws, but they've been suspended for nearly a year. Often forgotten is how much these activities contribute to tactical and problem-solving skills, as well as the ability to work effectively in teams.
And what about sleep? Good sleep is vital for developing healthy bodies and minds. Lack of exercise, along with anxiety about the pandemic, contributes to disrupted sleep for many children. Chronic sleep debt acts like a silent assassin to health and wellbeing for adults as well as children.
Most kids love a good muddy puddle to jump into or to dig in the dirt to find worms. So does their immune system. It's what helps to prime it to protect them against infectious diseases. For kids with reduced access to outside space or those in city apartments less exposure to soil and other outdoor microbes may slow the development of the immune system.
Conversely, kids who live in urban areas may be exposed to fewer outdoor airborne pollutants due to there being fewer vehicles on the road and because they spend less time outside. However, exposure to more indoor pollutants such as second-hand tobacco smoke, household chemicals and fire retardant fabrics can be increased.
The lockdown legacy for children who've become used to spending less time outdoors is a likelihood of less connection to — or love for — nature. In turn, this is likely to manifest as having less interest in protecting the natural environment, which presents a critical challenge for the future of nature conservation and sustainability.
The increase in online learning and reliance on digital tech means children are being exposed to greater radio-frequency radiation sources, yet another factor in long-term health outcomes. Young kids are more sensitive to radiation sources so are particularly at heightened risk from the rise in use of electronic devices for learning.
Multiple studies have shown the low risk of the spread of COVID-19 in schools. The idea that kids might be driving the pandemic has also been proven unlikely. How much longer can we justify the damage pandemic restrictions are wreaking on our children and their futures?
Re-framing a generation
Whilst we are aware that too many children are feeling they're in a never-ending nightmare, we wanted to finish on a positive note. Here are testimonials from three young people who are working hard to keep focused on the silver lining in their clouds:
I'm a cup half empty lad, seeing the last 12 months of our lives as a negative is so easy, but where does that get us? Over this time I tried saying get lost to my negative mindset and flip it on it's head, instead choosing to see the positive in my life. I love being outdoors but as winter set in and we hit a second and third lockdown it was no longer something I could do and so I started writing!
I've always struggled with it and couldn't spell for my life. And to my surprise I found out that I wasn't that bad at it either, althought i still can't speel!!!!!
I'm now in the process of starting a blog and thinking about publishing a book to inspire other young lads to overcome their struggles and remind them that what doesn't kill them makes them stronger.
– Evan, 15
I am so fortunate not to have been as directly affected by the pandemic as some, but the isolation has definitely been hard. I am very much a people person and so I miss getting out and connecting with other human beings, but lockdown has given me the opportunity to find other ways of connecting. Through social media I have met young people from all around the globe who have given me different perspectives on life, opened my eyes to the world around me and inspired me to share what I've learnt.
The deep divisions in our society and all the issues that are only made worse by lockdown have definitely been overwhelming and frustrating to see, but lockdown and the whole Covid situation has also given me hope that people will realise what's valuable and see that the only way we can overcome this pandemic — and any other problem we face — is by coming together, supporting each other and acting as one.
– Gracie, 17
This year like so many other people I have had to stay at home, I have taken this opportunity to get to know all my neighbours young and old. I think that for many people they have only managed to cope with the pandemic because of the kindness and generosity of the people around them and that is why I did something kind and positive for someone else every day over lockdown two and continue to do whatever I can now.
Having more time on my hands has meant that I can now have a dog and some chickens, I have always wanted lots of animals and my wish has finally come true. Having pets has taught me how to take responsibility for something and how important it really is in all aspects of life from looking after pets to people's safety during the pandemic.
– Irys, 13
Originally published by Alliance for Natural Health International.
The post 5 Ways Kids Lives Have Been Turned Upside Down by COVID appeared first on Children's Health Defense.
By |2021-02-05T18:12:55-08:005 February 2021|Robert F Kennedy|0 Comments
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Fusion Announces Partnership with Nvidia for Mars 2030 VR Experience
By Peter Graham	 Last updated Apr 6, 2016
Over the last few months VRFocus has been reporting on multi-platform media company, Fusion Media, collaborating with NASA on the virtual reality (VR) project, Mars 2030. Fusion has now revealed it has also partnered with Nvidia on the experience, which was shown at Nvidia's GPU Technology Conference (GTC) yesterday.
Mars 2030 got its showcase at the keynote speech by Nvidia co-founder and CEO Jen-Hsun. He was joined by personal computing pioneer Steve "Woz" Wozniak who remarked about the VR experience: "Oh my gosh, this is going to be incredible for whoever actually gets to travel to Mars!"
"As a part of FUSION's commitment to innovative storytelling, we are always looking for unique ways to take our audience to interesting places," said Julian Reyes, lead VR producer at FUSION. "We are thrilled that NVIDIA's latest technologies, combined with what NASA has planned for the next frontier of space exploration, will allow us to push visual boundaries, convincing users that they are 141 million miles away from home on the surface of Mars."
"One in a billion people alive today will get to visit Mars, so this is for the rest of us," said Zvi Greenstein, general manager of the GeForce business unit at NVIDIA. "Mars 2030 is being created as a true to life experience, while aiming for the highest visual fidelity possible in VR today, something only NVIDIA technology can deliver."
The VR experience is due to arrive on head-mounted displays (HMDs) this year, with support confirmed for Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, PlayStation VR, Gear VR and Google Cardboard.
VRFocus will continue to bring you the latest updates on Mars 2030 as announcements are made.
Fusion MediaMars 2030NASANVIDIAVirtual Reality


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package org.wildfly.security.credential._private;

import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.security.spec.InvalidParameterSpecException;

import javax.security.sasl.SaslException;

import org.jboss.logging.BasicLogger;
import org.jboss.logging.Logger;
import org.jboss.logging.annotations.Cause;
import org.jboss.logging.annotations.Message;
import org.jboss.logging.annotations.MessageLogger;
import org.jboss.logging.annotations.ValidIdRange;
import org.jboss.logging.annotations.ValidIdRanges;

/**
 * Log messages and exceptions for Elytron.
 *
 * @author David M. Lloyd
 * @author Darran Lofthouse
 */
@MessageLogger(projectCode = "ELY", length = 5)
@ValidIdRanges({
    @ValidIdRange(min = 2, max = 4),
    @ValidIdRange(min = 1037, max = 1037),
    @ValidIdRange(min = 1053, max = 1063),
    @ValidIdRange(min = 2032, max = 2033),
    @ValidIdRange(min = 5151, max = 5151),
    @ValidIdRange(min = 8001, max = 8029),
    @ValidIdRange(min = 9000, max = 9000)
})
public interface ElytronMessages extends BasicLogger {

    ElytronMessages log = Logger.getMessageLogger(ElytronMessages.class, "org.wildfly.security");
    ElytronMessages tls = Logger.getMessageLogger(ElytronMessages.class, "org.wildfly.security.tls");

    @Message(id = 2, value = "Parameter %s is empty")
    IllegalArgumentException emptyParameter(String parameter);

    @Message(id = 4, value = "Unrecognized algorithm \"%s\"")
    IllegalArgumentException unrecognizedAlgorithm(String algorithm);

    @Message(id = 1037, value = "Certificate chain is empty")
    IllegalArgumentException certificateChainIsEmpty();

    @Message(id = 1053, value = "Insufficient data to form a digest and a salt")
    InvalidKeySpecException insufficientDataToFormDigestAndSalt();

    @Message(id = 1054, value = "Invalid salt \"%s%s\"")
    IllegalArgumentException invalidSalt(char lo, char hi);

    @Message(id = 1055, value = "Invalid rounds \"%s%s%s%s\"")
    IllegalArgumentException invalidRounds(char b0, char b1, char b2, char b3);

    @Message(id = 1056, value = "Invalid salt \"%s%s%s%s\"")
    IllegalArgumentException invalidSalt(char b0, char b1, char b2, char b3);

    @Message(id = 1059, value = "Public and private key algorithm names are mismatched")
    IllegalArgumentException mismatchedPublicPrivateKeyAlgorithms();

    @Message(id = 1061, value = "Public key is null")
    IllegalArgumentException publicKeyIsNull();

    @Message(id = 1063, value = "Private key is null")
    IllegalArgumentException privateKeyIsNull();

    @Message(id = 2032, value = "keySpec must be SecretKeySpect, given: [%s]")
    InvalidKeySpecException keySpecMustBeSecretKeySpec(String type);

    @Message(id = 2033, value = "key must implement SecretKeySpec and keySpec must be SecretKeySpec, given key, keySpec: [%s]")
    InvalidKeySpecException keyMustImplementSecretKeySpecAndKeySpecMustBeSecretKeySpec(String keyAndKeySpec);

    // Also used in SASL / OTP
    @Message(id = 5151, value = "Invalid OTP algorithm \"%s\"")
    SaslException mechInvalidOTPAlgorithm(String algorithm);

    @Message(id = 8001, value = "Unrecognized key spec algorithm")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecUnrecognizedKeySpecAlgorithm();

    @Message(id = 8002, value = "Password spec cannot be rendered as a string")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecPasswordSpecCannotBeRenderedAsString();

    @Message(id = 8003, value = "Unknown crypt string algorithm")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecUnknownCryptStringAlgorithm();

    @Message(id = 8004, value = "Invalid character encountered")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecInvalidCharacterEncountered();

    @Message(id = 8005, value = "No iteration count terminator given")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecNoIterationCountTerminatorGiven();

    @Message(id = 8006, value = "Unexpected end of input string")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecUnexpectedEndOfInputString();

    @Message(id = 8007, value = "No salt terminator given")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecNoSaltTerminatorGiven();

    @Message(id = 8008, value = "Invalid hash length")
    IllegalArgumentException invalidHashLength();

    @Message(id = 8009, value = "Unexpected end of password string")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecUnexpectedEndOfPasswordString();

    @Message(id = 8010, value = "Unexpected end of password string")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecUnexpectedEndOfPasswordStringWithCause(@Cause Throwable cause);

    @Message(id = 8011, value = "Invalid minor version")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecInvalidMinorVersion();

    @Message(id = 8012, value = "Invalid cost: must be a two digit integer")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecCostMustBeTwoDigitInteger();

    @Message(id = 8013, value = "No such MessageDigest algorithm for \"%s\"")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecNoSuchMessageDigestAlgorithm(String algorithm);

    @Message(id = 8014, value = "No such MessageDigest algorithm for \"%s\"")
    InvalidKeyException invalidKeyNoSuchMessageDigestAlgorithm(String algorithm);

    @Message(id = 8015, value = "Cannot verify password")
    InvalidKeyException invalidKeyCannotVerifyPassword(@Cause Throwable cause);

    @Message(id = 8017, value = "DES crypt password hash must be %d bytes")
    InvalidKeyException invalidKeyDesCryptPasswordHashMustBeBytes(int bytes);

    @Message(id = 8018, value = "Salt must be %d bytes (%d bits)")
    InvalidParameterSpecException invalidParameterSpecSaltMustBeBytesBits(int bytes, int bits);

    @Message(id = 8020, value = "Invalid number of rounds. Must be an integer between %d and %d, inclusive")
    IllegalArgumentException invalidNumberOfRoundsMustBeIntBetween(int min, int max);

    @Message(id = 8021, value = "Invalid salt: must be %d bytes long")
    IllegalArgumentException invalidSaltMustBeBytesLong(int length);

    @Message(id = 8022, value = "BSD DES crypt password hash must be %d bytes")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecBsdDesCryptPasswordHashMustBeBytes(int bytes);

    @Message(id = 8023, value = "Salt must be %d bytes")
    InvalidParameterSpecException invalidParameterSpecSaltMustBeBytes(int bytes);

    @Message(id = 8024, value = "BSD DES crypt password hash must be %d bytes")
    InvalidKeyException invalidKeyBsdDesCryptPasswordHashMustBeBytes(int bytes);

    @Message(id = 8025, value = "Expected to get a \"%s\" as spec, got \"%s\"")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecExpectedSpecGotSpec(String expected, String got);

    @Message(id = 8026, value = "Unknown algorithm or incompatible PasswordSpec")
    InvalidKeySpecException invalidKeySpecUnknownAlgorithmOrIncompatiblePasswordSpec();

    @Message(id = 8027, value = "Unknown password type or algorithm")
    InvalidKeyException invalidKeyUnknownUnknownPasswordTypeOrAlgorithm();

    @Message(id = 8028, value = "Invalid algorithm \"%s\"")
    NoSuchAlgorithmException noSuchAlgorithmInvalidAlgorithm(String algorithm);

    @Message(id = 8029, value = "Could not obtain key spec encoding identifier.")
    IllegalArgumentException couldNotObtainKeySpecEncodingIdentifier();

    @Message(id = 9000, value = "Public and private key parameters are mismatched")
    IllegalArgumentException mismatchedPublicPrivateKeyParameters();

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub