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International Monetary Fund Handbook : Its Functions, Policies, and Operations
Parmeshwar Ramlogan, and Bernhard Fritz-Krockow
This paper describes the functions, policies, and operations of the IMF. The IMF is an independent international organization, and is a cooperative of 185 member countries, whose objective is to promote world economic stability and growth. The member countries are the shareholders of the cooperative, providing the capital of the IMF through quota subscriptions. In return, the IMF provides its members with macroeconomic policy advice, financing in times of balance-of-payments need, and technical assistance and training to improve national economic management.
International Monetary Fund Handbook
Chapter 1. Overview of the IMF
Chapter 2. Surveillance Over Members' Economic Policies
Chapter 3. Financing Temporary Balance of Payments Needs
Chapter 4. Special Drawing Rights
Chapter 5. Combating Poverty in Low-Income Countries
Chapter 6. Capacity Building: Technical Assistance and Training
Chapter 7. Strengthening the International Financial System
Chapter 8. Collaboration with the World Bank and the World Trade Organization
Chapter 9. Governance and Decision-Making
Chapter 10. Internal Organization and Financing
Surveillance over Members' Economic Policies
Financing Temporary Balance of Payments Needs
Combating Poverty in Low-Income Countries
Mobilizing External Financing
Strengthening the International Monetary System
Increasing the Global Supply of International Reserves
Building Capacity through Technical Assistance and Training
Dissemination of Information and Research
Medium-Term Strategy
Origins of the IMF
Size and Membership
The IMF is an independent international organization. It is a cooperative of 185 member countries, whose objective is to promote world economic stability and growth.1 The member countries are the shareholders of the cooperative, providing the capital of the IMF through quota subscriptions (Box 1.1 and the Appendix). In return, the IMF provides its members with macroeconomic policy advice, financing in times of balance of payments need, and technical assistance and training to improve national economic management.
Box 1.1.The IMF's Quota System1
Quotas as the Basis of Capital Subscriptions to the IMF. Each member of the IMF is assigned a quota expressed in special drawing rights (SDRs), the IMF's unit of account for financial transactions with member countries. The member's capital subscription to the IMF is equal to its quota. Members pay up to 25 percent of their quota in the form of reserve assets and the remainder in their own currency. A member borrows from the IMF by purchasing reserve assets using its own currency, and repays the IMF by repurchasing its own currency using reserve assets. The total quota or capital subscription of all members is currently SDR 212.8 billion.
Other Functions of Quotas. Quotas determine the size of the IMF and play a central role in the IMF's operations.
Lending Capacity. Quota subscriptions by members provide by far the bulk of the resources (reserve assets) available to the IMF to finance its lending operations. Therefore, quotas to a large extent determine the lending capacity of the IMF.
Voting Power. Quotas largely determine the distribution of the voting power of the IMF and, therefore, the relative influence of individual members in decision-making at the IMF.
Access Limits. The limit of members' access to IMF resources is stated as a percent of quota, so that quotas in principle determine the maximum level of a country's access. These access limits vary according to the type of borrowing arrangement between the member and the IMF. For example, under the credit tranches and the Extended Fund Facility, borrowing is subject to an annual limit of 100 percent of quota and a cumulative limit of 300 percent of quota.
SDR Allocations. Quotas determine a member's share in a general allocation of Special Drawing Rights.
How Quotas Are Determined. The Board of Governors determines the aggregate quota and the distribution of this aggregate among the individual member countries. The aggregate quota is set taking into account the IMF's capacity to satisfy the projected financing needs of the membership, while individual quotas are based broadly on members' relative economic sizes in the world economy. The IMF normally conducts general quota reviews every five years with a view to adjusting, if necessary, the aggregate size and distribution of members' quotas to reflect developments in the world economy and changes in members' relative economic sizes. Quota reviews have focused on the role and size of the IMF; the adequacy of IMF resources and the need for a possible quota increase; the distribution of quotas, including possible changes to quota formulas; and governance and representation. The IMF may also undertake ad hoc quota adjustments at the request of individual members, both within and outside the context of a general review, although significant adjustments in quota shares have tended to take place in the context of general quota increases. The twelfth general review of quotas was concluded in January 2003 with no change in quotas. An 85 percent majority of the total voting power of the Board of Governors is required for any change of quotas.
Quota Formulas. Quota formulas exist to calculate the quotas of member countries. Five quota formulas are currently used for this purpose, incorporating variables that measure the economic size, external position, openness to trade, and variability of export earnings of member countries. In principle, calculated quotas help guide decisions regarding the aggregate size and distribution of members' actual quotas. In practice, the IMF has tended to distribute the bulk of quota increases as a uniform percentage of existing quotas, with the result that actual quotas of individual members differ significantly from the calculated quotas. The quota formulas have not produced quota shares that would be considered acceptable to the IMF's membership, in part because of the politically-sensitive nature of quota shares and perceived deficiencies of the formulas themselves. The formulas are currently being reviewed with a view to simplifying and updating them.
1 See Articles of Agreement; IMF, Financial Organization and Operations of the IMF, Pamphlet Series No. 45, sixth edition, 2001.
The IMF is one of several autonomous organizations designated by the United Nations (UN) as "Specialized Agencies," with which the UN has established working relationships.2 The IMF is a permanent observer at the UN.
The Articles of Agreement that created the IMF and govern its operations were adopted at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, on July 22, 1944, and entered into force on December 27, 1945.3 Article I sets out the mandate of the IMF as follows:
To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems;
To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, and to contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income and to the development of the productive resources of all members as primary objectives of economic policy;
To promote exchange stability, to maintain orderly exchange arrangements among members, and to avoid competitive exchange depreciation;
To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions between members and in the elimination of foreign exchange restrictions which hamper the growth of world trade;
To give confidence to members by making the general resources of the IMF temporarily available to them under adequate safeguards, thus providing them with opportunity to correct maladjustments in their balance of payments without resorting to measures destructive of national or international prosperity; and
To shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments of members.
This mandate gives the IMF its unique character as an international monetary institution, with broad oversight responsibilities for the orderly functioning and development of the international monetary and financial system.
The IMF pursues the various facets of its mandate in a number of ways. These are summarized below, and described more detail in later chapters.
In becoming members of the IMF, countries agree to pursue economic policies that are consistent with the objectives of the IMF. The Articles of Agreement confer on the IMF the legal authority to oversee compliance by members with this obligation, making the IMF "the only organization that has a mandate to examine on a regular basis the economic circumstances of virtually every country in the world."4
The Articles of Agreement enable the IMF to lend to member countries that have a balance of payments need to provide temporary respite and enable countries to put in place orderly corrective measures and avoid a disorderly adjustment of the external imbalance. Such lending is usually undertaken in the context of an economic adjustment program implemented by the borrowing country to correct the balance of payments difficulties, which also safeguards IMF resources. In addition to providing direct financing to its member countries, the IMF plays an important catalytic role in helping member countries to mobilize external financing for their balance of payments needs.
The IMF provides concessional loans to low-income member countries to help support these countries' efforts to eradicate poverty. In this venture, the IMF works closely with the World Bank and other development partners. In this area the IMF also plays a critical catalytic role to mobilize external financing and donor support for the countries' balance of payments and development needs. The IMF also participates in two international initiatives to provide debt relief: the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).
IMF endorsement of a country's policies serves as an important catalyst for mobilizing resources from bilateral and multilateral lenders and donors. They rely on an IMF endorsement of a country's economic policies or might even require a formal IMF-supported economic program before committing or disbursing their own resources to that country or granting debt relief. IMF policy assessments and recommendations also provide important signals to investors and financial markets regarding a country's economic future, and impact on investor and market confidence in the economy.
The IMF is the central institution in the international monetary system. It serves as a forum for consultation and collaboration by members on international monetary and financial matters, and works with other multilateral institutions to devise international rules that would facilitate the prevention and orderly resolution of international economic problems.
The IMF is authorized to issue an international reserve asset called the Special Drawing Right (SDR) if there is a global need to supplement existing reserve assets. These allocated SDRs are part of the net international reserves of members and can be exchanged for convertible currencies. They are not a claim on the IMF. The SDR is also the IMF's unit of account for all financial transactions with members.
Technical assistance and training are provided in the core areas of IMF expertise to help member countries design economic policies and improve economic management capabilities, which in turn can help reduce the risk of policy failures and the countries' resilience to shocks, and facilitating program design and implementation. These activities are particularly important in developing countries, where resources are scarce and institutions often weak.
The IMF is a premier source for economic analysis of its member countries' economic policies and statistical information. Information is disseminated through its numerous economic reports and research studies on member countries, as well as specialized statistical publications. The IMF also conducts research in areas relevant to its mandate and operations, mainly to improve its economic analysis and its advice to member countries. The results of this research are disseminated through books, IMF and academic journals and working papers, occasional papers, and the internet.
In light of the economic transformation wrought by 21st century globalization, the IMF embarked on a review of its future direction, publishing the Managing Director's Report on Implementing the Fund's Medium-Term Strategy (MTS) in April 2006. The strategy concluded that the emergence of new economic powers, integrated financial markets, unprecedented capital flows, and new ideas to promote economic development required an updated interpretation of the IMF's mandate as the steward of international financial cooperation and stability. Without new focus and carefully chosen priorities, the institution risked being pulled in too many directions and losing its relevance to large parts of the membership.
The proposals put forward in the MTS cover the following issues:
New directions in surveillance. The difficulties in tackling unprecedented global imbalances, and the challenges facing individual countries, underscore the need for stronger exercise of surveillance by the IMF. At the global level, the MTS calls for efforts to identify—and promote effective responses to—risks to economic stability, including from payments imbalances, currency misalignments, and financial market disturbances. At the country level, the MTS calls for efforts to choosing focus and effectiveness over comprehensiveness, with deeper analysis of financial systems, a greater multilateral perspective to surveillance, and more regional context and outreach.5 In this context, discussions are ongoing about the introduction of a new surveillance remit—understood as a statement of objectives, priorities, and responsibilities—to strengthen the effectiveness of surveillance.6
The changing role of the IMF in emerging market countries. In the many countries that have already emerged to become major global players, the MTS calls for efforts to augment candid and focused macroeconomic analysis with enhanced surveillance over financial and capital markets. At the same time, the MTS calls for efforts to improve crisis prevention and response.
More effective engagement in low-income countries. The MTS calls for efforts to marshal the expected rise in aid flows, including from debt relief, to achieve higher growth and the Millennium Development Goals. Helping countries do so requires a deeper but more focused engagement by the IMF, including new understandings with the World Bank and other agencies on the division of labor.
Governance. Quota and voice reform is central to the legitimacy and effectiveness of the IMF. During the 2006 Singapore Annual Meetings, a two-year package was initiated with, as a first step, an ad-hoc increase in quotas for four countries. The MTS calls for efforts to address other aspects of governance, including transparent selection of management and better definition of the role of the Board.
Capacity building. The MTS calls for targeted efforts in this area to help members implement reforms. Capacity building also needs to be part of the strategy to address vulnerabilities identified in surveillance. The IMF's efforts to build macroeconomic institutions can be strengthened with better prioritization and country ownership.
Streamlining. The MTS calls for action to control procedure and documentation, lest the work, messages, and governance of the institution are lost in a sea of paper, and to enable management and the Board to shift attention from routine and detail to broader, strategic issues.
Medium-term budget. The MTS calls for these efforts to be reconciled within a medium-term budget that deals with the projected fall in the IMF's income. But even with a decline in real spending, the MTS notes that a new business model is needed to finance IMF activity in the future, with less reliance on margins from lending and more on steady, long-term sources of income.
A number of initiatives derived from the MTS have already been put in place or are near-completion. These include the ad-hoc changes in the quotas of four member countries or initiatives such as the streamlining of consultations.
The origin of the IMF lies in the experience of countries during the inter-war period, including the Great Depression. In the 1920s and 1930s, many countries attempted to maintain domestic income in the face of shrinking markets through competitive devaluation of their currencies and resort to exchange and trade restrictions. Such measures could achieve their objectives only by aggravating the difficulties of trading partners who, in self-defense, were led to adopt similar policies, leading to a destructive vicious cycle. There was growing recognition of the largely self-defeating nature of these policies at the country level and the increasing global welfare losses, resulting in a widening acceptance of the need for a globally agreed code of conduct in international trade and financial matters.
It was in this context that representatives of 45 countries reached an agreement in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire during July 1-22, 1944, on the constitution and functions of an international institution to supervise and promote an open and stable international monetary system.7 The IMF came into existence on December 27, 1945, when 29 countries signed the Articles of Agreement.8 The inaugural meeting of the Board of Governors was convened in Savannah, Georgia, on March 8, 1946, and the first meeting of the Executive Board was held in Washington, D.C. on May 6, 1946. The IMF began its operations on March 1, 1947, and France became the first country to draw funds from the IMF in May 1947.
Since its inception, the IMF's size and structure, responsibilities and priorities, and mode of operations have undergone considerable expansion or transformation in response to changes in the world economic environment. To continue to fulfill its core mandate as set out in the Articles of Agreement, the IMF has continuously adapted to meet new challenges in the evolving world economy.* In this context, it is important to bear in mind that this Handbook presents a snapshot of the IMF today, and today's IMF is the product of historical forces that will continue to evolve and to shape the future of the institution. Its present governance and organizational structures are described in more detail in Chapter 10.
Since 1945, membership has expanded steadily to include nearly all countries in the world today. Eligibility for membership is based on three basic requirements: the applicant must be a country; it must be in control of its foreign affairs; and it must be willing and able to fulfill the obligations of membership. Informal inquiries and discussions usually precede the formal membership process, while the operational procedure of the formal membership process is: (i) an application is submitted to the Managing Director; (ii) the Executive Board decides whether to proceed with a formal investigation of an application for membership; (iii) a staff membership mission produces a report that contains quota recommendations; (iv) an ad hoc membership committee considers the staff report to determine the terms and conditions of membership and the quota; (v) the chairman of the ad hoc committee ascertains whether the proposed terms and conditions and quota are acceptable to the applicant; (vi) the Executive Board considers the ad hoc committee's report, and, if the recommendations are acceptable, the draft membership resolution is submitted to the Board of Governors for adoption; and (vii) the Board of Governors may adopt a membership resolution with a simple majority, provided the requisite quorum is achieved.
Members also have the right to withdraw from the IMF at any time by transmitting a notice in writing to the IMF. Article XXVI also makes provision for the compulsory withdrawal of a member that fails to fulfill its obligations under the Articles of Agreement, and sets out a procedure for compulsory withdrawal. However, compulsory withdrawal is a last resort and the member is given ample opportunities to correct its policies and fulfill its obligations to the IMF.
The size of the IMF is often also viewed in terms of the total quota of all its members. In nominal (SDR) terms, the total quota has expanded significantly over time, reflecting the growth in membership, in the size of the world economy, and in the financing needs of the membership (Box 1 and Appendix). However, the total quota has been declining relative to world GDP.
As the membership has expanded, so has the size and diversity of the staff of the IMF. In September 1946, about 100 staff members from 15 countries worked in five Divisions: a Research Division, an Operations Division, a Legal Division, the Secretary's Office, and an Administrative Services Unit. At end-2006 there were about 2,800 staff members, from more than two-thirds of the member countries, and a much more elaborate organizational structure, as described in Chapter 10.
The IMF staff comprises mainly economists, but also includes financial specialists, accountants, statisticians, lawyers, linguists, writers, editors, and support personnel. Most staff members work at the IMF's headquarters in Washington, D.C., USA. The IMF currently maintains small offices in Paris, Brussels, Geneva, and Tokyo, and at the United Nations in New York. In addition, the IMF has resident representative offices in many member countries and a number of regional technical assistance and training centers.
The Articles of Agreement state that the IMF staff should be of the highest caliber in terms of standards of efficiency and technical competence, while the appointments should also pay due regard to the importance of recruiting personnel on as wide a geographical basis as possible.9 Furthermore, the Articles of Agreement indicate that the staff of the IMF, in the discharge of their functions, shall owe their duty entirely to the IMF and to no other authority, and require each member country to respect the international character of this duty and to refrain from all attempts to influence any of the staff in the discharge of their functions. Staff are immune from legal process with respect to acts performed by them in their official capacity, except when the IMF waives this immunity.
A substantive account of the historical evolution of the IMF in response to the changing global economic needs can be found in some of the sources cited in endnote 1.
Other Resources Citing This Publication
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Directions: Richardson to Spruce, south to property.


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Dermot Kennedy wants to remind us why it's important to make timeless music
About to drop his major label debut album Without Fear, the Irish singer-songwriter doesn't take a single part of the 10-year road it took to get there for granted.
By: Natalie Harmsen
Although Dermot Kennedy is Irish, the singer-songwriter can attribute his burgeoning career to a lot more than luck. While his success appears to have happened overnight—the millions of streams on Spotify, praise from Taylor Swift as one of her pop culture obsessions, and a spot on the Coachella lineup this past spring—in reality his seemingly instant success has been a more gradual, organic process. It's the result of years of hard work, built on busking, touring, and an abundance of creativity.
When we meet the 27-year-old Kennedy in Toronto on a freezing February afternoon, I was his last interview of the day. If he was exhausted from a full morning of press it was impossible to tell. Wearing a plaid shirt over a black long-sleeved tee and boots he looks mildly ill-equipped to handle a Canadian winter. In person, Kennedy has an air of calm, peacefully humming to himself throughout our conversation, almost inviting us to witness the musical ideas bouncing around in his head. Anyone can see he has the creative spark simply by looking at him, as he doodles random shapes and squiggles on his hands and boots with a pen as he speaks.
One would never guess from his laid-back demeanour that he possesses such a rich, spine-chillingly powerful voice, the most intriguing earmark of his atypical sound. With every song, Kennedy twists together genres like folk, rock, hip-hop—when he's not outright eliminating them. His use of hypnotic melodies coupled with rich electronic ornamentation strikes a unique balance between soulful and atmospheric ambience. It's landed him comparisons to Mumford and Sons and Bon Iver—artists that he's huge fans of. But he also calls himself a lover of rap, listing Drake, Kanye and J. Cole as inspirations.
"I think one of my favourite things about the music I'm making is that it might be kind of tricky to put in a box, and to actually put one genre on it," he says."I like that a lot." And while he may incorporate elements of hip-hop into his artistry, he says he is conscious of the racial dynamic and of "not taking it too far." "Take Stormzy, he raps so much about inner city London and I can't relate to that. But just in terms of the music, I think what inspires me most is the delivery and the honesty in it," he explains.
Honesty is something Kennedy cares deeply about. In part, it's because of his dedication to authenticity.
All it takes is one glimpse of his performances—his NPR Tiny Desk concert complete with a gospel choir is essential—to witness him truly absorbed in his music. "There are so many artists who close their eyes and sing lyrics and pretend it's really affecting them," he says. His desire to be genuine is also likely a result of his musical roots, having attended a classical music program for several years, before turning to busking in Dublin to earn money for recording. Braving the bustling streets, Kennedy found himself forced to play popular songs to grab peoples' attention, instead of the music he wanted. It fundamentally bothered him. "The song that always got people to stop was 'Thinking Out Loud'" he says. "It's a beautiful song, but over time…" he trails off and shrugs.
But those days are in the past and he's happy to leave them there. Now he's performing his own tunes to sold-out crowds around the globe, from Brixton's O2 Academy to The Filmore in San Francisco. Perhaps most impressive of all is that he's managed to make the leap from belting on the sidewalk, to touring and recording all without management. Ultimately, it's enabled him to lay the necessary groundwork to establish himself independently. Even though now he's on Interscope, Kennedy says it means he currently has lots of freedom. It's fitting that his name in Celtic means "free man" — He doesn't take one moment of singing his own material for granted.
"Everyone knows every song and that's really, really priceless to me. But I've worked hard to make it that way,"
he says. Singing about real-life experiences has become an essential part of the DNA of each song, magnetizing him to his fans. His single "Lost" is an emotive slow burner of a track about the people we lean on when times are tough. It opens with piano, his voice deep and gravelly, hovering as it builds. The track begins masquerading as a downcast ballad, then the smattering beats kick in, accompanied by a smooth layer of harmonies. It clings to its acoustic origins while finding room to breathe in the production. It's this diaristic musicality steeped in introspection that resonates with Kennedy's audiences.
"My favourite thing is when people say I'm unique," he says. "A lot of people say what's different from my stuff to others is when we play live, people really show up and pay attention. So many artists have one breakout hit and they ride that wave for so long."
Not naming names, he recalls a show he attended where the crowd only cared about the hit and most people departed after it was played. "That terrifies me," he says. His main fear is he'll have one song grow so popular it eclipses the rest. But he feels by building up a fanbase over time, his tracks are loved equally.
"We exist in an industry now where streams are so important, and social media and all these numbers, and not everybody can just pack a room with people who just want to hear you sing your songs," he says.
To see it all finally paying off energizes him and he's itching to see how things will blossom further. He was named NPR Slingshot's Best New Artist in 2018. He's been chosen as "One to Watch" for this year by MTV UK. And he was a finalist for BBC Music's Sound of 2019 list, which has found superstars in past winners including Sam Smith and Ellie Goulding. All those accolades and a sold-out tour on the horizon could be nerve-wracking. Yet, instead of feeling pressured to succeed, he's fully embraced the honours.
"If I have a really good year it's a lovely thing to be acknowledged and it's a nice sense of validation," he says. "[I'm] continuing on the same path regardless so it's just a bonus."
While pressure may not originate as a result of his newfound recognition, it often transpires from within Kennedy himself. "I can't lie, there's a part of me that wants to be the best at what I do," he says. He is his own harshest critic and worst judge, striving for honesty through his art. "I put a lot of pressure on myself lyrically especially, and for a long time I think it hindered me in a way, to overthink things, and I didn't have free-flowing thought at all. You know that sort of 'flow state' you can enter where things seem sort of easy and everything that comes out is something you're proud of? I left that area for a little bit."
When he feels stalled, reading is one thing that helps to reignite his creativity. He also feeds himself inspiration by going to museums or the movies when he has a day off, to keep his brain active. "If you're at the stage I was at even a year ago, and you're completely closed off and precious about everything and aggressive with your art, you probably won't get anywhere," he says.
"I probably show less and less people my music now. I'm probably more closed off than ever with my songs," he explains, stating he doesn't want to second guess himself due to people's opinions. The same is true of the buzz surrounding the impending release of his album Without Fear.
"There's been a big buildup, I've kind of postponed it for a long time 'cause I've had a lot going on," he says. "I never wanted to release it into thin air basically, so I've put in the work trying to build a foundation so it can actually do something when it does come out."
He appears to not be worried; the days when he was unsigned and paying out of his own pocket to perform shows in New York and L.A. are long behind him. Though, he wouldn't change anything if he had to do it all over again.
"Generally, I always knew that if I took my time and worked and never stopped, that something would happen," he says.Still, he wouldn't be upset if his breakthrough materialized a little faster. "I cherish the journey. If I could jam 10 years down to 4 that'd be nice. No regrets," he laughs.
Natalie Harmsen
Natalie Harmsen is a journalist who enjoys writing about music, fashion and film. When she isn't chasing a story you can find her consuming copious amounts of coffee.
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Eldred Township is a township in Warren County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 590 at the 2020 census, down from 650 at the 2010 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , all  land.

Natural Features
Eldred Township is located in the southwestern part of Warren County in the Pittsburgh High Plateau.  The township is drained primarily by Caldwell Creek, a tributary to Pine Creek, which is a tributary to Oil Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Allegheny River. Tributaries of Caldwell Creek in Eldred Township include West Branch Caldwell Creek and its tributaries, Three Bridges Run and Middle Branch.  Dunderdale Creek joins Caldwell Creek upstream of West Branch Caldwell Creek.  The very northeastern part of the townships is drained by Gar Run, a tributary of Brokenstraw Creek and the southeast by George Run of Tidioute Creek.  Pine Creek, Oil Creek tributary, drains a small portion of the southeast section.  The lowest elevation in Eldred Township is  where West Branch Caldwell Creek flows south out of the township.  The highest elevation is  on a high point at the northeastern part of the township about 1 mile east-northeast of Sanford, Pennsylvania.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 709 people, 261 households, and 198 families residing in the township. The population density was 19.6 people per square mile (7.6/km2). There were 502 housing units at an average density of 13.9/sq mi (5.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.17% White, 0.85% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.42% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.42% of the population.

There were 261 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the township the population was spread out, with 28.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.5 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $36,364. Males had a median income of $29,226 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $13,132. About 6.5% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

References

Townships in Warren County, Pennsylvania
Townships in Pennsylvania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Ex-MDOC head Chris Epps charged with burglary
Former Mississippi Department of Corrections Commissioner Chris Epps has been arrested by the Flowood Police Department.
Ex-MDOC head Chris Epps charged with burglary Former Mississippi Department of Corrections Commissioner Chris Epps has been arrested by the Flowood Police Department. Check out this story on clarionledger.com: http://on.thec-l.com/2eRTJpl
Jimmie E. Gates, The Clarion-Ledger Published 3:38 p.m. CT Nov. 1, 2016 | Updated 8:54 p.m. CT Nov. 1, 2016
Epps(Photo: Flowood Police Dept.)
Flowood police confirmed Epps' arrest for allegedly removing light fixtures from his old home that was forfeited to the government as part of his guilty plea to bribery charges.
Epps is accused of running one of the largest and longest criminal conspiracies in state government history, taking at least $1.4 million in bribes and kickbacks over eight years to steer more than $800 million worth of state prison contracts.
Police Chief Richie McCluskey said Epps, 55, is now charged with burglary of an uninhabited dwelling.
"Mr. Epps was arrested at his current residence, also located within Flowood, and without incident where the property was recovered by detectives that will be returned to the United States government," McCluskey said.
McCluskey said If convicted of the burglary charge, Epps faces a maximum 25 years in prison. That would be longer than the maximum 23 years Epps faces in the federal bribery case.
Epps' attorney, John Colette, said Tuesday afternoon he didn't have many details about the arrest but was on his way to the police department.
It's unclear at this time whether Epps' arrest will impact him being out on a $25,000 unsecured bond in the federal case.
On Monday, U.S. District Judge Henry Wingate reset Epps' sentencing date for May 24-25. Wingate set the sentencing Monday after a status conference last week.
Epps was indicted in November 2014 on 49 federal charges including bribery, money laundering, conspiracy and tax evasion. In February 2015, he pleaded guilty to a bribery count and a tax count. His attorney has said federal prosecutors have recommended a lenient sentence in exchange for his cooperation.
As part of his plea agreement to accepting bribes and filing a false income tax return, Chris Epps agreed to forfeit approximately $1 million in investment and bank accounts, his Flowood home, a condo on the Mississippi Gulf Coast and two Mercedes-Benz vehicles. He also agreed never to seek public office or be employed in any public-sector job. The agreement calls for Catherlean Epps to keep $200,000 from the investment account.
Contact Jimmie E. Gates at 601-961-7212 or jgates@jackson.gannett.com. Follow @jgatesnews on Twitter.
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All surgeries at Waters Green are located on the second floor and there are three lifts available. There are also toilet facilities with a wide-access door available for patients in wheelchairs. There is a multi-storey car park attached to the centre with 134 parking spaces available for patients – 10 of which are marked for disabled patients.