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OpenEdition Books > Presses universitaires de Rennes > Histoire > Les indépendances en Afrique > Recollections from the times of I...
Enjeux et usages des commémorations nationales au Cameroun : de la ...
Entre mémoires et imaginaires : les représentations des indépendanc...
Les indépendances en Afrique
Jean-Luc Martineau
Didier Nativel
Troisième partie. La fabrique des mémoires : les ambiguïtés de la fête dès 1958-1960
Recollections from the times of Independence. Talks with elderly people in western Ivory Coast
Kathrin Heitz
Texte Bibliographie Notes Auteur
1On Friday, 5th August 1960, Abidjan Matin, the national daily in Côte d'Ivoire, published the programme of the independence celebration for the coming Sunday on its first page. The flamboyant festivities in Abidjan were going to last for two days. It started on Saturday, 6th August at 3 p.m. with political and religious ceremonies that prepared the ground for Félix Houphouët-Boigny's declaration of Côte d'Ivoire's independence at the National Assembly in the first minutes of the 7th August 1960. The official ceremony continued at 8.45 a.m. the next morning with the processions, receptions and folkloristic performances and ended with fireworks at 11 p.m.
1 By History with a capital "H" I mean so-called great events of (political) history: war and peace, (...)
2 At Côte d'Ivoire's 50th anniversary celebration, the Historian-President Laurent Gbagbo (2000-2010 (...)
2The History leading to this moment is well documented1. Côte d'Ivoire's historiography of independence is intimately linked with the name Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Morgenthau, 1964; Yacono, 1994; Weiskel, 1988; Chafer, 2002)2. The son of a Baoulé canton chief, he was trained as a physician in Dakar, the capital of the Afrique-Occidentale française (AOF), and later worked as a planter. He became politically active as the founder of the Syndicat agricole africain (SAA), who advocated equal rights with European planters. The settlers had historically enjoyed the undue advantage of drawing on manpower recruited through forced labour to work on their plantations as opposed to local entrepreneurial planters like Houphouët-Boigny. As deputy of Côte d'Ivoire, Houphouët-Boigny committed himself to the abolishment of forced labour in French territories, resulting in the so-called Houphouët-Boigny law, passed in 1946 (Chafer, 2002: 55), which laid the foundation for his political career and popularity. After the break of the RDA (Rassemblement Démocratique Africain) with the Communist party in 1951, he campaigned for sustaining an amicable relationship with France. In 1960, he became Côte d'Ivoire's first president and eventually died in office in 1993 (Weiskel, 1988: 350). The first period of his presidency went down in history as the "Ivoirian miracle", due to the prosperous economy and political stability. Although the country slipped into a violent crisis after his death, it remains a taboo to this date to blame Houphouët-Boigny's rule for the country's downfall even in opposition circles (McGovern, 2011: 154).
3 I will describe the background of my interviewees further down. For a discussion of the political (...)
4 The author is conducting her PhD in Man about the re-configurations of trust, security and social (...)
3The political events shaping Côte d'Ivoire's History of independence are situated in a national or international arena. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that most research on the era of independence is conducted at the national level, in capital cities. This article, however, strives to look beyond the national arena and accordingly locates its inquiry in a mid-sized city, a regional capital in western Côte d'Ivoire. Sometimes the interior is called "hinterland", a term which reflects the view from a power centre to its margins. Comparatively, we know only little about these areas and their residents, other than perhaps the local elites. One of the reasons is the lack of written records left by actors and social groups in these spaces. Hence, a further preoccupation of this paper is to give voice to a group of people underrepresented in written sources and historical research3. One possibility of retrieving information was to speak to people who had lived in the interior at the time (Armitage and Mercier, 2009: xi-xii). Due to previous field research done in Man, a regional capital in western Côte d'Ivoire, I chose to interview elderly people there about their recollections and work with the oral testimonies4.
5 Different researchers give different meanings and interpretations every time the document is used.
4The decision to concentrate on memories, however, had further implications concerning the scope of my enquiry. Unlike written records, data obtained from memory narratives is tied to specificities and characteristics that influence the content of the information received. The data from oral history interviews differs considerably in many respects from a written document that is stored in a box in an archive (Jureit, 1999: 10): if stored correctly, the content does not change5. Memories, however, are modified and adjusted to the present self whenever they are remembered (Welzer, 2003: 187 in Heitz and Schüep, 2011: 13). With regards to the question of what "really happened" (empirical events) and how events are remembered, literature on oral history and memory studies usually distinguishes between three theoretical positions (Heitz and Schüep, 2011: 42-45): The realists aim at bringing up the (empirical) past; constructivists believe that the retrieving of the (empirical) past is unachievable and conceive of memory narratives as situational constructions; last but not least, there is a middle position that presumes social reality to be constituted by different perspectives with overlapping intersections – irrefutable facts and subjective experiences (Rosenthal, 1988: 10). This article orients itself on the latter position. For on the one hand, the interviews revealed particular, subjective details about past times, and on the other hand there were issues that turned up again and again, revealing certain patterns that allow teasing out a shared past.
5This paper will first introduce the local historical context and present the corpus of the study's interviews. In the main part, the findings are presented and discussed along three axes: colonialism and forced labour, the merging of dates in recollections, and finally, the question of caesura and continuity.
The study and its context
6 One of the neighbourhoods in Man still carries the name sofa in Dioulabougou today (Touré, 2009).
7 Interview Touré, 2009.
8 To my present knowledge, spelling varies between "Gbeypleu", "Gbêpleu" and "Gbépleu". I follow Ree (...)
9 Talk with Chef de terre Gbêpleu, 2009.
6In order to contextualize the oral testimonies and situate the interviewees in their time, I have assembled some information about the region of Man, in western Côte d'Ivoire. The town's beginnings are usually traced back to the colonial conquest by the French and to the capture of Samory Touré in Guélémou/Géoulé in the North of Man in 1898 (Person, 1976: 148-151). Some of his mounted warriors, the sofas6, settled in this area of farmers7, close to the Dan villages, Gbêpleu8 and Gbapleu (Reed, 2003: 36). According to the elders in Gbêpleu, the ancient village is located in the nearby sacred forest and the arriving colonialists asked them to leave their residence on the mountain and to settle at its foot9. Gbêpleu and Gbapleu are neighbourhoods of Man today. Most of my interlocutors grew up in small villages surrounding Man or moved to Man long ago. The population in this region has been trading with the drier North for centuries (with kola nuts, for example). French settlers, and particularly immigrants from the Sahel region, started growing coffee and cocoa as cash crops; this led to a new dynamic and the creation of a small town (Dan, 2005).
10 The first post-conflict elections were held in November 2010.
7Until the 1920s, Ivory Coast was considered to be among France's least advanced or developed colonies, a fact often forgotten due to the economic miracle in the 1960s/70s. By 1924, Man had a village school and a dispensaire, which was the rule in all western parts of Côte d'Ivoire (Kipré, 1992: 305). In the 1950s Man had become the administrative centre of the colonial administration for the entire region. Due to the absence of administrative centres in rural areas, many elderly people were unable to tell me their exact date of birth. By 1960, the town's population had almost risen to 50,000 people (Bonnal, 1986: 24); the literacy rate was below 20% (Kipré, 1992: 334). This also explains why most of my interviewees are illiterate. Schooling was offered at the time by the White Fathers who founded the Paroisse Saint Michel, which celebrated its 25th year of existence in 1960. Today Man is the district capital of the région Les Dix-Huit Montagnes with about 150,000 inhabitants and suffers from the consequences of a relatively short war followed by almost a decade of rebel governance10.
The corpus
8I started the small study during my stay in Côte d'Ivoire to attend the cinquantenaire on August 7th, 2010. Before and after the Jubilee celebrations, I collected eight oral testimonies (for details see list at the end). Without my presence, five elderly men were interviewed in French and recorded by my assistant, Richard Gonty Dan, in June 2011. To raise the number of testimonies from women, I interviewed and recorded two more women in June 2011. They were translated from Dan (Yacouba) into French by Money Leontine Tia. Three more talks had to be translated from Dan into French and vice-versa by family members and my research assistant. There is no extra term in Dan for independence and they use the French independence to refer to the event. Some meaning is always lost in translations. An interview situation was new to most of them and to ease rapport, most interviews were conducted with people that I already knew from my previous field trips, other interviewees were parents and grand-parents of friends, research assistants and informants. For contextual embedding, I will also draw on three talks I had recorded during my earlier visits in 2008/09. All talks took place in the elderly people's homes.
11 Several experts on memory recommend not revealing the actual subject of study to the interviewee, (...)
9Some elder people interviewed at the time of the Jubilee were merely asked about what they remembered about independence, whereas with others, I fixed an appointment and asked them about their childhood, the 1960s and the present. These interviews were recorded and transcribed. In order to learn more about the emic perspective of what is subjectively of relevance to people, I intended and tried to avoid the term independence when asking for an interview, as Rosenthal suggests (Rosenthal, 1988: 10). However, there were two constraints for such an approach: first, from an ethical point of view of how to conduct field work in anthropology, this approach slightly contradicts the request to inform interviewees of what we do and in what kind of project we involve our interlocutors11. The second difficulty was that most elderly people had grown up in an oral culture in which it is/was alien to relate one's life in a chronological, linear manner. Hence, they asked me to pose more concrete questions.
12 Most of them did some farming at one point in their life.
13 First settler family and owner of the land.
10Some of them were followers of local religions, Christians or Muslims; most happened to be Dan-speakers, others Manding and one Wê. The men's occupations are diverse: farmers12, regraters, traders, two teachers (one of them a civil servant, fonctionnaire, one private, catholic), two clerks (fonctionnaires). All the women did domestic work, as well as either farming or petty trade; one of them was a dressmaker. Two were widows of a veteran and still had access to the pension. Some of the interlocutors also had particular social functions in their respective communities: either village or neighbourhood chief or chef de terre13 in their respective localities.
11Half of my interviewees were illiterate and all four women I interviewed were illiterate and didn't speak French. This is not surprising considering there were hardly any schools at the time and that boys were sent to school more often than girls. Dan Soumahoro, who later became a teacher himself, recalls the day he was told to go to school:
14 Interview, Soumahoro, 2010.
«J'étais recruté quand j'étais au quartier à la poursuite des bestiaux de ma grandmaman et on m'a interpellé pour me dire: "Eh, petit viens!" Je suis arrivé. "D'où viens-tu? Montre-nous ta maison." J'ai conduit ces deux monsieurs à la maison et ils se sont adressés à les [sic] parents pour dire: "Celui-là sera élève l'année prochaine; donc en telle date en novembre tu viens à l'école"14.»
15 Shifting cultivation is an agricultural practice that involves moving the cultivated area regularl (...)
16 Explained by translator Tia, in Tassy, 2011.
12Most of my interlocutors were aged between 63 and their mid-80s. Their exact date of birth often remained unclear, as mentioned above. Many said that the date indicated on their papers made them younger; the written date of birth seemed to be an estimation made at the receipt of their first papers. Those who worked on the fields remembered the time and years by the shifting cultivation cycles15. For example: They remembered which field they cultivated in the year a child was born. As they shifted to another plot every consecutive year, they counted the plots used since the child was born16. If they counted three fallow fields, the child was in his fourth year of life or three years old, as we would commonly say.
17 Interview, Seu, 2011.
13When my interviewees talked about later times in their lifecycle, they used different ways of measuring time. For example, one man said that when independence came, he was like those boys that he called "young children" today, but that at that time he "hadn't known what one calls a woman", meaning it was before he had had sex with a woman for the first time in his life17. Women, on the other hand, remembered that at the time of independence, they had already carried their first child on their back. These very personal bodily memories related to life-stages were used by my interlocutors to locate the events of big History, as for instance, independence.
19 Interviews, Chérif, 2010; Soumahoro, 2010; Tassy, 2011.
14The interlocutors had different ways of responding to my request to tell me about the time of independence. One man, a former teacher, thought I was interested in received wisdom. He recollected the History of the time, as well as he could18. When asked to remember former times, several interviewees also began comparing former times with today. They came up with cultural practices they felt had changed drastically since their childhood years: relationships between parents and children, marriage practices etc.19.
20 Field note records.
21 We have suffered a lot!
22 He uses this word to refer to young people including teenagers and young adults. His strategy is t (...)
23 Interview, Chérif, 2010.
15When I informed my host, Bakari Chérif, about my intention to learn more about the earlier times, before independence, he responded that all changes were painful and shook his head with a smile20. He said that there is a huge difference between "you" and "us". They had lived in miserable conditions, he said. He remembered that his parents shared one cloth. There was one piece of good clothing in the compound which was good enough to be seen with in public, beyond the village and in more formal situations. The mother wore it on market days to go to the regional market in Man and her husband stayed in the village that day. For formal assemblies, his father wore the same piece of cloth. He continued to tell me that one day his older brother said to his father that the whites will leave and the father slapped his son for being so stupid. In order to avoid recruitment for forced labour, his father sent him away with a marabout. On foot, he walked with the marabout to Monrovia (Liberia) and later to Bamako (Mali). By the time he got his first pair of sandals, he said he was 37. «On a trop souffert21!», he exclaimed. "Today, 'children22'cannot even walk to Libreville, a neighbourhood of Man; they ask you for transport money to take a taxi! This surprises us23!" In contrast to this childhood, present times seemed affluent, even after the political conflict in Côte d'Ivoire that had burdened the country. He ended his spontaneous response by saying that there were rivalries among them as to how radical the break with France had to be. As a long-time supporter of the opposition against Houphouët-Boigny, the first president, he was one of the few who remembered, and more importantly, mentioned the conflicts at the time between the different political parties (Morgenthau, 1964: 166-218).
16This brief account demonstrates how people in Man conceived my question. Chérif's response is an example which supports the thesis that how times are remembered is shaped by the speech situation, including the language of the interview. The reiterative process of memorization is a situational and performative process – performative in the sense that the moment we testify, we create a meaningful narrative of ourselves in a specific social setting (Jureit, 1997: 99, Assmann, 2001: 107). By saying "you" (the whites) and "us", we see that his recollection was stimulated by my presence. Therefore, even if we draw on the past, memories are always constructions of the present.
Subjective memories: Independence and the end of forced labour
17A dozen witnesses to 1960 do not allow for broad generalizations. Nevertheless, my objective here is to present and discuss what contemporary witnesses remembered today about the times of independence. The discussion is organised along the following three reoccurring issues: colonialism and forced labour, the merging of dates (1946 and 1960, as well as 1960 and 1969) and the question whether 1960 is experienced as caesura or continuity.
Colonialism and forced labour: equated in memories
18The following conversation was translated by my research assistant Richard Gonty Dan. As we had done during previous field trips, we passed at Saty Sably's house to greet her and to exchange small gifts in August 2010. Saty Sably is the youngest wife of the founder of the village Grand Gbapleu and one of her sons is the acting village chief today. When my research assistant asked her age, she produced a birth certificate from a chest in her room in the compound. It said 1930 on it, but she remembered that she had had her first child when the paper was issued, she said she was older than that.
24 Game known as "mât de cocagne", introduced by the French for festivities e.g. for the 14th of July
19Concerning independence, my assistant translated from Dan that her husband was a chef de groupe or chef de canton in charge of the forced labourers and served as an intermediary between the local population and the colonial authorities as well as the later national state administration. She said that she had to collect rice and prepare it for those who were doing forced labour. As the youngest wife, she used to accompany her husband during his official trips together with Houphouët-Boigny. She had to prepare food for him and to care for his well-being. Her husband was part of the entourage of the first President during official visits and ceremonies, the independence celebrations included. What she recalled from the independence ceremony was a slippery wooden post on whose head a small pot was fixed24. Young men – my research assistant used the word "warriors" – had to climb up the post in a competition, in order to grab the gift hidden in the pot. Another scene she remembered was that there was a "throne" or podium on which speakers who held speeches sat and that each of the chiefs had to contribute something for the dance groups' compensation. She also mentioned the presence of Modibo Keïta, the first president of Mali, who had come to Man. When asked about the importance of independence, she said that independence meant the end of forced labour and that everybody came home.
25 Interview, Dohi, 2010.
20When listening to her account and how she linked episodes so as the end of forced labour coincided with independence in her mind, I wondered whether others shared this idea. A good friend's grandmother, Dohi Fatouma, was about 16 when the independence celebrations took place. Although she cannot remember many details, as she said, she nevertheless attributes great importance to the event. She emphasised that with independence, forced labour ended and everybody came home! She also remembered the procession of the social or professional groups in Man, during which each professional group carried its symbol on their head: the farmers had a basket with rice or cassava, the chicken farmers a chicken etc. She was a dressmaker at the time and she carried her sewing machine on her head to show that she had a profession now and was independent, as she explained25.
21Again, the interpretive pattern of the end of colonialism was linked to the end of forced labour and hence was remembered as a major event that was celebrated. It is also noteworthy how both women described the end of forced labour as the moment when "everybody came home". Having suffered forced separations, families were relieved to be together again.
26 Interview, Diomandé, 2011.
27 Interview, Tassy, 2011.
22Since forced labour appeared to be an issue for my interlocutors, I asked further elderly people about their experience of forced labour. One of the informants said he was too young to have conducted forced labour himself and remembered that in 1946, Houphouët-Boigny came to abolish it26. To describe the hardship of forced labour, he said that people had to dig the roads with their bare hands. He also remembered accompanying his mother to Man, where she had to deliver rice and straw. Another interviewee, too, mentioned that she was forced to work when she had to carry food far to the Mont Tonkpi, where the men of the family had to quarry27.
29 Interview, Tia, 2011.
23Tassy remembers that in the times of forced labour, "when the whites came, the women hid and the boys hid". During the night, according to Seu Anatole, people stayed in the seasonal dwellings on the fields or hid away in the bush to avoid recruitment. "They put ropes around people's necks as if they were sheep! I have seen that myself; I didn't say they did it with me", Seu emphasised. His father did not have to do forced labour, but his father's three younger brothers were recruited. They left. Then they came back to rest and the next was sent to do forced labour28. Tia Paul remembers that men sent the children of their least favourite wife with the whites: they kept two of their sons with them in the village, gave one to the whites for forced labour and sent one to school29.
30 "When they left, you return to your husband. People took women by force to give them. Whether, one (...)
31 "There is no way saying I am pregnant, I can't go."
32 Interview, Ouohilou, 2011.
24Tassy's co-wife, Ouohilou, grew up along the main road leading to the North of Man. During forced labour she said that doctors (term often used for whites in general) came to "look at people". They chose the most beautiful women; they took them and gave them to the doctors (whites) for the time these men stayed there. «Quand ils s'en vont, c'est là, tu te retournes chez ton mari. Les gens prennent les femmes par la force, par force pour les donner. Si c'est un mois, deux mois, [elles] vont faire femme des gens [sic]30.» Something else this informant associated with this period was that they were forced to paint their houses white with kaolin and use red stone for decoration. To receive the stone, people were recruited to dig for kaolin "with their bare hands", as is emphasised again, a phrase that interviewees used repeatedly to describe forced labour. Everything was done by force, she remembers: «Il y a pas affaire, je suis enceinte, je [ne] peux pas aller [sic]31.» Once, the quarry caved in. One of the women was buried there, no one came to her rescue or recovered her body later32.
33 The Dan are a segmentary society, meaning they do not have an institutionalised, hierarchical chie (...)
34 "Know paper", meaning they know how to read and write.
25When the village failed to arrange their houses in the way the whites wanted, the "village head33" was attached to a tree and beaten. Often those who were severe were not even Europeans, but Africans who had gone to school, who "connaissent papier34 " as the local expression goes and who worked for the whites. The Dan use the same word for the whites and for educated Africans alike "kwi" (Vydrine and Kességbeu, 2008).
35 Conclusion by translator Tia in interviews, Tassy, 2011; Ouohilou, 2011.
26The translator finished this sequence by saying that «Avant l'indépendance, quand on a fait indépendance, elle avait déjà son premier enfant sur son dos. Donc elle-même, elle a vu. Houphouët il est venu enlever travail forcé sur les gens35».
36 Interviews, Seu 2011; Tassy, 2011.
37 Trade with surplus, crafts and schooling can be seen as additional ways of generating income.
27The testimonies just presented seem to suggest that colonialism is to a certain extent equated with and exemplified by forced labour in the experience of this generation, particularly for peasants with no or little schooling. Forced labour was arguably one of the most concrete forms of colonial domination in people's experience and it affected ordinary families directly36. The absence of manpower had a decisive impact on the daily life of subsistence farmers, which was what most families lived on in the first place37. It would also be interesting to learn more about the implementation process of the Houphouët-Boigny law, particularly in remote areas. Is it possible that forced labour continued to be practised after 1946, but in another guise? This question certainly requires more research.
28Another distinctive feature linked to the equation of colonialism and forced labour is that some elderly people mention the end of forced labour in the same breath as independence. Both events are linked to the person of Houphouët-Boigny, but this phenomenon is not unique to Côte d'Ivoire. Historical research in Madagascar, too, has come to the same conclusion, namely that the end of colonialism is linked in people's memories to the end of forced labour (Cole, 2001: 165). Both political events, in 1946 and 1960 respectively, signal important political changes and are symbolically laden with "liberation", which might provide us with some explanation as to the merging of memories. In the next section, I will continue the analysis with the merging of dates, in particular for the ceremonies of independence.
Independence celebration in Man: the merging of dates
29Independence, the abolishment of colonialism as a legal form of domination, constituted first and foremost a decisive political change at the national and international level (Cooper, 1999: 582). Consequently, it was celebrated in the capital city above all, the assigned apex of national power: «c'est tout naturellement dans les capitales que se déroulèrent les plus importantes manifestations marquant cet événement [l'indépendance]…» (d'Almeida-Topor, 1999: 255). This statement reminds us that the major locus of the 1960s independence ceremonies was the capital city. This does not exclude the possibility of public celebrations at the regional level. In her account, for instance, Saty Sably mentioned wooden posts, a throne for speakers and Modibo Keïta, an important visitor and personality. Dohi Fatoumata remembered the procession of professional groups sporting a representation of their trade on their head – a sewing machine in her case. What do other elderly remember about the independence celebration in Man?
38 Interview, Bleu, 2010.
39 Interview, Lai, 2010.
30Vincent Bleu, born in 1949, was still a boy at the time of independence and was very willing to help me, but admitted to memory shortcomings. When prompted to recall the festivities, he described a sequence of events constitutive of any official ceremony in Côte d'Ivoire – except the many French soldiers he mentioned participating38. Lai Blaise, the chef de terre of Podiagouiné (about 60 km from Man), also remembered that they were all called to join the celebration in Man in great numbers39.
40 Konstanze N'Guessan confirms this. She is writing her dissertation on the Jubilee in Côte d'Ivoire (...)
31Another witness, Dan Gouiné André, who had taught at the catholic school for 32 years, asserted with conviction that he was unable to remember a ceremony in Man; it had taken place in Abidjan, he said. Dan Soumahoro, another retired teacher, also placed the first independence celebrations in Abidjan with further celebrations rotating throughout the country in the 1960s40. In fact it was 1969 before it became Man's turn to host the official national celebration41, an event documented by Fraternité Matin, the Ivorian daily (Fraternité Matin, 7th August 1969, p. 1-2; Fraternité Matin, 8th August 1969, p. 5).
42 «Le grand événement qui a marqué Man.»
32When I asked whether there was a celebration in Man, Dan Soumahoro first explained that there have been many celebrations in Man. When I insisted on the year 1960, he said the one he remembered in 1960, right after independence, was a visit from Modibo Keita, from Mali, whom Saty Sably had also recalled. He emphasized that this was "the big event that marked Man42". People gathered from the entire region and there was food for everybody. The visitor from Mali was showered with gifts such as palm oil and cloth and entertained with dance and music by different cultural groups of the region.
43 Most explicitly in interviews with Fofana, 2011; Tia, 2011; Sati, 2010; Seu, 2011; Diomandé, 2011, (...)
33Further details only Dan Soumahoro remembered and other witnesses did not mention were that Houphouët-Boigny asked the population to change all thatched roofs to corrugated iron, so that when he passed over them by helicopter the roofs would shine back. Another detail recalled was a football match which took place between two major football clubs; at the time of the nation's independence the country was divided into followers and opponents of the respective clubs. Subjectively, this made a major impression on this witness, even if marginal in the History of independence. There is, nevertheless, common ground found by all witnesses: the times under Houphouët-Boigny at independence seemed abundant in comparison to present times in their life narratives43.
34The details surrounding independence celebrations that witnesses remember are from ceremonies that took place after 1960. Some elderly people remember independence in 1960 as the celebration that took place in Man in 1969. Others confuse it with the visit of Modibo Keita, President of Mali, right after the country gained independence. These two events were large celebrations with region-wide mobilisation. How do we explain these intermingled memories?
35To fully understand the nature of remembered information in oral narratives, we must return to the moment in which a person witnessed something. The way in which human beings experience an event is already highly subjective. Furthermore, aspects of an event that have a strong emotional impact on the person will be perceived and stored, whereas other aspects – less impressive to the person – pass unnoticed and do not proceed to leave a mark in their mind (Jureit, 1999: 44). In the course of communicating our experiences and thinking about them, we memorize events. Whenever we remember, memories are retrieved and simultaneously restored in an updated version. As all celebrations seem to follow a similar protocol with the participation of the same social groups (Fauré, 1978), experiences of different celebrations merge. Older memories are overwritten with experiences of more recent ceremonies and the originally distinctly separate events are difficult to keep apart nearly fifty years later.
1960 – Caesura or continuity?
44 Interviews, Zogbe, 2008, Lai, 2009; chef du quartier Gbêpleu, 2009.
36In my interviews about past times conducted in 2008 and 2009, independence never came up spontaneously44. For instance, when the chef de terre of Podiagouiné asked me to come and record the history of the village, his major focus was the conflicts between different families in pre-colonial and post-colonial times45. He also had much to say about the first contact with and the arrival of the whites, but much less about the end of their rule.
37These musings beg the question: Was the independence of 1960, in the collective experience of many Ivoirians, more of a continuity rather than a fierce new break? The thesis that independence might not be judged as a caesura in the long term is not new after all (e. g. Crowder, 1987: 11). It is well-known that Houphouët-Boigny employed French personnel for the development of the new nation and that he only gradually moved to the so-called "Africanisation" of the cadres (e. g.: Person, 1981: 49; Weiskel 1988: 378).
48 Interview, Yaya, 2010.
49 Interviews, Bamba, 2011; Tassy, 2011.
38Taking this into consideration, it has been argued that the more profound turning point of Côte d'Ivoire's history of independence was Houphouët-Boigny's break with the Communist party in 1951 (Weiskel, 1988: 372-378): "The declaration of 'independence' as such on 7 August 1960 was not a very meaningful event in this continuum, for the significant choices had already been made" (Weiskel, 1988: 378). To set the turning point of the Ivoirian history of decolonisation in 1951 is certainly reasonable from an analytical point of view. However, in the longer life narratives of elderly people who did not work in the administration – of which I was only able to present some glimpses here – 1951 does not figure as caesura either. Instead, decisions by parents46, a promotion47, health issues48 or marriage49 shaped people's life sketches and are accordingly reflected in the talks as turning points. Hence, from the perspective of individual life trajectories of elderly people in the hinterland and at the grassroots, independence was more a continuity than a rupture. At another level of consciousness, however, independence figured as an important event and is remembered as a caesura, namely, if asked explicitly. This is popular knowledge, after all.
39Initially, the research interest of this study was how independence was celebrated in a regional centre like Man. In a realist fashion (Armitage and Mercier, 2009: 3), I expected to ascertain something about the ceremony itself and the spirit of the time. But the first testimonies I collected were rather short, often fragmentary and partially contradicted each other. Recollections regarding forced labour seemed more vivid than those concerning independence. In some accounts, independence (1960) coincided with the end of forced labour (1946) and independence ceremonies seemed intermingled with other ceremonies that took place at the time of independence and later ones.
50 My translation.
40There are several ways to interpret and deal with these inconsistencies of time and events. It could be argued that some of the elderly did not remember what had happened correctly, whereas others did. Such reasoning would consider some memories wrong and exclude them from the body of data as faulty information. But this particular approach seems to miss the point of what recollections are able to tell us, after all. Obviously, I am not the first to face this problem of "accuracy". It has been argued that recollections might depart from the "facts", but remain valuable in the personal and collective memory (Assmann, 2001: 115). To dismiss memories as fictions would be wrong; they are better conceived as "personally authentic meaning constructions50" (Jureit, 1997: 99 in Heitz and Schüep, 2011: 18). Applying these theoretical insights into oral history and memory studies, one might postulate that what "actually happened" (empirical events) and what "happened" in people's recollections should not be seen as forming a dichotomy. To some extent, what people recall as having happened, sometimes with the aid of local educational systems – schools and radio – or of national mythology, assumes the importance of what may be empirically demonstrable.
41As I have argued above, the rupture elderly people remember is the end of forced labour, when "everybody came home", as they repeatedly put it. This historical moment which has not been marked by a celebration in Man, merged in the memories of elderly people to coincide with the public commemoration of independence. This is how at a symbolic level, this generation brought a subjectively critical moment in the lives of their families (the end of forced labour) together with a public important celebration – the national day – that is reiterated yearly on August 7th. In the collective memory of this generation (in the hinterland and at the grassroots), independence is reduced to a symbolic core of a sense of liberation, which is a) coherent with their personal memories and b) also corresponds to the accepted social discourse (importance of national independence and birth of the nation). Whether the images of a grand ceremony are nourished from a celebration that took place nine years later than 1960 is irrelevant in this light, for there is agreement after all: Independence is perceived as a very significant event.
Bamba Auguste, b. 1929, planter, Man, June 2011.
Bleu Vincent, b. 1940s, civil servant, Man, 2nd August 2010.
Chef de terre et chef de quartier de Gbêpleu, Man, March 2009.
Chérif Bakari, b. 1930, regrater, Man, 2nd August 2010.
Chérif Yaya, b. 1942/43, Man, 5th August 2010.
Dan Kouiné André, teacher, Man, 26th February 2009, 8th August 2010.
Diomandé Yorogo Jean, b. 1941, civil servant, Man, June 2011.
Dohi Fatouma, b. 1940s, dressmaker, Man, 2. Aug. 2010.
Fofana Mamadou, b. 1935, civil servant, school service, Man, June 2011.
Lai Blaise, Chef de terre, farmer, Podiagouiné, January 2009, 7th August 2010.
Ouohilou Mawa, b. 1946, (Tassie's co-wife), Man, June 2011.
Sably Loan Saty, farmer, wife of village founder, Man, 4th August 2010.
Seu Anatole, b. 1937, warden/caretaker at a school, Man, June 2011.
Soumahoro Dan, b. 1937, civil servant, Kandopleu, 3rd August 2010.
Tassie Kony, b. 1934, Man, June 2011.
Tia Paul, b. 1928, farmer, Man, June 2011.
Touré Fereboué, b. 1930s, merchant family, Man, March 2009.
Zogbe Martin, b. 1930s, carpenter, Man, November 2008.
Abidjan Matin
«Dimanche à 0 h le Chef de l'État proclamera l'indépendance», 5th August 1960.
«Indépendance Man 1969. La fête à la montagne», 7th August 1969.
Fraternité Matin
«La fête à la montagne», 8th August 1969.
Almeida-Topor (d') Hélène, «La ville magnifiée. Les fêtes de l'indépendance dans les capitales ouest-africaines francophones», in Odile Goerg (éd.), Fêtes urbaines en Afrique. Espaces, identités et pouvoirs, Paris, Karthala, 1999, p. 255–262.
Armitage Susan H.; Mercier Laurie, Speaking history. Oral histories of the American past, 1865-present, Houndmills, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Assmann Aleida, "Wie wahr sind Erinnerungen?", in Das soziale Gedächtnis. Erinnerung und Tradierung, Harald Welzer (éd.), Hamburg, 2001, p. 103-122.
Bonnal Albert, «L'administration et le parti face aux tensions», Politique Africaine n° 24, 3, 1986, p. 20-28.
Chafer Tony, The End of Empire in French West Africa. France's successful decolonization? Oxford, Berg, 2002.
Cole Jennifer, Forget colonialism? Sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001.
Crowder Michael, "Whose dream was it anyway? Twenty-five years of African independence", African Affairs, No. 342, 1987, p. 7-24.
Dan Kounié André, L'Histoire de la famille "DAN" et ses patrimoines fonciers ruraux à Gbata et à Boffesso-Sama, Man, 2005, (unpublished).
Dewalt Kathleen M. and De Walt Billie R., Participant observation. A guide for fieldworkers, Walnut Creek, AltaMira Press, 2002.
Fauré Yves-André, Médard Jean-François (éd.), État et bourgeoisie en Côte d'Ivoire, Paris, Karthala, 1982.
Fauré Yves-André, «Célébrations officielles et pouvoirs africains: symbolique et construction de l'État», Canadian Journal of African Studies 12 (3), 1978, p. 383-404.
Heitz Caroline und Schüep, Eveline, Annäherung an die soziale Wirklichkeit der SS-Ärzte. Sprachanalysen und sozialpsychologische Untersuchungen anhand von Hans Münchs Erinnerungserzählungen, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, 2011.
Jureit Ulrike, "Authentische und konstruierte Erinnerungen – methodische Überlegungen zu biographischen Sinnkonstruktionen", Werkstatt Geschichte, no 18, 1997, p. 91-101.
Jureit Ulrike, Erinnerungsmuster: Zur Methodik lebensgeschichtlicher Interviews mit Überlebenden der Konzentrations-und Vernichtungslager, Hamburg, 1999.
Kipré Pierre et Tirefort Alain, «La Côte d'Ivoire», in Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch (dir.) avec la collab. d'Odile Goerg, L'Afrique occidentale au temps des Français. Colonisateurs et colonisés (c. 1860-1960), Paris, La Découverte, 1992, p. 289-336.
McGovern Mike, Making War in Côte d'Ivoire, London, Hurst, 2011.
Morgenthau Schachter Ruth, "Planters and Politics in the Ivory Coast", in R. Schachter Morgenthau, Political parties in French-speaking West Africa, Oxford studies in African affairs, Oxford, 1964.
N'Guessan Konstanze, "Côte d'Ivoire" in Carola Lentz (éd.), Afrika@50. Vor-Ort-Berichte von den Unabhängigkeitsjubiläen in Kamerun, Madagaskar, DR Kongo, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabun, Mali, Nigeria und Burkina Faso, Working Papers of the Department of Anthropology and African Studies of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, no 126. <URL: http://www.ifeas.unimainz.de/workingpapers/AP126.pdf>, 2011, p. 58-72.
N'Guessan Konstanze, "'Independence is not given, it is taken.'Nationalist History/ies on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Ivorian independence", Nations and Nationalism, 19 (2), 2013.
Person Yves, "Elfenbeinküste. Kolonialisierung und Entkolonialisierung. Radikaler Kapitalismus, schwarze Bourgeoisie", in J.H. Grevemeyer und H. Alavi (éd.), Traditionale Gesellschaften und europäischer Kolonialismus, Frankfurt a. M, Syndikat, 1981, p. 47-65.
Person Yves, Ligier Françoise, Samori. La renaissance de l'empire mandingue, Paris, ABC (Grandes figures africaines), 1976.
Reed Daniel B., Dan Ge Performance. Masks and Music in Contemporary Côte d'Ivoire, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2003.
Rosenthal Gabriele, "Geschichte in der Lebensgeschichte", BIOS, no 2, 1988, p. 3-15.
Vydrine Valentin; Kességbeu Mongnan Alphonse, Dictionnaire Dan – Français (dan de l'Est), St. Pétersbourg, Nestor-Istoria, 2008.
Weiskel Timothy C., "Independence and the longue durée. The Ivory Coast 'Miracle' reconsidered», in Gifford Prosser und Roger Louis William (éd.), Decolonization and African independence: the transfers of power, 1960-1980, New Haven, Clarendon Press, 1988, p. 347-380.
Welzer Harald, "Was ist autobiographische Wahrheit? Anmerkung aus der Sicht der Erinnerungsforschung", in Klaus-Jürgen Bruder (éd.), Die Biographische Wahrheit ist nicht zu haben. Psychoanalyse und Biographieforschung, Klaus-Jürgen Bruder (éd.), Giessen, Psychosozial-Verlag, 2003, p. 185-200.
Yacono Xavier, «Les étapes de la décolonisation française», Paris, PUF, 1994.
1 By History with a capital "H" I mean so-called great events of (political) history: war and peace, change of power etc. (Armitage and Mercier, 2009: 1-5).
2 At Côte d'Ivoire's 50th anniversary celebration, the Historian-President Laurent Gbagbo (2000-2010) promoted the histories of marginalised nationalist movements that advocated a more radical break with France (N'Guessan forthcoming).
3 I will describe the background of my interviewees further down. For a discussion of the political elite or leading class in Côte d'Ivoire see Fauré and Médard 1982.
4 The author is conducting her PhD in Man about the re-configurations of trust, security and social orders in post-conflict western Côte d'Ivoire which is part of a comparative study funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Man was under rebel control at the time of the cinquantenaire.
8 To my present knowledge, spelling varies between "Gbeypleu", "Gbêpleu" and "Gbépleu". I follow Reed 2003 in this article. "Pleu" means village in Dan (Vydrine and Kességbeu, 2008: 361).
11 Several experts on memory recommend not revealing the actual subject of study to the interviewee, in order to achieve a better assessment of the relevance of the topic for the interviewee himself. Rosenthal's point makes sense, but such an attitude is inconsistent with the code for field research of the AAA, in which for ethical reasons anthropologists should always inform their informants on what they research on and what will happen with the information they provide (De Walt and De Walt, 2002).
15 Shifting cultivation is an agricultural practice that involves moving the cultivated area regularly in order to avoid the exhaustion of the soil.
22 He uses this word to refer to young people including teenagers and young adults. His strategy is to display his high status as a respected elderly person. He refers to men in their thirties and forties as «ce sont des jeunes».
24 Game known as "mât de cocagne", introduced by the French for festivities e.g. for the 14th of July.
30 "When they left, you return to your husband. People took women by force to give them. Whether, one month, two months, they will make the woman of people" [sic]. I have tried to stick to the original wording as closely as possible, in the way it was translated to me by Léontine Tia; neither the translator, nor Tassy and her co-wife Ouohilou have gone to school.
33 The Dan are a segmentary society, meaning they do not have an institutionalised, hierarchical chief.
40 Konstanze N'Guessan confirms this. She is writing her dissertation on the Jubilee in Côte d'Ivoire (N'Guessan, 2011).
43 Most explicitly in interviews with Fofana, 2011; Tia, 2011; Sati, 2010; Seu, 2011; Diomandé, 2011, etc.
Doctorante en anthropologie, Institut d'anthropologie sociale, université de Bâle, Suisse
Enjeux et usages des commémorations nationales au Cameroun : de la fête de l'...
Entre mémoires et imaginaires : les représentations des indépendances à Kinsh...
L'évènement et ses mémoires, 1957/1960-2010
Odile Goerg, Jean-Luc Martineau et Didier Nativel (dir.)
LCDPUPlace des librairesleslibraires.frDecitreMollatamazon.fr
HEITZ, Kathrin. Recollections from the times of Independence. Talks with elderly people in western Ivory Coast In : Les indépendances en Afrique : L'évènement et ses mémoires, 1957/1960-2010 [en ligne]. Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013 (généré le 19 janvier 2020). Disponible sur Internet : <http://books.openedition.org/pur/112349>. ISBN : 9782753569478. DOI : 10.4000/books.pur.112349.
Heitz, K. 2013. Recollections from the times of Independence. Talks with elderly people in western Ivory Coast. In Goerg, O., Martineau, J., & Nativel, D. (Eds.), Les indépendances en Afrique : L'évènement et ses mémoires, 1957/1960-2010. Presses universitaires de Rennes. doi :10.4000/books.pur.112349
Heitz, Kathrin. "Recollections from the times of Independence. Talks with elderly people in western Ivory Coast". Goerg, Odile, et al.. Les indépendances en Afrique : L'évènement et ses mémoires, 1957/1960-2010. Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013. (pp. 421-435) Web. <http://books.openedition.org/pur/112349>.
GOERG, Odile (dir.) ; MARTINEAU, Jean-Luc (dir.) ; et NATIVEL, Didier (dir.). Les indépendances en Afrique : L'évènement et ses mémoires, 1957/1960-2010. Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013 (généré le 19 janvier 2020). Disponible sur Internet : <http://books.openedition.org/pur/112163>. ISBN : 9782753569478. DOI : 10.4000/books.pur.112163.
Goerg, O., Martineau, J., & Nativel, D. (Eds.) 2013. Les indépendances en Afrique : L'évènement et ses mémoires, 1957/1960-2010. Presses universitaires de Rennes. doi :10.4000/books.pur.112163
Goerg, Odile, et al., ed. Les indépendances en Afrique : L'évènement et ses mémoires, 1957/1960-2010. Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013. Web. <http://books.openedition.org/pur/112163>.


What fascinating mystery embraces human relationships!
However, the supposed mystery quickly disappears, when one realizes that threads of fate are ceaselessly intertwined around each one, bringing back to us everything that we once put into the world. The current life, with its successes and failures, bonds of love and hate, wishes and frustrations, shows the reflection of past lives. Everything has a reciprocal effect, returning inevitably to its origin.
Deepening into the topic, the reader shall understand the meaning of the complicated human relationships, apparent injustices, love and dislike "at first sight", luck, countless diseases, the many professional difficulties, and so forth.
"Through its various stories, the book shows that one can correct eventual flaws of the past in his or her present life, thus forging a better future. Above all, the reader shall recognize that a mighty, powerful, and inflexible law acts automatically in the Universe, bringing to each person his fair share – regardless whether it be good or bad – so that not even a spec of injustice can be considered: 'That, what thou seeds, thou shall harvest.' "


text:
« Small Data: Cracking the Code of Student Success | Main | Gamification Can Reinvigorate Teaching and Learning: An Introduction »
Are We Effectively Preparing Students for a Globally Connected World?
By Matthew Lynch on October 4, 2016 7:00 AM | No comments
By Ian Jamison
The emergence of a new strain of nationalism on both sides of the Atlantic is a disturbing trend for those who believe students should learn to respect other people from all faiths and cultures. Some of Donald Trump's comments, for example, are a reflection of ideologies that are neither practical nor desirable in an increasingly connected world. Regardless of where educators might stand on the political spectrum, they should be troubled by attitudes that seek to sow and exploit fear and mistrust of foreigners, immigrants, Muslims, and other groups.
As our society becomes more globally diverse, the ability to appreciate this diversity and get along with others who think, act, and worship differently from us is critical. In school or in the workplace, millennials are highly likely to encounter others from different races, ethnicities, and religions. How they interact with their peers from other walks of life could determine how successful they are in their careers. More importantly, it will shape the future of our society as a whole. Therefore, the ability to understand and respect others who are different--often referred to as "global empathy"--has become an essential job and life skill.
Empathy is not something that can be taught in the same way as math, though. To develop empathy, students need to have open and honest conversations with others who are different from them--without those conversations descending into discord. They should know how to listen to other points of view, and seek to understand various perspectives.
In light of the many contentious issues that today's students must navigate, it's important to ask: are we doing enough to prepare them for a globally connected world?
To truly learn global empathy, students need opportunities to engage in substantive conversations with their peers from other cultures, so they can exchange ideas and learn from each other. To do this successfully, students must understand what effective dialogue is and is not. This lesson is best taught by contrasting dialogue and debate. In a debate, there is a winner and a loser; but in a dialogue there are two winners. I learn from you; you learn from me. We may compromise or agree to differ, but neither side should "lose."
In our work with schools, we describe dialogue as "the process by which I come to understand others' lives, values, and beliefs better--and others come to understand my life, values, and beliefs."
Effective dialogue requires these five skills:
Global communication. When students take part in dialogue, they aren't just learning from others; they're also teaching others. To be understood by others who might not share their background or primary language, they must focus on clarity and simplicity while avoiding jargon, slang, or cultural assumptions.
Active listening. We listen with more than our ears: we also show our attention with our eyes, our bodies, and in how we react to each other. By listening actively, students are showing that they value others' ideas; they aren't just waiting to share their own point of view.
Critical thinking. Students should be able to identify assumptions, biases, and whether some arguments are more valid than others. Critical thinking empowers students to analyze information, reflect on its sourcing, and make informed, rational judgments.
Questioning. Good questions help enrich students' understanding. They don't just lead to more information; instead, they should enable students to dive into the experience of other people more deeply and begin to appreciate and understand how their peers see the world--and why.
Reflection. Students should be given the time and space to reflect on what they've learned from others, and the impact this has made on their own thinking.
Connecting Students with Their Peers Around the World
Technology can help foster global dialogue by connecting students with their peers from other cultures. These conversations should occur in a safe space with clearly articulated rules, and they should be moderated by a facilitator who has been trained to ensure that both groups have a positive experience.
It's important to make sure that everyone's voice is heard, or at least that everyone has a chance to take part. Students also must learn to be non-judgmental. They should understand that dialogue is a space where they can challenge each other's deeply held beliefs and values, but in a productive way. Instead of saying, "You're wrong," for example, students could say, "I'm uncomfortable with x, because of y."
Generation Global offers a free video conferencing platform and curriculum for connecting students online, and helping them learn effective communication skills. Students learn how to respect and value others' identities, discover what influences them, and build critical thinking skills.
Integrating empathy-building video conferences into the curriculum is easy. Educators have used Generation Global in social studies, language arts, science, history, and world religion classes--and even in advisories or homerooms. For instance, a history lesson about a world event is a great opportunity for students from the countries involved to learn each others' perspectives about the event in question.
Watching students converse with one another about their countries and cultures--and about their own prejudices and stereotypes--can be incredibly powerful. One facilitator recently remarked, "What struck me the most about this videoconference was the change and growth [that was] apparent. It is rare that, within one hour, you see students' opinions, mindset, and perspective change--and I saw exactly that. At one point, tears came out of my eyes."
More than any generation in human history, the students we educate today will live and work with others representing a wide range of cultures, values, beliefs, and perspectives. It is imperative that we give them the tools to build societies that welcome diversity rather than fearing it. Practicing effective dialogue skills with their peers in other countries is a powerful first step.
Dr. Ian Jamison is Head of Education at the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. An experienced trainer, Ian trains teachers around the world on the Generation Global's pedagogy of dialogue, working in a number of challenging environments. He is an advocate of the power of dialogue for empowering people to address challenges, build understanding, and positively transform societies. Ian taught Religious Education for 20 years and has experience of subject leadership in a number of schools, including Head of Religious Education. He won the Guardian Award for Teacher of the Year in a Secondary School in 2007. You can follow Generation Global on Twitter @Gen_Global.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


4 Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran.
To Cite: Kalantari H, Mirzabaghi A, Akbari M, Shahshahan Z. Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus, Hepatitis B virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Related Risk Factors Among Hemophilia and Thalassemia Patients in Iran, Arch Clin Infect Dis. Online ahead of Print ; 6(2):0-0.
Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among hemophilia and thalassemia patients.
Patients and Methods: Present study was conducted from October 2008 to December 2010 in Isfahan, Iran. One thousand one hundred and sixty adult multi-transfused patients (822 males, 338 females, mean age 22.711.5 years) suffering from beta-thalassemia (n = 545) and hemophilia (n=615) were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were obtained from the patients and were tested for HBs Ag, Anti-HCV Ag and Anti- HIV Ab. HCV positive patients underwent genotype determination.
patients, 511(83%) were male and 104 (17%) were female. Chronic hepatitis was detected in 505(82.1%) hemophilia patients of which 495 (98%) were HCV Ab positive and 10 (2%) had HBsAg positive. The prevalence of HCV Ab positive and HBsAg positive in 56 (11%) thalassemia patients with chronic hepatitis was 50 (89.2%) and 6 (10.8%) respectively. None of the thalassemia and hemophilia patients were positive for HIV Ab. History of hepatitis in family is the major risk factors and HCV genotype 1 was the major genotype in our patients.
Conclusion: HCV is the major virus of concern in multi-transfused patients. The strategies for prevention of HCV, HBV and HIV and safety of blood products in this respect have indeed been successful.
Keywords: Transfusion, Blood-Borne Pathogens, Chronic Hepatitis, Thalassemia, Hemophilia.


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SERIES Nuevos Cuadernos Anagrama
PUBLICATION 23/01/2019
Irony On. A Defense of te Public Mass Conversation
Ironía On
Santiago Gerchunoff
SERIES:Nuevos Cuadernos Anagrama
Since the establishment of the Internet, the new public sphere has been accused of a harmful excess of irony. It seems to be the return of a melancholy discomfort regarding irony. Is irony a threat to public life at all times? Or is there something in particular about our times that has accelerated its propagation? This essay figures out the relationship between irony and the current public mass conversation, beginning with the restoration of the political meaning that irony had in its origins, Greek democracy. From there, it traces a journey through the history of irony from Socrates to David Foster Wallace, passing through Sören Kierkegaard and Richard Rorty, to show its unique character as antidote and paradigm of the ills of the public conversation.
SANTIAGO GERCHUNOFF (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1977) lives in Madrid sinde 1997. He holds a PhD in Philosophy from the Universidad Complutense of Madrid and was the founder of the bookshop Muga. He writes essays and cultural criticism.


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Nathan Officially Opts For Surgery
As expected Joe Nathan will have season-ending Tommy John elbow surgery to fix a torn ulnar collateral ligament, officially making that decision Sunday morning after feeling soreness during a highly anticipated game of catch with pitching coach Rick Anderson (only to have the news overshadowed by Joe Mauer signing hours later). Nathan and the Twins had hoped that a few weeks off would allow him to pitch through the pain, but that was always a massive long shot.
Now the optimism is aimed at Nathan making a full recovery for next season, but as Francisco Liriano and Pat Neshek have shown recently Tommy John patients can have a true recovery timetable that stretches beyond the oft-quoted 8-12 months. Liriano underwent the surgery in November of 2006 and has a 5.12 ERA in 212.2 innings since returning, while Neshek took the mound again about 14 months after surgery and may not be 100 percent yet at 16 months.
For every Liriano and Neshek there are also examples of pitchers who returned to the mound sooner than 12 months and didn't miss a beat, but at 35 years old Nathan seems an unlikely candidate to be one of them. He'll miss all of this season, there's a good chance he'll miss at least some of 2011, and his career is very much in jeopardy following a seven-season run as arguably the best reliever in baseball.
As part of a four-year, $47 million extension signed in March of 2008 he's owed $11.25 million in both 2010 and 2011, with the Twins holding a $12.5 million option or $2 million buyout for 2012. Add it all up and the Twins have another $24.5 million committed to Nathan, which is a harsh reminder of the risks involved in handing out long-term contracts to even the very best players. However, insurance will reportedly cover as much as half of his salary for this season.
There's no doubt that losing Nathan is a big blow to the Twins' playoff chances, but my hope is that they don't overreact by paying a premium for an "established closer" via trade. Closer is the most overrated "position" in baseball, as many people attach some sort of mythical value to the role despite the fact that the MLB average for converting ninth-inning saves is typically around 85 percent and elite closers like Nathan top out at around 90 percent.
Beyond that, Nathan himself is an example of how most successful closers are failed starters, former setup men, or both. In fact, Nathan, Rick Aguilera, and Eddie Guardado all fall into the "both" category and rank 1-2-3 on the Twins' all-time saves list. Prior to thriving as closers for the Twins that trio had accumulated a grand total of just 26 career saves in 17 seasons as big leaguers, which coincidentally is the exact number of saves Jon Rauch has in seven seasons.
Heath Bell of the Padres saved 42 games with a 2.71 ERA last season and is now being linked to the Twins as a possible Nathan replacement, but at this time last year he was a 30-year-old setup man with just two career saves. That he's now viewed as an "established closer" whose experience in the role is touted as evidence that the Twins should pay a premium for him via trade shows just how silly the whole notion is in the first place.
Certainly there are some scenarios in which trading for a quality reliever could make sense for the Twins and depending on the cost involved Bell might even be a worthwhile target, but to overpay for that same quality reliever largely because he has "closing experience" that their in-house options lack would be a mistake in logic. Bell only has experience at closer precisely because the Padres focused on his ability rather than his save total one year ago.
Truly replacing Nathan is impossible because he's a great reliever, but for closers the dropoff from "great" and "mediocre" is typically 3-5 blown saves, some of which still end up as wins anyway. Rauch, Matt Guerrier, Jose Mijares, Jesse Crain, and a post-surgery Neshek don't fit the description of an ideal closer, but the same is true for many pitchers who have success in the role. Hell, last year the best save percentage in baseball belonged to Fernando Rodney.
Once you set aside the inflated, often hyperbolic importance placed on the closer role there's no reason to think that group can't produce someone capable of converting save opportunities at an 80 percent clip, which all but the disasters tend to manage each season with or without "closing experience." Bell is better than Rauch or Guerrier or Crain, but if the price tag involves Aaron Hicks, Wilson Ramos, or Ben Revere they're better off trusting the in-house options.
Heath Bell
Joe Nathan
Jon Rauch
Aaron, please tell us you are the stats guys the Twins just hired.
[And I say Slama or Gutierrez for the closer spot.]
Comment by AM — March 24, 2010 @ 12:30 am
I always said Perkins for Bell otherwise no deal. Heck, I would even throw in Casilla if they wanted but no way shoudl they overpay to get a 32 year old Bell.
Comment by chris — March 24, 2010 @ 4:21 am
Are there any Heath Bell "prototypes" — good setup men with established track records — we could target in trade? Someone like Chris Perez two weeks ago. Or is that a political game not worth playing?
5% of 50-60 games finished (what most full-time closers get) is not 3-5 blown saves. It is 2-3. If we lose the division by only 2-3 games, I don't see how you can blame just the closer. There are going to be more games that we lose X-0 than are lost by downgrading from Nathan to Rauch/Guerrier/Neshek.
Comment by Matt S. — March 24, 2010 @ 4:47 am
no one seems to draw the next line to "connect the dots" — with all of the "any normal reliever would save 80% of opportunities … Nathan at 90% gives you 3-5 more per year" comments, the conclusion should be, you can get those same wins back just from adding another quality reliever, and a full season of rauch and neshek being better than whoever from last year they are taking innings away from. If the Twins can trade away perkins (i.e.) for a solid setup man, nathan's loss may not actually be missed in the win total.
Comment by Jesse — March 24, 2010 @ 5:49 am
Not sure I'd lump Neshek into that category. He's been just fine this spring and hasn't exactly showed difficulty in coming back.
Comment by nathangau — March 24, 2010 @ 5:58 am
I hope Neshek rebounds well, but we won't have solid evidence as to where he stands for several months.
As replacing Nathan goes, I'm with Aaron. It's nice to have an All-Star closer in the pen, but not as crucial as some make it seem. I love Joe Nathan, but lets not forget, even our All-Star blew it hard core last year against the Yanks.
Comment by festivus — March 24, 2010 @ 6:15 am
please don't mention Slama's name in trade talks. I've talked about him for 2+ years now and if they were to trade him and he dominates for someone else like I think he can, I don't know what I'd do to myself, I'd certainly lose some faith in the Twins scouting department and how they run things.
And, he's still one of the minor league guys left in camp, so he might just be making a good enough impression to make the team. (crossing fingers).
Matt Guerrier is gonna close out games to start, yesterdays game provided proof of that, as he was the first reliever to come in after Pavano was done. I think he'll do a good enough job, plus, Neshek is looking pretty good, so he's another potential setup guy to go along with Rauch and Mijares, and hopefully Slama's in there too. I wonder how fast they push Gutierrez and Bullock through the system this year if anyone struggles…
Comment by Steve L. — March 24, 2010 @ 7:50 am
Only if the twins still had Boof….
Comment by Freddrick — March 24, 2010 @ 8:43 am
Totally agree. I'd be thrilled with Bell – if he came at a reasonable price. That the Pads would requesting any of our top prospects is pretty absurd, but the report the other day that they're looking for Revere AND Hicks is laughable. I'm in the camp that thinks/hopes Neshek will rebound well; hopefully that means he can take on closing duties by June.
Comment by David — March 24, 2010 @ 8:47 am
I agree with AG's basic points and also believe that the Twins will not allow themselves to be held up in any trade for an established guy. But let's not get too haughty here. "Only" 3-5 blown saves is the difference between winning and losing the Central for BOTH of the past 2 years. When you've built a 90 win team, the marginal value of those extra wins is amplified. Pittsburgh might not need a great closer (65 v. 60 wins is meaningless), but Minnesota can't afford to lose those extra games unnecessarily.
If they can get a competent guy through trade, they have to. Maybe a Perkins + Slama or A.Morales package, something along those value lines, gets it done. Keep in mind, they've lost not only Nathan's "closing" experience, they've lost 70+ high quality innings. Moving an in-house option to the 9th still creates a void that's not easily replaced.
Oh, and while the Twins have had success creating closers, ther's always the Latroy Hawkins object lesson to sober us up a bit…
Comment by BR — March 24, 2010 @ 9:22 am
The biggest blunder in trading away guys like Ramos, Revere, Hicks, etc for someone like Health Bell goes beyond the illusion of scarcity and value that the title "Established Closer" affords. The notion of trading away potentially viable catchers and center fielders which are in short supply for commodities like Bell that are more universally common should give anyone a reason for pause over this.
Comment by Steve J — March 24, 2010 @ 9:50 am
I think closer-by-committee will work just fine. Put Slama on the committee!
Comment by Dave T — March 24, 2010 @ 10:09 am
BR, theres no "closer" in the game right now i can think of worth a package of perkins, slama and A. Morales. Twins have a deep pen, they'll use it effectively.
Comment by scott — March 24, 2010 @ 10:14 am
You really want to give away Slama? Have you seen his K/inning he produces. I think it's a shame if he doesn't make the team and get a chance to log some serious innings and I would be more than willing to give him a chance to close if that goes well for a month (he's even got experience closing for what that's worth).
Comment by zebano — March 24, 2010 @ 10:41 am
Giving up anything substantial for a "closer" would be proposperous. I couldn't agree more with Aaron about how overrated the closer position is. We have 3 or 4 solid setup guys on the roster right now. Surely 1/4 of those guys can step up and save 87% of save opportunities. What we should be looking for is another relief pitcher to take over Rauch, Guerrier, Neshek, or Mijares' role. Slama has made a case to be considered for the pen this spring. We just resigned Mahay. Unless we can deal Perkins and/or Casilla for a guy like Jason Frasor, we might as well stay in house.
Comment by Nick W — March 24, 2010 @ 10:59 am
Where'd my posts go?
Comment by JB (the original) — March 24, 2010 @ 2:07 pm
Scott: I said "or"…
Zebano: Yeah, I'd certainly trade Slama in the right deal. Straight up for Bell? In a heart beat. Bell's the type of pitcher you HOPE Slama becomes in a few years. But I'd like them to win this year and next.
Slama along with Perkins? That's the top of the value chart for me.
Bell's not just a the gusy who gets saves, he's a good relief pitcher. Career k/9 over 9 (in the majors, even if it was the NL!). K/BB over 3 last year and for his career. FIP of about 3. That's the kind of guy they should target.
Comment by BR — March 24, 2010 @ 4:04 pm
In agreeance with AG here. The other thing to consider about having such a dominant reliever late in games is that it's more crucial with relatively weak lineups like the ones the Twins normally trot out with the exceptions of 2006 and 2009.
This 2010 team with this strong, deep lineup is capable of winning a lot of games 8-3, 10-5, 9-4, etc. If the Twins were using a lineup like the White Sox this year with Nathan going down, I'd be a bit more inclined to want to be talking about Brett Favre already.
Comment by TMW — March 24, 2010 @ 4:11 pm
Wow. Trading Angel Morales for Heath Bell? Slama for Heath Bell? I want these guys in the front offices of other ball clubs. Ideas like these are the reason we got Liriano, Bonser, and Nathan for AJ.
Slama and Morales are potential long term impact players (especially the latter). Even if they end up being role-players and not stars – they will be cheap for several years once they reach the major leagues. Teams like the Twins always need production for a good price. Trading away young, cheap, needed talent for older, expensive veterans is always a good way to sabotage this.
If you trade for Bell, it has to be someone the Twins feel is expendable. Obviously Perkins seems to fit the bill. He's been an effective starter and is still cheap – but might have difficulty fitting into the Twins rotation. Of course other teams know this, so they want more. Don't give it to them.
Comment by Son of Shane Mack — March 24, 2010 @ 4:16 pm
Neither Morales nor Slama is a top prospect. Not top 50. Not top 100. Not even top 150. If you're not willing to give up a guy like this for a good relief pitcher like Bell, well, then you won't be making any trades.
I could be wrong, but when AG talks about not paying a "premium" for someone like Bell, I think he's talking about Hicks or Gibson. I agree – that price is too steep. But those guys are worth FAR more than Morales or Slama…
Can I get a lego version of this?
Comment by haplito — March 24, 2010 @ 5:20 pm
Sometimes the politics of having a closer gets in the way of prudent decision making.
Comment by manuelito — March 24, 2010 @ 6:30 pm
Jesse Crain could do it. He's got good zap on his heater, a good, tight curve ball, and his delivery is quick and simple, like a catcher's throw. Closer would force him to concentrate harder on his form and balance, which would give him better control.
Liriano has closer stuff, but I don't like the idea of moving him out of the rotation just when his arm appears to be nearing 100 percent.
Crain could save 85 percent, and then some.
Comment by jimbo92107 — March 24, 2010 @ 8:59 pm
The Jays and Twins do have a natural match, depending on how the Twins value their non-Hicks CF prospects. The Jays have relievers coming out the ying-yang, no reasonable prospect of winning in 2010, and no good CF prospect behind Wells (whose defence has made him a prime candidate for a move to the corner). The Twins are, of course, ready to compete in 2010.
Frasor for Revere? Frasor and Downs for Revere? Morales instead of Revere? I have no idea.
Comment by Mike Green — March 25, 2010 @ 9:54 am
I'm not a fan of the modern "Cult of the Closer" Closer by committee sounds good to me
Comment by ganderson — March 25, 2010 @ 11:02 am
I wouldn't trade Revere for Frasor straight up. Revere will be virtually free for years to come and appears to be a great on base guy. Relievers tend to be up and down; a few good years, then who knows. Frasor is a perfect example. He had an ERA of 2.50 last year — and it was the second time in six years his ERA was below 4. Trading for relievers is like trying to time the stock market and buying stocks only after they've shot way up. Chance are you're getting in just in time for them to go back down. I'd rather keep throwing out guys like Slama, Delaney, Burnett, Gutierrez, or Hunt and see who sticks. They have as good a chance as anyone, and they're free.
Comment by don't trade Revere — March 25, 2010 @ 12:44 pm
Revere or Morales for Frasor? are you kidding me? closer by committee unless the price is right.
Comment by MattK — March 26, 2010 @ 4:54 am


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You are here: Home / BLOG / Screenwriting Blog / A script consultant is like a recording studio
A script consultant is like a recording studio
September 23, 2011 /0 Comments/in Screenwriting Blog /by StoryMapsDan
One afternoon in April 1990, Kurt Cobain, Krist Novoselic and drummer Chad Channing arrived at producer Butch Vig's Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin… "They rolled up in a van," says Vig, "and they probably hadn't taken a bath or shower in three or four days." The songs Nirvana began recording that day would eventually become Nevermind.
Source: Rolling Stone.
On January 3, 1991, five young musicians who called themselves "LunchHead" entered the same studio, used the same equipment as Nirvana, and paid Butch Vig the same fee.
Nirvana's Nevermind went on to become one of the biggest albums of all time, selling over 30 million copies worldwide and forever cementing the band in rock'n'roll history. (September 24, 2011, marks the 20th anniversary of Nevermind)
LunchHead released one EP in 1992 and were never heard from again.
Why do I mention these moments in rock history, you ask? To make a point…
I am a recording studio.
It wasn't the studio or the equipment or even the producer that set these two bands apart. Ultimately, it was the band. The creative artists behind the music and their drive to get their work to the top. (For those of you who think that Nirvana just stumbled into their success, read Kurt Cobain's journals for his multi-step business plan to get the band on a major record label.)
I used to think that the best analogy for a Screenplay Consultant was a fitness trainer.
No matter who you are or what level of shape you're in, you can hire a trainer to help you get fit. You may quit after one session or you may stick with it and transform your body and habits. It's up to you.
But, I think screenwriting is more precise than that, and, of course, the writer must balance creativity with discipline and process, so it's not quite the same as body-building (wherein you can get creative with your workout, but, let's face it, you're stuck with your basic anatomy).
I think it's more accurate to say that a screenplay consultant is like a professional recording studio.
I give you the tools, a proven working method and my "ear," and then it's up to you to create an amazing product and get it into the right hands at the right companies.
Some writers will work with a consultant and never write another script. Some will sell scripts and launch careers.
Others join LunchHead cover bands. These guys, however, soon starve. Or, rather, they would starve if LunchHead existed. Did I get ya?
In closing, if you remember one thing from this article, remember this…
Grunge will never die.
Related: Choosing a script service for your screenplay
Related: Why Hire Me?
Related: Work With Me
Click to read excerpts
P.S. Kudos to John Lubben's brother for creating the name LunchHead in the mid-90s. (Where are you, John Lubben?)
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George Eliot's most ambitious novel is a masterly evocation of diverse lives and changing fortunes in a provincial community.
Set against the cultural and social fluctuations of the nineteenth century, Middlemarch features a vivid cast of complex characters. Peopling its landscape are Dorothea Brooke, a young idealist whose search for intellectual fulfillment leads her into a disastrous marriage to the pedantic scholar Casaubon; the charming but tactless Dr. Lydgate, whose marriage to the spendthrift beauty Rosamund and pioneering medical methods threaten to undermine his career; and the religious hypocrite Bulstrode who hides scandalous crimes from his past.
As their stories interweave, George Eliot creates a richly nuanced and moving drama, hailed by Virginia Woolf as "one of the few English novels written for adult people."


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Prophet T.B Joshua shares new vision he has about Nigeria & President Buhari (video)
International preacher and popular television evangelist and founder of the Synagogue Church of All Nations, Prophet Temitope Balogun Joshua, has called for special prayers for President Muhammadu Buhari and the nation of Nigeria.
The cleric made this known during a live broadcast, yesterday, at the international headquarters of the church at Ikotun Egbe, Lagos.
During the Sunday service, the man of God, as fondly called, stated that he was out to share a vision which he had a couple of weeks back in respect of President Muhammadu Buhari and the nation Nigeria.
According to him, "I am here to share a vision I had two weeks ago concerning my nation—Nigeria—the heartbeat of Africa. Let us pray for our government, President Muhammadu Buhari. There is no perfect man on earth."
He further advised that the prayers should be directed towards ensuring that God grants the president wisdom in directing the affairs of the nation.
He continued, "Ask God to protect and fill him with wisdom enough to lead this nation. In my vision, I saw the seraphim coming down with rain. This rain comes with freshness and calmness. Nigeria, let us pray!"
It will be recalled that the cleric had predicted the Venezuelan crisis and the postponement of Nigeria's 2019 general election, just as he had told all that God was in control of the affairs of the nation.
He had indicated then that "be calm, there is no cause for alarm. Those who will cause trouble will see trouble. Those who want peace will see peace. There is no need to stock food.
After the election, there will be a lot of situations. When it is about to rain, the cloud will gather and it will become dark. But after the darkness comes light. But you will respect God after the election…If anything happens to Nigeria, that will be the end of Africa."
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text:
Q: Запрещенные (устаревшие) функции Deprecated: Function mysql_listtables() is deprecated in

Можно ли как-нибудь сделать, чтоб эта ошибка не выводилась на экран?
A: Лучше подумать о переписании кода с использованием более новых функций, так как это предупреждение о том, что с выпуском новых версий php этой функции уже не будет.
A: Поставь перед функцией @.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Data Analytics, Cybersecurity Top 2017 Higher Ed Tech Trends
The trends for this year push forward on innovations that began in 2016.
Meghan Bogardus Cortez
Meghan is an associate editor with EdTech. She enjoys coffee, cats and science fiction TV.
Courses that educators can adapt any time based on student learning data. Hackers empowered by artificial intelligence. Augmented reality used in conjunction with campus maps.
All of these technologies are on the horizon in 2017.
This past year, higher education saw a boost in the use of technologies like predictive analytics, cloud, and augmented and virtual reality — and research indicates that these trends will only continue to rise.
About 41 percent of higher ed IT leaders said their organizations will increase spending on tech in 2017, reports University Business in their trends and predictions report, "Outlook 2017."
The top three areas of spending include general classroom tech — such as lecture capture and audiovisual equipment, network and data security, and cloud computing and storage. The latter is no surprise as a 2016 MeriTalk survey also found 81 percent of higher ed IT leaders said they will spend more on cloud in the coming year.
In addition to cloud and security, universities will explore data and other innovations in 2017.
SIGN UP: Get more news from the EdTech newsletter in your inbox every two weeks!
Data Will Continue to Play a Part in Business Decisions
Data analytics as a higher education decision-driver rose to the forefront last year with universities using predictive analytics to support student success.
Schools like Middle Tennessee State University and the University of Kentucky have used data to boost retention and identify students who might be at risk of dropping out, and University of Maryland University College has used automation driven by data to save money.
For 2017, EDUCAUSE named data-informed decision-making and data management to its top 10 IT issues list, and many experts agree that data will continue to be a focal point in higher ed — for both student success and cost-effective decision-making.
"Count on an increased focus on the use of predictive analytics to improve student success metrics such as student retention and time to graduation," Melissa Woo, vice president of IT and CIO at Stony Brook University, told Education Dive. "Although this has been the case for some time, as funding continues to be more challenging, campuses will seek greater efficiencies through automation to decrease operational/administrative expenses."
The next step in predictive analytics seems to be the development of adaptive learning programs that use data to personalize courses in order to increase graduation rates. After several pilot programs, Campus Technology reports that these schools have decided to make 15 to 20 percent of general education courses adaptive learning programs by fall 2019.
Oregon State University told Campus Technology that they are focusing their initial efforts on heavy-enrollment courses like college algebra, psychology and chemistry because they have high attrition rates.
"A faculty member can come into the classroom with 200 students and know that a majority struggled with three particular problems and decided to focus on those with their class time. That is the value of analytics," says Julie Greenwood, associate dean for undergraduate studies at Oregon State.
The Growing Importance of Security
For the past 10 years, higher education institutions have been the victim of 539 breaches, University Business reports.
Most notable were the hacks of personal information of 63,000 students and staff at the University of Central Florida, and a breach that compromised the financial data of 80,000 faculty, students and alumni at the University of California, Berkeley.
The University Business survey also found that the number of respondents who said their institutions were victims of a cyberattack rose from 12 percent to 29 percent in a year.
More than a quarter of respondents said their universities would pay "special attention" to cybersecurity in 2017.
At higher ed institutions, a new kind of scam is on the rise. Tuition fraud by hackers targeting foreign students occurred on at least two campuses last year, eCampus News reports.
In a scam on a popular Chinese social media app, approximately 90 Chinese students from the University of Washington were told they could save 5 percent of their summer tuition and were swindled out of up to $1 million, The Seattle Times reports.
It is likely that hackers will continue to get craftier in all realms. TIME predicts that hackers will grow smarter in 2017 and use innovations like artificial intelligence to make attacks even easier to execute.
In terms of physical security, a whopping 81 percent of University Business respondents said they will use tech to boost safety, as tools like biometric access, smart cards and IP-enabled security cameras have become more affordable.
New Tech Innovations on the Horizon
Last year, augmented reality was brought into the spotlight by the quick success of Pokémon Go. TIME predicts AR, rather than VR, will flourish outside of the video game market, beginning this year.
In a Q&A, Nuno Couto, founder of eCampus News, told the site he believed AR and VR use by universities would increase in the next year as a way to "differentiate themselves from other universities."
AR has been identified as a great tool for guided tours and wayfinding — or knowing where you are, where you are going and how to get there — and could be implemented at colleges, USA Today reports. A research paper published in the Journal of Special Education Technology reported that AR "can improve wayfinding skills of students with intellectual disabilities (ID) in an easy and convenient way."
Though only 100,000 AR devices were sold in 2016, International Data Corp estimates sales of AR devices will skyrocket to 15 million by 2020.
Jacob Ammentorp Lund/Thinkstock
'Data Analytics Can Save Higher Education', Say Top College Bodies
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At UConn's New $1M Cybersecurity Lab, Students Learn to Hack
How The CIO Role Is Expanding on Campus
How to Create a Positive User Experience for Higher Education Events
How 5G Will Advance Educational Technology on Campus
How Windows 7's End of Life Affects Colleges and Universities


I have grown accustomed to perform the vast majority of my whisky reviews through blind tasting. This enables me to remain objective and unbiased irrespective of country of origin, production method or any other type of distraction. The aromas and taste of every whisky are my driving principles.
However this was not the case with this particular whisky bottle. There was something special about it. I opened it myself and could not stop staring at it, from the moment I served it in the exquisite glencairn glass, until the last remaining drop in my mouth.
There was a reason of course that I did not choose blind tasting this time round. You see the whiskies that are exclusively aged in sherry casks are my favourite, hence my desire to review this one in particular, in a stricter more critical sense. To my great surprise, the more critical I was trying to be the richer the sherry aromas were coming through my nose. I was looking to somehow escape the sherry but that proved impossible. I was enslaved by this one. What did I do then? I enjoyed it and now share it with you.
Nose: A diversity of aromas follow the initial sherry explosion, scent of cherry blossoms, raisins, caramelised sugar and even dry apricots. In the aftertaste there is a revelation of aromas from a freshly baked apple pie, cinnamon, cookies, cereal and blossoming flowers.
Palate: Rich, thick, stuffy and sweet. The sherry effect is dominant and combines forest fruits and chocolate with spicy notes finishing off elegantly with a gentle savory aftertaste.
Finish: Long, indulgent and spicy.
Talisker 57° North Single Malt Scotch Whisky is a bespoke 'cask strength' malt from named in honour of the exact latitude that the impressive and distillery is located on.
Deliciously sweet and refreshing. On first nosing, the aroma is reminiscent of baked banoffie pie and roast chestnuts. On further nosing, cloves, pine cones and fresh mint rise from the glass, softened by creamy vanilla custard.
This strong and wild whisky irrespective of its age reflects the rough character of Orkney islands.


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Ārvaldis Andrejs Brumanis (* 16. Februar 1926 in Klostere bei Aizpute, Lettland; † 17. Dezember 2013 in Liepāja) war römisch-katholischer Bischof von Liepāja.

Leben
Ārvaldis Andrejs Brumanis, Sohn einer kurländischen Bauernfamilie, wurde nach dem Besuch der Landwirtschaftsschule 1944 in die lettische Legion der deutschen Armee eingezogen, 1945 an der Front verwundet und geriet nach der deutschen Kapitulation in Lübeck in Gefangenschaft. Jāzeps Rancāns, Weihbischof aus Riga, konnte seine Freilassung erwirken. Im Arbeitslager Noietingas lernte der den weißrussischen Bischof Boļeslavs Sloskāns kennen und beschloss Priester zu werden. Im belgischen Namur sowie bei Salesianern in Brüssel erlernte er die französische Sprache und studierte im lettischen Priesterseminar in Namur von 1950 bis 1954 Philosophie und Theologie. Am 25. Juli 1954 empfing er in Namur von Bischof André Marie Charue die Priesterweihe. Er studierte Kirchengeschichte an der Katholischen Universität Löwen und der Universität Mainz (1954–1957) und Katholische Theologie an der Päpstlichen Universität Gregoriana in Rom (1957–1960). 1968 wurde er in Kirchengeschichte mit einer in französisch verfassten Arbeit über den weißrussischen Metropoliten von Mahiljou, Stanisław Siestrzeńcewicz, promoviert.

Von 1961 bis 1968 war er als Seelsorger in der St.-Nikolas-Gemeinde in Namur tätig. 1968 wurde er von Papst Paul VI. zum Monsignore ernannt. Von 1968 bis 1993 war er Redakteur in der lettischen Abteilung bei Radio Vatikan. 1992 wurde er Dozent am theologischen Seminar in Riga sowie am Institut für Katecheten.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn 7. Dezember 1995 zum Bischof von Liepāja und spendete ihm am 6. Januar 1996 in St. Peter zu Rom selbst die Bischofsweihe. Mitkonsekratoren waren die Kurienerzbischöfe Giovanni Battista Re und Jorge María Mejía. Am 12. Mai 2001 nahm Johannes Paul II. sein aus Altersgründen vorgebrachtes Rücktrittsgesuch an.

Anlässlich des lettischen Unabhängigkeitstages am 4. Mai 2013 wurde er mit dem Drei-Sterne-Orden ausgezeichnet.

Schriften
 25 gadus strādājis Vatikāna Radio, 2011

Weblinks

 Biografie von Ārvaldis Andrejs Brumanis (lettisch)

Römisch-katholische Kirche in Lettland
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Träger des Drei-Sterne-Ordens (Großoffizier)
Lette
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2013
Mann

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