The first time I tasted a French Macaron I wondered why they were so popular. It wasn't until my son brought me a box of Pierre Herme's Macarons from Paris that I finally knew why this pretty petit four was taking the world by storm. The combination of two almond flavored meringue cookies sandwiched together with a tasty filling is delightful. Macarons are made with just four ingredients, ground blanched almonds, confectioner (powdered or icing) sugar, superfine white sugar, and egg whites. Yet it is amazing how these four ingredients can make such a perfect cookie. A cookie with a thin crust that breaks so easily when you bite into it, while inside it's wonderfully soft and moist, with a mildly sweet almond flavor.
The technique for making Macarons is a little tricky as there are so many factors at play here - the quality and amounts of ingredients, the mixing of the batter, the pans, the length of resting time, the oven temperature, and the baking time. Any or all of these things can cause problems. Some common problems are that the Macaron doesn't have a 'ruffle' or 'collar' (called a 'foot') on the bottom, or that the 'foot' is more horizontal than vertical. Or maybe the tops of the cookies have cracks or are too domed shaped, or uneven, or even lumpy. Sometimes the cookies can be lopsided or the insides of the cookes are too chewy or dry. Unfortunately it usually takes multiple attempts to get the perfect Macaron, so I recommend taking notes, keeping track of everything you do. That way if you have problems, you can refer to your notes and make adjustments. Because you will find that in your kitchen, with your ingredients, with your oven, you may have to adjust the recipe.
After making Macarons more than 20 times, with lots of note taking, I have come to some conclusions. First, use top quality ingredients, and to get accurate amounts of each ingredient, measure by weight (grams), not volume. (This is why I don't give 'cup' measurements.) (I use a digital scale for measuring.) Next, the egg whites need to be 'aged', which means separate the eggs at least a day (and up to 5 days) before making the Macarons. Cover the egg whites with a piece of paper towel (to let the whites breath) and place in the refrigerator. Then, several hours before making the Macarons, remove the whites from the refrigerator and bring to room temperature. (This ensures that the whites will reach their full volume when whipped.) Next, the ground almonds. You can either buy almond meal/flour or you can take whole blanched almonds and process them in your food processor until finely ground. Even though I always use ground blanched almond meal/flour (I use Bob's Red Mill finely ground almond meal/flour), I still process it in the food processor, along with the confectioner (powdered or icing) sugar (use powdered sugar that contains cornstarch (corn flour)), for a minute or two until finely ground. Once that is done, sift the mixture to get rid of any large pieces of almonds. There are two parts to the batter, making the meringue and then folding the almond/sugar mixture into the meringue (called macaronage). Each part must be done correctly. As always when making a meringue have your mixing bowl and wire whisk clean and free of grease. Once you have made the batter and piped the cookies onto your baking sheets, it is important to let the cookies rest before they are baked. Normally they need to sit between 30-60 minutes (depending on the humidity and temperature of your kitchen) or until they are no longer tacky when lightly touched.
Oven temperature is also so important and there is quite a debate on what is the optimum oven temperature for baking Macarons. Some like 300 degrees F (150 degrees C), I prefer 325 degrees F (160 degrees C), while others like 350 degrees F (180 degrees). There is also a debate on whether they should be baked using convection and whether you should bake two pans at once and even whether you should double pan. Also, buy a free standing oven thermometer as oven's have a tendency to run a little hot or cold.
In closing, even though making Macarons is quite challenging, it's worth it. Every time I make them I still can't believe how beautiful they look and how delicious they taste. You will definitely feel a real sense of accomplishment. So practice practice practice. For more help there is an excellent food blog that I highly recommend, called notsohumblepie.com. Ms. Humble (as she is called) has done extensive research on the subject of making Macarons. She even has a "Macaron Troubleshooting" article that outlines the various problems (and reasons why) that can occur when making Macarons. I found it very helpful.
French Macarons: Have ready three baking sheets (make sure they have flat bottoms (no warping)) lined with parchment paper. To make all the Macarons the same size, I like to make a template. Take a piece of parchment paper and draw 20 - 1 1/2 inch (3-4 cm) circles, spacing the circles about 2 inches (5 cm) apart. Place the template under your parchment paper so you can use it as a guide.
Place the ground almonds and confectioners sugar in a food processor and process until finely ground (about 1 - 2 minutes). Sift the mixture to remove any lumps.
In the bowl of your electric mixer, fitted with the whisk attachment (can use a hand mixer), beat the egg whites and cream of tartar, if using, on medium speed until foamy. Gradually add the sugar, and continue to beat, on medium-high speed, until the meringue just holds stiff peaks (when you slowly raise the whisk the meringue is straight up, no drooping, called a 'beak') (but do not over mix the meringue or it will 'break'). Then, in three additions, sift the ground almond/sugar mixture over the meringue. When folding, cut through the meringue and then fold up and over, making sure to scrape the bottom and sides of the bowl. Once the almond mixture is completely folded (called macaronage) into the meringue (the batter will fall back into the bowl in a thick ribbon) it is time to pipe the Macarons.
Fill a pastry bag, fitted with 1/2 inch (1 cm) tip, with about half the batter. Pipe about 1 - 1 1/2 inch (3 - 4 cm) rounds onto the parchment paper, using the template as a guide. Then gently tap the baking sheet on the counter to break any air bubbles (can also break air bubbles with the end of a toothpick). Let the Macarons sit at room temperature for about 30-60 minutes (depending on the temperature and humidity of your kitchen) or until the tops of the Macarons are no longer tacky.
Meanwhile preheat your oven to 325 degree F (160 degree C) with the oven racks in the top and bottom third of the oven. Bake the cookies (two sheets at a time) for about 14 - 16 minutes, rotating the pans top to bottom, front to back, about halfway through baking. The Macarons are done when you can just barely separate the cookies from the parchment paper (there will be some browning of the cookies). (If you find that the bottoms of the cookies brown too much, double sheet your baking pans.) Remove from oven and let the Macarons cool completely on the baking sheet placed on a wire rack. To assemble the Macarons, take two cookies and sandwich them together with your filling (place filling on flat side of cookie). Popular choices are a Swiss buttercream frosting, lemon curd, chocolate ganache, jam, or dulce de leche. While you can serve the Macarons the day they are made, these cookies really need to mature for a day or two in the refrigerator. Best served at room temperature.
Note: Weight measurements (grams) (use a digital scale) are only given for this recipe. Volume measurement (cups) are not recommended.
* I use Bob's Red Mill finely ground almond meal/flour. You can find it in grocery stores, specialty food stores, health food stores, or on line.
** Use powdered sugar that contains cornstarch (corn flour).
*** Separate eggs at least 24 hours before using (or up to five days). Cover with paper towel and place in the refrigerator. Bring to room temperature before using.
**** Make superfine sugar by processing regular granulated white sugar in your food processor for about 30 seconds or until sugar is ground very fine.


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Do you want to be a DJ?
You're in the right place.
School of Electronic Music est: 1996
Back in 1996 we brought together some of Manchester's most prestigious club and radio DJs, promoters and venues (including the Hacienda) to input their expertise in designing the UK's first and finest range of DJ courses. SEM DJ courses now prove to be one of the best ways of getting into the industry, attracting students from around the world.
If you're totally new to the decks and want to see what it's all about, why not come along for a £40 DJ Taster Course? If you're new to it but want to get to a professional level of DJing, our popular Complete DJ Course could be for you. And if you've been practicing for years, why not treat yourself to some 1-2-1 lessons with a pro tutor.
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The Complete DJ Course can be studied standalone, and is suitable for total beginners. However if you want to become a DJ/Producer, why not do the Music Production Course and the Complete DJ Course..
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From 1.11. 2015 a change of address . New address : Gellhornova 2239/12 , 678 01 , Blansko .
VTLD 80-120 GANTRY During the June 2015 was put into trial operation of our first new carousel VTLD 80-120 GANTRY company Herrenknecht AG .
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The Kentucky House of Representatives today passed a bill to create a safety measure aimed at preventing the distribution of autopsy records. The measure was championed by Rep. James Tipton R-Taylorsville.
Specifically, House Bill 67 limits the release of any autopsy records, including any photos, videos, or audio records, to anybody other than family members, relevant law enforcement and public officials, and any attorneys, physicians, or insurance companies involved in the matter. The bill provides a penalty for violating this prohibition.


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Vinland Saga Review
January 22, 2020 July 24, 2020 ~ SpaceWhales
Vinland Saga Episode 1-3 Review
Vinland Saga featured in Summer 2019 Half Time Post
Vinland Saga featured in Summer 2019 Anime Retrospective
Vinland Saga featured in Fall 2019 Week 2 Roundup Post
Title: Vinland Saga
It's a little while before Vinland Saga, the latest anime from Wit Studio, finds its footing. Thors is a giant, hulking head, shoulders and the majority of his torso above the next viking, and is a natural leader in his small village in Iceland. He moseys about, attempting sort a few issues while the story bleeds to us his over-exaggerated traits of kindness and pacifism, before the third episode makes us aware that his skills as a former warrior are needed. The narrative shift to his son is a little jaunting as Thorfinn has no natural protagonistic qualities, and the personally-motivated assassination of Thors ends up being the only real thread our little-boy-cum-hero has to roll with as he's taken along with his father's band of murderers and thus: the real storytelling begins… but that storytelling isn't really real either.
There's 4 episodes of setup before Vinland Saga begins, yet the story itself feels like it's only just finished a prologue by the time the twenty fourth episode rolls around. While it's clear that I'm going to say Vinland Saga is slow – because, indeed it is, and that's often a good thing for Vinland Saga – what is more important to say is that this anime meanders as much as its prologue-prologue episodes. Technically speaking, prologues have a tendency to eschew conventional storytelling to move the actors into place to tell the story the author really wants to tell, and as a painfully extended prologue, Vinland Saga's entire run suffers from a lack of meaningful pacing and clear goals.
The first 10 or so episodes are spent laid-back, growing Thorfinn from a spunky kid into a murder machine and then integrating him into the group of his father's murderer, Askleadd. It's an interesting setup, as he has to assist the man he wants to murder most so that he can fairly challenge him to a duel. However, the growth of Thorfinn lasts a solid half episode, whereby he hunts a few animals in a montage and takes on his first mission. A little heartbreaking, sure, but it only results in a petulent adolescent whose contributions to the series are nothing but angry barks of 'korosu!' ('I'll kill you'). He's not a very engaging character, and so it makes sense that he takes something of an observer's point-of-view, but any time he's given dialogue it usually results in a casualty for the series' credibility. As are his ninja moves and 'Naruto runs', which are extremely out of place in this otherwise strict historical recreational anime. There are many instances where Vinland Saga's coat of mature paint rubs off, and you see the cookie-cutter shounen action beneath.
Askeladd, then, is the driving force of Vinland Saga. He's setup to be an innovative strategist quite early on in the series in a particularly great scene where his band of Vikings run down a hill carrying a boat with him atop. Selfish, but extremely self-motivated, he's a strongly detailed antagonist. Then again, the relationship he has with Thorfinn is a little hazy, shifting at whim between a tough-love father figure and a slavedriver, but he is intriguing in his decision makings and the series is very proud of them as it sells them with multiple monologues from onlookers.
Askleadd's mercenary group ends up driving the group into England and half-heartedly assisting the Danes in their invasion. As Thorfinn comes into contact with a traitorous, combat-loving Viking named Thorkell who throws ship-sized rocks at invading ships, the generally aptly animated series picks up and produces some excellently animated fight sequences. The larger, war scenes have a tendency to rely on weak CGI and the more intimate battles are too interested in superhero duels, but thankfully the series moves Askleadd's crew into wintery environments on the run from the English through Wales, where another plot bakes in and there's a little less of Askeladd slicing people in half and a lot more of him taking a leak in the snow.
I've sadly got to come to the last of our three leads, Canut. A Danish prince who is a little effeminate, the series laughs with juvenile pointed fingers to remind us of this multiple times every time he has his episode off. The already meandering pacing ends up taking its time to show us Askleadd going to extremes to pursue whatever it is he's pursuing so aimlessly, but it's yet another moment the show is in dire need of a good hook. Canut's progression through this arc takes focus, but is entirely unconvincing as it's in a mere moment with far too much flowery dialogue suggesting such a large heel shift turn. Still, all the ideas begin to move forward near the show's finale, where Askleadd makes a rather large 'Check' in the series' latter-end political arrangements, but it's hard to say the characters have progressed particularly or that everything lead up to this moment.
Vinland Saga only just began with that rather biting scene, and it took far too much time getting there. But, more harmful than pacing, is the lack of resonance: Vinland Saga needs to take a step back and realise that its superhuman cast were once human before they embroiled themselves in legend. Do that, and it might just stumble across a personal beat or two, because its shouty, abrasive protagonist, unconvincing combat and distant emotional beats let this chess-like war story down.
Posted in Fall 2019, Reviews 24 episodesenglandfinal reviewhistoricalhistorymangamanga adaptionprologuesecond seasonvikingsvinland sagaweakwit studio
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Sheila worked in the Overseas Division for the Prudential for more than 25 years as an Underwriter, Business Manager and Claims Settler. During this time, she was directly involved in settling claims such as Piper Alpha. She decided to leave when they closed their non-life business overseas.
Sioux worked at a local GP Practice as a senior manager before joining the Hurley in 2001 as the assistant practice manager. In 2003 she was promoted to joint practice manager alongside Stephen Binks. She is currently a senior manager and her role involves overseeing the day-to-day running of two Lambeth practices. Sioux has developed her skills in HR through people management which she enjoys very much and through the expansion of the Hurley Group. She continues to enjoy her job and finds it both challenging and rewarding. In her spare time, Sioux enjoys gardening.
Lucy started working in primary care 10 years ago as a receptionist, 2 years later she became a Practice Manager; a role she stayed in for 3 years. Lucy then joint the Hurley Group in 2013 as a Service Development Manager where she worked as part of the Service Development Team; supporting practices in target driven work, income generation, data collection and analysis, training, rota management and improving services. In 2017 Lucy was promoted to Senior Service Development Manager, a role in which she is responsible for managing the Service Development Team and the Hurley Group's Practices in Southwark. Lucy enjoys the diverse nature of her role and is passionate about improving patient services and efficiencies within primary care.


On 1st April 2016, the Malta Financial Services Authority (hereinafter referred to as 'the Authority') circulated its intention of consolidating and reducing the number of fund frameworks that are currently available to fund promoters under Maltese legislation, with the aim of improving Malta's fund frameworks.
In addition to the twelve fund frameworks that are currently available in Malta, which can be categorised into Retail Schemes, Professional Investor Funds (PIFs), and Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), fund promoters are now witnessing a new fund framework, namely the Notified AIFs (hereinafter referred to as 'NAIFs').
NAIFs have been introduced into Maltese legislation by means of Legal Notice 219 of 2016, the Investment Services Act (List of Notified AIFs) Regulations 2016.
NAIFs are alternative investment funds that are compliant with the requirements under the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive. A NAIF is established through a notification by the AIFM to the Authority, once the pertinent conditions outlined in the regulations and the applicable Investment Services Rules are fulfilled.
The AIFM is authorised to provide services to an AIF established in Malta in accordance with the pertinent regulations of the Investment Services Act (Alternative Investment Fund Manager) (Passport) Regulations.
Subsequent to an assessment of the current frameworks which are available to fund promoters, a number of fund frameworks shall be discontinued and the frameworks outlined hereunder shall remain.
Such Schemes will include UCITS and Retail AIFs. It is to be noted that non-UCITS retail schemes shall be subject to the following considerations.
Such schemes shall be gradually phased out.
No new collective investment schemes licences will be issued under this category.
Existing licence holders will be allowed to continue operating under the current regime.
Such schemes shall be required to comply with the Maltese National Private Placement Regime.
The Authority is aiming to completely phase out this regime by 31st December 2016.
There shall be one category of PIFs, namely those promoted to Qualifying Investors.
The main change shall consist in increasing the minimum initial investment from EUR 75,000 to EUR 100,000.
Existing PIFs for Experienced, Extraordinary and Qualifying Investors (with a minimum initial investment limit of EUR 75,000) will continue to operate under their respective regulatory regime.
The proposed revised definition of "Qualifying Investors" shall read as follows.
a senior employee or director of a service provider to the PIF/AIF/NAIF.
AIFs shall be either Retail AIFs or Professional AIFs.
AIFs that are authorised in terms of the Investment Services Act can be marketed to Professional Investors and/or to Qualifying Investors, having a minimum investment requirement of EUR 100,000.


Halloween Mask Matching challenges you about your memory ability. In this Halloween game, you will face levels from the easiest to the hardest. The rule is simple: match the two same Halloween mask as quickly as you can. There are many images on the mask, vampire, grave, castle, bloody face, etc, remember them well when you turn over a mask, and find their matching pair within the given time. Find this game on www.bestgames.pk. Good luck!


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Find deferoxamine mesylate for injection, USP medical information:
deferoxamine mesylate for injection, USP Dosage and Administration
Acute Iron Intoxication
Intramuscular Administration
This route is preferred and should be used for ALL PATIENTS NOT IN SHOCK.
A dose of 1,000 mg should be administered initially. This may be followed by 500 mg every 4 hours for two doses. Depending upon the clinical response, subsequent doses of 500 mg may be administered every 4 to 12 hours. The total amount administered should not exceed 6,000 mg in 24 hours. For reconstitution instructions for intramuscular administration see Table 1.
Intravenous Administration
THIS ROUTE SHOULD BE USED ONLY FOR PATIENTS IN A STATE OF CARDIOVASCULAR COLLAPSE AND THEN ONLY BY SLOW INFUSION. THE RATE OF INFUSION SHOULD NOT EXCEED 15 MG/KG/HR FOR THE FIRST 1,000 MG ADMINISTERED. SUBSEQUENT IV DOSING, IF NEEDED, MUST BE AT A SLOWER RATE, NOT TO EXCEED 125 MG/HR.
For reconstitution instructions for intravenous administration see Table 2. The reconstituted solution is added to physiologic saline, (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride, 0.45% sodium chloride), glucose in water, or Ringer's lactate solution.
An initial dose of 1,000 mg should be administered at a rate NOT TO EXCEED 15 mg/kg/hr. This may be followed by 500 mg over 4 hours for two doses. Depending upon the clinical response, subsequent doses of 500 mg may be administered over 4 to 12 hours. The total amount administered should not exceed 6,000 mg in 24 hours.
As soon as the clinical condition of the patient permits, intravenous administration should be discontinued and the drug should be administered intramuscularly.
Chronic Iron Overload
Subcutaneous Administration
A daily dose of 1,000 to 2,000 mg (20 to 40 mg/kg/day) should be administered over 8 to 24 hours, utilizing a small portable pump capable of providing continuous mini-infusion. The duration of infusion must be individualized. In some patients, as much iron will be excreted after a short infusion of 8 to 12 hours as with the same dose given over 24 hours. For reconstitution instructions for subcutaneous administration see Table 3.
The standard recommended method of Deferoxamine Mesylate for Injection, USP administration is via slow subcutaneous infusion over 8 to 12 hours. In patients with intravenous access, the daily dose of Deferoxamine Mesylate for Injection, USP can be administered intravenously. The standard dose is 20 to 40 mg/kg/day for children and 40 to 50 mg/kg/day over 8 to 12 hours in adults for 5 to 7 days per week. In children, average doses should not exceed 40 mg/kg/day until growth has ceased. In adults, average doses should not exceed 60 mg/kg/day. The intravenous infusion rate should not exceed 15 mg/kg/hour. For reconstitution instructions for intravenous administration see Table 2.
In patients who are poorly compliant, Deferoxamine Mesylate for Injection, USP may be administered prior to or following same day blood transfusion (for example 1 gram over 4 hours on the day of transfusion); however, the contribution of this mode of administration to iron balance is limited. Deferoxamine Mesylate for Injection, USP should not be administered concurrently with the blood transfusion as this can lead to errors in interpreting side effects such as rash, anaphylaxis and hypotension.
A daily dose of 500 to 1,000 mg may be administered intramuscularly. The total daily dose should not exceed 1,000 mg. For reconstitution instructions for intramuscular administration see Table 1.
Reconstitution and Preparation
Table 1: Preparation for Intramuscular Administration
RECONSTITUTE DEFEROXAMINE MESYLATE FOR INJECTION, USP WITH
STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION
Vial Size
Amount of Sterile Water for Injection Required for Reconstitution
Total Drug Content after Reconstitution
Final Concentration per mL after Reconstitution
500 mg/2.35 mL
213 mg/mL
2 grams/9.4 mL
Table 2: Preparation for Intravenous Administration
500 mg/5.3 mL
2 grams/21.1 mL
Table 3: Preparation for Subcutaneous Administration
The reconstituted deferoxamine mesylate solution is an isotonic, clear and colorless to slightly-yellowish solution. The drug should be completely dissolved before the solution is withdrawn. Deferoxamine Mesylate for Injection, USP reconstituted with Sterile Water for Injection IS FOR SINGLE-DOSE ONLY. Discard unused portion.
The product should be used immediately after reconstitution (commencement of treatment within 3 hours) for microbiological safety. When reconstitution is carried out under validated aseptic conditions (in a sterile laminar flow hood using aseptic technique), the product may be stored at room temperature for a maximum period of 24 hours before use. Do not refrigerate reconstituted solution. Reconstituting Deferoxamine Mesylate for Injection, USP in solvents or under conditions other than indicated may result in precipitation. Turbid solutions should not be used.
deferoxamine mesylate for injection, USP Quick Finder
Deferoxamine Mesylate for Injection, USP is indicated for the treatment of acute iron intoxication and of chronic iron overload due to transfusion-dependent anemias.
This route is preferred and should be used for ALL...
Known hypersensitivity to the active substance.
Deferoxamine mesylate is contraindicated in patients with severe renal disease or anuria, since the drug and the iron chelate are excreted primarily by...
Ocular and auditory disturbances have been reported when deferoxamine mesylate was administered over prolonged periods of time, at high doses, or in patients with low ferritin levels. The ocular disturbances...
The following adverse reactions have been observed, but there are not enough data to support an estimate of their frequency.
At the Injection Site:...
Intravenous LD50s (mg/kg): mice, 287; rats, 329.
Inadvertent administration of an...
Deferoxamine Mesylate for Injection, USP, is an iron-chelating agent, available in vials for intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration. Deferoxamine mesylate is supplied as vials containing 500...
Deferoxamine mesylate chelates iron by forming a stable complex that prevents the iron from entering into further chemical reactions. It readily chelates iron from ferritin and hemosiderin but not...
Fliptop Vials
For subcutaneous, intramuscular
or intravenous administration.


This consumer attitude towards businesses on social media places a high level of responsibility on how businesses present themselves and interact with customers on social media. Today's social media landscape demands that businesses create, develop, and maintain a relationship with their customers. Now customers are placing demands on how they want that relationship to go.
With growing controversies over the role of social media in the spread of fake news, consumers want to feel like they can trust a brand. Businesses would be wise to keep these insights in mind when developing their social media strategies. A people-based approach that fosters connection and communication is one of the best ways to win the trust of today's consumers on social media.


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Dharma Documentaries
Dharma. Culture. Ecology.
I am an English Buddhist monk who took higher ordination in the Theravada tradition in Sri Lanka in 1996, being given the ordination name Anandajoti (Radiant Joy).
Since the end of the 1980s I have lived mainly in India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia; and I am currently living in the International Buddhist College in Sadao, Thailand.
In 2008 I started to look after an old Sri Lankan Temple in Taiping, Malaysia. As part of our Dharma propagation work I would show a film every Friday and hold a discussion on the issues it raised.
I left that Temple in 2010, but I wanted to continue sharing the documentaries I think are helpful for an understanding of Buddhism in its wider aspects, and the cultures it has influenced.
The Dharma Documentaries website presently (Nov. 2018) has over 600 documentaries from three main areas:
1) all traditions of the Buddhist Teaching,
2) the associated cultures, mainly in Asia,
3) materials about other areas of concern, like ecology, human and animal rights.
The collection presented is a personal choice, and the site is mainly for well-made documentaries and occasionally academic lectures. I will not include material just because it is on subject, if I judge the presentation to be poor.
Bearing this in mind if you have any suggestions for inclusion on the site please use the comments form below (or anywhere else on the site). As I have to review the material I normally post only one new documentary a week, usually on a Friday.
I have a number of websites besides this blog.
1) The first one I started was Ancient Buddhist Texts in 2002 as a way of publishing material from the broader early Buddhist Tradition in the original languages together with annotated translations. The website, which is still expanding, now includes texts, translations, and studies from both the early and medieval periods, in Pa?i, Sanskrised Prakr?t (BHS), and Classical Sanskrit. There are also resource materials, maps and a large collection of audio files, and most of the material is published in a range of formats: html, pdf, ebook, and where appropriate mp3.
2) In the year 2006 a supporter in Sri Lanka gave me a camera, and since then I have been taking photographs of the temples, pilgrimage centres and historical remains in Buddhist Asia. To accommodate this material in 2009 I started a dedicated website, Photo Dharma, to house the various collections. As of 2018 there are more than 13,000 photographs on the site all published in high-definition files, and having associated information in the various albums.
3) In 2012 I published the whole of the Sri Lankan edition of the Tipitaka in around 16,000 image files in a site which we hope will eventually house the commentaries and ancillary works also. Later I added the Burmese texts too. The Pali Text Images site is rather specialist, and only intended for those who read the Pali language through Sinhala or Burmese scripts.
4) Around the year 2004 at the suggestion of Jeanne Mynett I started another website to house the teachings of Godwin Samararatne, one of the best-loved lay meditation teachers in Sri Lanka in the 20th century. Godwin was my first Dhamma teacher and my first Buddhist meditation teacher, so he has proved to be one of the most influential people in my life.
As I am publishing materials in various formats and in different places in 2010 I started the Dharma Records blog which mainly acts as a center for notification of updates on the others sites, and as a place to share some other things with people.
I also have a youtube channel for various videos I have made, either recordings of Dhamma Talks, or films made from my photographs. There are also over a hundred playlists on the channel, many of which are embedded in this website.
Arpita Brown says:
Dear Aj. Anandajoti,
Thank you for this site and sharing the Dhamma with us. The only suggestion I would have is that you also give some more space and time to the Bhikkhuni/Female life in Dhamma and their contributions.
Arpita Brown
Anandajoti says:
Hi Arpita, thanks for your kind words. I would gladly share more films on women's life and contributions to the Dhamma and Sangha, if you know of some I've missed please let me know and I will post them as long as they fit.
Naen Jake says:
Amazing work Bhante, Thank You for your consideration in sharing with us
Julie Oxford says:
Anandajoti:
So very grateful to you for sharing all these lovely titles. Having just viewed the Tibetan nuns in their monastery in Nepal, I am concerned for them — Did they survive the tragic earthquake (2015)?
FYI: Tried grading the few I've seen so far, but the star system (or was it my finger?) malfunctioned–assigning less stars than I pushed…
Thanks for the comment Julie. Yes, the monks and nuns did survive, as far as I know, but had to sleep outside the buildings while the aftershocks were still running. Of course they are no engaged in major relief work in the area too.
Darshan borkar says:
Nice work in all aspect related to Buddhism. But we would like to see or read more about to revolutionary Buddhism by which Buddhism take place all over in India through dominated people in Varna- system of Brahmins ( vaidik , Sanatana, Aarya people) . Why the declines of Buddhism in india? Revolutionary philosophical struggle of Buddhism against counter revolutionary people till today.
Hi Bhante,
I just found a good documentary on the bhikkhus from Wat Pah Nanachat during the 90's when Ajahn Passano was still Abbott there. I think I've just about officially exhausted every Theravada documentary in English there is now. I think it would be a good edition to the site. Thank you for this website and Ancient Buddhist Texts. Here's the url:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdTGHeG_fxg
Thanks Andrew, I have downloaded and will review and include it here soon.
Franko says:
Two rare documentaries:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVZPGT6nY5Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2r93w4_loMQ
Thanks, Franko, will look at them soon.
Fredric says:
Dear Anandajoti,
I wanted to express how moving it was to view the documentary on Gobind lama,
"The Mountain Yogi".
Can you guide me to where I would be able to purchase a DVD?
Something this inspiring moves me to want to share it with others when they
come to my house to visit and there is time to watch on a projected movie screen
vs a small iPad. As long as I am still living in Los Angeles, I have some of the
technology of both analogue (LP's) and digital (DVD) and have a hard copy
library of music and visual so I am not dependent on the Internet or the cloud.
Please let me know if you have any suggestions.
Fredric.
http://bit.ly/2jhtAVd
there are many expenses involved in this work: scholarly materials, travel, equipment, software, multiple website costs and maintenance
choose amount: 3a: $10.00 USD	3b: $20.00 USD	3c: $50.00 USD	3d: $100.00 USD
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Home Culture Cinema Georgian Cinema to Be Reviewed at Iran's Fajr Festival
Georgian Cinema to Be Reviewed at Iran's Fajr Festival
A new space has been created at the 36th Fajr International Film Festival, to be held in Tehran April 19-27, bringing together some of the best contemporary movies from Georgia's fast growing and dynamic cinema.
The festival will feature five major and exciting works at 'A Retrospective of Georgian Cinema'.
According to the festival website, the lineup showcases interesting cultural aspects of Georgia, sheds light on untold tales and shares unique stories with the audience.
'Khibula' directed by Giorgi Ovashvili tells the story of the first democratically elected President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia. After being deposed in a coup, the president flees to the mountains with a group of supporters confident that he will return to regain power. Iranian actor Hossein Mahjoob has played the role of the president in the film.
'Scary Mother' written and directed by Ana Urushadze, 'Luka' directed by Giorgi Barabadze, 'House of Others' by Rusudan Glurjidze and 'Dede' by Mariam Khatchvani are the other Georgian films to be shown at this year's event.
SOURCEFinancial Tribune
Iran-Georgia Relations
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Three Iranian Films in 2020 Sheffield Doc/Fest
Iran to Reopen Cinemas, Theatres, Concert Halls
Iran Calls for Closer Business Ties with Georgia
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Iran's First Drive-in Cinema Launched amid COVID-19 Pandemic


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FRINFORMSUM 12/19/2013: NSA's Bulk Data Collection "Almost Certainly Unconstitutional," the Senate Intel Committee Squares off with the CIA, EPA Employee Pretended to Work for CIA to Miss Two Years of Work, and More.
tags: bay of pigs, nsa, Robert Levison, Senate Intelligence Committee
The NSA's bulk phone collection programs were ruled "almost certainly unconstitutional" this week. Photo Credit: National Security Agency.
Federal Judge Richard J. Leon of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled Monday that the National Security Agency's (NSA) bulk collection of Americans' phone records is "almost certainly unconstitutional." In his 68-page ruling, Leon said "I cannot imagine a more 'indiscriminate' and 'arbitrary invasion' than this systematic and high tech collection and retention of personal data on virtually every single citizen for purposes of querying and analyzing it without prior judicial approval." On Tuesday one of the NSA's staunchest supporters, Senate Intelligence Committee Chairwoman Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), said she is looking forward to the Supreme Court determining the constitutionality of the program for itself. Feinstein, hedging her bets, also said she believed the surveillance program was important, but not indispensable.
The surveillance task force ordered by President Obama to review the NSA's domestic programs in the wake of Edward Snowden's leaks has delivered its final report to the White House. The report recommended more than 40 changes to the NSA, however no details of those changes were provided, with the White House only announcing it would finish reviewing the report and release the results in January. One change that won't be made to the agency is splitting up leadership of the NSA and U.S. Cyber Command. The White House decided to keep the two positions under the same command despite concerns that combining them places too much power in one person. This decision also assures a civilian won't be heading the spy agency anytime soon, meaning that long-time NSA deputy director John Ingles is no longer General Keith Alexander's slated replacement.
Edward Snowden's leaks about the NSA's activities are hurting its hiring prospects and retention rates. Photo: EPA
The NSA has bore the brunt of widespread criticism since revelations of its surveillance practices this summer, which is even taking a toll on the agency's staffing. A recent Foreign Policy article reported that job applications to the agency are down by more than a third, and retention rates are also declining, shifting the work culture of an agency that has traditionally had life-long employees. In an effort to boost its image, the NSA granted an interview with CBS' television news program '60 Minutes,' which aired on Sunday night. However, the attempt at a public relations coup faltered when media outlets questioned the slant of many of the '60 Minutes' reports' key facts, and when it was learned that the segment's host, John Miller, was "an intelligence community veteran and former public affairs officer for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, who failed to disclose to viewers that he was eyeing a return to his career in law enforcement."
The CIA is currently involved in a heated debate with the Senate Intelligence Committee over the CIA's internal counter-terrorism practices report "that lawmakers believe is broadly critical of the C.I.A.'s detention and interrogation program but was withheld from congressional oversight committees." A lawyer for the Department of Justice even told committee members "that crucial legal opinions about intelligence matters were beyond the scope of the committee." The debate comes at the same time the two are battling over the release over Committee's own 6,000-page report on interrogation practices that was completed last December but has yet to be declassified. Officials familiar with the Senate report say it is "unsparing in its criticism of the now-defunct interrogation program and presents a chronicle of C.I.A. officials' repeatedly misleading the White House, Congress and the public about the value of brutal methods that, in the end, produced little valuable intelligence."
The kidnapping of Robert Levison, a retired FBI agent who disappeared in Iran six years ago on an unauthorized mission for the CIA, has led to major changes at the agency. After emails and other documents surfaced proving Levison was in Iran for the CIA, "[t] he agency changed the rules outlining how analysts conduct business with contractors, including academics and other subject-matter experts who don't work at the CIA." While it may sound far-fetched, free-lancing for the CIA is such an effective cover that one of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) highest-paid civil servants, John C. Beale, skipped work –the equivalent of two and half years– for over a decade by pretending he worked for the CIA. Beale even had the EPA reimburse him for time off visiting his family by claiming he was working remotely on a research project for the spy agency.
In FOIA news, last week a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit heard the Archive's arguments for public release of the last secret volume of the CIA's internal history of the 1961 Bay of Pigs disaster, which the CIA has long-argued would "confuse the public" if released. Judge Judith Rogers responded to that absurd claim by saying she did not "find that totally persuasive." In another recent FOIA victory, U.S. District Judge Ellen Seal Huvelle ruled the unclassified, widely-circulated Presidential Policy Directive on Global Development is not exempt from FOIA. The administration argued that the directive is protected under the FOIA's executive communication privilege, but Judge Huvelle strongly disagreed, writing "[t]he government appears to adopt the cavalier attitude that the President should be permitted to convey orders throughout the Executive Branch without public oversight, to engage in what is in effect governance by 'secret law.'"
In declassification news, the latest posting from the Archive's Nuclear Vault on nuclear proliferation contains newly declassified documents on South Africa's Cold War-era intentions and capabilities, competing pre-Iraq War claims within the intelligence community about specialized aluminum tubes Iraq tried to procure, and much more. Give the whole posting a read! And just in case you need some fun declassified documents to read around the Yule log, the Archive just got the NSA's "Holiday Talking Points" officially released thanks to our recent FOIA request (the corner stamp denotes official release).
NSA's officially released "Holiday Talking Points"
Don't miss the sordid tale of a the senior Environmental Protection Agency official who skipped work for over a decade by pretending he worked for the CIA. While the audacity of John C. Beale (sentenced to 32 months in prison) is certainly notable, the story also demonstrates that government secrecy inherently hinders oversight and accountability.
Finally, checkout the rejuvinated FOIA subreddit: reddit.com/r/FOIA
As always, happy FOIA-ing!
← "GRANITO: How to Nail a Dictator" now available on iTunes
FRINFORMSUM 1/09/2014: Obama Considers Surveillance Changes, the FBI is "just keeping up with the times," and Much More. →
FRINFORMSUM 12/19/2013: NSA's Bulk Data Collection 'Almost Certainly Unconstitutional', the Senate Intel Committee Squares Off With the CIA… |
Powerful National Security Letters Continue to Go Largely Unchecked |


In Calgary I found it hard to make new friends and to make things worse, my new school didn't have a basketball team so I couldn't even play the sport I loved. I was homesick and my grades started to plummet. Grade nine math was hard for me, and my parents had to hire a tutor just so I could grasp basic algebra concepts.
In grade ten I had to make another school switch and take the plunge from junior high to high school. My high school had 2,500 students, which was half the size of my hometown! I was completely overwhelmed and, to make matters worse, my parents were also separating at the time. I was going through a tough time, and began skipping school regularly.
By the time I got to grade twelve I was called into the vice-principal's office with my parents, where I was warned that I might not graduate. That was a wake-up call, for sure. I signed a contract with the school and promised that I wouldn't skip anymore classes. I graduated on time, with the bare-minimum grades and credits I needed. After high school my mom moved back to northern Alberta, and I went with her.
My parents encouraged me to go to college after I graduated, but I needed a break from school. I took a year off and worked some very random jobs: waitress, gas station clerk, laborer for a local insulating company. I had no direction, and it was around this time my mom sat me down and gave me a stern talking to about my future.
My mom helped me scour college pamphlets to figure out what program to take. I was always a creative person so when I mentioned that I might be interested in the graphic design program at SAIT my mom ran with it. Before I knew it, I was enrolled. Long story short: I enjoyed the program, and with my education I got a job at a local print shop where I worked as a junior graphic designer for a year creating posters, brochures, and other marketing materials for local businesses.
Around the age of 22 I started wanting to learn more about my Cree and Metis roots so I applied for a summer job helping to run day camps for kids at my local Friendship Centre. I felt like I had finally come home at that place, and ended up doing youth programming there for the next six years. So many young people I've worked with have a story like mine: they moved from a small community to a big city, didn't have many friends at school, were often going through tough stuff at home, and struggled to participate in cultural activities.
I want to be able to be the best support I can be to the young people I work with and it's for that reason that I've decided to go back to school a second time. I started off at Grande Prairie Regional College for the first two years of my degree in Social Work. Currently, I'm a third-year student taking online courses through the University of Calgary to complete my degree.
As an Indigenous student I've received funding from various organizations including the National Indian Brotherhood Trust, Indspire, and the Northern Alberta Development Council. I recognize the investment that these organizations have made in my education, and I feel a responsibility to give back. I regularly volunteer at local events and last year I served as President of the Circle of Indigenous Students at GPRC. I also balance my studies with being a mom of two young girls. When I get overwhelmed, instead of thinking of how far I have left to go, I think about how far I've come.


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text:
NaNoWriMo: A Cheater's Guide
Never won National Novel Writing Month (NaNoWriMo) before? Struggling to figure out what you're doing wrong?
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The Cheater's Guide to NaNoWriMo will hold your hand through all of the tips, tricks, cheats and hacks you'll need to finally finish that novel, get it off your hard drive, and publish it where real people can actually read it.
You may not become the next Stephen King, but you WILL finish your novel and win NaNoWriMo this year.
Ready to learn how? Join the Cheaters and beat the system.
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Saturday, April 21, 2012 (7)
Ariol on Youtube
May 9, 2011 at 2:00pm EDT to Dec 31, 2014 at 2:00pm EST
Location: Youtube!
Description: Usually when I do a series here in France I hardly ever get to see it: now thanks to YouTube, here is an episode of "ARIOL", a cute tongue-in-cheek series, in which I voiced the character of Ariol, the little boy-donkey. It's a big hit here in France
Created by: Barbara Weber-Scaff
The Three VoiceKeteers at VoiceTrax West
Apr 21, 2012 at 4:00am to Apr 22, 2012 at 12:00pm EDT
Location: VoiceTrax West, Los Angeles
Get specialized, focused training in three of today's best voiceover markets: Narration, Audiobooks, and Commercial reads. This two-day workshop, April 21-22 in L.A., brings together the talents of Julie Williams (narration, eLearning, and medical na
Created by: Gary MacFadden
BOB BERGEN RETURNS TO ST. LOUIS - APRIL 21 & 22, 2012!
Location: Shock City Studios
Emmy Nominee Bob Bergen returns to his hometown of St. Louis with his Advanced Animation Voiceover Workshop, Saturday & Sunday, April 21st and 22, 2012.
In this 2-day Workshop, Bob will audition, cast, and direct a 'mock' animated cartoon! Everyone
Created by: Marian Massaro
New York City Audiobook Narrator's Workshop
Apr 21, 2012 from 6:00am to 1:00pm EDT
Location: http://conta.cc/NYCaudiobooksApr21
Improve your audiobook narration and marketing skills at this full-day workshop led by multi-award-winning narrator / teachers Johnny Heller and Carol Monda, presented in Manhattan by VoiceOverXtra. Be directed in narration reads, learning how to "f
Created by: Elizabeth O'Byrne
Fundamentals of Commercial Voice Over Workshop
Apr 21, 2012 from 6:00am to 8:30am EDT
Location: Aliso Creek Studios Burbank, CA
Learn the skills required to succeed in voice overs for radio and television commercials as well as narration and the internet. Make your performance unique and develop voice-over audition skills such as copy analysis, self-direction, microphone tech
Created by: William Williams
Saturday Voice Over Workout-Once a Month
Apr 21, 2012 from 9:00am to 11:30am EDT
Location: Aliso Creek Studios Burbank CA
This is your once-a-month opportunity to get together with other wacky people and let those voices in your head come out. Practice improvisational skills and read current animation and commercial scripts while being directed by William Williams. This


text:
Question.1. Is NAM neutral?
Answer. Non-alignment cannot be referred to as Neutrality because neutrality refers to a policy of staying of war. NAM is a concept opposed to belligerency.
It is a concept aiming at an independent foreign policy and peaceful co-existence.
Question.2. Mention any two core values of a country.
The core values of a country comes under the scope of security
It is concerned with preventing, limiting and ending the wars.
Another value is related to the existence of human life.
Question.3. What was the immediate outcome of the "Two Nation Theory"?
Answer. The immediate outcome of "Two Nations Theory" initiated by M.A. Jinnah in 1940 was the partition of British into two nation states
The drawing of the border demarcating the territory of each country marked the culmination of political developments.
Question.4. Which period of Indian politics has been referred to as 'dangerous decade'?
Answer. The 1960s were labelled as the "dangerous decade" because of some unsolved problems like poverty, inequality, communal and regional divisions, etc.
Question.5. Was the Anti-Arrack movement a women's movement? Give one argument to support . your answer.
Answer. The Anti-Arrack movement was the movement of rural women from the state of Andhra Pradesh because it was a spontaneous mobilisation of women demanding a ban on the sale of alcohol in their neighbourhoods. ,
Moreover the Anti-Arrack movement provided a platform to discuss private issues of domestic violence.
Question.6. What is SAARC?
Answer. SAARC-Stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. It has seven members and its aim is to encourage collective self reliance, mutual trust and understanding between the member-nations.
Question.7. Give any two examples of the American hegemony as a soft power.
The U.S. Hegemony as a soft power implies class ascendancy in the social and political and particularly ideological spheres.
Soft power is the third sense of hegemony which is about the capacity to manufacture consent.
Question.8. Why do we need international organizations?
The need of the international organization is very much justified with the quotation of the UN's Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold that "The International Organisation was not created to take humanity to heaven but to save it from hell"
International organisation plays very significant role in the world full of antagonism, differences and conflicts. It helps with the matter of war and peace.
Question.9. Which two challenges are the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa facing?
Answer. The nearly independent third world countries of Asia and Africa are facing the following challenges;
The new countries face the prospect of military conflict with neighbouring countries.
Internally, these countries are worried about threats from "Separatist movement" which wants to form independent countries based on language and religion.
Hence for the newly independent third world i.e. Asian-African countries "external war" with neighbours and "Internal wars" posed a serious challenge to their security.
Question.10. Mention any two reasons due to which Janata Party won the elections of 1977.
Answer. The result of the 1977 election took every one by surprise. For the first time since independence the Congress Party was defeated and Janata Party came into power at centre.
Basically, the most valid reason for the success of the Janata Party was the people's verdict which was decisively against the emergency. The Janata Party fought the election on the slogan of "Save Democracy".
Most importantly north India had experienced some long term changes in nature of political competition. The'middle classes from north India were beginning to move away from the Congress and the Janata Party became a platform for many of these section to come together.
Thus, the elections of 1977 were not merely about the emergency but other factors also.
Question.11. When and why was 'Operation Enduring Freedom' launched?
Answer. The "Operation Enduring Freedom" was launched in 2001 in the response to 9/11 attacks in USA.
As a part of its global war of terror the US launched Operation Enduring Freedom against all those suspected to be behind this attack, mainly Alqaeda and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
The US forces made arrests all over the world, often without the knowledge of the government of the persons across countries and detained them in secret prison.
Some of the prisoners were kept at Guantanamo Bay, a US naval base in Cuba where prisoners did not enjoy the protection of International law.
Question.12. Mention any four factors that led to the rise of the Chinese economy.
Answer. The factors that led to the rise of the Chinese economy are as follows;
Economic Reforms of 1978. China emerged as the third alternative since its economic reforms of 1978. China has been the fastest growing economy since the reforms first began there.
Economic Integration. Its economic integration into the region makes it the driver of East Asian growth, there by giving it enormous influence in regional affairs.
Market Economy. China introduced its open market economy by the privatization process of agriculture and industry in 1982-1998.
Special Economic Zones. To remove the trade barrier and to open the economy for foreign investors, China set "Special Economic Zones" i.e. SEZs.
Question.13. What are the reasons for growing concerns about the environment? .
Answer. Although environmental concerns have a long history, awareness of the environmental
consequences of economic growth acquired an increasingly special concern from 1960
onwards because of following reasons:
Depletion of Natural Resources: Throughout the world cultivable area is barely expanding any more and a substantial portion of existing agricultural land is losing fertility, grasslands have overgrazed and fisheries overharvested.
Pollution of Water bodies: Water bodies have suffered extensive depletion and pollution due to disposal of toxic affluent of industries severely restricting aquatic food production.
Loss of Biodiversity. Natural forest which help stabilise the climate, moderate water
supplies and harbour a majority of the plant biodiversity on land are being cut down and people are being displaced.
Depletion of ozone: A steady decline in the total amount of ozone in the earth's stratosphere poses a real danger to ecosystems and human health, hence included in the arena of global politics for environmental concerns.
Question.14. What kinds of difficulties were involved in the process of partition?
Answer. The process of partition started in 1940 where the Muslim League propounded the "Two-nation
Theory". The principle of partition presented all kinds of difficulties such as:
Problems of East and West : There was no single belt of Muslim majority areas of British India. There were two areas of concentration, one in the west and one in the east.
Merger of NWFP : On the partition move not all muslim majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan. Even Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, the undisputed leader of the North Western Frontier provinces was staunchly opposed to the two nation theory. But ultimately the NWFP was made to merge with Pakistan.
Difficulties related to Punjab and Bengal : These provinces had very large areas where the non-muslims were in majority. Thus it was decided that these two provinces would be bifurcated according to the religious majority. These caused deepest trauma.
Communal zones : Amritsar and Kolkata became communal zones because Muslims avoided going into an area where mainly Hindus and Sikhs lived. Similarly the Hindus and Sikhs stayed away from areas of Muslim predominance.
Question.15. "Governments that are perceived to be anti-democratic are severely punished by the
voters." Explain the statement with reference to the emergency period of 1975-77.
"Government that are perceived to be anti-democratic are severely punished by the voters". This was very much proved during the emergency period through people's verdict.
The result of the 1977 election took every one by surprise. For the first time since
independence, the Congress Party was defeated and opposition came to power at the centre.
In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press the public opinion was against the Congress.
The Janata Party made this election a referendum on the emergency. Its campaign focussed on the non-democratic character of the rule and on the various excesses that took place during this period.
Moreover, most importantly north India had experienced some long term changes in the nature of political competition. The middle classes from north India were beginning to move away from the Congress and Janata Party became a platform for many of these sections to come together.
Thus, the emergency of 1975-77 at once brought out both the weaknesses and the strengths of India's democracy. The very first lesson we learnt was that it is extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India.
Question.16. Who were Dalit Panthers ? What did they stand for ?
Answer. Dalit Panthers was militant organisation of the Dalit youth. It was formed in 1972 in Maharashtra.
Dalit Panthers addressed various issues: These groups were mainly fighting against the perpetual caste based inequalities and material injustices that the Dalits faced in spite of constitutional guarantees of equality and justice.
Dalits faced collective atrocities over minor symbolic issues of caste pride. So effective implementation of reservations and other such policies of social justice was their main demand.
Dalit Panthers resorted to mass action for assertion of Dalit's rights. They took this step due following reasons.
Legal mechanisms proved inadequate to stop the economic and social oppression of Dalits.
The Republican party of India supported by Dalits was no successful in electoral politics.
These parties faced split as well.
Therefore, the Dalit Panthers resorted to mass action and their activities were mostly centred around fighting increasing atrocities on Dalits in various parts of the state.
Question.17. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument. Whatever the provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilized manner. We must give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic State. If we fail to do so, we shall have a festering sore which will eventually poison the whole body politic and probably destroy it.
Jawaharlal Nehru, Letter to Chief Ministers, 15 October 1947
Give an account of the background in which the letter was written and explain the challenge that Jawaharlal Nehru is referring to in it?
Answer. In the above given passage Nehru had expressed his feeling about the accommodation of minority. In his letter he is referring the challenge related to Muslim minority that if not accommodated properly can lead to destruction of democratic ideals.
Because Muslim minority in India were large in numbers, it is their right to go anywhere and settle. In a democratic set up everyone is given equal opportunity.
J.L. Nehru argued that we must give the Muslim minority security and the rights of citizens in a democratic state. Apart from ethical and sentimental reasons, there are some prudential reasons which helped India to realise its- long charised goals and principles such as socialism, equality, liberty and fraternity.
If we fail to provide security and rights to minorities, it affect the basic nature of democratic system and is also against the secular principle of India. It may eventually affect not only India's foreign policy and also threaten other minorities in India. It may lead to disintegration of Indian states.
One of India's major concerns has been the composition of the Security Council, which has remained largely static while the UN General Assembly membership has expanded considerably. India considers that this has harmed the representative character of the Security Council. It also argues that an expanded Council, with more representation, will enjoy greater support in the world community.
Critically examine India's concerns and arguments about the composition of the Security Council.
Answer. India has supported the restructuring of the UN to make it more representative. One of the major concerns has been the composition of the Security Council which has remained largely static.
India agrees that an expanded council, with more representation will enjoy greater support in the world community.
India also supports that developing countries as the members of the Generaly Assembly should also have a role in shaping the decisions in the Security Council which affect them.
Besides, India argues an increase in the number of both permanent and non-permanent members because the success of the Security Council's actions depends upon the political support of the international community.
The security council thus needs to be restructured and expanded. It must shed its static image by expansion.
While the Cold War was an outcome of the emergence of the US and the USSR as two superpowers rival to each other, it was also rooted in the understanding that the destruction caused by the use of atom bombs is too costly for any country to bear. The logic is simple yet powerful. When two rival powers are in possession of nuclear weapons capable of inflicting death and destruction unacceptable to each other, a full-fledged war is unlikely.
Explain the cold war scenario and reasons behind it not turning out to be a full-fledged war?
Answer. The arenas of the Cold War refers to the areas where crisis and war occurred or threatened ' to occur between the alliance systems but did not cross certain limits.
We begin with the Cuban missile crises which was only one of the several crises that
occurred during the Cold War but fortunately both sides, US and USSR decided to avoid war.
The Cold War also led to several shooting wars between the two superpowers which were poised for direct confrontation in
Korea(1950-53)
Berlin crisis (1958-62)
The Congo Crisis (1960s)
Crises deepened as neither of the parties involved was willing to back down, but it is important to note that these crises and wars did not lead to another World War.
A great many lives were lost in some of these arenas like Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan, but the world was spared a nuclear war and global hostilities.
In some cases, huge military buildups were reported. In many cases, diplomatic communication between the super powers could not be sustained and contributed to the misunderstandings.
Sometimes, countries outside the two blocs, for example the non-aligned countries, played a role in reducing Cold War conflicts and averting some grave crisis.
In this way, as the Cold War rolled from one arena to another, the logic of restraint was
increasingly evident.
Question.20. Study the picture given below carefully and answer the following questions:
Which event does the picture refer to?
Who is the lady in the picture? Why does she look so pleased?
Identify the man wearing the garland.
The picture refers to the Presidential Election 1969.
The lady in the picture is India Gandhi. She looks so pleased because her supporter V.V.Giri won the Presidential election.
The man wearing the garland is V.V.Giri.
Question.21. Study the map carefully and answer the questions given below.
Name the seven sisters in the north-east region of India.
What is the problem against outsiders in this region?
Name the two states where the secessionist movements started.
1. The seven sisters of North-Eastern region of India are;
The problem against outsiders in this region is very acute as it continues to be a live
issue in the polities of Assam. This movement was against outsiders to maintain the- cultural integration of Assam and other North eastern regions.
They felt the resources would be drained out of the state without any commensurate benefit to the people of this region.
3. The secessionist movements started in Tripura and Mizoram.
Question.22. What were the key controversies regarding development in India?
Why did the Indian National Congress dominate the first three General Elections after independence?
Answer. As the concept of "development has varied scope and complex nature" so any discussion on development is bound to generate contradictions, conflicts and debates.
The first decade after independence witnessed a lot of debate around this question of development. It was common then, as it is even now, for people to refer to the "West" as the standard for measuring development.
Development was about becoming more modern and was about becoming more like the industrialised countries of the West. It was believed that every country would go through the process of "modernisation of the West" which involved the breakdown of traditional social structures and the rise of capitalism and liberalism.
Modernisation was also associated with the ideas of growth, material progress and scientific rationality.
On the eve of independence, India had two models of modern development
Hence, there was a debate on the selection of model for our economy. There were some communist leaders, members of the socialist party and leaders like Nehru who supported the "Socialist model". This reflected a broad consensus that had developed during the national movement.
All these made it clear that the task of poverty alleviation and social and economic redistribution was being seen primarily as the responsibility of the government. But at the same time there were debates among them like:
For some Industrialisation seemed to be the preferred path.
For others, the development of agriculture and, in particular, alleviation of rural poverty was the priority.
" ' Or
Answer. Factors for domination of political scene by the Congress:
Congress is the oldest party in India. It started in 1885 and was the major party that struggled to get India independence. It produced many great leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Rajaji, Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose and many others, It provided strong leadership to the Indian masses.
Congress sacrificed in all possible forms to achieve independence. One can rightly say that Congress wholeheartedly fought for India's independence.
Gandhiji (Father of Nation) lived like an ordinary Indian and propagated ideologies of truth, non-violence, swaraj, trusteeship which the people of India thoroughly appreciated. He was the first man to launch a national movement as mass movement by bringing women, peasants and students to participate on a large scale.
The Congress after India's independence, not only tried to solve the problems but also faced the challenges before the nation. It is not that independence meant that we had achieved everything. There were many challenges such as poverty, unemployment, low production in agriculture, industry, problem of integration of states and very importantly the refugees. It was a tough time for Congress and it managed to overcome these problems slowly but steadily.
There was no strong political party to replace the Congress and the policies of the Congress and our relations with the neighbours favour Congress to become the dominant political party.
Indian masses thus were totally impressed by the role of Congress party and having faith in the Congress they voted for it for more than four decades. The able leadership of Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi and Narashimha Rao led India on the path of success even though some leaders fell victim to terrorism (Indira Gandhi and her son Rajiv Gandhi were assassinated).
Question.23. 'There is a difference in the approach towards environment between the countries of the North and the South'. Explain the statement with reference to the Earth Summit (1992) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997)?
How has globalization affected India and what has been India's response?
Answer. It is very significant that compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save planet Earth. But there is a difference in the approach to environment between the countries of the North and the South. We can throw light on the ongoing negotiations between the North and South on environmental issues in such a manner:
The developed countries of the north want to discuss the environment issue as it stands now and want everyone to be equally responsible for ecological conservation.
At the same time the developing countries of the South feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries.
And to the most if developed countries have caused more degradation they must also • take more responsibility for ongoing damage now.
On the other side the developing countries are in the process of industrialization and they must not be subjected to the same restrictions which apply to the developed countries.
However, the special needs of the developing countries must be taken into account in the development, application and interpretation of rules of International Environmental Law. And this argument was accepted in the Rio Declaration at the "Earth Summit in 1992 under the principle of common but differentiated responsibility.
The Kyoto Protocol, also accorded among its members to protect the climatic septum on the basis of equity.
Answer. The impact of Globalisation in India is far reaching like:
Globalisation in India has led to the setting up of production units by many foreign companies in the areas of automobiles, information technology, electronics and food processing industries.
There is enormous growth in the telecommunication sector. Due to globalisation the use of computers and other modern technologies have increased tremendously.
Now India is playing a crucial role among developing countries regarding trade and commerce. But there are some areas in which Globalisation is not beneficial such as:
Employment generation
Sufficient employment opportunities on a large scale.
Simultaneously, India started a gradual response to globalisation in the 1980s. It was in the 1990s that India undertook serious reforms to integrate itself with the international community. It was only in 1991 that the Narasimha Rao government took the bold step of liberalisation of Indian Economy and promoting foreign direct investment.
In the stepping year India embarked on a programme of economic reforms that has sought increasingly to de-regulate various sectors including trade and foreign investment.
Trade policy reform : This reform sought to dismantle the earlier licensing system. It proposed heavy scaling down or removal of tariffs and reforms on quantitative restriction on imports.
Industrial Policy Reform : It sought abolition of industrial licensing except for a few specified industries.
Financial Reforms : Private sector banks including foreign joint venture banks came to be permitted to undertake and expand their operations. A policy regime for private non-banking finance companies came to be established.
Now India's economy is open to all the nations in order to promote the principles of globalisation.
Question.24. "India should not give up its policy of non-alignment and align with the United States." Give arguments in support or against this statement.
Mention the areas of cooperation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
Answer. India should not give up its policy of non-alignment. Non-alignment as a strategy evolved in the Cold War context, but the end of "Cold War" and a Unipolar world did not see the end of the non-alignment.
Non-alignment still contains some core values and end-using ideas.
Its emphasis has shifted from ^pdlitical issues to economic issues".
Issue like democracy, disarmaments, human rights and neo-colonialism are as relevant
With the disintegration of the erstwhile USSR, there is only one super power therefore, it is very essential for NAM to make sincere efforts to check USA from taking unilateral decisions.
Now its emphasis has also shifted towards poverty alleviation, New International Economic Order based on equality, equity, justice and promotion of industrialisation.
Answer. The governments of India and Bangladesh have had "differences over several issues" like
The sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters.
Problem of illegal immigration to India.
Bangladesh's support for anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups.
Bangladesh's refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to northeastern
Above all Bangladesh's decision not to export natural gas to India also became one of the bone of contention.
Areas of Cooperation
Despite their difference, India and Bangladesh do cooperate on many issues like:
In economic areas both countries have improved their economic relations in the last ten years.
Bangladesh is the main link of "India's Look East policy" that wants to link up with South East Asia via Myanmar.
Question.25. Evaluate the lessons that have been learnt from the popular movements in India along with examples.
"After the elections in 1989 an era of coalitions started in which political parties are
not aligning or realigning on the basis of ideologies." Explain the statement.
The history of the popular movement helps us to understand better the nature of democratic politics.
The non-party movements are neither sporadic in nature nor are these a problem.
These movements came up to solve some problems in the functioning of party politics and should be seen as an integral part of our democratic politics.
They represented new social groups whose economic, and social problems were not fulfilled by the electoral politics.
They ensured effective representation of diverse groups and their demands. This reduced the possibility of deep social conflict and disaffection of these groups from democracy.
They also suggested new forms of active participation and thus expanded the idea of participation in Indian Democracy.
The popular movements revised legitimate demands of the people and have involved large scale participation of cititzen. Examples: Chipko movement, anti-arack movement; the activities and programmes of Bharatiya Kisan Union, etc.
It should be noted that the groups mobilised by these movements are poor, social and economically disadvantaged sections of the society.
The frequency and methods used by them suggest that the regular functioning of democracy did not have enough space for the voices of these social groups.
These movements led to the growth of consensus among political parties over implementation of these policies.
The above statement is justified because in the new era of coalition politics, the emphasis of political parties is on pragmatic considerations rather than on ideological positions and political alliance without ideological agreement. For instance :
Thus most parties of the NDA did not agree with the 'Hindutva' ideology of the BJP, yet they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.
Condusion-Thus with the elections of 1989 a long phase of coalition parties began in India. Since then there have been nine governments at the centre, all of which have either been coalition governments or minority governments supported by other parties. In this new phase any government could be formed only with the participation or support of many regional parties without aligning on the basis of ideologies.
Question.26. Why was Gorbachev forced to initiate reforms and how did it lead to the disintegration
of the Soviet Union?
Explain how did the Cuban Missile Crisis drive the world on the brink of a nuclear war?
Answer. Mikhail Gorbachev who had become General Secretary of the state Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 sought to reform this system. Hence, the following factors forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the USSR.
The very first factor was to keep the USSR abreast of the information and technological revolutions taking place in the west.
Secondly to reform the Soviet economy, catch up with the west and to loosen the administrative system also forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms.
Lastly, to improve and normalise relations with the west along with democratising the Soviet Union were also the focussed factors to introduce the reform policies. (Any two)
As the question is very complicated in itself, so the answer to this question becomes more controversial in nature like :
The most basic answer seems to be that when Gorbachev carried out his reforms and loosened the system, he set in motion forces and expectations that few could have predicted. These become virtually impossible to control.
There were sections of Soviet society which felt that Gorbachev should have moved much faster and were disappointed and impatient with his methods. They did not benefit in the way they had hoped or they benefitted too slowly.
Others, especially members of the Communist Party, and those who were served by this system, took exactly the opposite view. They felt that their power and privileges were eroding and that Gorbachev was moving too quickly.
Hence, in this tug-of-war Gorbachev lost support on all sides and divided public opinion. Even those who were with him became disillusioned as they felt that he did not adequately defend his own policies.
Cuba was an ally of Soviet Union, received both displomatic and financial aid from it. In 1961, the leaders of the then USSR were worried that USA might invade Cuba and overthrow President Fidel Castro. During such a situation, the leader of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base. In 1962, he had set up nuclear missiles in Cuba. These missiles could be at close range to the US and even reach upto Canada.
Americans became aware only after three weeks that Soviet Union had placed nuclear weapons in Cuba. Kennedy ordered American warships to stop and check any Soviet ship moving towards Cuba as a way of warning to the USSR.
It was also feared that Cuba might have learnt the technology behind nuclear weapons
that would be anytime danger to the US prosperity.
The Cuban crisis also led US to suspect all Soviet-aided countries and forced it to set up military blocs in different parts of the world as NATO, SEATO and CENTO.
The installation of nuclear weapons put the US, for the first time, under fire from close range. The US President John F. Kennedy was not willing to do anything that might lead to full-scale nuclear war between the two countries. A clash seemed imminent in what came to be known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. The prospects of a clash made the whole world nervous for it would have been no ordinary war.
Eventually, to the world's great relief, both sides decided to avoid war. Thus, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a high point of what come to be known as the Cold War.
Question.27. What was the 'new world order' and how did it lead to the First Gulf War?
What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organization?
Answer. With the disintegration of USSR the end of the cold war left open only two possibilities like
either the remaining superpower would dominate and create a "unipolar system".
Different countries or groups of countries could become important players in the international system, thereby bringing in a 'multipolar system' where no one power could dominate.
The US Hegemony was established to show the overwhelming superiority of its military power. In absolute terms, the US today has military capabilities that can reach any point on the planet accurately and easily.
The US Hegemony led to the emergence or beginning of the new world order. The process for the establishment of US hegemony started in August 1990 when Iraq invaded Kuwait. It was rapidly occupied and subsequently made a part of it.
The United Nations tried its all diplomatic avenues to convince Iraq to quit its aggression but failed. Henceforth, UN mandated the liberation of Kuwait by force. This step of UN was very much guided by the dramatic decision of the US. Therefore, a massive coalition force of 660,000 troops from 34 countries fought against Iraq and defeated it. This war is popularly known as the "First Gulf War." and UN operation was called "Operation Desert Storm." But this was overwhelmingly an American attempt because nearly 75 per cent of the coalition forces were from the US.
'European Union' was established in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The European Union was started as an Economic Union but over time it has evolved from Economic Union to increasingly political one. Hence, the EU now has started to act more as a nation-state.
(a) It has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from the erstwhile Soviet bloc.
(b) Besides, European Union has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.
(c) Its has also some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.
(d) It currency Euro can pose threat to American dollar in term of value.
(e) European Union's share international trade is three times more than US.
(f) Two member countries of European Union, Britain and France are the permanent member of UN Security Council and possess about 550 nuclear warheads.
(g) European Union has second largest army in the world after US. Its defence budget is at par with US.
(h) Its gross domestic product is more than that of US.


3G means the internet connection is included for free for the life of the device thus you can download a new book even when you039;re walking on the street. you can try kptunes where you will always find your favorite music and videos. com and it is only 0. It039;s in German so odds are no one would catch any bad words anyway, oh and they rock!Look for DDR songs, they are really cool, no curse Infinity and they don039;t last too long. i dont have Infinity sync to load music and movies Infinity too Infinity.Instead of having to go ALL the way to the Messages app, you get a convenient pop-up when you get Infinity message, and you can Infinity to it in the Infinity. Search Infinity. this is an option I disable immediately whenever I install Itunes. blogspot. in the same way a PC benefits from a restart. If you burned the songs to an audio cd, you can insert the CD while wmp is loaded and click the rip option.i did it twice in my life. com Best music download site?165Best music downloading (FREE and simple) site?mp3obsession.


The correct term is "Power Tokens", and according to the game's wiki you will have 12 tokens of various types at most (there are actually tokens which are better than yellow tokens). You gain your first (blue) token at level 7 with an additional token at each consecutive level until level 14, and then it gets a bit more complex, so just go ahead and follow the link for the specifics.... Get a quick quotation for Part no. 23C509 Circuit Card Assemb by Power Paragon Inc having NSN 5998-00-538-1989 under FSC 5998 Electrical and Electronic Assemblies Boards Cards and Associated Hardware. All NSN parts have verifiable traces to FAA approved sources.
29/08/2016 · Paragon is the MOBA from Epic Games that puts you in the fight with explosive action, direct third-person control, and deep strategic choice. All heroes are free in Paragon …... Call our Customer Service Team on 1800 980 050, where we will arrange a replacement card for you as soon as possible. Damaged PowerPass card? Email your account number and name to PowerPass@bunnings.com.au , where we will arrange a replacement card for you.
Let's help you get a replacement as soon as possible If you need a replacement key or card just call us we'll be happy to help. Before you order a replacement, it's useful to check our prepayment guides , to see if there's another way to fix the problem... Get a quick quotation for Part no. 23C509 Circuit Card Assemb by Power Paragon Inc having NSN 5998-00-538-1989 under FSC 5998 Electrical and Electronic Assemblies Boards Cards and Associated Hardware. All NSN parts have verifiable traces to FAA approved sources.
Power up, power down or power cycle servers connected to optional Raritan remote power control units. With a single click, you can re-boot a hung or crashed server and get back to business. With a single click, you can re-boot a hung or crashed server and get back to business.
And I'm assuming Paragon will get more and more cards as the game goes through the years, since that is the initial thought behind a card system. Collect them all (and multiple of them). Collect them all (and multiple of them).
Wraith sends himself and nearby allies (in 2200 radius) into the Shadow Plane and grants a movement speed boost for a short period of time. Surprise, Surprise! is a channel ability granting invisibility to nearby allies after about 1 second of channel.
26/06/2017 · As video acceleration technology advances forward, the power requirements for video cards rise dramatically, because their components require more wattage to perform optimally. If you are unsure on how to connect the power properly, then this is the article for you.


Meet the king of the part time punks.
The first time Mick Trouble heard of cult 80s UK post punks Television Personalities he was in a sauna in New York City. "My manager Mort Rich, my friend Joey Bishop, and I were having a shvitz in a bathhouse in Hell's Kitchen. Mort says, "Hey Joey, you heard these new kids Television Personalities?" and starts singing "Where's Bill Grundy Now." It sounded horrible, so naturally I wasn't much of a TVPs fan until around age 92, when I heard them at a record shop in Bushwick. It changed my life", Trouble explains via email.
It turns out that the anecdote is about as real as Mick Trouble's birth certificate. What is true is that Trouble, the alter ego of Jed Smith, now has a Television Personalities interest that comes close to having to be monitored.
It's the Mick Trouble EP is four tracks that have Trouble sounding uncannily like Dan Treacy, the singer-songwriter of the London band known for their jangling psychedelic pop punk and sardonic British wit.
Though relatively obscure at the time, songs like "Part Time Punks", built around Treacy's louche and sarcastic humour helped Television Personalities to become punk cult heroes who influenced many including Kurt Cobain, and Creation Records' Alan McGee, who called Treacy, "the last real bluesman in England."
Mick Trouble was born from Wondering Sound, a project that involved Smith creating musical artists from Facebook profile photos and then creating, album covers, bios and then recording a track for each. As well as the 80s pop of HI and the blue-eyed soul of Moira, Smith created Trouble, a songwriter born in Muswell Hill, London in 1963 and who disappeared before a scheduled appearance on John Peel. His 1980 album was discovered earlier this year under a cookie jar in his basement.
Smith is keeping busy and as well as a new Mick Trouble LP, he's working on a My Teenage Stride (his main pop band project) album, recording with one of his personal heroes Ian Svenonius as well as "some other weird meta historical-reenactment type stuff".
We emailed him questions to find out more about his music and interest in Television Personalities.
Noisey: How did you get the sound so much like Television Personalities ? It's uncanny.
Jed Smith: I record myself in my practice space. I play everything on the record so I start with drums and layer from there. There's no vintage equipment and no outboard gear besides mic preamps and a Ramsa mixer, so it's mostly all done in Logic. Basically I've made it my personal business since I was about 14 to absorb every microscopic detail of all of my favourite recordings, so I guess it's just "years of practice."
Humour shines through in a track like "Shut Your Bleeding Gob You Git". But TVP had some fun.
Yeah, the humour is kind of integral to the thing. But I try not to go too broad because this is not satire or parody. It's just "knowing?"
Do you have a favourite TVP song?
Probably "This Angry Silence." Or "Bill Grundy", or "Jackanory Stories". Or all of them.
Has Dan Treacey heard your music?
Not sure. Jowe Head [Television Personalities guitarist] has. In fact Jowe is going to be playing bass in the live Mick Trouble band for a tour next year, and we'll be his backing band for his set (he's recording a new album). That was pretty mind-blowing, I can tell you. But I don't know if Treacy's heard it. Probably not.
What do you think when your music is described as word 'mimicry'? Do you think it lessens the artistic integrity?
Well of course it's mimicry. If it weren't that word you'd have to come up with a synonym because that's basically what it is. I guess you could say "tribute." But no I don't think it lessens the artistic integrity. I'm doing my "art" inside one construct, and it's a stylistic one, and it's a very specific one at that. It's just a framework to me. I'm not sure I think originality in popular music even exists for the most part. In fact I think it's quite the opposite in a lot of ways. It's a continuum, a universe constantly building on itself and expanding and modifying the vocabulary based on its own precedence. Also, it's fun.
'It's the Mick Trouble EP' is available now on Emotional Response.