The programme aims to provide students with a grounding in Bhutanese and Himalayan studies by imparting knowledge on Bhutanese culture, tradition, heritage, history, religion and language in the context of Himalayan studies. The programme also covers the study of specific historical developments, cultural norms, and the socioeconomic and geographic contexts that shape perceptions and practices in the Himalayan regions of Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh.
In addition, the programme will introduce students to the concept of Gross National Happiness in the context of Bhutanese and Himalayan studies. Through this programme, students will develop research skills and bilingual competency in Dzongkha and English.
Exhibit a broad understanding of key terms, debates and theories related to cultures, societies, languages, religions and histories of the Himalayan territories of Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh.
Describe the evolutionary and historical processes that have shaped the biological, behavioral and cultural diversity of Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh.
Compare the diverse cultural and traditional practices, and beliefs found within Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh.
Analyze the impact of major historical events in the world and the region on the socio-economic and political developments of the Himalayan region.
Describe the historical and political developments of Bhutan and the Himalayan region.
Evaluate the importance of historical figures of Bhutan and their contributions to nation building.
Gain an understanding of GNH as a development paradigm and make comparisons with other approaches.
Evaluate the application of GNH to development policies and plans of Bhutan as well as its impact outside Bhutan.
Undertake critical and constructive analysis of texts, artifacts, spaces, events, debates, policies and ways of being in the context of Bhutanese and Himalayan studies.
Display basic skills of curating and presenting visual and spatial research.
Apply basic research skills to conduct small scale research projects.
Critically analyze and synthesize information relevant to the area of study.
Appreciate the uniqueness of Bhutanese values, culture and tradition.
Display a sense of respect for indigenous knowledge and practices in Bhutan and the wider Himalayan region.
Appreciate the uniqueness of Bhutanese culture and tradition.


STEVEN NAISMITH was the surprise Everton hero as Samuel Eto'o fired blanks on a disastrous Blues debut.
Striking superstar Eto'o has three Champions League winners medals and pockets a whopping £7million a year.
But at Goodison Park he looked more like a park player struggling to recover from a night on the booze and fags.
And while the Cameroon striker blew chance after chance to get off the mark, Scot Naismith netted the clincher as Jose Mourinho suffered his first defeat since returning to English football.
Eto'o spent his week telling anyone who would listen how much he cherished his friendship with Mourinho (below).
But sticking away one of the numerous opportunities Chelsea created would have been a better way to show his loyalty.
The worst miss came as early as the fifth minute when Ramires' sweet cross from deep allowed the striker to get ahead of Phil Jagielka – but he angled his header well wide of the target.
It was the first of many and Eto'o's misery was complete when he failed to capitalise on a Tim Howard clanger – although Everton's players were slapping their own new signing Gareth Barry on the back for denying the Cameroon star.
Howard inexplicably gifted the ball to Andre Schurrle when trying to pass out from the back and the German cut a ball into the path of Eto'o.
He looked odds on to roll his effort into an empty net until Barry charged across the box and got a foot in to deflect the Chelsea man's effort into the stands.
Everton's own hitman, Nikica Jelavic, had earlier failed to convert a decent headed chance.
He had to hold off the powerful Branislav Ivanovic to reach Naismith's ball through but was unable to get enough power on his effort to beat Petr Cech.
Kevin Mirallas then drilled in a low cross that Naismith cracked wide from ten yards out.
Howard redeemed himself following his earlier mistake by pushing a well-taken Ramires volley around the post.
But Chelsea let the home side off the hook again when Schurrle clipped the ball over. Mourinho, never one to hide his emotions, threw his hands up in the air.
His mood hardly improved when Ivanovic headed over a free-kick in the 40th minute.
And he must have gone ballistic at half-time after Chelsea had shipped a sloppy goal seconds before the interval.
Leon Osman had too much time in the box to aim a cross to the far post, where the unmarked Jelavic headed it back into the danger zone.
The ball found Naismith six yards out and he had the simple task of nodding past an exposed Cech.
Chelsea then flew out of the blocks as they attempted to rescue the game.
Ramires fed Schurrle in the 48th minute, with the German lifting the ball over Howard – only to see it fade off target and drop into the side-netting.
Eden Hazard powered in a shot that flew back off Howard's chest to Eto'o but once more the striker was wayward with his finish.
The striker's confidence was not dropping though and he cheekily chested the ball goalwards as the visitors dominated – but Howard was alert to the danger.
But Chelsea's high energy game dropped off the pace and Mourinho, desperate to spark his team, hauled off Ashley Cole and stuck on Fernando Torres.
It was Everton that came closest to scoring, though, with Cech doing well to smother a Mirallas free-kick at the foot of his post and Leighton Baines clipping the bar with a free-kick in stoppage time.
Martinez said: "It feels really good to win because it was a special game, a special opposition and a very good performance.


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Home / Live the City! / Shopping / Regional specialities / Our greatest specialities
Our greatest specialities
Whether you prefer sweet or savoury, the wealth of our gastronomic heritage offers a multitude of tasty surprises!
Beauce Cola
After the Corsicans and the Bretons, La Beauce is the latest home-made French cola to hit the shops. Beauce Cola is a 98% local product, made from local water and sugar beet from the factory at Artenay.
The Chartrenser
This looks like two small shortbread pastries stuck together with salted caramel butter, a nod to Brittany, one of Franz Stock's favourite regions. "Chartrenser" ("from Chartres") is the name given to German prisoners studying for the clergy between 1945 and 1947 at the Coudray seminary. This delicacy is made fresh each day by the Arnaud Ioos bakery.
The Cochelin
Puff pastry in the shape of a little man, plain or filled with jam, the cochelin is a gourmet speciality dating back to the Middle Ages. Produced back then by the Brotherhood of Bakers, it was sold on the evening of 31 December to be given to friends and relatives to wish them a happy new year. Today, the tradition of the Cochelin is reborn thanks to the initiative of Chartres bakers who produce it every Christmas.
Beauceronne lemonade
Founded in 1888 by Fernand Savoure, it is today Stanislas Savoure, the 5th generation of lemonade bottlers who watches over the authenticity of "La Beauce" lemonade. The water comes from La Beauce, and the natural flavours of citrus and sugar beet from Artenay.
Made from a crushed almond paste, sugar and egg whites, this delicious round cake can be filled with cream of any flavour. Our partners offer their creations "The Chocolate Factory" and "David Lambert Chocolatier."
The Mentchikoff
The mentchikoff is chocolate-coated praline and Swiss meringue, created in 1893 during the Franco-Russian alliance. Nowadays, many confectioners in Chartres make this delicate sweet that delights gourmets everywhere. Our partner "La Chocolaterie" makes and sells this particular delicacy.
Chartres honey
Twenty five collections of hives produce two crops of Chartres honey per year, the second of which is a mixture of flowers including acacia and lime. An educational site on the roofs of the Apostrophe media library has five hives producing the famous "Miel de la Médiathèque". Other products are also offered by the Billard Apiary.
The Pèlerin
The name of this soft wheat flour biscuit is rooted directly in the story of Chartres. The design symbolises the labyrinth of Chartres Cathedral and serves as a reminder that Chartres welcomes many pilgrims. Often filled with almonds and apple from the gardens of Imbermais. Carefully packed in tissue paper, marked with the sign of the maze and enclosed in a metal biscuit tin, this is the best gift for a real souvenir of Chartres and its majestic cathedral. Manufactured by Maison Monarque.
Chartres tea
Discover five teas developed by the Brûlerie Chartraine that will delight lovers of subtle and light flavours - "Chartres blue" (referring to the famous Chartres blue present in the windows of the cathedral), the "Lights of Chartres," the "Kiss of Chartres" (referring to the Cosmetic Valley), the "Henry IV" (a tribute to good King Henry) and the "Chartres Labyrinth".
The Vitrail de Chartres
David Lambert, patissier and chocolatier, connects the cultural and gastronomic story of Chartres with his "vitrail" and his mentchikoff. The alliance is a praline candy (almond / hazelnut and dark chocolate) and a meringue reminiscent of a mentchikoff with a stained glass finish, obtained with cocoa butter containing natural blue pigments and gold dust.
© C'Chartres Tourism - Mathieu Anglada
© C.Mouton - CRT Centre-Val de Loire
© C'Chartres Tourism - Studio Martino
The Retrodor baguette
Made from flour with no additives, a subtle blend of the best wheats from the Beauce country, this traditional French baguette is characterised by a creamy texture with irregular bubble sizes and a golden brown crust. Known and recognised throughout France, it also enjoys an international reputation.
Belsia crisps
Home-made crisps, guaranteed gluten free, no preservatives, no artificial flavours and no palm oil. The chips are made with 100% Beauce potatoes grown on the family farm, located 20 km from Chartres. The potatoes are hand-picked, sliced and cooked in a cauldron in small quantities, then and lightly salted with salt from the Ile de Ré.
Eurélienne beer*
Made in Eure-et-Loir at the Brasserie de Chandres, 'L'Eurélienne" beer is brewed and bottled on a family farm within 10 km of Chartres. Eurélienne is a natural beer - more than 90% of the barley comes from local farm fields, the beer is brewed by hand, without filtration and without pasteurisation. Eurélienne is generous and full-bodied, lending itself to special occasions...
The Eurélienne regularly receives awards at the International Exhibition of Agriculture.
Pâté de Chartres
Famous since the 18th century, Pâté de Chartres is a prepared in a pastry crust and consists mainly of game meat. Originally, there would be plovers or other birds migrating through Chartres but these have been replaced in the recipe by partridge and pheasant, embellished with foie gras, truffles and subtle spices. It is listed as a recognised culinary heritage by UNESCO.
Chicken-in-a-pot
Henry of Navarre is the only king of France to have been crowned in Chartres cathedral, on February 27th,1594. To commemorate this event, a number of restaurants in the town and its surroundings add the "Poule au Pot" recipe on their menus, especially during "Henry IV Week" (last weekend of February-early March).
Rosé de Chartres wine and the vineyard of Saint-Brice*
In April 2003, about 500 vines were planted on a hillside in the grounds of the Residence Val de l'Eure on the initiative of the Association of the Village of Saint-Brice. On 25 September 2006, the first vintage of the century was opened in Chartres. It has been celebrated at the same place each year. A grape harvest festival is celebrated on the last weekend of September. A visit to the vineyards is available.
*Alcohol abuse is dangerous, drink in moderation.
© L'Eurélienne
When to find our specialities

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


KEOLABS' end-to-end testing tool offer enables full validation of smart objects and NFC systems used in identity, payment, transportation and mobile communications applications. Its activities involve Smart Card Validation in which it prototypes, validates and certifies smart card and secure components used in applications that range from payment to identity, KEOLABS has an end-to-end offer that includes testing platforms, validating solutions, and its testing laboratory.
Laboratory providing official CIPURSE certification service.


Today I skipped church. There..I said it. The deepest and darkest sin of my soul has been released! Okay, this action was not one, I know, that pointed me straight to Hell, but it is something I would like to publicly reflect on.
Every Sunday morning, my alarm wakes me up at 6:15am. I am usually groggy. I have eye crust, and my head feels like it weighs 500 lbs. All I want to do is sleep for a little while longer. I actually do get to sleep a while longer because my wife is normally the first to arise and start her routine. I tell myself the only reason I indulge in an extra 45 minutes of sleep is to ensure the water heater has time to replenish the supply after my wife finishes getting ready.
I pastor a church that some would call "mobile". We meet in a school and must set up and tear down every week. My volunteers are committed and we can all sympathize with one another when our hair is not perfect and we are on our third gallon of [insert name of caffeinated beverage]. We make it work and God is glorified as we pray for His spirit to move in every service, and impact those that come.
Today was a unique experience for my wife and I. This weekend we took a short trip to celebrate our anniversary, and we decided to sleep in until we were tired of sleeping. There were no children to wake us up. There were no alarms to cut off the flow. Just us, and the pillow, and unadulterated, beautiful sleep. It felt good. It was comfortable. My pillow somehow stayed cold, and I didn't even question the physics behind it.
The rest of the day we ate lunch, visited a museum, and drove home to restart our normal family routines. As I was eating dinner tonight, I thought about today and how it made me feel. I had a great time, and I know how vital it is to take some time away every once in a while, but I could tell that something was lacking in my heart. I realized this "lacking feeling" was largely due to the fact that church was not part of the equation. From an occupational perspective, I was okay with the fact that I would not have any leadership responsibilites today. From a soul enriching perspective, however, I felt dry, disconnected, empty, and spiritually drained. I still love Jesus, but I could tell there was something missing. There were actually a few things missing. Fellowship. Community worship. Service. Any one of these things are holy in themselves, but alone they are deficient.
As a pastor, I have to admit that I get discouraged when it seems like people could care less about the importance of community worship. Why? Well, probably, because as a pastor I have given my life to a concept that many look at as a hobby. Now, don't get me wrong, I am not one to say that if you are not under a steeple every living chance you get then you are destined for eternal damnation, but I do think that we take this amazing opportunity for granted. I long for the day in which we can collectively push back the spontaneous "Sunday flu" and praise together in preparation for Heaven. It is important.
The Christian community, as a whole (including me) wants the church to be there when we need it, but rarely think about being there for the church. This breaks my heart when I think about how I have contributed to this mentality. How have I? Well, there have been times when I have tried to make the activity of the church as entertaining as possible to attract more people. That's not a terrible thing to do, but my motives were placed in quantity instead of impact. What I have realized is I yearn to convey my love for God's word and the people He created.
We were made to worship. Not in isolation but in praise with one another. Every, single, hypocritical one of us. I know, I know…you may be a person who doesn't like "institutional religion" and you have your own way of worshipping. That's awesome, but just make sure there is a community aspect to it. And, if there is a community aspect to it, make sure you organize yourselves in a way that most efficiently conveys the mission of what God has called you to accomplish. Wait…that sounds like the Church. Forgive me.
Heaven is going to be a place of service, fellowship, and praise for the rest of eternity. We must get used to it or we will seek other things to fill the void. Also, we don't want to be caught off guard when we are playing our harp on cloud 9 and a fellow believer joins in with us.
I am so ready to get back to church this Sunday. I hate this feeling. Worship should happen every day, though. Thank God for daily renewal.


Payment Instructions: Full payment sale day by check, cash or credit card. There is a 3% credit card fee.
Preview Date & Times: Friday, October 7. from 5-7 p.m.
Payment day of sale by cash check or credit card, shipping and packing charges will be determined and paid by buyer prior to shipment.


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Blighter Sea Clutter Filter enhances E-scan radar's effectiveness
November 9, 2014	News 1,201 Views
Blighter Surveillance Systems, a British electronic-scanning (e-scan) radar and sensor solution provider, has enhanced its Blighter e-scan radar's effectiveness for coastal and harbour security with a raft of new features including a sea wave clutter filter.
These features will enable its radar to protect complex coastlines from intruders such as smugglers, pirates, illegals and terrorists using jet skis, kayaks and rigid inflatable boats (RIBs) at ranges of up to 10km away.
The Blighter radar is now able to detect and locate these small and slow moving targets day and night and in almost all weather conditions, in rough seas, heavy rain or dense fog.
Mark Radford, CEO of Blighter Surveillance Systems, said: "Protecting coastlines from illegal intruders is a growing concern for countries the world over. Our Blighter coastal security radar's unique algorithms and Doppler signal processing enables it to detect the small and uncooperative targets that traditional coastal surveillance radars such as vessel traffic systems and maritime radars are simply not designed for."
The Blighter low power solid state passive electronic scanning array radar features frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) transmission technology combined with sensitive Doppler target detection. The sea clutter filter enables the Doppler signal processing unit to filter out sea wave clutter returns in both velocity and amplitude.
"As colour is to CCTV images, Doppler is to radar detection. It adds a third dimension to target detection so that not only are targets identified in azimuth (compass bearing) and range but they are also discriminated by Doppler velocity, the relative speed of each target," added Mark Radford. "The sea clutter filter automatically classifies the sea clutter and removes it and uses a non-moving target detection filter to extract static targets from the Doppler filter enabling it to detect static boats, buoys and other features in a coastal or port environment."
The Blighter radar is about the size of a large brief case and uses a fraction of the power of other radars – it transmits only 4 Watts of power and consumes just 100 Watts allowing operation via solar panels and easy installation in difficult areas to reach such as rocky or inaccessible coastal regions. The radar's low data bandwidth requirement also allows remote operation over narrowband wireless links or satellite communication systems.
Like most radars, Blighter integrates with a range of electro-optic camera systems – and other situation awareness sensors – and these elements are controlled through the BlighterView HMI command and control (C2) software platform. BlighterView can also integrate with AIS transponders, PIDS systems, fusion and target/video tracking elements.
Blighter Surveillance Systems delivers an integrated multi-sensor package to systems integrators comprising the Blighter radars plus cameras, thermal imagers, trackers and software solutions. Its ITAR-free systems are used worldwide in commercial, government and defence markets in area and asset protection for national border security, homeland security, critical infrastructure protection such as airports, coastal surveillance, and in military applications.
Blighter radar solutions are used at Heathrow and other international airports, by the British Army for force protection, and in numerous asset protection and border security applications, including monitoring the Korean Demilitarised Zone (DMZ), a buffer zone which runs 250 km across the Korean peninsula and separates North and South Korea.


text:
Q: Apply a function to already existing Date column I have below fictitious code (My code is sensitive):
df
record_id     date    sick funny    happy
XK2C0001-3  7/10/2018   2   1       1
XK2C0002-1  7/10/2018   2   4       1
XK2C0003-9  7/11/2018   2   4       1
ZT2C0004-7  7/11/2018   2   4       1
XK2C0005-4  7/11/2018   1   1       1
XK2C0001-3  7/10/2018   2   4       1
XK2C0002-1  7/10/2018   2   4       1
XK2C0003-9  7/11/2018   1   4       1
XK2C0004-7  7/11/2018   2   4       1
ZT2C0005-4  7/11/2018   2   4       1

male_gender=df.loc[(df['sick'] == 1) | (df['funny'] == 1) | (df['happy'] == 1)]
male_gender['date'].value_counts().head()
2018-10-02    22
2018-10-03    14
2018-10-05    10
2018-11-01    10
2018-10-22    10
Name: date, dtype: int64

and I have below working function to filter last 7 weekdays:
prev_days = [today - timedelta(days=i) for i in range(10)]
prev_days = [d for d in prev_days if d.weekday() < 5]
for d in prev_days[:7]:
    print(d)

My question is: How to apply the function above to the dataframe column "date"? I just want the idea, the data  above are fictitious, you may give another example.
Edit: I want to know how many male_gender do I have in the last 7 weekdays relative to today only.

A: Convert your df['date'] to a datetime series, filter your dataframe, and then use pd.Series.value_counts:
df['date'] = pd.to_datetime(df['date'])

m1 = (df['sick'] == 1) | (df['funny'] == 1) | (df['happy'] == 1)  # custom conditions
m2 = df['date'] >= pd.Timestamp('today') - pd.DateOffset(days=7)  # last 7 days
m3 = ~df['date'].dt.weekday.isin([5, 6])                          # not Sat or Sun

res = df.loc[m1 & m2 & m3, 'date'].value_counts()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
LIVABLE CENTER PLAN
Download (9.7MB PDF)
Opportunities & Challenges
Concept Plan
Livable Center
Based on consultant observations, public comments and projected development estimates, The Energy Corridor District Livable Centers Study recommends a future mixed-use transit oriented development.
The plan calls for splitting the 75 Energy Corridor Connector bus route into two separate routes. A north-south route will run from the Addicks Park & Ride Lot to the Eldridge Parkway corridor. A new east-west route along IH- 10 would connect apartments, office centers, restaurants and the Addicks Park & Ride Lot to provide faster service and more transit options along N. Dairy Ashford and Park Row.
The first transit, parking, streetscape, bicycle and pedestrian improvements are proposed for the restaurant area formerly known as Grisby Square. By protecting the grand Live Oak trees in the area, cleaning up the overgrown vacant lots, adding transit amenities and expanding casual dining experiences, walking, bicycling and transit use will all be encouraged.
Perhaps the study's biggest idea is the proposed Livable Centers Bridge over IH-10. Spanning over 24 lanes of highway, this structure would be lined with a unique building
space that encloses a "shared space" passage for pedestrians, bicycles and transit vehicles. The center of the bridge is envisioned as an open plaza that would accommodate special events.
The bridge would connect high density transit oriented development on METRO's Addicks Park & Ride Lot on the north side to future WestLake Commons mixed-use development proposed by BP on the south side. The bridge would provide clearance for future rail transit underneath the bridge in the center of IH-10. Its rail-boarding platform would be connected with steps, escalators and elevators to the shops, promenades and transit mall atop the Livable Centers Bridge.
Interested property owners, developers and public agencies are encouraged to review and evaluate The Energy Corridor District Livable Centers Study. The Energy Corridor District will continue to revise the plan to respond to real estate market realities and public budgets.
Clark Martinson
General Manager Energy Corridor District
14701 St. Mary's Suite 290
cmartinson@energycorridor.org


Many Christians sense a tension between their desire to enjoy life in this world - the beauty of God's creation, the rich love of deep relationships with others - and the reality that this world is fallen and broken, in need of redemption. How can we embrace and thrive in the tension between enjoying creation and promoting redemption? By living out our God-given purpose.
As 'worldly saints,' created in the image of God, we are natural creatures with a supernatural purpose - to know and love God. Because we live in a world that is stained by the curse of sin, we must learn to embrace our nature as creatures created in the image of God while recognising our desperate need for the grace that God offers to us in the gospel.
"... well-written, it is easy to understand, and it sometimes made me laugh out loud. But more importantly, it is wise, balanced, thoroughly biblical, passionate for Christ and the gospel..."?


My eyebrows are very light coloured and almost a year ago I started to fill in my eyebrows with an eyebrow pencil.
I was using the pencil for a little while and then a friend told me I should try the Catrice eyebrow set when we went to the Kruidvat. And I'm going to tell you what I think about both of these two completely different products with the same purpose.
I used to fill in my eyebrows with the Yves Rocher eyebrow pencil. It's really easy and a good start if you never used to fill in your eyebrows before. The only thing is that you have to find a good colour that will match your facial expression. Don't buy a pencil that is too dark and try to keep it as natural as possible, but that's what you have to do with every make-up you buy and use. Well that's my opinion. I like to keep things natural and not too much. If you have a different opinion about that, that's okay of course!
I didn't know which colour would be the best so I asked for help and the lady that helped me was really nice. (I don't like to ask people for help. I think it makes me look stupid..) But she explained to me why the pencil she gave me is the best for me. Because I'm a blonde she gave me the 02 cendré eyebrow pencil. It's a perfect colour I think. It's not too dark and it doesn't give me a fake look. I've tried to find the same colour in different shops but I haven't found a cheaper pencil yet. Also when you buy an eyebrow pencil you have to buy a special make-up pencil sharpener just that you don't forget that like I did. haha.
So I had to buy one too and that's the only extra you will need.
There also was a brush on the other end of my pencil and two lids that cover both ends. I really like the effect of this pencil. It's easy and it's up to you how dark you want your eyebrows to be. If you draw the line thicker it will be a darker colour, simply as that.
This cute little box was recommended by my friend. She is also using it. And she said that I should try it too. It was almost the same colour as my pencil. So I decided to buy this cute little eyebrow set. Look at the little brush and tweezers in the drawer!
But the tools are a little bit too small I guess. I can barely hold the brush in my hand. But it fits in the box and the box is easy to take with me when I'm on the road. But I bought a larger brush because that works so much easier than this little one. This brush is so small that when I fill in my eyebrows I see more hand than the brush. Also I'm not a fan of the little tweezers. I don't think I'm ever going to use them because they are so small, but I keep them in the little drawer so whenever my eyebrows are 'wild' I always have tweezers with me to pick those wild hairs away. There is a mirror in the box which is always very useful but is also small. It's just a whole small package so that is very logical. I just mention it a hundred times and I don't know why because I really like the idea that everything is so small and easy to take with me.
This is the box opened with the little drawer and the mirror. The mirror is a little bit small but it's very useful for when you're on the way. I hope you can see that the brush and tweezers are really small.
Now the colours. When I drew on my hand with the pencil, I noticed that I had to draw multiple times before the colour was visible enough to take a picture of. I didn't notice that when I used it for my eyebrow. But I don't really mind. I really like the colour as I said before.
The second one is the first colour from the Catrice eyebrow set I call it number 1 because Catrice didn't give the colours a name. This is the colour I use for my eyebrows. It looks really light on my skin but it gives my eyebrows a good natural colour. Colour number 2 is very dark as you can see. I don't use it. It's very pigmented and when you have darker hair than me I think that colour is perfect.
I really like both of the products and I don't think I can choose between them. But right now I'm using the Catrice eyebrow set. I thank my friend for recommending this one to me! I'm really happy that I finally have visible eyebrows.


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text:
Forbes Lists
sehteqsaim2020-12-20T13:58:51+00:00
Founders: Saif AlJaibeji, Noor AlKamil
The Middle East's 50 Most-Funded Startups
Rank: #11
Sehteq
Country: U.A.E
Funding: $23 million
Investors: 971 Capital
Digital health insurance
Sehteq offers low-cost health insurance plans to individuals and SMEs in the U.A.E. The company was founded in 2017, and has since amassed around 650,000 consumers and created a network of more than 2,200 providers, according to the company. Co-founder Saif AlJaibeji is an experienced physician and executive, who acted as regional CEO for U.S.-based healthcare company UnitedHealth Group. Co-founder Noor AlKamil is also a physician and holds a master's degree in microbiology and immunology from Harvard University. Sehteq raised $23 million from U.A.E.-based 971 Capital this year.
Halan
ekar
© 2021 Forbes Middle East. All Rights Reserved.


We have improved the routing of our Botswana Wildlife Breakaway Tour for 2018. The incredibly popular tour will continue to start and end in the world famous Victoria Falls, however, the first highlights will now be the Caprivi Strip, Okavango Delta, and Moremi Game Reserve, before travelling onto the beautifully scenic Nata region and then to the renowned national parks of Chobe and Hwange. This change will help reduce daily driving times and distances, allowing clients to have more time each day at their own leisure or to enjoy actvities. The change came about after analysing clients' feedback and adjusting the tour accordingly. As an added bonus, there will be no 2018 rate increase, with the rate staying exactly the same as the 2017 season.
Botswana is known to many as the most beautiful country in Africa. The sunsets in the South are nothing short of spectacular and anyone who has taken a trip to the Okavango Delta can testify to the vast splendour of green planes interwoven with beautiful streams found in the North. Filled to the brim with wildlife of all kinds, and covering 582,000 km squared, of majority untouched lands, Botswana sets the perfect scene for a blissful vacation. However, where you stay can make or break your vacation, which is why we've put together a list of what our many years in the industry has shown to be the top 10 lodges of Botswana. While luxury played an important role in our decision making, we looked beyond this to the experience of each lodge and based theirs positions accordingly.
Take the exciting opportunity to get to know the magnificent attractions and offerings of Botswana and Zimbabwe, intimately. The two countries are excellent partners for providing a full scope of wildlife activities and diverse landscapes in Southern Africa. From the mighty Victoria Falls and massive Kariba Dam in Zimbabwe, to the lush Okavango Delta and otherworldly Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana, and so much more in between. The 15-day Intimate Botswana & Zimbabwe Encounter tour covers all the must-see highlights of the area and is not to be missed.
Botswana is an unspoiled land of breathtaking beauty and varied attractions. Not only is the country known for its impressive wildlife, captivating deserts and vibrant green grasslands, it is also home to one of the oldest cultures in the world - the San People. Plus, this African country has a dedicated focus on sustainable tourism and a passion for conservation. Its prime location, nestled between South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe makes it incredibly convenient to travel to and through on the Southern African safari of your clients' dreams. It combines perfectly with its neighbours, or as a destination of its own. Jenman African Safaris has an extensive range of guided group tours that showcase the best that this splendid country has to offer. Click the link below to find out which is the perfect one for your client and if you're going to BTTE, meet up with Katja or Alessa to discuss with them in person.
We continue to have great success with WETU, the cloud based travel tourism industry resource. One of its (many) useful features is the ability to easily create beautiful and in-depth online itineraries for agents that they can send to their clients. These itineraries come standard with a Jenman African Safaris logo but if agents so wish, they are able to receive itineraries with their own logo on them. Email us your logo and we'll ensure your next tailor-made itinerary will include your branding. .
This month we would like to introduce you to Nkossie, one of our Jenman guides who consistently gets high praise from our guests. He has a true passion for guiding and an even more incredible passion for birds. Nkossie's eye's light up if there are fellow bird enthusiasts on his tours, or as he likes to call them "fanatics". What guests appreciate about him is his extensive knowledge of the wildlife and his willingness to go the extra mile to make sure they are happy.
We are really looking forward to going up to The Botswana Travel & Tourism Expo (BTTE) in December! BTTE is a wonderful event for connecting with travel industry partners and learning more about the beauty of Botswana. It is also an excellent opportunity for members of the industry to establish business partnerships with the Botswana tourism industry stakeholders and gain unique insights.
We would love to use this opportunity to meet in person, catch up and chat about what a wonderful product Botswana is, as well as about how we can help you to sell it to your clients. If you are joining, arrange a meeting with Alessa or Katja either on the Monday the 5th or Tuesday the 6th of December. They will have a funky surprise for you that will see you through to the end of the travel show unharmed….
Jenman not only runs fantastic safaris throughout Africa but they also customize top of the range safari vehicles. We apply our years of expertise in the safari industry as well as customer feedback to to creating impressive innovations for our game drive vehicles. Recently we revamped our Botswana Land Cruisers, affectionately known as Jabulani - a Zulu word for rejoice.
We chatted to Louis, our Fleet and Equipment manager about how the client experience will be improved on the new Bots cruisers which are used on the Botswana Lodge Explorer, Botswana Untouched, Botswana Wildlife Breakaway, Delta & Desert Discovery, Great Trans African Lodge Safari, and Intimate Botswana and Zimbabwe Encounter tours.


text:
Tell Me More Lies
sola virtus invicta
Chabloz walks free from court, again!
October 9, 2018 October 9, 2018 Alison Chabloz
For the fifth time in 12 months, I walked free from court again yesterday – this time in a breach trial brought against me by the National Probation Service (NPS) for refusing to comply with the slave labour part of my Suspended Sentence Order.
First off, a brief explanation is necessary regards the difference between a Community Order (CO) and a Suspended Sentence Order (SSO). As one District Judge commented in a research paper published in 2008:
'Well, prison is an ever-present part of one isn't it [the SSO], but not of the other, and that's the difference in a nutshell. There's a real threat. As I see it, a Community Order is – look, we're trying to help you – and anything to do with imprisonment is – look, we're trying to threaten you.'
Freedom of expression, Politics, Social media, UK lawAlison Chabloz, CAA, Campaign Against Antisemitism, Chesterfield, Community Order, CPS, Crown Prosecution Service, David Aaronovitch, Diane Abbot, forced labour, free speech martyr, Kevin Lowry-Mullins, National Probation Service, North Derbyshire Magistrates, police, prison, Richard Alderman, Stephen Appelbaum, suspended sentence order, The Times, Theresa May, unpaid work, YouTube, Zionist Entity
Guilty verdict provokes Jewish concerns
June 1, 2018 June 1, 2018 Alison Chabloz37 Comments
Over the past few days, seven opinion pieces have been published by lamestream media. With the possible exception of Spiked's Fraser Myers, all are penned by Jews, with two written by Gideon Falter, chairman of Campaign Against Antisemitism (CAA), the man who originally brought the private criminal prosecution against me which led to last week's guilty verdict for causing offence by uploading songs to my Tell Me More Lies blog and to YouTube.
Anti-revisionist law, Freedom of expression, Politics, UK law(((Survivors))), Adam Wagner, Alison Chabloz, Anthony Julius, Anti-revisionist law, Ben Weich, CAA, Campaign Against Antisemitism, Communications Act 2003, Community Security Trust, Daniel Finkelstein, Derbyshire Constabulary, Derbyshire Police and Crime Commissioner, Fraser Myers, Freedom of Information, Gideon Falter, gulag, Hardyal Dhindsa, Holocaust denial, Jewish Chronicle, Jewish News, Oliver Kamm, Spiked Online, Stephen Pollard, The Guardian, The Times, Tim G Stevens, Times of Israel
UK media crucifixion of Jeremy Corbyn suggests Zionist allegiance
November 28, 2015 November 29, 2015 Alison Chabloz1 Comment
One item of news this past week in the Jewish Chronicle and on ITV was the announcement that David Cameron's Holocaust Memorial Foundation has commissioned a Bafta-winning film company to record the testimonies of Jewish survivors who escaped to Britain during or after WW2.
September 2013, David Cameron announced the creation of a 'cross party' Holocaust Commission whose job it would be to deliver recommendations on " what more needs to be done to ensure Britain has a permanent and fitting memorial and the educational resources needed for generations to come." The Commission is chaired by Britain's most powerful Jew and – as befittingly titled by the Jewish Chronicle -'boss in town' Mick 'miner' Davis, and declares to provide as part of its mission
factual information about what happened, linked to other resources which already provide critical information and education
and to convey
the enormity of the Holocaust and its impact; in particular the loss to mankind of the destruction of European Jewry
… whatever that means.
Jewish Chronicle contributor Geoffrey Alderman already expressed several noteworthy reservations in an opinion piece published February 2014 :
I'm all in favour of Holocaust education. But, unless I'm much mistaken, the Holocaust is already part of the national curriculum. It hardly needs a Downing Street commission to press home the point, does it?
Despite Alderman's protestations and a plethora of memorials and organisations which already exist (including Holocaust Educational Trust, the National Holocaust Centre and even a Department of Education-funded UCL masters qualification in Holocaust Education) it would appear that the new project is forging ahead, nicely aided by £50m of funding as promised by the Prime Minister.
If I'd opted to stay at my desk rather than choosing the sofa in preparation to watch Ken Livingstone on BBC Question Time, I wouldn't have seen the short segment on ITV news: clips of testimonials interspersed with the usual dread-laden voiceover from a 'journalist' readily associating misleading terms such as 'death camp' with Bergen-Belsen. The coverage is further (dis)graced by newsreader Natasha Kaplinsky's 'Never again' pathos, failing to point out that the same issues which caused the Holocaust in the first place have been happening ever since in occupied Palestine.
Quenelle belge
Why there is nothing about this story elsewhere in the press is a mystery, although further announcements regarding UKHMF are expected early 2016, possibly to include building plans for the foundation's forthcoming 'education' centre. The Imperial War Museum is one of the contenders as well as other sites along the Thames. The first person to perform a quenelle outside the new premises should definitely be nominated for both the Quenelle d'Or and Faurisson Trophy awards.
Speaking of quenelles, Dieudonné announced in a new video yesterday that his lawyers have managed to secure a 27,000 euro subsidy from the French Minister of Culture, Fleur Pellerin. This news will no doubt displease Dieudo's detractors, in particular Belgian Jewish associations who were shouting victory in reports of a three-month jail sentence handed to the comedian earlier this week.
Crucify him !
Press treatment of Dieudonné in France bears several extraordinary similarities to that meted out in the UK towards Jeremy Corbyn: accusations of anti-Semitism (when the 'offence' is in fact anti-Zionism) and allegations of being an apologist for 'terrorism' abound in regard to both men. As with the French (and now international) press' attitude towards Dieudonné, UK pundits' muckraking on the subject of Corbyn and his supporters is rather like watching a re-enactment of parts of the New Testament, coordinated amongst others by The Guardian's Jonathan Freeland, The Times' Oliver Kamm and the Jewish Chronicle's Stephen Pollard.
Here, I'd like to refer to the blog post I wrote earlier this week which shows Pollard and Kamm using info from an anonymous Twitter troll in order to force left-wing, veteran Labour MP for Newport, Paul Flynn, to delete a retweet. The scandal was centred around the Sun newspaper's shoddy poll which alleged that one in five British Muslims were sympathetic towards jihadis. For some reason, after deleting his RT, Flynn decided to block Kamm. Here's Kamm's reaction :
The result of Kamm's threat is best seen in The Huff Post's publication last Friday, November 27, of yet another Corbyn smear piece featuring – yes, you've guessed it – Paul Flynn as Judas. Does the amount of muck being raked by neocons against Corbyn (and against shadow chancellor John McDonnell) suggest that there's an even greater mountain of dirt hidden behind all the smearing and faux-disdain? What to think of Jewish Chronicle editor Stephen Pollard's friend and fellow columnist Jonathan Hoffman's links to far right neo-Nazi EDL and the outlawed JDL Jewish terrorist org?
With Blairites like Kamm and Freedland on board, UK mainstream media's CrucifyCorbyn™ campaign thinks it can go ahead full steam, seemingly ignorant of the fact that its MO is now completely transparent to a general public more aware than ever before, mainly thanks to the Internet and sharing of information via modern pioneers such as Dieudonné, Gilad Atzmon and David Icke.
As expected, press double standards will persist and a new, totally unnecessary and hideously expensive Holocaust education centre will be inaugurated to the sound of mass weeping, inappropriate use of non-factual evidence by journalists and pathos gushing forth from TV presenters in order to ensure that nice fat pay check keeps on coming.
Once the centre is open, government funding will no doubt be available to subsidise school trips. I imagine there'll be a coffee area and gift shop selling books and mass-produced memorabilia. Would it be worth the Holocaust Commission considering the possibility of a 'Holocaust revisionism' section either inside the centre itself or, discreetly, on a lower shelf in the gift shop book section (perhaps next to the new edition of Anne Frank's Diary now Anne & Otto Frank and possibly several other people's Diary?) After all, revisionism is a booming online grassroots industry and, as we all know, there's no business like Shoah business.
Freedom of expression, History, Revisionism, WW2#Faurisson Trophy, Alain Soral, Anne Frank, BBC Question Time, Crucify Corbyn, David Cameron, David Icke, Dieudonné, Faurisson, Fleur Pellerin, Geoffrey Alderman, Gilad Atzmon, Holocaust, Holocaust Commission, Holocaust Educational Trust, Holocaust Memorial Foundation, Holocaust revisionism, Huff Post UK, Imperial War Museum, ITV news, Jeremy Corbyn, Jewish Chronicle, John McDonnell, Jonathan Freedland, Jonathan Hoffman, Ken Livingstone, Labour UK, Mick 'miner' Davis, National Holocaust Centre, Oliver Kamm, Otto Frank, Paul Flynn MP, Quenelle, Quenelle d'or, Stephen Pollard, The Guardian, The Times, Twitter, UCL, UKHMF
Caught Covid from the Cat!
Vaccination Nation
Lockdown Covid Blues
Groyping by Gaslight Part 1
RIP Richard Edmonds: A song of remembrance
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Lucy on Caught Covid from the Cat…
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Alison Chabloz on Vaccination Nation
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Shocking bias of Amazon reviews
The Diary of a Nactor
STUPIDITY AND WIND ARE LINKED
The Diary of Greta
Gerard Menuhin in denial again
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text:
This is a list of botanists who have Wikipedia articles, in alphabetical order by surname. The List of botanists by author abbreviation is mostly a list of plant taxonomists because an author receives a standard abbreviation only when that author originates a new plant name.

Botany is one of the few sciences which can boast, since the Middle Ages, of a substantial participation by women.

A

Erik Acharius
Julián Acuña Galé
Johann Friedrich Adam
Carl Adolph Agardh
Jacob Georg Agardh
Nikolaus Ager
William Aiton
Frédéric-Louis Allamand
Carlo Allioni
Lucile Allorge
Prospero Alpini
Benjamin Alvord
Adeline Ames
Eliza Frances Andrews
Agnes Arber
Giovanni Arcangeli
David Ashton
William Guybon Atherstone
Anna Atkins
Daniel E. Atha
Armen Takhtajan

B

Ernest Brown Babcock
Churchill Babington
Curt Backeberg
James Eustace Bagnall
Jacob Whitman Bailey
Liberty Hyde Bailey
Ibn al-Baitar
Giovanni Battista Balbis
John Hutton Balfour
Joseph Banks
César Barbosa
Bryan Alwyn Barlow
Benjamin Smith Barton
John Bartram
William Bartram
Johann Bauhin
Gaspard Bauhin
Chauncey Beadle
William James Beal
Janice C. Beatley
Rolla Kent Beattie
Richard Henry Beddome
Martinus Beijerinck
David Bellamy
George Bentham
Robert Bentley
Miles Joseph Berkeley
Karl August von Bergen
Edward W. Berry
Clarence Bicknell
Jacob Bigelow
John Milton Bigelow
Gustaf Johan Billberg
Johannes Bisse
Francisco Manuel Blanco
John Bradby Blake
William Faris Blakely
Andrew Bloxam
Carl Ludwig Blume
Tyge W. Böcher
Hieronymus Bock
Herman Boerhaave
Wenceslas Bojer
Henry Nicholas Bolander
Harry Bolus
August Gustav Heinrich von Bongard
Charles Bonnet
Aimé Bonpland
Francis Boott
Evelyn Booth (1897–1988)
Attila Borhidi
Antonina Georgievna Borissova
Frederik Børgesen
David Bowman
Richard Bradley
Alexander Braun
John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan
William Henry Brewer
Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel
Elizabeth Gertrude Britton
Nathaniel Lord Britton
Adolphe Theodore Brongniart
Nicholas Edward Brown
Robert Brown
Patrick Browne
Jeremy James Bruhl
Louis-Ovide Brunet
Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
Alexander von Bunge
Elsa Beata Bunge
Luther Burbank
Frederick William Burbidge
William John Burchell
Alan Burges
David Burke
Joseph Burke II
Johannes Burman
Nicolaas Laurens Burman
Elizaveta Aleksandrovna Busch

C

Cleofé Caldéron
Albert Callay
George Caley
Ella Orr Campbell
Rudolf Jakob Camerarius
Rudolf Jakob Camerarius
Aimée Antoinette Camus
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (A. P. de Candolle)
Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle (A. de Candolle)
Richard Émile Augustin de Candolle (Aug. de Candolle)
J. F. M. Cannon
Sherwin Carlquist
Cedric Errol Carr
Elie-Abel Carrière
George Washington Carver
William Casson
Antonio José Cavanilles
Andrea Cesalpino
Adelbert von Chamisso
Daniel Chamovitz
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Henry Chesterton
Carl Christensen
Arthur Roy Clapham
Lynn G. Clark
Adrienne Clarke
Gertrude Clarke Nuttall
Jens Clausen
Jane Colden
Runar Collander
Peter Collinson
Charles Coltman-Rogers
Philibert Commerçon
Joseph Whipple Congdon
Valerius Cordus
Giacomo Antonio Cortuso
Arthur Disbrowe Cotton
Arthur Cronquist
José Cuatrecasas
Nicholas Culpeper
Francesco Cupani
Charles Curtis
William Curtis

D

Anders Dahl
Antoine-Tristan Danty d'Isnard
John M. Darby
Frederick Hamilton Davey
Armand David
Walter Davis
Anton de Bary
Ethel de Fraine (1879–1918)
Pierre Jean Marie Delavay
Jules Paul Benjamin Delessert
René Louiche Desfontaines
Johann Jacob Dillenius
Kurt Dinter
Pedanius Dioscorides
Kingsley Dixon
Rembert Dodoens
David Don
James Donn
Catharina Helena Dörrien
David Douglas
John Dransfield
Robert Louis Dressler
Jonas C. Dryander
Heber Drury
Antoine Nicolas Duchesne
William Russell Dudley
Michel Felix Dunal
Ursula Katherine Duncan
Stephen Troyte Dunn
Robert Allen Dyer

E

Michael Pakenham Edgeworth
Henrik Franz Alexander von Eggers
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart
Eva Ekeblad
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher
George Engelmann
Adolf Engler
Katherine Esau
Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz
Constantin von Ettingshausen
Eleonora Gabrielian

F

David Fairchild
Hugh Falconer
Reginald Farrer
Lewis J. Feldman
Luigi Fenaroli
Merritt Lyndon Fernald
Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer
Pius Font i Quer
Peter Forsskål
Georg Forster
Johann Reinhold Forster
Robert Fortune
Henry Georges Fourcade
Adrien René Franchet
William D. Francis
John C. Frémont
Elias Magnus Fries
Imre Frivaldszky
Charles Christopher Frost
Leonhart Fuchs

G

Joseph Gaertner
François Gagnepain
Ernest Edward Galpin
George Alexander Gammie
James Alexander Gammie
Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré
Alwyn Howard Gentry
Howard Scott Gentry
John Gerard
Conrad von Gesner
Luca Ghini
Ken Gillanders
Charles Henry Gimingham
Johann Friedrich Gmelin
Johann Georg Gmelin
Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin
Hossein Gol-e-Golab
George Gordon
Asa Gray
Netta Elizabeth Gray
Nehemiah Grew
William Griffith
Jan Frederik Gronovius
Wilhelm Gueinzius
Hugo Gunckel Lüer
Johann Ernst Gunnerus
Francis Guthrie
Guranda Gvaladze

H

Ingebrigt Severin Hagen
Olaf Hagerup
Hiroshi Hara
Thora Hardy
Inez M. Haring
Robert Almer Harper
Karl Theodor Hartweg
William Henry Harvey
Adrian Hardy Haworth
John Stevens Henslow
Augustine Henry
Vernon Heywood
Mary MacLean Hindmarsh
Adriana Hoffmann
Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg
Henrietta Hooker
Joseph Dalton Hooker
William Jackson Hooker
Josiah Hoopes
Albert Howard
Gabrielle Howard
Armando Theodoro Hunziker
John Hutchinson

I
Agnes Ibbetson
Jane Ingham
Keisuke Ito

J

Vello Jaaska (born 1936)
Vilve Jaaska (fl. 1990)
Victor Jacquemont
Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin
Joseph Franz von Jacquin
Knud Jessen
Wilhelm Johannsen
Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson
Ivan Murray Johnston
Adrien-Henri de Jussieu
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
Antoine de Jussieu
Bernard de Jussieu

K

Kaibara Ekiken
Guillermo Kalbreyer
Pehr Kalm
Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten
Kailas Nath Kaul
Sir Frederick Keeble
Albert Kellogg
George Clayton Kennedy
Alice L. Kibbe
Franz Kiggelaer
Kanhoba Ranchoddas Kirtikar
Masao Kitagawa
Karl Koch

L

Jacques Labillardière
Dorothy van Dyke Leake
Lars Levi Laestadius
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Aylmer Bourke Lambert
Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux
Gerhard Lang (1924–2016)
Kai Larsen
Joseph Bory Latour-Marliac
Charles de l'Écluse
Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour
Emmanuel Liais
John Lindley
Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link
Carlos Adolfo Lehnebach
Carl Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus the Younger
William Richardson Linton
Pablo de la Llave
Thomas Lobb
William Lobb
George Loddiges
Harri Lorenzi
A.S. Losina-Losinskaja
John Claudius Loudon
Alice Lounsberry
Elias Lönnrot

M

Elizabeth McClintock
William McCalla
John Macoun
Peter MacOwan
Aime Mäemets
Pierre Magnol
Joseph Maiden
Marcello Malpighi
Gustav Mann
Charles Maries
Jesse Jarue Mark
Rudolf Marloth
Humphry Marshall
Austin Mast
Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
John M. MacDougal
Terry Desmond Macfarlane
William Keble Martin
John Martyn
Genkei Masamune
Francis Masson
Carl Maximowicz
Rogers McVaugh
Gregor Mendel
Friedrich Kasimir Medikus
Archibald Menzies
Konstantin Merezhkovsky
Franz Meyen
André Michaux
Philip Miller
Charles Frederick Millspaugh
Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel
Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel
John Mitchell
Hugo von Mohl
Charles Theodore Mohr
Paul Möhring
George Thomas Moore
Robert Morison
Osborne Morton
Józef Motyka
Cornelius Herman Muller
Ferdinand von Mueller
Otto von Münchhausen

N

Karl Wilhelm von Nageli
P. K. K. Nair
George Valentine Nash
Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck
Charles F. Newcombe
Frank Newhook
Louis Nicolas
Daniel Lee Nickrent
Emilia Frances Noel
Thomas Nuttall

O

William Oakes (botanist)
Daniel Oliver
Garcia de Orta
Carl Hansen Ostenfeld

P

William Hunt Painter
Peter Simon Pallas
Edward Palmer
Josif Pancic
Filippo Parlatore
Charles Christopher Parry
William Paterson
Ruth Patrick
Ove Paulsen
Richard Pearce
Donald C. Peattie
Jean-Marie Pelt
Herman Silas Pepoon
Karl Julius Perleb
Henri Perrier de la Bâthie
Christian Hendrik Persoon
Paul Petard
James Petiver
Hans Heinrich Pfeiffer
Rodolfo Amando Philippi
Louis Alexandre Henri Joseph Piré
Pliny the Elder
Leonard Plukenet
Charles Plumier
Eduard Friedrich Poeppig
Joel Roberts Poinsett
Illtyd Buller Pole-Evans
Alf Erling Porsild
Morten Pedersen Porsild
Thomas Conrad Porter
Eduard Pospichal
George E. Post
Ghillean Prance
Ludwig Preiss
Jan Svatopluk Presl
Carl Borivoj Presl
Joseph Hubert Priestley
Cyrus Pringle
Nathanael Pringsheim
George R. Proctor
Michael Proctor
William Purdom
Frederick Traugott Pursh
Paul Émile de Puydt
Henri François Pittier

Q
Agnes J. Quirk

R

Gabriele Rabel
Oliver Rackham
Albert Ernest Radford
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
 John Ralfs
Christen C. Raunkiær
Leonhard Rauwolf
Peter H. Raven
John Ray
Anton Rehmann
Gustaf Otto Rosenberg
Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach
Ludwig Reichenbach
Jose Restrepo
Thekla Resvoll
Hanna Resvoll-Holmsen
Achille Richard
Louis Claude Richard
Henry Nicholas Ridley
Augustus Quirinus Rivinus
Harold E. Robinson
Frans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns
Joseph Rock
Tony Rodd
Lauritz Kolderup Rosenvinge
Werner Rothmaler
William Roxburgh
Georg Eberhard Rumphius
Per Axel Rydberg

S

Joseph Sabine
Julius von Sachs
Thiodolf Saelan
Augustin Saint-Hilaire
Edward James Salisbury
Richard Anthony Salisbury
Richard Sanders Rogers
Charles Sprague Sargent
Henry Parker Sartwell
William Saunders
Horace-Bénédict de Saussure
Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper
Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal
Rudolf Schlechter
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
George Schoener
Selmar Schonland
Heinrich Wilhelm Schott
Franz Paula von Schrank
Georg August Schweinfurth
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
Berthold Carl Seemann
Prideaux John Selby
Jean Senebier
Martín Sessé y Lacasta
John Adolph Shafer
George Shaw
Shen Kuo
John Sibthorp
Franz Sieber
Philipp Franz von Siebold
Thomas Robertson Sim
Cuthbert John Skead
John Kunkel Small
Mikhail Nikolaevich Smirnov
Christo Albertyn Smith
Edith Philip Smith
James Edward Smith
Johannes Jacobus Smith
Winifred Smith
Daniel Solander
Otto Wilhelm Sonder
Pierre Sonnerat
Roger David Spencer
Herman Spoering
Kurt Sprengel
Richard Spruce
Herman Spöring
Clive Stace
Agustín Stahl
Paul Carpenter Standley
G. Ledyard Stebbins
Berthold Stein
Georg Wilhelm Steller
Kaspar Maria von Sternberg
Julian Alfred Steyermark
Eduard Strasburger
George Bishop Sudworth
Su Song
Olof Swartz
Simon Syrenius

T

Hisayoshi Takeda (aka Takeda Hisayoshi)
Armen Takhtajan
Arthur Tansley
John Templeton
Theophrastus
William Turner Thiselton-Dyer
Graham Stuart Thomas
William Thompson
George Thomson
Robert Folger Thorne
Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars
Carl Peter Thunberg
Agostino Todaro
John Torrey
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
John Tradescant the elder
John Tradescant the younger
Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter
Mikhail Tsvet
Edward Tuckerman
William Turner
Tom Tutin

U

Bernardino da Ucria
Lucien Marcus Underwood
Ignatz Urban

V

Martin Vahl
Sébastien Vaillant
David H. Valentine
Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh
Domenico Vandelli
Nikolai Vavilov
Harry Veitch
John Gould Veitch
Peter Veitch
Ina Vandebroek
Romina Vidal-Russell

W

Warren H. Wagner
Göran Wahlenberg
George Arnott Walker-Arnott
Nathaniel Wallich
Gustav Wallis
E. F. Warburg
Eugenius Warming
Sereno Watson
William Watson
Heinrich Wawra von Fernsee
Randy Wayne (biologist)
Philip Barker Webb
Christian Ehrenfried Weigel
Friedrich Welwitsch
George Stephen West
William West
William West Jr
Lilly Wigg
Carl Ludwig Willdenow
Ernest Henry Wilson
William Withering
Anthony Hurt Wolley-Dod
Alphonso Wood
John Medley Wood
Charles Wright
Franz Xavier von Wulfen
Heinrich Wullschlägel
Heinrich Wydler
 Ben-Erik van Wyk

Y
Gennady Yakovlev

Z

Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher
Daniel Zohary
Michael Zohary
Scott Zona
Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini
Joy Zedler

See also

 List of women botanists
 List of botanists by author abbreviation
 List of authors of South African botanical taxa
 List of gardener-botanist explorers of the Enlightenment
 List of Hungarian botanists
 List of Russian biologists
 List of Slovenian botanists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Why We're Getting Allergies as Adults (And What to Do About It)
Health	by Sarah Elizabeth Richards on 5/25/2017
Photo: Twenty20
Wilson Kimball was 40 years old when she found herself in the emergency room vomiting and suffering a severe migraine. Doctors were unable to pinpoint the cause, so after several days of testing, they released Kimball. On the way home, she stopped at her favorite deli and ordered tuna salad, made the Italian way with oil and vinegar instead of mayonnaise. The vomiting immediately returned, but this time Kimball was able to help doctors figure out the culprit: An allergy to the mold in vinegar.
"I was shocked that I could get it at this age," says Kimball, commissioner of planning and economic development for the City of Yonkers. "I was also a little depressed when I realized what it meant. Vinegar is in everything, so I could no longer have ketchup with my fries, which was my favorite thing in the world."
Adult-onset allergies are on the rise, and it's not just the seasonal kind causing Americans to sneeze and sniffle through record pollen counts this year. Doctors are seeing an increase in all kinds of environmental and food allergies — from ragweed pollen to shrimp to a preservative you'll find in shampoos, hand soaps and lotions. Combined, they afflict nearly 30 percent of U.S. adults, according to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.
"When I started out practicing 20 years ago, I wasn't seeing this kind of late-onset allergies in adults. Now I'm seeing patients in their 50s and 60s," says New York City allergist Clifford Bassett, MD, author of The New Allergy Solution: Supercharge Resistance, Slash Medication, Stop Suffering. "You can tolerate something your whole life, and then your body will suddenly react. Something that's usually harmless — like peanuts, cat dander, molds or spores — is now seen as the enemy. The immune system is unpredictable."
RELATED: 5 Habits Secretly Making Your Allergies Worse
Inside the Adult Allergy Epidemic: A Perfect Storm
"You could be allergic to 80,000 chemicals that have not been tested for how they affect humans."
Researchers aren't sure why an adult might one day develop allergic symptoms, such as sneezing, runny nose or itchy, watery eyes, after eating a peanut butter cup at the movies when she's loved them her entire life. (Note: Food allergies are different from food intolerances, which cause digestive ills, such as gas, bloating and diarrhea.) "Was it because of some life event? Was there an infection? A change of behavior? There are a lot of questions we need answers to," says Paul Bryce, PhD, who studies allergies at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine. Food allergies are estimated to affect five percent of adults and eight percent of kids. Bryce was part of the team that reviewed more than 1,100 cases of food allergies and found that, on average, adult patients were in their early 30s. The top allergens: shellfish, tree nuts, fish, soy and peanuts.
Although the reason for a mid-life rejection of lobster rolls might remain a mystery, the culprits of other allergies are clearer. Scientists blame climate change for the pollen rise, and we're exposed to more toxic chemicals, pesticides and synthetic fragrances. "You could be allergic to 80,000 chemicals that have not been tested for how they affect humans," says Bassett. He also blames over-cleaning for the surge in symptoms. In other words, the sterile Pine-Sol-ed homes of our youth didn't challenge our immune systems enough to protect us later. There are even reports of allergic reactions to the metals nickel and cobalt found in cell phones.
You're also at greater risk for developing seasonal and food allergies if you're a woman or have a family history, according to research. It's not clear why women's hormones play a role. But Bassett notes that women's collective lifetime usage of beauty products have pushed their environmental tolerances to the brink.
RELATED: Do I Have a Cold or Allergies? 6 Telltale Signs
Diagnosing Adult-Onset Allergies: Process of Elimination
If your allergies are due to the spring pollen invasion, they should eventually improve. "But if people feel like they've been having a cold that lasts longer than a week, they should see an allergist to make sure it's not seasonal," says Reenal Patel, MD, of Allergy & Asthma Care of New York. She explains that some people with tree pollen allergies might be more susceptible to food allergies. So the seasonal symptoms could be a clue that something else is going on.
Traditionally, an allergy specialist will conduct a skin prick test that deposits a small amount of up to 60 kinds of allergens under the skin of your arm. If you're allergic to any of them, a reaction quickly shows up as a red bump indicating the presence of an allergy antibody. Doctors often use blood tests as a backup. Or, there's patch testing. For this method, a dermatologist applies a series of allergens to your back to see if a reaction develops over several days. Detecting food allergies gets trickier, though, and might involve you eating the suspected food in a clinic in what's called a food challenge.
RELATED: 6 Simple Food Swaps to Quit Sugar for Good
Finding Relief: A Holistic Approach
Treatment options range from taking drugstore antihistamine medications to nasal steroid and antihistamine sprays to immunotherapy that gradually re-introduces allergens to patients. But Bassett believes we'll suffer less if we take a more holistic approach. "Stress affects the immune system, so we need to focus on proactive preventative measures," he says. Among his suggestions: getting enough vitamin D, eating an anti-inflammatory diet, maintaining a healthy body weight, and getting enough sleep and exercise.
In the meantime, Bryce says we need more research to understand the emotional impact of new allergy diagnoses on adults. "There's so much focus on food allergies for kids, but we think that a 50-year-old deserves just as much attention," says Bryce. In fact, his Northwestern team is starting a new study about how food allergies affect adults' quality of life.
For Kimball, it meant coming to terms with the long list of vinegar-containing foods she could no longer eat: salsa, mustard, mayonnaise, balsamic reduction on her Brussels sprouts. "It might be easier to develop them as a kid because as an adult, you realize all that you've lost. You know how good these foods are," says Kimball. "It's ridiculous, I know. But your whole world changes."
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Styloptera furcata är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Carson och Toyohi Okada 1982. Styloptera furcata ingår i släktet Styloptera och familjen daggflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Daggflugor
furcata


BYU students should be inspired to learn, and that learning should lead to inspiration, says President Kevin J Worthen. Read one or all eight stories of students—in pajamas or in Antarctica—being challenged through experiential, inspiring learning.
Those words from an ESPN commentator summed it up as the men's basketball team gave top-ranked Gonzaga (29-0) its first regular-season loss. In the days after a raucous airport celebration, Coach Rose discussed the win on BYUtv's Sports Nation, Erik Mika was named NCAA Player of the Week, and now all eyes are on this weekend's WCC tournament. Watch the victory again or analyze the stats. Oh, and our women's team also beat Gonzaga and will begin tourney play on Friday.
Chris Amaya returned to school to finish her degree and gain skills to provide for her two boys. Read how grads in the BYU Alumni Denver Chapter rolled up their sleeves and made sure she received a replenishment grant.
Engineering students are collaborating with Lockheed Martin to create immersive gaming technology that allows a user to climb into a helicopter—or any environment—and practice installing, repairing, or replacing system components. See how it works.
Cassy Budd, professor in the School of Accountancy, shared stories of piano lessons, fitness trainers, and spelunking to teach of the strength that comes from acknowledging personal weaknesses. "Living perfectly is not the plan. Repentance is the plan; Jesus Christ is the plan," she said. Read a recap of this BYU speech or watch the entire address.
Watch as BYU's female a cappella group sings "Amazing Grace" in a maternity ward as part of BYUtv's Random Acts show. Noteworthy also recently visited a high school (for a workshop) and another hospital (to visit a fan), in a trip coordinated by the BYU Alumni Iron County Chapter.
This wise family builds bonds on the sand—and on yoga mats. Catch some waves or stay grounded in this video interview with the Collinses of California.
Sharla Morgan, a BYU grad and nurse practitioner at the Thyroid Institute of Utah, has an uncommon bond with alumna Kimberli Seely, who found a lump in her neck after watching a video about Morgan's own experience with thyroid cancer.
If you need a moment of peace, "It Is Well with My Soul," the latest release from BYU Vocal Point, is worth a listen.
It's the number two question every astronaut faces on career day—and a real logistics challenge for extended space missions. NPR reports on how Thatcher Cardon, a BYU grad, Air Force officer, family practice physician, and flight surgeon was one of five winners of the Space Poop Challenge.


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Home Travel Stereotyping Africa
Have Africans the concept of God?
In every African language, there is a word for the Supreme Being, which word in English is "God." According to Toyin Falola on the religiosity of the Yoruba, one of the best known indigenous religions on the African continent, "Yoruba religion explains that the world was created by Olodumare, the Supreme God, who used Oduduwa as an agent. In this creation myth, Oduduwa founded the world and the Yoruba people" {Culture and Customs 34). Of the Igbos,
Falola observes that they ".. .believe in Chukwu, the Supreme God, who has various messengers such as the sun, sky, and earth" (Culture and Customs 36). In this way, one can easily tell that the concept of God is not foreign to Africa. In fact, the African is so religious that almost everything he does in his daily routine, typically, is prayer in praise of the Supreme Being. A. T. Grove registers the same point in other words: "Religion forms an integral, everyday part of the life of the individual person and the community, but is particular to the clan or larger social group" (44). In the same manner, Africans have a very strong bond with their ancestors, like almost no other group of people, as they invoke their ancestors in whatever they do, whether it is as simple as the sharing of kolanut and palm wine between friends, or as tragic as the burial of a person. Igor Kopytoff reaffirms this when he writes: "The ancestors are seen as retaining their role in the affairs of their kin-group. They are propitiated with 'sacrifices'. They are seen as dispensing both favours and misfortune; they are often accused of being capricious and of failing in their responsibilities, but, at the same time, their actions are related to possible lapses on the part of the living and are seen as legitimately punitive" (414). The situation sharing kolanuts is effectively displayed by Ezeulu in Achebe's Arrow of God:
Ezeulu took the bowl from Nwafo and set it down between his legs. Then he picked up the kolanut in his right hand and offered a prayer. He jerked the hand forward as he said each sentence, his palm open upwards and the thumb holding down the kolanut on the four fingers.
'Ogbuefi Akuebue, may you live, and all your people. I too will live with all my people. But life alone is not enough. May we have the things with which to live it well. For there is a kind of slow and weary life which is worse than death.' 'You speak the truth.'
'May good confront the man on top and the man below. But let him who is jealous of another's position choke with his envy'
'So be it.'
May good come to the land of Igbo and to the country of the riverain folk'
Then he broke the kolanut between his palms and threw all the lobes into a bowl on the flow. (107-108)
Victor C. Ferkiss after emphatically observing that "Africans are everywhere religious" (35), goes on to add:
The religious life of traditional Africa is intertwined with village life generally because just as in ancient Greece, particular deities are the patrons, often the supposed ancestors, of particular tribes. Rules of personal conduct and social custom not only have the sanction of religion but are of its essence. The African village, like the early Greek communities, is a religious community. (36)
This notwithstanding, religious practices vary in one detail or the other from one African society to the other. As A.T. Grove rightly points out, "Details of religious observance vary from one tribe to another. In most of them some form of ancestor worship is practiced and the existence of a supreme being is recognized together with a number of other spirits believed to have some control over material phenomena" (44). In essence, religion is the thread that tightly strings together the beads of philosophy, social theory, politics, theology, medicine, psychology, law and order, birth and death, into one whole—the African Weltanschauung.
Yes, Africans do not only have a concept of God, but are a very religious people. This ideal situation is, no doubt, contaminated today by the different religions that have found their way into the continent, bringing with them, in certain parts of Africa, unfortunate sporadic religious tensions.


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FUNDING/FINANCING
SALARY/PAYROLL
DOCUMENTS FOR YOUR BUSINESS
Who Regulates Cable Companies?
By: Robert Morello
Huntstock/DisabilityImages/Getty Images
How to Calculate Advertising Rate Cards
Cable companies operate under the purview of the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC. This federal agency enforces laws that outline the standards to be followed and regulations to be upheld for all cable, broadcast and other media transmissions throughout the United States.
Rate Regulation
The only cable TV rates that are regulated by a government agency are those for basic service. Basic service is considered to be a necessary form of information dissemination. As such, steps are taken by the FCC to ensure it is reasonably affordable for the consumer. These steps include analyzing local competition to ensure that rates are not out of line with the national norm. In most cases, the cable provider will self-regulate basic rates by keeping them competitive with other providers so they fall within government guidelines. In others, a Local Franchising Authority -- usually a state or local government agency -- may be in charge, depending on the location. In New York City, for example, the agency in charge is the Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Rates for packages over basic are not regulated.
Content Regulation
The content broadcast over cable TV networks is subject to the oversight and approval of the FCC. The powers of the FCC are limited to specific areas, including indecent content, the number of commercials shown during a given broadcast, or the content shown on access or leased channels. Cable TV providers often self-regulate in all of these areas with ratings systems that match national norms, by ensuring that political candidates and parties are granted equal coverage and airtime, that advertising laws are followed and that commercial time is kept within limits. The FCC can fine the cable company should the applicable laws not be followed.
FCC: Regulation of Cable TV Rates
FCC: FAQS - Television and Cable
Slate: Cable Companies, Annoying Price Discrimination, and the Case for Regulation
FCC: Program Content Regulations
Robert Morello has an extensive travel, marketing and business background. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Columbia University in 2002 and has worked in travel as a guide, corporate senior marketing and product manager and travel consultant/expert. Morello is a professional writer and adjunct professor of travel and tourism.


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Have a new idea
invention or
product ?...
When it comes to raising finance for your project whilst at the same time showcasing it to millions of people around the world, Dragons Den is a credible option – but it does have its drawbacks.
Applying to be in the Den is quite simple, all you have to do is complete a 5 page application form (click here apply) and send to the BBC in Salford.
Should your application be shortlisted, a process of due diligence is undertaken, where the Dragons Den team carry out further checks. Should you pass this stage, you are put into a pool with other applicants and subject to a final participation process. Who gets on the show is dependant on a number of factors including who the producers feel will make for interesting viewing.
A spin-off from the Japans Money Tigers, the format of the show is for budding entrepreneurs to have an opportunity to present their business ideas to a panel of five investors for financial investment while offering a stake of the company in return. A scheme that has been around for years, but just behind closed doors. Now on its 17 series in the UK, it certainly is a success. Week after week the show is watched by circa 3 million people.
Whether you like it or not, Dragons Den is not really about the entrepreneur gaining investment, it's about the BBC and the asset they can broadcast around the world. The BBC like all broadcasters have one agenda and that is viewer ratings. That is not to say, the entrepreneurs with a good proposal should not apply to be on the show, far from it. It's just the decision of who stands in front of the Dragons is focused more on entertainment rather than helping create the next James Dyson.
The BBC know that for any TV show to work, they need to captivate the audience and get them talking…. and in terms of Dragons Den, they know that trouble and strife combined with a little bit of comfort and delight is what works.
Although questions have been raised over the consistency of the Dragons decisions and what happens after the show, the primary reason why most entrepreneurs fail to gain the Dragons support is down to a lack of knowledge, evidence and insights, and a failure to appreciate the importance of intellectual property.
Virtually, on every show there is the situation where the credibility of the entrepreneur and their intellectual property rights is under fire. And whether the BBC will admit it or not, this is totally planned. Dragons Dens due diligence process is there for several reasons including to scope out who is a potential winner and sadly who will crack under the pressure. Both of which ultimately get the viewing public talking !
What therefore needs to be considered when applying to be on Dragon Den is 'what will your purpose be in the show'. The last thing you want is to be the person under fire, who cracks under the pressure because you have covered all the bases.
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Fact Sheet on the Iran-US Stand-Off
Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Actions in Iran
The current U.S. standoff against Iran, like the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, was instigated by the neoconservatives of the Bush Administration based on their doctrine of "maintaining U.S. pre-eminence, thwarting rival powers and shaping the global security system according to U.S. interests". In the case of Saddam's regime, its fictitious Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and its alleged links to Al-Qaida were used in the U.S. propaganda war to first impose U.N. sanctions and eventually invade Iraq. We now have a déjà vu situation in which the U.S. and its allies, prodded by Israel, demonize Iran as a threat to world security and accuse it of having a program to develop nuclear weapons. As with Iraq, the real aim is a regime change in Iran to set up a U.S. puppet government in this oil- and gas-rich country in the key strategic Persian Gulf region. This has also happened before in the 1953 U.S.-British coup in Iran. The same forces in U.S., U.K., Israel and allies today distort the truth and engage in deceit, coercion and aggression to achieve their goals. We will briefly examine some of the key facts in the standoff.
Iran has the right to develop nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.
Iran was among the first of 190 countries to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in order to "prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology and to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. The Treaty represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States". As a party to the NPT Iran has an "inalienable right" to develop and use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
The NPT further requires that all parties to the treaty should help other members wishing to develop nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. But Western pressure has blocked Iran's access to such cooperation, forcing the country to strive for self-reliance in nuclear technology.
There is no evidence that Iran is developing nuclear weapons.
The U.S. now nominally recognizes Iran's legal right under the NPT to develop nuclear technology for civilian use, but charges that Iran's nuclear program is a cover for developing nuclear weapons. There is absolutely no proof to back up this charge. Thousands of hours of United Nations inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the most intensive and intrusive ever undertaken in its history, have not produced one shred of evidence of nuclear weapons planning in Iran. Every IAEA report on Iran to date, including that of May 31, 2010, has stated that the "Agency continues to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran".
Nuclear power plants and atomic weapons both require enriched uranium. But militarization requires uranium enriched to very high degree (above 90%), unlike "low-enriched uranium" (LEU) suitable for power plants (up to 5%) or for medical applications (up to 19.75%). And yet the U.S. demands that Iran terminate its enrichment process altogether, in essence denying Iran its inalienable right to pursue civilian nuclear technology under the NPT.
Further, Western leaders and media often quote from the IAEA reports that "Iran has not provided the necessary cooperation to permit the Agency to confirm that all nuclear material in Iran is in peaceful activities. However they never mention in public that this kind of arbitrary accusation is applicable also to dozens of other NPT members, including South Africa, Egypt and Brazil, that have not agreed to the optional NPT Additional Protocol to allow extra-intrusive inspections.
The U.S. and its allies have singled out Iran and demand that Iran prove it is not intent on developing nuclear weapons now or in the future. That is a logical impossibility, like when the U.S. demanded that Iraq prove it was not making weapons of mass destruction; charged Iraq with fabricated evidence that it had purchased "yellow cake" uranium powder from Niger; and that it had links with Al-Qaeda. Nothing Iraq said or did could stop the 2003 catastrophic invasion of that country – after which the U.S. had to admit that the charges were false.
In an exact replica of the run-up to the invasion of Iraq, the U.S. and its allies now allege that Iran has engaged in "nuclear weaponization studies," but have even refused to hand in their alleged evidence to the IAEA so Iran can investigate them and give a response. Iran has insisted categorically that these documents are fabricated and are forgeries.
Iran's need for nuclear energy and technology is real.
Iran's population has more than doubled in three decades and its per capita energy consumption has grown even faster. Demand has outpaced production so much that electricity is rationed with rotating scheduled cuts in Tehran during peak periods of summer heat, and in July 2010 most public sector agencies in 20 of Iran's 30 provinces are shut down intermittently for conservation. So the country needs to diversify its energy sources to keep up with demand and still have enough oil and gas for export and for future generations. This need was recognized years before the 1979 Revolution, when Iran, under prodding from the U.S. government which was acting in the interests of U.S. energy-related companies such as General Electric and Westinghouse planned multiple nuclear power stations.
Iran's dependency on Western-dominated global markets, as well as on the refining and importation of petroleum products, make Iran vulnerable to foreign economic warfare. Iran has the largest fleet of oil tankers in the Middle East, but these ships are easy targets for attack or sabotage.
It is in Iran's legitimate security interest to develop alternatives to oil for domestic consumption. With global oil derivatives such as gasoline and petrochemical items shrinking in availability and increasing in price, Iran truly needs to reduce its dependency on imports.
Iran's need for nuclear technology is not limited to economic and security aspects. The country also needs nuclear fuel for its medical purposes. The Tehran Research Reactor (TRR), which produces isotopes for the treatment of more than 800,000 cancer patients and people with other complicated diseases, is running out of fuel this year. More has to be produced by Iran itself, because not only the half-life of the radioisotopes used by the TRR is too short to be imported from other countries but also because the U.S. and its allies have a history of blocking Iran's right to purchase fuel for the TRR from the international market.
All these considerations fully justify the urgency of Iran's civilian nuclear program.
UN Security Council's involvement and sanctions against Iran are illegitimate.
Since there has never been any evidence of a nuclear weaponization program in Iran and because Iran has cooperated with the IAEA, the two votes in 2005 and 2006 in the Governors' Board of the IAEA to report Iran's nuclear file to the U.N. Security Council (UNSC) were coerced and politicized moves that were legally untenable, as explained by a leading international lawyer. – Therefore, the UNSC's imposition of sanctions on Iran violates the IAEA's own statute and lacks legitimacy.
The process that led to the UNSC's involvement also was flawed because, under Western pressure, the IAEA's expectations of Iran exceeded NPT's Safeguards requirements. To boost confidence in its nuclear program during the course of two years of negotiations with the EU3 (France, U.K., Germany) , the Iranian government voluntarily suspended its nuclear enrichment program and in December 2003 also voluntarily implemented the IAEA's Additional Protocol that allows more intrusive inspections than those required under the NPT. However, under U.S. pressure, Iran received nothing in return and a new administration decided to resume the enrichment program and dropped its adherence to the Additional Protocol.
When the public is told that Iran did not disclose the construction of a new enrichment facility in Qom, it is important to remember that the expectations would be valid only if Iran were still bound by the optional Additional Protocol. Under the NPT, Iran was only required to disclose the facility six months before it intended to introduce uranium fuel. In fact, it did so 18 months in advance, but still was accused of violating its international responsibilities under the NPT. Iran has offered to implement the Additional Protocol again if its file is returned from the Security Council to the IAEA.
The politicized nature of the IAEA's referral of Iran's case to the UNSC and the resulting sanctions is evident in the support by the U.S. for Israel's open secret "nuclear deterrence" and the fact that U.S. allies South Korea and Egypt were not punished after revelations in 2009 that they had experimented with near-weapons-grade nuclear material.
Iran is not a threat to the U.S.
In order to justify depriving Iran of nuclear technology, many U.S. political figures portray the Iranian leadership as irrational and hell-bent on using nuclear weapons as soon as they can develop them. But Iran has not attacked any country in more than 200 years and its military spending per capita is among the lowest in its region. On the contrary, it is Iran that has been attacked on many occasions, including an Iraqi invasion in 1980 which led to eight years of full-scale conflict at the cost of hundreds of thousands of Iranian lives. Iraq used chemical weapons during its Western-backed invasion of Iran, but Iran never retaliated in kind.
In fact, Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, has issued a fatwa (religious decree of the highest order) banning the production, stockpiling and the use of nuclear weapons and any other weapons of mass destruction as anti-Islamic. He has reiterated this fatwa in his message to the Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Conference in Tehran in April 2010.
On the other hand, the U.S. and Israel with vastly superior military capabilities, including massive nuclear arsenals, and U.S. military bases in most of the countries around Iran and a constant naval presence off the southern coast of Iran, constantly threaten Iran with military attack and destruction.
Iran is under constant threat of illegal foreign intervention.
All leading U.S. politicians, including President Obama, have stated that in dealing with Iran "all options are on the table," which is the code phrase for threatening Iran with military intervention, including a nuclear attack. The new Nuclear Posture Review of the United States singles out only one non-nuclear armed country, namely Iran, as a possible target for American nuclear attack. Israeli officials have also threatened to launch war on Iran.
The U.S. has funded anti-Iranian terrorist groups both in and outside Iran and has itself engaged in kidnapping and sabotage operations inside Iran in direct violation of that country's sovereignty. Under the Obama administration, the U.S. has intensified its covert military operations in Iran.
In addition, the U.S. government annually spends millions in public funds in anti-government propaganda operations directed at Iranians. All these are violations of the Article 2 of the U.N. Charter, which calls for respect of national sovereignty and forbids member countries from threatening or using force against other countries. U.S. interference in Iran's internal affairs also is specifically banned by the bilateral Algiers Accord of 1981.
The 2009 Iranian presidential election and its aftermath are being exploited by pro-war forces
Many Western commentators point to the disputed 2009 Iranian elections and claim that, since there is a domestic opposition to the Iranian government, Iranians would support foreign intervention or an attempt at regime change. This is false and disingenuous. No opposition figure in Iran has ever asked for any kind of war, sanctions or even monetary help from outside the country.
While the idea of "targeted" sanctions may have some currency among a minority of exile-based Iranians, it is strongly opposed by the overwhelming majority of Iranians in general. There were reports of similar "popular support" for threats and "smart" sanctions against Iraq by exile groups like Ahmad Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress. Those claims were cynically cultivated by the U.S. and British neoconservatives to justify their drive toward war.
The Obama Administration has backtracked on its own engagement pledge and now actively opposes peaceful solutions.
Barack Obama's presidential campaign included promises to move U.S. policy away from confrontation with Iran and toward "direct and unconditional negotiations." Disappointingly, the Obama administration has backed away from that position. Its current policy is virtually the same as that of the Bush/Cheney administration: i.e., before there can be any negotiations, Iran must first give up its nuclear program altogether.
Washington's intransigence under the Obama administration is most evident with regard to the Iranian nuclear fuel swap proposal in May of 2010. Before the Iranian Revolution of 1979, Iran received U.S. assistance under the Atoms for Peace program to build a nuclear research reactor in Tehran.
As previously stated, the Tehran Research Reactor (TRR) is used for producing medical isotopes for the treatment of some 800,000 cancer patients. The reactor is fueled with uranium enriched to a higher degree than fuel needed for a nuclear power plant, but still far below the level required to build a nuclear weapon. That reactor is now running out of fuel.
In the fall of 2009, the Vienna Group (U.S., France, Russia and the IAEA) proposed that Iran swap 1,200 kilograms of its low-enriched uranium (LEU) for fuel rods with the higher-enriched uranium needed to fuel the TRR. Iran accepted this offer in principle, but insisted on guarantees to ensure it would actually receive the fuel rods. The Obama administration walked away from the negotiating table, adopting a "take it or leave it" position.
Iran, on the other hand, emphasized its readiness for more negotiations over the fuel swap proposal. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated their willingness for mediating the Iranian nuclear swap deal in a meeting with President Obama during the Nuclear Security Summit in New York in April 2010. Accordingly, President Obama stated in a letter to President Lula that, for the U.S., "Iran's agreement to transfer 1,200 kg of Iran's low enriched uranium (LEU) out of the country would build confidence and reduce regional tensions by substantially reducing Iran's LEU stockpile." President Obama further stated that "this element is of fundamental importance for the United States. For Iran, it would receive the nuclear fuel requested to ensure continued operation of the TRR to produce needed medical isotopes and, by using its own material, Iran would begin to demonstrate peaceful nuclear intent."
On May 17, 2010, after 18 hours of negotiations in Tehran, Turkey, Brazil and Iran signed a third-country swap agreement (the "Tehran Agreement") in which Iran compromised in every area it considered vital to its interests along the lines that President Obama had mentioned in his letter. And yet, regardless of initial support for the Iran-Turkey-Brazil Agreement, President Obama decided to dismiss the Tehran Agreement and push for a new round of sanctions against Iran in the UNSC. This fourth round of UNSC sanctions was thus imposed against Iran while Turkey and Brazil cast negative votes and Lebanon abstained.
The sanctions policy is deeply flawed, as well as counter-productive.
The stated goal of what are now four sets of Security Council-imposed sanctions as well as unilateral sanctions imposed by the U.S. is to pressure Iran to abandon its nuclear program. In reality, the sanctions are meant to promote "regime change" in Iran.
This policy is not only criminal, but also flawed. People rarely engage in anti-government activity when their countries are threatened, as shown by the examples of both Cuba and Iraq, as well as the 1.5 million Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip. With Iraq in particular, sanctions resulted in a genocidal level of civilian casualties, but still did not produce the intended results.
Sanctions are a gateway to war.
Sanctions are not only a form of warfare but they can also lead to actual war. The only way to make sanctions viable would be to impose a total military blockade of all Iranian trade and forcefully intercept Iranian shipping. By any definition, that would be an act of war.
In retrospect, many Iraqis now see the sanctions of the 1990s not simply as "pressure" designed to force Iraq to end its non-existent WMD program, but as a cynical ploy to physically disrupt and weaken Iraq for an eventual military action. Those sanctions did succeed – costing the lives of 1.5 million civilians, including at least a half-million children.
The U.S. and Israeli advocates of sanctions are fully aware of the clear and direct risk of war. Indeed, some of the most vocal advocates for sanctions are the same ones who promoted the 2003 illegal invasion of Iraq.
A catastrophic war or a peaceful resolution of the stand-off?
From the standpoint of the neoconservatives, sanctions on Iran must lead to a U.S. or Israeli military strike on Iran. This is a direct and gross violation of the U.N. Charter, which forbids military aggression on another country.
Further, the Iranian government has vowed to respond to any attack with full force. Many analysts warn of a quick chain reaction that could lead to a devastating regional war, from Afghanistan to Gaza, as Iran and its regional allies would retaliate against the U.S., Israel and their allies, resulting in unprecedented human and economic costs for both the region and the interfering forces.
A peaceful resolution of the conflict can only be achieved by rejecting the current illegitimate course of threats and sanctions. The U.S. policy of aggression should be replaced with unconditional and comprehensive negotiations between Iran and the U.S. based on mutual respect to build trust between the two sides and to find a solution to the standoff that recognizes Iran's sovereignty and national rights.
Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (CASMII)