The reference for a preliminary ruling relates to the interpretation of European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste (OJ 1994 L 365, p. 10) and Article 28 EC.
The reference was submitted in proceedings brought by Radlberger Getränkegesellschaft mbH & Co. and S. Spitz KG, which are Austrian drinks producers, against Land Baden-Württemberg.
According to Article 1(1), Directive 94/62 aims to harmonise national measures concerning the management of packaging and packaging waste in order, on the one hand, to prevent any impact thereof on the environment of all Member States as well as of third countries or to reduce such impact, thus providing a high level of environmental protection, and, on the other hand, to ensure the functioning of the internal market and to avoid obstacles to trade and distortion and restriction of competition within the Community.
As stated in Article 1(2), the directive lays down 'measures aimed, as a first priority, at preventing the production of packaging waste and, as additional fundamental principles, at reusing packaging, at recycling and other forms of recovering packaging waste and, hence, at reducing the final disposal of such waste'.
The Verordnung über die Vermeidung und Verwertung von Verpackungsabfällen (Regulation on the Avoidance and Recovery of Packaging Waste) of 21 August 1998 (BGBl. 1998 I, p. 2379; 'the VerpackV') prescribes various measures to avoid and reduce the environmental impact of packaging waste. The VerpackV was intended, in particular, to transpose Directive 94/62 and replaced the Verordnung über die Vermeidung von Verpackungsabfällen (Regulation on the Avoidance of Packaging Waste) of 12 June 1991 (BGBl. 1991 I, p. 1234).
'1. Distributors shall accept the return of used empty sales packaging from final consumers, free of charge, at, or in the immediate vicinity of, the actual point of delivery, recover the packaging in accordance with the requirements of point 1 of Annex I and fulfil the requirements of point 2 of Annex I. The recovery requirements may also be satisfied by reusing the packaging or passing it on to distributors or producers under subparagraph 2. The distributor must draw the attention of the private final consumer, by means of clearly visible, legible notices, to the fact that the packaging may be returned in accordance with the first sentence. The obligation under the first sentence applies only to packaging of the type, form and size and to packaging of goods that the distributor carries in his range. For distributors with a sales area of less than 200 square metres, the obligation to take back returned packaging applies only to packaging for brands which the distributor puts into circulation. In the case of a mail order business, the taking back of returned packaging shall be ensured by means of suitable return facilities within reasonable distance of the final consumer. The possibility of returning the packaging is to be referred to in the consignment and in catalogues. Where sales packaging does not come from private final consumers, the parties may make other arrangements regarding the place of return and the allocation of costs. Where distributors do not fulfil the obligations under the first sentence by accepting the return of packaging at the point of delivery, they shall ensure compliance with them by means of a system as provided for by subparagraph 3. In derogation from the first sentence, the recovery requirements in Paragraph 4(2) shall apply mutatismutandis to distributors of packaging who cannot participate in a system under subparagraph 3.
Under Paragraph 6(3), those obligations to take back and recover packaging may in principle also be met by participation of the producer or distributor in a global system for the collection of used sales packaging. The competent Land authority has the task of determining that the system fulfils the conditions imposed by the VerpackV with regard to its coverage rate.
By virtue of Paragraph 8(1) of the VerpackV, distributors who put liquids for consumption into circulation in non-reusable drinks packaging are required to charge the purchaser a deposit of at least EUR 0.25 including value added tax per item of packaging. Where the net volume exceeds 1.5 litres, the deposit is to be at least EUR 0.50 including value added tax. The deposit is to be charged by each further distributor at every stage in the chain of distribution until sale to the final consumer. The deposit is to be repaid when the packaging is returned under Paragraph 6(1) and (2) of the VerpackV.
In accordance with Paragraph 9(1) of the VerpackV, this mandatory deposit is not to apply where the producer or distributor is exempt from the obligation to accept return of the packaging because he participates in a global collection system as referred to in Paragraph 6(3).
In accordance with Paragraph 9(3) of the VerpackV, the German Government is to publish each year the relevant proportions, as referred to in Paragraph 9(2), of drinks packaged in ecologically sound drinks packaging. Under Paragraph 9(4) the competent authority, following an application or on its own initiative, is to make a new determination pursuant to Paragraph 6(3) where the relevant proportion of drinks in such packaging is again achieved following a revocation.
The claimants in the main proceedings export carbonated soft drinks, fruit juices, other non-carbonated drinks and table water to Germany, in non-reusable recoverable packaging. With a view to recovery of that packaging, they joined the global waste-collection system operated by the company Der Grüne Punkt – Duales System Deutschland AG and on that basis were exempted from the obligation to charge the deposit laid down in Paragraph 8(1) of the VerpackV for drinks distributed in Germany in non-reusable packaging.
The German Government announced on 28 January 1999 that in 1997 the proportion of reusable drinks packaging fell below 72% for the first time, namely to 71.33%. Since over two consecutive periods, namely between February 1999 and January 2000 and between May 2000 and April 2001, this proportion remained below 72% throughout Federal territory, on 2 July 2002 the Government announced pursuant to Paragraph 9(3) of the VerpackV that from 1 January 2003 a mandatory deposit would be charged on mineral water, beer and soft drinks. Under the VerpackV, the claimants in the main proceedings would therefore be required from that date to charge the deposit prescribed in Paragraph 8(1) thereof on most of their packaging for drinks distributed in Germany and then to accept the return of, and recover, the empty packaging.
On 23 May 2002 the claimants in the main proceedings brought an action against Land Baden-Württemberg before the Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart (Administrative Court, Stuttgart) in which they submit that the rules laid down in the VerpackV on quotas for reusable packaging and the related deposit and return obligations are contrary to Articles 1(1) and (2), 5, 7 and 18 of Directive 94/62 and Article 28 EC. The Federal Republic of Germany was joined as a party to the proceedings.
The national court states that, if one proceeds on the basis of the interpretation put forward by the claimants according to which Article 1(2) of Directive 94/62 presumes that the reuse of packaging and its recovery rank equally, the question arises as to whether the system laid down in the VerpackV is compatible with the directive inasmuch as that system makes it more difficult to put non-reusable packaging into circulation when the proportion of reusable packaging falls below a certain threshold. The national court observes that producers established in another Member State are exposed to higher costs than German producers if they decide to market their drinks in reusable packaging. It points out that, in the claimants' submission, even when the obligation to charge a deposit is suspended the German legislation affects the situation of producers established in another Member State because German distributors tend to exclude products with non-reusable packaging from their range of drinks in order that the proportion of reusable packaging does not fall below 72%.
On a proper construction of Article 1(2) of … Directive 94/62 … are Member States prohibited from favouring systems for reusing drinks packaging over recoverable non-reusable packaging by removing, where a Federal target for reusable packaging of 72% is not reached, the possibility of exemption from a return, management and deposit obligation laid down in respect of empty non-reusable drinks packaging by participation in a return and management system, so far as concerns drinks sectors in which the proportion of reusable packaging has fallen below the level determined in 1991?
On a proper construction of Article 18 of … Directive 94/62 … are Member States prohibited from impeding the placing of drinks in recoverable non-reusable packaging on the market by removing, where a Federal target for reusable packaging of 72% is not reached, the possibility of exemption from a return, management and deposit obligation laid down in respect of empty non-reusable drinks packaging by participation in a return and management system, so far as concerns drinks sectors in which the proportion of reusable packaging has fallen below the level determined in 1991?
On a proper construction of Article 7 of … Directive 94/62 … do producers and distributors of drinks in recoverable non-reusable packaging have a right to participate in an existing return and management system for used drinks packaging, in order to meet a statutory obligation to charge a deposit on non-reusable drinks packaging and accept the return of used drinks packaging?
By letters received at the Court Registry on 14 and 17 June 2004 respectively, the German Government and the defendant in the main proceedings requested the Court to order the reopening of the oral procedure pursuant to Article 61 of the Rules of Procedure.
The German Government submits in support of its request that the Opinion delivered by the Advocate General on 6 May 2004 contains a series of matters which were not covered in the written or oral procedure and reveal a misappraisal of the arguments relied on by it before the Court. In its request, the defendant in the main proceedings likewise maintains that the Opinion broaches certain matters which were not debated and upon which the Court has therefore not been sufficiently informed.
The Court may of its own motion, on a proposal from the Advocate General or at the request of the parties order the reopening of the oral procedure, in accordance with Article 61 of its Rules of Procedure, if it considers that it lacks sufficient information or that the case must be dealt with on the basis of an argument which has not been debated between the parties (see Joined Cases C-270/97 and C‑271/97 Deutsche Post  ECR I-929, paragraph 30, Case C-309/99 Wouters andOthers  ECR I-1577, paragraph 42, Case C-299/99 Philips  ECR I-5475, paragraph 20, and Case C-273/00 Sieckmann  ECR I-11737, paragraph 22).
In the circumstances of this case, however, the Court, after hearing the Advocate General, considers that it is in possession of all the facts necessary for it to answer the questions referred and that those facts have been the subject of argument presented before it.
The requests of the German Government and the defendant in the main proceedings seeking the reopening of the oral procedure must therefore be rejected.
The defendant in the main proceedings submits that the Court must reject the questions referred for a preliminary ruling as inadmissible, given that the main action is inadmissible as it has been brought against Land Baden-Württemberg: the latter has no power of its own to adopt primary or secondary legislation in the matter and merely implements Federal rules. In the defendant's submission, the action should have been brought against the Federal State before the court with jurisdiction in this regard, namely the Verwaltungsgericht Berlin. In parallel proceedings a number of German administrative courts have already found similar actions inadmissible.
As to those submissions, it is not for the Court of Justice, given the allocation of functions between itself and the national courts, to determine whether the decision to refer has been taken in accordance with the rules of national law governing the organisation of courts and their procedure (see Joined Cases C-332/92, C-333/92 and C-335/92 Eurico Italia and Others  ECR I-711, paragraph 13, Case C‑435/97 WWF and Others  ECR I-5613, paragraph 33, and Case C-371/97 Gozza and Others  ECR I-7881, paragraph 30). The Court must abide by the decision from a court of a Member State requesting a preliminary ruling in so far as it has not been overturned in any appeal procedures provided for by national law (Case 65/81 Reina  ECR 33, paragraph 7).
In the present case, it is apparent from the order for reference that the Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart considers that the main action is at least partially admissible.
Nor is it in dispute that there is a direct connection between, first, the four questions referred for a preliminary ruling, which relate to the interpretation of Articles 1, 7 and 18 of Directive 94/62 and Article 28 EC and have been asked in order to enable the national court to assess whether the German legislation at issue is compatible with those provisions, and second, the subject-matter of the main proceedings, which seek a declaration that the claimants are not required to comply with the obligations to charge a deposit on their non-reusable packaging and accept its return.
It follows that the reference for a preliminary ruling is admissible.
By its first question, the national court essentially asks whether Article 1(2) of Directive 94/62 precludes a Member State from promoting systems for the reuse of packaging, by application of a system such as that laid down in Paragraphs 8(1) and 9(2) of the VerpackV.
While Article 1(2) of Directive 94/62 envisages as a 'first priority' measures aimed at preventing the production of packaging waste, it lists, as 'additional fundamental principles', reusing packaging, recycling and other forms of recovering packaging waste.
The eighth recital in the preamble to the directive states that, 'until scientific and technological progress is made with regard to recovery processes, reuse and recycling should be considered preferable in terms of environmental impact; … this requires the setting up in the Member States of systems guaranteeing the return of used packaging and/or packaging waste; life-cycle assessments should be completed as soon as possible to justify a clear hierarchy between reusable, recyclable and recoverable packaging'.
It follows from the foregoing that Directive 96/42 does not establish a hierarchy between the reuse of packaging and the recovery of packaging waste.
However, Article 5 of Directive 94/62 allows the Member States to take measures designed to encourage systems for the reuse of packaging that can be reused in an environmentally sound manner.
It is clear from the very wording of Article 5 that such a policy of promoting the reuse of packaging is permitted only in so far as it is consistent with the Treaty.
Thus, measures taken by a Member State pursuant to Article 5 must comply not only with requirements that flow from the directive's other provisions, in particular Article 7 to which the third question referred for a preliminary ruling relates, but also with obligations resulting from the provisions of the Treaty, in particular Article 28 EC to which the fourth question referred for a preliminary ruling relates.
The answer to the first question must therefore be that Article 1(2) of Directive 94/62 does not preclude the Member States from introducing measures designed to promote systems for the reuse of packaging.
In view of the foregoing, it is appropriate to answer first the third and fourth questions referred for a preliminary ruling.
By its third question, the national court essentially asks whether Article 7 of Directive 94/62 confers on producers and distributors of drinks in recoverable non-reusable packaging who are permitted to fulfil their deposit and return obligations by participating in a global packaging-collection system the right to continue to participate in a global system of that kind in order to meet their legal obligations.
Directive 94/62 requires the Member States, in Article 7(1), to take the necessary measures to ensure that systems are set up to provide for, first, the return and/or collection of used packaging and/or packaging waste and, second, the reuse or recovery of the packaging or packaging waste collected. Article 7(1) also states that those systems must be open to the participation of the economic operators of the sectors concerned and to the participation of the competent public authorities, apply to imported products under non-discriminatory conditions, and be designed so as to avoid barriers to trade or distortions of competition in conformity with the Treaty.
Article 7(2) of the directive requires the measures referred to in Article 7(1) to form part of a policy covering all packaging and packaging waste and states that those measures are to take into account, in particular, requirements regarding the protection of environmental and consumer health, safety and hygiene, the protection of the quality, the authenticity and the technical characteristics of the packed goods and materials used, and the protection of industrial and commercial property rights.
Article 7 leaves it to the Member States to choose, as regards non-reusable packaging, between a deposit and return system, on the one hand, and a global packaging-collection system, on the other, or to opt for a combination of the two systems depending on the type of product, provided that the systems chosen are designed to channel packaging to the most appropriate waste management alternatives and form part of a policy covering all packaging and packaging waste.
That provision does not confer on the producers and distributors concerned any right to continue to participate in a given packaging-waste management system.
Directive 94/62 does not prevent a Member State from providing that amendments are to be made to packaging-waste management systems set up in its territory so as to ensure that the most appropriate waste management alternative is adopted.
While Directive 94/62 thus allows a Member State to require the replacement, in the light of the circumstances, of a system for the collection of packaging near the homes of consumers or points of sale with a deposit and return system, such replacement must however comply with certain conditions.
First, the new system must be equally appropriate for the purpose of attaining the objectives of Directive 94/62. In particular, where the new system is, as in the present case, a deposit and return system, the Member State concerned must ensure that there are a sufficient number of return points so that consumers who have been charged a deposit when buying goods in non-reusable packaging can recover the deposit even if they do not go back to the initial place of purchase.
It should be noted in this connection that the first sentence of Paragraph 6(1) of the VerpackV provides that distributors are to accept the return of sales packaging free of charge at, or in the immediate vicinity of, the actual point of delivery ('am Ort der tatsächlichen Übergabe oder in dessen unmittelbarer Nähe'). While it is true that the following sentences of Paragraph 6(1) add certain details, in particular as regards the limitations on that obligation on the basis of the characteristics of the packaging concerned and on the basis of the sales area of the distributor concerned, the fact remains that the extent of the obligation to accept return does not appear to be unambiguous.
Second, the changeover to the new system must take place without a break and without jeopardising the ability of economic operators in the sectors concerned actually to participate in the new system as soon as it enters into force. Article 7(1) of Directive 94/62 obliges each Member State to ensure that the producers and distributors concerned have access to a packaging-waste management system at all times and without discrimination.
Therefore, a Member State which replaces the existing packaging-waste management system with another has the task of ensuring that the producers and distributors concerned have a reasonable period for the transition to the new system so that they can adapt their production methods and chains of distribution to the requirements of the new system.
The answer to the third question must therefore be that while Article 7 of Directive 94/62 does not confer on the producers and distributors concerned any right to continue to participate in a given packaging-waste management system, it precludes the replacement of a global system for the collection of packaging waste with a deposit and return system where the new system is not equally appropriate for the purpose of attaining the objectives of that directive or where the changeover to the new system does not take place without a break and without jeopardising the ability of economic operators in the sectors concerned actually to participate in the new system as soon as it enters into force.
By its fourth question, the national court essentially asks whether Article 28 EC precludes national rules, such as those laid down in Paragraphs 8(1) and 9(2) of the VerpackV, under which the proportion of reusable packaging in the sector concerned determines whether producers and distributors using non-reusable packaging may fulfil their deposit, return and recovery obligations by participation in a global collection system.
In the German Government's submission, there cannot be a conflict between Article 28 EC and the national rules at issue given that, as regards the reuse of packaging, Directive 94/62, in particular Articles 5, 9 and 18, has the aim and effect of harmonising completely the subject in question.
In view of the fact that, where a sphere has been the subject of exhaustive harmonisation at Community level, any national measure relating thereto must be assessed in the light of the provisions of the harmonising measure and not those of the Treaty (Case C-37/92 Vanacker and Lesage  ECR I-4947, paragraph 9, Case C-324/99 DaimlerChrysler  ECR I-9897, paragraph 32, and Case C‑322/01 Deutscher Apothekerverband  ECR I-0000, paragraph 64), it must be determined whether the harmonisation brought about by Directive 94/62 precludes the compatibility of the national rules in question with Article 28 EC from being examined.
As regards the reuse of packaging, Article 5 of Directive 94/62 does no more than allow the Member States to encourage, in conformity with the Treaty, systems for the reuse of packaging that can be reused in an environmentally sound manner.
Apart from the definition of the concept of 'reuse' of packaging, certain general provisions on measures to avoid packaging waste and the provisions relating to return, collection and recovery systems, set out in Articles 3(5), 4 and 7 respectively, Directive 94/62 does not regulate, as regards Member States which are disposed to exercise the power granted by Article 5, the organisation of systems encouraging reusable packaging.
In contrast to the position in respect of the marking and identification of packaging and the requirements on the composition of packaging and its capacity to be reused or recovered, governed by Articles 8 and 11 of Directive 94/62 and Annex II thereto, the organisation of national systems intended to encourage the reuse of packaging is therefore not the subject of complete harmonisation.
Such systems can consequently be assessed on the basis of the Treaty provisions relating to the free movement of goods.
Furthermore, Article 5 of Directive 94/62 allows the Member States to encourage systems for the reuse of packaging only 'in conformity with the Treaty'.
Inasmuch as Article 18 of Directive 94/62 does no more than guarantee the free movement, in the territory of the Member States, of packaging which complies with the requirements relating to its marking, composition and capacity to be reused or recovered, that provision likewise does not preclude national packaging-waste management systems from being assessed in the light of Article 28 EC if they are liable to affect the conditions for marketing the products concerned.
It must therefore be assessed whether Article 28 EC precludes national rules, such as those at issue in the main proceedings, under which the ability of producers and distributors using non-reusable packaging to fulfil their deposit and return obligations by participation in a global collection system depends on changes in the overall proportion of drinks in non-reusable packaging on the German market and the proportion of the particular drinks concerned that are placed on the same market in such packaging.
It should be noted, first, that such rules apply without distinction to national products and products from other Member States and lay down the same deposit and return requirements for producers established in other Member States as for national producers.
Second, in contrast to the maximum level of drinks capable of being marketed in non-approved containers which was at issue in Case 302/86 Commission v Denmark  ECR 4607, in the main proceedings the proportions do not limit the quantity of products which may be imported in a certain type of packaging. The VerpackV does not prohibit the marketing of products in non-reusable packaging beyond the proportions indicated, but provides merely that the exceeding of those proportions will result in a change in the management system for non-reusable packaging.
However, the fact remains that while Paragraphs 8(1) and 9(2) of the VerpackV admittedly apply to all producers and distributors operating in national territory, they do not affect the marketing of drinks produced in Germany and that of drinks from other Member States in the same manner.
While a changeover from one packaging management system to another results, generally, in costs so far as concerns the marking or labelling of packaging, rules, such as those at issue in the main proceedings, which oblige producers and distributors using non-reusable packaging to replace their participation in a global collection system with a deposit and return system cause every producer and distributor using such packaging to incur additional costs connected with organisation of the taking back of packaging, the refunding of sums paid by way of deposit and any balancing of those sums between distributors.
It is not in dispute that producers established outside Germany use considerably more non-reusable packaging than German producers.
The national court observes that recourse to reusable packaging normally causes a drinks producer established in another Member State to incur costs higher than those borne by a German producer, given that costs linked to organisation of a deposit system and to transport are greater if the producer is established at a certain distance from the points of sale.
It follows that the replacement, as regards non-reusable packaging, of a global packaging collection system with a deposit and return system is such as to hinder the placing on the German market of drinks imported from other Member States (see to this effect, as regards reusable drinks packaging, Commission v Denmark, cited above, paragraph 13).
It is immaterial in this regard that the provisions in question envisage deposit and return obligations for non-reusable packaging and do not prohibit imports of drinks in such packaging and that it is, moreover, possible for producers to resort to reusable packaging. A measure capable of hindering imports must be classified as a measure having equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction even though the hindrance is slight and even though it is possible for the products to be marketed in other ways (Joined Cases 177/82 and 178/82 Van de Haar and Kaveka deMeern  ECR 1797, paragraph 14).
In this context, it is not relevant to assert, as the German Government does, that the increase of imports into Germany of natural mineral water in non-reusable packaging in respect of the period preceding the introduction of the deposit and return obligations demonstrates that there is no discrimination against drinks producers established in other Member States. Even if that trend is observed on the German market, it cannot take away the fact that, for drinks producers established in other Member States, Paragraphs 8 and 9 of the VerpackV constitute an obstacle to the marketing of their products in Germany.
Contrary to the submissions of the defendant in the main proceedings and the German Government, Paragraphs 8 and 9 of the VerpackV cannot be treated as national provisions which restrict or prohibit certain 'selling arrangements' within the meaning of the judgment in Joined Cases C-267/91 and C-268/91 Keck and Mithouard  ECR I-6097, paragraph 16 et seq.).
The Court has held that the need, resulting from the measures at issue, to alter the packaging or the labelling of imported products prevents those measures from concerning selling arrangements for the products within the meaning of the judgment in Keck and Mithouard (see Case C-33/97 Colim  ECR I-3175, paragraph 37, Case C-12/00 Commission v Spain  ECR I-459, paragraph 76, and Case C-416/00 Morellato  ECR I-9343, paragraph 29).
As noted in paragraph 64 of the present judgment, the replacement of participation in a global collection system by the establishment of a deposit and return system obliges the producers concerned to alter certain information on their packaging.
In any event, given that the provisions of the VerpackV do not affect the marketing of drinks produced in Germany and that of drinks from other Member States in the same manner, they cannot fall outside the scope of Article 28 EC (Keck and Mithouard, paragraphs 16 and 17).
It must be examined next whether, as the defendant in the main proceedings and the German Government assert, rules such as those laid down in Paragraphs 8(1) and 9(2) of the VerpackV can be justified by reasons relating to protection of the environment.
In accordance with settled case-law, national measures capable of hindering intra-Community trade may be justified by overriding requirements relating to protection of the environment provided that the measures in question are proportionate to the aim pursued (Commission v Denmark, paragraphs 6 and 9, and Case C-389/96 Aher-Waggon  ECR I-4473, paragraph 20).
The obligation to establish a deposit and return system for empty packaging is an indispensable element of a system intended to ensure that packaging is reused (Commission v Denmark, paragraph 13).
With regard to non-reusable packaging, as the defendant in the main proceedings and the German Government state, the establishment of a deposit and return system is liable to increase the proportion of empty packaging returned and results in more precise sorting of packaging waste, thus helping to improve its recovery. In addition, the charging of a deposit contributes to the reduction of waste in the natural environment since it encourages consumers to return empty packaging to the points of sale.
Furthermore, in so far as the rules at issue in the main proceedings make the entry into force of a new packaging-waste management system conditional on the proportion of reusable packaging on the German market, they create a situation where any increase in sales of drinks in non-reusable packaging on that market makes it more likely that there will be a change of system. Inasmuch as those rules thus encourage the producers and distributors concerned to have recourse to reusable packaging, they contribute towards reducing the amount of waste to be disposed of, which constitutes one of the general objectives of environmental protection policy.
However, in order for such rules to comply with the principle of proportionality, it must be ascertained not only whether the means which they employ are suitable for the purpose of attaining the desired objectives but also whether those means do not go beyond what is necessary for that purpose (see Case C-284/95 Safety Hi-Tech  ECR I-4301, paragraph 57).
In order for national rules to satisfy the latter test, they must allow the producers and distributors concerned, before the deposit and return system enters into force, to adapt their production methods and the management of non-reusable packaging waste to the requirements of the new system. While it is true that a Member State may leave to those producers and distributors the task of setting up that system by organising the taking back of packaging, the refunding of sums paid by way of deposit and any balancing of those sums between distributors, the Member State in question must still ensure that, at the time when the packaging-waste management system changes, every producer or distributor concerned can actually participate in an operational system.
Legislation, such as the VerpackV, that makes the establishment of a deposit and return system dependent on a packaging reuse rate, which is certainly advantageous from an ecological point of view, complies with the principle of proportionality only if, while encouraging the reuse of packaging, it gives the producers and distributors concerned a reasonable transitional period to adapt thereto and ensures that, at the time when the packaging-waste management system changes, every producer or distributor concerned can actually participate in an operational system.
It is for national courts to determine whether the change of packaging-waste management system, such as the change provided for in Paragraphs 8(1) and 9(2) of the VerpackV, allows the producers and distributors concerned to participate in an operational system under the abovementioned conditions.
Consequently, the answer to the fourth question must be that Article 28 EC precludes national rules, such as those laid down in Paragraphs 8(1) and 9(2) of the VerpackV, when they announce that a global packaging-waste collection system is to be replaced by a deposit and return system without the producers and distributors concerned having a reasonable transitional period to adapt thereto and being assured that, at the time when the packaging-waste management system changes, they can actually participate in an operational system.
In light of the answer given to the fourth question, it is no longer necessary to answer the second question.
Article 1(2) of European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste does not preclude the Member States from introducing measures designed to promote systems for the reuse of packaging.
While Article 7 of Directive 94/62 does not confer on the producers and distributors concerned any right to continue to participate in a given packaging-waste management system, it precludes the replacement of a global system for the collection of packaging waste with a deposit and return system where the new system is not equally appropriate for the purpose of attaining the objectives of that directive or where the changeover to the new system does not take place without a break and without jeopardising the ability of economic operators in the sectors concerned actually to participate in the new system as soon as it enters into force.
Article 28 EC precludes national rules, such as those laid down in Paragraphs 8(1) and 9(2) of the Verordnung über die Vermeidung und Verwertung von Verpackungsabfällen (Regulation on the Avoidance and Recovery of Packaging Waste), when they announce that a global packaging-waste collection system is to be replaced by a deposit and return system without the producers and distributors concerned having a reasonable transitional period to adapt thereto and being assured that, at the time when the packaging-waste management system changes, they can actually participate in an operational system.


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HIS LOVE FOR PRINTS AND BOLD COLOURS HAS BEEN AN IMPORTANT INFLUENCE IN THE IDENTITY OF THE LABEL'S PERSONA. AS WELL AS DESIGNING ALL OF HIS GARMENTS HE PRODUCES EXCLUSIVE IN-HOUSE PRINTS, WHICH ARE USED FOR THE LABEL'S SEASONAL COLLECTIONS.
THE ETHOS BEHIND RUN IS TO CREATE CLOTHING THAT IS MODERN AND FULL OF PERSONALITY.
INSPIRED BY THE HAMAR TRIBE OF ETHIOPIA, RUN SS17 EXPLORES THEIR USE OF PRINTS, STRIPES, SPORTSWEAR AND WESTERN CLOTHING. THE NEW SEASON IS FOCUSED ON BEAUTIFUL SILKS, CREATING STRONG PRINT NARRATIVES AND CHARACTER FOR THE BRAND. THE INSPIRATION IS DERIVED FROM THE TRIBE'S ECLECTIC ABILITY TO MIX A FOOTBALL OR SPORTS JERSEY INTO AN EVERYDAY WARDROBE.


What words can you make with millrace?
An unofficial list of all the Scrabble words you can make from the letters in the word millrace. Anagrams and words you can make with an additional letter, just using the letters in millrace!
172 words can be made from the letters in the word millrace.
This page is a list of all the words that can be made from the letters in millrace, or by rearranging the word millrace. These words should be suitable for use as Scrabble words, or in games like Words with friends.


The UFRO achieved to be in sixth place in the Universitas report in the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio and consolidates its leading position, although the ranking did not yet consider the institutional accreditation for six years by the National Accreditation Committee (CNA).
The Universidad de La Frontera again achieved to be in a high position in the Ranking for Quality of Chilean Universities, made by the Chilean Universitas Group for Leading Studies in Higher Education (GEA) and the newspaper El Mercurio.
According to the report the UFRO is in sixth position, out of nine higher education institutions in Chile, in Group 4 for Universities of Research and Doctoral Programs. The criteria to enter this group is that the university needs to have an offer of seven or more doctoral programs in three or more fields.
GEA and El Mercurio put a special emphasis on the promising situation of the Universidad de La Frontera, although the ranking was made before the result of the CNA, that certified the institutional accreditation of the UFRO for six years in all areas, was published. The authors of the report explained that this result would have allowed the Universidad de La Frontera to be in fifth place in Group 4.
This way, the UFRO consolidated its incorporation in Group 4 for Universities of Research and Postdoctoral Programs, in which it entered for the first time in 2017, making visible the institutional efforts to create knowledge through research of excellence that responds to the challenges of a dynamic environment, focused on the development of "science with sense".
In the general ranking for Quality of Undergraduate Teaching in 2018, the UFRO is among the ten best universities in the country, in 9th place. This ranking judges the universities based on four dimensions: Student quality (15%), teacher quality (25%), quality of the training processes (40%), and quality of institutional management (20%).


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The information we collect via cookies and other technologies is used in a non-identifiable way without any reference to your personal information.
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We know that tweens and teens like to take risks and push boundaries, and they'll make mistakes, but I think our job as parents is to arm them with as much information and knowledge as we can and then hope that if a situation arises they will make the right choice.
We also know that many kids won't take the time to consider possible outcomes in the heat of the moment. Maybe the solution is to teach them to stop and think before publishing anything online – whether it's a text or photograph or blog post or Facebook update. They have to understand that even if they're sending a photo to a person they trust, once they hit the "send" button the image is out of their control. And once the image is gone it is irretrievable – possibly forever – and the fallout could be catastrophic. It's important to remind them to never let anyone pressure them into doing something that makes them feel uncomfortable, that they could potentially regret in the future.
Bullying has been in the headlines more than ever lately, and it seems that social media always plays a part in it. We should also take the time to talk about what a teen should do if confronted with someone else's salacious photo.
If U receive a photo or a msg, pls T.H.I.N.K. before fwding. Is it True, Helpful, Inspiring, Necessary, Kind? If not, DGT! Trash it.


Tokyo's Aoyama area has impressively tranquil surroundings. In such a location, this hotel creates an atmosphere of grace and warmth to spend a quality time in the city centre. This hotel is close to Omotesando station, providing easy access to all major tourist and business destinations in Tokyo. A French restaurant is inside the hotel, featuring a bakery inside of it. A Banquet room, wedding salon, and aesthetic salon are all included in the hotel. All guest rooms have a... Прочетете повече bath, toilet, satellite TV, and LAN internet access.
Tokyo's Aoyama area has impressively tranquil surroundings. In such a location, this hotel creates an atmosphere of grace and warmth to spend a quality time in the city centre. This hotel is close to Omotesando station, providing easy access to all major tourist and business destinations in Tokyo. A French restaurant is inside the hotel, featuring a bakery inside of it. A Banquet room, wedding salon, and aesthetic salon are all included in the hotel. All guest rooms have a bath, toilet, satellite TV, and LAN internet access.


Service-learning is an opportunity for faculty members to pair academic instruction with community engagement. Our model of service-learning aims to build reciprocal relationship between community partner organizations and the university, while also fostering rich learning experiences for students.
educate and inform University of Washington students and faculty about issues of importance to their organization and the population(s) they work with.


text:
Katalyst and I.C.Y.O.L.A.
March 01, 2016 / Marlon Spears
The Katalyst Rhythm Section (Standing to the right) and the Inner City Youth Orchestra of Los Angeles
One of our first gigs together as Katalyst was at the Walt Disney Concert Hall playing with the Inner City Youth Orchestra of Los Angeles (I.C.Y.O.L.A.). To be able to play Stevie Wonder songs with a full orchestra, accompanying singer T.J. Wilkins, in one the home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, was an experience none of us will ever forget.
Katalyst Rhythm Section: (closest to farthest) Bradford Tidwell, Greg Paul, Brandon Cordoba, Marlon Spears, and Brian Hargrove.
tags / ICYOLA, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Orchestra, Los Angeles
Kats Collab

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Reproducing Visible Spectra
by Nick Spiker
Edited by Sam Goldwasser
If you have ever tried to reproduce a true rainbow, or spectra in the visible range you may have noticed that you will end up with much less than ideal results. The main reason for this is that when you reproduce color on a typical display, CRT, LCD, Plasma, DLP, etc., you generally only have a set number of colors to mix and produce an image. Generally there are three colored primaries. Some higher end DLP systems will use more than three colors. Most of the people reading this are probably somewhat familiar with basic principles of operation behind most of these systems. So I won't be covering the basics behind the mixing of color, and image output. I do, however frequently see a large number of people that do not understand gamma as it applies to images and image output systems. So I will cover it briefly in this section. Gamma is a way of encoding image information in a nonlinear fashion. Generally when this is done, more information is assigned to the darker values, and less in the highlights. This is the case for any image with a gamma greater than one. Usually a gamma of about two is used for image storage and representation. The primary reason for assigning more information in the darker areas is because the human eye is less sensitive to changes in bright areas.
sRGB-gamma shows a plot of the sRGB intensities versus sRGB numerical values (red), and this function's slope in log-log space (blue) which is the effective gamma at each point. sRGB clips values below a certain numerical limit to reduce numerical problems because the slope approaches infinity.
Now, on to reproducing an accurate color spectra on a standard display. In 1931, the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) decided to develop a standard for human vision. They took three monochromatic light sources and had a bunch of people adjust the brightness of the three primaries to match them with a particular color from the visible spectrum. The three primaries were chosen so that it roughly approximated the three types of color receptors (cone cells) in the human eye and were easily reproducible from a mercury vapor light source. The wavelengths of 700 nm (red), 546.1 nm (green) and 435.8 nm (blue) were chosen for the primaries. To match the colors, negative values of light had to be used. The reason for the negative values is because you cannot directly stimulate one color receptor without stimulating another. In order to achieve the negative values, white light was added to the sample of the spectrum to be matched until it could be matched with the three primaries. The amount of white light needed represents the amount to be subtracted from the three primaries.
2 Degree-CIE-Linear is a plot of the spectra into the CIE RGB color space as seen by an average human eye in a 2 Degree FOV and with no gamma correction applied. Once this data was obtained, it was translated into a new space which had the following properties:
The new color matching functions were to be everywhere greater than or equal to zero. In 1931, computations were done by hand or slide rule, and the specification of positive values was a useful computational simplification.
The color matching function would be exactly equal to the photopic luminous efficiency function (yellow) in Photopic-&-Scotopic-Response for the "CIE standard photopic observer".
See Photopic-&-Scotopic-Response.
Photopic vision is the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions using cone cells. In humans and many animals, photopic vision allows color perception. Photopic vision is the scientific term for human color vision under normal lighting conditions during the day.
Scotopic vision is the monochromatic vision of the eye in dim light. Since cone cells are nonfunctional in low light, scotopic vision is produced exclusively through rod cells so therefore there is no colour perception.
The luminance function describes the variation of perceived brightness with wavelength. The fact that the luminance function could be constructed by a linear combination of the RGB color matching functions was not guaranteed by any means but might be expected to be nearly true due to the near-linear nature of human sight. Again, the main reason for this requirement was computational simplification.
For the constant energy white point, it was required that x = y = z = 1/3. By virtue of the definition of chromaticity and the requirement of positive values of x and y, it can be seen that the gamut of all colors will lie inside the triangle [1,0], [0,0], [0,1]. It was required that the gamut fill this space practically completely. It was found that the color matching function could be set to zero above 650 nm while remaining within the bounds of experimental error. For computational simplicity, it was specified that this would be so.
2 Degree CIE-1931-XYZ-Linear is a is a plot of the spectra into the CIE 1931 XYZ color space as seen by an average human eye in a 2 Degree FOV and with no gamma correction applied.
Most other RGB color spaces are defined in terms of the CIE Chart.
Now, on with the problem of producing all of the colors on a standard RGB display. As you can see on the CIE chart, the sRGB space lies completely within the monochromatic lobe. So, in order to reproduce the color spectra on a sRGB model, a constant value has to be added to the colors to compensate for the negative effects of conversion into sRGB space. Basically this is a desaturation method roughly equivalent to shining the spectra onto an already lit surface. This is shown in sRGB-Combo.
2 Degree-sRGB-Linear is a plot of the spectra into the CIE RGB color space as seen by an average human eye in a 2 Degree FOV and with no gamma correction applied.
After the positive value is added, conversion into the sRGB space including gamma correction looks like 2 Degree-sRGB, which is a plot of the spectra into the sRGB IEC61966-2.1 color space as seen by an average human eye in a 2 Degree FOV with gamma correction applied. There has been a linear addition to all wavelengths to compensate for the primary color locations of the sRGB color space. The grey horizontal line represents where black would be if sRGB could reproduce the full spectra.
And the rendered spectra looks like 2 Degree-sRGB-Spectra, which is a rendering of the spectra into the sRGB IEC61966-2.1 color space as seen by an average human eye in a 2 Degree FOV with gamma correction applied. There has been a linear addition to all wavelengths to compensate for the primary color locations of the sRGB color space.
The reason I am using the 2 Degree FOV data, is that it is the standard for the CIE space, and it generally produces more accurate results than the 10 Degree FOV data from 10 Degree-CIE-Linear, which is a plot of the spectra into the CIE RGB color space as seen by an average human eye in a 10 Degree FOV and with no gamma correction applied.
I have included some other rendering methods that do not produce accurate results, but can be used for general reference:
2 Degree-sRGB-False-Spectra-Direct-Conversion which is a rendering of the spectra into the sRGB IEC61966-2.1 color space as seen by an average human eye in a 2 Degree FOV with gamma correction applied. Negative values have been clipped.
2 Degree-sRGB-False-Spectra-using-Photopic-Map which is a rendering of the spectra into the sRGB IEC61966-2.1 color space as seen by an average human eye in a 2 Degree FOV with gamma correction applied. There has been a linear addition in porportion to the photopic response to all wavelengths to compensate for the primary color locations of the sRGB color space.
If you would like to know more about the specifics of human color vision, some good articles, along with examples and other links can be found at Wikipedia Color Vision and Wikipedia sRGB.


Meeting Josette Fenech and Liliana Borg is an interesting experience; they are soft-spoken but are hard working indi- viduals coming from a family that has long been associated with property development.
Aspen started off in 2003 when the family business split up, which was based in hotels and property development. They decided that they could bring a dif- ference to property development and so far the company has moved on considerably from early days with a number of projects under their name Aspen Ltd specializes in developing apartments principally located in the Mellieha area including maisonettes, two and three- bedroom units and also penthouses with superb views. All properties are luxuriously finished up to the highest standards. Another specialty of the company is that the apartments are tailor made for client's needs and wishes.
The company assists in everything from interior finishing up to furniture and also provides an after sales service which is the flagship of the company. Since around 70 per cent of Aspen's market is based on foreign buyers, they also offer an after sales service to maintain property. They also provide opportunities for first time buyers in the Mellieha area.
Since Aspen has been established, they have developed numer- ous projects, two which are currently selling on plan, two are currently still being built, one with a communal pool, and most of the apartments in the other blocks have already been sold.
The company also has other projects in mind with the land in question already bought and is looking forward to continue providing high quality products to meet client's requirements in the future.


There are various and lots of sellers online learn more that would choose to have the information of your respective bank account. Regretably when shopping online, it's extremely tricky to tell a fraud variety a straightforward seller.
The online market place is mostly anonymous. Folks hide driving pretend names and e-mails. You will discover individuals and companies on the market that aren't as helpful as others. So how you can come up with a appropriate decision?
When you are ordering from Amazon or eBay, you ought to usually opt for your sellers that are high-rated. They've got a user responses, go through them and make a decision. Be sure to keep in mind, there are people who are by no means happy with just about anything and have a tendency to say poor points about everything. See, if any person else has purchased a similar solution and what they believed about it. Also bear in mind to examine out the most beneficial shopping online web sites which can be advised by your friends. 60% of all purchasing is done online and undoubtedly your closest folks have their faves!
If it is to fantastic for being true, it ought to be!
There are websites offering too very low selling prices for some goods (let us say designer solutions). This is where it is best to be added watchful. It can be pretty very likely that people matters are one) knock-offs, 2) stolen, three) broken goods, 4) most of the higher than. Here are several tips how to figure out a pretend web-site. Commence variety the look. The "bad" internet sites usually possess a mediocre style and design using a couple of attributes. The items shown are usually not accurately described or have lower top quality photos. Commonly in addition they absence customer support or have got a dodgy e mail address (ending with hotmail.com or gmail.com). The most important alert has to be the cost. Usually review the prices on various web sites to get certain you won't overpay.
The availability in the very best on the internet retailers do not depend about the county you live in, simply because a lot of them provide shipping all around the earth (totally free). Certainly, you may must listen there also. Ensure that you are suitable for free delivery and if not, discover precisely, just how much you'll spend. Figure out how much time the shipping might be and where within the parcel might be transported and if there'll be any custom fees.
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All in all, online shopping is pleasurable! But you would probably not give your money to a full stranger – so never get it done on-line. Use a glance all around prior to you pay out and make sure that you choose to will seriously get precisely what is getting marketed. For a few aid, begin to see the lists of your very best online shopping internet sites for attire that have accurate descriptions with the web pages and payment/delivery strategies.


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DHR Home > Historic Registers > Norfolk (Ind. City), VLR Online & National Register Listings
122-0993 Southern Bagging Company
NRHP Listing Date 08/08/2007
NRHP Reference Number 07000804
This large brick building was erected for the Southern Bagging Company, which manufactured jute bags and ties for the shipping of cotton and other agricultural products from southern to northern markets through Norfolk. Begun in 1905, the company was one of a number of similar manufacturing businesses owned by brothers Benjamin and David Margolius. Members of the Margolius family operated a number of bagging facilities in Norfolk through the immediate post-World War II period. This building was erected in 1918 and served as the primary location of Southern Bagging Company until 1923, when it was relocated two blocks north. The growth and decline of the bagging industry occurred from the late 1890s through the 1950s, when factories were relocated from the north to the south to be closer to the available raw cotton. The building was subsequently used as a Building Supplies Corporation from 1924 to 1964, taking advantage of the building boom of the 1920s and World War II. This is the only building remaining in Norfolk associated with the bagging industry. The building also successively housed two restaurants in the more recent past.


We run a range of home groups at different times and places, suitable for ages 18+.
Being a member of a home group is a tremendous way to grow in the Christian life – groups spend time wrestling with God's word together, praying together, encouraging one another and being encouraged, and caring for one another.
Contact us to join one of our groups – phone Ian Millican 9456-4498 or email homegroups@stmarksberowra.org.


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South View's Rodney Brewington to coach in 2020 Shrine Bowl
Rodd Baxley Staff writer @RoddBaxley
The Tigers' head coach has led the program to double-digit victories in back-to-back seasons for the first time since 2004-05
Rodney Brewington has increased South View's win total in each of his five seasons as the school's football coach.
After leading the Tigers to double-digit wins in back-to-back years for the first time since 2004-05, Brewington learned Thursday that he will have the opportunity to be an assistant coach for North Carolina at the 2020 Shrine Bowl of the Carolinas.
"I'm humbled because it always feels good when you're recognized by your peers," said Brewington, who led South View to a 10-3 record this season which included a share of the Patriot 4-A/3-A Conference crown and a berth in the third round of the NCHSAA 4-A playoffs.
"I know there's a lot of deserving coaches in the state of North Carolina and to have this opportunity is something that I appreciate and I'll treasure throughout my coaching career," he said.
Brewington said the opportunity "lands some credibility" for South View, which has sent several players to the event over the years.
Emery Simmons, Donovan Brewington and assistant coach Marcus Wall participated in the event in 2018. Michael Edwards played in the 2017 contest and Cam Pemberton in 2015.
"It lets people know that the program is being recognized statewide," Brewington added.
"Since I've been at South View, we've had four players play in the Shrine Bowl and we had an assistant coach in the Shrine Bowl.
"Now to have an opportunity to coach in the Shrine Bowl myself, it just shows that South View's football program is doing things the right way and we're headed in the right direction."
Four players from the Cape Fear region will compete in the 83rd edition of the event — which is a showcase of some of the top graduating high school seniors in the Carolinas — on Dec. 21 at Wofford College in Spartanburg, South Carolina.
Cape Fear offensive lineman Caleb Krings, Terry Sanford tight end Ezemdi Udoh, St. Pauls linebacker Taurienne Freeman and Lee County pass rusher Desmond Evans are set to represent North Carolina this year.
Staff writer Rodd Baxley can be reached at rbaxley@fayobserver.com or 910-486-3519.


text:
EU Commission nominee backs 50% carbon cut by 2030, fails to win Greens' support
Posted By: Newsroom 2 0 Comment EU Commission, Greens' support
Ursula von der Leyen said Europe should become the world's first climate neutral continent, as she sought lawmakers' backing for the top job on Wednesday (10 July). EURACTIV's media partner Climate Home News reports.
The nominee for the EU's top political job said she supported raising climate targets, making aviation and maritime polluters pay and introducing a carbon border tax to make Europe the first climate neutral continent.
"The clock is ticking," said Ursula von der Leyen as she pitched for the support of three European parliamentary groupings at back-to-back hearings on Wednesday.
"I want us, as the European Union, to be the first continent that is climate neutral," the potential next European Commission president told the liberal Renew Europe bloc.
To the Greens, she said she would introduce legislation to toughen up the EU's 2030 target of a 40% emissions cut below 1990 levels.
"I'm convinced that we can do more, be more ambitious. I know that you have goals that you want to see, but looking at the facts and the figures I feel confident that we can reach 50% of reduction in the year 2030," von der Leyen said.
On Twitter and in private to Climate Home News, MEPs who were at an earlier closed meeting with the Socialist and Democrats (S&D) group said von der Leyen had told them the same.
The nominee, who is currently German defence minister, also said:
She would support a 2050 net zero emissions target for the EU
The EU would "have to debate the option of a carbon border tax. That has to be introduced. I know that it is not an easy part, but it is something that we have to take on"
The EU emissions trading system, in which pollution credits are being traded at an increasingly high price, was working well, but should be expanded to include shipping and aviation
Nuclear energy was "clean" but "dangerous", echoing the attitudes of her domestic political ally Angela Merkel
A "council of scientists" should be formed to monitor and report on the progress of European member states in meeting their commitments to cut emissions
The European Investment Bank should become a "European climate bank"
An increase to the EU's 2030 target, which underpins its pledge to the Paris Agreement, has been backed by the outgoing climate commissioner Miguel Arias Cañete and the European Parliament. The target proposed by the last parliament was 55%.
Outgoing commission president Jean-Claude Juncker, on the other hand, said earlier this month the EU should focus on delivering what it has agreed, rather than introducing new targets.
In briefing documents, seen by CHN, for a meeting of environment ministers this week, the Finnish presidency of the European Council reminded member states of the commission's advice that 45% was achievable with current policies and asked: "what steps/process do you envisage for preparing the communication or update of the EU's [Paris commitment]?".
A spokesperson for social democrat MEP and the grouping's former leader Udo Bullman told CHN Leyen's proposal for 2030 was "just one of several non-binding prospective positions. Mr Bullmann would not overstate it."
Von der Leyen is from the conservative European People's Party, but will need backing from at least two other major blocs as she seeks the majority needed to be confirmed by parliament.
Green resistance
She will meet resistance from the Greens, who have made their support for von der Leyen contingent on a strong climate policy package.
Ahead of her hearing with that grouping on Wednesday, MEP Bas Eickhout tweeted: "So after climate elections [von der Leyen] offers a lower target than the previous Parliament positioned itself on… What is she thinking?"
"This is a huge step forward" compared to the 40% target that has been agreed by the EU's three decision making bodies, von der Leyen, responded to Eickhout's question in the hearing.
The Greens later said they would vote against her, saying she lacked concrete proposals on climate policy and the rule of law.
Von der Leyen will also have to overcome scepticism from the S&D and Renew Europe groupings, who are furious after their own candidates for the job were ignored by the European Council.
In recent weeks, a push to raise Europe's 2050 target to net zero was delayed by central and eastern European states. At the Renew hearing, von der Leyen proposed using the EU's energy transition and globalisation adjustment funds to ease the burden on workers and communities affected by the shift to cleaner energy and agriculture.
"If we want to make it to these ambitious goals we have to take every member state and we have to take the people and the economy with us," she said.
Source: Euractiv.com
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I think we take the good old egg for granted. Annually in the UK we consume nearly 12 billion eggs, but when did you last think of cooking something special with them?
I firmly believe all creatures, animals or birds, benefit from the sun on their backs, the opportunity to exhibit natural behaviour and generally run around without a care in the world. So when I'm buying eggs, I purposefully seek out Havensfield Happy Hens' blue-boxed eggs – it's worth asking your local farm shop or deli for them.
The Brice family work with local farmers across Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex to rear small flocks of chickens totally free-range with excellent husbandry and care. Having visited one of their farm flocks near their Hoxne base, I saw the lovely pasture fields and bags of space the contented plump birds get to scratch around in. Having found the perfect eggs, what to do with them for my nearest and dearest for weekend brunch?
Shakshuka is an unusual punchy one-pan dish from North Africa. I first enjoyed its zingy simplicity for brunch at the lovely Darsham Nurseries Café on the A12 near Yoxford, where Lola and Thom's produce-led Middle Eastern cuisine is foodie delight. I like to fold in raw courgette ribbons just before serving to warm through. The chilli content is down to personal taste. I am famously a chilli wimp (refined palate is the preferred label) so tend to go easy on the fire.
Pre-heat the oven to 175c. Into an ovenproof deep wide sauté pan over a medium heat, add a glug of oil along with the onion and peppers. Once contents are hot, turn the heat down to low, cover and gently fry, stirring occasionally, until softened, for about 15 – 20 minutes. Uncover and turn up to medium, stir in the garlic, paprika, cumin and chilli if using (go easy to start with) and stir-fry for a few minutes. Fold through the red chillies, tomatoes and seasoning to taste before bringing to a good simmer, covered. Remove the lid and make four wells in the top of the stew with a ladle and break an egg into each. Bake uncovered in the oven until the egg whites are fully set. Remove and sprinkle over the feta and the herbage for colour. Serve along with the flatbreads.
Eggs Benedict, is a classic American breakfast staple. Lovely variations are Eggs Florentine with added wilted spinach, or to replace the ham with smoked salmon, or smoked trout or eel fillets, for Eggs Royale. I've always loved baked smoked haddock with a mornay cheesy leek and cauliflower sauce and a poached egg, alongside bubble'n'squeak cakes and crisp streaky rashers. It's easily adapted to top a muffin.
Find a glass bowl to fit over a large saucepan of hot water. In the bowl, whisk the yolks with a teaspoon of vinegar, pinch of salt and splash of water. Simmer the saucepan of water gently with the bowl on top, and whisk slowly until thickened and pale in colour (up to five minutes). Remove the bowl and while whisking, pour in a thin drizzle of melted butter, a little at a time. If it's too thick, add a few drops of warm water. Whisk in a little lemon juice. Keep the sauce warm. Put the eggs on to poach. Toast the muffins and butter well. Cut the ham slices in two and top each muffin half, followed by a drained, well-seasoned poached egg, a draping of warm hollandaise and chives to garnish.


If you are running an online business then you have to know that a drop shipper is a must for your business, and finding a reliable one can be tough. However, before we can start talking about looking for a reliable drop shipper, you have to know what a drop shipper is.
This is a process where a company allows you to take orders for them, and then they send the products to the customer. The great thing about drop shippers is that they allow you to start making money online right away without having to put any money up front. That is because with anything that you sell, they are making money, and when you sell something you get to keep a piece of the profit.
tise. They can count on the people who are out there trying to sell their stuff. This is a great way for people to make money.
To find a good drop shipper you need to avoid any type of drop shipper company that is going to try and solicit your business. Because there is such a growing demand for more drop shippers, this has opened the door wide open for scammers. This means that you are going to have to keep your eyes open, and do a little research on a company before you choose to sell for them.
This way you can find out if they are going to really pay you. Next, you may want to contact some companies that do not come out and say that they offer drop shipments. A lot of companies love to cut out the middle man, but they do not want millions of people contacting them for drop shipments either. However, most will be willing to work with you one on one.
Another way to look for more drop shipments is to not only call around, but look in magazines. A lot of business magazines usually will talk about companies that are good drop shippers. After that, before you start with a company it's always a great idea check with the Better Business Bureau.
This way you can find out if any companies are listed in the Better Business Bureau. If they are in the Better Business Bureau then they are more likely to be a good trustworthy company to let drop ship for you.
From my experience, I would personally recommend to join a drop shipping club to get started with drop shipping. Drop shipping clubs have contracts that allow them to get better drop shipping rates because they deal with a large volumes of business with their suppliers. You may use Google to find several drop shipping clubs online.
Drop shipping can be a great way to jump start your online business. By using a reliable drop shipper you assure your online business to grow faster and generate more profits in a shorter time frame.


text:
Buffett updates and rereleases Gulf Coast cookbook
LUCY BUFFETT Advertorial Special to The Log
A rerelease of the 2007 "Crazy Sista Cooking" cookbook, the new "LuLu's Kitchen, A Taste of the Gulf Coast Good Life" has been up-dated with a new introduction and amazing photography.
The new cookbook, by Lucy Buffett, a restaurateur and sister of famous troubadour Jimmy Buffett, includes her amazing recipes showcasing Classic Southern Coastal Cuisine that is featured in her restaurants in Gulf Shores, Alabama, and Destin.
Come out and meet Lucy Buffett. Join her for a Happy Hour cookbook signing at LuLu's from 4:30 to 6:30 p.m. next Thursday, April 28. She will be on hand with her animated personality to meet and greet guests and personally autograph her hot off the press new cookbook, published by Grand Central Life & Style Publishing. The signing event also ties in with the Destin Area Chamber of Commerce's monthly Business After Hours event.
Like her brother, Jimmy Buffett, Lucy celebrates freedom, relaxation and sea-side decadence in her own art … cooking. Her previously self-published cookbook sold over 70,000 copies without marketing or much trade distribution. The updated cookbook, "LuLu's Kitchen, A Taste of the Gulf Coast Good Life," is packed with more than 120 signature recipes served in Lucy's famous Gulf Coast restaurants, LuLu's in Destin and Gulf Shores. With love from Lucy's kitchens, eating at her restaurants is the next best thing to cooking her recipes yourself.
Even though it's a cookbook, "LuLu's Kitchen" reads like a novel you can't put down. With not only a new introduction and updated photography, renowned novelist Tom McGuane contributed an engaging essay that blends smoothly with the spicy dishes and distinctive drinks. Recipes include soul-satisfying Southern Coastal Cuisine delights like West Indies Salad, Perfect Fried Shrimp, Blackened Grouper Sandwich, Garlic Cheese Grits, Silver Queen Succotash and Heavenly Fried Crab Claws.
And, there's a whole chapter on 25 specialty drinks, including the Bama Breeze and LuLu's Painkiller. Tucked inside "LuLu's Kitchen" are humorous stories and plenty of wit and wisdom from Lucy's own kitchen. The cookbook also features party menus, Buffett Family favorites and lots of telling it like it is, because after all, Lucy is always all about just being herself.
Visit www.LucyBuffet.com for more information.


text:
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लोक कथा
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With the completion of this lesson, students should be able to:
Define pressure and demonstrate pressure exerted by liquid.
State and verify Pascal's law with its application.
Explain and formulate Archimedes Principle with examples.
Explain law of flotation.
Solve Numerical problems related to Archimedes Principle
Pressure is defined as force acting per unit area. Its SI unit is Pascal. This note has brief description of pressure.
Practise Test
Pascal's Law
Pascal's law states that "Pressure exerted by liquid in an enclose vessel is transmitted equally". This law is applicable for the gases also. This is the detailed note on pascal's law and its application in hydraulic press.
Upthrust
Density is a physical property of a matter. It can be defined as a ratio of mass per unit volume. This note gives an information about upthrust and density.
We know that due to upthrust, objects tend to lose weight when immersed in liquid. Archimedes principle states that "If an object is partially or completely immersed in the liquid, the weight of liquid displaced by the object is its upthrust". This notes provides an information about Archimedes principle of grade 10.
Law of Flotation
The body is immersed in a liquid when the two forces should act. The two forces are: the weight of the body acting vertically downward, and the upthrust on the body acting vertically upward. Depending on these two forces, there arise three cases. First, a body sinks in a liquid only if the density of the body (d1) is greater than the density of the liquid (d2) in which a body is kept. Second, a body just floats on a liquid when the density of the body (d1) is equal to the density of the liquid (d2) in which the body is kept. Third, a body floats keeping some parts of it out when its density (d1) is lesser than that of the liquid (d2) in which it is kept.
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Travel by train from Madrid to Barcelona in Catalonia is easy from Madrid Atocha Station. The Madrid to Barcelona route is one of the busiest on the AVE high speed network. Indeed, there are over 30 daily train services in each direction! And the fastest journey times are an astonishing 2hrs 30 minutes. Not bad when you consider that Barcelona is over 650 kilometres away and that the average car journey is over 6 hours. Trains arrive at the Barcelona Sants Station located in the Sants-Montjuic neighbourhood of Barcelona.
For more information on taking the high-speed AVE service from Madrid, see our guide to departing on the AVE from Madrid Atocha Station. But if you would rather do the longer drive from Madrid to Barcelona, see our Madrid Atocha car rental guides. Many car hire suppliers also offer one-way rentals within Spain. Although there is usually a surcharge, it's worth considering if you'd rather start and finish your trip in a different location.
Along with the capital of Spain, the capital of Catalonia has long been a strong contender for best city in the country. One advantage Barcelona has over Madrid is that it's located on the coast and has some lovely beaches. But there's lots more to the city that makes it a wonderful city break even if you never stepped foot on its sandy shores. Famous for having a vibrant nightlife and a famous dining scene, Barcelona has some incredible cultural sights too. Helping to define Barcelona's character is the fascinating architecture of Antoni Gaudi. His work is likely to feature several times in must-see lists of Barcelona. Highlights include the Sagrada Familia, Park Guell and Casa Batllo.
The city also boasts several fantastic art museums including the National Museum of Art and the Joan Miro Foundation. Both of which are located on top of Montjuic Hill. It's on top of this hill where you can also enjoy some of the best views of the city.
Beyond Barcelona, you'll find more fab beach towns (smaller and a little more low-key) along the coast around the Catalonian capital. Tossa de Mar, Blanes and Sitges are all easily accessible from Barcelona. About 90kms northeast of Barcelona, Girona is another great Catalonian city to visit. And 60kms northwest of the city, the Montserrat Mountain and monastery is a popular day trip. There are also a number of hiking trails around the mountain. Other great spots for enjoying the area's natural landscapes include Tibidabo Mountain, Montseny Nature Reserve and the Nuria Valley. The Nuria Valley lies close to the French border in the Pyrenees. It's also a popular place to ski in winter.
12kms southwest of the city, Barcelona Airport is the nearest airport. You'll find a good selection of car hire there and it's a good alternative to Barcelona Station for returning a car hire if you've got one and ending your trip here.


text:
(乾隆皇君臣鬥智, Qian Long huang qun chen dou zhi) est un  film hongkongais réalisé par Li Han-hsiang, sorti en 1982.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original : 乾隆皇君臣鬥智, Qian Long huang qun chen dou zhi
 Titre français :
 Réalisation : Li Han-hsiang
 Scénario : Li Han-hsiang
 Pays d'origine : Hong Kong
 Format : Couleurs - 35 mm - 2,35:1
 Genre : comédie dramatique
 Durée : 87 minutes
 Date de sortie : 1982

Distribution
 Tony Liu : Chien Lung
 Kara Hui : Hsiao Hung
 Huang Chin :
 Sha Wang :
 Kwok Choi Hon :
 Nan Chiang :
 Kun Li :
 Ku Feng : leader des moines

Lien externe

Film hongkongais sorti en 1982
Comédie dramatique hongkongaise
Film de la Shaw Brothers
Film réalisé par Li Han-hsiang

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Meet Shubham Jaglan, a 12-year-old boy from Panipat, Haryana who is the first junior world golf champion from India. He hails from a family with a wrestling background but his passion for golf shaped when his grandfather enrolled him to a new golf academy started by an NRI, Kapur Singh, in their village. After a few months, most kids lost interest but one refused to leave the stick. Kapur Singh knew he had to shut down the academy but before leaving the village he told Shubham's father about the golf talent his son possessed.
Despite the shutdown of an academy, Shubham Jaglan continued his fight on a small piece of land in his backyard. His father cleaned and transformed the land with flat green covering and 3 holes. Jaglan used the youtube videos to learn and practice golf. On weekends, he took trips to Karnal Golf Course to advance his game.
During one of these days, Delhi Golf foundation noticed his talent and offered him a generous annual scholarship of 2 lakhs, gotten him a free membership in a Delhi golf club and all kinds of support to participate in foreign tournaments. It was hard for the family to relocate to Delhi but owing to his son's passion for the sport, his father decided to close down his milk business and sold everything to move towards his child's dream.
He won two of the three World Championships in the 2015 season. It is not only the success of Shubham but also of his coach and one of India's best-known women golfers Nonita Lall Qureshi who is training him since he was 7. The support of golf foundation, Delhi golf club, his parents and school was never low in volume to push him here.
It opened him to dream big. A dream to win the US Masters one day and later break the record of 18 major titles by golf legend Jack Nicklaus. Only 3 Indians overall have ever qualified for these tournaments including Jeev Milkha Singh.
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