text:
\section*{Introduction}

The breaking of the out-of-plane or in-plane inversion symmetry in two-dimensional (2D) systems gives rise to Rashba-type or Zeeman-type spin-orbit coupling (SOC), respectively, which plays important roles in spintronics, valleytronics, optoelectronics and superconductivity \cite{Bychkov1984,Xiao2012,Sanchez2013,Xu2014,Manchon2015}.
Both types of SOCs cause the Fermi surface to be spin-split and the spin-momentum relation to be locked, but the spin polarisation in the momentum space is distinctively different; Rashba-type SOC forces the spins to be polarised in the in-plane direction while Zeeman-type SOC in the out-of-plane direction (Fig. 1a and 1b) \cite{Bychkov1984,Xiao2012}.
These unique spin structures have notable implications in terms of superconductivity under strong magnetic fields  \cite{Gorkov2001,Sekihara2013,Lu2015,Saito2016,Nam2016,Liu2018,Bauer2012,Uchihashi2016}.

Suppose the magnetic field is applied to a 2D superconductor precisely in the in-plane direction.
Since electron orbitals are barely affected in this configuration, Cooper pairs are destroyed mainly due to the field-induced parallel alignment of the electron spins, which otherwise form an anti-parallel spin-singlet state.
This mechanism is called paramagnetic pair breaking, and the upper critical magnetic field $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ determined by this effect is called the Pauli limit $B_\mathrm{Pauli}$ \cite{Chandrasekhar1962,Clogston1962}.
In the presence of Zeeman-type SOC, the spins are hardly tilted in the field direction because they are statically locked in the out-of-plane direction.
This suppresses the paramagnetic pair breaking effect and substantially enhances  $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ over $B_\mathrm{Pauli}$ \cite{Lu2015,Saito2016}.
By contrast, the in-plane spin-momentum locking due to Rashba-type SOC can enhance $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ only by a factor of $\sqrt{2}$ because of a significant deformation of the Fermi surfaces due to the locking \cite{Gorkov2001}.
Nevertheless, Rashba-type SOC may also strongly enhance $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ if a dynamic electron scattering process is involved.
In this case, because of the spin-momentum locking, the spin is forced to flip at every momentum change accompanied by elastic scattering (Fig. 1c).
The mechanism, referred to as dynamic spin-momentum locking here, should cause frequent spin scatterings while preserving the time-reversal symmetry.
This enhances $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ through the suppression of paramagnetic pair-breaking effect even in crystalline systems in an analogous manner as the conventional spin-orbit scattering does in disordered systems.
Although such an effect was suggested by Nam et al. for Pb thin films, it was considered dominated by the orbital pair-breaking and hence has remained elusive \cite{Nam2016}.
Furthermore, the presence of the Rashba-type SOC itself was an assumption, and the material may include Zeeman-type SOC \cite{Liu2018}.
Experimentally resolving this problem requires one to confirm the exclusive presence of the Rashba-type SOC in a relevant system.
It is also important to investigate its superconducting properties under a controlled environment to avoid any extrinsic effects.

In the present study, we adopt a crystalline In atomic-layer on a Si(111) surface [Si(111)-($\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$)-In] to fulfil this requirement.
Clear Fermi surface splitting and in-plane spin polarisation are demonstrated by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, confirming the exclusive presence of the Rashba-type SOC.
In-situ electron transport measurements under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment reveal that $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ is anomalously enhanced over the Pauli limit $B_\mathrm{Pauli}$.
The enhancement factor defined by $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}/B_\mathrm{Pauli}$ reaches ${\sim}3$ and exceeds the factor of $\sqrt{2}$ expected for the static locking effect of the Rashba-type SOC.
Our quantitative data analysis clarifies that the paramagnetic pair-breaking parameter $\alpha_\mathrm{P}$ is strongly suppressed by orders of magnitudes from the value estimated for the conventional spin-orbit scattering.
The spin scattering times $\tau_\mathrm{s}$ directly related to $\alpha_\mathrm{P}$ are in satisfactory agreement with the electron elastic scattering times $\tau_\mathrm{el}$, proving the idea of spin flipping at every momentum change.
These results provide compelling evidence that this 2D superconductor with Rashba-type SOC is protected by dynamic spin-momentum locking.

\section*{Results}

\subsection*{Rashba-type SOC revealed by ARPES and DFT}

The Si(111)-($\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$)-In (referred to as $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$-In here) consists of a uniform In bilayer covering the Si(111)-$1\times1$ surface with a periodicity of $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$ (Fig. 2a) \cite{Park2012,Shirasawa2019}, and superconductivity occurs below 3 K \cite{Zhang2010,Uchihashi2011}.
The breaking of the out-of-plane inversion symmetry due to the presence of the Si surface leads to the Rashba-type SOC as described below, as reported for other atomic-layer crystals on surfaces \cite{Gierz2009,Sakamoto2009,Yaji2010,Matetskiy2015}.
The material has highly dispersed electronic bands and simple chemical composition without magnetic or heavy elements  \cite{Rotenberg2003}, which allows us to neglect complex correlation effects.
Despite these ideal features, studying superconducting properties of $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$-In is challenging because the susceptibility to foreign molecules and surface defects prohibits air exposure and the usage of conventional cryogenic and high-magnetic-field systems \cite{Yoshizawa2017,Yoshizawa2014b}.
In this study, all experiments, including the transport measurements, were performed in UHV to eliminate the possibility of sample degradation (see Materials and Methods).

The details of the electronic structures and the presence of Rashba-type SOC are clarified through ARPES measurements and DFT calculations.
Figure 2c shows the photoelectron intensity map at the Fermi energy ($E_\mathrm{F}$) measured over the momentum-space region depicted in Fig. 2b.
While the result is consistent with the previous studies \cite{Rotenberg2003,Park2012}, it clearly resolves the splitting of the Fermi surfaces for the first time, which is particularly conspicuous on the ``arc'' and ``butterfly-wing'' portions (see the pairs of arrows).
This finding was fully reproduced by our DFT calculations.
The computed Fermi surface structure is essentially identical to the ARPES data (Fig. 3a).
While the magnitude of the energy splitting at $E_\mathrm{F}$ ($\Delta_\mathrm{R}$) is small along the high-symmetry lines (Y--$\Gamma$--X), it is larger at the butterfly-wing along the P--Q line (Fig. 3f).
Figure 3c shows that the distribution of $\Delta_\mathrm{R}$ exhibits a peak around 15--20 meV and ranges up to 90 meV.
The DFT calculations also confirm that these Fermi surfaces are indeed spin-polarised.
As indicated by the arrows in Fig. 3a, the spins are oriented in the in-plane directions, as expected from Rashba-type SOC.
The effect of Zeeman-type SOC is negligible, judging from the fact that the out-of-plane components of spins are nearly absent (Fig. 3d).
This point will be discussed later in detail.
Interestingly, the azimuthal orientation of the spins on the butterfly-wing features deviates from the helical spin texture characteristic of the standard Rashba-type SOC.
This in-plane spin texture does not affect the conclusion of the present study, and its microscopic origin will be discussed elsewhere \cite{Kobayashi2020}.
We also mention the presence of a large anisotropy in the Fermi velocity ${\mathbf v}_\mathrm{F}$, which was computed as the gradient of band dispersion (Fig. 3b). The histogram in Fig. 3e shows that $|{\mathbf v}_\mathrm{F}|$ ranges from $2 \times 10^{5}$ to $1.5\times 10^{6}$ m$\cdot$s$^{-1}$. The detailed band structure information obtained here will be used later.

\subsection*{Robust superconductivity in in-plane magnetic fields}

Six $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$-In samples were prepared for electron transport experiments. In addition to three nominally flat Si(111) surfaces (Flat\#1/\#2/\#3), we used three vicinal surfaces (Vicinal\#1/\#2 with a miscut angle of $0.5^\circ$ and Vicinal\#3 with a miscut angle of $1.1^\circ$) to control the density of scattering sources. These sample surfaces consisted of atomically flat terraces separated by steps, as observed by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) (Fig. 4a: Flat\#1, Fig. 4b: Vicinal\#1).
The low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns of Flat\#1 and Vicinal\#1 confirmed the exclusive presence of $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$ structures with multi- and single-domains, respectively (Insets of Figs. 4a and 4b).
Figure 4c shows the temperature ($T$) dependence of sheet resistance ($R_\mathrm{sheet}$) recorded at zero magnetic field.
The curves of the other four samples are available in Supplementary Figure 1.
All of the samples exhibit sharp superconducting transitions at $T_\mathrm{c0}$, while precursors due to the 2D fluctuation effects are evident at $T>T_\mathrm{c0}$ \cite{Aslamasov1968}.
Here $T_\mathrm{c0}$ is defined as the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) mean-field critical temperature, which was determined by fitting to an empirical formula \cite{Uchihashi2013} (see Supplementary Note 1).
The same fitting procedure also gives normal sheet resistance $R_\mathrm{n}$ in the absence of the 2D fluctuation effects.
The obtained parameters for $T_\mathrm{c0}$ and $R_\mathrm{n}$  are presented in Table 1.
The small $R_n$ of 36-90 $\Omega$ reflects the high crystallinity of the samples.
These values are comparable to those reported for transition-metal dichalcogenide samples used in the studies of Zeeman-type SOC \cite{Lu2015,Saito2016}.

We now focus on the effects of strong magnetic fields on superconductivity of $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$-In.
Figure 5a shows the temperature dependence of sheet resistance $R_\mathrm{sheet}$ of Vicinal\#1 measured under magnetic fields, which were applied precisely in the in-plane direction.
The data of the other samples are presented in Supplementary Figure 2.
While slight shifts and broadenings of the resistive transition were detected, superconductivity persisted even at the maximum magnetic field of $B = 5$ T.
Figure 5c shows the magnetic field dependence of $T_\mathrm{c}$ of all six samples, where $T_\mathrm{c}$ is determined from $T$ at which $R_\mathrm{sheet}$ decreases to half of $R_\mathrm{n}$.
The data show that the lowering of $T_\mathrm{c}$ as a function of $B$ is quadratic and reaches 23\% of $T_\mathrm{c0}$ at 8.25 T for Flat\#3.
By contrast, for out-of-plane magnetic fields, the superconducting transition was rapidly suppressed and disappeared above $B=0.5$ T (Fig. 5b).
The lowering of $T_\mathrm{c}$ as a function of $B$ is linear (Fig. 5d).
Our detailed analysis for out-of-plane upper critical field $B_\mathrm{c2\perp}$ shows that the observed rapid quenching of superconductivity is due to penetration of vortices, i.e. to orbital pair-breaking effect (see Supplementary Figure 3 and Supplementary Note 2).
The robust superconductivity against the in-plane fields, in contrast, indicates that the pair-breaking is not caused by the orbital effect but rather by the paramagnetic effect as expected.
For the present superconductor with $T_\mathrm{c0}=$ 2.97--3.14 K, the Pauli limit $B_\mathrm{Pauli}$ is equal to 5.5--5.8 T from the relation $B_\mathrm{Pauli}= 1.86 ~ (\mathrm{T}\cdot\mathrm{K}^{-1}) ~ T_\mathrm{c0}$ \cite{Chandrasekhar1962,Clogston1962}.
Since the observed $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ apparently exceeds this limit as $T \rightarrow 0$, the paramagnetic pair breaking effect must be substantially suppressed.

\subsection*{Paramagnetically limited upper critical field}

It is widely known that spin scattering is induced occasionally at an elastic electron scattering event by the atomistic SOC.
In the presence of this conventional spin-orbit scattering, Cooper pairs are no longer exact spin-singlet states.
It induces a finite spin susceptibility in the system and lowers the Zeeman energy gain acquired by breaking a Cooper pair under a magnetic field, thus suppressing the paramagnetic pair-breaking effects \cite{Abrikosov1962}.
Here we assume this mechanism and, without taking account of the Rashba-type SOC, analyse the magnetic field effects on superconductivity in terms of pair-breaking parameters.
The dependence of $T_\mathrm{c}$ on magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$ can be described using a universal function given by
\begin{equation}
    \ln\left(\frac{T_\mathrm{c}}{T_\mathrm{c0}}\right) = \psi\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) - \psi\left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\alpha(\mathbf{B} )}{2\pi k_\mathrm{B} T_\mathrm{c}} \right), \label{eq:digamma}
\end{equation}
where $\psi$ is the digamma function, and $\alpha(\mathbf{B})$ denotes field-dependent pair-breaking parameter \cite{Maki1969}.
$\alpha(\mathbf{B})$ is the sum of three contributions:  $\alpha_\mathrm{O\perp}$ and $\alpha_\mathrm{O\parallel}$ representing the orbital effects due to out-of-plane ($B_{\perp}$) and in-plane ($B_{\parallel}$) fields and $\alpha_\mathrm{P}$ the paramagnetic effect due to the total field $|\mathbf{B}|$ in the presence of frequent spin scatterings.
It is given by the equation
\begin{eqnarray}
    \alpha(\mathbf{B}) &=& \alpha_\mathrm{O\perp}+\alpha_\mathrm{O\parallel}+\alpha_\mathrm{P} \\
 					&=& c_\mathrm{O\perp} B_{\perp} + c_\mathrm{O\parallel} B_{\parallel}^2 + c_\mathrm{P} |\mathbf{B}|^2, \label{eq:alpha}
\end{eqnarray}
where $c_\mathrm{O\perp}$, $c_\mathrm{O\parallel}$ and $c_\mathrm{P}$ are coefficients for individual contributions \cite{Tinkham2004}.
This form of the pair-breaking parameter is closely related to the Klemm-Luther-Beasley (KLB) model proposed for 2D superconductors with conventional spin-orbit scattering \cite{Klemm1975,Prober1980}.

In the present study, the addition of the $\alpha_\mathrm{O\parallel}$ term allows us to account for the orbital effect within the superconducting layer under the in-plane magnetic field, which is not included in the KLB model.
This effect played a crucial role in few-layer Pb films studied previously \cite{Nam2016}.
For the in-plane configuration, $B_{ \perp} \simeq \theta_\mathrm{e}  |\mathbf{B}|$ and $B_{ \parallel} \simeq  |\mathbf{B}|$, where $\theta_\mathrm{e}$  is the angular error.
All coefficients were determined by fitting Eq. (\ref{eq:digamma}) to the experimental data in Figs. 5c and 5d,  and the results are listed in Table 1 (for details, see Materials and Methods).
From the values of $c_\mathrm{O\perp}, c_\mathrm{O\parallel}, c_\mathrm{P}$, we conclude  $\alpha_\mathrm{O\perp},\alpha_\mathrm{O\parallel} \ll \alpha_\mathrm{P}$ in the in-plane configuration, meaning that the pair breaking is dominated by the paramagnetic effect.
This is distinct from the finding by Nam et al. that the orbital effect is the primary pair breaking mechanism for 5--13 Pb monolayers on the Si(111) surface \cite{Nam2016}.
Figure 5e plots $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}/B_\mathrm{Pauli}$ and $B_\mathrm{c2\perp}/B_\mathrm{Pauli}$ as a function of   $T_\mathrm{c}/T_\mathrm{c0}$, along with their extrapolations down to $T = 0$ calculated with the universal function of Eq. (\ref{eq:digamma}).
$B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}/B_\mathrm{Pauli}$ is found to reach ${\sim}3$ at $T = 0$.
We note that this enhancement factor exceeds the value of $\sqrt{2}$, which is expected for the static effect of Rashba-type spin momentum locking.
This claim is directly evidenced by the maximum value of $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}/B_\mathrm{Pauli} = 1.43$ obtained for Flat\#3.

\subsection*{Spin flipping rate enhanced by dynamic spin-momentum locking}

The strong enhancement of $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ observed above is actually not attributed to the atomistic SOC, but to the Rashba-type SOC as explained in the following.
We first estimate elastic scattering time $\tau_\mathrm{el}$ from the normal-state sheet resistance $R_\mathrm{n}$.
The calculation was carried out by explicitly considering the anisotropy of Fermi velocity ${\mathbf v}_\mathrm{F}$ computed above (Figs. 3c and 3d) and by employing the Boltzmann theory under relaxation approximation \cite{Ziman1979}. The sheet conductance is given by
    \begin{equation}
    \sigma_{\mu\mu} = \tau_\mathrm{el} I_{\mu\mu}
    \end{equation}
with
    \begin{equation}
    I_{\mu\mu} \equiv \frac{e^2}{(2\pi)^2 \hbar} \int_\mathrm{FS} dk \frac{v_\mathrm{F\mu}({\mathbf k})^2}{|{\mathbf v}_\mathrm{F}({\mathbf k})|},
    \end{equation}
where $v_\mathrm{F\mu}$ ($\mu = x$ or $y$) is the $\mu$ component of ${\mathbf v}_\mathrm{F}$.
The integral was taken over all the spin-split Fermi surfaces, yielding $I_{xx} = 3.9\times 10^{-4}$ $\Omega^{-1}$ fs$^{-1}$ and $I_{yy} = 4.5\times 10^{-4}$ $\Omega^{-1}$ fs$^{-1}$.
$\tau_\mathrm{el}$ was evaluated from $R_\mathrm{n}^{-1} = (\sigma_{xx} + \sigma_{yy})/2$ for multi-domain flat samples (Flat\#1/\#2/\#3) and from $R_\mathrm{n}^{-1} = \sigma_{xx}$ for single-domain vicinal samples (Vicinal\#1/\#2\#3).
This gives $\tau_\mathrm{el}=  71.7,~ 53.3,~ 44.9$ fs for Flat\#1/\#2/\#3 and  $\tau_\mathrm{el}=  28.6,~ 39.2,~ 31.4$ fs for Vicinal\#1/\#2/\#3, respectively (Table 1).
We then estimate the spin scattering time $\tau_\mathrm{s}$ from the coefficient $c_\mathrm{P}$ for paramagnetic pair breaking effect. $\tau_\mathrm{s}$ is calculated with an equation
    \begin{equation}
    c_\mathrm{P} = \frac{3\tau_\mathrm{s} \mu_\mathrm{B}{}^2}{2\hbar}, \label{eq:cp}
    \end{equation}
where $\mu_\mathrm{B}$ is the Bohr magneton and $\hbar$ the reduced Plank constant \cite{Maki1964}.
This  gives
$\tau_\mathrm{s} = 86\pm12,~ 52\pm14,~ 33\pm18$ fs for Flat\#1/\#2/\#3,
and
$\tau_\mathrm{s} = 69\pm12,~ 70\pm12,~ 57\pm12$ fs for Vicinal\#1/\#2/\#3 (see Table 1).
These results lead to  $\tau_\mathrm{el} /\tau_\mathrm{s} \simeq 0.5-1$.
Nevertheless, if only the conventional spin-orbit scattering is considered, $\tau_\mathrm{s}$ should be much larger than the $\tau_\mathrm{el}$. In this case, the ratio $\tau_\mathrm{el}/\tau_\mathrm{s}$ should be on the order of $(Z\alpha)^4$, where $Z$ is the atomic number and $\alpha$ is the fine structure constant \cite{Abrikosov1962}.
For In ($Z = 49$), $\tau_\mathrm{el}/\tau_\mathrm{s} \sim 1/60$.
An experimental study reported an even smaller $\tau_\mathrm{el}/\tau_\mathrm{s}$ of about $10^{-3}$ for thin In films \cite{Meservey1976}.
Therefore, the spin-orbit scattering that occurs in the absence of the Rashba-type SOC cannot account for our result.
In contrast, if the Rashba-type SOC is considered, it can be reasonably explained based on the concept of dynamic spin-momentum locking; namely, every elastic scattering should contribute a spin flipping and $\tau_\mathrm{el}/\tau_\mathrm{s}$ approaches unity.
The decrease in $\tau_\mathrm{s}$ together with Eq. (\ref{eq:alpha}) and Eq. (\ref{eq:cp}) means the paramagnetic pair breaking parameter $\alpha_\mathrm{P}$ is suppressed by orders of magnitude from the value expected for the conventional spin-orbit scattering.

Remarkably, for the flat samples, $\tau_\mathrm{s}$  falls equal to $\tau_\mathrm{el}$ within the experimental error.
By contrast, $\tau_\mathrm{s}$ is larger than $\tau_\mathrm{el}$ by a factor of two for the vicinal samples.
This can be reasonably explained by an energy broadening caused by electron elastic scattering, $\hbar/\tau_\mathrm{el}$.
For vicinal samples, $\hbar/\tau_\mathrm{el} =$ 16--24 meV is comparable to the peak energy in the distribution of $\Delta_\mathrm{R}$ (see Fig. 3b).
This energy broadening degrades the spin polarisation at a large portion of the Fermi surface and partially unlocks the spin-momentum relation, resulting in a recovery of spin scattering time $\tau_\mathrm{s}$.
For flat samples,  $\hbar/\tau_\mathrm{el} =$ 9--14  meV $< \Delta_\mathrm{R}$, meaning that the spin texture of the energy bands remains intact for the whole Fermi surface.
This argument further supports our conclusion on the critical role of the dynamic effect of the Rashba-type SOC.

Finally, we note that the static spin-momentum locking due to the Rashba-type SOC can enhance the in-plane critical field $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ by a factor of  $\sqrt2$ from the Pauli limit.
This effect is likely to be weakened by electron scattering and mixing between different spin states, but here we estimate the upper limit of error in spin scattering time $\tau_\mathrm{s}$ (for a detailed discussion, see Supplementary Note 3).
When it is taken into account as an effective magnetic field $B_\mathrm{eff} = (1/\sqrt2)B$, the value of $\tau_\mathrm{s}$ obtained above is doubled, leading to $\tau_\mathrm{el}/\tau_\mathrm{s} = 0.25-0.5$.
These values are still much higher than 1/60-1/1000 expected from the atomistic spin-orbit scattering mechanism.
Therefore, the result is not attributable only to the conventional mechanism, and our conclusion remains the same.

\section*{Discussion}

Here we discuss the consistency with the theoretical studies of Rashba-type superconductors with non-magnetic impurities \cite{Dimitrova2007,Samokhin2008,Houzet2015,Nam2016}.
These studies predict that upper critical field increases with the decrease in elastic scattering time $\tau_\mathrm{el}$.
In 2D, the enhancement factor corresponds to a pair-breaking parameter $\alpha = (2 \mu_\mathrm{B}{}^2\tau_\mathrm{el}/\hbar)B^2$ in the limit of strong SOC ($\hbar/\tau_\mathrm{el} \ll \Delta_\mathrm{R}$)\cite{Nam2016}.
This expression is equivalent to Eq. (\ref{eq:cp}) if $\tau_\mathrm{s}$ is replaced by $(4/3)\tau_\mathrm{el}$.
The agreement allows us to interpret the above theoretical result in terms of dynamic spin-momentum locking.
Theories also claim that the ground state of a 2D superconductor with Rashba-type SOC has a helical state with a spatially modulated order parameter \cite{Dimitrova2007,Samokhin2008,Houzet2015}.
The formation of the helical state may increase $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$, and a previous study on a quench-condensed monolayer Pb film attributed their observation of giant $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ to this effect \cite{Sekihara2013}.
However, the enhancement factor is only in the order of ${\sim}(\Delta_\mathrm{R}/E_\mathrm{F})^2$ and is usually negligible because $\Delta_\mathrm{R} \ll E_\mathrm{F}$ \cite{Houzet2015}.
Therefore, the observed large $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ in the present and previous studies are not attributable to the formation of the helical state.

Another issue to be discussed is the possible effect of a finite Zeeman-type SOC, which is suggested from the non-zero out-of-plane spin polarizations shown in Fig. 3d.
From the spin polarization direction calculated as a function of energy splitting,  one sees that the spins align in the in-plane directions for the most of energy regions (Supplementary Figure 6).
The spins tend to tilt toward the out-of-plane direction below 30 meV, but the off-angle is about $45^{\circ}$ at most.
Namely, there is no region where the Zeeman-type SOC is dominant.
This non-dominant Zeeman SOC confined to small area of the Fermi surface can barely enhance $B_\mathrm{c2\parallel}$ because the enhancement factor is determined by an average over the whole Fermi surface \cite{Frigeri2004}.
If the dynamics of spins is considered, the effect of the Zeeman-type SOC can be suppressed even more.
Thus, we conclude that the Zeeman-type SOC plays only a minor role in the present system.
For more discussions, see Supplementary Note 4.

The present result has significant implications in terms of robustness of a superconductor with the Rashba-type SOC in general under a strong magnetic field as well as in the proximity of a ferromagnet.
The presence of a strong exchange interaction at the interface with a ferromagnet usually leads to the destruction of superconductivity to the depth of the coherence length.
However, since the destruction of superconductivity by exchange interaction is caused by the same paramagnetic pair-breaking effect \cite{Tinkham2004}, the dynamic spin-momentum locking revealed here may help superconductivity to persist even in this situation.
This makes realistic the coexistence of a 2D superconductor and a ferromagnet at atomic scales, which has been proposed to realise emergent phenomena such as chiral topological superconductivity\cite{Sau2010,Kitaev2001,Dumitrescu2012}.
The new insight into the spin-momentum locking obtained in the present study will form the basis of such an unexplored realm of research.

\vfill

\section*{Methods}

\subsection*{ARPES}

The high-resolution ARPES experiment was conducted in a UHV environment with a base pressure better than $1 \times 10^{-8}$ Pa. The substrate was cut from an n-type (resistivity $\rho < 0.001$ $\Omega$ cm) vicinal Si(111) wafer with a miscut angle of 0.5$^\circ$ in the $[\bar{1} \bar{1} 2]$ direction. The $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$-In surface was prepared by thermal deposition of In onto a clean Si(111)-$7 \times 7$ surface followed by annealing at 600 K for 2 min. The sample quality was confirmed from the sharp spots with low background intensity in the LEED patterns. The photoelectrons were excited by a vacuum-ultraviolet laser ($h\nu = 6.994$ eV) and were collected by a hemispherical photoelectron analyser \cite{Yaji2016}. The sample temperature was maintained at 35 K during the ARPES measurement. The energy and momentum resolutions were 3 meV and $1.4 \times 10^{-3}$ \AA$^{-1}$, respectively.

\subsection*{DFT}

The DFT calculations were performed using the Quantum ESPRESSO package \cite{Giannozzi2009}. We employed the augmented plane wave method and used the local density approximation (LDA) for the exchange correlation. The crystal structure of $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$-In was modelled by a repeated slab consisting of an In bilayer, six Si bilayers, a H layer for termination, and a vacuum region of thickness 3 nm. We used a cutoff energy of 680 eV for the wave functions and a $6 \times 8 \times 1$ $k$-point mesh for the Brillouin zone.  The geometry optimisation was performed without the SOC until all components of all forces became less than $2.6 \times 10^{-3}$ eV$\cdot$\AA$^{-1}$. Based on the optimised structure, we performed band calculations that included the SOC.
To check the reproducibility of our result, we carried out the same calculation from scratch using another DFT package OpenMX\cite{Ozaki2003,OpenMX}. The result by OpenMX is essentially the same as the one by Quantum ESPRESSO (See Supplementary Figures 5 and 6, as well as Supplementary Note 5).

\subsection*{Electron transport}

For transport experiments, six samples were grown on substrates cut from Si(111) wafers (3 mm $\times$ 8 mm $\times$ 0.38 mm) with miscut angles of 0$^\circ$ (Flat\#1, Flat\#2, and Flat\#3), 0.5$^\circ$ (Vicinal\#1 and Vicinal\#2), and 1.1$^\circ$ (Vicinal\#3) in the $[\bar{1} \bar{1} 2]$ direction.  The non-doped wafers ($\rho \gtrsim 1000$ $\Omega$ cm) were chosen so that the electron conduction in bulk can be ignored at low temperatures. The $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$-In surface was prepared under the UHV condition (base pressure $1 \times 10^{-8}$ Pa) by depositing In onto a clean Si(111)-$7 \times 7$ surface followed by annealing at 600 K for 10 s. The samples were then characterized by LEED and STM. The current path was defined by Ar$^{+}$ sputtering using a shadow mask technique \cite{Uchihashi2011,Uchihashi2013}.
Electric contact was made at room temperature by mildly pressing four Au-plated spring probes.
The samples were then cooled down to ${\sim}0.9$ K or to ${\sim}0.4$ K by pumping condensed $^4$He or $^3$He with a charcoal sorption pump.
The magnetic fields were applied with a superconducting solenoid magnet. The maximum field was 5 T in the experiment of Flat\#1/\#2 and Vicinal\#1/\#2/\#3 and was 8.25 T in the experiment of Flat\#3.
The sample was rotated in-situ to tune the angle of the magnetic fields with respect to the sample.  The parallel field alignment was judged within an accuracy better than 0.1$^\circ$ from the minimum of sample resistance measured at a constant temperature near the $T_\mathrm{c}$.  The sample temperature was measured with a Cernox thermometer calibrated in magnetic fields.  The DC resistance of the samples was measured using a nanovoltmeter (Keithley 2182A) with a bias current of 1 $\mu$A generated by a source meter (Keithley 2401).

\subsection*{Fitting analysis of pair-breaking effects}
In the following, we denote $|\mathbf{B}|$ as $B$ for simplicity.
The pair-breaking parameters for orbital effects are given by
\begin{equation}
    \alpha_\mathrm{O\parallel} = \frac{D e^2 \delta^2 B_{ \parallel}{}^2}{6 \hbar} \equiv c_\mathrm{O\parallel} B_{ \parallel}{}^2
\end{equation}
for the in-plane component, and
\begin{equation}
    \alpha_\mathrm{O\perp} = DeB_{ \perp} \equiv c_\mathrm{O\perp} B_{ \perp}
\end{equation}
for the out-of-plane component of the magnetic fields \cite{Tinkham2004}. Here, $D$ is the diffusion coefficient, and $\delta$ represents the thickness of the superconducting layer. We assume $\delta = 4.5$ \AA, which is twice the height difference between the upper and lower atoms in the In bilayer (Fig. 1a).  Note that $c_\mathrm{O\parallel}$ is related to $c_\mathrm{O\perp}$ as follows:
\begin{equation}
    c_\mathrm{O\parallel} = \frac{\pi\delta^2}{6\Phi_0}c_\mathrm{O\perp}. \label{eq:paraperp}
\end{equation}
The pair-breaking parameter for the paramagnetic effect in the presence of spin-orbit scattering is given by
\begin{equation}
 \alpha_\mathrm{P} = \frac{3 \mu_\mathrm{B}{}^2 B^2 \tau_\mathrm{so}}{2\hbar} \equiv c_\mathrm{P} B^2.
\end{equation}
The total pair-breaking parameter is the sum of all contributions and is given by Eq. (\ref{eq:alpha}).
Near $T_\mathrm{c0}$, the universal function Eq. (\ref{eq:digamma}) has an approximate form given by,
\begin{equation}
    T_\mathrm{c} = T_\mathrm{c0} - \frac{\pi\alpha}{4 k_\mathrm{B}}.
\end{equation}
For the in-plane field, we take $B_{ \perp} \simeq \theta_\mathrm{e} B$ and $B_{ \parallel} \simeq B$ in Eq. (\ref{eq:alpha}). The explicit form of the fitting function becomes,
\begin{equation}
    T_\mathrm{c} = T_\mathrm{c0} - \frac{\pi}{4k_\mathrm{B}}c_\mathrm{O\perp}\theta_\mathrm{e} B - \frac{\pi}{4k_\mathrm{B}}(c_\mathrm{O\parallel} + c_\mathrm{P}) B^2. \label{eq:fitpara}
\end{equation}
For the out-of-plane field, we take $ B_{\perp} \simeq B$ and assumed that $c_\mathrm{O\parallel} B_{\parallel}{}^2, c_\mathrm{P} B_{\parallel}{}^2 \ll c_\mathrm{O\perp} B_{\perp} $. The fitting function becomes,
\begin{equation}
    T_\mathrm{c} = T_\mathrm{c0} - \frac{\pi}{4k_\mathrm{B}}c_\mathrm{O\perp}B. \label{eq:fitperp}
\end{equation}
These functions, (\ref{eq:fitpara}) and (\ref{eq:fitperp}), are fitted to the $T_\mathrm{c}$ curves in Figs. 5b and 5d, respectively. $c_\mathrm{O\parallel}$ and $c_\mathrm{P}$ can be separated using Eq. (\ref{eq:paraperp}).
We confirmed that the estimated $\theta_\mathrm{e}$ is within the accuracy in the sample angle control (see Supplementary Figure 4).

\section*{Data availability}

The data that support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

\subsection*{\normalsize Supplementary References}}

\makeatletter
\renewcommand\NAT@biblabelnum[1]{#1.}
\makeatother

\setcitestyle{super}

\begin{document}

\begin{center}\large
Supplementary Information for
\end{center}

\begin{center}\Large
Atomic-layer Rashba-type superconductor protected by dynamic spin-momentum locking
\end{center}

\begin{center}
Shunsuke Yoshizawa, Takahiro Kobayashi, Yoshitaka Nakata, Koichiro Yaji, Kenta
Yokota, Fumio Komori, Shik Shin, Kazuyuki Sakamoto, and Takashi Uchihashi
\end{center}

\newpage

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=140mm]{FigS1.pdf}
\end{center}

\noindent {\normalsize\bf Supplementary Figure 1 \textbar~ Determination of zero-field critical temperature.}
(\textbf{a}) Resistance curves of the six samples (Flat\#1, Flat\#2, Flat\#3, Vicinal\#1, Vicinal\#2, and Vicinal\#3) measured in zero magnetic fields are plotted.
The solid curves show the results of the fitting.
(\textbf{b}) Zero-field critical temperature ($T_{\rm c0}$) plotted as a function of normal-state registance ($R_{\rm n}$).
\vfill\newpage

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{FigS2.pdf}
\end{center}

\noindent {\bf Supplementary Figure 2 \textbar~ Superconducting transition in in-plane magnetic fields.}
(\textbf{a}-\textbf{f}) Resistance curves of the six samples (Flat\#1, Flat\#2, Flat\#3, Vicinal\#1, Vicinal\#2, and Vicinal\#3) in in-plane magnetic fields.
\vfill\newpage

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{FigS3.pdf}
\end{center}

\noindent {\bf Supplementary Figure 3 \textbar~ Superconducting transition in out-of-plane magnetic fields.}
(\textbf{a}-\textbf{f}) Resistance curves (left) and the plots of the Ullah-Dorsey scaling analysis\cite{Ullah1991,Saito2018} (right) of the six samples (Flat\#1, Flat\#2, Flat\#3, Vicinal\#1, Vicinal\#2, and Vicinal\#3) in out-of-plane magnetic fields.
The axes of the scaling plot are $X = |T - T_{\rm c}| (BT)^{-1/2}$ and $Y = (B / T)^{1/2}$.
\vfill\newpage

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=65mm]{FigS4.pdf}\vspace{-1em}
\end{center}

\noindent {\bf Supplementary Figure 4 \textbar~ Accuracy in the sample alignment for in-plane magnetic fields.}
The plot shows the typical angular dependence of the sheet resistance near the critical temperature.
Here, $R_{\rm sheet}$ was measured at $T = 2.8$ K in $B = 5$ T.
The sample angle $\theta$ was determined from the signal of the Hall sensor attached on the rotatable sample stage.
The parallel sample configuration was found from the minimum of the curve by changing $\theta$ at an accuracy of ${\sim}0.05^\circ$ for each sample.
\vfill\newpage

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=110mm]{FigS5.pdf}
\end{center}

\noindent {\bf Supplementary Figure 5 \textbar~ Comparison of calculations using Quantum ESPRESSO and OpenMX.}
(\textbf{a},\textbf{b}) Band splitting and spin polarisation direction of $\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{3}$-In calculated with (\textbf{a}) Quantum ESPRESSO and (\textbf{b}) OpenMX.
(\textbf{c},\textbf{d}) Fermi velocity calculated with (\textbf{c}) Quantum ESPRESSO and (\textbf{d}) OpenMX.
\vfill\newpage

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=130mm]{FigS6.pdf}
\end{center}

\noindent {\bf Supplementary Figure 6 \textbar~ Spin polarizaton direction on the Fermi surface.}
Spin orientation relative to the in-plane direction is displayed as a function of energy splitting.
The results are obtained using (\textbf{a}) Quantum ESPRESSO and (\textbf{b}) OpenMX.
$\theta = 0^\circ$ corresponds to the in-plane direction while $\theta = 90^\circ$ the out-of-plane direction (see the inset of \textbf{a}).
\vfill\newpage

\subsection*{\normalsize Supplementary Note 1 \textbar~ Fitting analysis of zero-field data}

The zero-field critical temperature $T_{\rm c0}$ and the normal-state residual resistance $R_{\rm n}$ were determined by fitting a function of the form\cite{Uchihashi2013},
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{R_{\rm sheet}}
= \frac{1}{R_{\rm n} + c T^a} + \frac{1}{R_0} \frac{T}{T - T_{\rm c0}}
\end{equation}
to the resistance curves (Supplementary Figure 1a) for $T > T_{\rm c0}$.
Here, the first term represents normal-state conductance; $a$ and $c$ represent phonon contribution; the second term represents the fluctuation effect characteristic to 2D superconductors\cite{Aslamasov1968}; and $R_0$ is the temperature-independent parameter.
As presented in Supplementary Figure 1b, $T_{c0}$ is found to be a monotonic decreasing function of $R_{\rm n}$, being order-of-magnitude consistent with the theoretical behaviour of superconducting films containing non-magnetic impurities\cite{Finkelstein1994}.
This consistency suggests that the atomic steps work as non-magnetic scatterers in the present condition, while it serves as Josephson junctions when the supercurrent density approaches the critical value\cite{Uchihashi2011,Yoshizawa2014b}.
The weak dependence of $T_{\rm c0}$  on $R_{\rm n}$ indicates that the s-wave pairing is dominant.

\subsection*{\normalsize Supplementary Note 2 \textbar~ Analysis of pair-breaking mechanism in out-of-plane fields}

The linear B dependence of $T_{\rm c}$ observed for out-of-plane fields (Fig. 5d, which was obtained from the scaling analysis shown in Supplementary Figure 3) is consistent with the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory\cite{Tinkham2004}.
We estimate the extrapolated value of GL coherence length, $\xi$, by fitting the following function valid near $T_{\rm c0}$,
\begin{equation}
B = \frac{\Phi_0}{2\pi\xi^2} \left( 1 - \frac{T_{\rm c}}{T_{\rm c0}} \right)
\end{equation}
where $\Phi_0 = h /(2e)$ is the flux quantum.
As presented in Table 1, $\xi$ ranges between 29-43 nm, which are consistent with the radii of vortices (36-47 nm) reported in STM studies\cite{Yoshizawa2014b}.
This indicates that the perpendicular critical field is limited by the orbital pair-breaking effect, i.e., penetration of vortices.

\subsection*{\normalsize Supplementary Note 3 \textbar~ The influence of the static effect of the Rashba-type SOC}

The static effect of the spin-momentum locking due to the Rashba-type SOC is known to enhance the in-plane critical field $B_{\rm c2||}$ by a factor of 2 from the Pauli limit.
This effect is likely to be weakened by electron scattering and mixing between different spin states.
Since we do not know the degree of such an effect, we assume the worst case and estimate the upper limit of error in $\tau_{\rm s}$ in the following.

In the absence of spin-orbit coupling, the $B$ dependence of $T_{\rm c}$ near $T_{\rm c0}$ is given by
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tcnorashba}
1 - \frac{T_{\rm c}}{T_{\rm c0}}
= \frac{7\zeta(3)}{4\pi^2}\cdot\frac{(\mu_{\rm B} B)^2}{(k_{\rm B} T_{\rm c0})^2}.
\end{equation}
With the static spin-momentum locking due to Rashba SOC, the expression changes to\cite{Barzykin2002}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tcrashba}
1 - \frac{T_{\rm c}}{T_{\rm c0}}
= \frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{7\zeta(3)}{4\pi^2}\cdot\frac{(\mu_{\rm B} B)^2}{(k_{\rm B} T_{\rm c0})^2}.
\end{equation}
Here the addition of the factor 1/2 in Eq. (\ref{eq:tcrashba}) means that $B$ is replaced with an effective magnetic field $B_{\rm eff} = (1/\sqrt{2})B$ in Eq. (\ref{eq:tcnorashba}).
This is the origin of the enhancement of $B_{\rm c2}$ by a factor of $\sqrt{2}$ due to the static locking effect of Rashba SOC.
The effect of non-magnetic disorder on a Rashba superconductor can be estimated using this effective magnetic field.
By substituting $B$ with $B_{\rm eff} = (1/\sqrt{2})B$ in the following equations (taken from Eqs. (3) and (6) in the main text; only the paramagnetic contribution is considered here),
\begin{equation}\label{eq:alpharashba}
\alpha(B) = c_{\rm P} B^2
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq:cprashba}
c_{\rm P} = \frac{3\tau_{\rm s} \mu_{\rm B}^2}{2\hbar}.
\end{equation}
We see that $\tau_{\rm s}$ value is doubled for the same experimental data $\alpha(B)$.
With the $\tau_{\rm s}$ values obtained previously (see Table 1) in the manuscript, we can estimate that the lower limit of $\tau_{\rm el}/\tau_{\rm s}$ is 0.25-0.5.
These values are still much higher than $1/60$-$1/1000$ for thin In films, which is due to the atomistic spin-orbit scattering mechanism.
Therefore, the result is not attributable only to the conventional mechanism, and our conclusion remains the same.

\subsection*{\normalsize Supplementary Note 4 \textbar~ The role of the Zeeman-type SOC in the $B_{\rm c2}$ enhancement}

The distribution of spin polarisation direction was obtained from our DFT results (Supplementaray Figure 6a).
It clearly shows that the spins align in the in-plane directions for the most of energy regions.
This means that Rashba SOC is dominant over Zeeman SOC mostly.
The spins tend to tilt toward the out-of-plane direction below 30 meV, but the off-angle is about $45^\circ$ at most.
Namely, there is no region where Zeeman SOC is dominant.
This result was also reproduced by the calculations using OpenMX (Supplementaray Figure 6b).

This non-dominant Zeeman SOC confined to small area of the Fermi surface can barely enhance $B_{\rm c2}$.
This is because enhancement factor is determined by an average over the whole Fermi surface.
The critical temperature in the presence of magnetic field $B$, $T_{\rm c}$(B), is given by the following equations\cite{Frigeri2004,Smidman2017},
\begin{equation}
\ln\left(\frac{T_{\rm c}(\mathbf{B})}{T_{\rm c0}}\right)
= 2\left\langle |\psi(\mathbf{k})|^2 f\left( \frac{\bm{\varg}(\mathbf{k})\cdot\mathbf{B}}{\pi T_{\rm c} |\bm{\varg}(\bf{k})|} \right) \right\rangle_{\mathbf{k}}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
f(x) = {\rm Re}\sum_{n=1}^\infty \left( \frac{1}{2n - 1 + ix} - \frac{1}{2n - 1} \right),
\end{equation}
where $T_{\rm c0} \equiv T_{\rm c}(\mathbf{B} = 0)$,
$\mathbf{k}$ is the wavevector on the Fermi surface,
$\psi(\mathbf{k})$ is the spin-singlet gap function,
$\bm{\varg}(\mathbf{k})$ is a vector determining the spin polarisation at each $\mathbf{k}$,
and $\langle \dots \rangle_{\mathbf{k}}$ denotes taking an average over the Fermi surface.
$B_{\rm c2}$ is given by $\mathbf{B}$ that satisfies $T_{\rm c}(\mathbf{B}) = 0$.
For example, when magnetic field is applied parallel to the Rashba-split Fermi surface, spins in some regions point nearly perpendicular to the field (see the figure (a) below).
This is analogous to the Zeeman SOC case (see the figure (b) below), but the enhancement factor is limited to 2 because of the averaging over the whole Fermi surface.
This clearly shows that, even if Zeeman SOC coexists in the present system and tilts some of the spins toward the out-of-plane direction, its effect is limited.

If the dynamics of spins is considered, the effect of the Zeeman-type SOC can be suppressed even more.
Since our system is characterised by dominant Rashba-type SOC, the polarisation axis of the spins strongly depends on momentum.
This means that electron scattering between different momenta effectively induce a spin flipping and therefore out-of-plane spin component is not conserved through elastic scattering.
We note that a different situation takes place for an ultrathin layer of TMDC with Zeeman-type SOC\cite{Lu2015,Saito2016}.
Here, since all the spins around one of the valleys are polarised in the same out-of-plane direction, dominant intravalley scatterings cannot cause spin flipping\cite{Ilic2017}.
By contrast, this mechanism does not apply to our Rashba-type SOC case because of the presence of frequent spin flipping.

Base on all these facts, we conclude that strong enhancement of $B_\mathrm{c2}$ due to Zeeman SOC is extremely unlikely in the present system.

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=100mm]{FigS7.pdf}\vspace*{-2em}
\end{center}

\noindent Schematic illustration of the Fermi surface splitting due to (a) Rashba SOC and (b) Zeeman SOC.

\subsection*{\normalsize Supplementary Note 5 \textbar~ Computational condition for OpenMX}

We performed DFT calculations using OpenMX to confirm the reproducibility of the computational results.
OpenMX is based on the optimised pseudo-atomic orbitals (PAO)\cite{Ozaki2003}, and we selected from the ``Precise'' sets from the PAO database (2019) in the OpenMX website\cite{OpenMX}.
We chose LSDA-CA\cite{Ceperley1980,Perdew1981} for the exchange-correlation functional.
The crystal structure of $\sqrt{7}\times\!\sqrt{3}$-In was modeled by a repeated slab consisting of an In bilayer, nine Si bilayers, a H layer for termination, and a vacuum region of 4.5 nm.
We set the cutoff energy to 300 Ry and the $k$-point mesh to $6 \times 8 \times 1$.
The geometry optimisation was performed without SOC until the maximum force on each atom became less than $1\times 10^{-5}$ Hartree$\cdot$Bohr$^{-1}$.
The band calculation was carried out using the optimised structure by including SOC.
The spin texture was analysed by using kSpin code\cite{Kotaka2013}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Low Latency Connectivity Demand in India Continues Amid Ongoing GDP Growth
India's demand for network infrastructure is insatiable in Mumbai and beyond as rapid urbanization continues.
Guest Contributors | Technology ( Institutional FX ) | Friday, 04/11/2016 | 11:29 GMT+2 2016-11-04T09:29:23+00:00 2016-11-06T09:08:10+00:00
Photo: Tilemahos Efthimiadis @Flickr
This guest article was written by Michael Ourabah, CEO of BSO.
Michael Ourabah, BSO
It is certainly no secret that India has emerged as a force in the global economy during the past 10 years. According to a 2016 report from the Reserve Bank of India, the country has enjoyed a growth rate above seven percent over the past decade, and is currently regarded as one of the fastest growing countries in the world.
In fact, by 2030, India is expected to be the third largest economy on the planet, behind the U.S. and China, and could eventually surpass both countries to take the No. 1 spot, according to a report by UK think tank Centre for Economics Business and Research (CEBR).
At the heart of this progress is Mumbai, a sprawling city and the financial hub of India. As is the case with many emerging markets, Mumbai has become the driving force behind the country's present and future growth. The need for the fastest and most reliable connectivity to help spur that growth is a top concern for the Indian government.
This, of course, is true for any emerging market within BRIC (Brasil, Russia, India and China) countries. With improved technological infrastructure comes interest from outside investors and opportunities for innovation. As such, service providers are working to address the growing demand for fast, secure and agile networks that keep pace with impressive growth in the workforce.
What's more, Indian students are benefiting from a free college education. Once they have completed their studies, they are opting to stay and establish their careers in India. A decade ago, this was not the case. In the past, young, educated Indian citizens would leave for Europe or the U.S. to begin their lives in the workforce. But that has changed as more and more opportunities in the technology sector have surfaced – particularly within financial services.
The globalisation of electronic trading, the burgeoning financial sector and explosion of high-quality connectivity have given rise to very intriguing opportunities in India. Those highly-educated and capable professionals who would previously leave for London or New York City with their degrees in tow are now establishing themselves in India and becoming incredibly successful at home.
All of these varied elements have combined to make Mumbai a stronghold for global high frequency trading (HFT) and hedge funds. Those involved in this industry shift are working to build smart, technologically-advanced trading firms that are now competitive with international heavyweights in Chicago, New York and London. As this new market has rapidly developed, the demand for telecommunications infrastructure has grown in parallel.
Aite Group, a Boston-based consulting firm, states that HFT and algorithmic transactions in India have ballooned from single digits to about 40 percent of total volumes during the past five years.
From a logistics standpoint, Mumbai trading firms require a network provider with local knowledge and presence, along with superior infrastructure, to maximise all trading opportunities and address the growing hunger for bandwidth and fast connectivity. Firms need secure routes that bypass traditional hubs where cyber threats are more substantial. At BSO we have recognised that need and created a comprehensive solution to meet the demands of an emerging market experiencing unprecedented growth.
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To compete in a world powered by technology, reliable and secure network infrastructure is core to Mumbai's robust and growing economy. Leveraging 'Mumbai Connect', more than 20 Indian brokerages and proprietary trading firms have migrated to BSO's network services in the last 24 months. This demonstrates that, as the country focuses on urban development and the economy continues to grow, investment in infrastructure is essential. Demand for cloud services has been on the rise for years as Indian businesses adopt this model, with connectivity and power forming the foundation.
Emerging markets such as Mumbai will continue to increase in magnitude. Recent research and projections have proven that India's significance in the global marketplace shows no signs of slowing down. As this growth occurs, governments, enterprises and financial markets will continue to adjust to keep pace. A key indicator of success in India will be opportunity. With increased connectivity and bandwidth, a stronger workforce and a focus on infrastructure, the right strategy will open new doors within the market.
Tags: algorithm / Community / connectivity / india / latency

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Photos of the week: Thailand cave rescue, Egypt reopens Gaza border, England progress in World Cup
by Aarti Saundalkar
Military outside the Tham Luang Nang Non cave are photographed during their rescue operation on July 4, 2018 in Chiang Rai, Thailand. The 12 boys and their soccer coach were found alive in the cave after being missing for over a week and may have to wait months for the end of the monsoon season to be freed. Photo credit: Getty Images
Palestinians queue at Abu Yusuf Neccar Sport Hall for passport control to enter Egypt following the re-opening of Rafah border gate in Khan Yunis, Gaza on July 2, 2018. Photo credit: Getty Images
A child who fled the port city of Hodeidah in Yemen due to the escalated fighting, stands behind a fence at a displaced temporary shelter on July 1, 2018 in Sana'a. Photo credit: Getty Images
England players celebrate winning a penalty shootout at the end of extra time during their match against Colombia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup at Spartak Stadium on July 3, 2018 in Moscow, Russia. Photo credit: Getty Images
Oman's ancient city of Qalhat, which has just been added to UNESCO's World Heritage List. Picture credit: QDP (From UNESCO site)
US citizens watch Independence Day celebration fireworks exploding above Staten Island on July 4, 2018 in New York, United States. Photo credit: Getty Images
Aarti Saundalkar July 5, 2018


text:
14 Jun 18 to 15 Jul 18
FIFA World Cup, Death, Retirement - A Year Which Recorded It All
VAR To Be Used In Champions League From Next Season And At Euro 2020
France Top New-Style FIFA Rankings, Germany Slump To 15th
Neymar Blames "Brattish" Behaviour On His Inner Child
France Crowned World Cup 2018 Champions After Beating Croatia In Final
FIFA World Cup 2018: Croatia Enter First World Cup Final After Foiling England
Samuel Umtiti Scores As France Edge Belgium To Reach World Cup Final
FIFA World Cup 2018: Croatia Stay Afloat As Russia's Fairytale Run Ends
France Wins Second FIFA World Cup, New Stars Are Celebrated
From Paris To New Delhi, Fans Celebrate France's Second World Cup Win
Chennai Fans Celebrate, Croatia Has Won Our Hearts In Defeat Many Say
France Beat Croatia 4-2 To Lift World Cup 2018
World Cup 2018: 'We Left Everything Out There', Says England Manager Gareth Southgate
Updated: 12 July 2018 11:23 IST
England were hoping to reach a first World Cup final since 1966, but let an early lead slip to lose 2-1.
England arrived at this World Cup with the least experienced squad in terms of caps. © AFP
Manager Gareth Southgate said England "left everything out there" after falling to an extra-time defeat by Croatia in the World Cup semi-final on Wednesday. England were hoping to reach a first World Cup final since 1966, but let an early lead slip to lose 2-1. "I think in the first half we were really good and maybe we could have got another goal," Southgate told ITV. "I can't ask for more from the players. I think knockout football is about fine margins and when you have good spells against fine sides you need to take your chances. "Tonight we weren't quite there but we will learn from that. We left everything out there."
Southgate said the players were deeply disappointed, but that his young team could achieve great things in the years to come, with the European Championship just two years away.
"It's impossible to say anything to make the players feel better at this moment in time," he said.
"We have to be proud of what we've achieved. I don't think anyone could have given any more.
"Players had run out of steam but that's partly their age -- they're still physically maturing. Croatia have hardened warriors whose understanding of big matches at times came to the fore.
"The players have to go through big matches and experiences to become a team that can win. They have to use this experience for benefit and I know that what's happened over the last few weeks will make them a stronger team."
Harry Kane looks set to claim the Golden Boot as the World Cup's leading scorer, but the Tottenham star rarely looked like adding to his six goals against Croatia.
'Suffer the result'
"I think he's given absolutely everything for the team," Southgate said of the 24-year-old England captain.
"I think now is the time for us to be strong as a group and take the time to reflect on the performance a little bit over the next couple of days.
"He's captained the team brilliantly over the tournament and I can't ask for more from him."
It was England's best performance at a major tournament since Southgate was part of the team that reached the semi-finals at Euro '96.
England arrived at this World Cup with the least experienced squad in terms of caps, but Southgate said the agony of losing was just as strong despite surpassing limited expectations.
"We all feel the pain of the defeat. Did we expect to be in this position? I don't think realistically any of us did," he said.
"But when you've got to this point, and we've played as well as we have, you want to take those opportunities in life."
"There will in time be a lot of positives to take," he added. "It's very hard to put that into context and a bit too soon really, because I think you have to suffer the result a little bit. It's too easy to move on quickly."
England will return to their Repino base near Saint Petersburg ahead of Saturday's third place play-off against Belgium, a repeat of their final group match.
"The honest thing is it's not a game any team wants to play," Southgate admitted. "We have two days to prepare and we'll want to give a performance of huge pride.
"Of course it's going to be a really difficult task over the next 24 hours to get everyone mentally back to where we want them for a game like that. That will be the challenge."
Topics mentioned in this article England Croatia 2018 FIFA World Cup Football Croatia vs England, Semi-Final 2
Harry Kane looks set to claim the Golden Boot
It was England's best performance at a major tournament
England were hoping to reach a first World Cup final since 1966
World Cup 2018: Mental Strength Carried Croatia To Final, Says Dejan Lovren
World Cup 2018: Exhausted Croatia Train Sights On France In Final
World Cup 2018: Harry Kane Says World Cup Semi-Final Run Just The Start For Young England
World Cup 2018: Photographer Becomes Part Of Croatia World Cup Goal Celebration
World Cup 2018: England Is Out Of World Cup But Has Found National Hero In Coach Gareth Southgate
Fifa World Cup Standings
1 Uruguay 3 3 0 0 9
2 Russia 3 2 0 1 6
3 Saudi Arabia 3 1 0 2 3
4 Egypt 3 0 0 3 0
1 Spain 3 1 2 0 5
2 Portugal 3 1 2 0 5
3 IR Iran 3 1 1 1 4
4 Morocco 3 0 1 2 1
1 France 3 2 1 0 7
2 Denmark 3 1 2 0 5
3 Peru 3 1 0 2 3
4 Australia 3 0 1 2 1
1 Croatia 3 3 0 0 9
2 Argentina 3 1 1 1 4
3 Nigeria 3 1 0 2 3
4 Iceland 3 0 1 2 1
1 Brazil 3 2 1 0 7
2 Switzerland 3 1 2 0 5
3 Serbia 3 1 0 2 3
4 Costa Rica 3 0 1 2 1
1 Sweden 3 2 0 1 6
2 Mexico 3 2 0 1 6
3 Korea Republic 3 1 0 2 3
4 Germany 3 1 0 2 3
1 Belgium 3 3 0 0 9
2 England 3 2 0 1 6
3 Tunisia 3 1 0 2 3
4 Panama 3 0 0 3 0
1 Colombia 3 2 0 1 6
2 Japan 3 1 1 1 4
3 Senegal 3 1 1 1 4
4 Poland 3 1 0 2 3
Saint Pertersburg Nizhny Novgorod Saransk Moscow Kallningrad Yekaterinburg Kazan Samara Volgograd Rostov on Don Sochi


text:
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text:
```go

package main

import (
    "fmt"

    "github.com/minio/minio/pkg/madmin"
)

func main() {
    // Use a secure connection.
    ssl := true

    // Initialize minio client object.
    mdmClnt, err := madmin.New("your-minio.example.com:9000", "YOUR-ACCESSKEYID", "YOUR-SECRETKEY", ssl)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return
    }

    // Fetch service status.
    st, err := mdmClnt.ServiceStatus()
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n", st)
}

```

| Service operations|LockInfo operations|Healing operations|Config operations| Misc |
|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|
|[`ServiceStatus`](#ServiceStatus)| [`ListLocks`](#ListLocks)| [`ListObjectsHeal`](#ListObjectsHeal)|[`GetConfig`](#GetConfig)| [`SetCredentials`](#SetCredentials)|
|[`ServiceRestart`](#ServiceRestart)| [`ClearLocks`](#ClearLocks)| [`ListBucketsHeal`](#ListBucketsHeal)|[`SetConfig`](#SetConfig)||
| | |[`HealBucket`](#HealBucket) |||
| | |[`HealObject`](#HealObject)|||
| | |[`HealFormat`](#HealFormat)|||
| | |[`ListUploadsHeal`](#ListUploadsHeal)|||
| | |[`HealUpload`](#HealUpload)|||

## 1. Constructor

### New(endpoint string, accessKeyID string, secretAccessKey string, ssl bool) (*AdminClient, error)
Initializes a new admin client object.

__Parameters__

|Param   |Type   |Description   |
|:---|:---| :---|
|`endpoint`   | _string_  |Minio endpoint.   |
|`accessKeyID`  |_string_   | Access key for the object storage endpoint.  |
|`secretAccessKey`  | _string_  |Secret key for the object storage endpoint.   |
|`ssl`   | _bool_  | Set this value to 'true' to enable secure (HTTPS) access.  |

## 2. Service operations

### ServiceStatus() (ServiceStatusMetadata, error)
Fetch service status, replies disk space used, backend type and total disks offline/online (applicable in distributed mode).

| Param  | Type  | Description  |
|---|---|---|
|`serviceStatus`  | _ServiceStatusMetadata_  | Represents current server status info in following format: |

| Param  | Type  | Description  |
|---|---|---|
|`st.ServerVersion.Version`  | _string_  | Server version. |
|`st.ServerVersion.CommitID`  | _string_  | Server commit id. |
|`st.StorageInfo.Total`  | _int64_  | Total disk space. |
|`st.StorageInfo.Free`  | _int64_  | Free disk space. |
|`st.StorageInfo.Backend`| _struct{}_ | Represents backend type embedded structure. |

| Param | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
|`backend.Type` | _BackendType_ | Type of backend used by the server currently only FS or Erasure. |
|`backend.OnlineDisks`| _int_ | Total number of disks online (only applies to Erasure backend), is empty for FS. |
|`backend.OfflineDisks` | _int_ | Total number of disks offline (only applies to Erasure backend), is empty for FS. |
|`backend.ReadQuorum` | _int_ | Current total read quorum threshold before reads will be unavailable, is empty for FS. |
|`backend.WriteQuorum` | _int_ | Current total write quorum threshold before writes will be unavailable, is empty for FS. |

 __Example__

 ```go

	st, err := madmClnt.ServiceStatus()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalln(err)
	}
	log.Printf("%#v\n", st)

 ```

### ServiceRestart() (error)
If successful restarts the running minio service, for distributed setup restarts all remote minio servers.

 __Example__

 ```go

	st, err := madmClnt.ServiceRestart()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalln(err)
	}
	log.Printf("Success")

 ```

## 3. Info operations

### ServerInfo() ([]ServerInfo, error)
Fetch all information for all cluster nodes, such as uptime, region, network statistics, etc..

 __Example__

 ```go

	serversInfo, err := madmClnt.ServerInfo()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalln(err)
	}

	for _, peerInfo := range serversInfo {
		log.Printf("Node: %s, Info: %v\n", peerInfo.Addr, peerInfo.Data)
	}

 ```

## 4. Lock operations

### ListLocks(bucket, prefix string, duration time.Duration) ([]VolumeLockInfo, error)
If successful returns information on the list of locks held on ``bucket`` matching ``prefix`` for  longer than ``duration`` seconds.

__Example__

``` go
    volLocks, err := madmClnt.ListLocks("mybucket", "myprefix", 30 * time.Second)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln(err)
    }
    log.Println("List of locks: ", volLocks)

```

### ClearLocks(bucket, prefix string, duration time.Duration) ([]VolumeLockInfo, error)
If successful returns information on the list of locks cleared on ``bucket`` matching ``prefix`` for longer than ``duration`` seconds.

__Example__

``` go
    volLocks, err := madmClnt.ClearLocks("mybucket", "myprefix", 30 * time.Second)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln(err)
    }
    log.Println("List of locks cleared: ", volLocks)

```

## 5. Heal operations

### ListObjectsHeal(bucket, prefix string, recursive bool, doneCh <-chan struct{}) (<-chan ObjectInfo, error)
If successful returns information on the list of objects that need healing in ``bucket`` matching ``prefix``.

__Example__

``` go
    // Create a done channel to control 'ListObjectsHeal' go routine.
    doneCh := make(chan struct{})

    // Indicate to our routine to exit cleanly upon return.
    defer close(doneCh)

    // Set true if recursive listing is needed.
    isRecursive := true
    // List objects that need healing for a given bucket and
    // prefix.
    healObjectCh, err := madmClnt.ListObjectsHeal("mybucket", "myprefix", isRecursive, doneCh)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return
    }
    for object := range healObjectsCh {
        if object.Err != nil {
            log.Fatalln(err)
            return
        }
        if object.HealObjectInfo != nil {
            switch healInfo := *object.HealObjectInfo; healInfo.Status {
            case madmin.CanHeal:
                fmt.Println(object.Key, " can be healed.")
            case madmin.QuorumUnavailable:
                fmt.Println(object.Key, " can't be healed until quorum is available.")
            case madmin.Corrupted:
                fmt.Println(object.Key, " can't be healed, not enough information.")
            }
        }
        fmt.Println("object: ", object)
    }
```

### ListBucketsHeal() error
If successful returns information on the list of buckets that need healing.

__Example__

``` go
    // List buckets that need healing
    healBucketsList, err := madmClnt.ListBucketsHeal()
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return
    }
    for bucket := range healBucketsList {
        if bucket.HealBucketInfo != nil {
            switch healInfo := *object.HealBucketInfo; healInfo.Status {
            case madmin.CanHeal:
                fmt.Println(bucket.Key, " can be healed.")
            case madmin.QuorumUnavailable:
                fmt.Println(bucket.Key, " can't be healed until quorum is available.")
            case madmin.Corrupted:
                fmt.Println(bucket.Key, " can't be healed, not enough information.")
            }
        }
        fmt.Println("bucket: ", bucket)
    }
```

### HealBucket(bucket string, isDryRun bool) error
If bucket is successfully healed returns nil, otherwise returns error indicating the reason for failure. If isDryRun is true, then the bucket is not healed, but heal bucket request is validated by the server. e.g, if the bucket exists, if bucket name is valid etc.

__Example__

``` go
    isDryRun := false
    err := madmClnt.HealBucket("mybucket", isDryRun)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln(err)
    }
    log.Println("successfully healed mybucket")

```

### HealObject(bucket, object string, isDryRun bool) (HealResult, error)
If object is successfully healed returns nil, otherwise returns error indicating the reason for failure. If isDryRun is true, then the object is not healed, but heal object request is validated by the server. e.g, if the object exists, if object name is valid etc.

| Param  | Type  | Description  |
|---|---|---|
|`h.State` | _HealState_ | Represents the result of heal operation. It could be one of `HealNone`, `HealPartial` or `HealOK`. |

| Value | Description |
|---|---|
|`HealNone` | Object/Upload wasn't healed on any of the disks |
|`HealPartial` | Object/Upload was healed on some of the disks needing heal |
| `HealOK` | Object/Upload was healed on all the disks needing heal |

__Example__

``` go
    isDryRun = false
    healResult, err := madmClnt.HealObject("mybucket", "myobject", isDryRun)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln(err)
    }

    log.Println("Heal-object result: ", healResult)

```

### HealFormat(isDryRun bool) error
Heal storage format on available disks. This is used when disks were replaced or were found with missing format. This is supported only for erasure-coded backend.

__Example__

``` go
    isDryRun := true
    err := madmClnt.HealFormat(isDryRun)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln(err)
    }

    isDryRun = false
    err = madmClnt.HealFormat(isDryRun)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln(err)
    }

    log.Println("successfully healed storage format on available disks.")

```

### ListUploadsHeal(bucket, prefix string, recursive bool, doneCh <-chan struct{}) (<-chan UploadInfo, error)
List ongoing multipart uploads that need healing.

| Param  | Type  | Description  |
|---|---|---|
|`ui.Key` | _string_ | Name of the object being uploaded |
|`ui.UploadID` | _string_ | UploadID of the ongoing multipart upload |
|`ui.HealUploadInfo.Status` | _HealStatus_| One of `Healthy`, `CanHeal`, `Corrupted`, `QuorumUnavailable`|
|`ui.Err`| _error_ | non-nil if fetching fetching healing information failed |

__Example__

``` go

    // Set true if recursive listing is needed.
    isRecursive := true
    // List objects that need healing for a given bucket and
    // prefix.
    healUploadsCh, err := madmClnt.ListUploadsHeal(bucket, prefix, isRecursive, doneCh)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln("Failed to get list of uploads to be healed: ", err)
    }

    for upload := range healUploadsCh {
        if upload.Err != nil {
            log.Println("upload listing error: ", upload.Err)
        }

        if upload.HealUploadInfo != nil {
            switch healInfo := *upload.HealUploadInfo; healInfo.Status {
            case madmin.CanHeal:
                fmt.Println(upload.Key, " can be healed.")
            case madmin.QuorumUnavailable:
                fmt.Println(upload.Key, " can't be healed until quorum is available.")
            case madmin.Corrupted:
                fmt.Println(upload.Key, " can't be healed, not enough information.")
            }
        }
    }

```

### HealUpload(bucket, object, uploadID string, isDryRun bool) (HealResult, error)
If upload is successfully healed returns nil, otherwise returns error indicating the reason for failure. If isDryRun is true, then the upload is not healed, but heal upload request is validated by the server. e.g, if the upload exists, if upload name is valid etc.

| Param  | Type  | Description  |
|---|---|---|
|`h.State` | _HealState_ | Represents the result of heal operation. It could be one of `HealNone`, `HealPartial` or `HealOK`. |

| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| `HealNone` | Object/Upload wasn't healed on any of the disks |
| `HealPartial` | Object/Upload was healed on some of the disks needing heal |
| `HealOK` | Object/Upload was healed on all the disks needing heal |

``` go
    isDryRun = false
    healResult, err := madmClnt.HealUpload("mybucket", "myobject", "myUploadID", isDryRun)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln(err)
    }

    log.Println("Heal-upload result: ", healResult)
```

## 6. Config operations

### GetConfig() ([]byte, error)
Get config.json of a minio setup.

__Example__

``` go
    configBytes, err := madmClnt.GetConfig()
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed due to: %v", err)
    }

    // Pretty-print config received as json.
    var buf bytes.Buffer
    err = json.Indent(buf, configBytes, "", "\t")
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed due to: %v", err)
    }

    log.Println("config received successfully: ", string(buf.Bytes()))
```

### SetConfig(config io.Reader) (SetConfigResult, error)
Set config.json of a minio setup and restart setup for configuration
change to take effect.

| Param  | Type  | Description  |
|---|---|---|
|`st.Status`            | _bool_  | true if set-config succeeded, false otherwise. |
|`st.NodeSummary.Name`  | _string_  | Network address of the node. |
|`st.NodeSummary.ErrSet`   | _bool_ | Bool representation indicating if an error is encountered with the node.|
|`st.NodeSummary.ErrMsg`   | _string_ | String representation of the error (if any) on the node.|

__Example__

``` go
    config := bytes.NewReader([]byte(`config.json contents go here`))
    result, err := madmClnt.SetConfig(config)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed due to: %v", err)
    }

    var buf bytes.Buffer
    enc := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
    enc.SetEscapeHTML(false)
    enc.SetIndent("", "\t")
    err = enc.Encode(result)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalln(err)
    }
    log.Println("SetConfig: ", string(buf.Bytes()))
```

## 7. Misc operations

### SetCredentials() error
Set new credentials of a Minio setup.

__Example__

``` go
    err = madmClnt.SetCredentials("YOUR-NEW-ACCESSKEY", "YOUR-NEW-SECRETKEY")
    if err != nil {
            log.Fatalln(err)
    }
    log.Println("New credentials successfully set.")

```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


[In 2007], the Wall Street Journal at the time called him a "Chicken Little" who called for higher taxes and a reduction in benefits. Walker still wants Connecticut's public unions to submit to benefit cuts. But higher taxes in 2018? Not so much. The Republican mantra this year is to cut spending across the board, for starters, then somehow reduce the tax burden.
Q: What is your opinion on making taxes more progressive?
A: Are we talking about the effective tax rate?
Q: Most people mean a progressive marginal tax rate, where high-income earners have a much higher tax rate for their top marginal earnings than do low-income earners.
Q: You propose bringing "top marginal tax rates down to 25% for corporations as well as estate taxes and individuals" and also that "we should eliminate the differences with capital gains." In other words, you're proposing an increase in the capital gains tax rate from its current 15%?
A: Yes, up to 25%. But we've got to get more people paying and less people taking a free ride--that's dangerous in a democracy. This proposal would also eliminate the need for the Buffett Rule.
Q: By the "Buffett Rule," you mean Obama's proposal that the top 1% of income earners, such as Warren Buffett, pay a surtax so that their marginal tax rate isn't lower than the bottom 99% of income earners, such as Warren Buffett's secretary?
Click here for VoteMatch responses by David Walker.
Click here for AmericansElect quiz answers by David Walker.


Social Networks – a threat to the Recruitment Agencies?
Social Networks are here! Recruitment and sourcing in particular is changing. Job Boards that the recruitment agencies have been relying for as their main source of candidates are getting smaller role to play today. The future for the job boards is not extremely bright either. Their dominance is being replaced by the social networks. There are more and better candidates using social networks than job boards. Recruiters had to follow the trend – moving their business of the job boards – to the social networks.
Job boards will not really die tomorrow. Job boards will still have their place in the online recruitment world. Most of them in a bit different shape or form. They will serve as repository for active jobs, and feed their data to the web sites with the high ant targeted traffic (do you recognise the description of a social network here?).
A lot of the recruiters are not extremely happy with the way that social networking sites are changing the recruitment. They feel the threatened. Why? They feel that they will be bypassed since employers will be able to source and recruit directly on the social networking web sites. Those recruiters go that far that they themselves do not use the social networks, trying to stop the wheel of change.
The change is here. And more of it is coming. Embrace it. Don't fight it. Resistance is futile.
Online recruitment as well as any online business are changing. Changing constantly and rapidly (Microsoft: At the Speed of Light). Adoption spread and growth of the Internet fuel the acceleration of the change of Internet itself. Market penetration phase is shortening, and the market reach is growing.
Social networks are NOT the end of the recruitment agencies.
Internet brought the quick and cheap advertising to the recruiters 15 years ago in a form of job boards. Employers used them as well as recruitment agents. Both successfully. Both competed for the same candidate. Social networks are no different. Both direct employers and recruitment consultants will use them. If used right, social networks will be (are today!) extremely beneficial in the recruitment process. Does this mean the end of the tunnel for the recruitment agencies? Absolutely not! Recruitment agents have their place in the recruitment process, and will always have it as long as they add value. The tools they use will always the be the tools that are on the disposal of the employers as well. Social networks today, and whatever comes along tomorrow.


New research into prostate cancer has revealed that surgery has little or no benefit in extending the life of a patient.
However a consultant urologist at Guys and St Thomas' NHS Trust said he did not believe that nothing should be done.
He said that many older men would with a lower-risk would not normally be offered surgery in the UK and would be offered radiotherapy or 'watchful waiting'.


text:
Yemen's defense ministry headquarters in the Yemeni capital Sanaa
Yemen bracing for more clashes challenging military reforms
By Jamie Crawford
Just hours after the new Yemeni president left for a conference in Saudi Arabia, members of the Yemeni military loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh attacked the country's defense ministry on Tuesday.
Hundreds of Republican Guards tied to Saleh and his son, laid siege the building near the center of Sanaa on Tuesday, a Defense Ministry official said told CNN. Four people were killed and nine injured, said the official, who did not wish to be named because he is not authorized to speak to the media. The former president and his family still wield a considerable amount of influence inside the military and other sectors in Yemen.
Journalist Hakim Almasmari is in Sanaa and reported on the attack for CNN. He spoke with Security Clearance on Tuesday morning.
Security Clearance: What is the situation like in Sanaa at the moment?
Almasmari: Right now it is calmer than it was hours ago. Hours ago the (Defense) Ministry was besieged, taken over or there was an attempt to be taken over by gunmen loyal to the former regime's president Ali Abdullah Saleh and his son. These gunmen were heavily armed with heavy artillery ready for war, and the time they came for this seizure was only hours after President (Abdu Rabu Mansour) Hadi left the country for Saudi Arabia to attend the (Organization of the Islamic Conference meeting). So, this was something that was pre-planned … waiting for the president to leave the country in order to cause some more chaos in the country.
Security Clearance: Who is behind this attack?
Almasmari: These attackers were gunman loyal to the former president. They were members of the Republican Guards who are demanding that they continue to stay under direct command of former President Ali Abdulah Saleh and his son (Ahmed Ali Abdullah Saleh). They were transferred to another leadership earlier this week, so this is really more of putting pressure on President Hadi to warn him that any military reforms or reconstruction of the military that hurts or harms the former ruling family will cost them severely, and cost the country a civil war from within.
Security Clearance: Is the targeting of the Defense Ministry seen as a significant escalation inside Yemen?
Almasmari: This is by far the most dangerous attempt over the last two years, or during the entire political crisis here. This is the first time the Defense Ministry was attacked by gunmen who are ready and declared for a long term fight. Two weeks ago, the Interior Ministry was taken over by gunmen, but that was nowhere close to what happened today. This is in the … heart of the capital and gunshots were heard throughout the entire capital. Residents were forced to evacuate and were scared of being shot and killed. The entire capital was unstable for four hours.
Security Clearance: What led to the calming of the situation?
Almasmari: Three hours ago the Interior Ministry sent 240 troops to re-enforce the ministry guards. That helped calm the situation, and also senior military leaders helped talk to the gunmen to intervene. Since then it is not as dangerous as it was. It is less tense here than it was an hour ago.
Security Clearance: Looking forward, do you see the current situation getting worse?
Almasmari: What happened today is only the beginning of a long, long-term fight between the new president and the former president. What we saw today is nothing compared to what we expect to see in the weeks to come. We expect to have more clashes, more wars within the capital itself, ministries being occupied, gunmen lurking every street corner, instability and signs that the country will not stabilize if President Hadi insists on military reforms. Anything that deals with removing the former regime from power will result in more escalation and more clashes with both sides.
Security Clearance: Is this just about the Saleh family, or is there more to it?
Almasmari: This will keep going on and on and on, especially after what we saw in Egypt the other day where [President Mohammed] Morsy took out the military leadership under Mubarak. They fear that this could be the case in Yemen. This also comes just two days after the prime minister in Yemen threatened to step aside and join the revolution if President Hadi does not come up with strict and firm military reforms to ensure that the former ruling family is out of the military completely.
Post by: CNN's Jamie Crawford
Filed under: Yemen
i personal believe that these scenarios have been ready for a while now and the reactions it will provoke from saleh and his party where already accepted and how they will deal with it. for example during the minister of interior the police forces where provoked when militias for the armed division attacked them from the ministry of interiors which provoked the reaction in which the police forces stormed the ministry. also what happened today between 2 battalion that was in abyan province during the war on alqadda and amred police forces was because a series of political decision that were made to provoke the reaction so the could have the right fire the commander of the republican guard its stared when the ministry stopped giving the solider there money who were at that time in abyan and made most of vicorires against alqada there and everybody nows it. but no just that they we giving the money to 119 battalion that was posted also next to the second battalion. but has allegiance to the the first division forces which angered the solider when the asked for the right. the president said that he will give them there right then 3 days later he removed the from the command of there republican guard and joined them to the north region forces. the solider got angry special after the sacrificing there lives to fight al Qada in the most fierce battles to be treated like that. but i guess the president excepted that he and the jmp the extremist party. and new what reaction it would provoke so they could dismantle e the whole republican guard under the false pretness. and pushing the country in to chaos
What a surprise this is! I thought that Hadi and Saleh were in cahoots all this time. Anyway, the Yemenis need to quit taking orders from Washington D.C. and sue the opposition there for peace and finally end that senseless civil war! But unfortunately, that's quite unlikely since there has already been too many payoffs for that to happen!
Saleh and his family need to leave, for Yemen to find some sense of Stability and for the Military to concentrate on the other head of the snake i.e Al Qada. America and the GCC need to threaten to freeze Saleh's and his family Assets overseas, and they need to be aware that they are fair game because they have been responsible for the death of thousand Yemenis.


I'm certain I've been dreading this event since before she was born. Beautiful girl child of mine — my little dash of femininity wedged between five boys. She has grown into a young woman, curves appearing where once there were straight lines. And now, it is time to go find clothes to fit the new figure.
Before we go, we are blessed to spend a Saturday afternoon at a mother-daughter tea at our parish. Fashion consultant Mary Ann Wahle teaches us both some lessons in what to wear. Listening to her and participating in the quizzes and conversation, my daughter and I learn some valuable lessons about each other. I'm made very aware of her color and style preferences. She is made aware of appropriateness and the "fun" factor of wearing just the right thing. We both leave a little more enlightened and a lot more enthusiastic about the task ahead of us.
So nervous am I that I drive two hours west to a familiar college town. Perhaps it will be easier here where the sales people are likely to be more helpful and less brusque than in my busy city. My stepmother comes along to offer moral support and a sense of style. We can do this.
Darling, beautiful daughter gathers an armful of promising fashions into her arms, trying to find things similar to those she saw at the tea. She tries one on. And then another. And then another. I see the storm gather in her eyes, threatening to spill onto cheeks, darkening where once the thrill of anticipation glowed.
"What? What is it?" I cry, panic rising in my throat.
And that's all she says. And with those words, I understand. Of course she's beautiful. She's fresh and unadulterated. She's exactly as God intended. It's not about her.
And it was never about me.
She takes a deep breath and follows me into the mall, fighting tears. I pray my way into another store, and there we begin to pull more appropriate clothing from the racks. I'm relieved to find that though we have come to a more expensive store, the sales are blessing us. My beautiful child finds clothing that suits her perfectly. She beams from the dressing room.
When our mission is complete, she walks through the door of her grandfather's home where all her brothers await a fashion show. They don't quite understand the significance of the trip, the rite of passage we have just traveled together, but they approve of her choices. She shows them her treasures, clearly delighted with them and with herself. When we return home, she tries on each item for her father, one thing after another that fits just right and flatters who she is and how she's made.
And when she finishes, and we are alone, I turn to the man who's loved me since I was her age. I tell him about that moment in the dressing room when I recognized how easy it would have been for our daughter to have had a distorted sense of herself. He knows about all my dressing room days. He is quiet, waiting for me to come to a full understanding. And finally, finally, I see myself as he has seen me all these years.


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ABC's The Bachelor- Week One Recap
by Ashley Cau in Fraser Valley, Modern Mama, Seasonal, Women January 22, 2019 Comments Off on ABC's The Bachelor- Week One Recap
This post contains SPOILERS.
For anyone unfamiliar with the show, there is one man, Colton who dates 30 women with several being eliminated each week. Colton is a 30-something virgin, ex-football player. The show generally ends with a marriage proposal. The series has a seriously low success rate of actual marriages. I think the current stats are 3 bachelor's out of 21 seasons. I watch as a laugh at them not with them type of viewer. As a single mom weekday hangouts outside of my house can be challenging to schedule so I host a weekly viewing party. Other moms can bring their kids and we come up with weekly theme snacks.
Disclaimer: Do NOT drink when someone mentions virginity. Seriously, you will die. 90's mammas do you remember when Enrique Iglesias used to say he was a virgin? He would tell reporters that it would make more innocent girls feel more comfortable and wilder girls try harder to corrupt him. I feel like Colton's virginity fits somewhere in the same vain. He seems a bit insincere to me but full disclosure I was on Team Blake to be this years bachelor. For anyone who is truly a virgin I feel like The Bachelor makes it seem like you shouldn't be the butt of a joke.
Week one, the ladies have to aim to make themselves memorable. He has frenemies/ Miss America contestants Hannah and Caelynn. Heather who has never been kissed before. Demi is the country girl, who has never been in a serious relationship, and has a mom in prison. Alex D came dressed like a sloth. Tracy rolled up in a cop car to be the fashion police and gifted Colton hand-cuffs. Alex B is rescues dogs and lives in Vancouver, BC. Bri is a model who faked an Australian accent. Catherine brought her 10-year-old daughter/ pet Pomeranian Lucy to the house to live with Colton for the duration of her stay.
After the 30 women arrive Colton enters the cocktail party to try to get to know everyone better. One women will receive a "first impression" rose. I imagine he would have to be wearing an ear piece to remember everyone's names. Once in the house, Colton, barely finished his welcome to this journey blurb before Demi stole him away for alone time. The women seemed shocked like they had never seen the last 20 seasons of the show to see every single cocktail party start the same way. Instead of forming a single file line to ensure that everyone got their time with Colton, the cocktail parties are an aggressive game of tag with everyone trying to steal him away from the next. Catherine must have broke the Guinness Book of Records for being the contestant who interrupted the most. She managed to score Colton 4 separate times, much to the other women's dismay. Onyeka tried to reason with Catherine that she may be unnecessarily ruffling feathers which lead Catherine to interrupt another women's alone time to get more of her own. Time will tell if Catherine is this season's villain or just a bit desperate for Colton time. Onyeka decided to give Catherine a taste of her own medicine and interrupted her by wearing a snorkel and blowing a whistle to save Colton.
Colton gave his first impression rose to Hannah G, a 23-year-old content creator.
Jimmy Kimmel's wife Molly McNearney is a Bachelor superfan. She has successfully guessed the winners for five out of the last six seasons of the Bachelor. Her picks on final four are: Cassie, Katie, Caelynn and Hannah G. Her pick to win is Cassie.
Colton ended the evening by narrowing down the selection of ladies from 30 to 22. The ladies moving to the next week are: Caelynn, Katie, Hannah B, Alex B, Onyeka, Caitlyn, Annie, Kirpa, Heather, Elyse, Asia, Courtney, Cassie, Demi, Nina, Erica, Sydney, Bri, Angelique, Tracy, Nicole and Catherine.
The Bachelor airs Monday's at ABC.
Fraser Valley, Modern Mama, Seasonal, Women