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Social structure of the United Kingdom
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The social structure of the United Kingdom has historically been highly influenced by the concept of social class, with the concept still affecting British society in the early-21st century.[1][2]
British society, like its European neighbours and most societies in world history, was traditionally (before the Industrial Revolution) divided hierarchically within a system that involved the hereditary transmission of occupation, social status and political influence.[3] Since the advent of industrialisation, this system has been in a constant state of revision, and new factors other than birth (for example, education) are now a greater part of creating identity in Britain.
Although definitions of social class in the United Kingdom vary and are highly controversial, most are influenced by factors of wealth, occupation and education. Until recently the Parliament of the United Kingdom was organised on a class basis, with the House of Lords representing the hereditary upper class and the House of Commons representing everyone else. The British monarch is usually viewed as being at the top of the social class structure.[citation needed]
British society has experienced significant change since the Second World War, including an expansion of higher education and home-ownership, a shift towards a services-dominated economy, mass immigration, a changing role for women and a more individualistic culture, and these changes have had a considerable impact on the social landscape.[4] However, claims that the UK has become a classless society have frequently been met with scepticism.[5][6][7] Research has shown that social status in the United Kingdom is influenced by, although separate from, social class.[8]
World War I cartoon by Bruce Bairnsfather "The Growth of Democracy: Colonel Sir Valtravers Plantagenet gladly accepts a light, during a slight lull in a barrage, from a private in the Benin Rifles"
The biggest current study of social class in the United Kingdom is the Great British Class Survey.[9]
1 Terminology
3 Formal classifications
3.1 Archaic
3.2 20th century
3.3 21st century
3.4 Great British Class Survey
3.4.1 Results
3.4.1.1 Elite
3.4.1.2 Established middle class
3.4.1.3 Technical middle class
3.4.1.4 New affluent workers
3.4.1.5 Traditional working class
3.4.1.6 Emergent service sector
3.4.1.7 Precariat
4 Informal classifications and stereotypes
4.1 Underclass
4.2 Working class
4.2.1 Unskilled and semi-skilled working class
4.2.2 Skilled working class
4.3 Middle class
4.3.1 Lower middle class
4.3.2 Middle middle class
4.3.3 Upper middle class
4.4 Upper class
5 Accent and language and social class
5.1 Received Pronunciation
5.2 U and non-U
5.3 Subtleties
5.4 English regional accents
6 Heraldry and social class
7 Criticisms
8.1 UK social stereotypes
Prior to the eighteenth century, one did not speak of class or classes. Older terms like estates, rank, and orders were predominant. This change in terminology corresponded to a general decrease in significance ascribed to hereditary characteristics, and increase in the significance of wealth and income as indicators of position in the social hierarchy.[10][11]
The "class system" in the United Kingdom is widely studied in academia but no definition of the word class is universally agreed to. Some scholars may adopt the Marxist view of class where persons are classified by their relationship to means of production, as owners or as workers, which is the most important factor in that person's social rank. Alternatively, Max Weber developed a three-component theory of stratification under which "a person's power can be shown in the social order through their status, in the economic order through their class, and in the political order through their party.[12] Besides these academic models, there are myriad popular explanations of class in Britain. In the work Class, Jilly Cooper quotes a shopkeeper on the subject of bacon: "When a woman asks for back I call her 'madam'; when she asks for streaky I call her 'dear'."[13]
The United Kingdom never experienced the sudden dispossession of the estates of the nobility, which occurred in much of Europe after the French Revolution or in the early 20th century, and the British nobility, in so far as it existed as a distinct social class, integrated itself with those with new wealth derived from commercial and industrial sources more comfortably than in most of Europe. Opportunities resulting from consistent economic growth and the expanding British Empire also enabled some from much poorer backgrounds (generally men who had managed to acquire some education) to rise through the class system.
The historian David Cannadine sees the period around 1880 as a peak after which the position of the old powerful families declined rapidly, from a number of causes, reaching a nadir in the years after World War II, symbolised by the widespread destruction of country houses. However their wealth, if not their political power, has rebounded strongly since the 1980s, benefiting from greatly increased values of the land and fine art which many owned in quantity.
Meanwhile, the complex British middle-classes had also been enjoying a long period of growth and increasing prosperity, and achieving political power at the national level to a degree unusual in Europe. They avoided the strict stratification of many Continental middle-classes, and formed a large and amorphous group closely connected at their edges with both the gentry and aristocracy and the labouring classes. In particular the great financial centre of the City of London was open to outsiders to an unusual degree, and continually expanding and creating new employment.
The British working class, on the other hand, was not notable in Europe for prosperity,[14] and Early Modern British travellers often remarked on the high standard of living of the farm-workers and artisans of the Netherlands, though the peasantry in other countries such as France were remarked on as poorer than their English equivalents. Living standards certainly improved greatly over the period, more so in England than other parts of the United Kingdom, but the Industrial Revolution was marked by extremely harsh working conditions and poor housing until about the middle of the 19th century.
Formal classifications
At the time of the formation of Great Britain in 1707, England and Scotland had similar class-based social structures. Some basic categories covering most of the population of the UK around this time are as follows[citation needed]:
Cottagers and labourers Cottagers were a step below husbandmen, in that they had to work for others for wages. Lowest order of the working castes; perhaps vagabonds, drifters, criminals or other outcasts would be lower.
Husbandman (or other tradesmen) A tradesman or farmer who either rented a home or owned very little land was a husbandman. In ancient feudal times, this person likely would have been a serf, and paid a large portion of his work or produce to the land-holding lord.
Yeoman The yeoman class generally included small farmers who held a reasonable amount of land and were able to protect themselves from neighbouring lords et cetera. They played a military role as longbowmen. Sometimes merchant citizens are placed between yeoman and gentry in early modern social hierarchy.
Gentry/gentleman The gentry by definition held enough assets to live on rents without working, and so could be well educated. If they worked it was in law, as priests, in politics, or in other educated pursuits without manual labour. The term Esquire was used for landowners who were not knighted. Many gentry families were armigerous and of ancient lineage possessing great wealth and large estates.
Knight The definition of a knight depends upon the century in which the term was applied. In very early medieval times a knight fought as a common soldier on foot; later as cavalry became more important the knight's role became more associated with wealth. By the seventeenth century a knight was a senior member of the gentry, and the military role would be one of sheriff of a county, or organising a larger body of military forces, or in civil service exercising judicial authority. He was a large land owner, and his younger sons would often be lawyers, priests, or officials of some sort.
Baronet (hereditary, non peer) A baronet held a hereditary style of knighthood, giving the highest rank below a peerage.
Peer (Noble/Archbishop) The peers were generally large land holders, living solely off assets, sat in the House of Lords and either held court or played a role in court depending upon the time frame referenced.
Royal A member of the royal family, a prince, a close relative of the queen or king.
Main article: NRS social grade
The social grade classification created by the National Readership Survey over 50 years ago achieved widespread usage during the 20th century in marketing and government reports and statistics.
A Higher managerial, administrative or professional
B Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional
C1 Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial, administrative or professional
C2 Skilled manual workers
D Semi and unskilled manual workers
E Casual or lowest grade workers, pensioners and others who depend on the state for their income
Main article: National Statistics Socio-economic Classification
The UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) produced a new socio-economic classification in 2001.[15] The reason was to provide a more comprehensive and detailed classification to take newer employment patterns into account.
NRS equivalent
1 Higher professional and managerial workers A
2 Lower managerial and professional workers B
3 Intermediate occupations C1 and C2
4 Small Employers and non professional self-employed C1 and C2
5 Lower Supervisory and technical C1 and C2
6 Semi-Routine Occupations D
7 Routine Occupations D
8 Long-term unemployed E
Great British Class Survey
Main article: Great British Class Survey
On 2 April 2013 analysis of the results of a survey,[16] which was conducted by the BBC in 2011 and developed in collaboration with academic experts, was published online in the journal Sociology.[17][18][19][20][21] The results released were based on a survey of 160,000 residents of the United Kingdom most of whom lived in England and described themselves as "white." Class was defined and measured according to the amount and kind of economic, cultural, and social resources, "capitals", reported. Economic capital was defined as income and assets; cultural capital as amount and type of cultural interests and activities, and social capital as the quantity and social status of their friends, family and personal and business contacts.[20] This theoretical framework was developed by Pierre Bourdieu who first published his theory of social distinction in 1979.
In this new model, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge would be considered middle class despite being second-in-line to the throne, as he is a junior army officer and not a general.[dubious – discuss] This may seem to indicate the model is really a set of subdivisions of the middle classes, rather than an all encompassing model.
Analysis of the survey revealed seven classes: a wealthy "elite;" a prosperous salaried "middle class" consisting of professionals and managers; a class of technical experts; a class of 'new affluent' workers, and at the lower levels of the class structure, in addition to an ageing traditional working class, a 'precariat' characterised by very low levels of capital, and a group of emergent service workers. The fracturing of the middle sectors of the social structure into distinguishable factions separated by generational, economic, cultural, and social characteristics was considered notable by the authors of the research.[22][23]
Members of the elite class are the top 6% of British society with very high economic capital (particularly savings), high social capital, and very 'highbrow' cultural capital. Occupations such as chief executive officers, IT and telecommunications directors, marketing and sales directors; functional managers and directors, barristers and judges, financial managers, higher education teachers,[24] dentists, doctors and advertising and public relations directors were strongly represented.[25] However, those in the established and 'acceptable' professions, such as law and medicine are more traditional upper middle class identifiers with IT and sales being the preserve of the economic if not social middle class.
Established middle class
Members of the established middle class, about 25% of British society, reported high economic capital, high status of mean social contacts, and both high highbrow and high emerging cultural capital. Well-represented occupations included electrical engineers, occupational therapists, midwives, environmental professionals, police officers, quality assurance and regulatory professionals, town planning officials, and special needs teaching professionals.[26]
Technical middle class
The technical middle class, about 6% of British society, shows high economic capital, very high status of social contacts, but relatively few contacts reported, and moderate cultural capital. Occupations represented include medical radiographers, aircraft pilots, pharmacists, natural and social science professionals and physical scientists, and business, research, and administrative positions.[27]
New affluent workers
New affluent workers, about 15% of British society, show moderately good economic capital, relatively poor status of social contacts, though highly varied, and moderate highbrow but good emerging cultural capital. Occupations include electricians and electrical fitters; postal workers; retail cashiers and checkout operatives; plumbers and heating and ventilation engineers; sales and retail assistants; housing officers; kitchen and catering assistants; quality assurance technicians.[27]
Traditional working class
The traditional working class, about 14% of British society, shows relatively poor economic capital, but some housing assets, few social contacts, and low highbrow and emerging cultural capital. Typical occupations include electrical and electronics technicians; care workers; cleaners; van drivers; electricians; residential, day, and domiciliary care [27]
Emergent service sector
The emergent service sector, about 19% of British society, shows relatively poor economic capital, but reasonable household income, moderate social contacts, high emerging (but low highbrow) cultural capital. Typical occupations include bar staff, chefs, nursing auxiliaries and assistants, assemblers and routine operatives, care workers, elementary storage occupations, customer service occupations, musicians.[27]
Precariat
The precariat, about 15% of British society, shows poor economic capital, and the lowest scores on every other criterion. Typical occupations include cleaners, van drivers, care workers, carpenters and joiners, caretakers, leisure and travel service occupations, shopkeepers and proprietors, and retail cashiers.[28]
Informal classifications and stereotypes
Underclass
See also: Underclass
The term 'underclass' is used to refer to those people who are "chronically unemployed", and in many instances have been for generations.[29]
Typical characteristics are:
Long term unemployment, sometimes for generations.
Living in council housing.
Children and teenagers of the underclass are generally associated with 'chav' culture, and the underclass have also been blamed for the 2011 England riots.[30][31]
Unskilled and semi-skilled working class
Traditionally, these people would work as manual labourers. They would typically have left school as soon as legally permissible and not have been able to take part in higher education.[32] Many would go on to work semi-skilled and unskilled jobs on the assembly lines and machine shops of Britain's major car factories, steel mills, coal mines, foundries and textile mills in the highly industrialised cities in the West Midlands, North of England, South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands.
However, since the mid-1970s and early-1980s de-industrialisation has shattered many of these communities, resulting in a complete deterioration in quality of life and a reversal in rising living standards for the industrial working class. Many either dropped in status to the working poor or fell into permanent reliance on welfare dependence. Some dropped out altogether and joined the black market economy, while a limited few did manage to climb up to the lower middle class.
Some examples of Mosaic geodemographic groups for these people would be classified as Coronation Street or Rustbelt Resilience. Fictional stereotypes include Andy Capp and Albert Steptoe, who is not only unaspirational himself but crushes the aspirations of his son Harold. They are the mainstay of the trade unions and Labour Party vote, but there are also working class conservatives, particularly in the South East of England in the Medway towns of Kent and the east London border areas of suburban Essex, as exemplified by the fictional character Alf Garnett.
It has been argued[33] that with the decline in manufacturing and increase in the service sector, lower-paid office workers are effectively working class. Call centres in particular, have sprung up in former centres of industry.
Terraced housing in Loughborough, built for the working classes.
During the postwar era, white working class Britons witnessed a big rise in their standard of living. As noted by Denys Blakeway:
"The white working class have prospered hugely since the war. They have experienced unparalleled growth in disposable income and today they are now richer than their parents and grandparents could ever have imagined. There are shared values in white working-class culture but I think it is incredibly difficult to put your finger on exactly what it is that defines 'white working class' because a lot of them are shared by the middle class, such as football and the pub."[34]
Skilled working class
This class of people would be in skilled industrial jobs or tradesmen, traditionally in the construction and manufacturing industry, but in recent decades showing entrepreneurial development as the stereotypical white van man, or self-employed contractors.[35] These people would speak in local accents and have craft apprenticeships rather than university education. Typical Mosaic types for this group include White Van Culture or Affluent Blue Collar.
Trade union membership and Labour Party support is high, but some elements, particularly the demographic known as Essex Man located in the South East of England and the West Midlands are slightly more likely to vote Conservative than the unskilled working class.
Lower middle class
The British lower middle class primarily consists of office workers and their families living in less affluent suburbs. They are typically employed in relatively unskilled service industry jobs such as retail sales, travel agents, factory and other industrial building owners and low level civil service jobs in local and regional government. Prior to the expansion in higher education from the 1960s onwards, members of this class generally did not have a university education.
Members of the lower middle class typically speak in local accents, although relatively mild. Typical Mosaic Geodemographic types for this group include Sprawling Subtopia. Votes in this area are split and minority parties will have a stronger proportion. The comedy character Hyacinth Bucket is a satirical stereotype for this social group.
Middle middle class
The middle class in Britain often consists of people with tertiary education. They speak in accents which could range from received pronunciation, to provincial as well as Estuary English. They may have been educated in either state or private schools.[35]
Typical jobs include accountants, architects, solicitors, surveyors, social workers, teachers, managers, specialist IT workers, engineers, doctors or civil servants. Displays of conspicuous consumption are considered vulgar by them; instead they prefer to channel excess income into investments, especially property.
Members of the middle class are often politically and socially engaged and might be regular churchgoers, sit on local committees and governing boards or stand for political office. Education is greatly valued by the middle classes: they will make every effort to ensure their children get a university education; although they are sometimes unable to afford private schooling, they may go to great lengths to get their children into good state or selective grammar schools, such as moving house into the catchment area.[36]
They also value culture and make up a significant proportion of the book-buying and theatre-going public. They typically read broadsheet newspapers rather than tabloids. Typical Mosaic geodemographic types would include Provincial Privilege. The comedy character Margo Leadbetter is a satirical stereotype for this group, as is Jilly Cooper's Howard Weybridge.[32]
Upper middle class
Harrow School. The Public School is traditionally one of the key institutions of the upper-middle-class in Britain.[37]
The upper middle class in Britain broadly consists of people who were born into families which have traditionally possessed high incomes, although this group is defined more by family background than by job or income. This stratum, in England, traditionally uses the Received Pronunciation dialect natively.
The upper middle class are traditionally educated at independent schools, preferably one of the 'major' or 'minor' "public schools"[38][39] which themselves often have pedigrees going back for hundreds of years and charge fees of as much as £33,000 per year per pupil (as of 2014).[37][40]
Many upper-middle-class families may have previous ancestry that often directly relates to the upper classes. Although not necessarily of the landowning classes – as a result, perhaps, of lack of a male heir – many families' titles/styles have not been inherited and therefore many families' past status became dissolved.
Although such categorisations are not precise, popular contemporary examples of upper-middle-class people may include Boris Johnson, David Cameron (politicians),[41] Helena Bonham Carter (actress),[42] and Matthew Pinsent (athlete).[43]
Main article: Upper class
Woburn Abbey, family seat of the Duke of Bedford
The British "upper class" is statistically very small and consists of the peerage, gentry and hereditary landowners, among others. The majority of aristocratic families originated in the merchant class, and were ennobled between the 14th and the late 19th century.[44] Those in possession of a hereditary peerage (but not a life peerage) – for example a Dukedom, a Marquessate, an Earldom, a Viscounty or a Barony – are typically members of the upper class.
Traditionally, upper class children were brought up at home by a nanny for the first few years of life, and then schooled at home by private tutors. From the late 19th century, it became increasingly popular for upper-class families to mimic the middle-classes in sending their children to public schools, which had been predominantly founded to serve the educational needs of the middle class. Nowadays, when children are old enough, they may attend a prep school or pre-preparatory school. Moving into secondary education, it is still commonplace for upper-class children to attend a public school, although it is not unheard of for certain families to send their children to state schools.[45] Continuing education goals can vary from family to family; it may, in part, be based on the educational history of the family. In the past, both the British Army and Royal Navy have been the institutions of choice. Equally, the clergy, as well as academia, particularly within the arts and humanities divisions of Britain's oldest and most prestigious universities (Oxbridge), have been traditional career paths amongst the upper class.
Accent and language and social class
Received Pronunciation, also known as RP or BBC English, was a term introduced as way of defining standard English, but the accent has acquired a certain prestige from being associated with the middle (and above) classes in the South East, the wealthiest part of England. Use of RP by people from the 'regions' outside the South East can be indicative of a certain educational background, such as public school or elocution lessons.
"The Queen's English" was once a synonym for RP. However, the Queen and some other older members of the aristocracy are now perceived as speaking in a way that is both more old fashioned and higher class than "general" RP. Phoneticians call this accent "Conservative Received Pronunciation".
BBC English was also a synonym for RP; people seeking a career in acting or broadcasting once learnt RP as a matter of course if they did not speak it already. However, the BBC and other broadcasters are now much more willing to use regional accents.
U and non-U
Non-U
Vegetables Greens
Scent Perfume
Graveyard Cemetery
Spectacles Glasses
False Teeth Dentures
Napkin Serviette
Sofa Settee or Couch
Lavatory or Loo Toilet
Lunch Dinner (for midday meal)
Dinner Tea (for evening meal)
Pudding Sweet
Language and writing style have consistently been one of the most reliable indicators of class, although pronunciation did not become such an indicator until the later 19th century. The variations between the language employed by the upper classes and non-upper classes has, perhaps, been best documented by linguistic Professor Alan Ross's 1954 article on U and non-U English usage, with "U" representing upper and upper middle class vocabulary of the time, and "Non-U" representing lower middle class vocabulary. The discussion was furthered in Noblesse Oblige and featured contributions from, among others, Nancy Mitford. The debate was revisited in the mid-1970s, in a publication by Debrett's called U and Non-U Revisited. Ross also contributed to this volume, and it is remarkable to notice how little the language (amongst other factors) changed in the passing of a quarter of a century.
Subtleties
There are many inconsistencies and subtleties that many believe are far more important to the British system than a person's assets. For example, many believe that referring to one's self as 'classy' or even using the word 'class' in a such a context is indicative of a lower class. Other examples include the way a person holds their knife and fork to eat, the way a person pronounces the letter 'h,' the way a person pronounces 'scone,' how well a person respects others, and even the care taken by a person to uphold the rules of grammar in conversation and when punctuating a sentence.
English regional accents
Main article: Regional accents of English
In England, the upper class or prestige accent is almost always a form of RP; however, some areas have their 'own' prestige accent, distinct from both RP and the working class accent of the region.
England has a wide variety of regional accents for a small country, most of which have working class or lower middle class connotations:
Yorkshire dialect the accent of the Yorkshire region with some slight variation between the north and south of the county.
Manchester dialect the accent and dialect of Manchester and the surrounding area.
Scouse – The accent and dialect of Liverpool, especially strong in Merseyside's working-class population.
Brummie – The accent and dialect of Birmingham.
The Black Country accent and dialect of the West Midlands, which is similar to but distinctive from Brummie.
Geordie – An accent and dialect of north-east England, particularly the Tyneside area.
Mackem – An accent and dialect of Sunderland and surrounding areas.
West Country dialects - a variety of similar, yet noticeably different accents and dialects in the south west of England, such as the Bristolian dialect
Cockney is traditionally the working class accent of East London. It also has distinct variations in grammar and vocabulary.
The London accent is a more broadly defined working and lower middle class accent than Cockney.
Estuary English – A working class and lower middle class accent from Southeast England, basically a milder (closer to R.P.) form of the London accent, showing a tendency to supplant received pronunciation.
Mockney is a term used in popular media for a deliberate affectation of the working-class London (Cockney) accent by middle-class people to gain "street credibility". However, phoneticians regard the infusion of Estuary features into received pronunciation among younger speakers to be a natural process.
Multicultural London English (abbreviated MLE), colloquially called Jafaican, is a dialect (and/or sociolect) of English that emerged in the late 20th century, and is used mainly by young, inner-city, working-class people in inner London. It is said to contain many elements from the languages of the Caribbean (Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago), South Asia (Indian subcontinent), and West Africa,[46][47] as well as remnants of traditional Cockney.[47] Although the street name, "Jafaican", implies that it is "fake" Jamaican, researchers indicate that it is not the language of white youths trying to "play cool" but rather that "[it is] more likely that young people have been growing up in London exposed to a mixture of second-language English and local London English and that this new variety has emerged from that mix".[48]
Heraldry and social class
Main article: Heraldry
Canting arms of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.
An English citizen with arms registered in the College of Arms, or a Scottish citizen in the Lyon Court, can be referred to as armigerous. Any British citizen can apply for arms from their respective authority but only those of sufficient social standing would be granted arms. Arms in and of themselves are imperfectly aligned with social status, in that many of high status will have no right to arms whilst, on the other hand, those entitled to arms by descent can include branches of families the social scale.
Nevertheless, a right to bear arms under the Law of Arms is, by definition, linked either to the personal acquisition of social status, inspiring application for a personal grant of arms, or to descent from a person who did so in the past. Rightly or wrongly, therefore, the use of a coat of arms is linked to social prestige.
In the early twentieth century, it was argued by heraldic writers such as Arthur Charles Fox-Davies that only those with a right to a coat of arms could correctly be described (if men) as gentlemen and of noble status; however, even at the time this argument was controversial, and it was rejected by other writers such as Oswald Barron and Horace Round. In the Order of Malta, where proof of technical nobility is a requirement of certain grades of membership, British members must still base their proof upon an ancestral right to a coat of arms.
Criticisms
In 1941, George Orwell wrote that Britain was "the most class-ridden society under the sun." [49]
In an interview in 1975 Helmut Schmidt, the then Chancellor of West Germany stated that:
If one asks oneself what are the true reasons for the differentiated development of societies and economies between the British and most ones on the Continent, I think it has something to do with the fact that British society, much more than the Scandinavian, German, Austrian, and Dutch societies, is characterised by a class-struggle type of society. This is true for both sides of the upper class as well as for the working classes. I think that the way in which organised Labour on the one hand and industrial management on the other had dealt with their problems is outmoded.
Later in the same interview, Schmidt noted that[50]
You have to treat workers as equal members of society. You have to give them the self–esteem which they can only have if they acquire responsibility. Then you will be able to ask the trade unions to behave and to abstain from those idiotic policies. Then they will accept some guidance from outsiders—from the government or the party or whatever it is. But as long as you maintain the damned class-ridden society of yours you will never get out of your mess.
Income in the United Kingdom
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Mosaic (geodemography) – system designed to classify Britain by postcode, into 11 main groups and 61 types.
British nobility
Peerage
Hereditary peer
UK social stereotypes
Sloane Ranger
Worcester woman
Essex Man
White van man
Chav, charver (South/North-East England and Yorkshire), scallie (North West England), Ned (Scotland) or Spide (Northern Ireland)
↑ Harriet Harman: Social class is still most important divide in Britain. www.telegraph.co.uk, 9 September 2008
↑ Biressi, Anita; Heather Nunn (2013). Class and Contemporary British Culture. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230240568. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ https://www.boundless.com/sociology/understanding-global-stratification-and-inequality/stratification-systems/caste/
↑ "Changing Social Class Identities in Post-War Britain: Perspectives from Mass-Observation by Mike Savage". Sociological Research Online. Retrieved 19 October 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Independent on Classless Britain
↑ Fabian Society on Cash and the Classless society
↑ Guardian Classless society is a myth
↑ Chan, Tak Wing; Goldthorpe, John (2004). "Is There a Status Order in Contemporary British Society?" (PDF). European Sociological Review. Oxford Journals. 20 (5): 383–401. doi:10.1093/esr/jch033. Retrieved 24 December 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Great British Class Survey
↑ Kuper, Adam, ed. (2004). "Class, Social". The social science encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-415-32096-2. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Penney, Robert (2003). "Class, social". In Christensen, Karen & Levinson, David (eds.). Encyclopedia of community: from the village to the virtual world, Volume 1. SAGE. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7619-2598-9. CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Hurst, Charles E. (2007). Social Inequality Forms, Causes, and Consequences Sixth Edition. Allyn and Bacon Boston, MA. ISBN 0-205-48436-0. p 202
↑ Cloake, Felicity (8 March 2012). "How to cook the perfect bacon sandwich". The Guardian. London. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Frederick Engels. The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 (January 1943 George Allen & Unwin reprint of the March 1892 edition by David Price ed.). Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 4 April 2013. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Office for National Statistics
↑ "Britain's Real Class System: Great British Class Survey". BBC Lab UK. Retrieved 4 April 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Savage, Mike; Fiona Devine; Niall Cunningham; Mark Taylor; Yaojun Li; Johs. Hjellbrekke; Brigitte Le Roux; Sam Friedman; Andrew Miles (2 April 2013). "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC's Great British Class Survey Experiment". Sociology. doi:10.1177/0038038513481128. Retrieved 4 April 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "The Great British class calculator: People in the UK now fit into seven social classes, a major survey conducted by the BBC suggests". BBC. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Mike Savage; Fiona Devine (3 April 2013). "The Great British class calculator: Sociologists are interested in the idea that class is about your cultural tastes and activities as well as the type and number of people you know". BBC. Retrieved 4 April 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 20.0 20.1 Mike Savage; Fiona Devine (3 April 2013). "The Great British class calculator: Mike Savage from the London School of Economics and Fiona Devine from the University of Manchester describe their findings from The Great British Class Survey. Their results identify a new model of class with seven classes ranging from the Elite at the top to a 'Precariat' at the bottom". BBC. Retrieved 4 April 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Sarah Lyall (3 April 2013). "Multiplying the Old Divisions of Class in Britain". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Page 2 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC's Great British Class Survey Experiment"
↑ Pages 11 to 15 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC's Great British Class Survey Experiment"
↑ "Professor salaries break the scale". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 17 August 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Pages 12 and 13 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC's Great British Class Survey Experiment"
↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Pages 12 and 14 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC's Great British Class Survey Experiment"
↑ Pages 12, 14, and 15 "A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BBC's Great British Class Survey Experiment"
↑ "Social Class (social differentiation)". Encyclopaedia Britannica. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Charlie Taylor (7 March 2012). "How we can turn the underclass around". London: telegraph.co.uk. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Mark Easton (11 August 2011). "England riots: The return of the underclass". bbc.co.uk. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 32.0 32.1 Jilly Cooper Class: a view from middle England. Eyre Methuen. Retrieved 4 October 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ The Shape of the Working Class
↑ Bell, Dan (14 March 2008). "Who are the white working class?". BBC News. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 35.0 35.1 Kate Fox, Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour. Nicholas Brealey Pub. Retrieved 4 October 2009. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Rise in families caught cheating for school places
↑ 37.0 37.1 Palliser, David Michael; Clark, Peter; Daunton, Martin J. (2000). The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: 1840–1950. Cambridge. p. 679. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Thank God I don't have that ghastly sense of entitlement that Eton instils". The Spectator. 17 December 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Byrnes, Sholto (20 April 2010). "Who's posher: Clegg or Cameron?". The Guardian. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Farndale, Nigel (28 January 2013). "Is there a private school prejudice?". The Daily Telegraph. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Harrington, Illtyd (17 July 2008). "New Mayor Boris Johnson opens next chapter". Camden New Journal. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Johnson, Richard (22 November 1999). "Boxing Helena". Los Angeles magazine. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Macintyre, Ben (27 March 2007). "Upper middle-class". The Times. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ A Study of History: Abridgement of Vols I-X in one volume, Arnold J. Toynbee (Oxford Univ. Press 1960)
↑ Douglas Sutherland, The English Gentleman
↑ Paul Kerswill (3 July 2010). "The English slanguage". The Sun. London. Retrieved 5 April 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 47.0 47.1 Harry Mount (1 July 2010). "Word on the street in London". Evening Standard. Retrieved 5 April 2011. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Clark, Laura (12 April 2006). "'Jafaican' is wiping out inner-city English accents". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2 February 2008. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ The Future of Socialism by Anthony Crosland
↑ Dönhoff, Marion. Foe into friend: The Makers of the New Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Jilly Cooper Class, A view from Middle England, Eyre Methuen, 1979, ISBN 0-552-11525-8
Kate Fox Watching the English, Nicholas Brealey Pub., 2004, ISBN 1-85788-508-2
David Cannadine, The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain
JP Somerville, University of Wisconsin page on early modern social class in Britain
Mosaic Geodemographics Summary
Article from The Times on Taste and class
Article from The Times - are we all Middle class now
Article from the Times - Can you buy your way into the Upper Class
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article from Daily Telegraph on social mobility ;)
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Join the Northern MEHA affiliate in Gaylord for a training and meeting on October 4, 2017, 8:45 am - 3:30 pm.
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text:
Q: How to find rows in a dataframe that show unique results across multiple columns This might be a simple answer, but I am having issues finding this solution and could use help, please.
> fruit.names <- c(rep("apple",3), rep("pear",3), rep("pepper", 3), rep("rice",3))
> adj <- c(rep("red", 3), rep("not round", 2), "yellow", rep("hot", 3), "grain", "white", "starch")
> df.start <- data.frame(fruit.names, adj)
> df.start
   fruit.names       adj
1        apple       red
2        apple       red
3        apple       red
4         pear not round
5         pear not round
6         pear    yellow
7       pepper       hot
8       pepper       hot
9       pepper       hot
10        rice     grain
11        rice     white
12        rice    starch

I am need of code that results that list only unique df.start$names and has all the same results in df.start$adj for each item in df.start$names.
So the results would look like this.  I'd prefer to use only base R, if possible (i.e. no tidyr/dplyr.)
> df.results
 fruit.names     adj
1   apple        red
2   pepper       hot

A: A couple ways:
base R
ind <- ave(df.start$adj, df.start$fruit.names, FUN = function(z) length(unique(z)) == 1) == "TRUE"
unique(df.start[ind,])
#   fruit.names adj
# 1       apple red
# 7      pepper hot

The need to check against the string "TRUE" is because ave requires that its return value is the same class as the input vector, so the output is coerced.
dplyr
(Offered for the crowd, though I know you said you preferred base R.)
library(dplyr)
df.start %>%
  group_by(fruit.names) %>%
  filter(length(unique(adj)) == 1) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  distinct()
# # A tibble: 2 x 2
#   fruit.names adj
#   <chr>       <chr>
# 1 apple       red
# 2 pepper      hot

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Fans, media members and former players take to Twitter to celebrate the former Arco Arena.
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Darren Collison has 27 points and eight assists as the Kings close Sleep Train Arena with a 114-112 victory over the Oklahoma City Thunder on Saturday night.
Sam Hinkie stockpiled draft picks, not victories during his tenure in Philadelphia.
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First baseman Brandon Belt signs a five-year extension worth up to $79 million.
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text:
Review: Brother by Ania Ahlborn
October 2, 2015 Pamela Reviews 0
Brother by Ania Ahlborn
From the bestselling horror author of "Within These Walls" and "The Bird Eater "comes a brand-new novel of terror that follows a teenager determined to break from his family's unconventional--and deeply disturbing--traditions.
Deep in the heart of Appalachia stands a crooked farmhouse miles from any road. The Morrows keep to themselves, and it's served them well so far. When girls go missing off the side of the highway, the cops don't knock on their door. Which is a good thing, seeing as to what's buried in the Morrows' backyard.
But nineteen-year-old Michael Morrow isn't like the rest of his family. He doesn't take pleasure in the screams that echo through the trees. Michael pines for normalcy, and he's sure that someday he'll see the world beyond West Virginia. When he meets Alice, a pretty girl working at a record shop in the small nearby town of Dahlia, he's immediately smitten. For a moment, he nearly forgets about the monster he's become. But his brother, Rebel, is all too eager to remind Michael of his place...
Published by Simon and Schuster on September 29th 2015
Genres: Horror, Speculative Fiction
Format: ARC
Find this book on Goodreads
Buy the Book at: Amazon
I received this book for free from The Publisher in exchange for an honest review. This does not affect my opinion of the book nor the content of my review.
This book contains potentially triggering material. You can find details of potential triggers at the end of this review.
Ever get to the end of a book and think… the hell did I just read?
That was me at the end of Brother. And not in a bad "the hell did I just read?" way, but more in a way that's got me questioning whether this particular style of horror novel is for me.
Brother is an excellently written book, and Ahlborn is a master of getting inside the heads of characters, even the ones whose heads you don't particularly want to look into. She made Michael, the lonely, screwed up protagonist, a deeply sympathetic character even as he participates in absolutely horrible things. She's also excellent at setting scenes; I had no trouble falling right into the story and visualizing everything (everything, especially the really unpleasant stuff) perfectly.
The end has a masterful twist that left me even more horrified than I already was, and while I suspected part of the twist, the last piece blindsided me.
Brother is an excellent piece of psychological horror, and if you're a fan of the genre, you will love this book. Me? I found myself getting panicky at one point while reading. Not sure it's the book for me, but it's well-written and disturbing as hell.
Potential triggers: View Spoiler » Extreme violence, child abuse, sexual violence, incest, sexual assault… This isn't a pleasant book, and if you're a very sensitive reader, you'll want to skip it. « Hide Spoiler
By Ania Ahlborn
Review: Within These Walls by Ania Ahlborn
Review: A Shadow Bright and Burning by Jessica Cluess
Tags: ania ahlborn book review book reviews brother horror

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Use the following command to start the script server: "php <path_cacti>/script_server.php"
You wll receive a message from PHP indicating "PHP Script Server Started Properly". If you get any warning messages, then you have to fix them right away.
b) Search for "Action: 2"
Paste the command from 2c into your Script Server window and press enter.
You should receive an output statement. If not, please correct any warnings or script errors before proceeding.
Type "quit" in the Script Server window and press enter.
For older versions of PHP < 4.3.3, you should be able to execute the command cut from setp 2c directly to a command line prefixed by "php" and run that script stand alone.
THAT!!!! Is good to know.
What are the symptoms of a problematic script server..... For us php dummies out there..?
I would like to know what are advantages of the method "script server" compared to "snmp query" ?
When I compare "net-snmp_disk.xml" description and "ss_host_disk.php" design, and according to the poller cache information, I think the "net-snmp_disk" should be faster to process than script server 'host_disk" because cmd.php or cactid can collect value from a single OID directly without invoking a script. Am I right ?
When designing a new data collector, is it better to use "snmp query" (when possible of course ) or "script server" ?
SNMP Queries will always be orders of magnitude faster especially using Cactid due to the fact that we are using RAW protocol with SNMP vs. a script that essentially does the same. The Script Server speeds up scripts when compared to a native shell or perl call however.
I've got a problem with the migration from an existing PHP script to Script Server method, I just follow the doc steps ("Migration of Existing PHP Scripts to Script Server") and my graphs are stopped (nothing in the poller cache).
So, I have to manually create new graphs with the script server method, it goes very well (results tested with the CLI script_server.php are right compared to stand alone script).
The opposite transition works fine (from stand alone script to script server).
Did I miss another step during the migration ?
PS : I'm using cacti-0.8.6j under Linux.
I would have to see specificatlly what you did. It does work though. Prior to migration, you should always test your script as both script and non-script. The nice thing about the script itself, it should work both ways. Once you have that done, and graphing, you can change your data input method to be script server. Last step is to re-populate your poller cache.
+ Found type = '4 '[script query].
+ Found type = '6 '[script query].
112 items, 16 rows in the two cases. There is no difference between the results.
When the ss_qos_plug.php is running and when I change to qos_plug.php, there is no problem, Cacti continue to graph, the poller cache is correctly rebuilt.
But in the other direction, when I rebuild poller cache, nothing happens (the poller requests disappear), so I have to delete Data Sources and create new graphs with old rrd files (to keep history).
Response would be "Scrpt Server Started, Parent is cmd.php"
I already followed this scenario and the result seems to be right, no empty line, no other character, just the requested value.
So, everything "should" be working. Do you see any issues when you run "php -q poller.php" from a command line? If you get that information in your log, then the only thing to break the graph would be an rrdupdate issue that you would be able to see by running "php -q poller.php".
I have a system on Cacti 0.8.8a in VM environment. I have created a clone of the same and upgraded Cacti from 0.8.8a to 0.8.8d on it. After upgrade every thing is working fine except few script server queries. I am getting NAN value on all the graphs that are getting data from these script server queries. On my Cacti 0.8.8a server when I tested poller cache query manually I got correct result against a get query (see below).
But when I tried same test on new Cacti version on clone system.
So here result of get is coming after "quit", don't know why. This has resulted NAN value on all the graphs.
Is there any problem with my below code?
Please help me to troubleshoot this issue.
It has been resolved now after changing the print command with return. It was working on Cacti 0.8.8a but now need to use return for "get" function in the server script on Cacti 0.8.8d or Cacti 0.8.8e. Now this issue is resolved.


text:
#F1 History: Spanish Grand Prix – 29th May 1994 – Catalunya
May 7, 2014 · by thejudge13 · in F1 History. ·
Brought to you by TheJudge13 contributor: Jennie Mowbray
"It was one of those events which at a crucial stage in one's development arrive to challenge and stretch one to the limit of one's ability and beyond, so that thereafter one has a new standard by which to judge oneself."
~Kazuo Ishiguro – The Remains of the Day~
Formula One had enjoyed a sustained period of relative safety but everyone's illusions were shattered during the weekend of the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. There was disquiet in the paddock when Roland Ratzenberger died after crashing during qualifying on Saturday afternoon. This was replaced by stunned disbelief the following day when triple world champion Ayrton Senna lost his life after his car speared into the wall at the Tamburello corner. Not since the 1960 Belgian Grand Prix had two drivers died in the one race weekend and it had been almost 8 years since the death of Elio de Angelis during testing at the Paul Ricard Circuit.
It is usual for change to be gradual in Formula One. The teams get many months and often years warning in advance of any new modifications, allowing everything to be manufactured and tested for all perceivable eventualities, before it ultimately gets used in anger on the track. In an attempt to dramatically reduce speed new aerodynamic modifications had been rapidly bought in for the Spanish Grand Prix. The size of the rear diffuser had been decreased and this had resulted in some unforseen follow-on effects with several rear wing failures during testing as the smaller diffuser meant the rear wing was less securely fixed to the car floor and was more affected by vibration.
The designers had agitated for more time before ratifying the changes but the FIA refused. The teams complained that it was like taking a hacksaw to their sophisticated machinery. Alan Jones commented prior to the race that "What they're trying to do is long term probably good for the sport but they've just overreacted and bought it in too quickly. And I think now, right now tonight, these cars are probably more dangerous and harder to drive than they were two weeks ago."
Another significant development was the formation of the Grand Prix Driver's Association. For the first time the drivers had a common voice with regard to safety and at the Spanish Grand Prix they stood up to the organisers and refused to race until a requested chicane had been installed.
Martin Brundle stated, "The confrontation we had in Barcelona was because they had done most of the work apart from an area we felt strongly about, the exit to the fast Nissan corner. The wall there is at a bad angle and we go through that corner at 240 kpm. It could have been Tamburello all over again."
Michael Schumacher in his Benetton dominated practice and qualifying and was 6 tenths faster than Damon Hill in the Williams. Hill had struggled with his car all weekend. It was nervous and difficult to drive with its stiff springs and lack of active suspension and Hill had already spun it three times, including that morning during the warm-up.
Schumacher got away well off the start with Hill keeping ahead of Mika Hakkinen in the McLaren for second. David Coulthard, driving in his maiden Grand Prix as the newly signed second driver for Williams, managed to go from 9th on the grid up to 6th on the start.
Schumacher looked unbeatable as he rapidly pulled out a significant gap over the field. The top three cars spread out quickly but the race for 4th was much closer as Jean Alesi with his Ferrari V12 engine was the fastest down the main straight but was holding up JJ Lehto and Coulthard who were stuck behind him despite their better handling and speed through the corners.
All the drivers were using the same tyres but the new aero regulations had significantly decreased the amount of downforce, which in turn had increased tyre wear due to wheel sliding. It was not yet known if the tyres would even last well enough to do two stops, let alone if two stops had any advantage over three stops, but it was predicted that the front runners would all attempt a two stop strategy.
Schumacher was 15 seconds ahead of Hill when Hakkinen was the first to pit on lap 15 which made it clear that he was on a three stop strategy and why he had been able to keep so close to the Williams which had been faster all weekend. Coulthard was the next to pit on lap 16 but his pit stop was complicated by his engine stalling which he then had difficulty in restarting and after a significant delay he came out in 20th place. This was thought at the time to be due to his inexperience but later he had to withdraw from the race due to engine problems, which possibly had caused his difficulties in the pits.
It was at the end of lap 21 that Michael Schumacher first pitted, the last of all the front runners to do so. He had a 37 second lead over Hakkinen but within a few corners of him re-joining the race he had several back-markers un-lapping themselves, and when Coulthard breezed past him easily it was obvious he had a major problem. Less than two laps later he had lost his large lead over Hakkinen and it was while watching the on-board footage that it became apparent that he was stuck in 5th gear.
Hakkinen overtook him easily on lap 23 and for the first time ever a Peugeot engine led a Grand Prix race. By half race distance Hakkinen was almost 5 seconds ahead of Hill but Schumacher was managing to maintain third place, 9 seconds behind Hakkinen and holding off those behind him. Schumacher's gear problems appeared at the time to be intermittent as there were times when he was actually lapping faster than the two drivers in front of him.
On Lap 30 Hakkinen had his second pit stop where he only changed his tyres, but didn't take on any fuel while Hill didn't stop for the second time until lap 42. Schumacher was now in the lead, five seconds ahead of Hakkinen. Hakkinen and Schumacher both pitted on Lap 47 and Hill then inherited the lead, 6 seconds in front of Schumacher, who had Hakkinen chasing him down only 3 seconds behind. This was quickly bought to a stop on Lap 48 when Hakkinen's Peugeot engine, which had been prone all season to overheating, blew up in a cloud of white smoke.
Damon Hill only needed to maintain his concentration to win the race as he now had a comfortable lead over Schumacher who somehow was continuing to lap reasonably competitively while stuck in 5th gear. Martin Brundle was in third until his engine blew and the whole rear of his car lit up in flames both of which bought him rapidly to a halt. Mark Blundell was now in third for his first points finish for Tyrrell, as well as the first ever podium for a Yamaha engine.
Everyone on the podium was elated. Hill had won the race for his bereaved team, but both Schumacher, who had hung on for second with his defective gearbox, and Blundell who was in third were as happy as if they had won the race. Everyone was grinning as they enthusiastically poured champagne over each other.
Michael Schumacher had driven an amazing race to finish in second. Even though it was a very fast track with no second gear corners there were 6 third gear corners. In fact, his lap times were so competitive that there was disbelief that he had actually driven more than half the race with only fifth gear and it wasn't until Benetton made public his telemetry that they were believed. What was even more astonishing was that he managed to pit without his car stalling. No one could doubt any longer that Michael Schumacher would have an amazing future in Formula One.
Schumacher said, "I never would have imagined to finish that race, and even second position is to me something like a victory. At the beginning it was difficult to run with this fifth gear through all the corners but then I managed to find a good line and keep up the lap times to more or less compete against those who were behind me."
Williams had come into this race devastated with the loss of one of the greatest drivers of all time. They had struggled all weekend with their car but it had all come together when it really mattered. It was Damon Hill's fourth victory and a sentimental victory for Williams after the death of Ayrton Senna only a month before.
An emotional Damon Hill said after the race, "This race was very important to do well, and to win was better than I expected to do. Michael put up as to be expected a tough fight. But this victory must go to everyone at Williams who have been through terrible times and also to all the fans of Ayrton Senna who I met in Brazil who said to me they would be very pleased to see the Williams team do well."
Tags: Damon Hill, Michael Schumacher stuck in fifth gear, Spanish GP 1994, Williams FW16
Vasseur 'no heads to roll' in Ferrari strategy team
← Daily #F1 News and Comment: Tuesday 6th May 2014
Daily #F1 News and Comment: Wednesday 7th May 2014 →
9 responses to "#F1 History: Spanish Grand Prix – 29th May 1994 – Catalunya"
cavallinorampantef1 May 7, 2014 at 01:15 · · Reply →
Benneton's traction control system didn't hurt either. Rather ingenious way of loading the code – put it into volatile memory and when the car is switched off – viola the code disappears.
Peter Scandlyn May 7, 2014 at 06:36 · · Reply →
Ingenious indeed….
So Cav, the question is, did Ferrari cheat before Michael joined them?
Or did he show them a new way to win?
Sorry, two questions really….
Jennie Mowbray May 7, 2014 at 20:31 · · Reply →
Just did some reading about Benneton and traction control – actually all the controversies of the 1994 season could fill another article:) It was interersting that Ferrari were also involved as Nicola Farini who was substituting at Ferrari for an injured Jean Alesi, commented on using traction control during practice at the Pacific Grand Prix (which was later denied)..
This then sparked off suspicions and it was at this race that Senna didn't return to the pits after he crashed on the first lap when he collided with Hakkinen, but instead stood by the track and listened to the cars go by and was convinced that the Benneton was using traction control…
carlo carluccio May 7, 2014 at 09:52 · · Reply →
Great write up Jennie. I hope in the same way that this released the sad burden off of the Williams team that the upcoming Spanish GP will allow F1 to stop it's Senna obsession. There comes a point that saturation drowns you.
I remember Murray Walker wetting his pants as he confirmed Schumacher was only using 5th gear. 😉
Thanks Carlo:) It was interesting to listen to the commentators go back and forth during the race, initially thinking that Schumacher's gear difficulties were intermittent as at times he close to lapping at the same pace as the front runners…then when he managed to pit they were sure his problems were intermittent as they didn't think it would be possible to start from 5th gear…
mattpt55 May 7, 2014 at 12:29 · · Reply →
Great write up and I love how it highlights the phenomenal reliability of the current PU's. Although I have to admit it would have been nice if a little more uncertainty had been generated by the new engine regs, as that seemed like an exciting race to watch.
Thanks Matt:) The one thing of noticed from watching races from the early 2000's on (well probably even before but I haven't watched as many) was that there were a lot more engine failures than what we see today…it was much more of a lottery if you were even going to finish the race!
Yes, very much makes me think of operant conditioning and Skinner. Random variable reinforcement being the most effective. Essentially this is what you had with the poor reliability. I think it drove much of audience growth in those years, not knowing if the driver you were rooting for would finish. Thus the increasing reliability would actually discourage viewing growth as results become more predictable. It's the same psychology as slot machines really. Given the poor ratings from China it's really going to be a problem for FOM going forward.
As an utter aside there have been some rather interesting studies on gambling addiction that demonstrate quite clearly that those addicted to gambling are not at all interested in winning, it's something else entirely they become hooked on. Which would completely explain the tifosi LOL!
It also made it more interesting for some of the mid-field teams to compete as it made it much more likely that with enough mechanical failures in front of them they could finish in the points and occasionally even on the podium…
This is probably also the attraction of rainy qualyfying and races – just makes it easier for anyone to crash or to get taken out by someone increasing the chances of drivers finishing out of position…
Very interesting research about gambling…that what they're hooked on isn't winning…I guess those of us who are non-gamblers just presume they do it because they're desperate to make some easy money but obviously not that simple!


Dear Readers, I've been missing in action for sometime, but for a very good reason. We spent two glorious weeks in the Caribbean, a week in Antigua and a week in Montserrat. I'll no doubt be sharing some of the images and stories in the next few weeks.
For now, I wanted to take you on a stroll with me down Magnolia Walk at Goodstay Gardens. It never fails to amaze me that Delaware, being such a small state is full of horticultural wonders. Goodstay Gardens is definitely one of those wonders, a true gem in the city, I love to call it our very own secret garden. We live just a stones throw away from this fascinating and charming garden. Bert and I volunteer here and the rewards of working outdoors, hearing the birds chirp, being surrounded by flowers and nature is just indescribable. There's a short window when the magnolias come alive, and this happened last weekend. My trusty camera and I took a walk. Enjoy some of its beauty!
Some of the close ups.
Love the reflection in the fountain pool.
Your photography was particularly wonderful, as were those Magnolias!!
Loretta, your images are stunning. I guess when I hear magnolias I think of the Southern US, but obviously, they grow north as well. I'm looking forward to your post on your recent voyage.
The Magnolia Walk at Goodstay Gardens is absolutely stunning. Thank you for sharing your wonderful photos with us. I'm looking forward to when you post about your holiday, I've not been to those islands.
I love magnolias and have a white Yulan in my own garden. It has been a pleasure to take this beautiful spring walk at Goodstay Gardens. Personal;y have not travelled far north of New York nor been there is season to enjoy. Thank you !
Such beautiful pictures! We're finally seeing some budding trees and blooming trees and it just can't come soon enough for me. I can't wait to hear more about your travels.


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BBC releases huge list of boxsets available to binge on iPlayer this Christmas
Peaky Blinders, Killing Eve and Luther plus loads of Disney titles like Moana and Frozen, all yours for the binging
Emily Martin
There are over a thousand titles on the binge-list this season
It's a time for giving, a time for getting, there's mistletoe, wine, logs on the fire and gifts on the tree, but most importantly at Christmas time... there's boxsets.
And there are more boxsets and movies than ever on BBC iPlayer this Christmas.
Over 1000 different choices!
Not only will Christmas see the arrival of a number of enthralling new shows including A Very British Scandal, starring Claire Foy and Paul Bettany as the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, and psychological thriller The Girl Before, starring Gugu Mbatha-Raw and David Oyelowo, about a woman who moves into a strange house designed by an enigmatic architect.
But there's also an enormous selection of drama boxsets available for viewers to enjoy like submarine thriller Vigil, with Suranne Jones and Rose Leslie, Sean Bean's prison drama Time, and of course the spectacular sixth series of Line of Duty.
BBC announces its full Christmas line-up and we've picked out some of the highlights
There are international boxsets, for all the family to enjoy like superhero series Superman & Lois, Australian comedy-drama Bump and the new series of US smash hit Gossip Girl, not to mention all the classic series as well.
Plus, there are massive favourites like Peaky Blinders, Killing Eve, Luther, Happy Valley, I May Destroy You, and Normal People.
Feel like a few laughs? What about a bumper crop of fantastic new comedies? There's the hugely successful The Outlaws, created by and starring Stephen Merchant alongside an A-List cast, the brilliant Alma's Not Normal from Sophie Willan, Rose Matafeo's beautiful romantic comedy series Starstruck, and Greg Davies' new sitcom The Cleaner.
There are Ghosts, In Her Skin, Back to Life, What We Do in the Shadows, and Dave, plus iPlayer has an incredible selection of classic comedies available to binge, including recently added titles The Office, Dinnerladies, and Keeping Up Appearances.
And there's plenty for the kids too. Shaun the Sheep: The Flight Before Christmas is new for this year, plus kids can enjoy the full boxset of the show. The new Julia Donaldson special Superworm, featuring Olivia Colman and Matt Smith, will join the wide range of her adaptions already on iPlayer, including The Gruffalo, The Snail and the Whale, and Zog and the Flying Doctors.
For older children there's the new show Nova Jones, about an interplanetary pop star managed by her best friend and sister, the brand-new series of aspiring young footballer drama Jamie Johnson, and new series of Enid Blyton adaptation Malory Towers and New Zealand-set drama Mystic too.
And as if that's not enough to keep the kids entertained, there's a great selection of classics from David Walliams too, including Mr Stink, The Boy in the Dress, and Gangsta Granny.
As well as two new programmes from Sir David Attenborough over the festive period, Attenborough's Wonder of Song and Attenborough and the Mammoth Graveyard, natural history fans can enjoy some of the year's most wondrous series on iPlayer.
These include The Mating Game, narrated by Sir David, Professor Brian Cox's Universe, dipping below the surface of the Welsh coast in Wonders of the Celtic Deep, and Prince William and Sir David Attenborough exploring ideas to help save the world in The Earthshot Prize, all of which are available to watch on iPlayer in spectacular Ultra HD.
Away from natural history, viewers can delve into some of the year's most dramatic documentary boxsets, such as Blair and Brown: The New Labour Revolution, The Hunt for Bible John, and Fever Pitch: The Rise of the Premier League, as well as incredible one-offs like 9/11: Inside the President's War Room, Four Hours at the Capitol, Reclaiming Amy, and Ian Wright: Home Truths, plus a massive collection of Louis Theroux, Stacey Dooley, and Storyville films to watch.
And if you get through all of that, first of all please let us know so we can interview you for the newspaper, but also you can then start on the movies.
Spider-Man: Far From Home and Spider-Man: Homecoming are both on iPlayer, plus superhero black comedy Kick-Ass and its sequel Kick-Ass 2.
"In the sha-la-la-la-la-la lowww" (Image: BBC)
Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper's amazing A Star is Born is there as well as Renee Zellweger's heartbreaking turn in Judy.
Romantic comedy fans will enjoy Crazy Rich Asians, which has a great ensemble cast including Constance Wu, Henry Golding and Michelle Yeoh, plus Golding also stars alongside Emilia Clarke in the Christmas-set rom-com Last Christmas, and there are lots more laughs in Late Night, with Emma Thompson and Mindy Kaling.
It's also a great Christmas for long-awaited sequels, as iPlayer will have Mary Poppins Returns, starring Emily Blunt as the magical nanny, and Ryan Gosling and Harrison Ford in sci-fi epic Blade Runner 2049.
There are also lots of films to entertain the whole family, with Robert Downey Jr starring in Dolittle, Emma Watson and Dan Stevens in Beauty and the Beast, Lily James and Robert Madden in Cinderella, Mark Rylance in Steven Spielberg's The BFG, and Jon Favreau's live action version of The Jungle Book.
And there are animated favourites like Moana, Frozen, Abominable, Trolls, Paddington and its sequel Paddington 2, plus loads of Pixar films, including Coco, Inside Out, Finding Dory, Monsters University, and Brave.
That should see you through to the new year and if it doesn't, maybe turn off the TV for a while and go for a little walk?


Philip is an operations expert, startup advisor, and international speaker. He is currently the Lead Strategist and Founder of Hapday Group, a collective of operations experts, creatives, and entrepreneurs working with startups to scale their business in the US market. As the former Program Director of VentureOut, a New York Tech accelerator for post-seed startups, he has advised over 200 startups, ran over 30 accelerator programs, and spearheaded an 3x operational efficiency growth. Prior to VentureOut, Philip lived and worked in Taiwan for 2 years focusing on education, international relations, and technology development. As a Fulbright scholar and a former Microsoft employee, his expertise uniquely combines international exchange and ICT management. He earned his Bachelor's degree of Science from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he studied Computer Science and Chinese.


Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of premature death in the developed world. Underlying these potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias are reentrant electrical sources, or rotating spiral waves of excitation, and it has been shown that each class of cardiac arrhythmia is associated with a particular type of spiral wave. Sudden cardiac death during ventricular fibrillation results in a compromised mechanical pump function of the heart. Disrupted patterns of electrical excitation during ventricular fibrillation results in desynchronised cardiac contractions.
Mathematical modelling is a useful technique for investigating the electrical activity of the heart. Over the past 40 years models have also been used to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of reentrant arrhythmias in 2D, 3D, and in anatomically accurate geometric models of the heart. The mathematical models are based on physiological data, and in parallel with the increasing sophistication of experimental techniques, the mathematical models has also evolved in their complexity and biological accuracy. Previously, mathematical models have tended to focus on either the electrical properties of the heart, or on cardiac mechanics. In the study described here, Nash and Panfilov establish a mathematical model which combines the effects of cardiac mechanics and electrical activity during arrhythmia.
The model described here in CellML is based on the Nash and Panfilov 2004 paper, which describes an electromechanical model of excitable tissue, which is used to study reentrant cardiac arrhythmias. This mathematical model is a version of the modified FitzHugh-Nagumo model, published by Aliev and Panfilov in 1996 (for details on the original model please see The FitzHugh-Nagumo Model, 1961). While the original two-variable model described a non-dimensional activation variable (u) and a non-dimensional recovery variable (v), here Nash and Panfilov formulate the model in terms of the real action potential given by the time course of the transmembrane potential (Vm). In so doing, the time rate of change of the activation variable describes the total ionic current through the membrane with the original model parameters adjusted to give the correct dimensionality. This 1996 version of the FitzHugh-Nagumo model has been further modified by Nash and Panfilov in this 2004 study to include the simplest model of active tension development.
Eqn 23: the factor 10 should be on first case line (V is less than 0.05). The second case should have the factor 1.
A new set of model parameters is also used.
Properties of the action potential described by the model.
Derived from workspace Nash, Panfilov, 2004 at changeset 40f16c45ea89.


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Travel from Bagheria to Caltagirone and discover this Sicilia city of 35.000 inhabitants. The distance from Bagheria to Caltagirone is 210 kilometers; with Wanderio you can compare the available trains to get from Bagheria to Caltagirone, so that you can organize your trip choosing the fastest route, the most comfortable or the cheapest one. You can choose among different choices and organize your trip according to your needs, depending on whether you are looking for the fastest, the most comfortable or perhaps the cheapest travel solution. For example, by choosing a train from Bagheria to Caltagirone, you'll get to your destination in about 7 hours on average; train ticket prices start from 13 €.
You can get from Bagheria to Caltagirone by train, thanks to the 2 daily routes provided by Trenitalia. The train ride from Bagheria to Caltagirone takes about 7 hours on average and the average train ticket is 15€. If you book in advance, you can find the best fares and save 42% on average on your train ticket, with prices starting from 13€. Travelling Italy by train can often be cheap.


text:
Musse & Helium är en barnboksserie skriven av Camilla Brinck och Maria Isacsson. Serien riktar sig huvudsakligen till barn i åldern 3-12 år. Den första boken om Musse & Helium är Mysteriet med hålet i väggen från 2018.

Böckerna har sålts i fler än 2 miljoner exemplar i Norden.

Handling
Böckerna handlar om mössen Musse och Helium som utforskar världen.

Böcker

 Mysteriet med hålet i väggen, 2018
 Jakten på Guldosten, 2019
 Äventyret i Lindrizia, 2019
 I Duvjägarnas klor, 2020
 Den sista kampen, 2020
 Den hemlighetsfulla världen, 2021
 En oväntad vändning, 2022

Utöver dessa böcker finns det även utgivet några pyssel- och aktivitetsböcker.

Referenser

Externa länkar

 Officiell hemsida
 Musse & Helium på Libris
Svensk barnlitteratur
Bokserier

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


While I was in teacher training at the Perri Institute, this was one of the first lessons that TaraMarie taught us—in order to acquire knowledge, we must recognize that there is knowledge to be acquired. When we're over-confident in our own expertise, we have a tendency to shut out the other sources of information that are coming our way. We become satisfied with our own understandings, and this satisfaction creates a mental block that prevents new ideas from entering our consciousness. We may believe that we're being open-minded, but so long as we are unable to admit that we have much—if not all—to learn, then we are as resistant to new information as a cat is to a bubble bath.
. While these examples are silly, there are more serious matters that I've read about quite regularly: debates about the environmental impact of organic versus conventional produce, about the effects of the digital age on the music industry, about the future of artists in the ever-expensive New York City, etc. After the sixth or seventh article, it becomes easier to form an opinion that, while perhaps sounding impressive at dinner parties, is not necessarily grounded in any sort of personal experience, or even primary source documentation. When I find myself latching on to the opinions of either one side or another, I must remind myself—I am not a scientist who has studied agriculture first-hand. Nor am I in any way an authority on the music industry, as I'm pretty sure singing in the shower does not constitute independent artist. My knowledge of the ebbs and flows of NYC's economy is minimal, and the four years I've spent here as a performing artist are few compared to the decades experienced and documented by others. While I may know a little more about these topics than, let's say, a newborn, I still have much to learn.
Admitting that you don't know something is actually incredibly empowering. It may sound counterintuitive, but once you realize that you're a blank canvas, you also realize the infinite number of colors, shapes, and materials available to you to start painting your picture. The words "I don't know" don't have to be paired with two hands thrown upward in defeat. Instead, we can find a teacher, grab a notebook, and follow our sentiment with "tell me more".
So, in the spirit of greeting a new year with a clean slate and new intentions, I propose that we also clear out the blocks on what we think we know, and instead open ourselves up to what we don't.
Have there been times when you've found yourself a little resistant to new information? Have there been moments when you've been able to acknowledge that your understandings have room to grow?


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September 2 ~ This Day in Music History
Posted by MaryO on September 2, 2017
• 1863 ~ Isador Philipp, French pianist
• 1888 ~ Friedrich Schorr, Hungarian bass-baritone
• 1917 ~ Laurindo Almeida, Grammy Award-winning composer, musician, guitarist
• 1919 ~ Marge Champion (Marjorie Belcher), Dancer, actress, choreographer with Gower Champion, model for animated Snow White
• 1924 ~ Theatregoers heard the song Indian Love Call for the first time in the operetta Rose Marie, which opened in New York City.
• 1927 ~ Sophie Tucker recorded her signature song, Some of These Days, for Columbia Records.
• 1931 ~ The radio show 15 Minutes with Bing Crosby debuted on CBS. The singer became a super-hot property after the debut.
• 1936 ~ David Blaki, British composer
• 1939 ~ Sam Gooden, Singer with Roosters
• 1940 ~ Jimmy Clanton, Singer, songwriter, toured with Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars
• 1943 ~ Rosalind Ashford, Singer with Martha and the Vandellas
• 1946 ~ Marty Grebb, Musician, keyboards with The Buckinghams
• 1957 ~ Steve Porcaro, Keyboards, singer with Toto
• 1958 ~ Fritz McIntyre, Keyboards with Simply Red
• 1965 ~ The Beatles received a gold record for their single Help!, from the movie of the same name.
• 1997 ~ Sir Rudolf Bing died. He was an Austrian-born opera impresario who worked in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, most notably being General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1950 to 1972.
• 2000 ~ Elvera Sanchez Davis, a tap dancer and the mother of Sammy Davis, Jr., died at the age of 95. Known as Baby Sanchez, Davis began performing at 16 in the chorus line at the Lafayette Theater in Harlem. She continued her career into the early 1940s, dancing for six years in the chorus line at the Apollo Theatre. In 1923, performing in a touring show called "Holiday in Dixie", she met and married Sammy Davis Sr., also a dancer in the show. Their son was born in 1925. He became a tap-dance prodigy by age 10, trained and brought up by his father after his parents separated. Mrs. Davis retired when the Apollo disbanded its dance chorus, though she danced informally into her 90s. She also performed in touring revues and in films including Carl Micheaux's 1936 "Swing". Davis continued to be involved with tap dance until her death, serving from 1989 as an adviser to the New York Committee to Celebrate National Tap Dance Day.
Sammy Davis, Jr. died in 1990 at the age of 64.
• 2001 ~ Troy Donahue died at the age of 65. He was a matinee idol who climbed to stardom in the 1950s with his role in "A Summer Place."
• 2001 ~ Jazz saxophonist Jay Migliori, who worked with musicians and singers ranging from
Frank Zappa to Frank Sinatra, died of colon cancer. He was 70.
Migliori, who was also a founding member of the Grammy-winning jazz group Supersax, played on some 4,000 recordings during his career. Although he described his own style as "modern acoustic jazz with roots in bebop," he was equally comfortable working with country stars like Glen Campbell, a wide variety of rock musicians including Zappa and the Four Seasons and pop stars as varied as Dean Martin and Celine Dion. He performed with more than two dozen bands over the years, including those led by Miles Davis, Stan Kenton, Terry Gibbs and Maynard Ferguson. In 1971, he joined Supersax, an ensemble built around a five-saxophone section that specialized in orchestrated Charlie Parker solos. He also recorded several albums of his own, including "Jazz in Transition" and "Smile."
This entry was posted in Composers, musicians, Pianists, Today in Music History and tagged composer, dancer, Isador Philipp, Metropolitan Opera, pianist, singer, The Met, Today in Music History, video. Bookmark the permalink.
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🎇 New Year's Eve!
1929 ~ Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians played Auld Lang Syne as a New Year's Eve song for the first time. Auld Lang Syne had been the band's theme song long before 1929. However, this night was the start of a New Year's Eve tradition as Lombardo's famed orchestra played at the Hotel Roosevelt […]
🍝 National Spaghetti Day
National Spaghetti Day on January 4 recognizes that long, thin cylindrical pasta of Italian and Sicilian origin.
🎂 Happy Birthday, Victor Borge!
Victor Borge made his debut as a pianist in 1926, and as a revue actor in 1933. From 1940 until his death in 2000 he worked in the USA for radio, television, and theatre, and has performed with leading symphony orchestras on worldwide tours since 1956. He was best known for his comedy sketches combining […]
2⃣0⃣2⃣ 3⃣ Happy 2023
New Year's Day is observed on January 1, and is probably the most celebrated public holiday, often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight as the new year starts in each time zone.
🎄 Christmas Music: Composers by the Numbers
🎁 Boxing Day
Boxing Day is a holiday traditionally celebrated the day following Christmas Day, when servants and tradesmen would receive gifts, known as a "Christmas box", from their masters, employers or customers, in the United Kingdom,The Bahamas, Barbados, Canada, Hong Kong, Australia, Bermuda, New Zealand, Kenya, South Africa, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and other former British […]
🎄 Christmas Countdown: Hallelujah Chorus
Messiah (HWV 56) is an English-language oratorio composed in 1741 by George Frideric Handel, with a scriptural text compiled by Charles Jennens from the King James Bible, and from the Psalms. It was first performed in Dublin on 13 April 1742, and received its London premiere nearly a year later. After an initially modest public […]
🎄 Christmas Countdown: Have a Merry, Musical Christmas!
Find MrsO in the video!
🎄 Christmas Countdown: O Holy Night
"O Holy Night" ("Cantique de Noël") is a well-known Christmas carol composed by Adolphe Adam in 1847 to the French poem "Minuit, chrétiens" (Midnight, Christians) by Placide Cappeau (1808–1877).
🎄 The Most Educational Christmas Carol Ever ~ "Intervals Roasting"
Music theory has never sounded so catchy with this witty remake of the holiday classic The Christmas Song (with apologies to Mel Torme) Try not to laugh at the ending. Though it is a bit humorous, this version titled 'Intervals Roasting', with lyrics by David Rakowski, attempts to encapsulate the fundamentals of music theory in […]
🎄 Christmas Countdown:Adeste Fideles
"O Come, All Ye Faithful" (originally written in Latin as Adeste Fideles) is a Christmas carol which has been attributed to various authors, including John Francis Wade (1711–1786), John Reading (1645–1692) and King John IV of Portugal (1604–1656), with the earliest manuscript of the hymn bearing his name, located in the library of the Ducal […]
🎄 Christmas Countdown: Gesù Bambino
Gesù Bambino by Pietro Yon has always had a place in my childhood memories since my church choir sang it every Christmas. Other than that, it didn't seem to be too well known but this song has been turning up in piano books lately. There are now several versions in the O'Connor Music Studio if […]
🎄 Christmas Countdown: Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker
Although the original production was not a success, the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was. However, the complete Nutcracker has enjoyed enormous popularity since the late 1960s and is now performed by countless ballet companies, primarily during the Christmas season, especially in North America. Major American ballet companies generate around 40 percent […]
🎄 Christmas Countdown: Johnny Marks
Who? You might say. Johnny Marks (November 10, 1909 – September 3, 1985) was an American songwriter. Although he was Jewish, he specialized in Christmas songs and wrote many holiday standards, including "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer"…
🕎 Happy Hanukkah!
Hanukkah 2021 began in the evening of Sunday, November 28 and ends in the evening of Monday, December 6
🎄 Christmas Countdown: Good King Wenceslas
In 1853, English hymn writer John Mason Neale wrote the "Wenceslas" lyrics, in collaboration with his music editor Thomas Helmore, and the carol first appeared in Carols for Christmas-Tide, 1853. Neales' lyrics were set to a tune based on a 13th century spring carol "Tempus adest floridum" ("The time is near for flowering") first published […]
🎄 Christmas Cantata
The PUMC Sanctuary Choir (including MrsO!) and Orchestra provided a Christmas Cantata during traditional worship service on December 18 at 9:00. The music included: Bethlehem Christmas Sanctus Joy Has Dawned Tell Out My Soul (Soprano—Laura Connors; Baritone-Brian Stevenson) I Saw Three Ships And selections by the Orchestra.
🎄 Christmas Countdown: We Three Kings
"We Three Kings", also known as "We Three Kings of Orient Are" or "The Quest of the Magi", is a Christmas carol written by the Reverend John Henry Hopkins, Jr., who wrote both the lyrics and the music.
🎂 Happy Birthday, Beethoven!
Happy Birthday, Beethoven! He used the # in unusual places before Twitter… but how would Beethoven have used Facebook? And what would his profile look like? From his likes and dislikes to his friends and love interests, we've imagined what the composer might have posted online throughout his life.
🎄 Christmas Countdown: The Birthday of a King
Words and music by William Harold Neidlinger (1863-1924), circa 1890. Neidlinger was a composer, conductor, organist at St. Michael's Church, New York City, and voice teacher, but his main interest was working with retarded children, and he founded a school for this purpose in East Orange, N.J. Originally published in 1912 in Neidlinger's native Brooklyn, […]
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