Since mid-life is often a time when we feel the need take stock of our lives, it seems our 25th anniversary is the perfect catalyst for some self-reflection. The meanderings herein are my way of processing and organizing my feelings about marriage and my journey through it, thus far. Make of it what you will.
I am not quite sure how Darren and I find ourselves celebrating a quarter century of shared experience; almost 30 years, if you count dating in high school and college. Yet, here we are upon the doorstep of our 25th wedding (elopement) anniversary. I can only speak for myself with regards to this experience. But, having known Darren since I was fifteen years old has given me ample opportunity to notice how his brain works, and, though he would likely express it differently, I suspect we are on the same page… or, at least, in the same book!
I could share some trite anniversary sappiness about the joys of marriage, and my anticipation about what the next twenty-five years will bring. But, truth be told, it has not always been easy, and such sentiments would not express the full picture. And, though my anticipation for our future is real, the reality of our journey to the present cannot be summed up in an inspirational social media meme. Marriage has been the breeding ground for personal growth, fraught with communication hurdles, individual differences and moments of downright doubt and uncertainty. Yet, amongst these challenges have been many beautiful moments, fun adventures, lots of laughter and plenty of valuable insights, some of which I will try to articulate here.
I had just turned twenty the month before we crossed the border and applied for our marriage license in Bangor, Maine. Needless to say, I didn't really know who I was, or what I wanted in life at this point. But, I knew I wanted to figure it out together, and I had relative faith that when I arrived at this place of "knowing," Darren and I would still be on the same path. If not, whatever. I would deal with that later. Impulsivity came easy at twenty. It felt good. We eloped and lived with my parents in Connecticut for six months, while I worked and we waited for Darren's green card.
Then, just a little more than a year into our time as husband and wife, we moved to Italy, where Darren would be stationed for three years. This was one of those things in my life that I feel like I truly manifested, out of sheer clarity and desire. Ever since I had lived in Spain in my early teens, I knew I wanted to return to spend time living abroad when I "grew up." A few years later, when I met Darren in Canada in high school, he was inspired by my European vision and made it his own. This shared focus eventually got us to Italy, via the U.S. military, when Darren enlisted as a helicopter mechanic.
Since then, I now see a few other clear manifestations of intent; those times when there was no doubt about what we wanted and the only thing standing in between us and the outcome were the steps we needed to take. The first of these intentions was to get our education. Whether this was fueled by social conditioning or a love of learning was a later point of contemplation, when we began thinking about homeschooling our own kids. Nonetheless, while living in Italy, I plodded away at my bachelors degree, and during his six year enlistment, Darren did the same. At the time, this felt purposeful and I [mostly] enjoyed the experience.
The next intentional pursuit, a handful of years later and back in the States, was starting a family. That took a little introspection, working on my health, and some medical intervention to get the ball rolling. But, three kids later, we had created a family that looked a lot like we had envisioned. Of course, there were a few unexpected twists and a whole new set of filters through which to see the world, too. No regrets there!
One last vision, though mine alone, but impacting both of us, was my conscious effort, starting in 2005, to bring my physical and mental health into better balance. Over the course of a couple years, I released around 100 pounds and a lot of emotional weight, as well. I am thankful for the support I always felt, as I navigated that challenging task and layed down some new neuropathways in my always-busy brain.
Other smaller focused endeavors were scattered around these milestones of travel, education, health and family. Some included career development, more education, creative pursuits, homeschooling our kids, and building community. It seems the first fifteen years of our marriage were a whirlwind of striving towards goals and "building a life," whereas, for the most part, the last ten feel more like the "maintenance years." But, even in the process of maintaining status quo, there are creative elements to sharing space, experience and time that have definitely been enhanced by our partnership.
Yet, in between all these collaborative efforts towards growth, there were times of pulling apart; times when I felt we were not compatible for the long-run and times when I knew Darren felt the same. In the first decade, there was some therapy. It was helpful. Then, life took on a pace of its own. Though our choices have led us to have what would be characterized as a "traditional" relationship, with me fulfilling the role of "homemaker" and, Darren, that of the "breadwinner," I have never felt traditional or stuck in a role that did not suit me. But, if I'm keeping it real, in the early years of parenthood, my financial dependence on Darren might be a factor in our long-term togetherness, in the sense that it gave me the need to pause and think before acting. Had I had my own financial autonomy, there was a time, or two, when I may have jumped ship when things were not matching up to my soulmate ideal, Oprah-empowered, romanticized vision of the relationship I thought we deserved. And, there was a time when Darren had heard enough Oprah quotes and wanted to take the whole ship and sail away by himself, too!
Thankfully, these experiences helped me learn, early in, that I was responsible for my own feelings. And, though I didn't always feel understood, I did feel supported in my efforts to sort myself out. We learned that when we endeavor to really understand another person, we feel invested. When we sense the other person is equally invested, we feel we are creating something worthwhile and purposeful. And, meaning and purpose really are the good stuff; the armor that protects us against the apathy that can accompany aging, the fear of the unknown and the inevitable challenges life presents.
Though, with these challenges, there have been times when our understanding of one another has not felt complete, and our desire to "work on" the growth of our relationship has waned, mostly, there was patience, empathy and commitment to sticking with this joint endeavor to see where it would take us. And, as middle-age approached, a deeper appreciation for our shared journey seemed to settle in. That "soulmate" notion of mine had come to see the value of being life partners, each tending to our own souls, and learning the lessons that only existing in relationship can provide.
In the context of marriage, the need to focus on communication revealed itself slowly over time in our relationship. Coming to understand that good communication was something that needed to be cultivated and nurtured, not a skill we inherently possessed, was a lesson we had to learn through trial and error. The foundation of any relationship is built upon the capacity of those in it to understand one another and a willingness to do the work necessary to reach that place of understanding. The old saying "absence makes the heart grow fonder" has a statute of limitations. Whether it be a physical or an emotional absence, there is a threshold at which we stop creating connection when we are not communicating regularly and/or effectively. Communication is our most valuable tool within relationships and the fuel for the flame of love. And, I have definitely done my part to fan that flame over the years.
I will admit that in the early stages of our relationship, I likely tested the limits of Darren's love for me. My youthful inner turmoil spilled out all over his placid demeanor and he often got caught in my emotional ramblings, philosophical debates and misguided efforts at communication and personal growth. Over time, I learned to "tame my Gremlin," and recognized that the expression "don't dish out what you can't take," is a solid guideline for any relationship. And, in hindsight, I can see where, without this dynamic of our distinct personalities, I might have missed the opportunity to move through these lessons with as much clarity and grace. And, I am sure Darren has received a few lessons of his own, too.
Becoming parents most definitely changed the landscape of our relationship, forcing us to consider, more deeply, the people we wanted to be. I cannot imagine any more profound teachers than my children. They shifted my internal compass away from navigating solely by my own ego, towards the instinctual path of selfless love. They provided the mirror I needed to see my reflection more clearly. Of course, I do not doubt that the complexities of existence could have conjured up some other life path to offer similar wisdom, but, parenting is definitely an efficient means. And, parenting in partnership provides an even better opportunity to know the stuff we are made of. Darren and I are no exception. The insights have been profound and the lessons have not been lost on us.
As we became parents, and explored alternative lifestyle choices, like veganism and homeschooling, we naturally started becoming aware of other divergent paths, including the variations of healthy relationship dynamics that fall outside the social norm of monogamy. Early on, had the right opportunity presented itself, I am not so sure we might not have explored those variations, for better, or for worse. But, despite my hesitancy to label relationships or put love in a box, the default of monogamy, with its inherent flaws, always seemed most constructive for us. And, twenty-five years in, its parameters do not feel binding, but rather provide a context in which to narrow my focus, in a world that seems to pull it all over the place. I, also, have a strong sense that Darren and I genuinely want each other to be happy in this life, and work to have open communication, which, I think, allows us to feel like there is always room to grow.
When we are young, in our surge towards independence, we often question the institution of marriage, the need for financial partnerships, and the efficacy of lifelong commitments. I would encourage all young people to consider these topics! Though, I really didn't. I just jumped in, eyes closed! So, maybe I would caution against too much scrutiny and throw out a reminder that relationships are the fabric of life. Within our social structures, our creative potential can be magnified. Whether it be romantic or otherwise, our connections to others create our story, through which the depth and enjoyment of our experience are dependent. There is only so much we can create in isolation; we need others. But, in hindsight, contemplating those needs early on and defining your own expectations can give you a head start in the relationship department, may save you some personal turmoil and expedite the productivity of your future partnerships!
Twenty-five years into this endeavor, our relationship feels like a permanent fixture. We are family. I feel fortunate to have Darren in my life and I feel resolute in my commitment to my own personal growth and to our relationship. I appreciate the platform from which this partnership has allowed me to experience myself. Maybe there have been no Jerry McGuire "you complete me" moments, but, there have been many moments of meeting halfway, sharing the load and giving each other perspective. I take full responsibility for completing myself, for filling up my own cup and for communicating my feelings in an authentic and caring way. This love story may not be one that inspires feature films or steamy romance novels, but it is my story and it inspires me to show up fully and honestly. It has allowed me to experience love, with all its nuances and intricacies. And, it's not over yet! With any luck, there will be time for more lessons, more moments of co-creative inspiration and the chance to know more of ourselves within relationship to each other.


The Teen Advisory Board @ Grundy Library will be hosting Teen Movie Nights. This event is only for grades 6-12; due to limited seating we can only host 40 teens at a time. Registration enables the participating teen to pizza and soda. For questions please email ls@grundylibrary.org.


MagneHealth pain relief products are proven to aid pain relief. Buy securely from MagneHealth Pain Relief Shop now or call 01989 721010.
We've been selling the MagneHealth range of products since 2005 and we've gradually increased our range. We take ever care to ensure the highest quality, effectiveness and durability of our products to make sure that you get benefit and value from them.
If you have any questions about anything to do with magnets, magnet therapy and MagneHealth products please feel free to contact us on 01989 721010. Our toppers carry a 60 day guarantee which is industry leading and we base this on trying to make sure that you buy the best most effective product from us. We want you to spend your money wisely and get the best benefits from the MagneHealth natural pain relief products.


On average, Americans eat more than 3,400 mg of sodium daily, but 97% do not know or underestimate their intake.
58% have tried to reduce the amount of sodium in their diet.
57% want more choice or control over the sodium content in their food.


Side tables are an absolute need when it involves decorating your home, not only for style however additionally for performance and character. They are great to put in a home or apartment with minimal room. I am going to give you a few ideas to obtain you began. Tall Directors Chair With Side Table.
They constantly appear to refer to finish tables; which is not the case when people think of side tables. Side tables are tables that can be positioned anywhere in your home, such as room, living space, workplace, and a lot more. When it comes to these stunning items of furniture, the possibilities are unlimited.Tall Directors Chair With Side Table.


C.15197 – This is a rare opportunity to own a unique and lavish Gulf Shore Blvd. condominium with a fantastic and one of a kind 1178 sq.ft private deck that will allow you to capture the best sunsets of your life. The unit compliments itself with a very spacious and open floor plan comprised of slightly more than 4300 sq.ft, 3 Bedrooms, 3.5 Baths, Den, Wet Bar, spacious Laundry Room and much, much more. Enjoy fantastic views of the Gulf and Venetian Bay from multiple locations facing both East and West. One of the best Park Shore high-rise buildings with excellent reserves, 24 hour security, front desk, guest suites, gulf side pool and spa, tennis court, grilling area, sauna, fitness center, and social room. All this and conveniently located within walking distance to the shops and restaurants of Venetian Village. Le Jardin is one of the truly sought after addresses in Naples for families with pets, including large dogs. BONUS: The fabulous deck has its own private access to the pool, beach, and your parking spaces. A limited one of a kind opportunity!
The Real Estate Listing information for MLS 218059061 comes from the cooperative Broker Reciprocity Program in Florida. The Broker Reciprocity Program Icon is shown for all Broker Reciprocity Program Listings and the Detail Page includes the name of the participating Listing Broker. The real estate at 4201 N Gulf Shore Blvd #302 Naples FL 34103 may not be the only available Broker Reciprocity Program Listing in the community and Sun Realty may not be the Listing Brokerage. Information herein deemed reliable but not guaranteed or warranted and should be checked for accuracy prior to engaging in any transaction. This website indicates one source of 'Market Value' and we suggest that you look at several other sources to get the best idea of the Real Estate Market Value before entering into any real estate transaction. If you have questions about the value shown please contact Collier County Property Appraiser.


Lucie Fink gives up her cell phone for five days.
Remember when we weren't totally connected to everyone 24/7? We actually had to speak to people in order to get around and live in the world. Sometimes it feels as though we've lost the ability to maintain meaningful ties with others without the help of our ever-present devices.
Watch as Lucie spends five days actually liking things IRL.


Lewis is the Digital Community Projects Coordinator at KWMC. Lewis helps to develop and deliver new projects as a part of the Our Digital City team, with a focus on engaging with adults and older people, delivering training locally and across the city using creative technology and developing digital skills. This includes music production, introductory video and film making and computer literacy.
He is also a part of the team developing and creating digital content for the Knowledge, Knowle West's community website and newsletter.


No more stalling; the 2019 Subaru Crossback is designed for that adventure you've been planning in the back of your mind for months. Its great, friendly design welcomes miles upon miles of new roads, ready to create a tradition of seeing what lies beyond your usual horizons. There's characteristics you expect out of a Subaru that no other car brand can similarly deliver to suit the comfort and attitude a journey needs to be achieved. The 2019 Crossback's standard all-wheel drive, versatile cargo space, and sleek efficiency combine to create a compact SUV just waiting to make memories for years to come.
Offered in three trim levels, the Base, Premium, and Limited, the 2019 Crosstrek is ready to be your basecamp for every scenic stop along the journey, featuring an amazingly spacious interior for you, your passengers, and your gear. 100.9 cubic-feet of total space is contained in this compact SUV, and you'll be surprised what that can actually hold. The 60/40 rear seats fold flat to make storage and packing easier in the up to 55 cubic feet of cargo capacity, or sit up with room to hold three adult passengers with 37 inches of legroom. Tie down hooks are standard to secure whatever you may need to transport. Upholstery comes either in cloth or leather-trim, offering a pop of extra style with bold, orange stitching. Black, simulated carbon fiber finish accents the dash and doors, echoing the black details of the exterior's roof spoiler, wheel flairs, and roof rack. The dash also comes equipped with a multimedia touchscreen that combines the rear camera, Bluetooth with voice recognition, and four- or six- speaker audio system into one control center. A moonroof enhances the freedom of the drive within the Premium and Limited models. Ground clearance is a capable 8.7 inches upon either 17- or 18-inch black alloy wheels.
How does the powertrain perform?
Every 2019 Subaru Crosstrek comes standard with the 2.0-liter four-cylinder SUBARU BOXER engine, delivering 152 horsepower and 145 pound-feet of torque. The Base and Premium trim configurations come either with a six-speed manual transmission or a Lineartronic Continuously Variable Transmission. The 23/29 city/highway mpg totals up to a 480 mile range on one tank of gas. Premium models also offer a seven-speed manual with steering wheel paddle shifters. This transmission is standard within Limited trim types. This transmission boosts economy up to 27/33 city/highway mpg. Bonus: all Crosstreks are all-wheel drive standard, and come with Active Torque Vectoring, Brake Assist, a four-wheel independent raised suspension, and traction control to enhance handling, smooth out your ride, and maintain control no matter the road or weather conditions.
What about the safety features?
Subaru's top priority is well developed and state of the art safety and security features, and the 2019 Crosstrek comes packed with the latest and greatest. Seven airbags come standard within, and the high-strength steel frame is built with long lasting durability, rigidity, vibration resistance, and sophisticated crumple and crash-force redirection zones. Available in all 2019 Crosstrek trims, the Subaru EyeSight package is available to give a nice bonus of driver assist features in even the base model. Pre-Collision Braking, Throttle Management, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane Departure Warning, LaneKeep Assist, and the standard rear backup camera and sensors provide surrounding active features that keep your ride protected.
The 2019 Subaru Crosstrek is the vehicle to complete all your weekend's goals and enhance your journey dreams. Whether it's that perfect trail you always wanted to get out to, or making it to the beach a few more times in the coming summer months, the Crosstrek is there to get you up and going where you really want to be. Come experience what a real getaway SUV feels like today.


text:
\section{Observations and Data Reduction}\label{sec:obs}

Previous spectra of quasars \nonelong\ and \nametwo\ had shown
substantial absorption at wavelengths $\lambda < 4000$\AA\
characteristic of the continuum opacity of \ion{H}{I} gas.
LLS1134a\ and LLS0956B\ were identified as part of an ongoing
program to explore the incidence and physical
characteristics of LLSs \cite{prt10,ome07}
from a sample of $\sim 50$ absorbers,
many of which have apparently low metallicity ($<1/100$ solar).

We first observed quasar \nameone\ on UT January 5, 2006
with the HIRES spectrometer \cite{vog94} on the Keck\,I
telescope on Mauna Kea. The data were obtained in two exposures totaling
6300 seconds, with the instrument configured with the red
cross-disperser, the C5 decker, and the kv380 blocking filter to
suppress second order flux.  In this configuration, the instrument
provides a resolution of $\sim 8$ km~s$^{-1}$\ FWHM, and the echelle and
cross-disperser angles were set to provide wavelength coverage
$4017$ \AA\ $< \lambda < 8534$ \AA.  These spectra have gaps in
coverage at $\lambda
\sim 5450$\AA\ and 7050\AA\ due to spacings between the CCDs in the
detector mosaic.  There are also a series of gaps in wavelength
coverage beyond $\lambda
> 6300$\AA\ where the free spectral range of the spectrometer exceeds
the detector width.

We observed \nametwo\ with HIRES once on UT January 3, 2006 for 7200
seconds, and again on UT April 7, 2006 for 1800 seconds.
For the January data, HIRES was configured with the
UV cross-disperser and the C5 decker, again providing $\sim 8$ km~s$^{-1}$\
FWHM resolution.  The wavelengths covered in this
configuration were $3621$ \AA\ $< \lambda < 5533$ \AA, with gaps in
coverage only related to the CCD mosaic.
The April 2006 data had HIRES configured with the red
cross-disperse, the C1 Decker, and the og530 blocking filter.  The
wavelengths $5465$ \AA\ $< \lambda < 9998$ \AA\ were covered with wavelength
gaps due to the spacings of the CCD mosaic and the limited detector
size.

For both quasars, the 2D images were reduced with the HIRESredux
pipeline\footnote{http://www.ucolick.org/$\sim$xavier/HIRedux/index.html}
which extracts and coadds the data.  An interactive continuum fitting
procedure within the pipeline assigns a continuum level to each
coadded spectral order, and the continuum normalized spectra are then
combined into a single 1D spectrum.  For \nameone, the resultant
1D spectrum has a signal-to-noise ratio S/N~$\sim 25$ per 2.6 km~s$^{-1}$\ pixel at
6300\AA, the central wavelength.  For \nametwo, the 1D spectra have S/N~$\sim 30$
per 2.6 km~s$^{-1}$\ pixel at 4500\AA\ for the UV cross-disperser data, and $\sim 10$
per 1.4 km~s$^{-1}$\ pixel at 6000 \AA\ for the red cross-disperser data.

We also observed \nameone\ on UT 2011 July 1 with the LRIS
spectrograph \cite{oke95} on the Keck\,I telescope on Mauna Kea.
We obtained a single exposure of 400 seconds, with the instrument configured with
the 600/4000 grism, the D560 dichroic and the 600/7500 grating, tilted to ensure
continuous spectral coverage between the blue and red arms.
The 2D images were reduced with the LowRedux
pipeline\footnote{http://www.ucolick.org/$\sim$xavier/LowRedux/index.html}
which calibrates and extracts the data.

\section{Hydrogen and Deuterium Analysis}

We now describe the \ion{H}{I} and \ion{D}{I} analysis for each LLS.

\subsection{The Lyman Limit System at \zllsone\ toward \nameone}\label{sec:LLSone}

Both the strong Lyman limit absorption
visible in the Keck/LRIS spectrum (Fig. 2),
and the saturation of the high-order Lyman series lines
in the Keck/HIRES data (Fig. S2)
imply a large \ion{H}{I} column density,
$N_{\rm HI}$. Fig. S1\ shows a zoom-in of the Keck/LRIS
spectrum for \nameone, focusing on the Lyman limit absorption.
We estimate the flux just redward of the Lyman limit to be $13 \pm 2$
in our relative units.  This estimate appropriately includes the attenuation of the
quasar light by the Ly$\alpha$\ forest.  In the following, we assume a
flat spectrum for the continuum and note that a more realistic
spectrum would yield a slightly higher estimate for the $N_{\rm HI}$\ value.
Just blueward of
the Lyman limit ($\lambda = 3950-4000$\AA),  we set a conservative
upper limit to the relative flux of 0.05.  Combining these two
measurements, we estimate a lower limit to the optical
depth at the Lyman limit of $\tau_{\rm LL} > \ln(9./0.05) > 5$ for a
total $N_{\rm HI} > 10^{17.9}
\cm{-2}$.  The model for this $N_{\rm HI}$\ limit, shown as the green line in
Fig. S1, is marginally acceptable at $\lambda \sim
4000$\AA, but predicts a recovery of the flux at $\lambda < 3800$\AA\
that appears inconsistent with the observations.
Metal-lines and strong Ly$\alpha$\ lines in the HIRES spectrum, however, reveal
the presence of other absorbers along the sightline to \nameone\ at redshifts
$z=3.0283$, $z=3.0753$, $z=3.1047$, $z=3.2396$, $z=3.2616$, and $z=3.3223$.
These systems could contribute to the opacity at $\lambda < 3942$\AA.
If they do not, then LLS1134a\ must have a higher $N_{\rm HI}$\ value.

Fig. S1\ shows the data binned with a weighted mean
in windows of 50\AA\ between $3400-4000$\AA.
Overplotted on these binned evaluations (whose errors only
reflect statistical uncertainty) is a model curve for
$N_{\rm HI} = 10^{18.05} \cm{-2}$ (blue line).  This $N_{\rm HI}$\ value reproduces the
observed absorption to $\sim 3400$\AA.
Larger $N_{\rm HI}$\ values are not ruled out by the
analysis, especially when one allows for systematic error (e.g.\ sky
subtraction).
In summary, we report a lower limit to the total $N_{\rm HI}$\ value of
$10^{17.9} \cm{-3}$ and note the data require yet higher values if
LLS1134a\ dominates the opacity at $\lambda < 3700$\AA.

To further refine the $N_{\rm HI}$\ measurement and its redshift distribution,
we have performed detailed analysis of the Lyman series lines.  This
analysis, however, is challenged by the fact that gas with $N_{\rm HI} \sim
10^{18} \cm{-2}$ has Lyman series lines that lie on the saturated
portion of the curve-of-growth (e.g.\ \cite{prt10}).
As such, we proceed cautiously as this may impose large uncertainties in the model.
We may first set a strict upper limit to the total $N_{\rm HI}$\ of LLS1134a\ from the
absence of substantial damping wings in the Ly$\alpha$\ profile (Fig. 2).
Because the flux would be over-absorbed for all models with
$N_{\rm HI}$\ exceeding $10^{18.7} \cm{-2}$,
this is the largest $N_{\rm HI}$\ value allowed for LLS1134a.
Second, the complete absorption at $\lambda \sim 4030$\AA\ by the
Lyman series requires $N_{\rm HI} > 10^{17.6} \cm{-2}$, consistent with the
Lyman limit analysis performed above.

Lastly, we can model the \ion{H}{I}
absorption using the {\sc vpfit v9.5} package that allows one to
fit multiple Voigt profiles to the spectrum.
Our general approach is to include as few components
as possible (each defined by a redshift $z$, column density $N_{\rm HI}$,
and Doppler parameter $b_{\rm HI}$)
to match the Lyman series absorption.
The data are best described by two principal \ion{H}{I}
components (LLS1134a\ and LLS1134b), as evident from a visual inspection of
the higher order Lyman series lines (Fig. 2\ and S2).
Since  LLS1134b is unsaturated beyond
Ly-14, we first measure the line-parameters of this subsystem
using the Lyman series lines between Ly-10 and Ly-16.
We find  $z=3.41167\pm0.00001$, $b_{\rm HI}=18.0\pm0.9~\rm km~s^{-1}$
and $\log N_{\rm HI}$ $=16.71\pm 0.02$
indicating that this component has a nearly negligible contribution to
the observed Lyman limit. Adding an additional  uncertainty of $0.02$ dex
related to the $1-3\%$ error in the continuum placement,
our best fit value for the column density of LLS1134b becomes $\log N_{\rm HI}$ $=16.71\pm 0.03$.
Then, we model LLS1134a\ and the deuterium
absorption, using both high order Lyman series lines (Ly-7 through Ly-16)
as well as Ly-$\alpha$ and Ly-$\beta$.  For these transitions,
we must include absorption from gas unrelated to LLS1134 which we ascribe to
coincident Ly$\alpha$\ absorption from lower redshift absorbers.
A summary of the model parameters is given in Table S1.

The strongest \ion{H}{I} component has $z=3.410883\pm0.000004$,
$\log N_{\rm HI}$ $=17.94\pm 0.05$ and an \ion{H}{I} Doppler parameter
$b_{\rm HI}= 15.4\pm0.3~\rm km~s^{-1}$.
The latter is consistent with a predominantly ionized gas
at a temperature $T \le 1.4 \sci{4}$\,K.
The line-parameters for LLS1134a\ are well
constrained by the full Lyman series and the resultant $N_{\rm HI}$\ value is
consistent with our Lyman limit analysis of the Keck/LRIS spectrum.
Despite the line-saturation,  there is substantial constraint on the
$b_{\rm HI}$ value, and thereby the $N_{\rm HI}$\ value, from the line-profile shapes
of the Lyman series lines.  This conclusion hinges, however, on the
assumption that the \ion{H}{I} absorption at $z\sim 3.41088$
is dominated by a single component.   As we will demonstrate in the next paragraph,
this assumption is well supported by the analysis of neighboring \ion{D}{I}
absorption. From the above discussion, we conclude $N_{\rm HI} = 10^{17.95 \pm 0.05} \cm{-2}$
for LLS1134a. The $0.02$ dex error on the continuum placement is in this case
negligible compared to the statistical uncertainty.
In regards to the metallicity of this gas,
we further emphasize that $\log N_{\rm HI}$ $\ge 17.95$ is preferred by the
analysis of the Lyman continuum opacity, despite the symmetric
statistical error. If anything, metallicity limits derived from this
$N_{\rm HI}$\ value may be considered conservative.

In addition to the \ion{H}{I} Lyman series,
LLS1134a\ exhibits substantial absorption for the \ion{D}{I} Ly$\alpha$\ and
Ly$\beta$\ transitions at the expected $-82~{\rm km~s^{-1}}$ offset from the
\ion{H}{I} lines. Due to blending with absorption lines from lower
redshift gas, deuterium is not detected in the remaining Lyman series lines.
Although both of the \ion{D}{I} transitions are partially blended with (presumed)
\ion{H}{I} absorption, a simultaneous fit to the
hydrogen and deuterium absorption lines (Fig. S2)
constrains $\log N_{\rm DI} = 13.26 \pm 0.04$ and $b_{\rm DI}=10.2\pm0.8$.
The latter parameter is fully consistent with the $b_{\rm HI}$ value
derived from the hydrogen absorption. The deuterium estimate is
more sensitive to the continuum placement error than hydrogen,
particularly at the position of Ly-$\beta$. Therefore, we include an additional
uncertainty of $\sim 0.08$ dex, computed
by repeating multiple times this analysis after having varied the
continuum level by $\pm 1-3\%$.
When we express the Doppler parameter as a
function of thermal broadening $b_{\rm ther}$ and turbulent component $b_{\rm turb}$,
the expected ratio of the hydrogen and deuterium $b$ parameters is
$b_{\rm DI}/b_{\rm HI}=\sqrt{1-0.5 \phi}$ with
$\phi=b_{\rm HI, ther}^2/(b_{\rm HI,ther}^2+b_{\rm turb}^2)$ and $0<\phi<1$.
The measured $b_{\rm DI}/b_{\rm HI}=0.66$ is within 10\% of the expected value for
turbulent broadening ($\phi \sim 1$).
The best-fit $\rm D/H$ ratio for LLS1134a\ is $\log \rm (D/H) = -4.69 \pm 0.06$,
in agreement with previous determinations (Table S3).
This consistency provides additional confidence on the model for the
hydrogen absorption. Due to the partial blending of the \ion{D}{I} lines with intervening
hydrogen, the deuterium column density is affected by the
additional uncertainty on the line parameters for the hydrogen absorption.
Including this error, our best estimate becomes $\log \rm (D/H) = -4.69 \pm 0.09$.
Finally, including the uncertainty on the continuum determination,
we find $\log \rm (D/H) = -4.69 \pm 0.13$.

\subsection{The Lyman Limit System at \zllstwo\ toward \nametwo}\label{sec:LLStwo}

A partial LLS (LLS0956A)  was previously identified in low-resolution
spectra of  \nametwo\  and associated with corresponding metal-line absorption at
$z=3.2228$ \cite{ste90}.  We confirm this identification (Fig. 3).
An LLS at lower redshift was also reported by Steidel et al. \cite{ste90},
who proposed it was associated with a metal-line system at
$z=3.1142$.  Our analysis of the HIRES spectra,
however, only reveals substantial high-order Lyman series absorption for a
system at $z \sim 3.096$ and we adopt this as the redshift for LLS0956B.

Non-zero flux is detected blueward of the Lyman limit for each system,
implying $N_{\rm HI} < 10^{17.8} \cm{-2}$ for both LLS0956A\ and LLS0956B.
At this optical depth ($\tau_{\rm LL}\sim 1$), the total $N_{\rm HI}$\ value is well established by
the Lyman limit opacity and the analysis of unsaturated Lyman series
lines.

The hydrogen Lyman series of LLS0956A\ is detected through to Lyman-21
in our HIRES data, together with \ion{C}{IV} and \ion{Si}{IV} metal
lines.  By modeling the unsaturated hydrogen transitions from Lyman-16
to Lyman-21, we derive the redshift $z=3.223194\pm0.000002$,
the column density $\log N_{\rm HI}$ $=17.37\pm0.01$, and the Doppler parameter
$b_{\rm HI}=20.4 \pm 0.2$. Similarly, for LLS0956B, the hydrogen Lyman
series is clearly visible through to Lyman-15 and, at lower
signal-to-noise, through to Lyman-21. No other metal lines are
detected at the hydrogen position, while deuterium is blended in the
strongest transitions. Combining both high-order saturated and
non-saturated \ion{H}{I} absorption lines, we model this LLS with a
single component at $z=3.096221\pm0.000009$, with
$b_{\rm HI}=20.2\pm0.8 ~\rm km~s^{-1}$ and $\log N_{\rm HI}$ $=17.18\pm0.03$ (Fig.
3\ and S3). After accounting for an additional $0.02$
dex of uncertainty on the continuum placement,
the best fit column density for LLS0956B\ becomes $\log N_{\rm HI}$ $=17.18\pm0.04$.
The Doppler parameter implies a temperature $T
\le 2.5 \times 10^{4}$ K, typical for photoionized gas.

\section{Metal Line Analysis}

We now discuss upper limits to the column densities of atoms and ions
for heavy elements in these metal free LLSs.

\subsection{LLS1134}

LLS1134a\ is conspicuously free of metal-line absorption, as shown in
Fig. 2\
where we mark for selected ionic transitions the position corresponding
to this LLS and to the weaker hydrogen component
(\zllsone\ and $z=3.41167$ respectively). For both LLS1134a\ and
LLS1134b, we can place upper limits to the ionic column
densities using the apparent optical depth method \cite{sav91},
with the key limiting factors being the $\rm S/N$ of the spectrum
and contamination from the Ly$\alpha$\ forest (i.e.\ Ly$\alpha$\ lines at
unrelated wavelengths). For this analysis, we
choose a velocity window of $\pm 15 ~ \rm km~s^{-1}$ that is
wide enough to encompass the expected width for metal lines
given the hydrogen and deuterium absorption properties.
A larger velocity window of $\pm 20 ~ \rm km~s^{-1}$ would
yield slightly higher ($\sim 0.06$ dex) limits.
A summary of the metal column densities is presented in Table S2.

For most of the listed ionic transitions, we place robust upper limits
based solely on the variance and the
uncertainty associated with a $1-3\%$ ($\rm S/N$ dependent) error
in continuum placement.
Transitions blueward of 5450\AA, however, lie within the
Ly$\alpha$\ forest which complicates the estimates.
Of particular interest to the metallicity of LLS1134a\ are the strong
transitions of \ion{Si}{III}~1206 and \ion{C}{III}~977.  Fig. S4\
reveals that there is substantial absorption at the predicted
wavelength for each transition.  This absorption is broad, however,
and has peak optical depth that is substantially offset from the
predicted line-center.  It is certain, therefore, that these
transitions are blended with coincident absorption by the IGM.  In
this case, an upper limit based on the apparent optical
depth would overestimate the column densities.

Better limits to the \ion{Si}{III} and \ion{C}{III} column
densities can be derived using models for these absorption lines.
We fix the Doppler parameters for the metal lines using the
hydrogen and deuterium $b$ values. From the \ion{H}{I} and \ion{D}{I} lines, we infer
a temperature $(1.6 \pm 0.2) \times 10^4$ K and an upper limit on the turbulent
velocity $b_{\rm turb}<2.2~\rm km~s^{-1}$. Carbon and silicon absorption lines
that arise in gas with these properties would be characterized by $b_{\rm C} = 6.9~{\rm km~s^{-1}}$
and $b_{\rm Si} = 5.3~{\rm km~s^{-1}}$. These Doppler parameters are within the range
commonly observed for metal-line transitions (e.g.\ \cite{lid10}).
A first limit to the column densities of  \ion{C}{III} and \ion{Si}{III}
is set by demanding that the peak optical depth of each metal line does not
exceed the observed absorption. This approach,
that basically ignores the fact that the opacity is
dominated by coincident IGM lines,  yields upper limits
of $\log N_{\rm SiIII} < 11.85$  and $\log N_{\rm CIII} < 12.45$.
Lines of column density higher than these would exceed the observed
absorption at the corresponding transitions, as shown in the top panels of
Fig. S4.

A substantial fraction of the opacity at the \ion{Si}{III} and \ion{C}{III}
frequencies must however arise from the two broad  Ly$\alpha$ forest lines
blueward to these metal transitions.
We set therefore limits to $\log N_{\rm SiIII}$ and $\log N_{\rm CIII}$ using a two
component model that includes both the metal lines and the Ly$\alpha$ forest.
Following this procedure, we find $\log N_{\rm SiIII}<11.40$ and
$\log N_{\rm CIII}<12.20$. Since additional
Ly$\alpha$ lines at both negative and positive velocities
are required to account for all the observed absorption,
the choice of this minimal scenario (only two components) yields a
quite conservative limit to the metal column densities.

Inspecting the strongest transitions of LLS1134b, the second main hydrogen component
at $z=3.41167$, we see that \ion{Si}{III} and \ion{C}{III}
are detected. These transitions are commonly found in highly
ionized LLSs. Again using the apparent optical depth method, we
find for the column densities of these ions $\log N_{\rm CIII} =
13.03 \pm 0.02$ and $\log N_{\rm SiIII} = 12.15 \pm 0.02$.
While a strong line is clearly visible at the position of \ion{S}{III}
for this component, the implied column density would greatly exceed that for
\ion{Si}{III} and \ion{C}{III} indicating that the absorption is dominated
by contamination from the Ly$\alpha$\ forest.

\subsection{LLS0956B}

Similarly to LLS1134a, LLS0956B\ is free of metal line absorption
(Fig. 3). Using the apparent optical depth method, we determine upper
limits to the ionic column densities in the velocity interval
$\pm 15 ~ \rm km~s^{-1}$, consistent with the expected metal line width.
The metal column densities for the strongest transitions,
including the variance and uncertainty related to continuum placement,  are listed in
Table~S2.

\ion{C}{III} $\lambda 977$ is blended in the Ly$\alpha$\ forest.
Supported by the lack of any silicon absorption (\ion{Si}{II}, \ion{Si}{III},
and \ion{Si}{IV}) and the absence of \ion{C}{II} and \ion{C}{IV}, we conclude
that carbon is not present in this system to limits comparable to the ones
inferred from silicon. Therefore, we do not include \ion{C}{III} $\lambda 977$
in our estimates of the metallicity, but we rely on the \ion{Si}{III} upper limit
which we measure directly with the apparent optical depth method.
We note that a larger velocity window of $\pm 20 ~ \rm km~s^{-1}$
would result in a slightly higher ($0.06$ dex) column density limit.
We also note that the strongest \ion{Si}{II} line
at $\lambda 1260$ is overwhelmingly contaminated by intervening
\ion{H}{I} absorption and we use the \ion{Si}{II} $\lambda 1526$
line to set a limit for this ion.

\section{Metallicity Limits}

Having established the \ion{H}{I} column densities and
limits to the ionic column densities of Si, C, and O, we may set
upper limits to the heavy element abundances in the two LLSs.
This requires, however, a careful consideration of
the ionization state of the gas.
Generally, the ionization state is assessed through a comparison of
observed ionic column densities with ionization models.  Absent the
detection of {\it any} metal transitions, we must consider
physically-motivated scenarios for the properties of the gas and
thereby estimate limits to the metallicities.

In a perfectly neutral medium, all of the elements would be in their atomic
state (ignoring molecular formation) and one could estimate the
metallicity directly from the observed column densities of the atomic
transitions (e.g.\ \ion{H}{I}, \ion{C}{I}, \ion{O}{I}).
In this extreme model one would recover
$\rm \log(O/H) - \log(O/H)_\odot \equiv [O/H]~<-1.9 (-1.4)$
and $\rm [C/H]~< -2.1 (-1.3)$
for LLS1134a\ (LLS0956B), which are
the most conservative limits possible.
In essentially all astrophysical environments, however,
the gas is irradiated by local and external sources
which photoionizes at least the outer layers of the cloud.
Photons with energy $h\nu < 1$\,Ryd will photoionize all
elements whose first ionization potential is below that of hydrogen
(e.g.\ C, Si) and harder photons may ionized a majority of the
\ion{H}{I} gas and place the heavy elements in higher ionization
states. Collisional processes, predominantly with electrons and hydrogen nuclei,
may further ionize the medium for gas at $T> 10^4$\,K.

Focusing on photoionization first, the population of galaxies
and quasars at $z \sim 3$ is known to generate an extragalactic UV
background (EUVB) which ionizes the majority of baryons in the
universe (e.g.\ \cite{haa96,rau97}).  For gas with the relatively
low \ion{H}{I} column densities of our LLSs, one predicts that the
EUVB has substantially ionized the hydrogen gas and any heavy
elements that are present.
To quantitatively assess this process and its impact on the
metallicity estimates, we have calculated a series of photoionization
models using the {\sc cloudy} software package \cite{fer98}.  We assumed
that each LLS may be modeled as a series of layers with constant
hydrogen density $n_{\rm H}$, constant and low metallicity,
and a plane-parallel geometry.  We
irradiated this gas with the Haardt and Madau EUVB model\footnote{The results would be
slightly different with a different shape for the radiation field,
but the differences are much smaller than those related to varying
the ionization parameter.} (quasars+galaxies)  \cite{haa11}
evaluated at the redshift of each LLS
(e.g.\ $J_\nu = 2.45 \sci{-22} \; {\rm erg \, s^{-1} \, Hz^{-1} \,
  cm^{-2}}$ at 1\,Ryd\ for $z=3.4$)
and considered gas with a range of $n_{\rm H}$\ values.
It is standard practice to
describe a given photoionization model by the ionization parameter
$U \equiv \Phi/(n_{\rm H} c)$ with $\Phi$ the flux of ionizing photons.
Each model was restricted to have a total $N_{\rm HI}$\ column density
consistent with the observations.

In Fig. S5, we present the upper limits
to the metallicity of the two LLSs as a function of $n_{\rm H}$\ values.
The figure indicates the limit imposed for the range of
ions constrained by our observations.
As a function of $n_{\rm H}$,
each curve shows the metallicity limit from a given
ion according to the measured upper limit on its column density.  The black
symbols then trace the lowest metallicity imposed by the full set of
measurements at each $n_{\rm H}$\ value.  In all cases we compare to the solar
abundances of \cite{asp09}.

At high densities (low $U$
values), the tightest limits are given by the lowest ionization stages of
the heavy elements (Si$^+$, O$^0$, C$^+$).
These set upper limits to the metallicity of $< \sim 10^{-3} Z_\odot$.
We emphasize, however, that
such high densities are improbable.
A gas with $n_{\rm H} > 10^{-1} \cm{-3}$ is predicted to have a
neutral fraction $x_{\rm HI} \equiv n_{\rm HI}/n_{\rm H} > 0.1$,
but all of the LLSs that have been studied to date exhibit
substantial absorption from higher ionization states of Si, C, and O.
When analyzed as photoionized gas, one derives ionization parameters
$\log U = -3$ to $-1$ (Fig. S6).
At the respective redshift for the two LLSs, this implies a volume density
$n_{\rm H} < 10^{-2} \cm{-3}$ which corresponds to an overdensity relative to the mean
baryon density of $\rho/\rho_{\rm mean} < 850$.
As $n_{\rm H}$\ decreases (and $U$ increases), the heavy
elements shift to higher ionization states and the limits on the gas
metallicity become much more stringent.  This is partly a result of
tighter limits to the ionic column densities but it is primarily
because our models are forced to match the observed $N_{\rm HI}$\ value.
At higher ionization
parameter, the gas is more highly ionized and the total implied
hydrogen column density is correspondingly larger ($N_{\rm H} = N_{\rm HI} /
x_{\rm HI}$).  Therefore, at fixed metallicity this implies higher total
column densities for the heavy elements.
For the ionization
parameters typically measured for LLSs ($U > 10^{-3}$), we set an
upper limit to the gas metallicity (based on Si) of $Z < 10^{-4.2} (10^{-3.8}) Z_\odot$
for LLS1134a\ (LLS0956B).
This is a conservative value and also the most physically-motivated limit
to the metallicity.

If the intensity of the ionization field is much higher than the
assumed EUVB, the lack of substantial \ion{Si}{IV} and \ion{C}{IV}
absorption imposes a tight limit to the metallicity, as evident
from Fig. S5.
Extreme scenarios in which most of the metals are in even higher
ionization states are highly implausible since at $\log U \gg 1$
a neutral fraction $x_{\rm HI} \ll -6$ would imply a total
hydrogen column density $N_{\rm H} \gg 10^{24}~\rm cm^{-2}$.
Further, if these two LLSs lie in proximity to
a star forming galaxy, the ionization field is dominated by a
softer spectrum. To explore this possibility, we have calculated a
second set of \textsc{cloudy} models adding to the EUVB the
contribution from a galaxy with star formation rate
$100~\rm M_\odot ~yr^{-1}$. We have further assumed that the escape
fraction of ionizing radiation is $f_{\rm esc} = 0.1$ and that the
LLSs are at 100 kpc from the star forming disks. Under these
conditions, the ionization states of the metals do not differ substantially
from our previous calculation. Indeed, at $N_{\rm HI} = 10^{18}~\rm cm^{-2}$,
the inferred metallicity for LLS1134a\ is $Z<10^{-4.0}$.
Therefore, we conclude that the assumed limits of $\sim 10^{-4}$
for LLS1134a\ and LLS0956B\ are representative of the underlying gas metallicity
in different plausible scenarios.

For gas with $T> 2\sci{4}$\,K, collisional ionization is an important
process for establishing the ionization state of the gas.  If one
assumes collisional ionization equilibrium, it is straightforward
to set limits on the gas as a function of the gas temperature
\cite{gna07}.
For $T > 2.5 \sci{4}$\,K, the limits are yet lower than those suggested by the
photoionization modeling. At $T \sim 5 \sci{4}$\,K,
the lack of substantial \ion{Si}{III} and \ion{C}{III} constrains the
metallicity at $Z < 10^{-6} (10^{-5}) Z_\odot$ for LLS1134a\ (LLS0956B),
while at higher temperatures, $T \sim 10^{5}$\,K,
the upper limits on the \ion{Si}{IV} and \ion{C}{IV} column densities
correspond to
$Z < 3 \times 10^{-7} (10^{-6}) Z_\odot$ for LLS1134a\ (LLS0956B).
At temperatures below $T \sim 2.5 \sci{4}$\,K,
we expect both collisional ionization and photoionization to contribute, with
the latter dominating.

\section{Comparison with Other Observations}

To compare the limits on the metallicity for LLS1134a\ and LLS0956B\ with other
observations, we search the literature for metallicity estimates of cosmic
structures in the redshift interval $2< \sim z < \sim 5$.
The metal abundances in solar units as a function of the gas density are summarized
in Fig. 1. Since we cannot guarantee completeness in our search,
this figure  offers only a qualitative assessment on the interval of metallicity reported
in one or multiple studies which include large samples. Here we provide a
description of the different data shown in the figure.

The range of densities and metals for the Ly$\alpha$ forest is taken from \cite{sim04},
who compile \ion{O}{VI} absorption statistics at $z\sim 2.5$ using
the line-fitting technique. These metallicities are
consistent with other studies that are
based on different analysis of the IGM (e.g.\ the pixel optical depth method
\cite{agu08}). Upper limits and statistical fluctuations around or below $Z\sim 10^{-3}$ have
been also reported at densities $\rho/\rho_{\rm mean} \sim 1$. These are represented in
Fig. 1\ using a downward arrow.

For the LLSs (here loosely defined in the interval $\log N_{\rm HI}\sim 10^{16}-10^{20.3}~\cm{-2}$),
we search in the literature for published metallicity and densities between  $z=1.5-4.5$
\cite{prt10,pro99,kir03,dod01,pro06,pro99a,ome01,bur98a,bur98b,kir00,cri04,lev03,rei93,sar90,lev03b}.
The range plotted in Fig. 1\ brackets these observations. For this class of
objects we also present the logarithmic mean and standard deviation based on our
(nearly) complete compilation. In addition to the metallicity, we gathered
information on the ionization parameters, used to produce Fig. S6.
ISM metallicity in damped Ly$\alpha$ systems has been
measured with both quasars and $\gamma-$ray bursts (GRBs).
In both cases, we adopt a number density $0.05-10\cm{-3}$ which is
consistent with the densities for the ISM atomic phase
\cite{spi78,jorgenson10}.
For the quasar sample, we report the range of metallicity between $z=2-5$
from \cite{pro03}, extended at the lower end with the metal poor sample of
\cite{pen10}. For the GRB sample we adopt instead the metallicities presented in \cite{pro07}.

Spectroscopy of high redshift galaxies provide abundances from unresolved
\ion{H}{II} regions in star forming galaxies. Here, we adopt the metallicity
in two samples of $z\sim 2$ and $z \sim 3$ galaxies from \cite{erb06,man09}.
We adopt a range of densities typical of nearby \ion{H}{II} regions
\cite{ost89}. Several studies have revealed super-solar metallicity in the broad line regions
of quasars. Here, we adopt a compilation of metallicity from a large sample of $z>3.7$
quasars and  we choose a density interval typically measured in the broad line region
\cite{ost89}.

Finally, we present the metallicity in Milky Way halo stars.
Stellar metallicity is often quoted using iron abundance, but
the density of heavy elements is dominated by O, C, Ne, and other
$\alpha$-elements. We therefore consider
the oxygen abundances presented in \cite{fab09}, extended at low
metallicity with the star reported by \cite{caf11}.
Although the inferred metallicity at the lower end
suffers from considerable observational uncertainties \cite{fab09},
values at  $Z\sim 10^{-3}Z_\odot$ are common in large compilations \cite{sud11}
even for stars with extremely low iron abundances. In fact, only a single star has been reported
at $Z\sim 10^{-4} Z_\odot$ \cite{caf11}.

\clearpage
\begin{figure*}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6,angle=90]{fig_lls_lris.ps}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
{\bf Figure S1:}
{\small  LRIS spectrum of \nameone\ at the Lyman limit.
Superimposed to the data, we show the flux decrement
for a $N_{\rm HI} = 10^{18.05} \cm{-2}$ LLS (blue line) together with the error on the flux
(red dotted line). In the inset, we show the data at full resolution
(gray histogram) and in bins of 50 \AA\ (crosses).
A model of the Lyman limit opacity
for $\log N_{\rm HI}$$>17.90$ (green line) is also shown.}

\clearpage
\begin{figure*}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{j1134+5742_H.eps}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
{\bf Figure~S2:}
{\small  Gallery of the Lyman series transitions (black histograms)
and best fit models (red lines) for LLS1134. The yellow shaded regions represent the
$2\sigma$ errors on the line parameters.
LLS1134a\ and LLS1134b are marked by vertical lines, while the dotted
black lines indicate the $1\sigma$ error on the flux. Individual components included in the
model are shown with gray lines.}

\clearpage
\begin{figure*}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{q0956_H.eps}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
{\bf Figure~S3:}
{\small Same as Figure S2, but for LLS0956B.}

\clearpage
\begin{figure*}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{sc_metline.eps}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
{\bf Figure S4:}
{\small Top panels:  \ion{C}{III}~977  and \ion{Si}{III}~1206
transitions for LLS1134a. Together with the HIRES data (black histograms),
we display a model for the strongest lines that could be hidden by the IGM
absorption (red dashed lines). In the bottom panels, we present
a single component model (gray dashed line) for the IGM absorption
that contributes to the opacity at the \ion{C}{III}  and \ion{Si}{III} frequencies.
Models for these transitions with the adopted column density limits are
also shown (gray dotted line). In red, we display the combined two-component models, together
with the corresponding $2\sigma$ errors on the line parameters.
In all cases, we assume a Doppler parameter of $6.9~\rm km~s^{-1}$ for
carbon and $5.3~\rm km~s^{-1}$ for silicon, as inferred from the hydrogen and
deuterium lines.}

\clearpage
\begin{figure*}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{fig_mtl_photo_density.ps}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
{\bf Figure~S5:}
{\small The two panels describe the metallicity limits to (top) LLS1134a\ and
(bottom) LLS0956B\ as a function of the gas density $n_{\rm H}$, assuming
the Haardt and Madau EUVB radiation field \cite{haa11}.  Each curve shows the
metallicity limit for a given ion according to the upper limit on its column density.
Elements C, O, and Si are traced by dotted, dashed, and dash-dot lines
respectively.   The black
symbols then trace the lowest metallicity imposed by the full set of
measurements at each $n_{\rm H}$. The solid gray curves in the figure indicate the logarithm of the
neutral fraction of the gas $x_{\rm HI} \equiv n_{\rm HI}/n_{\rm H}$.}

\clearpage
\begin{figure*}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6,angle=90]{sc_udistr.eps}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}
{\bf Figure~S6:}
{\small Distribution of the ionization parameter $U$ for all the $z>1.5$ LLSs reported
to date in the literature. The value $U=10^{-3}$ used in this analysis is marked
with a dashed line.}

\clearpage
\input{sc_fitj11.tex}
\newline
{\bf Table S1:}
{\small Summary of the best-fit model for the LLS1134 hydrogen and deuterium
absorption. For each ion we list: the redshift of the absorption, the velocity
offset relative to the main hydrogen component, the Doppler parameter and the
column density.}

\clearpage
\input{sc_tablecolum.tex}
\newline
{\bf Table S2:}
{\small $2\sigma$ upper limits on the column density
of metal ions and rest-frame equivalent widths.
Rest frame wavelengths and oscillator strengths ($f$) from \cite{mor03} are also listed.}

\clearpage
\input{sc_tabdh.tex}
{\bf Table S3:}
{\small Deuterium abundances in $z>2$ absorption line systems.}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Make heads turn in this green velvet silk unstitched lehenga choli spruced up with zari embroidery and sequins detailing. Paired with a zari embroidered velvet silk blouse and net zari work dupatta. It can be customized upto size 42. Please contact us to check if this can be made in a bigger size.


Lauren Murray was on the receiving end of some nasty Twitter backlash following last weekend's X Factor.
As results were called on the show, Lauren eagerly awaited the fate of her pal Che Chesterman. As 4th Impact came over to hug her, she seemily pushed them out of the way. It sparked rumours of a rift and ructions amongst the contestants. In reality, she'd just moved aside to hear what was happening to Che.
Since the incident, Lauren has revealed she's been getting some 'disgusting' death threats on Twitter.
She went on to say that the nature of the messages have been particularly difficult reading.
'Some of the stuff that people have been saying has been – I don't know where people get it from.
MORE: Sam Bailey: 'It's time to axe the X Factor' – do you agree?


text:
Gold medalist Jessie Diggins returns to…
Gold medalist Jessie Diggins returns to Minnesota, leads charge to bring X-C skiing World Cup here
By Dave Orrick | Pioneer Press
PUBLISHED: April 12, 2018 at 7:42 p.m. | UPDATED: April 12, 2018 at 11:18 p.m.
U.S. Olympic gold medalist Jessie Diggins is recognized on the floor at the start of a session of the Minnesota House at the State Capitol in St. Paul on Thursday, April 12, 2018. Diggins, a member of the U.S. women's cross-country ski team for the 2018 Winter Olympics, also held a news conference with Rep. Tony Jurgens, R-Cottage Grove, to discuss bringing an International Ski Federation Nordic World Championship to Minnesota. (Jean Pieri / Pioneer Press)
U.S. Olympic gold medalist Jessie Diggins, center, crowds onto an elevator between her mom and sister on her way to be recognized during a session of the Minnesota House at the State Capitol in St. Paul on Thursday, April 12, 2018. Diggins, a member of the U.S. women's cross-country ski team for the 2018 Winter Olympics, also held a news conference with Rep. Tony Jurgens, R-Cottage Grove, to discuss bringing an International Ski Federation Nordic World Championship to Minnesota. (Jean Pieri / Pioneer Press)
U.S. Olympic gold medalist Jessie Diggins, center, looks around at the State Capitol as she walks to be recognized during a session of the Minnesota House in St. Paul on Thursday, April 12, 2018. Diggins, a member of the U.S. women's cross-country ski team for the 2018 Winter Olympics, also held a news conference with Rep. Tony Jurgens, R-Cottage Grove, to discuss bringing an International Ski Federation Nordic World Championship to Minnesota. (Jean Pieri / Pioneer Press)
USA Gold Medalist Jessie Diggins swings the gavel to start the House session. She is recognized on the House floor at the beginning of Thursday's April 12, 2018 session at the State Capitol in St. Paul. Before she went to the House floor she held a press conference with Rep. Tony Jurgens, R-Cottage Grove to discuss bringing an International Ski Federation Nordic World Championship to Minnesota. (Jean Pieri / Pioneer Press)
USA Gold Medalist Jessie Diggins is recognized on the House floor at the beginning of Thursday's April 12, 2018 session at the State Capitol in St. Paul. Before she went to the House floor she held a press conference with Rep. Tony Jurgens, R-Cottage Grove, center, to discuss bringing an International Ski Federation Nordic World Championship to Minnesota. Her parents, Clay and Debra, and her sister are with her. (Jean Pieri / Pioneer Press)
U.S. Olympic gold medalist Jessie Diggins holds up her medal during a news conference with Rep. Tony Jurgens, R-Cottage Grove, to discuss bringing an International Ski Federation Nordic World Championship to Minnesota, at the State Capitol in St. Paul on Thursday, April 12, 2018. Diggins, a member of the U.S. women's cross-country ski team for the 2018 Winter Olympics, also gaveled in a session of the Minnesota House. (Jean Pieri / Pioneer Press)
Jessie Diggins made her triumphant return to Minnesota this week after winning Olympic gold — and wasted no time in charging toward another dream.
She wants to bring a world cross-country ski championship event to the Twin Cities.
Amid a hero's welcome at the state Capitol, she came to make the case for the event to lawmakers, whose support will be needed.
"I've gotten the chance to race about 150 World Cups in my career, and not a single one of them has been in the United States — yet," Diggins said Thursday in her first public appearance in her home state since the Winter Olympics. "We're trying to change that."
The goal, which has the support of Gov. Mark Dayton and a rapidly growing number of lawmakers: bring an International Ski Federation World Ski Championship to Wirth Park in Minneapolis in 2020. So-called "world cup" events, which typically draw 30,000 spectators to watch the world's fastest women and men race, have only been held in the U.S. twice.
Diggins said hosting one again — Biwabik hosted an event in 1987 — would make a fitting chapter for a region whose storyline includes hosting golf's Ryder Cup in 2016 and this year's Super Bowl. The state will host the NCAA basketball Final Four in 2019 and the Ryder Cup again in 2028.
Diggins, an Afton native and Stillwater High School graduate, and teammate Kikkan Randall earned Team USA's first gold medal ever in Nordic skiing by winning the sprint freestyle relay in Pyeongchang, South Korea. She still maintains permanent residency here, although when her plane touched down Wednesday evening, it was her first time back since November.
HERO'S WELCOME
This will be a heady week for Diggins, a 26-year-old phenom whose trademarks include an ear-to-ear smile, a fondness for using glitter in lieu of warpaint, and a late-race kick that catapulted her and Randall to gold and captivated the nation — including those regions where cross-country skiing is as exotic as subzero temperatures.
Shortly after pitching her plans to host the World Cup event, Diggins gaveled the Minnesota House of Representatives to order. She stood on the floor of the chamber and was feted with three standing ovations lasting nearly two minutes while Rep. Tony Jurgens, R-Cottage Grove, read a resolution that included a narrative of Diggins' golden finish, where she passed two competitors in a final leg that was immortalized by the frantic "Here comes Diggins!" call of Chad Salmela of Duluth.
This is what history looks and sounds like. @jessdiggs and @kikkanimal win @TeamUSA's first ever gold medal in cross-country skiing.
You'll want your sound up for this… pic.twitter.com/86PQ4KQaH3
— NBC Olympics (@NBCOlympics) February 21, 2018
Lawmakers posed for selfies with Diggins before she hustled off to a meeting with Dayton at the Governor's Residence, followed by a dinner in St. Paul hosted by the Minnesota Legislative Society. On Saturday — rain, shine, snow, whatever — Stillwater will host a parade in her honor. That's not including the numerous appearances she's making with youth ski teams and clubs.
Her fame — and the recognition her accomplishment has brought to her sport — has surprised even her.
"I'm getting recognized on airplanes now, which is a new experience for me," she told reporters. "All of a sudden I'm like 'Wow, people know what cross-country skiing is.' They really care. They watch it, they've followed it, and I people will say, 'Oh, I watched the World Cups,' and that's something for our country that's really cool because for everyone in Europe, it is their Super Bowl."
RELATED: Jessie Diggins: If it snows for Stillwater parade, I just might ski it!
BATTLE CREEK SNOWMAKING PITCH
Diggins used the audience of the Capitol press corps to put in a pitch for a longstanding Ramsey County request for $2.1 million in state dollars to install snowmaking equipment at Battle Creek Regional Park, where Diggins trained and competed at times in her youth.
Noting that Minnesota has increasingly become susceptible to mild winters, she said the guaranteed base of snow would benefit region's popular youth ski programs.
"For me that was crucial, getting the chance to be on snow, getting the chance to practice my sport the way it needs to be practiced," she said, before pivoting back to the World Cup vision.
$1.2 MILLION WORLD CUP
In addition to Diggins, the bid for the World Cup event is being led by U.S. Ski and Snowboard and the Minneapolis-based Loppet Foundation.
The price tag to put on the event is $1.2 million, and John Munger, executive director of the Loppet Foundation, said about half that has been raised so far.
It's unclear how much of the remaining funds will be asked of taxpayers, or how much will be raised by sponsors and donations. As of Thursday, there was no funding attached to a bill supportive of the idea.
Diggins said the idea of bringing an international event to Minnesota, which she called "the heart of an incredible cross-country skiing nation," has been on her mind for years.
She said the goal isn't just to give her and other Team USA members home-field advantage, but energize the youth skiing scene. "I want them to have a chance to see the World Cup in person. I want them to be inspired. I want them to be able to see where all that hard work is going to take them," she said before espousing the virtues of sports in general.
And yes, she knows her star power can make the difference.
"We really needed something big … and this is big enough," she said, hoisting her medal.
Minnesota domestic violence homicide victims: Lives lost have 'ripple effect'
Dave Durenberger, a Minnesota senator for 16 years, dies at 88
Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison asks Fairview, Sanford to postpone March 31 merger closing
Young Minnesota angler's muskie tops the competition for 2022
2018 Olympics
Dave Orrick
Dave Orrick reports on state government and politics from the Pioneer Press' Capitol Bureau. When the occasion demands, he's been known to cover topics ranging from hunting to golf. He lives in St. Paul with his wife and son.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Individual and group lessons available for players of all ages and skill levels.
Junior and Senior clinics, as well as tournaments held at the Landings Golf Club.
All new facilities, including the new Landings Golf Learning Center located on the Landings Golf Club driving range.
Digital video technology for stroke playback and frame by frame analysis from Bill.
A variety of contemporary teaching tools and aids.
Custom club fitting services, including club repair and upgrades.
Bill teaches players just starting out, and those who have been playing for many years. If you are looking for quality instruction, Bill Goggin is your friendly instructor.
Do you want to improve your golf game?
Middle Georgia has a lot to offer when it comes to golf instruction. PGA Professional Bill Goggin is one of Georgia's premier golf instructors. Awarded Georgia PGA Teacher of the Year in 2004, and one of the nation's top 50 junior golf teachers by US Kids Golf in 2004, Bill can help you with your game no matter what your age.
Whether you are interested in individual attention, lessons with a friend or family member, or group clinics and tournaments, Bill offers a variety of lesson styles to fit your needs. If you constantly struggle with a specific part of your golf game, Bill can help you identify and improve your problem areas.
On the side of the building facing the range there is a retractable garage door that can be lifted up and down to allow students to hit out onto the range from inside the building. Lessons no longer need to be cancelled due to poor weather conditions.
The right equipment can make all the difference in your golf game. You cannot play golf to your full potential if your clubs do not match your swing and body type. No one would think of purchasing clothes, shoes, tires, or an insurance policy that didn't fit or fill the need correctly. All golfers need properly fitted golf equipment.
Launch monitor analysis provided. We use digital cameras and advanced software. We can E-mail a lesson summary to you or provide you with a cd copy of your lesson. A computer printout of key positions is available as well. All included in your lesson price.
Video Swing Analysis records your swing by a video camera hooked up to a computer. You can analyze your swing frame by frame, with Bill pointing out your problem areas. This really helps to speed up the learning process.


text:
Q: Scrum Terminology: What is the Difference Between a New Feature and an Enhancement? The main thing I'm trying to answer is this: What are the distinguishing features between a "new feature" and a "product enhancement" when it comes to software development? Specifically, when applied to Scrum.
Here are some possible criteria that come to mind:

*

*The complexity of the request (points)

*How independent the final result will be from other parts of the application (e.g., adding a field to form vs adding a whole new form)

The other possibility is that I'm thinking about this all wrong and there's better, clearer terminology that should be used.

A: +1 for Christian's answer.  Another way to look at it is:
When the initial "new" feature is delivered to the customer or product owner; do they come back with a bunch of requests to modify the feature?  Do they report a number of "defects" against the feature that arose because the initial feature story(s) were not fully documented?
These are enhancement requests to existing functionality and in Scrum would be considered enhancement backlogs or stories.  If the request describes new value to the customer that was not captured in the initial feature story(s) it is not tech debt, or a defect; it is an enhancement.
If you are using an enhancement story to address scope change or make a case for additional resources:
High level Agile planning usually results in a product roadmap of sorts with feature level milestones (aka should be feature complete in a given quarter, release, etc); any other stories that modify that feature area after the feature complete date or production release of the feature can be considered enhancement requests.

A: I guess this cannot be answered in a generally accepted way. However this is how I would put it:
A feature is new functionality i.e. a user can do something new with the software. An enhancement makes doing something that was possible before simpler, more powerful or adds somehow to existing functionality.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Located 3.6 km from Jan Thiel Beach Curacao42 offers accommodation with a terrace. Free WiFi is featured. The air-conditioned units have a kitchen with a microwave a toaster and dining area. A fridge and stovetop are also offered as well as a coffee machine. The apartment offers an outdoor pool. Guests can relax in the garden at the property. Curacao Sea Aquarium is 5 km from Curacao 42.


Now that the easy-going days of summer have now come to an end, I felt like my house needed to be put back in order. I needed to get organized and my kids needed to start being more consistent in helping around the house. With 3 small kids who can make a tornado of a mess within seconds, I used to feel like I should just clean up after them all day long. That way it would be done MY way and they could be kids and play. I don't think that way anymore. As they are getting older their messes are getting bigger, I am getting tired of constantly picking up after them. And you know what? My kids really like to clean when I asked them to but it doesn't get done without nagging on my part! I know some of you know what I'm talking about.
We've tried sticker charts and "to-do" lists but nothing was working long term.
So I came up with a chore system for my family that is fun, simple, and motivating!
I bought a package of clothes pins and dolled them up a little with washi tape. I have girls who love colorful and decorative things so they like this but you could totally have them be plain.
Then I decided what small chores they can do around the house and wrote them out on the clothes pin.
I found these cute heart chalkboard stickers at World Market and I placed them a small mason jar for each of my daughters. Now here comes the fun part….place whatever chores you are wanting them to do that day on the lip of the jar. Once they have completed their chore, they can unclip the clothes pin and toss it inside the jar! My girls LOVE this part. Not only do they get a sense of accomplishment but I know by looking at the jar what they have completed. I do this system with them twice a day: in the morning and after school.
So far this method has been a HUGE success in our home. My girls can't wait to see what cute clothes pin is on their jar when they get home from school.
If you try this idea in your home, I would LOVE to hear how it's going! Good luck.
Pretty and functional! I hope it works! Thanks for linking up to Monday Funday!
I love this idea!! I have 2 teen and preteen boys, and chores are a struggle. Great idea!! Thanks for sharing this on DIY Sunday Showcase! I'm pinning this to our talent board!
Brandy this is an adorable idea, yeah the chore chart sticker thing didn't last to long in my house either, we're going to have to try this one!
What a great idea, and so cute !
I love this idea. So cute!!
Great visual reminder and I love the sense of achievement of removing the peg.
I LOVE that hugs & kisses is one of the items for them to do. A little treat in the mix of chores, so cute!
What a good lesson in delegation. I guess that means I'd have to be "on it" enough to reset twice a day.
Love this idea! I'm looking for ways to have my 5 and 4 year old more involved with household chores. Thank you!
Did you have any sort of reward?


text:
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (Berlijn, 25 december 1876 – Göttingen, 9 juni 1959) was een belangrijk Duits scheikundige. Hij kreeg in 1928 de Nobelprijs voor de Scheikunde vanwege de ontdekking van 7-dehydrocholesterol, de voorloper van vitamine D.

Biografie
Windaus werd geboren in Berlijn als zoon van Adolf Windaus en Margarete Elster. In zijn jeugd bezocht hij het Französisches Gymnasium waar literatuur en niet wetenschap het belangrijkste onderwijsgebied was. Windaus wilde aanvankelijk arts worden en zijn wetenschappelijke carrière begon in 1895 aan de Universiteit van Berlijn. Hoewel hij twee jaar later zijn bachelorgraad medicijnen behaalde veranderde hij onder invloed van Emil Fischer van studierichting en ging scheikunde studeren aan de Universiteit van Freiburg.

Daar werd hij sterk beïnvloed door Heinrich Kiliani. Onder diens leiding deed hij onderzoek naar digitalis, waarvan later werd ontdekt dat het een sterke stimulans is voor het hart. Hij promoveerde in 1899 met een proefschrift over deze stof: "Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Digitalisstoffe". Aansluitend ging hij naar Berlijn als medewerker van Emil Fischer. In 1901 keerde hij terug naar Freiburg waar hij in 1904 zijn habilitatie behaalde.

Hij was vervolgens privaatdocent en hoogleraar in Freiburg en vanaf 1913 hoogleraar toegepaste medische scheikunde in Innsbruck. In 1915 volgde hij Otto Wallach op in Göttingen waar hij tot zijn emeritaat in 1944 de leerstoel scheikunde bezette. Tevens was hij directeur van het Laboratorium van Algemene Scheikunde. Hij was gehuwd met Elisabeth Resau (1894-1970) met wie hij twee zonen, Günter en Gustav, en een dochter, Margarete, kreeg.

Werk
Windaus toonde aan dat galzuur een verwantschap met sterolen vertoont. Ook het verband tussen cholesterol (de bekendste sterol) en vitamine D3 (cholecalciferol) werd door hem aangetoond. Behalve met sterolen hield Windaus zich ook bezig met imidazoolderivaten. Samen met biochemicus Franz Knoop toonde hij aan dat de imidazoolring in eiwitten voorkomt. Histidine (imidazoolalanine) en histamine werden door hem ontdekt. In vitamine B1 ontdekte hij dat hierin een thiazool- en een pyrimidenering aanwezig zijn. De in zijn Nobelvoordracht voorgesteld structuurformule voor cholesterol werd evenwel in 1932 door Windaus zelf op grond van onderzoeksresultaten van John Desmond Bernal herzien.

Erkenning
Windaus ontving in 1928 de Nobelprijs voor de Scheikunde voor zijn onderzoekswerk betreffende de samenstelling van sterolen, wat leidde tot de opheldering van de chemische structuur van cholesterol, en hun verwantschap met vitamines. Onder de vele eerbetoningen werd hij onderscheiden met de Medaille Pasteur (1938), de door Adolf Hitler uitgereikte Goethe-Medaille voor Kunst en Wetenschap (1941), alsmede het Groszes Verdienstkreuz (Grootkruis van Verdienste) in 1951 en het Groszes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern (Grootkruis van Verdienste met Ster) in 1956.

Duits scheikundige
Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde
20e-eeuws scheikundige

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


For information about the Virtual Golf, Sport and Game Simulator please call 780-349-6677.
Monday – Friday 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Sunday & Holidays 12:00 noon to 5:30 p.m.
Please note that for safety reasons, every child 6 years and younger must be accompanied by a person 16 years or older.
New Year's Eve (December 31): 7:00am. to 4:00 p.m.
Family Day (February 18): 12:00p.m. to 5:30p.m.
Easter (Friday April 19 & Monday April 22): 12:00p.m. to 5:30p.m.
Victoria Day (May 20): 12:00p.m. to 5:30p.m.
Canada Day (July 1): 12:00p.m. to 5:30 p.m.
Civic Holiday (August 6): 12:00p.m. to 5:30p.m.
Labour Day (September 3): 12:00p.m. to 5:30p.m.
Thanksgiving Day (October 8): 12:00p.m. to 5:30p.m.
Remembrance Day (November 11): 12:00p.m. to 5:30p.m.
The Spring 2019 Program Guide is now available online.
A physical copy is available at all Town of Westlock facilities.
NEW FEATURE of the Online Version of the guide is our new "Click on Class" feature. When viewing the guide simply click the class you want to register in and the class will open directly to the registration page.


01131099421 number has 0 comment and was searched 2 times.
Below is the information we have for the phone number 01131099421 . You can see notes and reports left by other users. Feel free to make your contribution.
Possible phone number formats are +4401131-099421, 4401131-099421,(01131) 099421, 01131-099421, +4401131099421 , tel:+44-01131-099421, +44 01131099421 , 01131099421 . If you want to know more details this numbers,click the button below.
Warn your friends against the phone number 01131099421 . Use Facebook, Twitter, Google+ to warn your friends.
Do you think the 01131099421 was a harass phone number?
Entire content of our web site is provided by our users. If you think this phone number is your private, please click here to contact the administrator to delete report. Delete phone number 01131099421 Report.


London: British researchers have succeeded in revealing the atomic structure of one of the abnormal filaments that lead to Alzheimer's disease, a study has said.
Researchers at the Medical Research Council's Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) on Wednesday said understanding the structure of the filaments was key to the development of drugs to prevent their formation, and will help find better compounds for diagnosing and treating Alzheimer's, Xinhua news agency reported.
The researchers, whose study is published in the journal Nature, believe that the structures they have uncovered could also suggest how Tau protein may form different filaments in other neurodegenerative diseases.
The team said that their findings opened up a whole new era in neurodegenerative diseases. The results should make it easier to design drugs to stop brain cells dying.
Alzheimer's, the most common neurodegenerative diseases, is characterised by the existence of two types of abnormal "amyloid" forms of protein which form lesions in the brain.
The latest research paper comes almost 30 years after the LMB scientists identified Tau protein as an integral component of the lesions found in Alzheimer's and a range of other neurodegenerative diseases.
Until now scientists had been unable to identify the atomic structure of the filaments.
Tau forms filaments inside nerve cells and amyloid-beta forms filaments outside cells. Tau lesions appear to have a stronger correlation to the loss of cognitive ability in patients with the disease.
Dr Rob Buckle, Chief Science Officer at the MRC, which funded the research, said: "This ground-breaking work is a major contribution to our understanding of Alzheimer's. Nearly 30 years ago scientists at the LMB were the first to discover that Tau protein plays a key role in the disease. Knowing the basic structure of these filaments in diseased tissue is vital for the development of drugs to combat their formation.
"This research opens up new possibilities to study a range of other diseases where the accumulation of abnormal protein filaments plays a role, including Parkinson's, motor neuron disease and prion diseases."
Fellow senior author Dr Michel Goedert, who also worked on the original research 30 years ago, said: "We have known for almost three decades that the abnormal assembly of Tau protein into filaments is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
"Until now the high-resolution structures of Tau or any other disease-causing filaments from human brain tissue have remained unknown. This new work will help to develop better compounds for diagnosing and treating Alzheimer's and other diseases which involve defective Tau."


I have a human rights petition that I want it to be published on couple of top 20 world news and niche sites such as CNN, FOX, Forbes, CBS, Washington post, The Guardian, Huffington post, New York times, and etc....... I need a link to my petition on the article as well. Please bid only if you have previous publication with such news agencies. I have plenty of citation for my news article as well.
Does the no-follow link will work for you?


text:
Cars, Hashtags and Celebrities– What the Super Bowl is REALLY about
Aishwarya Krishnamurthy
If you thought that the Super Bowl was all about football, you would be only partially right. Apart from the Seahawks vs. Broncos battle on the field, viewers will also be witness to the 'Jaguar v. Audi v. Toyota v. Hyundai v. Chevrolet v. Ford v. Chrysler v. Volkswagen v. Kia' free-for-all off the field.
This year more brands than ever before are using their social media platforms to release either teasers or full commercials before the spots air on Sunday, including almost all of the auto brands taking part. Reportedly the highest spender this year, the Automobile industry is leaving no stone unturned in their quest for Super Bowl domination.
Unmetric takes a look at those automobile brands that have released some, if not all of their commercials prior to the live airing at the Super Bowl.
Jaguar brings out the big guns from Britain for its first ever Super Bowl spot, combining the power of Ben Kingsley, Mark Strong and Tom Hiddleston in their Tom Hooper directed "British Villains" spot.
The car brand uses a catchy hashtag #itsgoodtobebad in their commercial, as well as on Facebook and Twitter – where it is receiving astounding engagement.
Toyota has enlisted the help of former NFL player turned movie star Terry Crews, and the Muppets to help sell its Highlander model. The entertaining spot also has a catchy song that doubles as a hashtag – #NoRoomForBoring which is engaging well on Twitter, with users tweeting it more than 600 times already.
The Big Bang Theory makes its way into the Super Bowl again with star Johnny Galecki, and comedian Richard Lewis starring in Hyundai's "Nice" commercial for their Elantra model. The #nicehashtag has been used by the brand in 11 posts on Facebook where it has received an engagement score of 324, and 20 times on Twitter where its has garnered an engagement score isof 149.
Their other commercial "Dad's Sixth Sense" also has the foundation of a popular hashtag, however this has not been utilised. Instead the hashtag promoted for the spot refers to the car itself- #NextGenesis or #NextGen. The commercial is an affectionate look at the lengths that dads go to in order to keep their children from harm, and is sure to resonate with a signficant part of the audience on Sunday. However, the brand seems to be pushing their #nicehashtag advert more aggressively.
Chevrolet gives its engineers "Wings" in their Super Bowl commercial, although the teaser they posted a week before that, promised a misleading mix of Carmen Electra, babies, groin hits and puppies. While Wings may not have the staying power of their 2013 "The Force", it has already received 3.5 million views on YouTube and is sure to be one of the favorites at the end of the game.
Laurence Fishburne as Morpheus stars in Kia's amazing game day advert – "Truth" that will send shivers down the spines of any Matrix fan. While the brand has not used a hashtag, it has used both Facebook and Twitter to announce the release of the spot, and the relevant posts have earned our highest engagement score of 1,000 on both platforms.
Post by Kia Motors America.
Audi is one of the brands bringing two popular trends of this Super Bowl together – animals and hashtags. Their #StayUncompromised commercial introduces us to the adorable/horrifying "Doberhuahua" and if you look closely, you'll find a third trend from this Super Bowl – country superstar Sarah McLachlan making a cameo celebrity appearance. While they haven't promoted the commercial strongly on Facebook and Twitter, the full commercial has already received almost 5 million views on YouTube alone, with the three teaser ads released prior to that also receiving a fair amount of views.
The other brand to use both animals and a memorable hashtag is Chevrolet's "#SilveradoStrong". Racking up more than 4 million views already, the commercial is sure to be a big hit this weekend and gain a far greater number of views post the Super Bowl. I mean, who can resist the charm of this very eligible bachelor?
The brand is aggressively using their #SilveradoStrong hashtag, not exclusively to promote this commercial but in a larger #Silverado conversation on Twitter and Facebook in relation to their Silverado truck. This means that they have racked up impressive engagement across platforms, with the hashtag getting a competitive engagement score of 416 on Twitter.
While technically not an 'automobile' brand, CarMax joins the game(s), releasing two versions of the same commercial – The #SlowClap for the Super Bowl, and the #SlowBark for the Puppy Bowl that also airs on Super Bowl Sunday, both receiving amazing engagement across Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.
In fact the post with their highest engagement score of 804 on Facebook is the release of #SlowBark – confirming what we already knew – no matter how awesome your product is, animals make it even better.
Post by CarMax.
Ford is a late entry, releasing their "Nearly Double" Big Game Preview on the 29th of January, starring James Franco and promising a commercial like no other, set to air on game day. They are also using the #nearlydouble hashtag across Twitter and Facebook in order to promote buzz around the final release.
Chrysler is the only auto brand that has not released any content in the lead up to the Super Bowl, however reports suggest that Bob Dylan has a part in their final spot.
On the whole, auto brands seemed to use Facebook primarily to announce their Super Bowl commercials, Twitter to amplify the reach of the commercials and YouTube to launch either teasers or the full length commercials. We've taken a look at the number of views that auto brands have gained from their most popular Super Bowl related video, in the chart below.
In order to make the most of their investment, it's important that these brands continue to leverage these commercials across Facebook and Twitter post the big game. While YouTube is the perfect place to premier their commercials, it will be interesting to see which brands make the effort of following up and ensuring audience retention once the initial hype of the Super Bowl dies down.
All data has been compiled and analyzed from the Unmetric platform which tracks dozens of metrics to enable brands to benchmark themselves against competitors and their industry sector for the time period of January 13th, 2014 to January 30th, 2014. Gain access to all this data by claiming a free 6 day trial.
This article was originally published on Social Media Today.


The debut album from Ultimate Painting is finally out this week and now it's time to review it after playing tracks from this all last summer. But, really, what can I say?
I mean, the world doesn't need 500 words from me to sing the praises of this record. Ultimate Painting by Ultimate Painting is out on Tuesday on the excellent Trouble in Mind label. It's nearly perfect. I guarantee you that this release from James Hoare (Veronica Falls) and Jack Cooper (Mazes) will end up on a lot of year-end "best of" lists in a few months.
These two cats have masterfully crafted a slew of songs that recall the very best things in your record collection. And if that sounds like a back-handed compliment...I'm sorry. But, look, back in the 1980s, fans of The Feelies knew that those guys sounded a bit like the Velvet Underground and were fine with that fact. So if I sit here and type that Ultimate Painting sound like both The Feelies and VU, then how is that a bad thing?
It's not. It's a fantastic compliment.
Jack Cooper and James Hoare have taken some very hearts-on-the-sleeve-level love for those earlier acts and made something magical. One listen to "Ten Street" ought to convince you of that fact.
The similarly sounding title song is another slice of near-perfect indie rock which mines a similar vein of musical goodness. This is understated and effortless perfection.
I don't want to make it sound as if it's all Feelies-doing-VU here. No. "Riverside" recalls the very best moments of The Left Banke with its lush lyricism. "Can't See You", in a pleasant surprise, brings to mind Graham Coxon's down-tempo stuff on early Blur releases.
But the highlight of the record for me is perhaps "Rolling in the Deep End" where those other influences are paired with hints of The Byrds and even Rain Parade. The song's critique of "instant gratification" comes in on waves of vocals as the guitars chime and ripple underneath. It's an astonishingly melodic piece of work on an already highly melodic record.
"Three Piers" throws the very faintest hint of Syd-era Pink Floyd into the mix while the wildly catchy "Jane" adds in some hooks worthy of The Chills to pair those Sixties influences up with some very cool Flying Nun Records ones.
"She's a Bomb" edges nearer to Bob Dylan briefly and album closer "Winter in Your Heart" unexpectedly recalls Super Furry Animals -- "Fire in Your Heart", 'natch -- and ends the record on a bit of understated loveliness.
Extraordinarily tuneful and expertly executed, the debut record from Jack Cooper (Mazes) and James Hoare (Veronica Falls) as Ultimate Painting is one of the very best things I've heard all year. Put any of these tracks on and be transported back to an era when songcraft was cherished. Like Wooden Aquarium by Mazes, Jack Cooper's other band at the moment, Ultimate Painting in some wonderful way bridge the styles of a pre-grunge heyday of American alternative rock -- think Let's Active in their mellower moments, or Game Theory in theirs -- with the DIY ethos of the best C86 bands. And that bridging is going on along with an undercurrent of real -- not revivalist -- reverence for the tunesmiths -- The Zombies, The Left Banke, The Cyrkle, The Beau Brummels -- of the 1960s.
Ultimate Painting by Ultimate Painting is out tomorrow on Trouble in Mind Records.
Follow the band on their Tumblr site.


Home » Selecting a contractor » Who's doing your plumbing?
The simplest and most effective way to ensure that plumbing work complies with regulations is to use a licensed plumber and drainer. By engaging a licensed professional you minimise unnecessary risks to your family's health and safety.
It's also important for your bank balance, as rectifying defective or non-compliant work can be far more expensive than the original cost.
What licence should a plumber hold?
In some instances, it may be necessary for a tradesperson to hold both an occupational and contractor licence to carry out work, regardless of the value. If you want to check the details of a licensee, go online or call 139 333.
Below is a list of the unregulated work that can be performed by an unlicensed person; all other plumbing and drainage work must be done by an appropriately licensed person.


text:
"Imagine there's no countries. It isn't hard to do. Nothing to kill or die for. And no religion too." - John Lennon
"Marijuana prohibition is "a tool" used to oppress black and brown people. And we have to get rid of that tool" - Alexandria Ocasio Cortez.
Imagine you're a moron. Now, imagine you're Alexandria Ocasio Cortez, thus killing 2 birds with one stone. Ms. Cortez is the champion of the common man. If the common man happened to be an adolescent, female version of Che Guevara. I'm referring to the real Che. The savage killer, who was also reported to have a serious case of perpetual B.O.—as in stinky. This was stated by his communist brothers in arms in Fidel Castro's revolution. They all said the same thing: "Che's body odor resembled a dead shark that had probably been urinated on by Bigfoot and left to fester in the sun!" That Che! Not the fictional, heartthrob Che of Progressive-Hollywood's fantasies. I also have it on good authority that Ms. Cortez is similarly stinky, as appears to be the case with all true Socialists, (notice the capital "S".)
Recently, Ms. Cortez said; "I think it's too bad that all those drug dealers that did hard-time selling weed, when weed was illegal, can't get in on the new legal weed business, Instead of it being taken over by rich White Men. I mean, why are Malik and Trayvon rotting in prison, but not these new Weed profiteers, who we all know, will be some White Motherf@@kers!
"This shit needs some communism….Pronto!" Ms. Cortez blurted to a simpatico press—who, like Ms. Cortez—had deeply imbibed similar Marxist horseshit in college. So, they were on the same wavelength.
To test the consistency of Ms. Cortez's theory, let's look back to the olden days of The Great Depression, during the 1930s. Which, let me say, should not be confused with America's many lesser depressions. Imagine that President Roosevelt had said: "All those Italians that valiantly fought against the police and Uncle Sam by providing illegal booze to the thirsty masses during prohibition—you know, the ones who were slaughtering one another in hails of machine gun fire, while killing cops and funding Murder Incorporated—they need to get in on the big-money gravy train that's-a-comin' when liquor is legal again, instead of all those rich, pasty-looking descendants of Queen Elizabeth. These Italians were probably targeted solely because they're swarthy looking. Because they were "Immigrants!" Because they were "Italians!" That isn't the American way!
"Yes," he continued, "All those murdering Sicilians in La Costa Nostra need to get a taste of that legal booze money, too, now that it will be legal again.
"Where-the-hell is Al Capone when you need him?" President Roosevelt shouted for good measure.
In response to my little diatribe, people will say "Your arguments are not really the same! One example has Black slaves. The other just has swarthy Europeans.
"Remember slavery...huh?"
That's when I say "Ah...ha!" My Eastern European ancestors were the "Slavs," who, just happened to be the original slaves...which!...is where the term "Slave" comes from. Furthermore, Italy was invaded by the Moors, who were Muslim/Black/Arabs, which is how we got black haired, dark-skinned Sicilians, instead of blonde, blue-eyed Sicilians, who were the original Sicilians.
In solidairty they shouted "We want our blonde hair and blue eyes back! Dammit!"
Finally, this leads me to ask; "Now who's gettin' some reparations? Bitches!"
Yes, you opened Pandora's race-baiting Box, you leftwing idiots! Now we're coming for you, with our own claims of victimhood. And there are lot more of us than you.
"Capeesh?"