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This is a concluding summary to my The emergence of modern astronomy – a complex mosaic blog post series. It is an attempt to produce an outline sketch of the path that we have followed over the last two years. There are, at the appropriate points, links to the original posts for those, who wish to examine a given point in more detail. I thank all the readers, who have made the journey with me and in particular all those who have posted helpful comments and corrections. Constructive comments and especially corrections are always very welcome. For those who have developed a taste for a continuous history of science narrative served up in easily digestible slices at regular intervals, a new series will start today in two weeks if all goes according to plan!
There is a sort of standard popular description of the so-called astronomical revolution that took place in the Early Modern period that goes something liker this. The Ptolemaic geocentric model of the cosmos ruled unchallenged for 1400 years until Nicolas Copernicus published his trailblazing De revolutionibus in 1453, introducing the concept of the heliocentric cosmos. Following some initial resistance, Kepler with his three laws of planetary motion and Galileo with his revelatory telescopic discoveries proved the existence of heliocentricity. Isaac Newton with his law of gravity in his Principia in 1687 provided the physical mechanism for a heliocentric cosmos and astronomy became modern. What I have tried to do in this series is to show that this version of the story is almost totally mythical and that in fact the transition from a geocentric to a heliocentric model of the cosmos was a long drawn out, complex process that took many stages and involved many people and their ideas, some right, some only half right and some even totally false, but all of which contributed in some way to that transition.
The whole process started at least one hundred and fifty years before Copernicus published his magnum opus, when at the beginning of the fifteenth century it was generally acknowledged that astronomy needed to be improved, renewed and reformed. Copernicus' heliocentric hypothesis was just one contribution, albeit a highly significant one, to that reform process. This reform process was largely triggered by the reintroduction of mathematical cartography into Europe with the translation into Latin of Ptolemaeus' Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis by Jacopo d'Angelo (c. 1360 – 1411) in 1406. A reliable and accurate astronomy was needed to determine longitude and latitude. Other driving forces behind the need for renewal and reform were astrology, principally in the form of astro-medicine, a widened interest in surveying driven by changes in land ownership and navigation as the Europeans began to widen and expand their trading routes and to explore the world outside of Europe.
The Ptolemaic Cosmos: Andreas Cellarius, Harmonia Macrocosmica 1660 Source: Wikimedia Commons
At the beginning of the fifteenth century the predominant system was an uneasy marriage of Aristotelian cosmology and Ptolemaic astronomy, uneasy because they contradicted each other to a large extent. Given the need for renewal and reform there were lively debates about almost all aspects of the cosmology and astronomy throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, many aspects of the discussions had their roots deep in the European and Islamic Middle Ages, which shows that the 1400 years of unchallenged Ptolemaic geocentricity is a myth, although an underlying general acceptance of geocentricity was the norm.
A major influence on this programme of renewal was the invention of moving type book printing in the middle of the fifteenth century, which made important texts in accurate editions more readily available to interested scholars. The programme for renewal also drove a change in the teaching of mathematics and astronomy on the fifteenth century European universities.
One debate that was new was on the nature and status of comets, a debate that starts with Toscanelli in the early fifteenth century, was taken up by Peuerbach and Regiomontanus in the middle of the century, was revived in the early sixteenth century in a Europe wide debate between Apian, Schöner, Fine, Cardano, Fracastoro and Copernicus, leading to the decisive claims in the 1570s by Tycho Brahe, Michael Mästlin, and Thaddaeus Hagecius ab Hayek that comets were celestial object above the Moon's orbit and thus Aristotle's claim that they were a sub-lunar meteorological phenomenon was false. Supralunar comets also demolished the Aristotelian celestial, crystalline spheres. These claims were acknowledged and accepted by the leading European Ptolemaic astronomer, Christoph Clavius, as were the claims that the 1572 nova was supralunar. Both occurrences shredded the Aristotelian cosmological concept that the heaven were immutable and unchanging.
The comet debate continued with significant impact in 1618, the 1660s, the 1680s and especially in the combined efforts of Isaac Newton and Edmund Halley, reaching a culmination in the latter's correct prediction that the comet of 1682 would return in 1758. A major confirmation of the law of gravity.
During those early debates it was not just single objects, such as comets, that were discussed but whole astronomical systems were touted as alternatives to the Ptolemaic model. There was an active revival of the Eudoxian-Aristotelian homocentric astronomy, already proposed in the Middle Ages, because the Ptolemaic system, of deferents, epicycles and equant points, was seen to violate the so-called Platonic axioms of circular orbits and uniform circular motion. Another much discussed proposal was the possibility of diurnal rotation, a discussion that had its roots in antiquity. Also, on the table as a possibility was the Capellan system with Mercury and Venus orbiting the Sun in a geocentric system rather than the Earth.
The Copernican Cosmos: Andreas Cellarius, Harmonia Macrocosmica 1660 Source: Wikimedia Commons
Early in the sixteenth century, Copernicus entered these debates, as one who questioned the Ptolemaic system because of its breaches of the Platonic axioms, in particular the equant point, which he wished to ban. Quite how he arrived at his radical solution, replace geocentricity with heliocentricity we don't know but it certainly stirred up those debates, without actually dominating them. The reception of Copernicus' heliocentric hypothesis was complex. Some simply rejected it, as he offered no real proof for it. A small number had embraced and accepted it by the turn of the century. A larger number treated it as an instrumentalist theory and hoped that his models would deliver more accurate planetary tables and ephemerides, which they duly created. Their hopes were dashed, as the Copernican tables, based on the same ancient and corrupt data, proved just as inaccurate as the already existing Ptolemaic ones. Of interests is the fact that it generated a serious competitor, as various astronomers produced geo-heliocentric systems, extensions of the Capellan model, in which the planets orbit the Sun, which together with the Moon orbits the Earth. Such so-called Tychonic or semi-Tychonic systems, named after their most well-known propagator, incorporated all the acknowledged advantages of the Copernican model, without the problem of a moving Earth, although some of the proposed models did have diurnal rotation.
The Tychonic Cosmos: Andreas Cellarius, Harmonia Macrocosmica 1660 Source: Wikimedia Commons
The problem of inaccurate planetary tables and ephemerides was already well known in the Middle Ages and regarded as a major problem. The production of such tables was seen as the primary function of astronomy since antiquity and they were essential to all the applied areas mentioned earlier that were the driving forces behind the need for renewal and reform. Already in the fifteenth century, Regiomontanus had set out an ambitious programme of astronomical observation to provide a new data base for such tables. Unfortunately, he died before he even really got started. In the second half of the sixteenth century both Wilhelm IV Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel and Tycho Brahe took up the challenge and set up ambitious observation programmes that would eventually deliver the desired new, more accurate astronomical data.
At the end of the first decade of the seventeenth century, Kepler's Astronomia Nova, with his first two planetary laws (derived from Tycho's new accurate data), and the invention of the telescope and Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius with his telescopic discoveries are, in the standard mythology, presented as significant game changing events in favour of heliocentricity. They were indeed significant but did not have the impact on the system debate that is usually attributed them. Kepler's initial publication fell largely on deaf ears and only later became relevant. On Galileo's telescopic observations, firstly he was only one of a group of astronomers, who in the period 1610 to 1613 each independently made those discoveries, (Thomas Harriot and William Lower, Simon Marius, Johannes Fabricius, Odo van Maelcote and Giovanni Paolo Lembo, and Christoph Scheiner) but what did they show or prove? The lunar features were another nail in the coffin of the Aristotelian concept of celestial perfection, as were the sunspots. The moons of Jupiter disproved the homocentric hypothesis. Most significant discovery was the of the phases of Venus, which showed that a pure geocentric model was impossible, but they were conform with various geo-heliocentric models.
1613 did not show any clarity on the way to finding the true model of the cosmos but rather saw a plethora of models competing for attention. There were still convinced supporters of a Ptolemaic model, both with and without diurnal rotation, despite the phases of Venus. Various Tychonic and semi-Tychonic models, once again both with and without diurnal rotation. Copernicus' heliocentric model with its Ptolemaic deferents and epicycles and lastly Kepler's heliocentric system with its elliptical orbits, which was regarded as a competitor to Copernicus' system. Over the next twenty years the fog cleared substantially and following Kepler's publication of his third law, his Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, which despite its title is a textbook on his elliptical system and the Rudolphine Tables, again based on Tycho's data, which delivered the much desired accurate tables for the astrologers, navigators, surveyors and cartographers, and also of Longomontanus' Astronomia Danica (1622) with his own tables derived from Tycho's data presenting an updated Tychonic system with diurnal rotation, there were only two systems left in contention.
Around 1630, we now have two major world systems but not the already refuted geocentric system of Ptolemaeus and the largely forgotten Copernican system as presented in Galileo's Dialogo but Kepler's elliptical heliocentricity and a Tychonic system, usually with diurnal rotation. It is interesting that diurnal rotation became accepted well before full heliocentricity, although there was no actually empirical evidence for it. In terms of acceptance the Tychonic system had its nose well ahead of Kepler because of the lack of any empirical evidence for movement of the Earth.
Although there was still not a general acceptance of the heliocentric hypothesis during the seventeenth century the widespread discussion of it in continued in the published astronomical literature, which helped to spread knowledge of it and to some extent popularise it. This discussion also spread into and even dominated the newly emerging field of proto-sciencefiction.
Galileo's Dialogo was hopelessly outdated and contributed little to nothing to the real debate on the astronomical system. However, his Discorsi made a very significant and important contribution to a closely related topic that of the evolution of modern physics. The mainstream medieval Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmological- astronomical model came as a complete package together with Aristotle's theories of celestial and terrestrial motion. His cosmological model also contained a sort of friction drive rotating the spheres from the outer celestial sphere, driven by the unmoved mover (for Christians their God), down to the lunar sphere. With the gradual demolition of Aristotelian cosmology, a new physics must be developed to replace the Aristotelian theories.
Once again challenges to the Aristotelian physics had already begun in the Middle Ages, in the sixth century CE with the work of John Philoponus and the impetus theory, was extended by Islamic astronomers and then European ones in the High Middle Ages. In the fourteenth century the so-called Oxford Calculatores derived the mean speed theorem, the core of the laws of fall and this work was developed and disseminated by the so-called Paris Physicists. In the sixteenth century various mathematicians, most notably Tartaglia and Benedetti developed the theories of motion and fall further. As did in the early seventeenth century the work of Simon Stevin and Isaac Beeckman. These developments reached a temporary high point in Galileo's Discorsi. Not only was a new terrestrial physics necessary but also importantly for astronomy a new celestial physics had to be developed. The first person to attempt this was Kepler, who replaced the early concept of animation for the planets with the concept of a force, hypothesising some sort of magnetic force emanating from the Sun driving the planets around their orbits. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli also proposed a system of forces as the source of planetary motion.
Throughout the seventeenth century various natural philosophers worked on and made contributions to defining and clarifying the basic terms that make up the science of dynamics: force, speed, velocity, acceleration, etc. as well as developing other areas of physics, Amongst them were Simon Stevin, Isaac Beeckman, Borelli, Descartes, Pascal, Riccioli and Christiaan Huygens. Their efforts were brought together and synthesised by Isaac Newton in his Principia with its three laws of motion, the law of gravity and Kepler's three laws of planetary motion, which laid the foundations of modern physics.
In astronomy telescopic observations continued to add new details to the knowledge of the solar system. It was discovered that the planets have diurnal rotation, and the periods of their diurnal rotations were determined. This was a strong indication the Earth would also have diurnal rotation. Huygens figured out the rings of Saturn and discovered Titan its largest moon. Cassini discovered four further moons of Saturn. It was already known that the four moons of Jupiter obeyed Kepler's third law and it would later be determined that the then known five moons of Saturn also did so. Strong confirming evidence for a Keplerian model.
Cassini showed by use of a heliometer that either the orbit of the Sun around the Earth or the Earth around the Sun was definitively an ellipse but could not determine which orbited which. There was still no real empirical evidence to distinguish between Kepler's elliptical heliocentric model and a Tychonic geo-heliocentric one, but a new proof of Kepler's disputed second law and an Occam's razor argument led to the general acceptance of the Keplerian model around 1660-1670, although there was still no empirical evidence for either the Earth's orbit around the Sun or for diurnal rotation. Newton's Principia, with its inverse square law of gravity provided the physical mechanism for what should now best be called the Keplerian-Newtonian heliocentric cosmos.
Even at this juncture with a very widespread general acceptance of this Keplerian-Newtonian heliocentric cosmos there were still a number of open questions that needed to be answered. There were challenges to Newton's work, which, for example, couldn't at that point fully explain the erratic orbit of the Moon around the Earth. This problem had been solved by the middle of the eighteenth century. The mechanical philosophers on the European continent were anything but happy with Newton's gravity, an attractive force that operates at a distance. What exactly is it and how does it function? Questions that even Newton couldn't really answer. Leibniz also questioned Newton's insistence that time and space were absolute, that there exists a nil point in the system from which all measurement of these parameters are taken. Leibniz preferred a relative model.
There was of course also the very major problem of the lack of any form of empirical evidence for the Earth's movement. Going back to Copernicus nobody had in the intervening one hundred and fifty years succeeded in detecting a stellar parallax that would confirm that the Earth does indeed orbit the Sun. This proof was finally delivered in 1725 by Samuel Molyneux and James Bradley, who first observed, not stellar parallax but stellar aberration. An indirect proof of diurnal rotation was provided in the middle of the eighteenth century, when the natural philosophers of the French Scientific Academy correctly determined the shape of the Earth, as an oblate spheroid, flattened at the pols and with an equatorial bulge, confirming the hypothetical model proposed by Newton and Huygens based on the assumption of a rotating Earth.
Another outstanding problem that had existed since antiquity was determining the dimensions of the known cosmos. The first obvious method to fulfil this task was the use of parallax, but whilst it was already possible in antiquity to determine the distance of the Moon reasonably accurately using parallax, down to the eighteenth century it proved totally impossible to detect the parallax of any other celestial body and thus its distance from the Earth. Ptolemaeus' geocentric model had dimensions cobbled together from its data on the crystalline spheres. One of the advantages of the heliocentric model is that it gives automatically relative distances for the planets from the sun and each other. This means that one only needs to determine a single actually distance correctly and all the others are automatically given. Efforts concentrated on determining the distance between the Earth and the Sun, the astronomical unit, without any real success; most efforts producing figures that were much too small.
Developing a suggestion of James Gregory, Edmond Halley explained how a transit of Venus could be used to determine solar parallax and thus the true size of the astronomical unit. In the 1760s two transits of Venus gave the world the opportunity to put Halley's theory into practice and whilst various problems reduced the accuracy of the measurements, a reasonable approximation for the Sun's distance from the Earth was obtained for the very first time and with it the actually dimensions of the planetary part of the then known solar system. What still remained completely in the dark was the distance of the stars from the Earth. In the 1830s, three astronomers–Thomas Henderson, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve–all independently succeeded in detecting and measuring a stellar parallax thus completing the search for the dimensions of the known cosmos and supplying a second confirmation, after stellar aberration, for the Earth's orbiting the Sun.
In 1851, Léon Foucault, exploiting the Coriolis effect first hypothesised by Riccioli in the seventeenth century, finally gave a direct empirical demonstration of diurnal rotation using a simple pendulum, three centuries after Copernicus published his heliocentric hypothesis. Ironically this demonstration was within the grasp of Galileo, who experiment with pendulums and who so desperately wanted to be the man who proved the reality of the heliocentric model, but he never realised the possibility. His last student, Vincenzo Viviani, actually recorded the Coriolis effect on a pendulum but didn't realise what it was and dismissed it as an experimental error.
From the middle of the eighteenth century, at the latest, the Keplerian-Newtonian heliocentric model had become accepted as the real description of the known cosmos. Newton was thought not just to have produced a real description of the cosmos but the have uncovered the final scientific truth. This was confirmed on several occasions. Firstly, Herschel's freshly discovered new planet Uranus in 1781 fitted Newton's theories without problem, as did the series of asteroids discovered in the early nineteenth century. Even more spectacular was the discovery of Neptune in 1846 based on observed perturbations from the path of Uranus calculated with Newton's theory, a clear confirmation of the theory of gravity. Philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant, no longer questioned whether Newton had discovered the true picture of the cosmos but how it had been possible for him to do so.
However, appearances were deceptive, and cracks were perceptible in the Keplerian-Newtonian heliocentric model. Firstly, Leibniz's criticism of Newton's insistence on absolute time and space rather than a relative model would turn out to have been very perceptive. Secondly, Newton's theory of gravity couldn't account for the observed perihelion precession of the planet Mercury. Thirdly in the 1860s, based on the experimental work of Michael Faraday, James Maxwell produced a theory of electromagnetism, which was not compatible with Newtonian physics. Throughout the rest of the century various scientists including Hendrik Lorentz, Georg Fitzgerald, Oliver Heaviside, Henri Poincaré, Albert Michelson and Edward Morley tried to find a resolution to the disparities between the Newton's and Maxwell's theories. Their efforts finally lead to Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity and then on to his General theory of Relativity, which could explain the perihelion precession of the planet Mercury. The completion of the one model, the Keplerian-Newtonian heliocentric one marked the beginnings of the route to a new system that would come to replace it.
Filed under History of Astronomy, History of science, Newton, Renaissance Science
10 responses to "The emergence of modern astronomy – a complex mosaic: Part LII"
Many thanks for this series! I have enjoyed reading it. I hope it will become a book.
So do I, but there is a lot of work to do in order to make that possible
Todd Timberlake
A great conclusion to a wonderful series of posts! Thank you! I wish you much fortune in turning it into a book, which I know is a long and laborious process.
I have one comment and one question regarding the material in this post:
Comment: I find it interesting that Cellarius' Tychonic planisphere is really a an Ursian (or Baerian?) model. I had not noticed this before. The orbit of Mars skims just beyond the solar orbit as Ursus suggested. Tycho would have had them clearly intersecting. Obviously Cellarius was just giving a schematic, not a scale diagram (the orbits of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are WAY to close together, etc) but I think Tycho would have been furious to see his name associated with this diagram since it more closely depicts the system of his greatest enemy!
Question: How would planetary tables and ephemerides assist with surveying or navigation? They were certainly important for astrology, but I would think surveying and navigation would focus on the stars or the Sun. The complicated motions of the planets would make using them more difficult. I know Galileo had his idea of using Jupiter's moons for finding longitude, but of course that required a telescope (and knowledge of the existence of Jupiter's moons!) which was unavailable in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Were the planets really useful for navigation/surveying/cartography or were they practically important only for astrology?
Interesting point on the Cellarius, to be honest I hadn't studied it that closely.
It's the ephemerides that are useful but to produce them you first need planetary tables. In all three cases it's about determining longitude. Cartography and surveying are basically two sides of the same coin. In navigation before the invention of the lunar distance method and the marine chronometer, navigators would only have a very vague idea of their longitude. They would make an accurate determination on landfall using the ephemerides.
Todd, Can I point you towards "Finding Longitude" by Richard Dunn and Rebekah Higgitt
https://thonyc.wordpress.com/2014/12/09/retelling-a-story-this-time-with-all-the-facts/
and also Dunn and Higgitt (editors) 'Navigational Enterprises in Europe and its Empires, 1730-1850'
https://thonyc.wordpress.com/2018/03/29/marine-chronometer-lunar-distance-method-or-something-else-altogether/
Thanks for those references Laurence. However, those sources seem to focus on finding longitude with an accurate marine chronometer in the post-telescopic era. But Thony's post mentioned using planetary ephemerides to find longitude in the pre-telescopic era. I'm trying to understand why planets would be useful for that. What you need is some event that observers at two locations (one with known or assigned longitude to serve as reference) see simultaneously. A lunar eclipse works great for that, so if we are talking about lunar and solar ephemerides then I get it. I guess maybe lunar occultations of a planet could be used and that would require a planetary ephemeris. I had not considered that possibility when I made my initial comment. (Of course, once you have an accurate/synchronized clock then all you need is something like a table of the rising or transit times for stars seen at, say, Greenwich, and then you can measure the local time of same to get your longitude. But that didn't happen until long after the introduction of the telescope into astronomy.)
If you read carefully Todd, it should be read as planetary tables and ephemerides, a set of ephemerides contains much more astronomical data than just planetary tables. The standard method of determining longitude, which had been used since antiquity, was Lunar eclipses. of which there are between two and five in a solar year. If in your ephemeris you have the exact time of a lunar eclipse, even a partial one, for a given place of which you already know the longitude and you can determine local time for where you are and thus time the lunar eclipse then you can determine the time difference and thus the longitude
Phillip Harmsworth
Immanuel Kant died in 1804: he therefore could not have been impressed by the prediction and discovery of Neptune in 1846.
The last paragraph omits some important details:
– The discrepancy between theory and observation of Mercury's motion was once attributed to the presence of another planet – see Thomas Levenson's 2016 book "The Hunt for Vulcan". At the time, this was an eminently reasonable assumption.
– The incompatibility between Newtonian physics and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism emerged slowly after the publication of Maxwell's work (refer Whittaker's 1910 account "A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century").
-The Pais biography of Einstein provides further information about the various attempts to align Maxwell's theory with Newtonian mechanics.
– Michelson and Morley performed experiments to detect the Earth's motion relative to the aether, and found no effect. AFAIK, they did not originate a new theoretical proposal to explain their results.
I reviewed Levinson's book a while back. Recommended.
Posting via a different route; not sure if embedded links are working:
http://www.multivax.de:8000/helbig/research/publications/info/vulcan.html


Reno Omokri has revealed the most significant thing Buhari has done for the Igbo.
According to him, it was the Operation Python Dance being carried out by the Nigerian army in the South East region.
Omokri, who worked in the immediate past administration as ex-President Goodluck Jonathan's aide, said Buhari only sees Igbo as slaves and insults them.
In a tweet on Wednesday night, Omokri noted that the campaign gimmick of Buhari's Igbo driver and cook was built on lies.
The former presidential aide added, "This @MBBuhari Campaign gimmick of his Igbo driver and cook is built on lies and is an insult to Igbos if the only thing Buhari sees them fit for is to drive and cook.


Reverse mortgages could be a great option for the right type of borrower. It is important to understand the advantages and risks in order to make an informed decision. This article provides advice on reverse mortgages for Las Vegas homes.
A reverse mortgage is a specific type of home loan that enables you to get cash for the equity in your home. However, it differs from other types of equity lines in that home owners are not required to make monthly payments towards the loan. The mortgage is paid back when the homeowners no longer occupy the real estate as their principal residence or fail to meet the obligations of the loan. The amount paid back includes the cash taken out, interest on the loan, and other associated fees.
Be age 62 or older.
Own a home that you use as a primary residence.
Have a qualifying property type.
The amount of a reverse mortgage depends on how old you are, the prevailing mortgage rates, the appraised value of the home, and FHA mortgage insurance limitations. Older borrowers may use a higher amount equity. The funds can be disbursed all at once, in monthly increments, or through a credit line.
Reverse mortgage programs are offered by most mortgage companies. Up-front charges are high, so it should only be used when no other loan programs are feasible. Program specifics and interest rates can vary, so it would be smart to compare estimates from a few different providers. The advice on reverse mortgages for Las Vegas homes shown in this article is intended strictly as an overview. Requirements may change, so consult with reverse mortgage experts for advice relevant to your situation.
This is great information to share. Many real estate professionals need to learn more about the reverse mortgage products.


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Bienemann von Bienenstamm steht für:
 Bienemann von Bienenstamm (Adelsgeschlecht), deutsch-baltisches briefadeliges Adelsgeschlecht

Bienemann von Bienenstamm ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Herbord Karl Friedrich Bienemann von Bienenstamm (1778–1840), deutsch-baltischer Landwirt, Publizist und Geograf
 Paul Bienemann von Bienenstamm (Paul Johann Peter Bienemann von Bienenstamm; 1843–1911), deutsch-baltischer Finanzbeamter in russischen Diensten, siehe Paul von Bienenstamm
 Peter Bienemann von Bienenstamm (1749–1820), königlich-polnischer Justizrat, Kreismarschall in Bauske

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: why is my runnable giving ANR? I'm trying to implement a SurfaceView, calling its onDraw() method from a Thread, based on this tutorial.  My app is giving ANR after I start the below code running.
I have tried implementing Runnable, instead of extending Thread but it still gives ANR.
As far as I know there's nothing else running on the app when the ANR occurs.   (The ANRs only started occurring when I added this code:)
package com.thunderrabbit.run;

import android.graphics.Canvas;
import android.view.SurfaceHolder;

public class MainThread extends Thread {
    private final String TAG = this.getClass().getSimpleName();

    // desired fps
    private final static int    MAX_FPS = 50;
    // maximum number of frames to be skipped
    private final static int    MAX_FRAME_SKIPS = 5;
    // the frame period
    private final static int    FRAME_PERIOD = 1000 / MAX_FPS;

    private SurfaceHolder surfaceHolder;
    private PageGLSurfaceView gamePanel;
    private boolean running;    // flag to hold game state
    private Canvas canvas;

    long beginTime;     // the time when the cycle begun
    long timeDiff;      // the time it took for the cycle to execute
    int sleepTime;      // ms to sleep (<0 if we're behind)
    int framesSkipped;  // number of frames being skipped

    public MainThread(SurfaceHolder surfaceHolder, MySurfaceView gamePanel) {
        super();
        this.surfaceHolder = surfaceHolder;
        this.gamePanel = gamePanel;
    }

    public void setRunning(boolean running) {
        this.running = running;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        sleepTime = 0;
        while(running)
        {
            canvas = null;
            try
            {
                synchronized (surfaceHolder)
                {
                    canvas = surfaceHolder.lockCanvas();
                    beginTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
                                    // resetting the frames skipped
                    framesSkipped = 0;
                    // update game state
                    this.gamePanel.update();
                    // render state to the screen
                    // draws the canvas on the panel
                    this.gamePanel.render(canvas);
                    // calculate how long did the cycle take
                    timeDiff = System.currentTimeMillis() - beginTime;
                    // calculate sleep time
                    sleepTime = (int)(FRAME_PERIOD - timeDiff);

                    if (sleepTime > 0) {
                        // if sleepTime > 0 we're OK
                        try {
                            // send the thread to sleep for a short period
                            // very useful for battery saving
                            Thread.sleep(sleepTime);
                        } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
                    }

                    while (sleepTime < 0 && framesSkipped < MAX_FRAME_SKIPS) {
                        // we need to catch up
                        // update without rendering
                        this.gamePanel.update();
                        // add frame period to check if in next frame
                        sleepTime += FRAME_PERIOD;
                        framesSkipped++;
                    }
                    beginTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
                    gamePanel.onDraw(canvas);
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                if (canvas != null)
                {
                    surfaceHolder.unlockCanvasAndPost(canvas);
                }
            }
            // update game state
            // render state to the screen
        }
        DebugLog.d(TAG, "Game loop executed ");
    }
}

What's causing the ANR?  Should I implement Runnable or extend Thread in a significantly different way?

A: Using Thread.sleep(...) blocks the thread.  If you block on the UI thread, your app is essentially frozen and the OS will consider it to be non-responsive.  Instead, you should look into using Timer.  Examples here and here.
Basically instead of sleeping your thread until it's next execution, you set a timer so you can be called when it's time to execute again.

A: gamePanel extends from SurfaceView and receives your input (through onTouchEvent()). In other words, its your UI thread. When you are calling gamePanel.onDraw(canvas) It is blocking (waiting for hardware to draw on the canvas) and so you get ANR.
The MainThread seems to be the rendering thread (seeing as how it owns the canvas), and it should be the only one rendering. Your game logic should go in the MainGamePanel or in a separate thread altogether.
So ideally I would have three threads:

*

*one for input (the main activity which spends most of its time doing nothing)

*one for game logic (a separate thread which is updated all the time)

*one for drawing (which owns the canvas and is drawing all the time)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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moonluza.pt
fazemos nascer projetos e eventos únicos que interligam culturas e promovem o encontro do turismo com a arte, educação e história.
Sintra, Magic and Moonluza
Adriana Duarte January 20, 2020 No comments
'Sintra is Europe's most beautiful farewell, when it finally meets the sea'
Vergílio Ferreira
When during his visit to Portugal in 1866 Hans Christian Andersen visited Sintra spending there two weeks, he wrote that 'every foreigner finds in Sintra a piece of his homeland.' I found Poland here and I feel it more in the autumn when the forests of Sintra dress in all colors. I go for my walks and just like as my homeland, I feel I am in a fairy tale ….
Sintra witnessed almost every period in the history of Portugal, or even of Humanity. Called Holy Mountain or Mountain of the Moon it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. Often considered the capital of romanticism, for centuries its beauty has enchanted foreign travelers and those passionate about its landscape. Every person who comes to Sintra, is, even if only for a moment, transported back in time, has a unique encounter with history, with legends and enters a magical world.
It is hard to believe that in such a small town there are so many palaces, castles, monasteries, churches, parks and properties with wonderful stories. It is worth getting off the tourist tracks to discover incredible places, full of magic, painting and Azulejo tiles ateliers, abandoned properties with stories and legends….
It is definitely worth dedicating some days to visiting Sintra (but even so it is never enough) to get to know it and to feel its magical environment. You can take advantage of the joint tickets and visit the National Palace, Quinta da Regaleira, Pena Palace and The Moorish Castle. It is also worth following a slightly longer trail and discover the Monserrate Palace and its gardens and Capuchos Convent before finally reaching the westernmost point of continental Europe – Cabo da Roca. No one can be indifferent to the beauty and charm of Sintra.
I myself have long been enchanted by its beauty and hence the name of the company – Moonluza, inspired by the Moon Mountain. Moonluza is my own place in Portugal, my 'Projects and Events Cellar', which interconnects the elements of culture, tourism, tradition and education. Sintra hosts many of Moonluza's initiatives, including one which is very special for me -The International Seminar on Fairytale and Storytelling Therapy. The first edition took place in March 2015 and brought to Portugal from various parts of the world therapists, psychologists, writers, storytellers, academics and other enthusiasts of this theme. Now it is one of the most eagerly anticipated events on our calendar.
I love sharing 'my Sintra' with the participants of our projects and I really enjoy discovering it all over again through their eyes. So I now extend a warm invitation to join us for one of our projects or to create with us a dream project.
Adriana Jurczyk Duarte, Diretor
Translation of parts of the interview given for 'Markowa Turystyka'
Scottish Country Dancing Weekend in Portugal
Adriana Jurczyk Duarte awarded during the III edition of Lady Business Awards 2019
Travelling to find ourselves
Andersen in Sintra
Storytelling through Sandplay Therapy
Scottish Country Dancing in Curia
Moonluza
General Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy
Duties and responsibilities of participants
Technical File and Contacts
Moonluza, Unipessoal Lda. is registered in the Portuguese National Register of Travel Agents and Tourism nr 4757
Moonluza is an officially registered trademark by the Portuguese Institute of Industrial Property -National Trademark nr 538949

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Karen Casedy was on the Cleveland High baseball diamond to congratulate the departing seniors earlier this month.
Although Cleveland High School didn't expect to lose any coaches to retirement or other parting of the ways after the 2012-13 school year ended — you'll remember new football, girls soccer, volleyball and softball coaches were hired before the year began — the school is losing one of its key athletic positions.
Athletic trainer Karen Casedy announced this spring that she has a new job.
"It is with a heavy heart that I leave Cleveland," Casedy said. "However, I am excited to go on to (the University of New Mexico) and be a part of teaching our future athletic trainers.
"Another exciting aspect of my job at UNM will be working with the high schools in providing internships for the college students," she said.
Casedy reflected on her career in Rio Rancho Public Schools.
Thus, when the doors of CHS opened in August 2009, Casedy was there, as one of those doors opened to her as the first athletic trainer for the Storm.
Even those days that never seem to end?
"Athletic trainers work long hours and do not have the luxury of resting when a season is over because the next season has already begun," Casedy said. "My day starts at 6 in the morning and may not end until 10 or 11 at night.
"I have completed a 40-hour work week around Wednesday — and the week is long from over. It has been said that athletic training is a thankless job, and to a large extent that is true. However, we, as athletic trainers, don't do what we do for accolades," Casedy said. "Our sense of accomplishment and satisfaction comes from the results of our work. For instance: I am the one who responds to the athlete who gets injured on the field/court. I send him or her to get further diagnostic testing. I see that athlete possibly get surgery. I help that athlete return to his/her pre-injury state through a long and, at times, arduous rehabilitation program.
CHS Athletic Coordinator Larry Chavez, who said two or three competent applicants will be interviewed in early June and the position filled before June ends, said he's sorry to see Casedy go.
The Storm coaches, Chavez and Castillo, and Principal Scott Affentranger helped make Casedy's job easier than normal.
"I feel my success, here at Cleveland, in building a quality athletic training program is largely due to the support and respect of the people I work with," Casedy said. "I can't tell you how many times I hear people who see our facilities say, 'Wow, you must love working here.' And, of course I agree.
She'll be back, she promised.


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Free Genealogy » Massachusetts » Biographical Sketch of Adams, Charles R.
Biographical Sketch of Adams, Charles R.
Leave a Comment	/ Massachusetts
Adams, Charles R., son of Charles and Eliza Ann Adams, was born in Charlestown, Middlesex County, February 10, 1834.
His early education was received at the grammar school, Charlestown, and at Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham.
He early developed musical talents, and his first teacher of vocal music was Mr. Edwin Bruce of Boston, then afterwards Mme. Arnoult, and for a number of years his voice was frequently heard in the concert halls of Boston and vicinity. During several years he sustained the tenor roles in the oratorio performance of the Handel and Haydn Society, to the satisfaction of the public, upon which his hold became very strong.
Having chosen music as his profession, Mr. Adams studied and traveled with Prof. Mulder, formerly one of the professors of the Royal Opera, Paris, and accompanied him to Europe. Prior to sailing for Europe they gave a series of concerts through the United States, which were very successful, the tour extending to Canada; and from St. John they sailed for Barbadoes, West Indies, giving concerts at all the islands. Mr. Adams afterwards went to London and Amsterdam, meeting at the latter place Professor Mulder, who had preceded him thither, and with him went on a concert tour through Holland, receiving at that time from Vienna an invitation to sing at the Austrian capital, in "Sonnambula: with Mlle. Artot. After learning the opera in three days, he made his first appearance in Vienna, which was a great success. Subsequently, through the influence of his instructor, Barbiere, he secured an engagement at the Imperial Opera House in Berlin.
After a tour in Russia, he returned to Vienna and accepted a three years' engagement at Pesth, for the German Opera. He appeared at the Imperial Opera House in Berlin for three consecutive years, and the following nine years was the leading tenor at the Hofoper, in Vienna. During this time he sand in opera two seasons at the Covent Garden, London, one season at the Scala, Milan, and one at the Royal Opera, Madrid, as well as at the principal opera houses in Germany. He returned to America in 1877, appearing throughout the United States in German and Italian Opera.
A few years ago he settled in Boston as a teacher of vocal music, in which he has been eminently successful, standing high in the estimation of the profession and the public—a position he has merited by years of conscientious study.
Surnames:
Adams,
Biography,
Charlestown Massachusetts, Hampden County MA, Middlesex County MA, Suffolk County MA, Wilbraham Massachusetts,
Rand, John Clark. One of a Thousand: A Series of Biographical Sketches of One Thousand Representative Men Resident in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , A.D. 1888-'89. Massachusetts: First National Publishing Company, 1890.


Sales and profits tumbled for third largest US poultry producer Sanderson Farms in its fiscal third quarter with the company facing not just a seasonal down-turn but also rising feed costs and a domestic glut of meat.
The figures, which were below market expectations, showed net sales for the third quarter of $852.4m compared with $931.9m for the same period a year ago. And the company reported net income of $11.5m or $0.50/share compared with $115.8m, or $5.09 per share for the same period.
Joe F. Sanderson Jr, Sanderson Farms chairman and chief executive officer, said the results reflected significant counter-seasonal weakness in market prices for boneless breast meat produced for food service customers.
"In fact, market prices for boneless breast meat, chicken breast tenders, boneless thigh meat, bulk leg quarters and jumbo wings produced at our plants that process a larger bird were all significantly lower this year when compared to last year's third fiscal quarter.
But feed costs per pound of chicken processed during the third fiscal quarter were 5.8% higher compared to last year and were 7.7% up sequentially.
Prices paid for corn and soybean meal, the company's primary ingredients, rose by 4.3% and 15.5% compared with the same period last year.
US Department of Agriculture statistics showed domestic stockpiles of poultry and frozen red meat were above 2.5bn pounds in July for the second straight month with volumes rising in recent months.
US stockpiles of chicken hit a record 888m pounds in June, according to the Financial Times.
This is due to the imposition of tariffs on US agricultural products by Mexico and China which have led to growing quantities of protein being left unsold. Tariffs have been put in place in the light of President Trump's decision to impose tariffs on imports of steel and aluminium products.
Sanderson Foods is not the only US poultry company to have had a weaker period. Tyson Foods last month downgraded its earnings outlook, blaming tariffs, the meat glut and fears about future trade.


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Gay Teacher Fired After Posting Wedding Photos on Facebook
By Beatrice Dupuy On 2/10/18 at 5:17 PM EST
A Miami Catholic teacher was fired after sharing photos of her wedding with her partner. The principal of the school called the decision necessary. GETTY
U.S. Florida Miami Catholic
A Miami teacher returned to work after celebrating her wedding to her partner only to get fired from her job.
The Catholic school teacher, Jocelyn Morffi, posted photos her marriage last weekend to Facebook and was fired from the Saints Peter and Paul Catholic School on Thursday after returning to work the day before.
"This weekend I married the love of my life and unfortunately I was terminated from my job as a result," Morffi said on social media. "In their eyes I'm not the right kind of Catholic for my choice in partner."
Parents, who were aware that Morffi was openly gay, protested the school Friday in defense of Morffi.
"I'm upset," parent Christina Lopez told WPLG. "The way they handled this was just unbelievable."
The principal, Carlota Morales, called Morffi's firing "difficult and necessary" in a letter to parents. Officials with the Archdiocese of Miami confirmed Morffi's termination and said that she was fired for breaking her contract, which includes a moral turpitude clause, according to WPLG.
"As a teacher in a Catholic school, their responsibility is partly for the spiritual growth of the children," Archdiocese of Miami spokeswoman Mary Ross Agosta told The Miami Herald. "One has to understand that in any corporation, institution or organization there are policies and procedures and teachings and traditions that are adhered to. If something along the way does not continue to stay within that contract, then we have no other choice."
Morffi worked as a teacher for seven years at the school before she was fired Thursday.
"We were extremely livid," Cintia Cini, a parent told the Herald. "They treated her like a criminal, they didn't even let her get her things out of her classroom."
In 2015, judges in Florida removed the state ban on same-sex marriage.
Gay Teacher Fired After Posting Wedding Photos on Facebook | U.S.
Pictures of same-sex weddings in Australia


And start your day like an entrepreneur should.
This first step is very important , so start practicing this every day. Motivate yourself before you hit the shower. Just look in the mirror and motivate yourself. Make it a daily habit.
Second thing you need to learn is to sell yourself. Don't be harassing people. Learn how to trigger people in becoming interested in what is is you have to offer. Off course if you are opening a store or you sell hard products ( like a webshop) then by all means you need to be talking about it. But when selling digital products like courses and affiliate products you need to approach your clients on a different level. I will be writing a blog about this topic next time.
Fourth is to do research. If you go back and check my other blogs about education you will notice that I always encourage people to do research. Try to find out what others in your niche are doing. What are the strategies they apply to make it in their business. Follow them….don't stalk them on their social media platforms. Make google your search friend.
Fifth thing for you to consider is that most people will listen and follow you if you can help with solving their problem. You don't have to create new product. The wheel is already invented.
So again, instead of trying to come up with new products, find out what problems you can solve. You know the saying :where there's a problem, there is a need.
One of the most important things you need to know is your WHY !!
my last point, but in my opinion the most important. It has everything to do with the above video you just watched. If you didn't, I suggest you watch the video first before you continue reading. So the last point I want you to consider before you become an entrepreneur is to ask yourself why you really want to start a business. Why do you want to become an entrepreneur. What is it that you are looking for. What is driving that passion.
I hope these six points will help you on your journey in finding your why and in helping you considering in becoming an entrepreneur.


When you visit any supermarket, departmental store or textile showroom, you will invariably find the staff at billing counters scanning products with hand-held laser devices or desk top ones. These devices are barcode scanners which are used to scan the barcodes fixed on each item.
When an operator scans the barcode of a product, information such as name and price of the product get displayed on computer screen which are used to generate cash memos/bills.
Barcodes, imprinted/pasted on the products, have embedded details such as product names, price, batch numbers, expiry date, name of the manufacture, quantity of items and so on. There are special devices to generate barcodes which are known as barcode printers. Similarly, devices which decode the information hidden in barcodes are known as barcode scanners.
So, one would ask what are barcodes? For uninitiated, barcode is an orderly representation of data saved in parallel lines with varied width and spacing. Barcode scanners are electronic devices used to decode/read the information saved in barcodes. Technically, the barcode scanners, work by changing the light energy into electrical energy.
Barcode scanners are two types – hand gun type and desktop or fixed one, which are seen in super/hypermarkets, departmental stores, textile showrooms, automobile spare part dealers, drug makers and so on. These devices are connected with computer system for billing and stock taking purposes. Technological advancement has introduced handheld mobile scanning devices which are widely used in warehouses and retail showrooms for billing and inventory monitoring/recording purposes.
Barcode scanners can also be classified into four types according to their usage - CCD Scanner, Laser Scanner, Linear Image Scanner and Area Image Scanner.
Barcode scanners are extensively used in general retail, healthcare, entertainment, warehousing, logistics, tolling, utilities, manufacturing, education and offices. They can be used for billing, inventory tracking, parking management, patient tracking, kiosk, queue management, ticketing, postal and mailing, shipping and receiving, filing, library and student information tracking.


text:
Badger Tracks
The Student News Site of Lampasas High School
January 14Personalized Parking Space Fundraiser Idea Denied
December 17Theatre Performs Elf The Musical
December 17Football Team Rallies But Falls To Carthage In State Semifinal Game
New Club Provides Safe Haven For Gamers
Cameron Wilson, ReporterOctober 18, 2019Leave a Comment
More stories from Cameron Wilson
Senior Morgan Dandley listing game options on the whiteboard in the library on Sept. 25 during The Gaming Club.
Cameron Wilson, Reporter
Tension lingers in the air as four players take their seats. Taking their controllers, the players begin to battle as they clash within a virtual reality. The LHS Gaming Club is a place for those who want to have a good time, some friends and a place to hang out and play some games.
The Game Club started on Sept. 25, and has since gained popularity among students and staff alike. Meetings are every Wednesday after school.
"There's a lot of gamers out in the world and competition kind of just took over," freshman Caleb Posten said. "People don't interact much, so the game club will bring them together."
The club welcomes anyone who is willing to join, either for fun, to meet new people, or to connect and become even closer with those who share an interest. Senior Dylan DePew is the entire reason why the club started. He is the person who proposed the idea of a game club.
"I kind of wanted to have a place for people to relax without judgement from their peers," DePew said. "This is just one place where I can escape the struggles of school. A place where I can rest my thoughts."
To some, the club is just somewhere to hang out with friends and have a good time but to others, the club has a much deeper meaning.
"I just feel happy being here," sophomore Veronica Pena said. "Makes me want to come every Wednesday. I consider people like us outcasts. We get made fun of for not having name brands, and see this as a safe haven. Welcome to the club. We're a big family here. We don't care if you suck, we don't care if you're the best, we just care if you're nice."
Seniors Enjoy Final Pep Rally
New School Monitor Strives To Ensure Student Safety
In My Mother's Arms
Answering The Call of Duty
Jessica Ball Announced Homecoming Queen
Homecoming King Nominees Continue "Queen" Tradition At Pep Rally
Hawaiian Pep Rally In Pictures
Life-Long Friends Begin Coaching Football Together
Hydro-flask Sksk Sksk
Creating a Masterpiece


Group Discussion Ideas > General GD Topics > Should reservations be based on economic status?
At present, In India there are reservations on caste basis. There is a particular percentage of seats reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST), Scheduled Castes (SC) & Other Backward Classes (OBC) in Education and Employment. For Other Castes (OC), there is no reservation at all (Except in Maharastra, where Marathas got reservation recently). Many people find it discriminatory towards OCs and are demanding that reservation should be based on economic status rather than on caste.
When the concept of caste reservations was brought in India, Dr. B R Ambedkar, the chief architect of Indian constitution added a rule that these reservations should exist only for 15 years, and can be renewed for another few years if the need is still there. But no government took the risk of ending reservations altogether with the fear of losing their vote banks. It's been 67 years since the constitution came into force. So, it's time for a relook into the caste reservation system.
If we analyse the statistics of below poverty line people, we can observe that there are poor people in all communities including communities that fall under OCs. Caste based reservations are discriminatory towards poor of OCs. For example, if 2 poor people with same score in the exam, one belongs to OBC and another belongs to OC applies to the last seat available in a college that allows reservations, person that belongs to OBC will get the admission, and the one that belongs to OC won't. If a student who belongs to SC applies to the same seat, he will be chosen. Why should people be discriminated based on birth? If the reservation system is based on economic status, both students would have equal chances to grab that seat.
Only a few families are utilising reservations for many generations. There is no rule that if a person got job due to reservation, his/her child should not utilise reservation. Due to this, people who are already enjoying the benefits of reservation, using reservation again and again though they do not need it at all. And some other people are still not able to utilize reservation due to the wealthy in their communities. For example, if there are 10 seats reserved for STs in a college, children of poor, illiterate people have to compete with children of wealthy families in the same community. Those who already utilized reservations can afford to train their children in quality institutes and hence they can easily get the admission. Reservation on economic basis can solve this problem.
Indian constitution advocates equality, but is not upholding the principle in reservations, especially when considering the fact that rich and poor exists in all communities.
Caste divisions are hatred among communities is increasing due to reservations. Many communities in several states of India are fighting to give them reservations. And the consequence is people are increasingly associating with their caste. The interesting fact is that before the first caste census by British government (1881) in India, many people do not even know what their caste is. From then, the idea of caste is deeply ingrained in the Indian society. Now the reservations are making the situation even worse.
Many people term reservations as a consolation for facing discrimination some decades ago. But it's not. Communities that belongs to SC & ST faced discrimination and abuse for many decades. They were denied of quality education and healthcare. Most of them were poor at the time of independence. At that time, not all schools were willing to teach these communities and not all employees were willing to hire them for jobs. And as a result poverty in the communities would have continued for many more generations. But reservations provided positive discrimination for them and uplifted many people. Now, there are rich and middle class in these communities and that is because of reservations. Even now, if we observe the statistics of below poverty line people, a high percentage of them belong to SC & ST. And high percentage of rich and middle classes belong to OBC & OC. Still people of some communities are facing abuse in the name of caste. One case study revealed that people of some communities find it difficult to get a home for rent, and a temporary job if they revealed their caste names. These things justify caste based reservation, because people belonging to Other Castes do not have to go through all this to move to a new city, to get education and to get a job.
For poor people of OC, there are poverty alleviation schemes and special quotas such as 'Economically Backward Classes' (EBC) quota etc.
Removing caste based reservation and replacing it with reservations based on economic status will face so much opposition and the legal fight may take decades. Instead if we slowly eliminate the system of caste, there will be a scope for the reservations based on economic status. If you too want to eliminate caste system, please sign this petition – Create 'Humanity' caste & allow everyone to migrate to it.
If there are reservations on economic basis, people who work hard for a financially stable life will feel discouraged. There will be no incentive for working hard. Some people may not work hard and just live on government benefits.
In India, it's easy to hide some income resources and to get a false income certificate. Though the situations are changing for the better, it is not that difficult.
No one deserves to take the pain for greater good (reservations). It's time to make changes in caste based reservation system. Reservations based on the economic status is not the right solution either.
Instead of adding new communities to the reservation quotas, continuously removing people that do not need reservation benefits will ensure that the reservation benefits will reach only for deserving ones. Efforts from people like voluntarily giving up reservation also helps a lot. This process can slowly eliminate the concept of reservation.
What is your opinion on this topic? Do you think reservations be based on economic basis? Express your thoughts in the comment section below. Subscribe to our blog to receive updates whenever a new post is published.
According to me the reservation on basis of economic status is justified because there are many people in this country who are from General category but are financially weak. There are many people who deserve better chance to prove themselves but just that they are from general category they miss that opportunity. In India though the ritual of reservation is going on from long time there is need to make some modifications like provision to willingly give up reservation and only one time availing it in one generation moreover only giving it till education level and not in government jobs.
According to me reservation on any basis is detremental to country's progress like India where we have the highest percentage of human resource in working age and our efforts should be to make them capable and skilled and not to give them ready made food so that they will forget how to earn it.
I think reservation must be based on economical status because those who are belonging to upper caste economically weaker section they will not get any opportunity from government. As we know in our society we have equal rights to explore ourselves, then why should only st ,sc got this huge opportunity in education and employment sector, they also have equal rights to grab this reservation quota in some percentage. And today we are more literate and our society is much more educative than ancient time, so why should we will discriminate between lower caste and upper caste people. We are living in 21st century and we should needed to more focus on technology development not on such cheap discrimination between caste system. That's all thank you.
In my point of view,reservation policy on caste basis should not be abolished rather it should need bit of modification. Reservation should be there in upliftment of people who deserve rather than giving them ready made solution or ie seats in colleges or schools.let us take an example there are two children with same age, height and so on,a sweet jar is just kept to a height one child is able to take out sweets with his or her own initiatives but another is not able to get it.so we must not carry the weak child and directly reach to the jar instead we should teach her or train her to reach the destination..
Well put! Support is needed for some people.
According to me caste reservation system should be based on economic status. SC and ST people they have already uplifted their status , earlier they are not economically sound but they have got government job and their children goes to school, inspite of that they are enjoying the government facilities. But many families are there ,they are not financially sound inspite of that they are getting the chance in reputed school or government job, may be in the house no male members are there , they are not getting the chance because of they are general caste. So the day has come to change the caste reservation system. After independence long time passed but no government take initiative to change the reservation system because of vote bank. Those required they should get the facility, for example a woman can get married a SC or ST people because she knows her next generation they will get all the reservation facility but they are financially sound otherwise one poor man he is not getting the chance. Government should take initiative and change the reservation system.


Is the thought of Digital Transformation overwhelming to you?
If so, you are not alone. Many business managers have heard much about how they need to "digitally transform" and other related buzz words. But often this will be outside of their area of expertise, having developed a career through domain understanding and people management. The thought of having to be a technology expert as well, in order to keep up, is quite daunting. So, if this is you, we want to ease your fears, and give you a path forward that is achievable and leverages the vast knowledge you have of your business.
Firstly, digital transformation is not about technology, it's about action. Don't let anyone tell you differently. Technology for the sake of technology is not particularly useful. Technology, when it is designed with action and impact in mind, is a powerful thing.
Secondly, remember, unless your technology is automating something, it is not directly adding value. The value is only added by assisting people to do something different; to take a different action. This is the crux of the matter.
Note that none of these questions require you to be up to date on the latest digital technologies. They simply require the understanding of business processes and strategies: the need for action and impact, all things that should be well within the knowledge of you, as a capable business manager.
Once you have a populated list of these items, you can then engage with experts in digital technologies to understand what is required to drive these actions and impacts, and put in place an action plan for implementation.
Finally, you don't have to bite off everything at once. Many people will tell you that you need to invest in expensive infrastructure and services prior to embarking on your digital transformation; costing you time and money. There is another, more effective, way. A "small projects" strategy where you start with a small project and make it successful. This project will lead to demand from your business for other projects and the aggregation of projects across business units and sites with similar problems and opportunities.
If you want a partner who can help you navigate this journey, and empower you to deliver business outcomes quickly through the effective use of digital technologies, please contact us at snowden@snowdengroup.com.
6th July 2017 Big Strategy, Small Projects, Part 2 – Innovative project examples Three projects that we can execute today to provide innovative outcomes for our clients.


Dr. Nias—a brilliant, maniacal, dangerous, nefarious being—was blessed with incredible intelligence and an even more cunning tongue. At a young age, he was fascinated with the physical and psychological aspects of mankind. He dedicated his adolescence to his obsession.
In his adulthood, Nias became a surgeon and psychologist. His career made him wealthy. His ambition became resolute. He continued to study mankind. Eventually, the doctor found himself in positions of authority and control. No one questioned his brilliant mind. He was worshipped for his abilities. It stirred his desire. As the years passed, no amount of power or dominance could satiate him. His lust for omnipotence left him ravenous, and madness began to bloom within him.
Infatuated with the belief that humans have a different purpose than their singular hopes, dreams, and ambitions, Dr. Nias saw his patients as subjects—vessels to be commanded in conquest of his own aspirations. He began to hone his natural gift for manipulation. Deceived, his subjects volunteered unknowingly for his appalling research and unorthodox procedures.
Year after year, failure after failure, body after body, Dr. Nias continued to operate. Eventually, a breakthrough revealed what he had long desired—control of mankind. As the ranks of his mindless servants grew, his focus shifted. He would expand on a colossal scale; he would take his rightful throne. To unify his subjects, he covered their gruesome, mangled faces with a mask of no emotions, and dubbed them The Faceless.
Now, Dr. Nias is on a warpath to control the entire world, converting the world to The Faceless through influence and force. As The Faceless army grows, their haunting chants of "obey, kill, consume" echo through the night in the minds of men and women, a nightmare feared around the globe. Unfortunately, the darkness is coming for us all.
Written/Created by Dennis Ray Gee Jr.
Copyright © Ember's Fall. All rights reserved.


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Q: Given an integer array (of length n), find and return all the subsets of input array using recursion in Java Suppose my input array is [15,20,12]
The required answer is a 2D array
The Required is output is as followed
[12
20
20 12
15
15 12
15 20
15 20 12
]

A: Here you go.
public static void main(String[] args) {

    int[] nums= {15, 20, 12};
    int[][] subsets = subsets(nums);
    for (int i = 1; i < subsets.length; i++) {
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(subsets[i]));
    }
}

public static int[][] subsets(int input[]) {
    List<List<Integer>> list = new ArrayList<>();
    subsetsHelper(list, new ArrayList<>(), input, 0);
    return convertListToArray(list);
}

private static void subsetsHelper(List<List<Integer>> list , List<Integer> resultList, int [] nums, int start){
    list.add(new ArrayList<>(resultList));
    for(int i = start; i < nums.length; i++){
       // add element
        resultList.add(nums[i]);
       // Explore
        subsetsHelper(list, resultList, nums, i + 1);
       // remove
        resultList.remove(resultList.size() - 1);
    }
}

private static int[][] convertListToArray(List<List<Integer>> list) {
    int[][] array = new int[list.size()][];
    for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
        array[i] = new int[list.get(i).size()];
    }
    for(int i=0; i<list.size(); i++){
        for (int j = 0; j < list.get(i).size(); j++) {
            array[i][j] = list.get(i).get(j);
        }
    }
    return array;

}

1.As each recursion call will represent subset here, add resultList(see recursion code above) to the list of subsets in each call.
 2.Iterate over elements of a set.
 3.In each iteration
   Add elements to the list
   explore(recursion) and make start = i+1 to go through remaining elements of the array.
   Remove element from the list
Output:
[15]
[15, 20]
[15, 20, 12]
[15, 12]
[20]
[20, 12]
[12]

A: Not clear if it's homework or practical case. This is how would I solve it using Guava PowerSet:
public static void main(String[] args) {
    Integer input[] = {15,20,12};
    List<Integer> rev = Lists.reverse(Arrays.asList(input));
    Set<Integer> indices = IntStream.range(0, input.length).boxed().collect(ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet());
    Object output[] = Sets.powerSet(indices).stream()
            .filter(indexset -> !indexset.isEmpty())
            .map(indexset -> indexset.stream().map(i -> rev.get(i)).collect(Collectors.collectingAndThen(toList(), Lists::reverse)))
            .map(List::toArray)
            .toArray();
    System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(output));
}

A: Disclaimer:

*

*This is my original work. No part of the solution has been copied from anywhere.

*My solution works perfectly for 3 elements. However, this needs to be improved to work for arrays of other sizes. Despite this, I am publishing it so that OP or anyone else can extend this solution to work for an array of any size.

*This question is close to the power set except for the fact that a power set can not have duplicate elements. If this exception is removed from this question, there are many solutions available e.g. at 1, 2, 3 etc.

import java.util.Arrays;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = { 15, 20, 12 };
        System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(subsets(arr)));
    }

    public static int[][] subsets(int input[]) {
        int[][] subarrs = new int[(int) Math.pow(2, input.length) - 1][input.length];
        int[] indices = { 0 };
        subsetsHelper(input, subarrs, 0, 0, 0, indices);
        return subarrs;
    }

    private static void subsetsHelper(int input[], int[][] subarrs, int index, int i, int j, int[] indices) {
        if (i == input.length) {
            subarrs[index] = input;
            return;
        }
        int[] subarr = new int[indices.length];
        for (int x = 0; x < subarr.length; x++) {
            subarr[x] = input[indices[x]];
        }
        subarrs[index] = subarr;
        if (j == input.length - 1) {
            subsetsHelper(input, subarrs, index + 1, i + 1, i + 1, new int[] { i + 1 });
        } else {
            subsetsHelper(input, subarrs, index + 1, i, j + 1, new int[] { i, j + 1 });
        }
    }
}

Output:
 [[15], [15, 20], [15, 12], [20], [20, 12], [12], [15, 20, 12]]

A: public static int[][]returnallsub(int arr[], int si){
    if(si==arr.length)
    {int[][]ret=new int [1][0];
return ret;
    }

    int [][]rss =returnallsub(arr,si+1);
    int [][]tss=new int[rss.length*2][];

    int i=0;
for(;i<rss.length;i++) {
tss[i]=new int [rss[i].length];

}
       int k=0;
    for(;k<rss.length;k++) {
tss[i]=new int [rss[k].length+1];
  i++;
}

        int j=0;
   for(i=0;i<rss.length;i++) {
  for(j=0;j<rss[i].length;j++){

      tss[i][j]=rss[i][j];
  }
}

     for(k=i;k<tss.length;k++)  {
      tss[k][0]=arr[si];
  }

      int r=i;
      for(i=0;i<rss.length;i++) {
  for(j=0;j<rss[i].length;j++){

      tss[r][j+1]=rss[i][j];

  }
          r++;
}
 return tss;

}

public static int[][] subsets(int arr[]) {

     int start=0;
  return  returnallsub( arr,0);

}

}


Architectural discourse has gradually become incoherent with the social and ethical needs of the contemporary city. With the relationship between theory and practice strained, lack of social relevance in design is ubiquitous. Practising architects frequently regard theory as esoteric and non-transferable, whilst many theorists do not manifest their ideas into reality and build. With the connection gripping the precipice by its fingers, this paper is conceived; written to persuade, motivate and encourage that there is real value in instigating ideas put forth in this paper. Concepts proposed are not only applicable to the city of Lincoln but are relevant and adaptable to all cities. Inspired by the architecture which has not yet manifested, it hopes to ignite the spirit needed to eradicate social inequities in urban design.
As Albert Einstein said: "If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts". In order to palpably grasp an understanding of what it is truly like to be physically disabled in Lincoln, I rented a wheelchair for one day to see for myself whether the facts fitted the theory.
Alone and small in the street, my self-awareness heightens. Large swarms of hurried people part when they see me approaching. My whole identity has changed in the eyes of the city within minutes. My wheelchair is my fortress and the enemy. With its large spindly wheels as my first and only defence, they are also my burden. Jarred into an utterly complex version of what I formerly knew as reality, my eyes begin scrutinising and dissecting the cobbled street surface ahead into zones which I can and cannot access. Never before had I seen the streetscape in such meticulous detail. Tiny height differences such as curbs and grooves between cobbles become mountains, cruelly halting progress and making small advances, exhausting. Whilst battling physical obstructions, I myself have become one. If the pavements were widened, perhaps disabled citizens wouldn't be seen as causing an obstruction.
One of the most historic cathedral cities of Europe, renowned for its vibrant fusion of old and new, Lincoln is situated in the east midlands of England. People are attracted to the city's picturesque cobbled streets, which weave the city body together like capillaries, constricting the flow of people in places and allowing access via tangles of short cuts, in others.
Currently witnessing an unprecedented population boom , Lincolnshire Research Observatory have released figures stating that since 2010 Lincoln has seen a sharp decrease in deaths and a dramatic rise in births. This correlation is unfolding on both a local and an international scale. Predictions from the World Health Organisation (WHO) state that within the next five years, the number of adults aged sixty-five and over will outnumber all children under the age of five. By 2050, these older adults will outnumber all children under the age of fourteen. The global population is rising at a rapid rate, raising questions about how the new third generation should be accommodated. Increased longevity may not be such a cause for celebration; this worldwide phenomenon is symbiotic with disability. WHO calculates that 'two thirds of disabled people are over 60'. The process of aging is often accompanied by some form of disability- be it physical or mental. Disability is now more likely to affect your life than ever before. These predictions are threatening chaotic future repercussions. Our urban environment desperately needs to evolve at a rate which mirrors that of humanity.
The architecture of Lincoln City tells of a rich and fascinating history. Divided across the foot and head of a hill, the Romans connected these two districts with Steep Hill. Named 'Britain's Great street' in 2012 by the Academy of Urbanism, two-thousand year-old Steep Hill is well known for its difficulty in ascending and descending, boasting a one in seven gradient.
My wheelchair rattles and comes to a halt, jammed in between the quaint cobbles at the foot of steep hill; I cannot access any further.
Newly laid, flat cobble stones would alleviate this problem, whilst maintaining the historic beauty of Lincoln. A more level surface under foot will improve transitions for everybody. The installation of a funicular railway would bind the two city levels seamlessly, whilst becoming an attraction in itself. This has been discussed to improve the accessibility of Steep Hill by the city council, but is as of yet just an idea.
In the words of Raymond Lifchez, 'Architecture can be empowering, only if architects develop empathy.' This quote rang true in my mind after being denied the use of the disabled toilet in the University of Lincoln's architecture building. Whether the architect, Rick Mather, lacked empathy towards disabled users or whether he was designing according to poor minimum standards, the standing reality is that the disabled toilet was too slim to manoeuvre a wheelchair inside and close the door. In my opinion, minimum standards need to be raised to prevent faults such as this occurring.
Article 9, 'Accessibility', of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, states that: all parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure people with disabilities are treated equally to others. This includes 'the identification and elimination of obstacles and barriers to accessibility', as well as: 'developing and monitoring the implementation of minimum standards and guidelines for the accessibility of facilities and services open or provided to the public.' Despite being a constituent of the United Nations Convention, Lincoln has not met the terms. Lincoln has also breached at least six of the articles included in The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000), regarding, non-discrimination, human dignity and respect.
I make my way to a ramp situated at the back entrance of a supermarket, to buy lunch. After several attempts with different approaches; I still can't heave myself up the ramp. The incline is too steep; with a final attempt my wheelchair falls behind me and I am hurled out of the chair onto the cold, mocking, concrete.
This is a statement to all designers and architects. Within a mere few hours of navigating Lincoln in a wheelchair, my basic human rights have been breached more than once. Being denied the right to use a toilet as well as being unable to access a supermarket to buy food independently is simply unacceptable. The ramp's incline should be lessened, to fully integrate all users.
Internal environments are just as important as external environments. Visiting a well-known coffee chain, I soon unravelled a domino effect of obstructions which hadn't been anticipated. With the counter being high above my head, reaching for a scalding hot drink proves just as tricky as holding it whilst manoeuvring a wheelchair with both arms. The severe lack of fully flexible wheelchair spaces is just as much of an inconvenience. Being a well-known global company, one would have expected a highly developed and ergonomic universal design which catered for all kinds of people, but this is, surprisingly, not the case.
Discussing accessibility with wheelchair users of the city offers another perspective. Michael has been bound to a wheelchair since childhood. Having lived in Lincoln all his life, he is well aware of the barriers present; He has mentally mapped out the streets in his head knowing exactly where he can and cannot access, with a shockingly small area in which he feels confident to travel within. He has only ever ventured up to the upper half of the city on several occasions and with enormous difficulty. This constructs a feeling of inferiority; only the physically fit can easily visit and exist in the higher land of the city.
He had longed to travel to the Usher Art gallery but had been wrongly informed that was inaccessible for the physically disabled. This illustrates a lack of information in the city regarding accessibility, leading to perceptions that the urban environment is unsafe. I believe that this can be greatly improved with local campaigning and media coverage.
Public transport is another important element of accessibility within a city, which unlocks parts of the metropolis which would otherwise be unreachable for some. As Norman Foster said; "The spaces that spiral around buildings act as the lungs." Regulating and guiding the flow of people in and out of the building membranes is just as important as the individual buildings themselves.
When Michael tries to catch a bus, it is common for the bus driver to not stop for him. This is because some old busses are ill-equipped for wheelchairs. He was recently denied access to catching a bus five times in a row. However, one journey he did board a bus which did not have designated wheelchair space to secure his wheelchair down: his wheelchair tipped over on its side, crushing his arm; causing injury. Drivers of busses that are not fully equipped are understandably wary of carrying disabled members on board, and vice versa. Michael is now wary of travelling on buses. Lincoln can remove these fears by ensuring all busses are appropriately equipped with disability facilities such as the 'kneeling' feature and providing adequate disabled spaced.
Throughout the discussion with Michael, I was appalled that he did not say one positive about accessibility in Lincoln. In the words of Helen Keller, "Although the world is full of suffering, it is also full of the overcoming of it." Participatory design involving an array of all types of people's opinion would accurately manifest the physicality of society's diverse needs.
I have noticed positive aspects of accessibility working in Lincoln. Busy roads are controlled with pedestrian crossing points, each equipped with tactile, twisting and visual cues; excellent for the deaf and blind. Although these road safety design elements are implemented by the government's Department of Transport as standard, it shows hope for integration of other disability aids in the future.
I returned to the city centre at night time discovering an entirely altered perspective. A place usually bustling with people is now abandoned and quiet. 'It feels not only empty but hyper-empty, with a total population in the negative, who are so conspicuously absent they glow like neon signs'.
Seldom are disabled people seen at night time. I believe this is because of distrust that the streets are safe at night. The fear of being attacked must be attacked itself, in order for it to leave. The city needs clear signage and well lit, open spaces with removal of obstacles. Health and safety is paramount.
The physical architecture overlaps into the psychological architecture formed in our minds. Subtle physical segregation influences the way that the separated individuals are perceived in society. Transition zones in the city, formed through voids between structures, have a continual stream of human activity filtering through them. Conduits of public life, these spaces are animated and brought to life via the energy of human existence. Thus, it can be argued that these spaces have become social organisms themselves; taking on their own psyche; echoing the combined individual minds filling the voids; a collective conscious and unconsciousness is created. Prejudice is embedded into the walls of the city.
Within a society individuals learn social attitudes from one another. Individual thoughts merge into a collective consciousness, displaying 'herd behaviour' at an unconscious level. Disability prejudices are often learnt in this way. It can be said that social media sites have recently become a live stream of visualised collective consciousness. Therefore, this medium has great power to battle social barriers.
A Louis Harris Poll showed that 58% of able bodied persons interviewed felt embarrassed and uncomfortable when in the presence of a person with a disability and 47% felt actual fear. Able bodied fearing the largest minority group in the world states that encountering disabled citizens is not a common occurrence; perhaps, this is because of poor access acting as a barrier to public spaces, which have been designed by these people, creating a schism, sectioning off the disabled. This occurrence begs the question of how well one can design a space for everybody, when they are unaware of the entire demographic. Indeed, a barrier ridden landscape is bound to have occurred in such a vicious cycle with detrimental results seen now in our cities.
When observing disabled citizens in the heart of Lincoln, I note that their mere presence provokes undulating reactions from able bodied strangers. They swerve from being completely ignored, to being paid unnaturally full amounts of attention. Being either fully known or unknown, there is no comfortable middle ground of awareness. Swinging from two extremes illustrates how uncomfortable and inexperienced this society is in encountering people with physical disabilities. This unspoken barrier can be gradually removed with social activism and campaigning. More importantly, architecture has an absolutely essential role to play in breaking these stigmas down. If physical barriers are broken down, then the social barriers will quickly follow suit. Once our city is built for everybody then prejudices will vanish.
Cities are in a constant state of flux. In the pursuit of equitable progress in Lincoln, a project such as this will have to be tackled step by step, until the steps have been worn down into a ramp. It will require incremental yet substantial investment of time and capital. But before all of that, the first stride requires a heightened social awareness in society, expanding the boundaries of understanding, engaging citizens; realising the collective need for a more accessible city. The larger the crowd of support; the louder the message; the more suitable the city will be for all, expressing a city belonging to everyone.
We are part of a collective; we must include everyone and fight for all. After all, that is what community is all about, is it not? Failure to respond to the demographic changes occurring will betray our future generations. As Einstein said, "We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking as we used when we created them." We need to be forward thinking with guidelines which architects will want to obey for the good of their people.
Allan , K. (2005) Explorations in Classical Sociological Theory: Seeing the Social World, California: Pine Forge Press, p.108. Atkins, W.S. (2001) Older People: Their Transport Needs and Requirements, Department of Transport Local Government and the Regions (DTLR), London. Berkeley Prize (2002) Lance Hosey: The role of the street in fostering social life, [online] Available at: http://www.berkeleyprize.org/endowment/essays-and-articles-on-the-social-art-of-architecture/lance-hosey-essay [Accessed 20th December 2012]. Bright, K et al. (2004) C610 Buildings for all to use: improving the accessibility of public buildings and environments, London: CIRIA, p.23. DISABILITY ISSUES (1999) THE TROJAN HORSE OF DESIGN, [online] Available at: http://www.disability.net/newsletters/19-1-winter1999/19-1-TrojanHorse.htm [Accessed 28 Dec 2012]. European Union (2000) Charter of fundamental Rights of the European Union, [online] Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf [Accessed 1st November 2012]. Hannah, B. and Covington, Br. (1996) Access By Design, U.S.A: Van Nostrand Reinhold , p.3. Lifchez, R. (1987) Rethinking architecture : design students and physically disabled people, California: University of California Press. Legislation.gov.uk (2010) Equality Act 2010, [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/section/6 [Accessed 17th December 2012]. Lincolnshire County Council (2012) Lincolnshire Population, [online] Available at: http://microsites.lincolnshire.gov.uk/teeninfolincs/world-of-work/Lincolnshire-Population [Accessed 13th December 2012]. Lincolnshire research observatory (2013) Latest Population, [online] Available at: http://www.research-lincs.org.uk/Latest-Population.aspx [Accessed 2nd Jan 2013]. Louth Leader (2012) Warning over Lincolnshire population increase , [online] Available at: http://www.louthleader.co.uk/news/local/warning-over-lincolnshire-population-increase-1-4064617 [Accessed 20th December 2012]. The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows (2012) kenopsia, [online] Available at: www.dictionaryofobscuresorrows.com/post/27720773573/kenopsia/ [Accessed 2nd Jan 2012]. The Lincolnite (2011) Lincoln's Steep Hill wins best UK street award, [online] Available at: http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2011/11/steep-hill-wins-best-uk-street-award/ [Accessed 1st December 2012]. The Telegraph (2012) Britons living longer than previously thought, [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/elderhealth/9751444/Britons-living-longer-than-previously-thought.html [Accessed 17th December 2012]. Think Exist (2012) Famous Quotes, [online] Available at: http://en.thinkexist.com/ [Accessed 2nd Jan 2013]. UCL (n.d.) The Inclusive City: delivering a more accessible urban environment through, [online] Available at: http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/3351/1/3351.pdf [Accessed 21st November 2012]. United Nations Statistics Division (2012) Population size and density , [online] Available at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/popsize/default.htm [Accessed 30th November 2012]. United Nations (2006) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, [online] Available at: http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml [Accessed 5th Dec 2012]. World Health Organisation (2013) Ageing, [online] Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/ageing/en/ [Accessed 1st Jan 2013].


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