Patek Philippe is renowned for its supreme mechanical prowess, having created some of the most intricate manual watches ever to be made. Patek pioneered the perpetual calendar, split-seconds hand, chronograph and minute repeater in watches. In addition, Patek Philippe created the first wristwatch itself in 1868. Made in miniscule quantities using old world artistry, when you buy Patek Philippe, you'll own a watch that is a celebration that man is capable of creating artistry through crafting the finest watches in the world. See what artistry we have available in our collection of Patek Philippe watches.
Patek Philippe was launched in 1839 by two Polish immigrants. Antonit Patek was a businessman and Francois Czapek was the watchmaker. Patek Philippe made its first watch in 1868, which included a perpetual calendar, split-seconds hand, chronograph and minute repeater. For an up-and-coming company, this was an impressive feat. One can only buy Patek Philippe watches for a high price because of their unique look and updated mechanical features. The company was bought by the Stern family in 1932. Patek has come a long way from its humble beginnings. The brand produced over 40,000 watches in 2002 alone.
Patek Philippe made an ultra-complicated pocket watch exclusively for Henry Graves Jr., which sold in 1999 for $11 million. This was the most expensive timepiece ever sold. Nine years later, the company broke another record by selling the most expensive modern wristwatch. The Sky Moon Tourbillion, which was a platinum watch, sold for $1.49 million. In 2010, a Swiss museum was able to buy a Patek Philippe wristwatch at auction for $5.5 million, setting another record as the most expensive watch sold during an auction.
The company is most adequately represented by its unparalleled values. These values have helped the company become the powerhouse they are today. Patek Philippe stands by their ten values; independence, tradition, innovation, quality and fine workmanship, rarity, value, aesthetics, service, emotion, and heritage.
Independence helps the company control its own destiny while pursuing a long term vision. By being independent, the company has total control over its freedom. This helps the company make the best in house movements in the world. Independence is the heart of the Patek Philippe spirit and guarantees continuity, durability, and trustworthiness.
Tradition is a value that goes hand-in-hand with independence, giving Patek Philippe a combination of experience, ingenuity, and passion that safeguards and revitalizes all of the company's discipline and skills. Tradition helps the company follow a unique way of making watches that was established by the original watchmakers back in 1839.
Innovation assists the company by guaranteeing the most advanced and cutting edge designs and mechanical functions. The company has over eighty patents, including twenty of major importance to the history of horology. Innovation also helps Patek Philippe to evolve and strive to be the best watch company in the world.
Quality and fine workmanship allows Patek Philippe to develop, manufacture, and assemble the finest timepieces in the world. Without this value, the watches would not have the look and perfection the company strives for every day.
Rarity is important because it gives the customer the knowledge and the feeling that very few people have the same watch. When a customer buys a Patek Philippe, they know that their watch is special and unique in its own way. Value is integral to Patek Philippe because the company is always trying to produce watches with the greatest value.
Aesthetics are important because Patek likes to have beauty and art within the mechanical perfection and the outer look of their watches. Patek Philippe wants its watches to look good on the inside and out.
Crown & Caliber makes selling a Patek Philippe watch easy and rewarding. Let us assist you in the selling process and help you receive the highest possible value for your Patek Philippe.


We are Houston based and are waiting for an interview date. If we travel in the mean time for 3-10 days at a time while we wait for the interview date do we need to notify USCIS before the interview date of our travel details? I know we submit our travel outside of USA on our application form but just wondering if we need to let them know the travel we do while we wait for the interview.
You tell the Officer during your Interview and in fact he will ask you about any travel.
No, you don't. Just inform them at the interview about the travel you did since filing the application.
Please keep record of your travel and inform during interview.


text:
Tap the gains of globalisation
By Sonia K.
Harnessing the opportunities that come with globalisation is quite important, observed Her Majesty Raja Isteri Pg Anak Hjh Saleha in a titah yesterday.
Addressing the 12th Asean Confederation of Women's Organisations (ACWO) General Assembly 2006, Her Majesty said: "We often look at globalisation solely in terms of its challenges to our economies, our societies, our individual cultural identities and ways of life. Addressing these challenges is, of course, vital to ensure that we can manage their impact on our societies. However, I believe that we should also pay equal attention to harnessing the opportunities that come hand-in-hand with these challenges."
This observation was made by Her Majesty in the official opening titah during the opening ceremony of the 12th ACWO General Assembly at the International Convention Centre.
Her Majesty in her titah said the ICT revolution has brought with it the freedom of knowledge through access to the Internet and huge advances in mobile communication. These two basic advances in ICT have generated amazing changes to the lives of people in our region and the ways we live, communicate and interact.
Also present at the opening ceremony were HRH Pg Isteri Azrinaz Mazhar, HRH Paduka Seri Pg Anak Isteri Pg Anak Sarah, HRH Princess Hjh Masna, HRH Princess Hjh Amal Umi Kalthum Al-Islam and HRH Princess Hjh Noor Ehsani.
"It pleases me to see this gathering here of women leaders, academics and innovators, to discuss the opportunities provided by the advancements in ICT that are an intrinsic part of the globalisation process," Her Majesty continued.
"It is this ability of ICT to enhance the lives of communities right at the grassroots level that makes it such a valuable tool to women around the world. Access to ICT means much more than just cost-effective communication. It also means access to cost effective education for all levels of society and better opportunities for the younger generation to pursue their dreams of a higher standard of living," Her Majesty said.
"These opportunities can only be realised with the converted action of all stakeholders in the public and private sector, with the principal players being government agencies, their NGO counterparts and the leaders of the private sector throughout the region.
"All stakeholders whether they be from the public or private sector, share the common challenge of providing the requisite environment and infrastructure needed to capitalise on the benefits of ICT.
"Governments must provide the requisite basis for education in ICT to all children, along with legislative and policy frameworks that bring predictability and security to the use of ICT in commercial environments.
"The private sector in turn, has a crucial role in providing services that can generate and sustain an environment, where the widespread use of ICT can prevail and prosper.
"For NGOs, it is incumbent upon them to be the drivers for new ideas and ways to continue developing the usage of ICT and to translate this usage to further improvements to the standards of living of all in society," Her Majesty said.
Her Majesty noted that globalisation has made the world smaller and the impact of ICT can no longer be denied.
"As we move along with globalisation, woman's natural responsibilities must not be forgotten. Our family comes first in our lives," Her Majesty said.
"There is no point in being ICT smart but our homes unattended. Women still need to be a good wife to her husband and a loving mother to her children, and at the same time, she must be able to participate positively to cope with changes globalisation brings to our lives," Her Majesty added.
Meanwhile, Datin Hjh Fatimah Dato Hj Abang Razali noted that the ACWO has placed ICT empowerment high in its agenda and plan of action in order to close the digital divide among us, as women could benefit tremendously with Information Technology.
"This is in line with the aspirations to create a prosperous and economically successful region in Asean," Datin Hjh Fatimah said in her welcoming address.
"ICT will serve to empower them by enhancing their skills, knowledge and information and access to other new technologies. This in turn will generate a healthy, harmonious, peaceful and a higher quality of life for the people of Asean," she said.
The General Assembly of ACWO comprises Board Meetings of the ACWO and the Conference. Sixty-four participants will be deliberating on the theme and will formulate resolutions to enable the ACWO to move forward in this area.
"This assembly in Brunei Darussalam is also an auspicious occasion as 2006 marks the 25th anniversary of ACWO," Datin Hjh Fatimah said.
"This assembly hosted by the Council of Women of Brunei Darussalam also marks the end of Brunei Darussalam's chairmanship of ACWO from 2004 to 2006," she said, adding that by the end of the assembly, it will be handed over to Philippines for the next two years.
The 12th Asean Confederation of Women's Organisations (ACMO) General Assembly 2006 with the theme "ICT Empowerment: e-Commerce and e-Government - Bringing a Higher Quality of Life in Asean will end tomorrow.
It is being hosted by the Council of Women of Brunei Darussalam.
The cutting of the cake to commemorate the 25th Anniversary of ACWO by Her Majesty was also held followed by the introduction of delegates. - Borneo Bulletin (18th Nov 2006)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


California State University–Sacramento Online is also known as Sacramento State Online, Sac State Online, CSU Sacramento Online or CSUS Online.
California State University–Sacramento is regionally accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges and Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities.
California State University–Sacramento is a public, nonprofit university.
Find out if California State University–Sacramento offers in-state tuition by visiting their website or getting in touch with the school directly. It never hurts to check if you can save a great deal of money on your education.


The hand woven sisal rugs of the Bay collection are perfect for any decor, modern or classic. The elegantly simple hand woven design is available with a border in six different colors, perfect for matching any room. Chandra area rugs have rapidly become known for tradition, heritage, and quality while revealing one of the most eclectic lineups of area rugs in the industry.Design-wise, Chandra area rugs are not only beautiful, but manufacturing methods produce many of the most durable area rugs you can own. Chandra rugs is committed to promoting the tradition and culture of the handmade Indian rug, while defining a new era in design.


text:
Q: How to count frequency of columns in row in a typedpipe in scalding? I'm currently working on a mapreduce job using scalding. I'm trying to threshold based on how many times I see a particular value among the rows in my typedpipe. For example, if I had these rows in my typedpipe:
Column 1 | Column 2
'hi'     | 'hey'
'hi'     | 'ho'
'hi'    | 'ho'
'bye'    | 'bye'
I would want to append to each row the frequency I saw the value in column 1 and column 2 in every row. Meaning the output would look like:
Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 1 Freq | Column 2 Freq
'hi'     | 'hey'| 3 | 1
'hi'     | 'ho' | 3 | 2
'hi'    | 'ho' | 3 | 2
'bye'    | 'bye' | 1 | 1
Currently, I'm doing that by grouping the typed pipe by each column, like so:
  val key2Freqs = input.groupBy('key2) {
    _.size('key2Freq)
  }.rename('key2 -> 'key2Right).project('key2Right, 'key2Freq);

Then joining the original input with key2Freqs like so:
  .joinWithSmaller('key2 -> 'key2Right, key2Freqs, joiner = new LeftJoin)

However, this is really slow and seems to me to be pretty inefficient for what is essentially a pretty simple task. It gets especially long b/c I have 6 different keys that I want to get these values for, and I am currently mapping and joining 6 different times in my job. There must be a better way to do this, right?

A: If the number of the different values in each column is small enough to fit them all into memory, you could .map your columns into Map[String,Int], and then .groupAll.sum to count them all in one go (I am using the "typed api" notation, don't quite remember how exactly this is done in the fields api, but you get the idea). You'll need to use the MapMonoid from algebird, or just write your own if you don't want to add a dependency for this one thing, it is not hard.
You'd then end up with a pipe, containing a single entry for the resulting Map. Now, you can get your original pipe, and do .crossWithTiny to bring the map with counts into it, and then .map to extract individual counts.
Otherwise, if you can't keep all that in memory, then what are you doing now seems like it is the only way ... unless you are actually looking for an approximation of "top hitters", rather than exact counts of the entire universe ... in which case, check out algebird's SketchMap.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Andrew David Wright (born 15 January 1985) is an English former professional footballer and current coach who last played as a centre midfielder and right back.

He played for the Cape Cod Crusaders, Scunthorpe United, Grimsby Town, Morecambe and Southport.

Career
A native of Southport, England, Wright began his career at his hometown club Liverpool as a youth team player, however he was released from the Anfield club in 2004 and subsequently joined American side West Virginia University where he also earned his degree in Physical Education, he is described as completing 'one of the finest careers in school history' and was called up to the College Men's MVP side – its version of an All-America team.

Wright joined Scunthorpe United in January 2008 from West Virginia University. On 28 September 2010 he joined Conference National team Grimsby Town on loan. He scored his first goal for Grimsby, and his first career goal, in a 3–3 draw with Forest Green Rovers on 7 October 2010. Wright was recalled by the Iron 26 November 2010 due to an injury crisis.

On 22 March 2012 Wright re-joined Grimsby Town on a one-month loan deal. He returned to Scunthorpe a month later after playing four times, scoring once.

He was released by the club in May 2012. and signed for Morecambe on 30 May 2012.

On 18 February 2014, Wright extended his contract at Morecambe until the end of the 2014–15 season.

Following his playing career, Wright entered the coaching ranks, returning to his college alma mater in 2016. He currently serves as the associate head coach for the men's soccer team at WVU.

References

External links

Career statistics at West Virginia University

1985 births
Living people
People from Formby
English footballers
Association football midfielders
West Virginia Mountaineers men's soccer players
Cape Cod Crusaders players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Morecambe F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
USL League Two players
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Southport F.C. players
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
English expatriate footballers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Lumia 1020 used to be the best choice to take photos as a smartphone. Carrying a 41 megapixels Pureview camera, Lumia 1020 has eclipsed all of its competitors on photo-taking after it was launched. However, everything has its end. The news leaked from evleak, who is famous for his first-hand information at the soonest, indicated this great handset would come to its end. The cellphone will be no longer a part of Nokia's retail products.
Look at the configurations of LM1020, they are somewhat outdated. For example, the machine carries a 1.5GHz Snapdragon S4 dual-core processor era and a 1280x768 resolution screen, and now the flagships have long been dominated by Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 series quad-core processors and 1080P full HD screen. Recently, there were rumors of an upgraded version of Lumia 1020 on the Internet, but the release time is still not clear.


text:
Q: Wordpress mod_rewrite and custom rules I got the default Wordpress .htaccess which is configured on the structure of post names (http://exampleblog.com/dev/the-post-slug)
This is the .htaccess
# BEGIN WordPress
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /dev/
RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L]
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule . /dev/index.php [L]
</IfModule>
# END WordPress

What I need to is that in a URL like http://exampleblog.com/dev/the-post-slug I could add my own sulfixes, like http://exampleblog.com/dev/the-post-slug/mydemo, and I want to point to that something that now is http://exampleblog.com/dev/wp-content/themes/the-theme/my-custom-folder
So I need to access this URL http://exampleblog.com/dev/the-post-slug/mydemo to show the content of this real patch  http://exampleblog.com/dev/wp-content/themes/the-theme/my-custom-folder and I just can't find a way
Thanks

A: For the first part of your question, you could just make "the-post-slug" a parent page of "mydemo" and the url is automatically done how you want.
For the second part, you could write a shortcode that lets you load in content from a different page (like with file_get_contents, an iframe, or even just an actual redirect if you don't care if the URL stays the same, just that it exists to get the user where they need to be).  In the case of a redirect code, you'd be better off with using a hook though, since a shortcode could be run after headers are already sent to the browser.
That way you won't have to worry about your extra .htaccess rules being overwritten by WordPress, and it will all be manageable in the future with the CMS, rather than having to edit any files.

A: Have you tried doing this in the permalinks settings? Settings → Permalinks. Looks like you may be looking for something like: /%category%/%postname%/.
More info on this, as well as working directly with .htaccess with Wordpress URLs can be found here: http://codex.wordpress.org/Using_Permalinks


text:
George Osborne wants this woman to help solve Britain's productivity crisis — with fintech
Well-known London seed investor Eileen Burbidge is now the UK Treasury's "special envoy" for fintech.
Chancellor George Osborne announced her appointment on Friday as part of a raft of plans to try and improve the UK's productivity.
Burbidge is a partner at Passion Capital, a London early-stage technology investment fund, and is well-known in London's tech scene � she was dubbed the "Queen of British VCs" by Fortune.
Burbidge began her career in Silicon Valley, working for the likes of Apple and Yahoo, but came to London in 2004 as an early employee of Skype. She was awarded an MBE for services to business in the Queen's Birthday Honours List earlier this year.
Her new role will involve promoting London's booming fintech industry both nationally and internationally, and advising the Treasury on how best to support the sector.
She told Business Insider: "There are a lot of tech hubs that are trying to establish themselves globally in fintech. But I think London has the lead now.
"Members of the G20, when the Treasury has had conversations with their counterparts in other countries, in Asia or the Americas, it�s been explained to me that those other countries have come to us and asked how did you develop leadership in fintech? Other countries are coming to the UK and are trying to replicate our success."
London is home to several fast growing fintech firms, including two already valued at $1 billion (�660 billion) � TransferWise and Funding Circle. 20% of the companies Passion Capital has invested in are in fintech, according to Burbidge.
Burbidge's appointment is part of George Osborne's plans to improve productivity in the UK, which have been published days after the Summer Budget. While employment in the UK is at a record high, output per hour worked � a measure of the value of work people are doing � hasn't risen in line with employment.
The Chancellor wants to encourage high-tech and high-value industries like fintech to try and address this problem. The Treasury is also creating a fintech benchmark to measure how the UK is doing compared to other nations.
Burbidge says: "They [the Treasury] think the financial services sector is a really big part of improving the nations productivity and that�s not such a leap if you look at history. We�ve already had such a big benefit coming from the financial services industry and it makes sense not just to recognise, but to also reinforce that.
"For me, the great thing is that they�ve recognised how much is going to come from the tech and digital. Finance is changing, as are so many other sectors. They want to increase competition in the banking sector, they want to support the tech sector to encourage more innovation and skill, [and] they want to make sure that regulation and taxation are in the right proportion."
NOW WATCH: You've been rolling your shirtsleeves wrong your entire life
Everything you need to know about Britain's Summer BudgetHere's everything we know about Britain's Summer BudgetThe UK's manufacturing sector just did the exact opposite of what George Osborne wants
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Ambassador of Poland to Kuwait H.E. Pawal Lechowicz held a reception on 3 May at the Salwa Al Sabah Hall, to celebrate the National Day of Poland commemorating the adoption of the country's constitution.
In his address to the gathering, Ambassador Lechowicz thanked the guest of honor for his presence and praised the excellent bilateral relations between Kuwait and Poland. He pointed out that the Polish Constitution was one of the oldest in the world and also highlighted the great progress and development witnessed by the country today.


What is a (ORI) – Originating Agency Identification number?
An ORI number is generally a 9 digit numeric code consisting of 2 state/agency identifying characters and 6-7 additional characters.
What is OCA – Originating Agency Case Number? This number is typically used together with your ORI number to tell the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) why you need the background check and which state agency to send the final results to. Please note, not every company or agency will have an OCA number, but every agency or company that requires a Level 2 Background checks will have an ORI number.
Typically, the abbreviation of the agency (AHCA, DCF, DOH for the Department of Health) is embedded in the code. For example, the ORI number for a level 2 background check for the Agency of Health Care Administration (AHCA Background checks) is EAHCA020Z. The ORI number for Department of Children and Families, General (DCF General) is EDCFGN10Z. Notice the letter-number format both ORI numbers. Other ORI numbers will simply start with "FL" followed by 7 numbers, the last of which may be the letter "z".
What is a VECHS number? VECHS numbers are specifically for the VECHS program. Typically used by schools and daycares, VECHS numbers send the results directly to the company from FDLE. These numbers always start with an "E" or a "V." VECHS numbers starting with a "V" are for applicants who will be a volunteer at the company while numbers starting with a "E" are used for employees.
What is my ORI number? The following professions require require submissions of Live Scan Fingerprints as a part of the licensing application. The ORI number identifies the correct profession and the agency that is responsible for processing your request. The ORI numbers listed below is a courtesy to our customers. THIS LIST IN NOT GUARANTEED TO BE ACCURATE, it is the applicants responsibility to make sure the ORI is correct by contacting the agency that is requiring the background check.
NOTE: THIS LIST IS PROVIDED AS A COURTESY TO OUR CUSTOMERS. THIS ORI LIST IS NOT GUARANTEED TO BE ACCURATE. IT IS THE APPLICANTS RESPONSIBILITY TO ASCERTAIN THE CORRECT ORI NUMBER BY CONTACTING THE AGENCY WHICH IS REQUIRING THE BACKGROUND CHECK.


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Forthcoming event: Lancet Commission on Diagnostics: Advancing equitable access to diagnostics
The APPG on Global Health will be hosting an event for the Lancet Commission on Diagnostics: Advancing equitable access to diagnostics, in autumn 2021.
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text:
Return to the 80s
Favorite 80's Web Sites
Madonna March Madness
Top 40 Countdowns
Tag Archives: Documentaries
Guest Bloggers, Movies
80s Documentaries on Netflix
October 29, 2015 Paul Stroessner	1 Comment
Hi Everybody! Today, we have an article from Robert about two documentaries that may be of interest to you. This year, I just started using Netflix. So I am excited to be able to check these out.
Please let us know if you have seen either of these docs that Robert discusses, and let us know what you think.
Things are busy. There are so many things to do that it has become extremely difficult for me to consistently watch a television series with any sort of regularity. Honestly, I have given up trying. If there is a television program that I am interested in and I cannot catch the first episode, I am forced to find other means. Fortunately, there are other means. I could DVR these shows, but I save that space for movies, sports, and cable series like The Leftovers and Game of Thrones. I have not yet subscribed to Hulu – no reason, just haven't. So I am heavily reliant upon Netflix to save me. I admit that patience is a must, but I am just fine with that. I have found it preferable to watch a series straight through – consecutive seasons at a time – as opposed to week by week on television. I have thoroughly enjoyed binge watching How I Met Your Mother, The Inbetweeners (British series), Mad Men, and New Girl (although I must exude real patience waiting for final or new seasons to be available). I sincerely hope that The Goldbergs will be added soon.
My family considers me a bit weird, but I really love watching documentaries on Netflix nearly as much as movies and television series. Documentaries do not come to movie theaters in my smallish town in Nebraska. I am anxiously waiting to see if the new version of Macbeth will be able to get a screening with Star Wars: The Force Awakens being released at the same time. I also do not go and see many movies like I used to. There needs to be something pretty special for me to go to the theater instead of just waiting for the Blu Ray or iTunes to release a movie. Also, I cannot see myself paying for a ticket to see a documentary – no matter how good. So I am very excited when Netflix adds new documentary films. Occasionally, a new one is added that also speaks to my 80s conscious – and it has happened twice this month!
Anyone with any memories of growing up in the '80s needs to run to their television/iPad/tablet – whatever you stream Netflix through – and check out two excellent documentaries that have the 80s flowing through them. The titles you need are All American High Revisited and Back in Time.
All American High School Revisited
In 1984 (released in 1986) Keva Rosenfeld directed this film that followed a group of seniors attending Torrance High School in California. The dominant narrator of the film is Rikki, an exchange student from Finland, and the film depicts typical high school scenes – Homecoming, football games, classes, lunch – exactly what you would expect. BUT IT IS ALL IN 1984!!! As I have mentioned in previous articles, I attended high school in Frankfurt, Germany. We had to wait a few months for movies to make it to the American theaters and movies like All American High were never shown. I never heard about this movie until I stumbled across an advance article talking about a re-release with updates on the main characters, hence the Revisited. The film did not run in my town, so when Netflix added it, I jumped off my seat and watched it immediately (full disclosure: four times in a week).
I cannot call this a great film, but it will strike a purely nostalgic chord with any viewer who went to high school in the '80s (I graduated in 1987 so I was a sophomore in the fall of '84). While it may not be a perfect film, it did receive, among many other awards, the Distinguished Documentary Award from the International Documentary Association. The film presently has an 86% rating on Rotten Tomatoes with a 100% audience approval rating.
The film begins with a montage of a typical high school with the following words in between short clips:
things were a little different
technology was simpler
fashion was so awesome
high school was fun
especially to a foreigner
Check out the trailer here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpKcn9i4Hgo
The film does not really turn into a tell all expose on what real American teens were doing when their parents weren't looking. Yes, it does contain a few party scenes with some very ambitious young men making a few bucks, but it never turns negative. Rosenfeld keeps the focus on Rikki and how different the American high school experience is compared to the experiences she had in Finland. Rikki makes some keen observations that most of us take for granted. She is amazed at the number of items available to buy at the local mall and, in the same breath she expounds on the social nature of American education. She says that at times she feels like an outsider, but the school and many of the students do an excellent job in including her in daily school life.
Rosenfeld includes an array of scenes that capture high school life. There is the Homecoming court being revealed, there is a discussion on the threat of nuclear war in a political science class, and there is a student explaining the social groups at Torrance High: the punkers, the metalers, and the preppies.
The Revisited section of the film arrives during the final thirty minutes. Rosenfeld was able to catch up to several of the students who were featured in 1984. He is even able to go to Finland and interview Rikki. The documentary is viewed by her family with Rikki watching along – laughs and tears dominate this scene. The updates are given in a Fast Times at Ridgemont High style and the film comes to a much too early close.
I mention Fast Times at Ridgemont High because this film reminds me of it in many ways. I know that Cameron Crowe, the author of Fast Times, did his undercover research posing as a student in a California high school (not Torrance). So, technically, the film Fast Times at Ridgemont High is fictional and based on people Crowe met doing his research. All American High Revisited is different. It is the documented life of high school teens in 1984. Do yourself a favor, you '80s lovers, and "stroll down amnesia lane" (Robin WIlliams in Dead Poet's Society). Everyone who went to high school in the '80s needs to see this fun, yet compelling documentary.
Netflix's timing could not be more perfect. They added this documentary on October 21, 2015 – Back to the Future Day. As the title suggests, director Jason Aron has created, not only an homage to the '80s classic films Back to the Future, Back to the Future II, and Back to the Future III, he has examined the cultural impact that this film has had on, not only the '80s, but today as well.
Check out the trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAUEgDfkKbg
This documentary has garnered no fewer than eight awards at various film festivals around the country. This is a testament to both this film and people's long existing fascination with this film. Back in Time is packed clips from all three films, as well as compelling interviews with stars from the film including Lea Thompson, Christopher Lloyd, and Michael J. Fox.
This documentary starts by reviewing the scope of each three films' plot. The balance of clips and interviews is masterful. Beginning this way reminds the viewer (as if they needed it) of the timeline encompassing the three films. The clips from the films give this documentary a great pace, while the interviews offer excellent insights from the performers, director, and writer. The fact that Eric Stoltz was originally cast as Marty McFly and began filming, but was later replaced by Michael J. Fox, is handled honestly and not avoided. The rotating interviews are nothing short of wonderful and insightful. It is wonderful to see the stars today – aged, more experienced – discuss their experiences filming the Back to the Future trilogy with reverence and a true sense of respect and nostalgia. It is clear that the films hold a special place in their hearts and they let it show. While the casts changes from Back to the Future and Back to the Future II are discussed, it is clear that these changes had no ill effects. There was no original plan to make two sequels, so inevitable cast changes were bound to happen.
The second part of Back in Time delves into audience reaction to the films, as well as how fans are trying to keep the memory of these great movies alive. Director Aron tracks the buying, selling, and modifications of DeLoreans. He includes footage of an original DeLorean at Universal studios theme park; this is expected. He also interviews and shows collectors who have purchased a remaining DeLorean or a non film DeLorean and modified it to look like the ones in the film. There are Back to the Future car shows (and even a marriage proposal at one) where people come together to celebrate the film. Many of these shows feature an actor from the films, costumes, DeLoreans- everything.
One touching aspect of fandom is a husband and wife who modified a Delorean and travel around the country raising money to eradicate Parkinson's disease. Clearly this is being done in direct connection to this horrible condition that Michael J. Fox suffers from. He even shows his appreciation of their work by recognizing their efforts and occasionally making appearances at their events.
At times, fans dedication to Back to the Future seems a bit excessive, but it becomes more understandable and a true reflection of the impact that these films and characters have had on contemporary American pop culture. Back in Time has its own website that is full of information about the documentary: http://backintimefilm.com/
One thing that this documentary did to me was take me back. I watched this film with my eighteen year old son. He has seen and loves the Back to the Future films; in fact he was watching Back to the Future when I suggested (demanded?) we watch the documentary. While we were watching, he asked me questions about when I first saw the movie – and I relished telling him all about it. I happily told him that my two best friends (whom he has met) and I went to the Idle Hour movie theater that was on the same military base as our high school. I told him how much the movie captured us; we were riveted the entire time – enjoying every second of the movie. In a strange sort of way, I think that we knew that we watching something special. Back in Time validates our feelings. I texted my buddy the next day (the brothers both live in Louisville- nowhere near Nebraska) and he immediately asked my what my son thought about it. If an eighteen year old boy who seems more concerned about his Xbox, sports, and his girlfriend can sit and watch a documentary, then it must be pretty good.
My purpose here is not to review all of the contents of these films, rather I come to convince. Convince you that any person that lived through the '80s – any part of the '80s – needs to watch these two titles. Both of these documentaries that Netflix recently added, All American High Revisited and Back in Time are must see films. They will take you back to high school, teach you more about one of your favorite movies, and leave you with a true sense of what you loved about being young in the '80s. The sense of wonder, discovery, fleeting innocence, and, well, joy, will hit you hard. Both will make you miss high school and the first time you watched a classic film of the decade. For myself, I cannot stop watching either of these two films – I love them. Both leave me with a sense of melancholy for days passed, and a renewed sense of happiness and appreciation for the decade I grew up in. No time is without its problems, but I definitely look back at the '80s with a sense of longing – so be it, I am not going to change. These are great documentaries and need to be watched by everyone reading this.
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When you stand beside the sea, what do you think of? Do you notice the waves building as though it were trying to touch the sky? Do you see beyond the blueness of the water or you just stand there waiting for time to go by? Have you ever imagined what life beneath the sea was like?
22nd November, 2009….
It was a great morning, the sun was out and she was still wrapped in her blanket. Skinny, tall and her skin was fair as the golden sun. Ebele stretched lazily once, twice and by the third time, she knew she had to get out of bed or lay there forever. Too lazy to gather herself together, she pushed the blanket away with her right foot, revealing her smooth brown skin to the sun which did justice to her lovely skin. She tossed to the right side of the bed to see what the shabby old brown broken clock had to reveal.
It was just 8:30am. She threw her head back and cursed. She wanted to stay in bed all day. Last night was a great night; Essien had spent the night with her instead of rushing back to Lagos. Speaking of Essien, if Ebele's weakness had legs and eyes, yes, it would be Essien. She worshipped him like a god. Always in a hurry to tell anyone about her love for his brown eyes, his lips as they curved when he smiled, his voice and what it does to her. To her, Essien was a god, not to mention his bedroom skills. She wanted all of him and would never imagine sharing him with anyone else, not even his family.
"If you love me…."
The night had started with both of them daring one another to risk all or nothing. Ebele would dare him to prove how much he loved her by screaming his lungs out for her neighbors to hear. He did and when it was his turn he would dare her to call his name and declare she belonged to him alone. They took turns till they were scorched. Submerged in laughter and happiness he brought out a small red velvet box, in it was a gift to appreciate her for all the times she had stood by him. She loved him madly and she wasn't expecting any gift. She tried not to assume till Essien opened the box. You know a lot of things can come in boxes like this even key holders. lol
As he opened the small red velvet box, her heart sank. He took her hand, said no words as he adorned her with the content of the box. She tried to say thank you but the words won't come out.
"Do you love it?"
Her teary eyes went back to his brown eyes and all she could do was kiss him.
"I love it but I love you more," Ebele answered.
She must have cried all night because Essien couldn't leave her side. He had told her that he had to cancel his flight to spend the night with her as she had refused to fly to Lagos for the weekend. Abuja wasn't his kind of spot to chill, he wanted to sit by the sea, he had complained about that severally. Ebele will always find a way to beg him to come spend the weekend.
Finally, she gathered her fragile frame out of bed. Wrapped in her silky purple lacey night gown that clung to her full breast and her round hips like a scared toddler. Her narrow waist swinging from side to side as she walked to the balcony to join Essien. He was a morning person, few times she had spent in Lagos with him, she had had to be up too early to say goodbye to him when he was leaving for work. He was a C.E.O of a small company in Lagos yet you'll never catch him throwing it around.
"Good morning, love bird."
He smiled to her good morning as he turned to embrace her. The sun was warm and teasing. Ebele was so sure she could hear it whispering to her to go for a swim. He kissed her forehead and whispered sweet nothings into her ear. She was sure this was the best day of her life. To be with the man who she adored and respected like a god. To be his one and only was all any girl could ask for. Essien was to fly back to Lagos later that day. After their bath and breakfast, they spent their morning gisting and having play fights. He loved her truly and deeply, that no one could deny.
The drive to the airport was really long. Ebele would take his hand in hers and squeeze it. He would laugh and do the same to hers. The cab driver kept a straight face though they could see him smile from the corner of their eyes. She was going to miss him and she wanted to touch him as much as she could before he got on the plane. Checking-in was quite fast, she had hoped they would meet the usual long queue of people rushing back to Lagos but today it seemed only a few persons were heading Essien's way.
Luggage checked in, boarding pass in his left hand and his right hand wrapped around her waist. He was due to board in 10 minutes. She tried not to cry and he promised to come spend the next weekend with her but her eyes failed her. Trying to be smart, she shut her eyes quickly before the tears would embarrass her.
"Love bird!"
That was all she could whisper into his ear. She wanted to ask him to stay, stay forever maybe but he had to go back to Lagos, back to work and this truth was as painful as trying to deny yourself the things you longed for deeply.
With all that's left in her, she wished him a safe flight, kissed him and walked back to the cab. Soon he would board and in the next hour she should be expecting his call. She stared at the huge rock on her finger. To her this was a reminder of his promise.
She got home feeling so lonely. The four corners of her apartment suddenly felt like they were trying to drag her soul out of her body. She finally caved in and cried. She was missing him terribly. It was already 5pm and she had to put herself in order for work tomorrow. She paced around the house doing nothing exactly. She would drag her feet then look at her old clock by her bedside and wonder when he would call.
"Who am I, that the Lord of all the earth will care to know my name."
Her ringtone was loud enough. She had picked Casting Crown's song as her ringtone because she thought the lyrics spoke to her conscience. She ran straight to her phone like Usian Bolt.
"Hello, Love bird," she said panting like a lazy pregnant woman forced to exercise.
"What were you doing?" He asked.
She could hear the worry in his voice. She straightened her spine and answered. Trying to sound all collected.
"I was pacing around, couldn't stop myself from feeling sad. How did your flight go?" Ebele asked.
"Was great, just got home to some good news." He sounded really excited.
"Etim, will be home by month end. I want him to be around when I visit your people by month end." He said. Etim was to fly in from Canada.
Etim, as the first son would gladly escort his younger brother to anywhere. They were just four kids. Two boys and two girls. Etim, Eka, Essien and Effiong. Essien had such great respect for his elder brother. He was 5years older than Essien. At 35, you would mistake Etim for 28. The first time we met at Essien's 30th birthday bash early that year in February, Etim was really nice to me. He was so simple and down to earth. We all laughed like we had known each other for years. So, I was happy too that someone from his family who I had met and found favour with was going to be around but I didn't get the urgency of having the introduction so soon.
He kept talking for another 10minutes while I was dying with mixed feelings. By the end of the call, Essien had convinced Ebele it was not a bad idea. He just wanted to do everything fast fast…
They stayed in touch through calls and social media. When they're not on whatsapp they are on facebook or instagram. Sharing moments that made their day special. It was already Thursday evening and Ebele was looking forward to spending another weekend with her love bird. Friday was just by the corner, if he didn't fly in on Friday he would on Saturday. She was dying to be with Essien.
Earlier that Thursday evening, Essien had called to let her know Etim had landed safely in Lagos and they were hooking up later that night. To chat and catch up before he leaves for work Friday morning and that he was flying to Abuja after work. She had gone to bed early, tired from all the stress from work and the fact that her man wasn't coming over that night. She must have slept off because the sound of her ringtone came to her in another world. She could hear her phone ringing but she wasn't sure if she was already awake or still asleep.
She tossed towards the right side of her bed, stretched her right hand half asleep to grab the noisemaker. Her TecnoF5 was slim and sleek.
"Hello!" she said with no emotions as she didn't have the number on her phone and she wondered who could be calling her at midnight.
"Hello!!" Her second hello was really harsh and she was thinking of dropping the call when the person at the other side decided to speak.
"Ebele, how are you?" It was Etim's voice. At least I know his voice, it sounded the same like when he sat beside me at Essien's birthday, she said to herself.
"Bros, good evening, welcome back. How was your trip?" She asked a little excited. She thought they had finished discussing and he just wanted to say hi to surprise her. He was awfully quiet, she asked if he could hear her and she greeted again just to confirm. He took in a long drag of breath and spoke.
"Essien is gone."
This better be some joke she said to herself.
"Gone how?"
"He drowned," was all Etim could say. The phone stayed in her palm close to her right ear but her soul died after the word "drowned" was spoken. Etim said they had gone to Kuramo beach by the seaside to talk, Essien had come with some of his friends from work to meet his big brother. It was going well till he and his friends decided to take a quick dive after they had finished talking about visiting Ebele's people.
She was asked to fly to Lagos Friday morning before they would bury Essien's body by the sea. They say it was forbidden to take the body away from there. That if they did, every other member of his family would die the same way. The tears won't stop on the flight to Lagos and at the beach. Ebele wanted this to be a dream. A nightmare she was desperate to wake from. As she stood there, she looked at the blue waters, the beauty of the wave and how it washed to the shores towards her feet. She was filled with pains and words she couldn't utter.
Her eyes went to the huge rock on her finger again, so she was only engaged for a week. She never got to experience what forever was like. She had painted a future with Essien only for it to end in such a tragic way. They say he wasn't drunk that he and his friends were not really swimming that the wave just came and swept him off his feet. How he struggled for life till they lost sight of him. Where were the lifeguards? Foolish me, at 10pm who would suspect this would happen? They had gone for help immediately, a few people who could swim immediately followed the path where he was last seen but by the time they got to him, he had given up. He was not a great swimmer; we had laughed over it in the past but never knew he would be needing that skill to save his life someday.
All I have left is his ring, I still have it on. It reminds me of him. It hurts to never hear his voice again.
Otunyo Maryann Ifeoma….
You can follow her on twitter via @Confessor82
Cullled from www.undiscoveredify.wordpress.com


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AdTech Industry
Understanding the Complicated World of Advertising Technology (AdTech) & Programmatic Advertising
Updated on August 29, 2022 by Michael Sweeney
The programmatic advertising industry can be hard to understand; there's specific terminology, a whole bunch of initialisms, and dozens of AdTech platforms.
To help you make sense of it all, we've created a list of resources where you can find answers to your questions.
Watch the video below to learn about AdTech and programmatic advertising.
The video covers the follow topics:
A run down on the key terms.
A brief history of digital advertising — from the very first online ad to today.
The key platforms (i.e. software), processes and players in the programmatic advertising industry.
The main media-buying processes.
The main digital advertising mediums and channels.
View and download the slides from the presentation here.
The transcript from the video can be found below.
AdTech Terminology
The Ultimate Guide to AdTech Terminology
A Brief History of Digital Advertising
The History of Digital Advertising Technology
The Main Platform, Processes and Players
The Main Technology Platforms and Intermediaries in the Digital Advertising Ecosystem
The Main Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
Programmatic Advertising and AdTech in 2022: Challenges and Opportunities
AdTech and MarTech Predictions and Trends in 2022
If you have any questions about programmatic advertising or AdTech, then feel free to get in contact with us here.
Transcript From the Video Presentation
Hello everyone, my name is Michael and I'm Head of Marketing at Clearcode. In today's video, I'm going to be explaining the complicated world of AdTech and programmatic advertising.
This video is designed for anyone who has recently started working in the digital advertising industry and for those who want to learn more about digital advertising works.
For those of you who haven't heard about Clearcode before, we're a software development company that specializes in designing and building advertising and marketing technologies, such as ad servers, DSPs, SSPs, CDPs, etc.
So here are the main topics I'll be covering in this video.
We'll first start with some key terms, but there are a lot of specific terms in the AdTech and programmatic advertising industry, so I'll only cover the key terms initially and as I'm going through the presentation, I'll explain new terms as they appear.
Then we'll have a look at the history of digital advertising and look at the key events that have helped shape the industry over the past 3 decades.
Next we'll look at the key platforms, processes and players in the AdTech and programmatic advertising industry.
Next up we'll take a look at the media-buying process.
Then lastly, we'll then look at the main digital advertising mediums and channels.
Key AdTech and Programmatic Advertising Terms
So starting with some key terms.
The first set of terms are about advertising.
Online advertising usually refers to ads shown in web browsers. When the Internet became widely available in the mid 90s, many newspapers, magazines and other businesses started to move online, as did advertising, so that's where we get the term "online advertising" from.
Digital advertising refers to advertising displayed via digital channels. This can refer to ads shown on websites and mobile apps, but it can also refer to advertising shown on digital displays, such as the ones in shopping malls and digital billboards.
Programmatic advertising refers to the automation of digital advertising via software and data. So when we think about how advertising was bought, sold, and even measured before the Internet, everything was a direct, human-to-human process. There wasn't any software that could help advertisers and publishers automate the processes. When the Internet was introduced, tech companies started building software, known as advertising software or advertising technology, to automate the various processes used to buy, sell, deliver, measure, and manage digital advertising campaigns.
Data also plays a key role in programmatic advertising as it allows advertisers to improve the performance of their campaigns and reach their target audience in a more effective way, and allows publishers to increase their ad revenues by learning more about their audiences and helping advertisers reach them.
The last set of terms that we'll look at are AdTech and MarTech.
So when we talk about advertising technology, or AdTech for short, and AdTech platforms, we're essentially just talking about software. These platforms are used to power and automate many different digital advertising processes, such as buying, selling, measuring and reporting.
Marketing technology, or MarTech for short, is software that's used to create and manage digital marketing activities.
Now the main difference between AdTech and MarTech is that AdTech is used for digital advertising, such as displaying ads on a website, in a mobile app, in a video and on a digital display. Whereas MarTech platforms are used to run and automate digital marketing activities, such as email marketing, search engine optimization, and customer relationship management.
There are some companies that offer software for both digital advertising and marketing activities, and that's where we get the term MadTech from, which is essentially just a combination of AdTech and MarTech.
If you would like a more comprehensive and detailed list of the key terms used in the AdTech and programmatic advertising industry, then please visit our AdTech and MarTech glossary.
A Brief History of the Digital Advertising Industry
Alright, now we'll look at a brief history of the digital advertising industry.
So the first ever online ad, which kicked started what is now a multi-billion dollar industry, appeared on October 27, 1994 on a website called HotWired, which is now wired.com, the popular tech publication. This advertiser was AT&T and it ran for about 3 months, during which time it had an average click-through rate of 44%. To put that into perspective, the current click-through rate for banner ads is between .02 and 2%, which just goes to show you that consumers will be interested in anything that's new, even advertising.
Key Events from the Past Three Decades of Digital Advertising
Now we'll have a look at the key events from the past 3 decades. There have been many key events over the years that have helped shape the AdTech and programmatic advertising industry and make it what it is today, but if I had to assign a theme to each of those 3 decades, it would look like this.
In the 1990s when online advertising first appeared, there was a lot of innovation and this is when we saw the first AdTech companies emerge.
The 2000s were dominated by acquisitions, especially by the large tech companies.
And more recently from 2010 onwards, the key theme has been privacy.
Let's now take a closer look at the key events from these 3 time periods.
The 1990s in Digital Advertising: Innovation
So as I mentioned a moment ago, the key theme of the 1990s was innovation. We saw the first ad appear in 1994, web cookies, which would go on to play a key role in online advertising, were invented by 2 developers from Netscape in 1994.
The first ever ad server was invented by a company called FocaLink Media Services in 1995.
A company called DoubleClick, which was also one of the first AdTech companies, was invented in 1996.
And in 1996, Yahoo! started running ads on its search engine.
The 2000s in Digital Advertising: Acquisitions
The 2000s in online advertising were very much focused around more innovation, but also acquisitions. As we can see here, Google really started to get involved in the online advertising industry by building its own ad platforms and acquiring other AdTech companies.
In the year 2000, Google launched its AdWords ad platform, which is now known as Google Ads.
In 2003,Google acquired Applied Semantics, creators of a contextual advertising product called AdSense.
In 2006, AdMob, a mobile ad network, was founded. Google acquired the company in 2009.
In 2007, Google acquired DoubleClick for $3.1 billion. This is one of Google's more significant acquisitions and was seen by many as a game changer for Google as it allowed them to beef up their ad product portfolio. DoubleClick's products are still part of Google's AdTech stack, but they underwent a rebranding process in 2018 that saw Google drop the DoubleClick name.
There were a couple of other big acquisitions in 2007 by Microsoft, that acquired the ad exchange ADECN, and Yahoo! that acquired the ad exchange RightMedia.
The 2010 Onwards in Digital Advertising: Privacy
The main theme in programmatic advertising over the past few years has been privacy.
Various governments around the world have introduced new privacy laws and regulations to strengthen user privacy for their citizens and residents.
But we've also seen some large tech companies take action and introduce changes to strengthen privacy for their users.
In 2016, the European Union adopted its General Data Protection regulation. The regulation was then enforced 2 years later on May 25, 2018. The goal of the GDPR is to give EU citizens and residences more control over their personal data and to strengthen user privacy. The EU's GDPR is often seen as the catalyst for the introduction of other
In 2017, Apple released a feature called Intelligent Tracking Prevention (ITP), which is designed to increase privacy for Safari users by preventing cross-site tracking. The main way it does this is by blocking third-party cookies and other cross-site tracking techniques.
In 2018, Mozilla introduced a privacy feature called Enhanced Tracking Protection (ETP), which is similar to Safair's ITP in that it aims to prevent cross-site tracking by blocking third-party cookies and other cross-site tracking techniques.
Also in 2018, the California government introduced the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). The goal of the CCPA is to make it easier for Californian citizens and residents to know the types of personal information businesses collect about them, and give them the right not to agree to the sale of their personal data to other parties.
In 2020, Google Chrome announced that it would be shutting off support for third-party cookies by 2022. But then in June 2021, Chrome announced that it would be extending its planned sunset of third-party cookies by 2 years.
Then, in July 2022, Google Chrome once again announced that it will be delaying the deprecation of third-party party cookies by another year.
It's currently expected that Chrome will shut off support for third-party cookies in the second half of 2024.
Then in 2020, Apple announced that it would be introducing new privacy changes to its mobile operating systems in an effort to increase user privacy for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS users.
I'll talk more about these privacy changes, how they work and the impact they have on programmatic advertising a bit later in this video.
And if you'd like more information about the history of digital advertising, then please read chapter 03 of our AdTech Book.
The Main Platforms, Processes and Players in the Programmatic Advertising Industry
So now we'll take a look at the main platforms, processes and players in the programmatic advertising industry.
For any given advertising transaction, there are 2 key players — an advertiser and a publisher.
An advertiser is a brand or company (e.g. advertising agency) that wants to get its product or service in front of its target audience to build brand awareness, develop brand loyalty, and increase sales.
A publisher can be defined as any company that produces content that attracts an audience. A publisher could be a newspaper, such as the New York Times, and even a video streaming service such as Hulu and Netflix.
In between an advertiser and publisher sit multiple differ companies, which are often called intermediaries.
Let's take a closer look at these companies now.
Let's start with the advertiser's side, which is also known as the demand or buy side, as advertisers are the ones wanting to buy the available ad space.
Most advertisers would use an ad server, which is also known as a third-party ad server.
This AdTech platform is responsible for making decisions about what ads to show on a website, serving those ads, connecting with other AdTech platforms (e.g. demand-side platforms) to purchase inventory, and collecting data such as impressions, clicks, etc, for reporting.
A demand-side platform (DSP) is a technological platform that allows media buyers (advertisers and agencies) to run advertising campaigns and buy inventory from various ad exchanges and SSPs through one user interface.
DSPs are a key component of the real-time bidding (RTB) process, which allows advertisers to buy media on an impression-by-impression basis.
To help improve targeting and enhance media buys, DSPs often utilize data from data-management platforms (DMPs) and data brokers.
On the publisher's side, which is also known as the supply or sell side, there are also a couple of key pieces of AdTech.
The first one is a publisher's ad server, also known as a first-party ad server.
This technological platform allows publishers to manage the ad slots on their website and display ads that have been sold directly to advertisers (i.e. direct campaigns). In the event that no direct campaigns are available, first-party ad servers will act as a management platform whereby they decide which ad codes (i.e ones from a third-party ad server, SSP, or ad network) to serve in their ad slots.
Another piece of AdTech that most publishers would use is a supply-side platform (SSP), which is a technological platform designed to help publishers sell their inventory on multiple ad exchanges and ad networks, and in some cases directly to DSPs, in an automated, secure and efficient way.
Even though publishers don't need to use an SSP to sell their inventory on the ad exchange, the technology used in SSPs provides many benefits that allow them to receive the most yield from their inventory and gain clearer insights into their audience.
Next up we have ad networks.
An ad network is a technology platform that serves as a broker between a group of publishers and a group of advertisers.
Ad networks were first introduced in the mid-1990s as a way to help publishers sell their available ad inventory and help advertisers scale their digital ad campaigns across many different sites without having to deal with each publisher directly.
Ad networks aggregate unsold inventory from publishers and offer advertisers a consolidated and generally less expensive pool of impressions on a cost-per mille (CPM) basis. However, many ad networks nowadays also offer advertisers access to premium inventory, which is ad space located in high-traffic areas of a website, such as at the top of the home page.
Then we have ad exchanges.
An ad exchange is an AdTech platform that facilitates the buying and selling process of available impressions between advertisers, who place their bids via DSPs, and publishers, who sell their inventory via supply-side platforms (SSPs) or directly with the ad exchange.
Ad exchanges are often compared to stock exchanges, as the buying and selling process of media is akin to the process of buying and selling stocks via a stock exchange.
We'll talk more about DSPs, SSPs and ad exchanges in a moment when we look at the real-time bidding (RTB) process.
The Main Intermediaries and Other Companies in the Digital Advertising Industry
So here's an overview of the main intermediaries and other companies that operate in the programmatic advertising industry.
First up we have the walled gardens of AdTech, which include Google, Facebook (or Meta as they're now known as), Amazon and Apple.
The reason these companies are called walled gardens is because they have closed-off ecosystems, whereby they keep their audience and data to themselves. All of these walled gardens, apart from Apple, also have self-serve advertising platforms whereby advertisers can run ad campaigns across their properties.
Google and Facebook dominate the online advertising industry. In fact, it's estimated that for every $1 spent on digital advertising, 30 cents of that goes to Google or Facebook. Amazon is also becoming a dominant third player in the digital advertising space as they sit on a treasure trove of insightful consumer and purchasing data that advertisers can utilize to show ads on the Amazon marketplace.
Unlike Google, Facebook and Amazon, Apple doesn't have any self-serve ad platforms, apart from its Search Ads platform that is used to display promoted ads on its App Store.
Instead, Apple's role as a walled garden company in programmatic advertising is connected with the privacy changes they've introduced recently, which have a direct impact on the performance of advertising campaigns on Apple's devices and products.
Next, we have advertising agencies.
There are many different types of advertising agencies, including many small- and medium-sized agencies, but the ones shown on this slide are the largest agency holding groups that work with the largest brands in the world.
An advertising agency is a company that provides services to brands associated with creating, planning, and managing advertising campaigns. They are generally independent, external companies working for their clients, which can include businesses, international corporations, non-profit organizations, and governments.
Traditionally, brands hired ad agencies to produce television commercials and run print campaigns in magazines, newspapers, and on billboards, but also to take care of other forms of promotion and marketing.
Due to the growth and rise in popularity of the Internet, agencies use an array of advertising and marketing technologies to create, run, manage, and measure online campaigns.
Then we have the independent AdTech and data companies, which often compete with the walled gardens.
These companies offer a wide range of advertising-technology and data platforms for buyers and sellers of digital media. These are just some of the main independent AdTech companies on the market, but there are thousands more.
The Main Media-Buying Processes in Digital Advertising
Now we'll look at some of the main ways digital advertising can be bought and sold.
The first one we'll look at is manual media buying.
In the early days of online advertising, the buying and selling of ads between advertisers and publishers was a very manual process.
Advertisers would work with publishers and send them ad tags directly. Because there weren't any technological platforms involved, there wasn't any way to define targeting or produce reports.
Luckily, the introduction of ad servers solved this and kickstarted the programmatic media-buying revolution.
Next up we have programmatic direct. With programmatic direct, an advertiser and publisher agree on the inventory and the CPM, then the rest of the process is handled programmatically via the use of AdTech platforms.
Programmatic direct is very similar to the way media was bought and sold prior to the Internet and even in the early days of online advertising, but provides more scale thanks to the use of advertising technology.
Real-time bidding (RTB) is a protocol that was introduced in the late 2000s and was a big game changer for the way online media was bought and sold.
Originally designed to help publishers sell remnant inventory to advertisers, RTB is now used to sell all types of inventory, including premium inventory.
Instead of buying thousands of impressions from the same publisher, RTB allows advertisers to purchase individual impressions across multiple publishers to reach their target audience more precisely and bid based on the information known about the website and user at that particular time.
Publishers also benefit by receiving higher CPMs for their inventory.
The key AdTech platforms used in RTB auctions are DSPs, SSPs and ad exchanges and also data platforms like DMPs.
Although RTB helped publishers sell their remnant inventory on the open market, many premium publishers found that they were losing money on their most premium inventory.
Advertisers also became concerned that they were missing out on premium inventory and their ads weren't even seen by visitors.
To overcome these issues, private marketplace (PMP) was born.
Private marketplace is an invite-only variation of the RTB model where publishers offer their most premium inventory to a select number of buyers.
Advertisers participating in PMP deals can bid on the available inventory before the publisher offers it in an open RTB auction.
Header bidding (aka pre-bidding, advance bidding, and holistic yield management) is a media-buying process that enables publishers to simultaneously collect bids from a number of demand sources (e.g. DSPs) before their ad server loads other tags, such as direct deals.
The bids are collected via a piece of JavaScript code located in a website's header section, hence the name header bidding.
Header bidding came about because of the inefficiencies of waterfalling and also because of Google's preferences towards its own ad products. Because many publishers use Google's ad server, Google favored bids from Google Ad Exchange (AdX).
This resulted in demand from other AdTech platforms missing out on the chance to purchase the ad space, even if they wanted to pay a higher amount for it.
With header bidding, publishers, via SSPs and ad exchanges, can collect bids from different demand partners and then pass the winning bid to their ad server so that it can compete with their other deals.
To help publishers implement header bidding into their websites, there's an open-source framework called Prebid, which makes it easier for publishers to get started with header bidding and get access to more demand with minimal integration hassle.
Lastly, we have the publisher's waterfall.
Waterfalling, also known as a daisy chain or waterfall tags, is a process used by a publisher to sell all remnant inventory. This process occurs when a publisher has been unable to sell its premium ad slots that are usually reserved for direct ad sales between the publisher's internal sales team and advertisers.
Waterfalling gets its name from the waterfall-like process for selling inventory; the demand sources are initiated one at a time, one after another.
The advantage of this daisy chain is that the publisher is able to sell off its inventory; however, as the impressions go further down the waterfall, the CPM price, which is worked out as an average, decreases.
While some publishers still may use a waterfall setup, many have switched to header bidding.
The Main Digital Advertising Mediums and Channels
In this final section, we'll look at the main digital advertising mediums and channels.
So an advertising medium is a form of verbal or non-verbal communication and essentially refers to the ad format. Examples include text ads, video ads and audio ads.
An advertising channel refers to the place where the ads will be displayed. Examples include display, social media and TV advertising.
Now let's take a look at some of the main digital advertising mediums.
First up we have text and images ads. These ads can appear on many different channels, such as on websites and in mobile apps.
Next we have native ads. Native ads are designed to blend in with the rest of the surrounding content by following the natural form of the user experience and matching the design and behavior of the web page, application, or platform.
Although native ads are meant to look like the surrounding content, there still needs to be a clear and prominent disclaimer stating that they are paid advertisements.
Native ads are generally found on content-rich sites, such as news sites, blogs, and social networks.
There are many different types of native advertising with one of the more interesting types being branded or native editorial advertising, which involves companies paying to show their branded content on a website, like a news site or blog, and is displayed just like the other forms of editorial content on the site.
Some great examples of branded content come from Netflix's ad campaigns promoting the shows Orange is the New Black and House of Cards:
Rich media is an interactive form of advertising and can include animated images (e.g. gifs), audio files, and videos.
Unlike traditional text and image ads, rich-media ads often include elements that allow the user to interact with the ad.
Video advertising refers to ads displayed in the form of a video, instead of their traditional static form, such as banner ads. Video ads can be found on many different channels, such as on websites and in mobile apps.
Lastly, we have audio ads, which are found in podcasts, music-streaming services and digital radio.
Now we'll look at some of the main digital advertising channels.
First up we have display advertising. This channel is also known as web advertising and refers to advertisements displayed in web browsers on desktops, laptops and mobile devices (smartphones and tablets).
Then we have mobile app (aka in-app mobile) advertising, which relates to displaying ads inside mobile apps on smartphones and tablets.
Next, we have social media advertising. Many popular social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, LinkedIn and Instagram utilize native advertising, where the ads appear in and next to the news feed, making them look like organic content.
Next we have digital out-of-home (DOOH) advertising. This advertising channel is the digitized version of out-of-home (OOH) advertising, which refers to advertisements displayed on billboards, street furniture , and on taxis, buses and subway walls.
DOOH utilizes digital screens and billboards to display advertisements in the same way as traditional out-of-home advertising, but with enhanced visual capabilities.
Lastly, we have advanced TV.
Even though traditional TV is around, new forms of TV are starting to take off.
These new forms of TV include
Advanced TV, which is a term coined by the IAB referring to any form of TV other than the traditional broadcast, cable and satellite connections.
Over-the-top (OTT), which refers to devices or services used to stream digital content to a connected TV. Examples of OTT include streaming services such as Netflix, Hulu, Disney+, AppleTV+, and Amazon Prime.
And connected TV (CTV), which refers to devices that connect to the Internet and allow viewers to watch video content from over-the-top streaming services. Examples of CTV include smartTVs, gaming consoles, and streaming devices. The IAB Tech Lab doesn't consider desktop computers, laptops, smartphones, and tablets as examples of CTV.
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Wendy Mitman Clarke grew up sailing, water-skiing, and boating on the Sassafras River. After college at the University of Vermont and several years earning her journalism chops at The Associated Press in Concord, New Hampshire, she returned home to the Chesapeake Bay where she became mid-Atlantic editor of Soundings, a national boating publication, later going on to become executive editor of Chesapeake Bay Magazine.
Wendy is currently Director of Media Relations for Washington College in Chestertown. She's also a contributing editor for Cruising World and editor-at-large for Chesapeake Bay Magazine, and a freelance writer for Smithsonian.com, Bay Journal, and Soundings. Her non-fiction book Window on the Chesapeake: The Bay, Its People and Places was published in 2002, and her Bay-based novel Still Water Bending was published in 2017.
Wendy and her husband, who is also a lifelong sailor and member of the Bay's maritime industry, raised their two kids sailing on a Peterson 34 named Luna. In 2008, they took off for four years of fulltime sailing and traveling aboard Osprey, a 45-foot sloop, on which they home-schooled the kids and traveled more than 25,000 miles. When they returned to the Bay they settled on the Eastern Shore where they play on their 20-foot Wellcraft Jus' Now as often as possible (and still sail Luna).
As a friend of Don Backe, CRAB's founder, Wendy has long admired CRAB's mission. She believes there are few places better than the water to find peace, energy, and connectedness, and she looks forward to using her communications skills to tell the stories of those who find this same magic through CRAB and its work, and to bring these stories to a broader audience of people who can help the organization grow even stronger and more diverse.


text:
De wereldbeker skeleton in het seizoen 2008/2009 (officieel:  Viessmann FIBT Bob & Skeleton World Cup Tour 2008/2009) begon op 28 november 2008 en eindigde op 12 februari 2009. De wereldbeker wordt georganiseerd door de FIBT. De skeletoncompetitie bestond zowel voor mannen als de vrouwen uit acht wedstrijden. De zesde wereldbekerwedstrijd in Sankt Moritz gold voor de Europese deelnemers tevens als het Europees kampioenschap.

De vijfde Wereldbekerwedstrijd werd in plaats van Cortina d'Ampezzo in Königssee gehouden. De afgelaste wedstrijd in Cesana Torinese (wereldbekerwedstrijd #4) werd op 11 februari ingehaald, voorafgaand aan de wereldbekerwedstrijd #8 in Park City.

De Brit Kristan Bromley en de Amerikaanse Katie Uhlaender waren de titelverdedigers. Bij de mannen werd Aleksandr Tretjakov de eerste Russische winnaar van de wereldbeker in de wereldbekercyclus sinds de start bij de mannen in 1986/87. Bij de vrouwen werd Marion Trott de tweede Duitse, in navolging van Steffi Hanzlik (1996/97, 1998/99) die de wereldbeker won sinds de start bij de vrouwen in 1996/97.

Wereldbeker punten
De eerste 30 in het dagklassement krijgen punten voor het wereldbekerklassement toegekend.

Mannen

Uitslagen

 * de afgelaste wb- wedstrijd #4 werd voorafgaand aan #8 ingehaald.
 ** niet gekwalificeerd voor de 2e run.

Eindstand wereldbeker

Vrouwen

Uitslagen

 * de afgelaste wb- wedstrijd #4 werd voorafgaand aan #8 ingehaald.
 ** niet gekwalificeerd voor de 2e run.

Eindstand wereldbeker

Wereldbeker skeleton
Skeleton in 2008
Skeleton in 2009


The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has a number of individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers. Harps have been known since antiquity in Asia, Africa and Europe, dating back at least as early as 3500 BC. The instrument had great popularity in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, where it evolved into a wide range of variants with new technologies, and was disseminated to Europe's colonies, finding particular popularity in Latin America. Although some ancient members of the harp family died out in the Near East and South Asia, descendants of early harps are still played in Myanmar and parts of Africa, and other defunct variants in Europe and Asia have been utilized by musicians in the modern era. Harps vary globally in many ways. In terms of size, many smaller harps can be played on the lap, whereas larger harps are quite heavy and rest on the floor.


text:
Філіпо Марія Вісконті (*Filippo Maria Visconti, 3 вересня 1392 — 13 серпня 1447) — герцог Міланський у 1412—1447 роках, один з найвпливовіших володарів Італії 1-ї пол. XV ст.

Життєпис

Молоді роки
Походив з династії Вісконті. Син кузенів Джан Галеаццо Вісконті, герцога Міланського, та Катерини Вісконті. З дитинства хворів на рахіт. У 1402 році, після смерті батька, отримав Павію і титул графа, в той час як старший брат Джованні Марія став правити герцогством під регентством Катерини Вісконті.

Слабкість влади молодих Вісконті позначилася на внутрішньому стані держави — почався розгардіяш. У 1404 році заарештовано матір Філіпо й запроторено до замку Монці, де вона незабаром сконала від голоду. Тоді опікуни Філіпо наказали зміцнити Павію, але не втручалися у чвари в Ломбардії.

Боротьба за герцогство
У 1410 році Павію зайняв кондотьєр Фачіно Кане, а Філіпо запроторив до в'язниці Павії. Фачіно Кане також захопив місто Верчеллі, Алессандрію, Новару, Тортону. Останній у 1412 році випустив Філіпо. Ймовірно отруїв Франческо Кане, після смерті якого оженився на його удові, яка отримав спадок чоловіка. Того ж року було вбито його старшого брата — герцога.

Втім владу в Мілані захопив кузен Джованні Карло, але того було швидко вигнано. Водночас права на герцогство Міланське висунув дядько Філіпо — Есторре Вісконті. Але Філіпо у 1413 році взяв того в облогу у фортеці Монца. Незабаром Есторре здався, його за наказом Філіпо страчено. У 1418 році звинуватив дружину у перелюбі й наказав стратити.

Боровся проти Гільєрмо делла Скала, який зрештою втік до Падуї під захист місцевого володаря Франческо да Каррари. Каррара захопив Верону. Місто Віченца повстало, закликавши на допомогу Венецію. Війська останньої захопили Верону, а потім й Падую.

Війни в Італії
Філіпо Вісконі у 1420–1422 роках підтримав Джованні II, королеву Неаполя, проти повсталих кондотьєрів, баронів й Альфонса Арагонського. У 1421 році уклав мир з Флорентійською республікою. Того ж року захопив Брешу, а незабаром підкорив Генуезьку республіку. Уклав угоду з папським легатом в Болоньї. 1422 році завдав поразки армії Швейцарської конфедерації у битві біля Арбедо, що дозволило відвоювати Беллінцону.

У 1423 році підступно захопив Болонью, змусивши тікати її володаря Антоніо Бентівольйо. Тоді ж стає опікуном малолітнього володаря м. Форлі — Тебальдо Орделаффі. У зв'язку з тим стався конфлікт з дідом Тебальдо — Лодовіко Алідосі, володаря Імоли. Кондотьєр Аньйоло делла Перголо захопив Імолу, а Лодовіко Алідосі відправив до Мілану. Все це викликало конфлікт з Флорентійською республікою, яка була патроном Форлі та Імолі. Флорентійська армія взяла в облогу Форлі. У битві при Дзагонарі міланці перемогли флорентійців. Слідом за цим на бік Мілану перейшов кондотьєр Нікколо Піччініно.

У 1425 році розпочалася війна з Венеціанською республікою, армію якої очолив Франческо Буссоне, графа Кармальйола. У 1426 році Буссоне відібрав у Вісконті місто Брешу, а потім зайняв східний берег о. Гарда. Того ж року за посередництва папи римського Мартина V уклав мир з Венецією та Флоренцією, за яким визнав Брешу за Венеціанською республікою. Втім, не дотримався умов договору й у 1427 році рушив проти Венеції. Але у битві при Маклоді армія Вісконті зазнала поразки. За новою угодою при посередниці Нікколо д'Есте Флоренція повертала втрачені землі у Романьї, Бреша й Бергамо передавалися Венеції. Для зміцнення свого становища у 1428 році оженився на доньці герцога Савойського.

У 1430 році втрутився у внутрішній конфлікт у Луккській республіці, підтримавши тиранів Гвініді. Тут стикнувся з флорентійським кондотьєром графом Франческо Сфорца. Кондотьєр Вісконті — Нікколо Пічініно — завдав поразки Сфорце у битві при річці Серкйо. Після цього у 1433 році Пічініно захопив міста Б'єнтіні, Кольчінайї, Ріпафрі, Ліворно. Але згодом вимушений їх повернути.

У 1431 році проти Філіпо Марії виступив папа римський Євген IV, до військ якого приєдналася Венеція. Невдовзі вдалося завдати поразки венезіанській флотилії у битві при Біні. Вісконті знову спрямував війська до Романьї. В битві при Імолі Пічініно переміг венеціанців. Герцог Міланський спровокував війну у Папській області, де повстав Нікколо Фортебраччо. На бік папи римського перейшов Франческо Сфорца. Вісконті спрямував на допомогу Фортебраччо Нікколо Пічініно. Після тривалих бойових сутичок — спочатку Фортебраччо переміг леоне Сфорца, а згодом зазнав рішучої поразки від Франческо Сфорца. За допомогою Нікколо д'Есте, маркіза Феррари, Філіпо Вісконті уклав мир з папою, за яким останньому повернуто усі землі. У 1433 року укладено мир з іншими суперниками Мілану.

У 1435 році втрутився у боротьбу за Неаполітанський трон на боці Рене Анжуйського. У зв'язку з цим уклав союзницьку угоду з Папським престолом. За наказом Філіпо проти іншого претендента Альфонса Арагонського рушив генуезький флот на чолі із Б'яджо Ассауто. Він у битві при о. Понціо (неподалік Гаети) переміг Альфонсо, який потрапив у полон. У Мілані Філіпо Вісконті замирився з Альфонсо Арагонським, в результаті чого визнав королем Неаполя, уклав союзницьку угоду та відпустив з полону.

В цей час почалося повстання в Генуї на чолі із Франческо Спінолою, який зумів повалити владу міланського герцога. Дії Філіпо Вісконті призвели до того, що у 1436 році проти нього уклався союз з Венеції, Флоренції та Генуї. Флорентійський вигнанець Рінальдо делла Альбіцці спонукав Вісконті до більш активних дій проти Флорентійської республіки. Водночас наказав Нікколо Пічініно знову підкорити Генуї, але той зазнав невдачі. Після цього міланські війська рушили до лукки, маючи завдання приєднати її до Міланської держави. У битві при Барго Пічініно зазнав поразки від флорентійського кондотьєра Франческо Сфорца. Скориставшись цим проти власне земель Філіпо Вісконті виступили венеціанці. Але Філіпо зумів перетягнути на свій бік Джованні Франческо Гонзаго, маркіза Мантуанського, кондотьєра та капітана Венеціанської республіки. У 1438 році Вісконті уклав мир з графом Франческо Сфорца, завдяки чому флорентійці залишили Лукку. В цей момент до Романьї рушив Пічініно, який захопив Болонью, Імолу, Форлі та Равенну. Це викликало війну з Венецією, але міланці зайняли контадо Бреші, а саме місто взяли в облогу. Почалися перемовини з графом Сфорца щодо шлюбу того з донькою Філіпо Вісконті, за яку останній обіцяв 80 тис. флоринів посагу. Слідом за цим почалася облога Верони, а маркіз Мантуанський рушив проти Фаенци.

Втім війська Сфорци перемогли армію Вісконті біля Верони, потім у битві при Тенні. У 1440 році армія Вісконті зазнала поразки у битві при Ангіарі. Пічініно відступив до Ломбардії, а Філіпо Вісконті перебрався до Кремони. У 1441 році його війська захопили контадо Бреші та Бергамо. Того ж року уклав мир зі Сфорцою, за яким остаточно домовлено про шлюб доньки Вісконті з графом Сфорца. За свою доньку віддавав місто Кремону.

У 1446 році Вісконті підтримав Сіджисмондо Малатеста у Романьї, а також отримав допомогу папи римського й короля Неаполя. Про цього союзу виступили війська Флоренції, Венеції та Франческо Сфорца й Федеріго де Монтефельтро. Венеціанська армія у 1446 році перемогла війська Вісконті у битві при Казале. У 1447 році граф Сфорца перейшов на бік Філіпо Вісконті. Але той помер 13 серпня того ж року. При цьому не залишив заповіту стосовно належності Міланського герцогства, що згодом призвело до Італійських війн.

Родина
1. Дружина — Беатріс (1372—1418).

дітей не було

2. Дружина — Марія (1411—1469), донька Амадея VIII, герцога Савойського.

дітей не було

3. Коханка — Агнеса дель Майно:
 Катерина Марія (померла при народжені)
 Б'янка Марія (1425–1468), дружина Франческо Сфорца

Джерела
 Guido LOPEZ, I signori di Milano: dai Visconti agli Sforza, Roma 2003 ISBN 978-88-541-1440-1
 Stefan Samerski: Filippo Maria Visconti. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 12. Bautz, Herzberg 1997, ISBN 3-88309-068-9, Sp. 1499–1501.

Герцоги Міланські
Вісконті
Уродженці Мілана
Померли в Мілані


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