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Yuma: Gateway City and Sunshine Haven
Posted on November 19, 2011 by Robert Lucas
In the southwestern corner of Arizona the capricious Colorado River meanders among hills and around mesas toward a confluence with the Gila. The combined flow then heads west for a few miles before turning south again and into Mexico. There, the Quechan people found good places to cross. There too, Europeans headed to California were floated across the river on rafts made by the Quechan, either near the base of Pilot Knob or farther upstream where the river is squeezed between two hills. Padre Kino crossed at the dawn of the 18th century, followed by Fray Garces closer to the century's close. On the California side of the river, Garces established two missions but died there when the Quechan rebelled in the summer of 1781. (More at the March 16, 2011 posting on the Quechan in Part Three of Arizona Indians article. Includes photos of Fort Yuma Quechan school students. Picture of Quechan at Yuma depot posted in Part One, January 25, 2011. A 1910s view of Yuma's railroad bridge was posted July 9, 2010 with the Arizona railroads history. The article on the Five "C's" of the Arizona economy, posted February 15, 2010, included a picture of Yuma orange groves and the Climatic Hotel along with text on Yuma agriculture.)
Lieutenant Hardy with the British navy mapped Yuma crossing in 1826. Mountain man James O. Pattie passed through the following year and the Mormon Battalion crossed at Yuma in 1846 on the way to seize California in the Mexican War. With the west bank of the river (actually north at that point) added to the United States, Army Lieutenant Coutts supplemented his income by running a ferry for miners rushing to the California gold placers in 1849. In 1850 New Mexico Territory was created (see maps page of this blog) and California became a state. Camp Independence was sited by the US military December 1, 1850 six miles below another ferry operated by George Johnson from San Francisco at the two hills near the confluence with the Gila. The camp moved to the top of the hill in California at Johnson's ferry and became Fort Yuma in March 1851. Across the river, a few hundred feet beyond the south bank, was Mexico. But that changed with the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. At that time, Sarah Bowman (ca1813-1866), a cook at the fort, and her husband built the first house on the Arizona side of the river between the other hill (later called Prison Hill) and a mesa that stretched south for many miles (later called Yuma Mesa). San Francisco lithographer George H. Baker (1827-1906) drew Yuma crossing about 1875, showing Jaeger's rope ferry (formerly Johnson's) crossing from the base of Prison Hill to the California bank of the Colorado River below Fort Yuma on Indian Hill. Indigenous residents (at right) idly watch the flow of commerce, having been shut out of their own ferry business about 20 years prior. It would take another decade to get most of the Indians to quit running around naked. There must have been a way to raise the ferry rope to pass steamboats like the one at center. The office and warehouse of the Colorado Steam Navigation Company, incorporated December 1869, is at left, at the north end of Main Street. The trees by the office, remembered by Baker as evergreens, were actually tall leaved trees. Within two years the Southern Pacific railroad would arrive, bridge the river and cut through the hill behind the building to run the main line down Madison Avenue (first named Brinley Ave.). But even after the railroad came steamboats, which could tow un-powered barges for extra capacity, continued to supply mining towns up river. By 1875, Colorado Steam Navigation Company operated four steamers. Between 1852 and 1907, 16 paddlewheel boats, three screw driven boats and at least 11 barges operated on the lower Colorado. Following construction of Laguna Dam (1909), steamboats were consigned to a few odd jobs below Yuma and quickly disappeared. Today, this riverfront area is historically unrecognizable, having been totally transformed by development, which even included removal of several small hills. Madison Beach Park was developed in 1995. The old Quartermaster Depot became Yuma Crossing State Historic Park in 1997 and a National Heritage Area in 2000. Gateway Park opened in 2007, and then Pivot Point Park. A Hilton Inn and Conference center opened 2008-2009 where the old railroad settling basins and water tank had been on a hill out of view at left in this scene.
With the addition to the United States of territory south of the Gila River at least two small towns appeared within a mile of each other on the Arizona side of the Colorado River: Arizona City, where a number of adobes gathered around the Bowman home; and Colorado City farther downstream. There is some confusion over the naming and location of these communities. The Theobalds (see bibliography below), tracking post offices, report a community called Colorado City, New Mexico Territory 1857-1858, renamed Arizona, Dona Ana County, New Mexico Territory in 1858, with the post office discontinued in 1863. Then, a post office re-established as Yuma, Arizona Territory 1866-1869, renamed Arizona City 1869-1873, again named Yuma from 1873 onward. However, Woznicki sees three separate towns, Colorado City, Arizona City, and what Lingenfelter calls Jaeger City located where Algodones, California is today. Most sources place Jaeger's ferry opposite Fort Yuma. Douglas D. Martin (1885-1963) describes three crossings of the river: Upper or Yuma Crossing (at north end of Gila Street), Emigrant or Pilot Knob Crossing seven miles west and Lower Crossing another three or four miles downstream. The Colorado River gold rush of 1858-1859 and 1862-1870 (see the gold rush posting on this blog) led to the populating of Arizona City. A federal supply depot was located in 1864 on the west side of the hill that would be cut through by the railroad in 1877. The railroad placed settling basins and a water tank on that hill. Stocked by riverboats from the Gulf of California, the quartermaster supplied government posts in Arizona, Nevada, southern Utah, New Mexico and west Texas until the depot closed in 1883. When the Colorado meandered away from Yuma County seat, La Paz, ever growing Arizona City was made county seat in 1870.
An early photograph of Main Street shows a collection of adobe homes and stores baking under a summer sun, probably about 1870, rebuilt after floods in 1862 and 1864 had dissolved their walls back to the earth. According to American custom, Arizona City enjoyed a wide main street to encourage commerce. According to Mexican custom, most of the structures were adobe or "mud on sticks" (daub and wattle) to shelter from the oppressive heat and make use of cheap building materials at the site. At upper right, Fort Yuma is visible on Indian Hill across the river. The tall trees at the steamboat company office are visible in the distance on the left side of the street. SP Water Tank Hill is at upper left. In January 1873, the territorial legislature renamed Arizona City, using the name given the local Indian tribe by the Spanish, "Yuma" (probably from the Spanish word for smoke, humo). The Indians called themselves Quechan. At the same time, the legislature incorporated the community and authorized it to collect a tax to build a flood protection levee. Yuma, with a population over 1,100, was the territory's second largest community. Yuma incorporated again, as a "Village," in the summer of 1876, a "Town" in 1902 and finally, a "City" in 1914.
Building across the continent along the 32nd parallel, the Southern Pacific railroad arrived at the Colorado River opposite Yuma in 1877 and began work on a bridge. Competing with the Texas Pacific to see who could build fastest and thereby gain the most land grant, the SP was hindered by the federal government. The railroad didn't have permission to run trains across a military reservation. Politics in Washington, D.C. probably played a role. But even before the 1,200-foot long wooden pony-truss of six spans plus a longer swing-span to pass river traffic was completed the first train crossed into Yuma under cover of darkness on September 30, 1877. Tracks had already been laid down Madison Avenue to a roundhouse and switchyard on the south side. That first bridge washed away in the flood of July 1, 1884. The replacement, of only three longer spans plus the swing span burned completely less than a year after it was completed. This picture shows the third wooden bridge completed in 1886. The 1877 swing span survived the flood and had been opened to avoid burning in 1885. Here, it is opened to pass the small gasoline powered stern-wheeler Aztec in 1893 or 1894. The railroad replaced the wooden spans with a through-truss steel bridge, built in stages 1894-1899. Then in 1923, the SP moved to the crossing once reserved for the Texas Pacific between Indian Hill and Prison Hill, placing a single-span arched, through-truss. Prison Hill is visible in the background in this photo. At right is the steam plant at the Southern Pacific Hotel with the trees at the Colorado Steam Navigation Company building visible behind. A steam engine opened the swing span while steam was undoubtedly also provided to the hotel. The pier for the swing span, dated 1895, is now preserved at Pivot Point Park.
Looking south on Main Street about 1900, the downtown is centered around the Gandolfo Hotel building (1899) and the Althee Modesti (1893) building (at right) on the northwest corner of Main and First Street. Way down Main Street, the steeple of the Catholic Church is visible on the southwest corner of Main and Fourth Street. The Gandolfo building offered stores on the ground floor, including two drug stores, with hotel rooms on the second floor. By the 1930s the Gandolfo had become the Roosevelt Hotel. After the building was demolished the corner was the site of Thrifty Drugs and now Hoppstetters. The Modesti building featured a bar, billiard room and the International Restaurant. Main Street was originally 132 feet wide.
This birds-eye-view of the Yuma waterfront also dates to around 1900, shortly after the last wooden span of the railroad bridge on Madison Avenue had been replaced with steel. The view is to the northwest from a vantage point on the side of Prison Hill with homes along north Gila Street at lower left and a few of the Indian School buildings (former Fort Yuma) at upper right. The mix of adobe, "mud on sticks" (at bottom) and lumber construction (tiny structure in center) is evident. At upper left is the two-story Southern Pacific Hotel and Depot, located where the hill behind the steamboat company office was before it was cut away. Moving to the right, the electric company powerhouse with smoke-pipe is visible and then the railroad warehouses (white roofs) located on a spur track. The ferry is out of view at right, at the north end of Gila Street.
The first prison in Arizona Territory opened at Yuma July 1, 1876. Contrary to the hell-hole image, it was considered a humane and model institution in its day, with a hospital, library, electric lights and more than bread and water to eat. The real hellish aspect involved disciplinary confinement in a dark, windowless cell and forced labor in the summer heat. A guard shot to death four prisoners during an escape attempt in 1887 during which the warden was severely knifed. When the facility became overcrowded and worn out, prisoners went to Florence and built their new lockup in 1908-1909. The Village of Yuma had donated the prison grounds so ownership reverted to the city. Yuma High School was housed at the former prison from 1910-1914, resulting in "Criminals" for a team mascot. Yuma High School's "old main" was constructed 1914-1915 on Sixth Avenue. This view from Indian Hill of the prison above the river a few years before it closed shows (left to right) guard dormitory, stables, offices, and warden's residence with flagpole on west side. The walled cellblock compound is behind the trees. The tallest roof at left (with cupola) is the main guard tower, built on top of a water tank. The arched entrance gate ("sally port") is visible in center, with the west wall and two more guard towers at right. Just out of view at right is the Yuma waterfront. The tall roof (with two ventilators on top) is the hospital, built on top of a cellblock within the walls. Yuma was a relatively peaceful town, but it reportedly witnessed the first legal hanging in the Territory in 1873. The death penalty was carried out at county court houses in those days, not the Territorial Prison, before state government mandated in 1909 that all executions take place at the Florence penitentiary. Yuma County Hospital used the remodeled former warden's home 1910-1923. Half the cellblock area on the west side was demolished to make way for the railroad approach to the new bridge in 1924. About one-third of the upper part of Prison Hill was removed for the tracks. What remained of the prison was abandoned to deteriorate until it became a tourist attraction in the late 1930s. The local VFW used the former guard dormitory as clubhouse until it burned in 1958. A museum opened in 1941, followed by Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park January 1, 1961.
An early attempt to irrigate Imperial Valley, California via private enterprise turned disastrous and Yuma witnessed an epic battle between human labor and the forces of nature. The entire Imperial Valley is below sea level, having once been under the ocean where movement of an underground fault line created the Gulf of California. The Salton Basin used to periodically become a lake via the Alamo River fed by the Colorado River in flood, as for example in the summer of 1891. Seeing the agricultural potential, developers built the Imperial Canal in 1901 but skimped on the Andrade head gates at the river below Yuma. Record floods in 1905 caused the Colorado to break through the head gates and form New River, filling Salton Sink once again but now damaging valuable development, even flooding the SPRR main line. A railroad trestle was constructed across the break in the riverbank and tons of rock hauled from New Mexico dumped into the stream. Three attempts before June 1906 failed to close the break and that month the entire flow of the river headed for the new Salton Sea. Extraordinary effort on the part of the Southern Pacific railroad closed the break in November only to see the river level rise in December and break through again. A final closure was made in February 1907 and the mighty Colorado once again peacefully meandered into the Gulf. More than 30 years later the All American Canal would replace the Imperial Canal and today, the Salton Sea remains, kept full by irrigation runoff.
When it was Yuma's turn to benefit from irrigation, residents looked to the federal government. In order to stimulate settlement and agriculture, the Reclamation Act of 1902 gave the federal government authority to designate large tracts of land in the West irrigation projects and construct dams and canals to provide water and electric power for those projects. The first two reclamation projects in Arizona were the Salt River Project (see history of Roosevelt on this blog) and the Yuma Project. Following surveys and purchase of existing private irrigation infrastructure 1902-1908, the Department of Interior, US Reclamation Service entered into a contract for the construction of Laguna Dam on the Colorado River 10 miles north of Yuma, the first dam on the lower Colorado. Rather than attempting to control floods, Laguna Dam was a 4,470-foot long weir that raised the level of the river ten feet in order to divert it into canals on each side but allowed the entire flow to pass over in flood stage. Construction began 19 July 1905 but design changes and flooding forced contractors in August 1906 to ask for a new contract and then withdraw from the project altogether in January 1907. Acting as a general contractor, the federal government finished the dam 20 March 1909. In order to irrigate the Yuma Valley, the canal from Laguna Dam's California side had to cross under the Colorado River through a tunnel located just west of the Madison Street railroad bridge. Work on the inverted siphon began in November 1909 but proved too difficult. So it would be safe from river scouring during flood stage, the 14-foot diameter tunnel was designed to pass under the river at a depth of more than 100 feet below the water surface. However, the underlying rock proved too porous, keeping the caisson full of water. Divers were brought in, and then east coast "sand hogs" assisted by up to 1,300 "Mexican" laborers. The siphon was finally completed 29 June 1912, but at a depth of only 44 feet on the California side and 74 feet on the Arizona side. It is still in service, passing 1,400 cubic feet per second to fields of lettuce, cantaloupe and wheat.
The Yuma Mesa Auxiliary Project bill was signed into law by President Wilson 25 January 1917 and the Mesa received irrigation water in 1922. The installation of Siphon Drop hydropower plant on the Yuma Main Canal in California came in 1926. Imperial Dam was constructed about four miles upstream of Laguna Dam 1936-1938 to divert water into the All-American Canal in 1940. Yuma canal intakes were then moved from Laguna to Imperial Dam in 1941. In 1947, Congress funded the Gila Project to provide irrigation water to additional acres on the Yuma Mesa and farms in the Wellton-Mohawk Valley 20 miles east of Yuma. Operation of the Arizona water infrastructure was transferred from the federal government to the Yuma County Water Users Association in 1951, with California operations transferred in 1961. Yuma Valley's 53,000 irrigated acres now make up a third of the cropland in the county. And Yuma County is the leading crop producer in the state. In order to ship fresh produce and survive the blistering summers, the "Queen City of the Colorado" once had two large ice plants. One supplied railroad refrigerator cars from one of the largest icing platforms in the world.
Shortly after Lieutenat Coutts gave his ferry to the Quechan tribe a gang of scalp hunters from Texas led by John Glanton took over operation of another ferry under the ownership of a Doctor Lincoln. The gang killed one of the Indian ferrymen and destroyed their boat. When the Quechan then killed most of the Glanton gang and returned to operating a ferry California sent the state militia to punish the Indians. Accounts of the incident differ on important points. "Johnson and Hartshorn took over after the Lincoln massacre," according to Roscoe G. Willson, "and a member of their organization, L. J. F. Jaeger succeeded them and continued the ferry service many years." Louis Jaeger (1824-1892) operated the rope ferry shown in George Baker's drawing until 1877 when the railroad bridge was built. Pedestrians were welcome to cross the rail bridge but wagons and autos still took the ferry, as shown on this postcard from about 1908 published by Newman Post Card Company of Los Angeles & San Francisco. The first highway bridges across the Colorado River in Arizona were at Yuma (1915) and Topock (1916).
In order to attract motorists to Yuma, work on a highway bridge began in 1914 but immediately encountered problems. Seasonal high water twice swept away pilings driven in the river bottom to support false work. Instead of assembling the 4,400 pounds of steel for the through-truss design in place, workers had to build the 336-foot span on land just west of the prison. Then as schools were closed and the whole town turned out to watch the delicate operation, the finished bridge floated across the river on a barge May 22, 1915 to be bolted in place over the next four hours. Significant highway improvements followed. By the end of the named highway era, at least four transcontinental routes converged at the "Gateway to the Southwest," the Lee and Bankhead Highways, Dixie Overland Highway and Old Spanish Trail. But a lighted sign on the bridge proclaimed "Ocean-to-Ocean Highway," nomenclature used by another route running through the northwest corner of Arizona on its way from New York to LA. The distance from San Diego to Yuma was shortened in 1915 by laying a wooden plank road across the Imperial dunes. It was believed that blowing sand would quickly bury a conventional road while planks could be moved out of the way. But a bold engineer designed an asphalt paved US 80 in 1926 that was carefully placed to cause drifting sand to blow over the surface. US80 was rerouted in 1956 to cross the river on a new concrete span, entering Yuma on Fourth Avenue. Then the present I-8 freeway viaduct came in 1978. The 1915 bridge enjoyed a restoration in 2002. As shown on this postcard issued by Harry Herz about 1928, the south pier (at right) is in the river, with a short deck truss reaching Prison Hill. The 1923 railroad bridge is on the east side. The cost of the highway bridge was shared, $25,000 each from the US Indian Department, State of Arizona and the people of southern California, with the City of Yuma contributing $1,000.
Situated near the mouths of the Gila and Colorado Rivers, Yuma was vulnerable to flood until those rivers were dammed. Destructive floods came in 1862, 1864, 1867, 1884, 1891, 1903, 1905, 1909 and January 23, 1916 as shown here. Looking east from a vantage point near the SP Hotel, water from the broken Gila River levee is rushing down Main Street and through the Yuma Electric & Water Company power plant at right. The Ocean-to-Ocean highway bridge is at left, spanning from Prison Hill to Indian Hill. Both it and the railroad bridge located behind the photographer survived the flood, but Main Street shops were under up to five feet of water. Laguna Dam wasn't meant to hold floodwaters, so it offered little protection. High water came again in 1921, but both the town and rail bridge were spared. Then Coolidge Dam, constructed 1924-1928, held back the Gila River and Hoover Dam, constructed 1931-1936, subdued the Colorado. Still, the 1993 flood on the Gila River destroyed the Highway 95 bridge north of Yuma and caused more than $100 million in damages in the county.
There has long been a significant military and aviation presence around Yuma. The first airplane to land in Arizona touched down in Yuma in 1911, prompting the city to develop Fly Field south of 32nd Street. It became a county airport in 1928 and was then turned over to the military in 1941 to become Yuma Army Air Field advanced flying school. General Patton's tank troops trained for the north Africa invasion at Desert Training Center north of Yuma. Yuma Test Station was established in the desert east of Imperial Dam in 1943 and became Yuma Proving Ground. When the Army abandoned the airfield at the end of World War Two, enterprising residents came up with a stunt to promote Yuma's good flying weather. They established a world flight endurance record, remaining aloft for nearly 47 days in a single-engine Aeronca with no bathroom. Day and night, three times a day, the plane would chase a Buick convertible 12 times down the abandoned runway at 80mph, the copilot reaching down to grab fuel cans and sacks of food. After three attempts, 1,124 hours in the air and 1,692 meetings with the Buick the third time, the two flyers had the record and Continental Motors replaced the worn out engine for free. Their endurance paid off. In 1951, the old Army Air Field became Vincent Air Force Base and then in 1959 Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Test Station with the longest concrete runway in Arizona. It became Marine Corps Air Station, Yuma in 1962.
Architect F. S. Allen (1860-1934) designed Yuma's first really nice elementary school building, constructed in 1908 on the mesa facing the southwest corner of Second Avenue and Third Street. Viewed from Third Street on a postcard sold by druggist J. Homer Smith, Second Avenue Grammar School was a popular mission style design. Allen, who moved from Illinois to southern California in 1904, specialized in school buildings. The first school in Yuma opened in 1871, followed by a parochial school in 1874. The block just west of Second Avenue Grammar School was made Sunset Park and became the site of a Carnegie library (opened 24 Feb. 1921, demolished and replaced with existing library building 1965-66). The school burned in 1946 and Yuma Fire Station Number One was constructed where the playground had been. Third Street has now been transformed into Harold Giss Parkway but one can still make out where the school used to be.
Highway 80 enters Yuma from California in about 1948 on First Street (looking west), where marriage chapels greet young couples. Reverend Coleman's "Famous Drive-In Chapel," offers quick ceremonies "day and nite" in a remodeled building that a few years before was Rich's Super Service, Associated Flying-A gasoline station. Behind Coleman's is R. H. Lute's Wedding Chapel, the former "Cupid Corner," housed in a remodeled former Rio Grande brand gasoline station. There were a couple more wedding chapels farther west on First. Behind Lute's is the Dixie Hotel and the taller Hotel San Carlos (1930), advertising its American plan (in-room baths) and air cooling. The intersection in the foreground is at First Street and Gila Street, while Main Street crosses a block farther west. On the south side of First is a new Standard station, the Harris Garage selling Firestone tires and a bowling alley. California instituted a three-day waiting period before marriage November 1, 1927, sending couples across the line to Nevada or Arizona for an immediate ceremony. After several popular movie stars married in the Grand Canyon State and before Arizona required a syphilis test like California, the wedding industry in Yuma thrived until the 1960s. Today, the wedding chapel site shown here is occupied by North End Community Center.
Protection of public health gives broad powers to government authorities in the United States, including the power of a state to use search and seizure to protect agricultural crops from insects and disease. Both California and Arizona placed Agricultural Inspection Stations on major highways to subject travelers to search of vehicles and personal property, confiscating all fruit, vegetables and plants. This is the Arizona station under a buttermilk sky, photographed by Bob Van Luchene about 1953 for a postcard issued by Petley Studios of Phoenix. The building is located on US 80 at the south end of the Ocean-to-Ocean bridge on Prison Hill, just before the highway curves to the west and goes down the hill to become First Street in Yuma (as shown above). Hotel San Carlos is visible behind the welcome signs. In 1924, Arizona blocked the federal highway to prevent the spread of foot and mouth disease from California. Guards reportedly required motorists and rail passengers to walk through pans of disinfectant before proceeding. Apparently some were denied entry because newspapers reported that on "the night of April 17 many of the tourists, tired of waiting for the quarantine to lift, and rushed the guard." In 1956, the inspection station moved to the new Highway 80 entrance on Fourth Avenue, just south of the new bridge.
Geography has always provided a living for Yuma. At first, Yuma's economy was transportation based. The river around Yuma offered convenient crossings for wagon trains on the way to California and then stage lines to and from the west coast. Yuma was Arizona's seaport, via riverboats from Port Isabel, Sonora. And then the railroad came, followed by an Ocean-to-Ocean automobile highway. By then, the Yuma Project began "reclaiming" the desert, shifting Yuma's economy in the Twentieth Century to an agricultural base. The sale of 5,500 acres of land on the Yuma Mesa beginning 19 November 1919 was a significant boost for both agriculture and the service sector. The "Gateway City of the Great Southwest" that some described as a sizzling hot hell-hole was slowly transformed into a haven from icy winters. Records over an 80-year period showed Yuma averaged 90% of possible days of sunshine. The "Sunshine Capital" expended considerable effort, perhaps disproportionate to the economic benefit, to attract tourists, lovebirds, retirees, "snow birds," sand buggies and river recreationists. Government employment, especially military, has been important to the economy since the establishment of Fort Yuma. To provide more local benefit from its tax base, the population of northern Yuma County voted to split off and form La Paz County beginning January 1, 1983.
The Peach family came to Yuma in 1916 and soon entered the hotel business. In 1932 they built Peach Auto Court on Highway 80 (Fourth Avenue) on the mesa one and a half miles south of downtown, adding Coronado Motor Hotel closer to downtown in 1938. The junior John Peach remembers planting the palm trees as a child. The Coronado was the first modern design motel in Arizona, replacing auto court style rooms separated by garages with side by side rooms. One of the oldest still operating Best Western hotels in the world, John and Yvonne Peach still own and manage the Coronado, now expanded to 127 rooms and 23 suites. This Portraitone postcard produced in the 1950s by Associate Services of Pasadena, noted that the Coronado was recommended by Best Western, Triple-A and Duncan Hines, and was located at 233 4th Avenue in the "Sunshine Capital of the US."
Main Street looking north at the intersection with Third Street about 1954 illustrates a still vibrant business district. Looks like the same neon "Bowling" sign in the 1940s view of First Street has moved to Main, across from the Western Auto Supply Co. Centre Drugs, Rexall store, (formerly McCallum Cutrate Drugs, and before that Carl D. Farrar Drugs) is on the northwest corner of Main and Third. The Kress building still looks much the same today, now housing a number of shops with the Top of the Kress comedy club on the roof. You can still read the painted sign on the brick wall. Down the street on the same side is the marquee for the Yuma Theater (1912) and red roof over First National Bank of Arizona. First National Bank of Yuma was chartered in 1905 and built on the northwest corner of Main and Second Street in 1924. But after the financial collapse of 1929 it had to be liquidated and absorbed by Yuma National Bank. To increase the comfort of pedestrians in summer covered sidewalks (arcades) were added to storefronts on Main in the 1920s, replacing canvas awnings. The introduction of evaporative coolers in the 1930s, followed by affordable air conditioning based on the refrigeration cycle helped Yuma thrive.
Despite the straight line shown on maps, Fourth Avenue (US 80) makes a gentle S-bend at the intersection with 8th Street, shown here about 1954, looking north. By the 1950s, the commercial district had spread from Main Street to the top of the mesa and south down Fourth Avenue a few miles. Pictured (left to right) are a Shell station, Texaco station, Firestone dealer, Sant Drug Co., Garland Jewelers, Western Fashions and Susie's Eats (steaks, fried chicken). The city ended at 8th Street by 1923 but the business district reached 24th in the early fifties and then the big curve at 32nd Street in the 1960s. South of 8th Street businesses remained spread out, typical of the unplanned strip development along major highways that came to dominate nearly all American cities and towns by the mid-1930s, and has continued despite recent attempts to re-centralize commercial districts.
The Mexican Farm Labor Program, informally known as the Bracero Program (bracero, "one who works with his arms"), began 4 August 1942 to import guest workers in order to meet wartime demand for farm labor. Braceros entered the US under individual contracts that required them to return home at the end of the season. More than three million participated over the course of the program, which was continued following the war. The number of braceros peaked at more than 445,000 in 1956 and declined after 1960. The program ended in 1964, around the time this postcard of the Yuma cantaloupe harvest was made. By then, growers were opting to hire even cheaper illegal workers and American labor unions intensified objections to the wage-lowering effect of bracero contracts. The end of the bracero program was followed by the rise of the United Farm Workers Union led by Cesar Chavez, born in Yuma, Arizona in 1927.
This airplane view of Yuma Crossing, issued as a postcard about 1958, shows (top to bottom) the 1956 Highway 80 bridge (on Fourth Avenue), the siphon outlet on the East Main Canal, remains of piers in river from Madison Street rail bridge, the 1915 Ocean-to-Ocean highway bridge (white) and the 1924 railroad bridge (black). California side of the river is at right. Old Arizona Inspection Station is the white roof south of bridge while abandoned California Inspection Station is orange roof (lower right). The old highway 80 goes past the former prison site (lower left) and curves to become First Street. Gila Street is the first north-south street, ending at water treatment basins on the riverbank, the site of the last ferry crossing. The road away from the ferry on the California side of the river is still evident. The next street crossing First to the west is Main (red roof of bank building on Main & 2nd is visible), and then Madison. Railroad Tracks ran down Madison Avenue until 1966, curving through the water treatment and electric plant site to meet the new rail line on Prison Hill. The County Court House is obscured by the word "Yuma." City Hall is the red roof below the first letter in "Arizona." San Carlos Hotel is the tallest building, on northeast corner of First and Main. New agricultural inspection station on Fourth Avenue (US 80) is above the letter "n." The diagonal street at upper left is Orange Avenue. One block north of Orange is the new fire station with site of Second Avenue Grammar School still recognizable on opposite corner of same block.
Commercial development continued to move south on Fourth Avenue in the 1960s. This Curteichcolor photo by Don Cordery Photography looks north over the four mile strip development along Fourth Avenue (four-lanes plus center turn lane), with Crescent Center in the foreground and Circle Square a mile north (another high-rise). Crescent Center is on the southwest corner of Fourth Avenue and 24th Street, with the Stardust Motel on the northwest corner (Fry's Food Store today) and the Flamingo Hotel on the southeast corner (now the site of a restaurant). Circle Square is on the northeast corner of Fourth Avenue and 16th Street (Highway 95), across from Yuma Mesa Shopping Center on the southeast corner. The old downtown along Main Street is under the word "Colorful" at top of the postcard, behind Black Hill. The south rail yards are below the word "Yuma." Development along Fourth Avenue is on the Yuma Mesa, raised above the agricultural land in Yuma Valley to the west and the Gila Valley to the east. The Mesa is the site of miles of citrus groves, south of the area shown here. Bob Petley of Phoenix published a postcard using this same photograph.
As shoppers followed stores south on Fourth Avenue, a battle of the malls ensued. Downtown merchants opted for a radical makeover of Main Street, eliminating cars and turning it into an outdoor pedestrian mall as shown here, looking north in the block between Second and Third Streets (same block shown above in 1950s). The project was completed in November 1969 just as competition was ramping up at the big curve several miles south on Highway 80. Westgate Mall, a conventional shopping center located on the east side of Fourth Avenue between the curve and Catalina Drive, had already opened. The more logically named Southgate Mall opened in 1973 on the west side of Fourth at the big curve and underwent a $5 million facelift in 1993. In 2005 Yuma Mall, as the pedestrian plaza on Main Street was originally called, was removed and a narrow Main Street reopened to vehicle traffic. The building with the red roof is the First National Bank of Arizona building (1924), today, restored as Yuma County Administration Building.
Bill & Millie Brent, This Is the Yuma Country, (1965)
William & Milarde Brent, The Hell Hole, (1962)
John Mason Jeffrey, Adobe and Iron, (1969)
Charles P. Kendall, "Planks Across the Dunes," Jour. Az. History (Winter 1980) pp.391-410
Robert Lenon, It Seems Like Only Yesterday, Vol. 1 The Yuma Years, (2004)
Richard E. Lingenfelter, Steamboats on the Colorado River, 1852-1916, (1978)
Frank Love, From Brothel to Boomtown: Yuma's Naughty Past, (1981)
Douglas D. Martin, Yuma Crossing, (1954)
Robert Nelson, Early Yuma, (2006)
Frank D. Robertson, A History of Yuma, Arizona 1540-1920, (1942) U. of A. Masters Thesis
John & Lillian Theobald, Arizona Territory Post Offices & Postmasters, (1961)
US Dept Interior, Fifteenth Annual Report of the Reclamation Service 1915-1916, (1916)
Roscoe G. Willson, "Arizona Marks A Century As A United States Territory," Arizona Days and Ways Magazine (Arizona Republic Sunday magazine), February 24, 1963
Robert Woznicki, The History of Yuma and the Territorial Prison, (1968)
This entry was posted in Yuma and tagged Yuma. Bookmark the permalink.
32 Responses to Yuma: Gateway City and Sunshine Haven
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ColRivFisherman says:
Great article !. The photo listed as the Yuma prison is actually a photo of the fort on the calif side.
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William H.Lyle, M.D. says:
A wonderful history that confirms many tales that I've heard from 19th century residents.
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jonnie thomas says:
profitup10 says:
I was born in the old Avenue C hospital in 1943. Grew up in Yuma flying small planes all over the west with my dad so the air views are nice to help me remember the good old days of freedom in Yuma.
Your article is accurate and very well stated thanks to you from all of us relocated Yuma criminals.
Lock Piatt
Desi Foster says:
What a great article! I moved here in the summer of 1970, and have loved learning about how our city came to be. I have learned much of this before, but never as interesting, and there is so much here I didn't know. Thank you!
Jerry Berg says:
There is a small error in the date for the burning of Second Avenue Elementary School. You show 1946 and I know that's not correct as I went to first and second grades there in 1949 and 1950. Perhaps it was 1956 but I don't know for sure.
Lock Piatt, the hospital to which you refer was on Avenue B not C as I was born there a few months before you kid.
The Herrera family of Juan and Mary moved to Yuma in January of 1953. They had, eventually, 15 children all raised and schooled in Yuma. As Catholics we mostly attended the now gone location of Immaculate Conception Elementary at the corner of 4th ave and 5th Street. Many of us still live in Yuma (and descendants) to this day. Juan and Mary's son, John and his wife Lynn, now live in
Payson, Az. I am he.
My family moved to Yuma in the 30s and we then moved in 1960. I have no immediate family there anymore.
Steven Seale says:
The Second Avenue Grammar School was destroyed by fire in 1953, you're article says 1946. This has been confirmed by many students that attended the school.
Janet Rotharmel says:
Steven Seale is right, I was born in 1943, and went to first and second grade there…It was a beautiful school, cool in the summer.
Also, Jerry Berg is right, Hi Jerry…
Hi Janet. Remind me who you are.
I'm listed above as Anonymous and I don't see where to log in. Janet I see now, after searching my annuals, that you are Janet Smith.
Hello Janet, this is Lock Piatt, hello Jerry Berg.
Santiago Sanchez says:
does this site know when the underpass on Four Avenue/ 5th St year built
bmestudent says:
Is there anyone who knows the history of Immaculate Conception School located on 4th Ave? I am trying to find out some history for a class I am currently taking. Thanks.
John Lock says:
I attended ther in the 50s if that will help you – I will answer what I know.
By the way, thank you for the wonderful article and pictures. I have seen Yuma has changed over the past 30 years, but for a while in the 80s and 90s it seemed really stagnant..not so much change during those years. It's mostly been in the late 90s and 2000s. Anyway back to what I'm interested in, Immaculate Conception School:
1) What was the curriculum like in the 50s?
2) What was the student population like (percentage-wise): Whites, Hispanics, blacks, etc? Was there segregation?
3) Was their bilingual education?
4) What was the socioeconomic status of the students? If you had to guess, what was the percentage of low-income students compared to the whole student body?
5) Was there any issues with race or ethnic background at the time? If yes, what types of issues?
The 40s and 50s were static for the most part. Only issue was when the Marines took over the Airbase.
1) the Curriculum was advanced for the most part and classes were often over 40 students – The Sisters made sure all did their assignments if not you stayed after school.
2) Race was not an issue for the most part. Mostly white and Mexican not many blacks. There was no segregation. In fact in the 50s and 60s one black family had a son as Yuma High president and his sister was freshmen class queen.
3) Many spoke Mexican and English and classes were taught in English.
4) Most students were from middle class families – yes even the Mexicans. There was quite a number of poor students.
5) Yuma had segregation with signs in restaurants and theaters – the town was divided by poor Mexicans and Black in the valley. People like my Father built a pool for the poor and Blacks that was better than the segregated white pool. There were Mexican gangs and they caused many fights. Drugs were not common. Most people like the Indians, Blacks, Mexicans keep to themselves just at we all do now. Tribalism is still the rule. For the most part we all got along.
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Tombstone: Tough As Helldorado
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Pirtleville
Rancho Esmeralda
Roosevelt Dam and town
Round Valley
Superstition Mts.
Tumacacori
Arizona100 – an Arizona history blog
Happy 100th Birthday Arizona ! 1912-2012 Recalling the past hundred years and before—the renown, the forgotten and the secret.


More than 200 Latinos packed the basement of a Catholic church in Greeley on Monday night to hear members of three Latino consulates from Denver explain their rights amid a current crackdown on identity theft in Weld County.
The mood was somber as residents, some who've had relatives arrested at fast-food restaurants, dairies and in their homes, asked questions for almost two hours. Representatives of the Mexican, Guatemalan and Peruvian consulates discussed the legal rights should any of the attendees or someone they know be arrested in the large-scale sweep.
One woman, who declined to be identified out of fear of being caught up in the sting, said that last Wednesday two police officers knocked on the door of her Greeley home.
She said her husband, a native of Mexico, worked for 16 years at a Greeley dairy supporting the family of five.
She hoped the consulate representatives would help her retain a lawyer and get her husband, whom she hasn't spoken with since the arrest, out of jail. She said her brother might be able to provide some financial assistance, as she doesn't work and doesn't receive welfare.
The Weld County Sheriff's Office on Nov. 12 began arresting suspects of identity theft and criminal impersonation, all stemming from tax returns prepared at Amalia's Translation and Tax Service, 1501 9th St. in Greeley. The investigation began after Weld authorities in August arrested Servando Trejo, a local feedlot employee who was linked to a Texas man who told authorities that someone in northern Colorado was using his Social Security number.
Trejo allegedly used the ID to get loans and jobs and pay taxes, which he most recently filed through Amalia's Tax Service. After a subsequent interview with owner Amalia Cerrillo, the Weld District Attorney's Office determined it had probable cause of more cases of identity theft and got a search warrant. After the seizure of thousands of tax returns dating to 2000, authorities said they found about 1,300 returns that involved possible identity theft or criminal impersonation. They plan to continue arrests for at least another year, as warrants are issued by the courts.
Sergio Schwartz, assistant Guatemalan consulate, said his Denver office is fielding about a call a day from Weld residents concerned about the sweep. He said a sting of this magnitude tied to an investigation into one office " the Greeley tax preparer, who attended Monday's meeting and has not violated any laws, according to the Colorado Department of Revenue " is unprecedented.
According to numbers released Monday by the Weld County Sheriff's Office, 29 people have been arrested so far as a part Operation Number Games.
A Weld County employer, who declined to be identified, said he had two employees quit and return to Mexico when they heard of the sweep. He has another employee who, after using the tax preparer, expects to be arrested.
Monday's meeting was organized by the consulates in conjunction with Latinos Unidos, a Latino advocacy group.
Vickie Lara, a member of Latinos Unidos, said the group hosted a similar meeting last week at the same church, Our Lady of Peace, 1311 3rd St. The meetings, she said, are intended to help residents reach attorneys and allay some of the concerns spreading through the Latino community.


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Singapore OSV operator Pacific Radiance says that is has inked charter contracts worth up to $68 million including options.
Five OSVs have been contracted over multiple years to support campaigns in the Arabian Gulf for independent and national oil companies, with the vessels already having commenced work.
"This prolonged downturn has been more severe than any, the oil & gas industry has ever experienced. At Pacific Radiance, we have been taking steps since the onset in 2014 to ensure that our business remains sustainable in the current adverse operating conditions," commented Pang Yoke Min, executive chairman of Pacific Radiance.


BBC News have reported on Office for National Statistics bulletin:Gender pay gap in the UK: 2018 that in the year to April 2018, the gender pay gap for full-time workers was 8.6% - down from 9.1% in the previous year.
In other words, the average female employee now earns 8.6% less than the average man.
However, campaigners said the rate of improvement was too slow and was a missed opportunity for the economy.
The extent of the pay gap varies according to age, with older female workers much more likely to be underpaid in comparison.


Consuelo and I met at Cafe Rouge for an informal meeting.
I explained the sequence of events leading to the formation of West Sussex Humanists and the local member groups.
Consuelo contrasted living conditions and women's rights between the UK and Peru, her country of origin. After exploring various organisations, she found out about West Sussex Humanists (then Mid Sussex Freethinkers) through the internet.
She supports the Optimum Population Trust and recently took part in an event in London supporting One Law for All.
We will be working together to make more local contacts and help Haywards Heath Humanists the local representative group for the non-religious.


text:
De Augsburger Puppenkiste is een bekend Duits marionettentheater.

Geschiedenis
In 1943 werd het kleine marionettentheater de Puppenschrein opgericht door de familie Oehmichen, vader Walter (1901-1977), moeder Rose (1901-1985), dochter Hannelore (1931-2003) en Ulla. De Puppenschrein was een klein podium, die in een deurkozijn kon worden opgebouwd. Deze werd in februari 1944 gebombardeerd en volledig vernield. De figuren konden worden gered, omdat de vader ze gelukkigerwijs mee naar huis had genomen na een voorstelling in het Stadttheater Augsburg. De Puppenschrein werd een prooi van de vlammen.

Na het einde van de oorlog begon Walter Oehmichen met de planning voor een nieuw poppentheater. Met het voormalige Heilige Geest-ziekenhuis vond hij een ruimte, die kon dienen als permanente voorstellingslocatie. Aanvankelijk moest de locatie echter worden gedeeld met een statistisch bureau. Ondanks alle tegenslagen van de naoorlogse periode lukte het de familie uiteindelijk om op 26 februari 1948 hun marionettentheater onder de naam Augsburger Puppenkiste te heropenen met het stuk Der gestiefelte Kater. Als poppenspelers en sprekers werden jonge Augsburgse acteurs gecontracteerd, waaronder Manfred Jenning. Deze werd snel de huisauteur van de poppenkast en bevestigde in 1951 met het jaarlijks wisselende oudejaarsavondcabaret voor volwassenen een traditie, die sindsdien behouden bleef. De eerste cabaretpremière werd gepresenteerd op 31 december 1950.

Vervolgens vormde Walter Oehmichen de marionetten, maar droeg deze belangrijke taak spoedig over aan zijn getalenteerde dochter Hannelore. Haar eerste figuur maakte ze al stiekem op 13-jarige leeftijd, omdat ze het scherpe mes eigenlijk nog niet mocht gebruiken. Haar eerste bekende figuur was de kleine prins. Tijdens de premièrevoorstelling hanteerde ze de gelaarsde kat. Oehmichens vrouw Rose voorzag de poppen van kleren en belaste zich als spreekster met moeder- en grootmoederrollen. Ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig jubileum in 1973 overnamen Hannelore en haar echtgenoot en acteur Hanns-Joachim Marschall de leiding van het marionettentheater. Walter Oehmichen overleed in 1977 en zijn vrouw Rose in 1985. Dochter Hannelore werd de eigenaresse van het poppentheater.

Sinds het begin van de jaren 1980 werkte Klaus Marschall, de zoon van Hannelore en Hanns-Joachim, mee in het theater tot 1992, waarna hij de leiding overnam van zijn ouders. Hanns-Joachim Marschall overleed in 1999, maar zijn weduwe bewerkte verder de figuren en was altijd behulpzaam tijdens de voorstelling. Jürgen, de broer van Klaus, kwam in het begin van de jaren 1990 bij het theater en ondersteunde zijn moeder bij de vervaardiging van de poppen. Na haar overlijden in 2003 nam hij haar erfgoed over.

Nieuwe locatie
De toenmalige locatie werd in de loop der jaren ruimtelijk vrij eng. In het kader van de sanering en planningen voor een Kulturpark Rotes Tor werden door de stad Augsburg in 2000 verdere zalen ter beschikking gesteld en werd een nieuwe theaterzaal ingericht, die in oktober 2000 werd geopend. In 2004 werd de Augsburger Puppenkiste onderscheiden met de Goldene Kamera.

Het poppentheater

Kinderstukken
Vele klassieke sprookjes, niet alleen van de gebroeders Grimm, maar ook uit Duizend-en-een-nacht en van Wilhelm Hauff, werden in het poppentheater gespeeld. Stukken als Aladin und die Wunderlampe, Der Zwerg Nase en Frau Holle staan reeds sinds decennia op het speelschema. Der Räuber Hotzenplotz (1966), het populairste stuk van het theater en Die kleine Hexe (1971), beiden naar het model van Otfried Preußler, worden sinds de eerste uitvoering ongewijzigd gespeeld. In 1983 werd het tweedelige stuk Wolkenreiter und Sohn uitgezonden. Nieuw is het stuk Der Zauberer von Oz (2013) en sinds 2011 wordt Der kleine Wassermann gespeeld. Van december 2014 tot begin januari 2015 was Die Weihnachtsgeschichte op het podium te zien en in 2015 zijn naast de genoemde stukken hoofdzakelijk sprookjes te zien, waaronder Dornröschen, Rumpelstilzchen en Hänsel und Gretel.

Voor volwassenen
Anders als men bij een poppentheater gewend is, werden en worden in het poppentheater ook veel bewerkingen van stof voor volwassenen op het podium gebracht. Oehmichen produceerde vervolgens veel stukken, die hij bij het Stadttheater Augsburg, waar hij spelleider was, niet kon realiseren, zoals Ein Traumspiel van August Strindberg. Ondanks dat de eerste speelperioden moeilijk waren, kwam in februari 1951 de grote doorbraak voor het marionettentheater met Der kleine Prinz van Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. Walter Oehmichen speelde hierin zelf de rol van de piloot.

De première van Die Dreigroschenoper van Bertolt Brecht in september 1960 door het poppentheater was opzienbarend. Oehmichen trad hierin ook zelf op. De vier jaar eerder in de DDR overleden schrijver was ten tijde van de Koude Oorlog een veeleer onpopulaire zoon van de stad. Altijd weer staat bovendien Der Proces um des Esels Schatten (1962) van Friedrich Dürrenmatt op het speelschema.

Naast ernstige en komische stoffen en klassiekers als Dr. Johannes Fausti voert/voerde het poppentheater ook opera's en andere muziekstukken op, meestal naar het model van Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Reeds in 1952 bracht Walter Oehmichen zowel de komische opera Bastien und Bastienne alsook het muzikale sprookje Peter und der Wolf van Sergej Prokofjev op het podium. In 1985 werd Eine kleine Zauberflöte uitgebracht. Het stuk werd door Hanns-Joachim Marschall voor marionetten geschikt gemaakt. De figuren kregen de stemmen van zingende acteurs en grote aria's werden compleet verwijderd. Die kleine Entführung aus dem Serail (1991) werd succesvol uitgevoerd volgens hetzelfde patroon. Voor het Mozartjaar 2006 produceerde Klaus Marschall in 2005 de klassieke stof van Don Giovanni als Don Giovanni und der steinerne Gast. In de rol als dienaar van Don Giovanni is de Kasperl van het poppentheater te zien, die het stuk van zijn eigen humor voorziet. Zeer succesvol wordt ieder jaar opnieuw het cabaret getoond, dat steeds op oudejaarsavond zijn première heeft. In de volgende zes maanden van het nieuwe jaar worden ongeveer 100 voorstellingen gespeeld. Daarbij past de inhoud van het poppenspel zich vaak dynamisch aan aan actuele gebeurtenissen.

Televisie

De jaren 1950
Vanaf 1953 werd het poppentheater ook landelijk bekend. Op 21 januari, slechts enkele weken na de première van de Tagesschau, vond de eerste live tv-uitzending door de NWDR plaats met het stuk Peter und der Wolf. Ook de volgende, tot 1954 door de HR geproduceerde uitzendingen werden door het gemis van opnametechnieken live uitgezonden vanuit de Frankfurtse tv-studio. Tussen 1956 en 1959 was de Bayerischer Rundfunk een verder station van het poppentheater, omdat de HR in deze periode een kinderprogramma omgezet had. Na de herintroductie werd aan de huisauteur Manfred Jenning echter de mogelijkheid geboden om zijn idee van de meerdelige serie Die Geschichte der Muminfamilie te realiseren, zodat het theater weer terugging naar de HR. De eerste tv-producties waren nog afgefilmd theater, maar werden spoedig gedraaid met het vertoon van een speelfilm. Per werkdag ontstonden slechts drie tot vier zendminuten. Onder het licht van de schijnwerpers (60°C.) moesten de poppenspelers werken met het zweet op hun voorhoofd. Voortaan werd gewerkt in een tot studio omgebouwde foyer van het Augsburger Theater. Onder Jennings leiding ontwikkelden de theateropnamen zich tot reële tv-filmen, die alle mogelijkheden van het medium verenigden.

De jaren 1960/1970
Tot de eerste grote zwart/wit-producties telden Die Muminfamilie (1959/1960, twee seizoenen), Jim Knopf und Lucas der Locomotivführer (1961/1962, twee seizoenen, in 1976 in kleur), Der kleine dicke Ritter (1963), Klecksi, der Tintenfisch (1963), waarvan door onbezonnen gedrag bijna alles werd vernietigd en Kater Mikesch (1964). Vanaf 1965 werd met het oog op de aankomende kleurentelevisie de Löwe-Trilogie op 16 mm kleurenfilm geproduceerd. Daarop volgend werden alle poppentheater-producties in kleur verfilmd, waaronder Rauber Hotzenplotz (1967), Bill Bo (1968) en Urmel aus dem Eis (1969).

Max Kruse was een van de meest verfilmde auteurs met presentaties van Der Löwe ist los, Kommt ein Löwe geflogen, Gut gebrüllt, Löwe, Urmel spielt im Schloss (1974), Don Blech und der Goldene Junker (1973) en het wildwest-avontuur Lord Schmetterhand (1978). De draaiboeken voor deze producties waren afkomstig van Manfred Jenning, die vanaf 1970 met Kleiner König Kalle Wirsch ook de regie voor zijn rekening nam voor de tv-stukken van Harald Schäfer. Jenning overleed in 1979 na een langdurige ziekte op 50-jarige leeftijd.

De jaren 1980/1990
Zijn opvolger in de tv-producties werd Sepp Strubel, die sinds het begin van de jaren 1960 als spreker werkzaam was bij het poppentheater. Hij had met Natur und Technik respectievelijk Denk und Dachte (1972-1976) een eigen wetenschappelijke magazinereeks voor kinderen met marionetten van het poppentheater bedacht en omgezet. In plaats van bekende auteurs trok Strubel jonge auteurs aan voor het tv-werk. In 1980 ontstond Die Opodeldoks, in 1982 de verfilming van Katze mit Hut. Het heelal werd een nieuwe uitdaging voor Strubel: vooreerst Fünf auf dem Apfelstern (1981) en daarna Schlupp vom grünen Stern (1986/87) over een kleine robot.

In april 1984 moest een reguliere voorstelling na het begin worden onderbroken, omdat in het kader van een publieksweddenschap in de juist in Augsburg plaatsvindende ZDF-show Wetten, dass …? een kortstondig optreden van de marionetten tijdens de live-uitzending niet voor mogelijk werd gehouden. Enkele acteurs uit het team spoedden zich met bekende marionetten naar de show en kwamen daarmee onverwachts op de televisie. In 1994 werd de aanvankelijk laatste tv-productie met de HR gerealiseerd. Sepp Strubel leverde het draaiboek voor Der Raub der Mitternachtssonne, Das Burggespenst Lülü (1992) en Der Zauberer Schmollo (1993).

In 1997 lukte de Augsburger Puppenkiste de stap naar het filmdoek met Die Story von Monty Spinnerratz van de Amerikaanse kinderboekenauteur Tor Seidler. Ongeveer 900.000 bioscoopbezoekers beleefden, hoe ratten-(marionetten) en mensen samen in de haven en onderwereld van New York optraden. De film van regisseur Michael F. Huse werd in 1997 onderscheiden met de Beierse filmprijs als Beste kinderfilm.

De jaren 2000
In 2000/2001 begon de nieuwe 13-delige serie Lilalu im Schepperland voor de televisie, waarin de avonturen van de prinses van het sprookjesrijk Melodanië, de hofkeukendwerg Pimpernel en de kraai Lukulla in de strijd tegen de machtige heks Synkopia, de rode kobold, heksen en tovenaars worden verteld. Het draaiboek was van Peter Scheerbaum, de huisauteur van het poppentheater en ontstond naar denkbeelden van de Browny Tales van Enid Blyton. Het draaiboek voor Die Story von Monty Spinnerratz was ook van Scheerbaum. Het nieuwste tv-project van het poppentheater is Ralphi (2005/06). De slimme beer gaat voor de wetenschappelijke zender BR-alpha op verkenning. Er worden verschillende thema's kindvriendelijk bewerkt. Ralphi is echter niet in de fantasiewereld van het poppentheater, maar in de realiteit onderweg. Hij bezoekt musea, is onderweg op rivieren en meren en gaat op stipvisite bij burgemeesters.

Bovendien produceert het poppentheater documentaties, die geschikt zijn voor zowel kinderen als volwassenen. In Augusta Kasperlicorum (2004) stelt de figuur Kasperl zijn stad voor. Als bijdrage aan het Mozartjaar treedt Kasperl in Augusta Mozarteum in de voetsporen van de beroemde componist, wiens vader ook een zoon van de stad Augsburg is. Op oudejaarsavond 2005 werd met het Kabarett der Puppen een samenvatting getoond van de actuele Augsburger opvoeringen. Verder worden sinds 1 april 2006 verschillende muzieknummers uit het cabaretprogramma als pauzevulling op BR-alpha gepresenteerd onder de titel Poesie des Staunens.

In 2016 vereeuwigt de Augsburger Puppenkiste zijn opvoering van de Bijbelse kerstgeschiedenis op film, die tijdens de adventstijd landelijk in de bioscopen is te zien.

Tournee-projecten
Ter gelegenheid van hun 50-jarig jubileum werkte de Augsburger Puppenkiste in 1998 een tweejarige tournee door Duitsland af, ondersteund door de Bertelsmann Club. Sinds 2003 toert het marionettentheater met het moedgevende stuk Das kleine Känguru und der Angsthase door Duitse kinderklinieken. Het stuk werd ook in april/mei 2006 driemaal daags opgevoerd tijdens een bezoek aan de Japanse partnerstad Amagasaki. In 2006 startte weer een tournee met als doel kinderopvangcentra. Via het stuk Paula und die Kistenkobolde zouden kinderen kunnen leren met hun gevoelens om te gaan. Het stuk werd in het kader van het project Papilio van het bèta-instituut onder voorbehoud van wetenschappelijke uitspraken bewerkt. Bovendien toert het gezelschap door Duitsland met het stuk Urmels große Reise.

Samenwerking
Voetbalvereniging FC Augsburg werkt sinds 2009 samen met het marionettentheater. In het kader van deze samenwerking voorspelt de figuur Kasperle voor iedere thuiswedstrijd de uitslag. Bovendien overhandigd de aanvoerder van het team aan de aanvoerder van de tegenstander, in plaats van een een wimpel, een jaarlijks wisselende marionet. Tijdens het seizoen 2015/2016 was dit Kater Mikesch. Daarvoor was dit Urmel, Jim Knopf en Lucas der Locomotivführer. Na ieder doelpunt werd de melodie Eine Insel mit zwei Berge gespeeld, uit de verfilming van Jim Knopf und Lucas der Locomotivführer.

Theater in Duitsland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We consider the discrepancy problem of coloring n intervals with k colors such that at each point on the line, the maximal difference between the number of intervals of any two colors is minimal. Somewhat surprisingly, a coloring with maximal difference at most one always exists. Furthermore, we give an algorithm with running time O(n log n + kn log k) for its construction. This is in particular interesting because many known results for discrepancy problems are non-constructive. This problem naturally models a load balancing scenario, where n tasks with given start- and endtimes have to be distributed among k servers. Our results imply that this can be done ideally balanced. When generalizing to d-dimensional boxes (instead of intervals), a solution with difference at most one is not always possible. We show that it is NP-complete to decide this for any d ≥ 2 and any k ≥ 2, which implies also NP-hardness of the respective minimization problem. In an online scenario, where intervals arrive over time and the color has to be decided upon arrival, the maximal difference in the size of color classes can become arbitrarily high for any online algorithm.
This is a joint work with Antonios Antoniadis, Pascal Lenzner, Carsten Moldenhauer, and Alexander Souza.


text:
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Bryce Harper, 19, gets first career walk-off hit
From Comcast SportsNet
WASHINGTON (AP) -- You might think 19-year-old Bryce Harper would savor the moment after his first game-winning hit with two outs to give his team an extra-inning win. Instead, after lifting the Washington Nationals to a 7-6 win against the New York Mets in 12 innings Tuesday night, Harper was upset with his line in the box score. "I'm happy to get the W, of course. I'm happy to get that walk-off hit, but I don't like going 2 for 7," Harper said. "I don't like striking out twice in one game, either." He then said the game-winner would mitigate his disappointment. "To get that moment at the end, that wipes everything away," Harper said. Harper's single ended a back-and-forth game that saw the Mets rally from a 3-0 early deficit to take leads in the top of the eighth, 10th and 12th innings -- only to have the Nationals tie the game in the bottom of the frame each time. Scott Hairston hit a solo homer in the top of the 12th to give New York a 6-5 lead, but the Nationals rallied when Michael Morse led off with his second double of the game. Ian Desmond followed with another double for his third RBI. Reliever Elvin Ramirez (0-1) walked two batters to load the bases, and a fielder's choice by Xavier Nady left the bases loaded with two outs for Harper, who lined an 0-2 pitch to left field. The ball fell just in front of a diving Vinny Rottino. "He's a man-child," Morse said of Harper. "This guy's unbelievable. He's really learning this game. Every day, I think he's taking something in. ... When he plays like he plays, it's fun to watch and it's good to have him on our side." The Nationals are alone atop the National League East, a game ahead of Miami -- which lost to Atlanta -- and 1 games ahead of the Mets. Both managers emptied their bullpens as the game wore on. Ramirez, the Mets' sixth pitcher, was making his second major league appearance. Ross Detwiler (4-3) pitched the final two innings as the Nationals' eighth. "It would have been very easy for this team, for the hitters, to just say, OK, we'll just go get them tomorrow,'" Detwiler said. "But we weathered the storm, we came back out there and fought." Hairston also gave the Mets the lead in the 10th when he led off with a single and later scored on a wild pitch by Henry Rodriguez -- Rodriguez's ninth in 21 innings this season. The Nationals tied it in the bottom of the inning, thanks to two errors by shortstop Jordany Valdespin -- including a grounder by Desmond that bounced off his glove, allowing Ryan Zimmerman to score -- and a wild pitch by Bobby Parnell. The Mets fell behind 3-0 after five innings and started their comeback with solo home runs by David Wright and Valdespin in the sixth. Andres Torres hit a two-run double in the eighth to give New York a 4-3 lead. Desmond tied the game at 4 with a run-scoring single in the eighth to set up extra innings. Valdespin led off the sixth with a pinch-hit home run into the Nationals' bullpen in right field. It was the rookie's second pinch-hit homer this season. Wright added another solo homer with two outs, barely clearing the wall in left-center field. It was Wright's 736th career run scored, setting a Mets franchise record. "The toughest part is the way we fought back," Mets manager Terry Collins said. "You're down three. We fight back. We get the lead. We lose the lead, get the lead, lose the lead, we get the lead and then we lose the game. That's very tough. The guys played very well." According to the Nationals, Harper is the first teenager to have a game-ending hit since Gary Sheffield did it for the Brewers on Sept. 9, 1988. "I don't think of him as a 19-year-old kid, but that's exactly what he is," Detwiler said. "He's going to be around for a long time, so it's awesome to see him learn and really grow as a player right now. You know he's going to be in the same position he's in now in 10, 15 years. It's pretty cool to see the beginning of it." NOTES: New York RHP Jon Rauch has "debris" in his right elbow, according to manager Terry Collins. He'll miss the three games in Washington, but will be available for Friday's game against the Yankees, Collins said. ... The Mets activated RHP Miguel Batista (lower back strain) from the 15-day DL and placed RHP Ramon Ramirez (strained right hamstring) on the 15-day DL. Ramirez injured the hamstring running in from the bullpen to join in the celebration of Johan Santana's no-hitter on Friday, Collins said. The Mets also designated right-handed pitcher Jack Egbert for assignment. ... Washington RHP Brad Lidge (sports hernia) made his first rehab appearance for Class A Potomac Monday and expects to have two more on Wednesday and Friday.
Zach LaVine continues All-Star push with historic outing against Cavaliers Bulls Outsiders Podcast: LaVine makes All-Star statement in win over Cavs Anatomy of a comeback: Bulls use defense, new lineup to rally vs. Cavaliers Jonathan Toews leading the way for bounce-back Blackhawks Three observations: Zach LaVine, Bulls stage epic comeback over Cavaliers Olympic swimmer Ryan Held reps Bulls' Ryan Arcidiacono at TYR Pro Series Bulls, Cavaliers making no excuses in spite of stilted travel schedule 3 Takeaways: Jonathan Toews grabs 4 points, Blackhawks grab 4-straight wins 2014 Western Conference Final between Blackhawks and Kings named "Series of the Decade" Willson Contreras, expert at going viral, tells hilarious profanity-laced story from 2019 Cubs announce plans for extended protective netting at Wrigley Field for 2020 The 2020 Cubs: Insanity, the elephant in the room at Cubs Convention Will Venable is 100 percent committed to Cubs — for now David Ross already making an impact on Chicago Cubs' fan base at Cubs Convention What to watch for: Bulls look to level season series with Cleveland Cavaliers Cubs fans voice frustration, boo Tom Ricketts at Cubs Convention In wake of Astros cheating scandal, Cubs proud they've won the right way Blackhawks star Patrick Kane's legacy will live on forever in London after jersey retirement Bulls Outsiders Podcast: Markkanen held scoreless in 2nd half in loss vs Sixers Top 30 free agents of the 2020 NFL offseason

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


After a bit of a revelation it occurred to me that for a very long time I have been trying to create a simulation environment in my sims which is almost exactly the same as DCS:World provides. I have been, for a long time, been trying to develop a multi-platform 'combat' simulation, using the tools with which I am very familiar.
I found it very interesting that I opted to stay with my known and familiar environment, rather than taking a leap…. In this case I was very ingrained in the development of FS9 content, I was comfortable working in the environment, I could 'talk' to the simulation, I understood the way most things worked inside the sim. What I was really after was a complete combat simulation covering air land and sea warfare, with a Tactical Commander function.
DCS:World has always been on my radar, I have 'played' around with it over the years, but never anything more than that. Recently though, with my interest in VR, I have been learning more and more about how DCS works, and how I can develop content for it, and make it into the sim I've always been looking for!
So. I am now 'officially' (as officially as I do…) I have stopped development of TACOPS and pretty much all of my projects around trying to morph FS9 into a combat sim…..
My focus now is on development of content for DCS, focusing on NZ and the Cold War era.
My 737 and Arrow sims will continue, running FS9 and FSX respectively, but wont be trying to be involved in any 'combat' mission.
It is very odd to look back and contemplate all the time and effort I have spent on a project which was merely trying to replicate something which was already around..
So now it's onward and upward… I can concentrate on using the best software for each of my sims, rather than trying to make the one platform do everything I wanted.
– TA-4k Skyhawk will be running DCS:World.
That is, until the plan changes again!


Here's a before photo of the wall color in the bedroom, it was tan for my son's vintage sports themed room. It seems like only yesterday I was painting and decorating Maxx's nursery! Wahhh!
As you can see below, choosing a wall color was harder than I thought. After going through a million samples, we ended up painting 3 walls Iced Cherry by BEHR and had the attendant at home depot cut 70% of the color out to lighten the pink. I used a white eggshell finish on the wall that I was going to paint the flowers on. You want to stay away from the glossy finishes because the diluted paints will just drip right off and wont give you that watercolor effect.
After I painted my white wall, I sketched a plan (on a piece of paper) of where I wanted to arrange the flowers on the wall. I'm obsessed with sketching out my ideas for E-V-E-R-Y-T-H-I-N-G from redecorating to planning our next party and arranging where the tables should go. I get a new notebook every year for all my sketches. I know, I annoy myself too, but it totally helps me narrow down my thoughts and stay organized.
You'll notice some green painters tape in the center of the wall, I wanted to make sure to leave that space empty so I can hang her name decal. I also marked off where the crib was going to be so that I could practice those flowers first just in case they came out awful they'd be covered by the crib. Then I got foam board from the Dollar Tree and cut out large shapes for flowers and petals for the larger flowers. Next faintly trace them with pencil on the wall. You want to draw faintly because you will be painting over the markings and if its too dark they will show through. My markings are light and some still show through if your standing super close to the wall, but I don't mind at all.
After you trace everything out, the fun part begins... PAINTING!!! I bought sample paints from home depot (3.99 each) for all the colors. I used 3 different shades of the pink wall color mentioned above for most of the flowers, a darker pink for the rose looking flowers, a yellowish orange for some of the centers, brownish black for the others, and a forest green for the leaves. I ended up only using less then half of the sample sized containers. I realized I bought way too much paint because remember you dilute the colors with water. I recommend going to Michaels Crafts Store and purchasing the small tubes of acrylic paints in the colors you like.
I started with a black foam paint brush but later switched to a large soft pointed tip paint brush that I found in my kids art box. I prefer this paint brush because it gave those imperfect paint strokes that I was going for.
First dab the brush in the water then into the color and start painting the outline of the flowers.
Then I dip the brush in the water only and started filling in the center of the flowers giving it a gradient effect.
Remember I was going for the imperfect watercolor look so I was carelessly going outside the lines, smudged here and there, and left some empty streaks.
Keep a paper towel on hand just in case you need to wipe up any drippage. You want to wipe it up immediately so that it doesn't mark your wall. If I felt that the paint was too dark then I would use the paper towel to wipe and blend.
You'll notice that I painted one color at a time. I started with the smaller light pink flowers and did all of them before moving on to the next flower. Start with the lighter colors and work your way to the darker ones. This way your able to use one paint brush and simply rinse in between.
For the center of the flowers I diluted the dark brown color and smushed an oval, then dipped my brush back into the paint and speckled some spots. Haha Oh all the technical terms.
It was night time when I finally finished! But below is what it looks like in the day time.
Overall I think the wall cost me around $30 . I was super intimidated to try it but I'm so glad that I did! The prep work was pretty time consuming because of tracing the stencils to make sure the wall was well balanced. Surprisingly the painting was the easiest and fastest part. If you decide to try it please leave me a comment below, Id love to see how it comes out!
Click HERE to see the full nursery.


Need More Web Traffic For Your Financial Services Web Site? Learn How To Start It Up!
When financial service firms, advisors and financial planners build websites, the focus is on university degrees, certifications and their personal background – and not how to bring in more web traffic.
There is a quiet assumption that SEO (search engine optimization) is not important because people will automatically know the company by name and reputation.
SEO for financial websites has resulted in a higher level playing field for RIAs, wealth managers, brokers and loads of companies related to finance.
The following list outlines seven simple ways to increase site traffic. It's easy to start building your online business and more quality web traffic.
Blogs with a financial focus are a great marketing tool, especially when authored by a fund manager or even the CEO. It positions the company as a leader willing to share its ideas, and encourage feedback from investors and visitors. A blog also adds a personal touch, making the company appear more human instead of just an entity pushing services. Make sure that each blog post has keywords that describes the post (like this one) and that they draw attention to the reader. Remember, blogs can be consumed in many different ways, devices and feeds.
Download my Ultimate SEO Checklist so you can get more quality traffic from Google.
A carefully curated news feed is an excellent way to keep site content relevant and bring in new visitors. Relevant news stories can be put on social media to extend reach even more.
Placing a financial industry calendar on a site will add authority and provide visitors with valuable information about conferences and other events.
It may be obvious, but you have not thought to place tools in easy reach for the consumer. Not only will they use these (and thank you for it) – but they are sharable (if you set it up right), and they can bring about 'viral' traffic. If you can create your own, even better. Then, let others use it (the code) on their sites too – just add a link back to you.
A number of financial firms are looking to international traffic to increase ranking. Offering the site in different languages will increase global visibility and give the company a friendly, flexible reputation.
Another way to lend a human touch to a financial firm is through the use of biographies. Visitors and clients will be more likely to place their trust in a company where names are matched with faces.
Use videos both in your blog and on YouTube (set up your own channel). Then, on a weekly basis if you can (pick a certain day), post a financial training video with information that helps, informs, entertains & engages them to come back to your site.
Using these tips can go a long way toward increasing traffic and your financial firm's online success.


text:
South Roscoe Township is a township in Hodgeman County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 76.

Geography
South Roscoe Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Saint Michaels.

The stream of South Fork Buckner Creek runs through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Hodgeman County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


In this Nov. 28, 2017 photo, an aerial view shows sinkholes in the abandoned tourist resort of Ein Gedi on the Dead Sea shore.
The Dead Sea, which lies between Israel and Jordan, is retreating by more than three feet a year, creating sinkholes that swallow up buildings and roads, and causing upheaval in tourism industry, NBC News reported.
Damming and mineral extraction have contributed to the decline, along with evaporating seawater.
A $1.5-billion project to build a desalination facility in Jordan aims to transform Red Sea water into drinking water and pump the remaining salty brine into the Dead Sea. The best-case scenario would see construction begin in early 2021 and take around three-and-a-half years to complete.
Click here for more information on why the dead sea is dying and efforts at a solution.


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Ever since the first outing in World War I, the tank has become a mainstay in every country's military arsenal because of its stellar armor, mobility, and firepower. The tank is considered cool and popular among military enthusiasts. In fact, the fascination has become so great that there's a game centered on driving armed tanks and fighting others: World of Tanks (WOT). If you're a fanatic of tanks, World War II, military sims, or you only want a solid PvP action game, then grab yourself a World of Tanks account.
Created by Wargaming, a company known for its World War II-themed military games, World of Tanks puts players inside a tank's cockpit and faces him or her off against World War II tanks. The game has a historical feel, and it takes players back to the late 1930s, and 1940s. After all, even though the tanks in today's 21st century are faster, stronger, and tougher than the 20th century, World War II is when tanks began to put the pedal to the metal.
Although tank versus tank battles are what the game is about, winning requires more than just blowing up enemies. Each map in the game features its unique objectives for victory. The goals usually require having knowledge of the map, individual skill, and a general awareness of the game.
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From breakfast by the river to late-night drinks above the rooftops, to intimate boutique hotels and more culture than you can ever hope to explore in one visit, Berlin is a great destination for couples. Here's our guide to making the most of your romantic city break in Berlin.
First of all, Berlin is a great city to simply be in – you really are spoilt for choice and there's so much to see and do. Accordingly, we recommend that when it comes to planning your trip, you look into the different neighbourhoods the city is famous for and settle on a few you'd like to spend the most time in. From leafy Prenzlauer Berg to lively Kreuzberg, each has a unique appeal.
Or, if you're feeling adventurous, simply take each day as it comes. Berlin is, after all, a great city for pottering around in. So, wander through parks and along the river bank, from one neighbourhood to the next, and you'll likely happen upon cosy cafés, vintage clothes shops and hidden beer gardens.
Consider taking a tour, which will give you a sense of the layout of the city and what you might like to explore further. Some tour companies including Berlin Walks and Context offer private tours for those who like to keep things intimate. Or if the weather is fine see some of the landmarks from the top deck of a river boat (Stern & Kreis are one of the main operators).
There are plenty of hidden attractions that are lovely to see as a couple. Take the S-Bahn and bus to the south-west of the city to discover the fairytale Pfaueninsel (Peacock Island) with its extravagant palaces, gardens and the birds themselves. If the weather is fine, the lakes of Wannsee and Müggelsee are great for a spot of wild swimming, or climb the Teufelsberg to the ruins of an old US spy-listening Station with its views of the sunset to the west and the city skyline to the east.
Don't miss the many historical and cultural attractions of the city, including the excellent venues on Museum Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the nearby German History Museum. Art-lovers are spoiled for choice with so many great museums, galleries and other exhibition spaces to explore, from the Old Masters at the Gemäldegalerie to the contemporary artists at Hamburger Bahnhof.
Don't pass over the chance for the cheesiest of selfie opportunities together. The Brandenburg Gate, the brightly coloured peace murals on the East Side Gallery's remaining portion of the Berlin Wall, and the iconic TV Tower are the perfect backdrops. Climb the Reichstag dome for great views across the rooftops, but book your ticket in advance.
A key element of any romantic city break is what you eat and where you eat it, and Berlin's burgeoning foodie culture means you have plenty of excellent choices when it comes to meals for two. For breakfast head to one of Berlin's cafés or traditional coffee houses. Zimt und Zucker is a classic Berlin café, close to Friedrichstraße station with excellent breakfast options, while Café Einstein Stammhaus is an elegant option for a more elaborate Frühstück in the dining room of what was once a Weimar-era secret gambling club.
For lunch, try one of Berlin's classic fast-food options. This can mean currywurst or a döner kebab, or how about trying one of the city's market halls where you can increasingly find a variety of street-food options. The Marheinecke Markthalle in Kreuzberg is a good bet. For a special meal in the evening, Berlin boasts Michelin-starred chefs like Marco Müller at Weinbar Rutz, traditional German establishments like Zur Letzten Instanz, reported to be the oldest restaurant in the city, and a new breed of relaxed fine-dining options, such as the elegant Japanese restaurant Zenkichi.
Berlin has had a world renowned reputation for its nightlife since the roaring 1920s, and there really are few limits when it comes to what you might want to get up to. If your idea of a good night out with your partner is a few cosy drinks, then Berlin's cocktail bars are a great choice. Rum Trader is the intimate drinking den for those who know their mixology, while the lively Monkey Bar offers up cocktails with a view from the top floor of a modernist building overlooking the Zoo.
When it comes to nightlife in the city, there are some things that Berlin really excels at. Firstly, this is not only the German capital, but the capital of techno and electronic music in general, and clubs like Tresor and Berghain are rightly known around the world.
If that all sounds a little too loud and lively, what about a spot of classical culture? Berlin is home to excellent concert halls, opera houses and chamber music venues, with the Berlin Philharmonic regarded as one of the world's best orchestras. Finally, how about a nightlife option that was really made for two? Clärchens Ballhaus is where you can relive those jazz age days with nightly dance events, including salsa, tango and disco-themed evenings in a traditional ballroom full of faded glamour.
Berlin has a range of accommodation options to choose from, including four- and five-star hotels at the luxury end of the market, and hostels and guesthouses at the other. If you are looking for a particularly special place to stay during your romantic city break, there are a number of excellent boutique hotels to choose from.
Das Stue prides itself on intimacy and discretion, and is notable for both its interior design, private entrance to the neighbouring Zoo, and Michelin-starred cooking in the attached restaurant. For couples looking to pamper and spoil themselves during their stay, the Hotel Am Steinplatz is close to the main upmarket shopping area on Kurfürstendamm and has a spa area occupying the top two floors of the hotel building.
If you would like a little more space, check out the luxury serviced apartments on offer. Lux 11 have long been the apartments of choice for visiting musicians and other creative types drawn to the boutiques, galleries and studios of the fashionable corner of Berlin-Mitte around Hackescher Markt. Also in the neighbourhood, the Gorki Apartments combine high-end design and comfort with an authentic city-living experience, for couples who want to live like Berliners for their time in the city.
Berlin's excellent public transport network consists of trains, underground, trams and buses. The city transport network website shows the different ticket options, including single and multi-day passes, that will help you make the most of your time in Berlin.


In addition to our Articling Program, Law and Legislative Services also has a Summer Student Program for students currently enrolled in law school. The City typically hires two or three students every summer. Summer students do not participate in a rotation system but are assigned to specific projects. The program is partially funded by the Canada Summer Jobs (CSJ) program.


To increase Hepatitis C awareness amongst New Yorkers, Pearl Media executed their new, Immersive Print Lighting Technology to make the hidden letter "C" appear at night.
Pearl Media built custom lighting apparatuses in combination with special light-up paint to make the "C's" reveal.
Pearl also deployed its custom Fusion Backlighting technology to illuminate the entire 104' storefront on NYC's Lexington Ave, making it an eye catching venue…even at night.
Pearl Media is the leader in creating one of kind brand opportunities utilizing lighting effects and projection technologies.