controlling initiation of an oxygen sensor learning mode based upon the evaluating a regeneration event condition, the evaluating a pressure condition, and the evaluating an EGR mode condition.
One embodiment is a system operable to control entry of an oxygen sensor into a learning mode. Further embodiments, forms, objects, features, advantages, aspects, and benefits shall become apparent from the following description and drawings.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the regeneration event condition includes evaluation of whether time since a regeneration event has exceeded a time threshold.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the evaluating a pressure condition includes evaluating a pressure differential across a diesel particulate filter.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the evaluating a pressure condition includes evaluating ambient pressure.
a controller operable to command the oxygen sensor to enter a learning mode when an EGR condition is satisfied, wherein the EGR condition includes evaluation of information of EGR valve position and evaluation of a source of the information of EGR valve position, and wherein the EGR condition is satisfied when the EGR valve position is a closed position and the source of the information of EGR valve position is an expected source.
6. A system according to claim 5 wherein entry into the learning mode further requires an exhaust pressure condition is satisfied.
7. A system according to claim 5 wherein entry into the learning mode further requires a regeneration condition is satisfied, an exhaust pressure condition is satisfied, an EGR override condition is satisfied, and an oxygen sensor fault condition is satisfied.
8. A system according to claim 5 wherein entry into the learning mode further requires that at least 20 seconds have passed since a regeneration event of the aftertreatment subsystem.
a high threshold rationality error, a low threshold rationality error, temperature error, a heater error, a supply voltage error, and a communications interface timeout error.
10. A system according to claim 5 wherein the learning mode includes executing instructions to reduce error of a measurement by the oxygen sensor.
11. A system according to claim 5 wherein the learning mode includes adjusting the oxygen sensor according to one or more engine operating conditions.
whether a communications interface timeout error is present.
13. A system according to claim 5 wherein entry into the learning mode further requires determination or evaluation of a pressure differential across a diesel particulate filter.
control initiation of an oxygen sensor learning mode based upon the evaluating the regeneration conditional and the evaluating the exhaust gas recirculation conditional, wherein the evaluating the exhaust gas recirculation conditional includes evaluating information of an exhaust gas recirculation valve position and a source of information of the exhaust gas recirculation valve position, and wherein the initiation of an oxygen sensor learning mode requires at least that the exhaust gas recirculation valve position is a closed position.
15. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein the evaluating the regeneration event conditional includes evaluating whether a time since a regeneration event has exceeded a time threshold.
16. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein the evaluating the exhaust gas recirculation conditional includes evaluating an exhaust gas recirculation valve position.
17. The computer program product of claim 14, wherein the instructions, when executed by a computer, further cause the computer to evaluate a pressure condition and further control initiation of the oxygen sensor learning mode based upon the evaluating the pressure condition.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/002,787 filed Dec. 18, 2007, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/876,231 filed Dec. 21, 2006. Both of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety for all purposes.
Internal combustion engines including diesel engines produce a number of combustion products including particulates, hydrocarbons ("HC"), carbon monoxide ("CO"), oxides of nitrogen ("NOx"), oxides of sulfur ("SOx") and others. Future diesel engines may be required to reduce these and other emissions. Aftertreatment systems may include oxygen sensors operable to measure or sense O2 in exhaust in order to achieve desired efficiency and/or desired regeneration of aftertreatment system devices. There is a need for adaptive oxygen sensor methods, systems, and software.
FIG. 1 is a schematic of an integrated engine-exhaust aftertreatment system.
FIG. 2 is a schematic of an integrated engine-exhaust aftertreatment system operatively coupled with an engine control unit.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of logic operable in connection with an oxygen sensor.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of counter logic operable in connection with an oxygen sensor.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of block 500 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is a diagram of block 600 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of block 700 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of block 800 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of block 900 of FIG. 3.
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated embodiments, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
With reference to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a schematic of a preferred integrated engine-exhaust aftertreatment system 10 provided in a vehicle 7. The aftertreatment subsystem 14 includes a diesel oxidation catalyst 16 which is preferably a close coupled catalyst but could be other types of catalyst units such as a semi-close coupled catalyst, a NOx adsorber or lean NOx trap 18, and a diesel particulate filter 20 which are in flow series communication and receive and treat exhaust output from engine 12.
The diesel oxidation catalyst unit 16 is preferably a flow through device that includes a honey-comb like substrate. The substrate has a surface area that includes a catalyst. As exhaust gas from the engine 12 traverses the catalyst, CO, gaseous HC and liquid HC (unburned fuel and oil) are oxidized. The result of this process is that these pollutants are converted to carbon dioxide and water. During operation, the diesel oxidation catalyst unit 16 is heated to a desired temperature value.
The NOx adsorber 18 is operable to adsorb NOx and SOx emitted from engine 12 to reduce emissions into the atmosphere. The NOx adsorber 18 preferably includes catalyst sites which catalyze oxidation reactions and storage sites which store compounds. After NOx adsorber 18 reaches a certain storage capacity it may be regenerated through deNOx and/or deSOx processes.
The diesel particulate filter 20 may include one or more of several types of particle filters. The diesel particulate filter 20 is utilized to capture unwanted diesel particulate matter from the flow of exhaust gas exiting the engine 12. Diesel particulate matter includes sub-micron size particles found in diesel exhaust, including both solid and liquid particles, and may be classified into several fractions including: inorganic carbon (soot), organic fraction (often referred to as SOF or VOF), and sulfate fraction (hydrated sulfuric acid). The diesel particulate filter 20 may be regenerated at regular intervals by oxidizing the particulates trapped by the diesel particulate filter 20.
With reference to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a schematic of integrated engine-exhaust aftertreatment system 10 operatively coupled with an engine control unit ("ECU") 28. At least one temperature sensor 60 is connected with the diesel oxidation catalyst unit 16 for measuring the temperature of the exhaust gas as it enters the diesel oxidation catalyst unit 16. In other embodiments, two temperature sensors 60 are used, one at the entrance to or upstream from the diesel oxidation catalyst unit 16 and another at the exit or downstream from the diesel oxidation catalyst unit 16. Information from temperature sensor(s) 60 is provided to ECU 28 and used to calculate the temperature of the diesel oxidation catalyst unit 16.
A first NOx temperature sensor 62 senses the temperature of flow entering or upstream of NOx adsorber 18 and provides a signal to ECU 28. A second NOx temperature sensor 64 senses the temperature of flow exiting or downstream of NOx adsorber 18 and provides a signal to ECU 28. NOx temperature sensors 62 and 64 are used to monitor the temperature of the flow of gas entering and exiting the NOx adsorber 18 and provide signals that are indicative of the temperature of the flow of exhaust gas to the ECU 28. An algorithm may be used by the ECU 28 to determine the operating temperature of the NOx adsorber 18.
A first oxygen sensor 66 is positioned in fluid communication with the flow of exhaust gas entering or upstream from the NOx adsorber 18 and a second oxygen sensor 68 is positioned in fluid communication with the flow of exhaust gas exiting or downstream of the NOx adsorber 18. Oxygen sensors 66 and 68 could be a type of oxygen sensor, for example, a universal exhaust gas oxygen sensor or lambda sensor. Oxygen sensors 66 and 68 preferably include or are associated with heaters which heat them to a desired operating temperature. The oxygen sensors 66 and 68 are connected with the ECU 28 and generate electric signals that are indicative of the amount of oxygen contained in the flow of exhaust gas. The oxygen sensors 66 and 68 allow the ECU 28 to monitor air-fuel ratios also over a wide range thereby allowing ECU 28 to determine a value associated with the exhaust gas entering and exiting the NOx adsorber 18. Additional embodiments contemplate oxygen sensors positioned at other locations, for example, in a system including a saline NOx catalyst, oxygen sensors could be positioned to sense input and output flow of the saline NOx catalyst. The oxygen sensors 66 and 68 can enter into a learning mode or autozero mode. In such modes, the oxygen sensors can adaptively learn the appropriate calibrations for an aftertreatment system to which they are coupled. Learning modes may include calibration, zeroing and other operations which assist in or provide increased accuracy and/or reduced error in measurement and/or estimation of oxygen levels, and/or in adapting oxygen sensor operation to a mode of system operation.
Engine 12 includes a fuel injection system 90 that is connected with, and controlled by the ECU 28. Fuel injection system 90 delivers fuel into the cylinders of the engine 12. Various types of fuel injection systems may be utilized in the present invention, including, but not limited to, pump-line-nozzle injection systems, unit injector and unit pump systems, high pressure common rail fuel systems, common rail fuel injection systems and others. The timing of the fuel injection, the amount of fuel injected, the number and timing of injection pulses, are preferably controlled by fuel injection system 90 and/or ECU 28.
With reference to FIG. 3, there is illustrated an oxygen sensor learning mode control diagram 300 which can be executed by a controller such as ECU 28. Oxygen sensor learning control diagram 300 includes block 500 which receives inputs 501, 502, and 503, and outputs to variable 599; block 600 which receives input 601, and outputs to variable 699; block 700 which receives inputs 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, and 710, and outputs to variable 799; block 800 which receives inputs 801 and 802, and outputs to variable 899; and block 900 which receives inputs 901 and 902, and outputs to variable 999. Block 500 determines whether the engine is in motoring condition. Block 600 determines whether there has been no regeneration for a specified time period. Block 700 determines whether there are oxygen sensor faults. Block 800 determines whether EGR is overridden. Block 900 determines whether exhaust pressure is within specified limits. Blocks, 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900 and their inputs and outputs are further described below in connection with FIGS. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, respectively.
Variables 599, 699, 799, 899, and 999 are provided to conditional 310 which is a Boolean AND operator. Conditional 310 outputs to variable 390, the oxygen autozero flag, which can be used to control whether the oxygen sensors enter learning mode or autozero. Variable 390 is provided to the bottom input of switch 380. Variable 382 is provided to the top input of switch 380. Variable 382 is an autozero override value. Variable 381 is provided to the select input of switch 380. Variable 381 is an autozero override. When variable 381 is false switch 380 will output the value of its bottom input. When variable 381 is true switch 380 will output the value of its top input. The output of switch 380 is provided to variable 399, the autozero command variable. When the value of variable 399 is false the learning mode or autozero mode will not run. When the value of variable 399 is true the learning mode or autozero mode will run.
With reference to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a diagram of autozero counter logic 400. Variable 399, the Smart_O2_AutoZero_Command variable, is provided to conditional 410 and to debounce 411 the output of which is also provided to conditional 410. When the conditions are satisfied for an O2 learn incident, variable 399 is true. Conditional 410 detects the presence of a rising edge by testing whether variable 399>the output of debounce 411. The output of conditional 410 is provided to conditional 430.
Variable 401, the time since engine start, is provided to conditional 420 which tests whether variable 401>=30 (or another threshold time). The output of conditional 420 is provided to conditional 430. Conditional 430 is a Boolean AND the output of which is provided to the increment condition input of counter 440 and to the increment condition input of counter 450. An increment value is provided to the increment value input of counter 440, and the decrement condition and decrement value inputs of counter 440 are disabled. In other embodiments, counter 440 could be configured to decrement. A max limit value is provided to max limit input of counter/timer 440. The output of counter 440 is provided to variable 449. If a rising edge is detected, and the time since engine start is 30 minutes or greater, the count is increment by 1, since under these conditions the sensor should learn.
Variable 409, a counter reset variable, is provided to conditional 460 and to debounce 461 the output of which is also provided to conditional 460. Conditional 460 tests whether variable 409>the output of debounce 461. The output of conditional 460 is provided to the reset inputs of counter 440 and counter 450. An increment value is provided to the increment value input of counter 450, and the decrement condition and decrement value inputs of counter 450 are disabled. In other embodiments, counter 450 could be configured to decrement. A max limit value is provided to max limit input of counter 440. The output of counter 440 is provided to variable 449 which is provided to the powerdown preset input of counter 450. The powerdown preset set the counter output to the powerdown value, no matter what input is. Variable 449, the V_Smart_O2_AutoZero_Count variable, is a count of how many times that an oxygen sensor has learned in a current drive cycle. Variable 459, the P_Smart_O2_AutoZero_Count, is a count of how many times that an oxygen sensor has learned in total. Variable 459 can be used to enable a mass air flow or MAF learn process.
With reference to FIG. 5, there is illustrated a diagram of block 500 which is operable to determine whether engine motoring conditions meet fueling, engine speed, and fresh air flow criteria. For example, one embodiment requires that engine speed has been greater than 400 rpm for 30 minutes, engine temperature has been greater than 80° C. for 30 minutes, and engine fueling is zero.
Variables 501, 502, and 503 are input to block 500. Variable 501 is a function of the cylinder fueling. Variable 501 is provided to conditional 510. Conditional 510 tests whether variable 501=zero. The output of conditional 510 is provided to the increment condition input of counter/timer 520 and the inverse of the output of conditional 510 is provided to the reset input of counter/timer 520. An increment value is provided to the increment value input of counter/timer 520, and the decrement condition and decrement value inputs of counter/timer 520 are disabled. In other embodiments, counter/timer 520 could be configured to decrement. Variable 512, the no fuel time max, is provided to the max limit input of counter/timer 520 and to conditional 522. The counter output of counter/timer 520 is provided to conditional 522. Conditional 522 tests whether the output of counter/timer 520 is >=variable 512. The output of conditional 522 is provided to variable 524, the no fuel flag, and to conditional 540.
Variable 502 is a function of filtered engine speed. Variable 502 is provided to conditional 513, conditional 514, and two-dimensional lookup table 511. Two-dimensional lookup table 511 outputs a no fuel time value to variable 512 based upon the engine speed value received at its input. Conditional 513 tests whether variable 502<=variable 504. Variable 504 is a maximum threshold for engine speed. Conditional 514 tests whether variable 502>=variable 505. Variable 505 is a minimum threshold for engine speed. The output of conditional 513 and the output of conditional 514 are provided to conditional 515. Conditional 515 is a Boolean AND operator. The output of conditional 515 is provided to variable 525. Variable 525 is true when variable 502 is within the maximum threshold and within the minimum threshold, and otherwise false. The value of variable 525 is provided to conditional 540.
Variable 503 is a function of fresh air flow. Variable 503 is provided to conditional 516 and conditional 517. Conditional 516 tests whether variable 503<=variable 506. Variable 506 is a maximum threshold for fresh air flow. Conditional 517 tests whether variable 503>=variable 507. Variable 507 is a minimum threshold for fresh air flow. The output of conditional 516 and the output of conditional 517 are provided to conditional 518. Conditional 518 is a Boolean AND operator. The output of conditional 518 is provided to variable 526, the air flow in range variable. Variable 526 is true when variable 503 is within the maximum threshold and within the minimum threshold, and otherwise false. The value of variable 526 is provided to conditional 540.
Conditional 540 is a Boolean AND operator. The output of conditional 540 is provided to the bottom input of switch 580. Variable 582 is provided to the top input of switch 580. Variable 582 is an engine motoring override value. Variable 581 is provided to the select input of switch 580. Variable 581 controls engine motoring override. When variable 581 is false switch 580 will output the value of its bottom input 590. When variable 581 is true switch 580 will output the value of its top input 582. The output of switch 580 is provided to variable 599, the engine motoring flag, which is output from block 500 as illustrated and described above in connection with FIG. 3.
With reference to FIG. 6, there is illustrated a diagram of block 600 which is operable to determine whether there have been no regenerations for at least a threshold period of time, for example, 20 seconds. Variable 601, which is a function of the operating mode, is input to block 600. Conditional 610 tests whether variable 601=variable 602. Variable 602 is a value which indicates that the operating mode is not a regeneration operating mode.
The output of conditional 610 is input to the increment condition input of counter/timer 620. An increment value is provided to the increment value input of counter/timer 620, and the decrement condition and decrement value inputs of counter/timer 620 are disabled. In other embodiments, counter/timer 620 could be configured to decrement. The inverse of the output of conditional 610 is input to the reset input of counter/timer 620. Variable 603 is a no regeneration time threshold value which is input to the max limit input of counter/timer 620 and to conditional 630. Conditional 630 tests whether the counter output of counter/timer 620>=variable 603 and outputs the result.
The output of conditional 630 is provided to variable 690 and to the bottom input of switch 680. Variable 682 is provided to the top input of switch 680. Variable 682 is a no regeneration override value. Variable 681 is provided to the select input of switch 680. Variable 681 controls the no regeneration override. When variable 681 is false switch 680 will output the value of its bottom input. When variable 681 is true switch 680 will output the value of its top input. The output of switch 680 is provided to variable 699, the no regeneration flag, which is output from block 600 as illustrated and described above in connection with FIG. 3.
With reference to FIG. 7, there is illustrated a diagram of block 700 which is operable to determine whether any oxygen sensor faults are true. Variables 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, and 710 are input to block 700. Variable 701 indicates whether a high threshold rationality error for a first oxygen sensor (such as oxygen sensor 66) is present. Variable 702 indicates whether a low threshold rationality error for the first sensor is present. Variable 703 indicates whether a high threshold rationality error for a second oxygen sensor (such as oxygen sensor 68) is present. Variable 704 indicates whether a low threshold rationality error for the second oxygen sensor is present. Variable 705 indicates whether a sensor error for the first oxygen sensor is present. Variable 706 indicates whether a sensor error for the second oxygen sensor is present. Variable 707 indicates whether a heater error for the first oxygen sensor is present. Variable 708 indicates whether a heater error for the second oxygen sensor is present. Variable 709 indicates whether an oxygen sensor supply voltage error is present. Variable 710 indicates whether a communications interface time out error is present.
Variable 701 is input to conditional 711 which tests whether variable 701=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 721 and conditional 740. Variable 702 is input to conditional 712 which tests whether variable 702=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 722 and conditional 740. Variable 703 is input to conditional 713 which tests whether variable 703=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 723 and conditional 740. Variable 704 is input to conditional 714 which tests whether variable 704=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 724 and conditional 740. Variable 705 is input to conditional 715 which tests whether variable 705=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 725 and conditional 740. Variable 706 is input to conditional 716 which tests whether variable 706=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 726 and conditional 740. Variable 707 is input to conditional 717 which tests whether variable 707=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 727 and conditional 740. Variable 708 is input to conditional 718 which tests whether variable 708=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 728 and conditional 740. Variable 709 is input to conditional 719 which tests whether variable 709=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 729 and conditional 740. Variable 710 is input to conditional 720 which tests whether variable 710=false and outputs the result of the test to flag variable 730 and conditional 740.
Conditional 740 is a Boolean AND operator which is provided to variable 790 and the bottom input of switch 780. Variable 782 is provided to the top input of switch 780. Variable 782 is an oxygen sensor override value. Variable 781 is provided to the select input of switch 780. Variable 781 controls oxygen sensor error override. When variable 781 is false switch 780 will output the value of its bottom input. When variable 781 is true switch 780 will output the value of its top input. The output of switch 780 is provided to variable 799, the oxygen sensor error flag, which is output from block 700 as illustrated and described above in connection with FIG. 3.
With reference to FIG. 8, there is illustrated a diagram of block 800 which is operable to determine whether EGR conditions are in a desired state. Variables 801 and 802 are input to block 800. Variable 801 is a function of whether the EGR valve is closed. Variable 801 is provided to conditional 810. Conditional 810 tests whether variable 801=variable 803. Variable 803 is the value which indicates that the EGR valve is closed. The output of conditional 810 is provided to conditional 830.
Variable 802 is a function of the source from which the EGR valve position information is determined. Variable 802 is provided to conditional 820. Conditional 820 tests whether variable 802=variable 804. Variable 804 is a value that specifies the desired source of the EGR valve position information. The output of conditional 820 is provided to conditional 830. Conditional 830 is a Boolean AND operator. The output of conditional 830 is provided to variable 890, which stores an EGR condition value.
Variable 890 is provided to the bottom input of switch 880. Variable 882 is provided to the top input of switch 880. Variable 882 is an EGR condition override value. Variable 881 is provided to the select input of switch 880. Variable 881 controls the EGR condition override. When variable 881 is false switch 880 will output the value of its bottom input. When variable 881 is true switch 880 will output the value of its top input. The output of switch 880 is provided to variable 899, the EGR condition flag, which is output from block 800 as illustrated and described above in connection with FIG. 3.
With reference to FIG. 9, there is illustrated a diagram of block 900 which is operable to determine whether exhaust pressure conditions are within desired limits. Variables 901 and 902 are input to block 900. Variable 901 is a function of the pressure differential across a diesel particulate filter. Variable 901 is provided to conditional 910 and conditional 920. Conditional 910 tests whether variable 901<=variable 903. Variable 903 is a maximum threshold for the pressure differential across a diesel particulate filter. Conditional 920 tests whether variable 901>=variable 904. Variable 904 is a minimum threshold for the pressure differential across a diesel particulate filter. The output of conditional 910 and the output of conditional 920 are provided to conditional 950. Conditional 950 is a Boolean AND operator. The output of conditional 950 is provided to variable 951. Variable 951 is true when variable 901 is within the maximum threshold and within the minimum threshold, and otherwise false. The value of variable 951 is provided to conditional 970.
Variable 902 is a function of the ambient air pressure. Variable 902 is provided to conditional 930 and conditional 940. Conditional 930 tests whether variable 902<=variable 905. Variable 905 is a maximum threshold for the pressure of the ambient air. Conditional 920 tests whether variable 902>=variable 906. Variable 904 is a minimum threshold for the pressure of the ambient air. The output of conditional 930 and the output of conditional 940 are provided to conditional 960. Conditional 960 is a Boolean AND operator. The output of conditional 960 is provided to variable 961. Variable 961 is true when variable 902 is within the maximum threshold and within the minimum threshold, and otherwise false. The value of variable 961 is provided to conditional 970.
Conditional 970 is a Boolean AND operator. The output of conditional 970 is provided to the bottom input of switch 980. Variable 982 is provided to the top input of switch 980. Variable 982 a pressure condition override value. Variable 981 is provided to the select input of switch 980. Variable 981 controls a pressure condition override. When variable 981 is false switch 980 will output the value of its bottom input. When variable 981 is true switch 980 will output the value of its top input. The output of switch 980 is provided to variable 999, the pressure condition flag, which is output from block 900 as illustrated and described above in connection with FIG. 3.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the inventions are desired to be protected. It should be understood that while the use of words such as preferable, preferably, preferred or more preferred utilized in the description above indicate that the feature so described may be more desirable, it nonetheless may not be necessary and embodiments lacking the same may be contemplated as within the scope of the invention, the scope being defined by the claims that follow. In reading the claims, it is intended that when words such as "a," "an," "at least one," or "at least one portion" are used there is no intention to limit the claim to only one item unless specifically stated to the contrary in the claim. When the language "at least a portion" and/or "a portion" is used the item can include a portion and/or the entire item unless specifically stated to the contrary.


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text:
Baragam, also known as Baragram, is a village in the Tral block of Pulwama district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a small village located at . It lies almost  from Srinagar, and  from district headquarters, Pulwama .

The PIN code of Baragam is 192123 and its postal head office is Tral. Awantipora (5 km), Tral (7 km), Pulwama(30 km), Anantnag (35 km), Srinagar (35 km) are the nearby Villages and cities to Baragam. Baragam is surrounded by Dachnipora block towards South, Koviripora block towards North, Kakapora block towards west and Pulwama block towards west.

Occupation
Agriculture is the main source of income of the people of Baragam. Besides this people are engaged in other economic activities mainly Walnut business.

Climate
During summers it is quite warm and maximum temperatures may go up to , and during winters, it is shivering cold with temperatures generally remaining below freezing point. The village receives good amount of precipitation in the form of rains during summers and snow during winters.

Baragam 2011 Census Details
Baragam Local Language is Kashmiri. Baragam Village Total population is about 1,100 and number of houses are near about 200. Female population is 47.8%. Village literacy rate is 62.1% and the Female literacy rate is 45.8%

References

Villages in Pulwama district

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tag Archives: major
Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton & uhs . . .
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen,
This evening I am privileged to introduce the president of the United States, Barack Obama and our Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton. However, before I introduce them, this gentleman and this lady that loom larger than life in national and international politics, I would like to point out serious flaws in both the president and his Secretary of State.
Both have multiple flaws, just as everyone else has, but their major flaws lie in their public speaking expertise, or lack therof. The president is continuously described as the most powerful man in the world, and he also is lauded by many to be the most powerful speaker on earth—our esteemed Secretary of State runs him a close second, both in position responsibilities and in public speaking expertise.
I imagine most of you are familiar with the Toastmaster's Clubs that exist across our nation. Those clubs are dedicated to improving people's performances in public speaking, particularly in extemporaneous presentations, speeches made off-the-cuff as opposed to reading a speech or utilizing a teleprompter.
Many years ago, while I was still gainfully employed as a military service member, my immediate supervisor was an Air Force major who was a member of a local Toastmaster's Club. The members met each week for five weeks and each member presented to the others an extemporaneous speech.
Each speaker was graded by the positive and negative comments of the other members, and each week the person that voiced the most uhs in speaking was given a large pink plastic piggybank. That person was required to keep the pink pig on his work desk in the coming week and return it to the next meeting to be awarded to the next speaker that uttered the most uhs. The uhs were viewed as piggy oinks.
That pig sat on the major's desk for five consecutive weeks. Each week he lugged it to the meeting and returned an hour later and put it back on his desk. At a later date he joined the Club for another five weeks, and the pink piggybank sat on his desk for that five weeks also. I transferred out soon after that, and I have no knowledge of his activities since then. Uh, however, I can, uh, assure you that he, uh, is still lugging that, uh, that pink, uh, pig back and forth, uh, each week.
If you, the reader, have not guessed my reason for this posting, please allow me to explain. My point is this: If Uhbama and Hilluhry joined a Toastmaster's Club, the club would need two pink piggybanks, one of which each week would sit on Hillary Clinton's desk at the Department of State, and the other on the president's desk in the Oval Office. Incidentally, that desk was dubbed the Offal Office during Bill Clinton's presidency—okay, maybe not—maybe I was the only one that gave it that title, but it should have been given that label—he earned it.
But I digress. Has anyone counted, or even noticed, the frequency with which Hilluhry and Barack Uhbama say uh when they have no teleprompter? And how many times Uhbama stretches the word and to a count of five seconds and then adds the word so stretched out for another three of four seconds. He is desperately trying to formulate his next words and uses the uh, and, so trio to give him time to think. He also frequently uses the three words in sequence and sometimes adds and then, also stretched out to gain more time.
In virtually all his public speeches, beginning with the speech at the national democratic convention in 2008 and continuing in his speeches during the presidential campaign he used a teleprompter—without it he would not be the president of the United States today.
One can sum it up by saying that the president has never met a teleprompter he didn't like.
That's my story and I'm sticking to it.
Postscript: I learned while watching Fox News today that the White House has created an office that has been tasked to screen various media including books, newspapers, television shows and talk radio stations for criticisms of the present administration, and then develop and apply tactics to counteract such criticisms. Yep, that's our tax dollars at work.
Posted by thekingoftexas on May 28, 2011 in Uncategorized
Tags: Air Force, clinton, earth, flaws, Fox News, label, major, Obama, off-the-cuff, oinks, oval office, piggy, piggy ban, president, public speaking, secretary of state, speaker, teleprompter, toastmasters, United States
Brownsville Customs assignment . . .
Before I begin this dissertation, please allow me to digress with an explanation of supervisory titles in the US Custom Service. A first level supervisor is equivalent to a captain in the military, equal in pay and responsibilities, and wears the twin silver bars of a captain in the military. A second level supervisor is equivalent to a major in the military and wears gold oak leaves on the uniform. Chief inspectors and port directors are usually the equivalent of a lieutenant colonel in the military and wear silver maple leaves when in uniform. Many Customs port directors have higher grades and have the option of wearing uniforms or civilian garb—most opt for civilian dress.
Program officers at Headquarters also have the pay and similar responsibilities of lieutenant colonels in the military, and unless involved in some field action requiring the uniform, normally wear civilian garb. The pay and responsibilities of program managers at headquarters are also similar to the duties and responsibilities of a full colonel in the military. The comparisons to military personnel continue up to the pay and responsibilities equal to the grade of a four-star general.
During my 26-year career in federal law enforcement I had the misfortune—oops, I meant the good fortune—of serving US Customs for several years at the Brownsville, Texas port of entry located at the tip of Texas, opposite the city of Matamoros, Mexico. I began my career at the port of Progreso and I was promoted to a first level supervisory position at the port of Roma. After two and one-half years there I was again promoted and transferred to the port of Brownsville, Texas some 125 miles down river from Roma. Click here for a posting on Progreso.
My position at Brownsville was that of a second level supervisor, one of two such officers responsible for supervising a staff of three administrative persons, six first level supervisors and a staff of sixty senior, journeyman and trainee inspectors. I performed my duties under the watchful eyes of the chief inspector and a racially and professionally biased port director, and I was the favorite target for any person that lodged a complaint against management, regardless of the source. Those activities were dictated and urged on by the National Treasury Employees Union (NTEU). Near the end of my tour at Brownsville, the Chief Inspector left my side and joined in the target practice.
A friendly journeyman told me that NTEU had directed the local Union Steward to have every grievance addressed to me, regardless of the supervisor involved—I was one of nine supervisors, yet all complaints came to me to be investigated and the results forwarded to upper levels including national headquarters, whether resolved or unresolved. The same friendly inspector said that every meeting of the Union members, whether locally or at District or Regional Headquarters, began with a request for input on me and on my actions.
Just as an aside, the Port Director and the Chief Inspector have since been arbitrarily transferred to that shining Port of Entry in the sky—a headquarters directed assignment, so to speak—and one may be reasonably certain that a significant number of the journeyman inspectors have joined them—some were quite advanced in age, and I left Brownsville 27 years ago. I can truthfully say that at this stage of life I hold no rancor for any of them—well, okay, perhaps a trace of rancor for the Port Director!
In spite of the onslaught of arrows (employee complaints) fired at me, none struck a vital organ. To paraphrase William Faulkner in his acceptance speech in 1950 for the Nobel Prize in literature, I did not merely endure—I prevailed. My actions and my decisions were upheld by mid-level and top-level management in every instance. The grievances filed numbered in the hundreds—none was resolved in favor of the complainant, neither by me nor by someone in the upper echelons. Most of the grievances stemmed from my efforts to reduce inspector overtime in accordance with instructions from upper level management given to me prior to assuming my duties there. Misuse of overtime was rife at that location, and my success was in inverse proportion to the number of grievances—as overtime declined, grievances increased.
The pay was good and there was no heavy lifting, so I stalwartly bided my time. I successfully withstood the onslaught for three and one-half years, from April of 1980 to October of 1983, and once again was promoted and transferred to US Customs Headquarters in Washington, DC as a program officer. Halfway through my three year tour in Washington I was assigned the title and assumed the duties of Program Manager for Customs' National Canine Enforcement Program, and therein lies some tales to be told. Click here for an example of my duties, a tour of canine operations in California. This is just a teaser with more stories to follow, so stay tuned.
That's my story and I'm sticking to it!
Posted by thekingoftexas on September 11, 2010 in bridge, law enforcement, Military
Tags: Brownsville, california, canine, captain, chirf inspector, civilian, district, faulkner, garb, general colonel, headquarters, inspector, literature, major, Military, nobel prize, port director, port of entry, Progreso, regional, Roma, supervisor, target union, Texas, tour., uniform, us custom service, washington dc
Listen up, Dumbo, if you want to win in November . . .
Listen up, Dumbo, if you want to win in November!
A special note to all Republicans seeking to retain or attain a seat in the U.S. Senate or the U.S. House of Representatives in the coming November elections:
When you start your campaigns, whether for election or reelection in November of 2010, begin by submitting a deposition duly sworn before a properly licensed notary, a deposition in which you swear that you will govern by the will of the people, that will as determined by current polls conducted by reputable pollsters, a deposition in which you swear that should you fail to acknowledge and conform to the people's voices you will resign your seat immediately following your failure to conform to the will of the people, and finally in that deposition you will swear that you will forfeit the sum of $50,000, that sum having been deposited in escrow in a secure location, said sum to be immediately applied to the national debt. If you're a bit short on the cash, the nation's capital has lots of lenders.
Listen up, Dumbo! You certainly have the ears for listening—you need only use them to listen to the voice of the people instead of flapping those ears as Disney's creation, the flying elephant Dumbo did, flying to the upper branches of a tall tree and just sitting there, doing nothing other than maintaining that smug complacency that has characterized the Republican party for the past ten years, beginning with the elections of 2008 but especially noticeable over the past 18 months.
Former president George W. Bush proudly and emphatically told the people that he did not govern by polls. That remark reminds me of an afternoon many years ago when I was being babysitter to my young granddaughter after kindergarten. In a grandfatherly attempt to engage her in conversation I asked her what she did in school that day. She was eating cereal, and she chewed thoughtfully for a long moment before answering and then said, I don't have to tell you that.
As one might expect I saw red, and I replied forcefully, Okay, smart-ass, I didn't want to know anyway. And also as one might expect I froze, terrified, fearing that should her mother—my daughter—learn what I had said I would never again be trusted to serve as her babysitter—actually that really would not have been such a bad thing, unless my response was judged predatory in nature.
The little girl took another spoonful of cereal, chewed thoughtfully again for another moment, and after what felt like an eternity to me she said, Then why did you ask me?
My point, Dumbo, is that if you aren't going to act on the poll results, then why do you ask us the questions? What do you do with those results? Substitute them for Charmin?
I'll bet you would be quite pleased had our current president governed on the poll results of health reform, financial reform and other items forced through both houses of Congress, items that the masses strongly opposed according to all the polls—none would have passed, not one, and the nation would be far better off than it is now.
Our current president promised change and he definitely gave us change. He has saddled the nation with a projected deficit of some 14 trillion dollars—that's 14 followed by 12 zeros—projected to come about in the near future. He has definitely changed the character and the landscape of the United States and has jeopardized our nation's future, but his promise of transparency in government has never materialized.
We are no longer looked up to by the nations of the world—they instead look down on us. We have bowed in obsequiousness to the leaders of several nations, including some that would destroy us. Our country is riddled with terrorists, both foreign and home-grown, and our national debt is in the stratosphere. We are descending into a second-rate nation and a second-rate power, and nothing can stop our descent except a major change in our government.
Listen up, Dumbo—you can do it. You can reverse our downward slide by listening to the people. All you need do is to follow the bouncing ball indicated by the polls and it can happen, and it must be soon. On a day much too close in the future, we will have reached the point of no return. Act now, before that point is reached.
Plagiarize Obama's campaign slogan if necessary—just say YES, WE CAN! and YES, WE WILL! It worked for him and it can work for you. The voters, particularly the independents, believed him, but now they are disillusioned and they want change—they want to change back to the country we had before Obama changed it. They will believe you only if you offer something that will hold your feet to the fire if you renege on your campaign promises, namely the deposition I have outlined for you.
With it, you can do it—without it the people won't believe you. Obama suckered them this time, but they won't allow you to do it now—perhaps some years in the future, but not now—their wounds are too fresh.
Posted by thekingoftexas on July 25, 2010 in Obama administration, politics, Writing
Tags: bush, campaign, capital, cereal, change, charmin, Congress, deposition, disney, dumbo, election, elephant, escrow, financial reform, george w bush, kindergarten, major, national debt, november, Obama, polls, predatory, representatives, republicans, slide, stratosphere, trillion, wounds

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
As Oregon recognizes Indigenous Peoples Day, tribes see recognition of the past and hope for the future
Updated: Oct. 11, 2021, 12:52 p.m. | Published: Oct. 09, 2021, 7:30 a.m.
An intertribal fishing group harvests lamprey at Willamette Falls in Oregon City in 2016, part of an annual harvest by some local Native American communities.Randy L. Rasmussen/The Oregonian
By Jamie Hale | The Oregonian/OregonLive
Oct. 11 might feel a little different across Oregon this year.
The second Monday in October, long celebrated as Columbus Day, will now officially be recognized as Indigenous Peoples Day in Oregon — a recognition of the Native American communities here long before Christopher Columbus set foot in the Americas.
Among tribal leaders in Oregon, the change represents overdue recognition and hope for the future, as well as a feeling that more could be done to recognize and support Indigenous communities.
Oregon has many different Indigenous communities across urban and rural areas, including nine federally recognized tribes: Burns Paiute of Harney County; Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians; Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde; Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians; Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation; Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs; Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians; Coquille Indian Tribe; and Klamath Tribes.
According to the 2020 census, there are 129,081 Oregonians who identify as full or part American Indian and Alaska Native, comprising 3.1% of the state's population.
READ MORE: Indigenous Peoples Day 2021: What's open, what's closed, what's happening
Roberta Frost, secretary of the Klamath Tribes tribal council, said progress like this always moves in increments, and that the new Indigenous Peoples Day recognition is just one step in that process.
"At some points in our history we were almost invisible, so this is a small step forward," Frost said. "It's not everything, but it's an acknowledgement that we're still here, we still have vibrant societies."
Gail Hatcher, vice chairwoman of the Klamath Tribes tribal council, added that it's not just about the present or the past but the future as well.
"When we are recognized and seen for who we really are, and what we celebrate and why we celebrate it, that's a huge step for my grandchildren and their children," she said. "The prayer that I have is that they will always be seen from this day forward."
The Legislature overwhelmingly approved a bill declaring Oct. 11 to be Indigenous Peoples Day this spring, on a 22-7 vote in the Senate and a 50-5 vote in the House. The legislation was sponsored by the Legislature's only Indigenous lawmakers, Rep. Tawna Sanchez, D-Portland, and Rep. Teresa Alonso-Leon, D-Woodburn.
Oregon is one of 13 states to recognize the second Monday of October as Indigenous Peoples Day, joining fellow western states California, Alaska, Arizona and New Mexico. South Dakota celebrates the day as Native American Day, and was the first day to replace Columbus Day, doing so in 1989.
"The recognition of Indigenous People's Day is one more step toward shedding a light on the history of oppression and racism in our state and country," Rep. Sanchez wrote in an email. "We can no longer pretend that what we learned in the history books is all there is to the story. Teaching the future generations the truth will go a long way toward healing the trauma of the past."
The discussion among local and state governments to replace Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples Day began to accelerate in 1990, at the International Conference on Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations in the Americas, sponsored by the United Nations, though governments didn't begin adopting the new holiday en masse until the 2014.
Oregon tribes said the local effort has been years in the making, with tribal officials and youth activists leading the way.
The Oregon legislation is explicit in its goal to establish Indigenous Peoples Day as an alternative to Columbus Day. Text of the legislation itself begins by saying Columbus' voyage "opened the door to heinous crimes against humanity, including but not limited to the introduction of transatlantic slavery and genocidal acts against Indigenous People."
For some Indigenous Oregonians, that denouncement is particularly important.
Brigette McConville, vice chair of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs tribal council, said the replacement of Columbus Day has been a long time coming.
"It was a false celebration to begin with," she said. "When they started enacting this Indigenous day across the whole nation, I think it was good, I think it was positive, it brought up the morale of all Native people."
Robert Kentta, cultural resources director and tribal council member for the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, said Columbus Day was never a holiday his community celebrated. The state's official recognition of the new holiday is a sign of respect that Indigenous Oregonians have long wanted, he said.
"We've had some pretty difficult times with the United States and the state of Oregon in our history," Kentta said. "The state switching from celebrating Columbus Day to Indigenous Peoples Day is a big signal to the rest of Oregonians that we're in that more collaborative and respectful time period where our Indigenous history is being considered a significant contribution to the state of Oregon."
The new holiday should be a recognition of the past, present and future of Indigenous peoples, Oregon tribal officials said — acknowledging the wrongs of the past, recognizing that Indigenous communities are still here, and working together for a better future.
Stacia Hernandez, chief of staff to the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde tribal council, said it's important not just for the different tribes to band together, but for all cultures in Oregon to support one another as well — no matter the conflicts of the past. To her, that's part of the great potential for Indigenous Peoples Day.
"It's about recognizing the harms that have occurred, but growing from those and learning how to communicate with one another and to make sure that those harms that happened in the past are never perpetuated in the future," Hernandez said. "Every culture and every community has a very unique past, and I think it's about holding each other up when times are hard and moving forward and taking that step together."
For all the hope and appreciation, however, some disaffection remains.
Armand Minthorn, board of trustees member of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, said state officials have more work to do to mend relationships with Oregon's Indigenous communities, including better and more frequent communication, as well as more collaboration, especially on public lands.
"For the State to recognize Indigenous Peoples Day is one thing – it's another thing for them to walk their talk," he said in a written statement.
He also said non-Native people could do more to learn about their Indigenous neighbors, and work to break hurtful stereotypes. The statewide recognition of Indigenous Peoples Day doesn't necessarily change the day-to-day life on reservations and in other Indigenous communities in Oregon, he said, but there is plenty of room for a brighter future.
"As Natives, we don't really celebrate this day. Because every day is Indigenous People's Day for us." Minthorn said. "As long as we continue to recognize our ancestors, we recognize our traditional ways and language, things will continue to be the same. It would be of great benefit for others to help us with that. Because we live side by side and share the same resources, why can't we work side by side?"
--Jamie Hale; jhale@oregonian.com; 503-294-4077; @HaleJamesB


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FIFA suspends AIFF, India may not be able to host U-17 Women's World Cup 2022
16 Aug, 2022, 3:35 am
New Delhi, August 16, 2022
FIFA has suspended the All India Football Federation (AIFF) with immediate effect due to "undue influence from third parties", putting at risk the country's staging of the U-17 Women's World Cup 2022 in October this year.
"The Bureau of the FIFA Council has unanimously decided to suspend the All India Football Federation (AIFF) with immediate effect due to undue influence from third parties, which constitutes a serious violation of the FIFA Statutes," a press release from the world football body said.
The suspension will be lifted once an order to set up a committee of administrators to assume the powers of the AIFF Executive Committee has been repealed and the AIFF administration regains full control of the AIFF's daily affairs, the release said.
"The suspension means that the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup 2022, scheduled to take place in India on 11-30 October 2022, cannot currently be held in India as planned.
"FIFA is assessing the next steps with regard to the tournament and will refer the matter to the Bureau of the Council if and when necessary.
"FIFA is in constant constructive contact with the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in India and is hopeful that a positive outcome to the case may still be achieved," the release added.
AIFF will not be able to play any international games until the ban is removed.
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup India 2022
AIFF suspended


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Вячеслав Евгеньевич Звягин (19 февраля 1971, Саратов) — советский российский футболист, выступавший на позиции вратаря; тренер. Сыграл один матч в премьер-лиге России.

Биография
Воспитанник СДЮШОР профкома СЭПО (Саратов), первый тренер — Стрелков Юрий Николаевич. На взрослом уровне начал выступать в 1989 году во время службы в армии в куйбышевском ШВСМ-СКА, сыграл 4 матча во второй советской лиге. На следующий год провёл 17 матчей во второй лиге за «Зарю» (Подгорный), а также выступал в соревнованиях коллективов физкультуры за армейские команды Куйбышева и Свердловска.

После окончания военной службы в 1991 году вернулся в Саратов и стал выступать за «Сокол», играл за команду в течение следующих 18-ти сезонов. За это время практически никогда не был основным вратарём клуба, за исключением сезона 1999 года в первой лиге и сезона 2006 года в любительских соревнованиях. В период выступлений «Сокола» в премьер-лиге выходил на поле только один раз — 27 октября 2001 года в матче против новороссийского «Черноморца». Всего за саратовский клуб сыграл 79 матчей в первенствах страны (без учёта матчей на любительском уровне), также провёл 37 матчей в первенстве дублёров в 2001—2002 годах.

Завершил спортивную карьеру в 2008 году в возрасте 37 лет. С 2010 года работает в «Соколе» тренером вратарей, с перерывом в 2015 году, когда работал в детской школе клуба.

Личная жизнь
Женат. Окончил Волгоградский педагогический институт.

Примечания

Ссылки

 Профиль на сайте ФК «Сокол»

Футболисты СССР
Футболисты России
Игроки ФК «Юнит»
Игроки ФК «Сокол» Саратов
Игроки ФК «Сокол-д»
Выпускники Волгоградского социально-педагогического университета
Футбольные тренеры России


Rainfall is an imperative producer of readily available water and is of great importance to most economies of the world. Similarly, for the Indian economy, especially for agribusiness, Indian rainfall is a serious entity. Indian rainfall in the months from June to September constitutes approximately 80% of the annual rainfall. This rainfall is highly variable over space and time, which causes floods or droughts in various parts of the country. Thus, a thorough study of rainfall variations and the factors that affect rainfall is required. Therefore, the objectives of the present study are (a) to analyze all-India rainfall along with its subdivisions (northwest, west-central, northeast, central northeast, and peninsular India) and (b) to determine correlations between rainfall and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) for three different subperiods: 1949–1965, 1966–1990, and 1991–2016. The statistical analysis of rainfall data and the regime shift analysis method form the basis of this analytical study. Our results showed a significant downward trend in rainfall from July to October for 1949–2016. The monsoon season (June to September) showed a strong positive correlation with SOI for the subperiods 1949–1965 and 1966–1990, which weakened in the period 1991–2016. The rainfall from October to December showed a strong positive correlation with the SOI during 1949–1965 that weakened in the later periods. This study's results are helpful for decision makers, planners, agriculturists, hydrologists, and other experts for the proper management of water resources.
We thank the IRI Data Library, which is an authoritative and freely accessible online data repository and helps the user to view, download, and analyze the reanalysis climate data. We are very thankful to the Indian Meteorological Department for providing the rainfall data. A big thanks to Dr. Gnanseelan for his motivation. We also thank Dr. Ashwini Ranade for her support and guidance. We would also like to thank the Department of Physics and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, B.I.T, Mesra, Ranchi, for their cooperation.


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Discounts in placing pre-renounced shares in rights issues
Seth Armitage
The paper presents evidence from UK rights issues on the discounts at which large blocks of new shares plus rights are sold. The shares are renounced by the shareholders entitled to them and placed with passive investors at substantial discounts of around 8% to the expected ex-rights midpoint price of the existing shares. Tests indicate that the discounts arise because of uncertainty about issuer value and inelastic demand for the shares rather than because the issuing companies are overvalued. The finding that selling renounced shares is costly removes an apparent advantage of rights issues compared with open offers and private placings. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Journal of Business Finance and Accounting
Long-run abnormal returns
Offer-price discounts
Open offers
Private placings
Dive into the research topics of 'Discounts in placing pre-renounced shares in rights issues'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Rights Issues Business & Economics 100%
Placing Business & Economics 71%
Discount Business & Economics 63%
Investors Business & Economics 27%
Shareholders Business & Economics 18%
Uncertainty Business & Economics 14%
Armitage, S. (2007). Discounts in placing pre-renounced shares in rights issues. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 34(7-8), 1345-1369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.2007.02016.x
Armitage, Seth. / Discounts in placing pre-renounced shares in rights issues. In: Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. 2007 ; Vol. 34, No. 7-8. pp. 1345-1369.
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text:
Featured Works Biography Videos Exhibitions Museums and Global Exhibitions Art Fairs Press Back
McArthur Binion (b. 1946, Macon, MS; lives and works in Chicago, IL) combines collage, drawing, and painting to create autobiographical abstractions of painted minimalist patterns over an "under surface" of personal documents and photographs. From photocopies of his birth certificate and pages from his address book to pictures from his childhood, and found photographs of lynchings, the poignant and charged images that constitute the tiled base of his work are concealed and abstracted by grids of oil stick. The complexly layered works, from a distance, appear to be monochromatic minimalist abstractions that have led many to compare his work to that of Jasper Johns, Robert Ryman, or Brice Marden. However, while his contemporaries focused more on materiality, abstraction, and in some cases the social and political climate of the time, Binion's works are intensely personal and deeply dedicated to the rigorous process of making a painting. Upon closer inspection, these monochromatic abstractions come into focus: the perfect grid becomes a series of imperfect laboriously hand- drawn lines, behind which emerge intimate details of Binion's identity and personal history. Binion's gridded compositions impose rational order to the layers of personal history, allowing only fragments of information from his birth certificate to be read, or details of his mother's face to be identified—but never enough to be immediately legible. Having begun his career as a writer, Binion is highly influenced by language and music, as can be seen in his titles and the ways in which he layers information to be "read" rather than simply seen. The tension that exists between the grid and the artist's visible gestures is not unlike that of jazz music that merges improvisation with the order of a musical composition.
Binion received his BFA from Wayne State University, Detroit, MI in 1971 and his MFA from the Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, MI in 1973. Binion's works were featured prominently in the 57th Venice Biennale, VIVA ARTE VIVA, curated by Christine Macel. Solo exhibitions of his work have been organized at the Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield Hills, MI (2018); the Contemporary Art Museum, Houston, TX (2012); and the University of Maryland University College Gallery, Adelphi, MD (2010). Recent group exhibitions featuring his work include Black Refractions: Highlights from The Studio Museum in Harlem, Museum of the African Diaspora, San Francisco, CA (2019); Gibbes Museum of Art, Charleston, SC (forthcoming); Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Kalamazoo, MI (forthcoming); Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, MA (forthcoming); Frye Museum of Art, Seattle, WA (forthcoming); Utah Museum of Fine Art, Salt Lake City, UT (forthcoming); Expanding Narratives: The Figure and the Ground, Smart Museum of Art, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (2018); Something to Say: The McNay Presents 100 Years of African American Art, NcNay Art Museum, San Antonio, TX (2018); Picturing Mississippi, 1817-2017: Land of Plenty, Pain, and Promise, Mississippi Museum of Art, Jackson, MI (2017); Dimensions of Black: a Collaboration with the San Diego African American Museum of Fine Art, Museum of Contemporary San Diego, San Diego, CA (2017); New at NOMA: Recent Acquisitions in Modern and Contemporary Art, New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, LA (2017); Through the African American Lens, National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, DC (2017); Circa 1970, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York (2016); Prospect.3: Notes for Now, New Orleans, LA (2014); When the Stars Begin to Fall: Imagination in the American South, Studio Museum, Harlem, NY (2014); and Black in the Abstract, Contemporary Art Museum Houston, TX (2013).
His work is in numerous public and private collections including the Alfond Collection of Contemporary Art at Rollins College, Cornell Fine Arts Museum, Winter Park, FL; Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH; Ariel Mutual Funds, Chicago, IL; Art Bridges Foundation; Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Michigan, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI; City of Detroit, Detroit, MI; Cook County Hospital, Chicago, MI; Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield Hills, MI; Detroit Institute of Art, Detroit, MI; Fidelity Investments Art Collection; Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, MA; Joyner Giuffrida Collection; Kemper Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, TX; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY; Mississippi Museum of Art, Jackson, MS; Mott Warsh Collection, Flint, MI; National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, DC; New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, LA; Phillips Collection, Washington, DC; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA; Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, DC; Strauss Family Collection, Santa Fe, CA; Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY; Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH; Wayne State University, Detroit, MI and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.


text:
Q: Merge three lines into one multi color Currently I have three lines with different colors. I need to make it one colorful line that starts with first color and ends with the last one. Here is the picture
And here is the styles
let container = {
        display: display,
        width: left,
        height: '3px',
        backgroundColor: item.lineColor,
        // position: 'absolute',

With position: absolute it makes one line but with the last color(red). How can I make it a multicolor proper line?

A: Playing With z-index can turn out tricky real fast because of the stacking context.
A more natural way of dealing with this would be to simply reverse the order of the lines in the markup:
The red (last) line appears on top of the others because that's how the browser naturaly stacks content.
Instead of adding the lines in the markup in the order yellow, blue, red, just reverse it to red, blue, yellow.
This way the blue line will cover the red and the yellow will cover the blue, appearing as a three section line.

.container {
  height: 10px;
  background-color: #D0D0D0;
  position: relative;
}

.line3 {
  position: absolute;
  top: 3px;
  width: 66%;
  height: 4px;
  background-color: red;
}

.line2 {
  position: absolute;
  top: 3px;
  width: 50%;
  height: 4px;
  background-color: blue;
}

.line1 {
  position: absolute;
  top: 3px;
  width: 33%;
  height: 4px;
  background-color: yellow;
}

A: In addition to using position: absolute, you can form a stacking context to display one single colorful line by assigning each line a z-index value. Just give higher z-index value to the line that you want it to be displayed at the top. Using position: absolute together with z-index can solve your issue.
For reference regarding stacking context you can visit here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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LeBron vs. Jordan: Who is the Better Basketball Player?
by Matt Reevy on June 30, 2015
Gregory Shamus/Getty Images
LeBron versus Jordan — is this kicking a dead horse? Two of the game's indisputable greats, playing in quick succession, being compared over two decidedly different eras of NBA basketball, and the one that is better is largely determined by which one you prefer, right? Wrong. While we'd never feel 100% comfortable making the claim that Jordan wasn't the greatest player of all time (thanks, Nike), there's some evidence that LeBron has, at this point in his career, been a more singular force than His Airness. Take a breath before you keep reading.
When Jordan was 30 years old, he was in the middle of his ninth NBA season, the 1992-1993 year that would see Chicago take home their third straight NBA championship. When LeBron James was 30 years old, he was set to face the Golden State Warriors in his fifth straight NBA Finals appearance, a culmination to his 13th season playing basketball at the highest level. Statistically, the two players are largely a wash, with Jordan holding an edge in shooting and James holding a slight edge everywhere else. It's worth noting that James has outpaced MJ in raw numbers, but that's to be expected when you consider that LeBron has logged nearly 10,000 more minutes of regular season play than Jordan had at that same age: a byproduct of going straight to the pros rather than playing in college.
So, if the numbers are subject to variables that make them suspect, we should look at accomplishments, right? To writ, LeBron has four regular MVP awards (and you could make a strong argument that he missed out on another four because of voter fatigue — either way, there's little doubt that he's been the best player in the league every year he hasn't won the award), two Finals MVP nods, a metric ton of All-Star appearances, All-NBA, and All-Defensive nods. He has been to the Finals five times and has a pair of rings to show for it. What did Jordan have at 30?
Vince Bucci/AFP/Getty Images
Interestingly enough, Jordan's 30th birthday coincided almost exactly with the second era of his play — it was February 17th, 1993, or right near the midpoint of the last season he'd play in the league before taking a year off to pursue his passion for minor league baseball. To that point, Jordan would amass three MVP nods, a comparable number of All-Star and other All- awards, in addition to three rings: three rings in three tries, and never needing a Game 7 to finish off a series on the NBA's biggest stage. For many Jordan fans, this is the most enduring fact. The man did not lose when it counted. That he was an insane competitor hiding behind the game's greatest marketing machine of his time only adds to this legend.
This cuts both ways. We can't imagine Bill Laimbeer is coming from an objective place when he says that he'd take LeBron "no question" over Jordan, even if his point, that "[t]he triple threat that [LeBron] poses is just phenomenal, and then the size that he's got,he just physically dominates" is valid. For every people who laced up Nikes wanting to be like Mike, there are people who will forever think MJ is overrated: the guy that made superstar rules the norm, rather than the exception. This is heresy to the conventional narrative, where referees are impartial and Jordan was basically God in high tops (he is, by the way), but its worth noting that MJ was universally lauded in a way that LeBron never was. Call it the Internet's influence, but to this point LeBron might have had a better career than His Airness, and none of us are ever going to admit it.


Zipcrete and Pox-A-Crete are floor products made from 100 percent solids. Zipcrete is an epoxy floor patch and resurface product that is a combination of durable epoxy resins, super-hard, fine aggregates and colorfast pigments. Pox-A-Crete is a specially-formulated, three-component epoxy system that can be used almost anywhere and bonds with miraculous strength.


text:
Explore Media Enel, born to change
Search News Enel, born to change
Enel, born to change
Sixty years ago, Enel was established with the aim of uniting Italy through energy, bringing electricity to even the most remote parts of the country. Today, Enel is one of the largest multinational groups in the world, a global leader in renewable energy whose mission it is to lead a just and affordable energy transition process for all by facilitating the electrification of end-use consumption. The Enel story is a past to be told, but above all it's a future to be built.
The establishment of Enel - originally Ente Nazionale per l'Energia Elettrica (National Electricity Board) - coincided with the passing, by the Italian Parliament on December 8, 1962, of a law to nationalize Italy's electricity. During the economic boom years, the company's remit was that of electrifying the entire country, from the cities to the most inaccessible rural areas, while also continuing to focus efforts on research and technology.
In the 1970s, particularly during the oil crisis, the company became a major player in bringing about the era of energy efficiency, including by being the first company to invest in solar energy research.
With the advent of the 1980s also came increased attention regarding environmental issues and sustainability, leading to the creation of Enel's first industrial plan in 1985.
The 1990s were marked by the privatization of the energy market and Enel's listing on the Italian Stock Exchange.
The early 2000s saw the company begin its internationalization and digitalization journey, the symbol of which was the first smart meter that, from 2001, paved the way for the development of smart grids: intelligent electricity networks designed to enable two-way flows of electricity.
From 2008 and during the decade that followed, as awareness of the current climate change process was growing, Enel, through Enel Green Power, became a world leader in renewable energies, with rapid growth in wind and solar power to go alongside its already prominent position in terms of hydroelectric and geothermal technologies.
The Enel Group, a responsible leader
Today, Enel's presence throughout the world encompasses 31 countries across five continents. With approximately 54 GW of installed generation capacity from renewable sources, it manages distribution networks for 75 million users and supplies energy to over 69 million final customers.
Enel is also a leader in sustainable finance: as well as being one of the first and largest issuers of green bonds, in 2019 Enel introduced a major innovation in the area of financial debt instruments, issuing the first Sustainability-linked bond and subsequently expanding the range of financial instruments linked to the achievement of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Today, Enel is leading the world economy's change and energy transition process, proposing a new energy production and use model that generates zero emissions and respects the environment. However, achieving such ambitious objectives requires everyone's commitment: with advanced, integrated solutions, Enel is supporting those individual consumers, families, businesses and public organizations that choose to electrify their consumption and abandon the use of fossil fuels in everyday life - gas, gasoline and diesel - and in so doing enabling them to become accelerators of the energy transition process.
Enel 60 Years


Are you looking to build and embrace privacy ?? This lot is for you. just over 10 acres with a well already drilled and onsite. and septic plans ready to go . Driveway roughed in. We can also build to suit on this lot bring your plans we will give you a price.


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Le  était un château en hauteur situé à Ibaraki, préfecture d'Osaka au Japon et qui fut détruit par un incendie en 1657.

Notes et références

Fukui (Osaka)
Ibaraki (Osaka)


Our educational psychology program can prepare you for teaching and research careers in many specialized areas. You can work for colleges and universities, school systems, state and federal agencies, business and industry, private research and development organizations, as well as other educational and developmental settings.
Our students combine research and practical application to understand significant issues in education and psychology, and their research areas include development, learning, individual learner differences, intelligence, learning and study strategies, motivation, measurement, evaluation, assessment, and statistics.
These courses are distributed between additional educational psychology and research methods courses as well as foundations of education coursework.
You will select an area to study that is outside of the department. The cognate allows you to investigate and apply the concepts and theories you learned in the Ed. Psych program to areas outside of the department. You and your advisor work together to determine your cognate.
In order to be competitive for graduate assistantship and/or fellowship funding, and to be given priority in admissions and funding decisions, your application must be complete in the online application system (AY) by this date. Additionally, applicants who wish to BEGIN their coursework during the summer term must have completed applications in the online application system by this date.
To be considered for admission for the Fall semester, your application must be complete by this date. Applications that are completed in the online system (AY) by April 1st will receive full consideration for admission to the Fall semester, but are unlikely to be competitive for assistantship and/or fellowship funding.
We strongly recommend contacting the Program Coordinator prior to beginning the application process to ensure that you are able to submit the strongest application for consideration.
Auburn University requires on-campus students to provide proof of vaccinations. Students must only do this before their first term of course registration. This process is now managed through an online service, Med+Pass.
Are you unable to use Med+Pass because you don't yet have an Auburn email account? Contact the EFLT Graduate Program Officer for assistance.
Are you an online student? Contact your program coordinator to request your medical hold to be released.
There are grants and fellowships available to all graduate students.
Graduate research assistantships and graduate teaching assistantships are available on a competitive basis. Priority consideration for assistantships is given to applicants who have submitted completed applications to the online application system (AY) by January 15.
Prior to applying for an assistantship, applicants should be familiar with the Guidelines for Graduate Assistantships, found on the Graduate School website.


text: Demo Reporsitory

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home > Undergraduate Research Journal University of Northern Colorado > Vol. 6 > No. 2 (2019)
Ursidae: The Undergraduate Research Journal at the University of Northern Colorado
Music Deserts: How Social Inequality Affects Accessibility to Music Resources Important to Actively Participating in Music
Everardo Francisco Reyes, University of Northern ColoradoFollow
Faculty Sponsor
Nancy Glen
Second Faculty Sponsor
Josh Packard
Recent findings in the cognitive neuroscience of music suggest that active participation in music has benefits such as increasing reading comprehension, soothing babies, and helping increase synapses which are beneficial in differentiating music and speech from noise. However, these benefits are not accessible to all communities. Department of Education (2012) research reveals that elementary and secondary schools with a higher percentage of poverty have fewer music teachers, music courses, dedicated rooms for music, and proper music equipment. In this research I examine how social inequality in the US correlated with a lack of music instrument stores (MIS). These areas can be thought of as Music Deserts. To examine if social inequality affects access to MIS, I identified Music Deserts by counting the number of MIS registered with US Census data within zip codes of New York City and Chicago. I also utilized US Census data to identify characteristics of each zip code (e.g. population size and median household income). After importing data into Statistic Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), I analyzed correlations between music stores per square mile and factors such as education, income, and race. I also ran a linear regression that showed Music Deserts exist and can be associated with percentage of the population with a bachelor's degree or higher. Music Deserts are important to recognize because they identify areas where a lack of resources deprive lower income communities from benefits associated with active music participation.
Francisco Reyes, Everardo (2019) "Music Deserts: How Social Inequality Affects Accessibility to Music Resources Important to Actively Participating in Music," Ursidae: The Undergraduate Research Journal at the University of Northern Colorado: Vol. 6 : No. 2 , Article 7.
Available at: https://digscholarship.unco.edu/urj/vol6/iss2/7
UNCO Undergraduate Verification
Music Education Commons, Sociology Commons
Faculty Approval Form
McNair Special Issue
Research Day 2018 - Undergraduate Research Excellence Award Winners & Finalists
All Issues Vol. 8, No. 1 Vol. 7, No. 3 Vol. 7, No. 2 Vol. 7, No. 1 Vol. 6, No. 3 Vol. 6, No. 2 Vol. 6, No. 1 Vol. 5, No. 3 Vol. 5, No. 2 Vol. 5, No. 1 Vol. 4, No. 3 Vol. 4, No. 2 Vol. 4, No. 1 Vol. 3, No. 3 Vol. 3, No. 2 Vol. 3, No. 1 Vol. 2, No. 3 Vol. 2, No. 2 Vol. 2, No. 1 Vol. 1, No. 2 Vol. 1, No. 1


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7 Reasons We Love Bristol
It's not surprising that Bristol was named best place to live in Britain in 2017. From its thriving and upbeat city centre and nightlife all the way down to its calm and quiet vibe by the harbour, it is a perfect place for nearly anyone to live.
Research shows that the better you fit into the personality of your area, the happier you are. Maybe that's why Bristol is such a friendly place to be. However, we've came up with a few reasons on why we think Bristol should most definitely be your new home, particularly whilst studying.
Why Choose Bristol?
Bristol, which is also the home of Banksy, is wildly renowned for its street art culture. Many agree that pin pointing what makes Bristol special isn't easy but here are the top seven reasons we think you should love the city just as much as we do.
Festivals Season
Nothing comes close to beating the music scene in Bristol with its huge variety of festivals, gigs and music venues. We can almost guarantee that there will be an event you'll be excited to go to in Bristol, whether that's Love Saves the Day or the Bristol Jazz & Blues Festival.
Bristol has festivals for nearly everything. One huge that certainly and quite literally lights up the sky every year is the Bristol Balloon Fiesta.
Have you ever heard of the pizza and prosecco festival?! Yes, that's a thing too.
Bristol is jam packed – if you pardon the pun – with bizarre restaurants, markets, breweries and bars so we hope you're hungry!
Bristol is also very proud of its whole retail yard made out of restaurant converted shipping containers for an experience you really can't get anywhere else. Not only is it an amazing idea in the first place, but many of the restaurants also have glass fronts overlooking the waterfront.
BBC Good Food has come up with a mouth watering list of the best places to eat in Bristol for a range of different occasions. Take a look at it!
The Green Capital
Bristol very proudly won the title of European Green Capital in 2015 for their strategic and bold effort to look after our planet. Thanks to all the funding gone into this, Bristol are also regular users of the Bio Bus which relies on biomethane to run.
On the eco-friendly front, Bristol was also named the first cycling city as part of a £100m government scheme aimed at encouraging cycling.
Not one, but two Universities
The vibrant city attracts budding students from all over the country that want to attend either one of the two unis we have here. Both University of Bristol and the University of the West of England (or known as UWE) offer a high quality of teaching and an excellent choice of courses.
Of course, the Nightlife
We challenge you to find a party goer that doesn't love the nightlife in Bristol. You'll never be short of discovering new bars, clubs and venues within the thriving city. And for when you do get bored of the town then don't worry for Bristol also has a club on a boat too!
Take a look at what's going on at the O2 Academy Bristol or see what's going on at Thekla, the floating club!
The Beach – Kind of
The position of Bristol just gets better. No need to book of time to head down to Cornwall anymore as you will never be more than one hour away from a beach.
Just down the road you have the gorgeous town of Clevedon that has its own pebbly beach, cute café's and a newly refurbished pier. Find out more about other nearby beaches here.
Shopping Spots
The thing with Bristolians is that they are completely spoilt for choice when it comes to shopping spot. Whether you're looking for a small pop up shop with quirky gifts or a full shopping centre all under one roof then look no further – Bristol is the place to be!
Take a wander down to the popular shopping hubs Cabot Circus or Cribs Causeway to get a real feel of the shopping scene in Bristol.
Get a Place to Stay
At Bristol Digs we are so passionate about Bristol, its educational opportunities and helping people make it their home as well.
If you're a student looking for a property in the area, take a look round out listed places on the website or give us a call on 0117 930 8750.


text:
Q: angular 4 submit a request to the external application and call back to the angular application I am using Angular 4, I would like to send/post details to the external application just like payment processing after checkout in amazon. Let us say after adding items to the cart in angular, would like to submit for payment processing to the external application(i.e., the current angular application should be redirected to payment application) and once payment is success it should redirect back to angular application with transaction id and success message. How to achieve this in angular.
Here is a sample code.
I have a angular component template and onclick it is submitting the request to paypal and the UI is redirected to paypal site and payment is success it redirects to http://localhost:4200/ordersuccess and in this component I would like to read the properties/request parameters sent by the paypal like transactionid, message etc.
<form #form method="post" action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" >

  <input type="hidden" name="currency_code" value="USD">
  <input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="Paypal demo charge">
  <input name="item_number" type="hidden" value="0001"/>

  <input type="hidden" name="return" value="https://localhost:4200/ordersuccess" />
  <input type="hidden" name="cancel_return" value="https://localhost:4200/orderfailure" />
  <input type="hidden" name="custom" value={{title}}>

  <input (click)="form.submit()" type="image" src="https://www.paypal.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_buynow_LG.gif" border="0"
         name="submit" />
</form>

// ordersuccess.component.ts

export class ordersuccess implements oninit{

ngOninit(){

// would like to retrieve request parameters sent by paypal using post request.

}

}

Thanks,
Hari.

A: you can do callback like this.
callback function
callBackFunction(callback: (model: any) => void): any {
    isConfirmed=someCallBackValue
        callback(isConfirmed);
  }

calling callback funvtion
  this.callBackFunction((callBackRes) => {
      console.log("this is the responce of call back function "+ callBackRes);
  })


This is a wonderful, fold-flat 4 Large Wheel platinum greyPet Stroller with a heavy-duty yet lightweight steel frame. The stroller is manufactured with high quality water resistant 600 Denier Polyester Fabric and is of the latest design straight from the United States of America.
The superior four-wheel mobility keeps the ride safe and smooth without stressing your dog out whatsoever. Furthermore, the four wheels will not bog down in muddy grounds and therefore makes this pet stroller ideal for any UK weather - the wheels are extra large in size rather than the standard size of 5" sold by other retailers.
The diameter of the wheels is approximately 7 inches. The rear wheels include locking brakes to ensure your pet stays safe when you decide to stop.
Comes complete with cup holder.
A Dog Pet Stroller is definitely the most stylish and practical way of getting your pet and your dog accessories out and about on the dog show circuit as well as for long enjoyable walks. Save your dogs joints and stop it from overheating in the summer.


text:
Ponik Needs Your Love
In The Field Guide to Lake Monsters, Sea Serpents, and Other Mystery Denizens of the Deep (NY: Tarcher/Penguin, 2003), I wrote that the aquatic cryptids seen in Lac Pohénégamook are "supposedly" some of "the ugliest-headed monsters around."
But "ugly" does not translate into disrespect or unloved in my book, and perhaps it is time to send the Poniks a little more love than usual.
For centuries people in Scotland have talked about a monster lurking in Loch Ness, called "Nessy." It turns out, just a few hours away from Bangor there is talk of a similar creature named "Ponik."
Natives of the Canadian border town of Pohenegamook first reported seeing a huge creature in the lake in 1873. Some people even feared the waters.
Guy Leblanc is the mayor of Pohenegamook. He, like everyone else in this modest town of 3,000, has heard the tales of the monster of the lake.
"Prehistoric monster, stuff like that or it was walking on the beach and flames were coming out of it's mouth, that's kind of the folklure side of the legend," said Leblanc.
Leblanc is one of several people who claim to have laid eyes on the creature. He says he saw Ponik in 1990, when he had taken some friends for a ride on his boat.
"I saw that kind of a wave it was kind of special, cause no boat was on the water except mine," said Leblanc. "We saw a big big fish beside my boat. He was swimming. And he was very nice. He swam about ten seconds for us and that was incredible."
Leblanc thinks what he saw was a giant sturgeon. Word of his sighting spread fast, and soon others were coming forward claiming to have seen Ponik.
"That's why that legend never stops," said Leblanc. "Always somebody every year saw something."
While some people describe seeing a giant fish, others have reported seeing a more serpant like creature with a snake like body, humps, flippers and a horse like head.
Still, there are those who think the legendary Ponik is just that a legend.
While many people claim to have caught a glimpse of the creature, no one has captured it's image. In 1997, an area business even offered a half a million doilars to anyone who could get a picture of Ponik.
Despite that, Ponik has it's own festival. And most people agree that the mystery makes for good tourism business.
Leblanc hopes Ponik lives in this lake as long as the legend has.
"We want him alive so the legend can carry on," said Leblanc. ~ by Heather Seavey, Managing Editor, "Lake Monster Legend Lives On In Northern Maine," Created: 11/20/2007 5:32:44 PM; Updated: 11/21/2007 10:41:47 AM; Portland, Maine, WCSH6.com,
M. Fernand Asselin montre de la main l'endroit dans le Lac Pohénégamook où il a vu le monstre, près de la Base de Plein Air, lundi le 16 mai 1977.
Filed under Breaking News, Cryptomundo Exclusive, Cryptotourism, CryptoZoo News, Cryptozoologists, Cryptozoology, Eyewitness Accounts, Folklore, Lake Monsters, Loch Ness Monster, Media Appearances, Year In Review


Cosentino, Frank. "Hec Crighton". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 16 December 2013, Historica Canada. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hec-crighton. Accessed 19 April 2019.
Hector Naismith Crighton, "Hec," athlete, coach, referee and teacher, author (b 2 April 1900 at Toronto, Ont; d 17 April 1967 at Toronto, Ont) Crighton is best known for his donation of the coveted HEC CRIGHTON TROPHY, presented annually to the Outstanding University Football Player in Canada.
Hector Naismith Crighton, "Hec," athlete, coach, referee and teacher, author (b 2 April 1900 at Toronto, Ont; d 17 April 1967 at Toronto, Ont) Crighton is best known for his donation of the coveted HEC CRIGHTON TROPHY, presented annually to the Outstanding University Football Player in Canada. Early in his college career, Crighton was a noted athlete, winning the national diving championship in 1920, and participating in 2 intercollegiate sports, basketball and football. He earned degrees from the University of Toronto (BA) and the University of Wisconsin (MSc) and became an educator shortly thereafter. He became well known for contributions to amateur and professional football. He went on to referee 16 GREY CUP games and served as an intercollegiate referee for 20 years. He was named to the Canadian Rugby Union's Rules committee in 1947, an appointment that led to his simplifying the rules. He is considered to be the author of the original CIAU (Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union - today the CIS, Canadian Interuniversity Athletics) rulebook, a project he undertook in 1952.
Shortly after his death in 1967, the College bowl committee presented the CIAU with a trophy in his name, the Hec Crighton Trophy. Crighton is a member of he U of T Hall of Fame as well as the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, where he was installed as a Builder on 17 August 1985.