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You are here: Home Page > Law > International Law > Public International Law > Human Rights > The Human Rights of Migrants and Refugees in European Law
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Joint winner of the 2016 Odysseus Network Best Publication Prize
The Human Rights of Migrants and Refugees in European Law
Dr Cathryn Costello
Oxford Studies in European Law
Contributes a scholarly analysis of EU and ECHR migration and refugee law, including key EU legislative measures, the Court of Justices main rulings and related European Court of Human Rights case law
Provides an insight into the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights as generators of migrant and refugee rights, aiding understanding of their positions and interactions with each other
Integrates doctrinal, empirical, and theoretical material on social membership, global justice, and the construction of illegality in migration law into the EU context
Provides an insightful account of human rights adjudication under the complex and overlapping systems of the EU and the ECHR
Focussing on access to territory and authorization of presence and residence for third-country nationals, this book examines the EU law on immigration and asylum, addressing related questions of security of residence. Concentrating on the key measures concerning both the rights of third-country nationals to enter and stay in the EU, and the EU's construction of illegal immigration, it provides a detailed and critical discussion of EU and ECHR migration and refugee law.
Rights of admission include three categories of entrants: labour migrants, family migrants, and asylum seekers and refugees. Legal entry raises further questions, and recent key measures, including the EU Blue Card Directive, the Family Reunification Directive, and the Dublin Regulation and related instruments are examined. As most of these EU measures deal with those border crossings where human rights norms have already established some constraints on state discretion, the interaction between the EU norms and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is a key concern. The uniting theme is the interaction between established human rights norms, in particular the ECHR, and EU law. Does the EU fulfil its post-national promise to create forms of membership beyond the state, or in its treatment of non-Europeans, does it undermine human rights and existing legal protections?
1:Introduction: Destination Europe
2:The Human Rights of Migrants and Refugees in a Pluralist Setting
3:Constructing Legal and Illegal Migration
4:The Human Right to Family Life and Family Migration
5:Defining Protection: Refugeehood, Non-refoulement, and Human Rights
6:Access to Territory and Protection
7:Immigration Detention
Dr Cathryn Costello, Andrew W Mellon Associate Professor in International Human Rights and Refugee Law, Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford Department of International Development
Cathryn Costello holds the Andrew W. Mellon Associate Professorship in International Human Rights and Refugee Law, at the Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford, with a fellowship at St Antony's College. From 2003-2013, she was Francis Reynolds Fellow & Tutor in EU & Public law at Worcester College, Oxford, during which time she also completed her DPhil studies on EU asylum and immigration law. She has taught a range of public and EU law courses on the Oxford undergraduate and postgraduate curriculum. She began her academic career in 1998 as Lecturer in European Law at the Law School, Trinity College Dublin, and from 2000-2003, she also held the position of Director of the Irish Centre for European Law. Cathryn has published widely on many aspects of EU and human rights law, including asylum and refugee law, immigration, EU Citizenship and third country national family members, family reunification, and immigration detention.
"[A] reliable and accessible source on the status and development of European migration law both for legal practice and for educational purposes. ... this book will stimulate lawyers, judges, students and their teachers to critically rethink their rooted ideas or practices." - Kees Groenendijk, Common Market Law Review
"At a time when Europe is faced with a mass influx of migrants trying to reach its territory, The Human Rights of Migrants and Refugees in European Law appears as a well-timed and important contribution underlining the tensions between human rights, refugee protection and the sovereign prerogatives of states to control access to their territories. ... It is definitely a well-written and interesting contribution, illustrated by various concrete examples of case law from the courts, which can be of great use for students, scholars and practitioners alike interested in the protection of migrants' rights within the EU." - Laura Létourneau-Tremblay, Israel Law Review
"[T]his book is truly an outstanding contribution to the field of European migration and asylum law." - Sarah Singer, Border Criminlogies
"To write a monograph on migrants and refugees in Europe is challenging enough. To write it as the continent was facing the largest influx of forcibly displaced persons since the end of the Second World War and yet to still produce a classic study that is timeless in its thematic analysis reflects the insight and authority of the author ... Professor Costello's work should be read by all lawyers, practitioners, and policymakers working in the areas of international refugee law, international human rights law, and European law." - Geoff Gilbert, International Journal of Refugee Law
"This book is an invaluable resource for all scholars, practitioners and students of EU human rights, asylum and migration law. The incredibly detailed exposition of the thematic areas included therein provides an essential point of reference for teachers, students and researchers alike. ... Recently awarded the Odysseus Network Best Publication Prize, this book is truly an outstanding contribution to the field of European migration and asylum law." - Sarah Singer, Border Criminologies
"This book provides an excellent examination of the current state and the history of how Europe has arrived at the current conjunction. Costello's final thoughts provide food for thought on where the future of these systems may lie." - Elspeth Guild, The Modern Law Review
"This book is a magnificent achievement bringing together outstanding scholarship and great humanity to a subject of enormous political controversy. One of the most important achievements of the second half of the 20th century has been the establishment of inalienable rights to which everyone is entitled not only citizens of the state. While all states must respect these rights they cannot carve out parts of humanity to exclude from the scope. Costello examines exactly what this means for migrants and refugees who all too often are on the receiving end of state coercion. This book is mandatory reading for all scholars, students and members of the public who are interested in migration and the rights of refugees." - Elspeth Guild, Jean Monnet Professor ad personam, Queen Mary, University of London
"Professor Cathryn Costello grapples with three complex spheres of law - migration, human rights, and European Union and brings them into conversation with one another. Her lucid and compelling analysis illuminates the state of the jurisprudence, the rapid evolution of the European legal order, and the underlying normative tensions at play. This book could not be more timely, and Professor Costello eloquently demonstrates how Europes legal response to migration and refugee challenges go to the heart of what Europe is and aspires to be. This is an important book." - Audrey Macklin, Professor and Chair in Human Rights Law, University of Toronto
"This is an important and timely contribution to the difficult topic of the asylum and immigration law in Europe. Its scope - ranging across European and international law - enables Costello to shed new light on how human rights law responds to challenges relating to migration control and migration status." - Jo Shaw, Salvesen Chair of European Institutions, University of Edinburgh
"This book is a treasure trove of insights and ideas. It provides a critical, lucid and panoramic account of the evolving EU migration and asylum policy. Dr Costello unravels the complex interaction of overlapping human rights legal orders in this policy area and develops a thought-provoking pluralist approach. It is a very valuable source of authoritative analysis for scholars, students and practitioners." - Dora Kostakopoulou, Professor of European Union Law, European Integration and Public Policy, Warwick Law School
Migrant, refugee, or human? The unsettled issue of human rights in Europe
Europe has an apparent human rights surfeit. The European Convention on Human Rights and its dedicated Court of Human Rights establishes a pan-European human rights minimum. The EU has its Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Court of Justice, widely regarded as the most powerful supranational court in the world.
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Today we show you your Campaign autumn/winter 2011 / 2012 that challenges us with the look and the poses of Milou Slouis photographed by Michelangelo di Battista.


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Documenting death
by Judy G. Russell | Jan 19, 2013 | My family | 23 comments
110 years apart
It's funny how it seems that family events tend to pile up on particular days. In my family, we're heavy on birthdays in one fairly short time period in March (and no, not all of them — or even most of them — can be explained by a bunch of June brides).
Among the living members of the family, we positively pile on in early May birthdays. (And we're impatiently awaiting yet another early May arrival this year, with bets being taken on whether the young'un becomes the fourth immediate family member to share one birthday.)
Poking around in my database, the 19th of January is one of those pile-on dates. And two events on that day hit home in a big way.
Martha's birth. Hugo's death. Aunt and nephew. My great aunt and my father. Both on the same day, one hundred and ten years apart.
And, together, teaching me a lesson when it came to documenting their deaths.
Martha Pauline Geissler, daughter of Hermann Eduard Geissler and Emma Louisa Graumüller, was born on 19 January 1884 and was baptized on 17 February 1884 at Bad Köstritz,1 then part of the tiny German principality of Reuss jungerer linie.2
She married Paul Benschura in Gera, the capital city of the principality, on 31 July 1906,3 after the births of both of her sons (Alfred, on 16 May 1904, and Willy, a year later on 6 May 1905).4 She and Paul were divorced in February 1923.5
Martha arrived in the United States only a month after her divorce. She was listed on the ship's manifest as a 39-year-old housewife, 5'6″ tall, blue eyes and blonde hair.6
In 1930, she was living in Chicago with both sons; she was shown on the census as head of household, age 46, widowed, a seamstress in a furniture shop.7 In 1940, she and Alfred were living on Lill Avenue in Chicago; she was shown as age 55, an alien, who'd lived in Germany in 1935.8
Martha didn't make it to the 1950 census. She died at Cook County Hospital in Chicago on 17 June 1949.9 She was 65 years old.
Martha's baby brother was my grandfather Hugo Ernst Geissler, and my father Hugo Hermann Geissler was her nephew. His parents, my grandparents, had met and married in Bremen, Germany,10 and my father was born there in 1921.11 They came to America in 1925.12
My father was a nine-year-old schoolboy living with his parents in 1930,13 and an 18-year-old college student enumerated in his parents' household in 1940.14 He married three times, divorced twice (my mother was wife and divorce #2) and fathered a total of eight children between his first two wives.
And on 19 January 1994, 110 years to the day after his aunt Martha was born (and 19 years ago today), he died of a massive heart attack at his home in Utah.15
Now it's odd enough to have two such important family events occurring coincidentally on the same day, especially given the fact that this was a ridiculously small family by the standards of my mother's boisterous and prolific clan.
But what really struck me as I was puttering around in the records for this blog post was the difference in the reliability of the information included in the documentation of the deaths of these two family members. Remember: they both died in the 20th century, well after mandatory death recordation began. If anything, the assumption might be that Martha's death record might be suspect — she died much earlier than my father — but my father's more recent death record should be reliable.
And that assumption would be dead wrong.
I'd have been just fine accepting almost every bit of detail from my great aunt Martha's death certificate. The death record says the information came from hospital records, and I can only assume that she herself provided most of the data because it's spot on with other evidence. It has her birthdate and parents listed correctly, and the only information with even a small issue is the birthplace: the death certificate says Hoestritz (the umlauted o being replaced in English with oe), instead of Koestritz.
But my father's death certificate? Oy… There are no fewer than four errors in the facts provided by his third wife — two of them fairly minor and two that would give future genealogists running fits. The death certificate gives his middle name as "Herman" (it was Hermann — double n at the end), his city of birth as "Bremem" (it was Bremen, n and not m at the end).
Then it goes on to misidentify both of this parents. It lists his father as "Herman" Geissler (that was his grandfather; his father was Hugo Ernst Geissler) and his mother as Marie "Nukla" (she was Marie Nuckel).
Talk about a lesson for a modern-day genealogist: recent doesn't necessarily mean reliable.
Church Records, Kirchenbuch Bad Köstritz, Taufregister Seite 34 Nr. 4 aus 1884, Baptismal Record of Martha Pauline Geissler (digital image of record in possession of JG Russell). ↩
Wikipedia.de (http://www.wikipedia.de), "Reuß jüngerer Linie," rev. 12 Dec 2012. ↩
Ahnenforschung Familie Geissler u. a. in Gera, prepared by an archivist at the Stadtarchiv, Gera, 22 Jun 2009. ↩
As to Alfred, see Naturalization petition 71107, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Alfred Benschura, 11 Feb 1929, approved 23 May 1929; FHL microfilm 1468268. As to Willy, see Naturalization petition 171783, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Willy Walter Benschura, 13 Sep 1938, approved 14 Dec 1938; FHL microfilm 2131354. ↩
Ahnenforschung Familie Geissler u. a. in Gera. ↩
Manifest, SS President Arthur, March 1923, p. 125 (stamped), line 2, Martha Benschura, 39; "New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957," digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 28 Oct 2011); citing National Archive microfilm publication T715, roll 3269. ↩
1930 U.S. census, Cook County, IL, population schedule, Chicago, Ward 43, p. 116(B) (stamped), sheet 20(B), enumeration district (ED) 1579, dwelling 173, family 538, Martha Geissler household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 9 Oct 2011); citing National Archive microfilm publication T626, roll 484. ↩
1940 U.S. census, Cook County, Illinois, Chicago Ward 44, population schedule, enumeration district (ED) 103-2827, page 40389(A) (stamped), sheet 11(A), household 248, Martha Benschura and Fred Benschura; digital image, Archives.gov (http://1940census.archives.gov : accessed 31 Aug 2012); citing National Archive microfilm publication T627, roll 1010. ↩
Illinois Department of Public Health, Death Certificate 18330, Martha Benschura, 17 Jun 1949, Bureau of Vital Statistics & Records, Springfield, IL. ↩
Heiraten (Marriages), p. 41, nr. 5, Geißler-Nuckel, 14 Feb 1918; Kirchenbuch (Church Book), Evangelische Kirche St. Jakobi, Bremen, Heiraten 1911-1930; FHL INTL microfilm 953,273. Also Bescheinigung der Eheschließung (Certificate of Marriage), nr. 135 (1918), Geißler-Nuckel, Standesamt (Registry Office), Bremen. ↩
Birth Certificate, No. 2888, Bremen; filed with Application for Certificate of Derivative Citizenship, No. 11A-2840, 3 Feb 1943; USCIS, Hugo Hermann Geissler Naturalization file no. A-47700. ↩
Manifest, SS George Washington, Jan-Feb 1925, p. 59 (stamped, lines 4-6, Hugo, Marie and Hugo Geissler; "New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957," digital images, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 28 Oct 2011); citing National Archive microfilm publication T715, roll 3605. ↩
1930 U.S. census, Cook County, Illinois, Chicago Ward 16, population schedule, enumeration district (ED) 17, page 223(B) (stamped), sheet 18(B), dwelling 155, family 386, Hugo Geissler Jr.; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 5 Apr 2012); citing National Archive microfilm publication T626, roll 441. ↩
1940 U.S. census, Cook County, Illinois, Chicago Ward 13, population schedule, enumeration district (ED) 103-867, page 1,429(B) (stamped), sheet 61(B), household 52, Margarite M. Geissler; digital image, Archives.gov (http://1940census.archives.gov : accessed 2 Apr 2012); citing National Archive microfilm publication T627, roll 947. ↩
Utah Department of Health, Death Certificate, no. 143-94-000152, Hugo H. Geissler (1994); Office of Vital Records and Statistics, Salt Lake City. ↩
Lisa Wallen Logsdon on January 19, 2013 at 8:57 am
I guess it doesn't matter what time period. A death certificate is only as reliable as the informant's knowledge of the deceased. It can be very frustrating, especially when it's a child or a spouse who has no idea where the deceased was born or his mother's maiden name, etc.
Ruy Cardoso on January 19, 2013 at 2:54 pm
Let's not necessarily ascribe all the errors to the informant; the recorder (if someone different) may well have misheard or misspelled Bremen, Nukel, and Hermann. Granted, it's more likely that the informant botched up Herman and Hugo, but even that's not necessarily the case; the recorder may just have had Herman on the brain. Judy, can you tell from the document whether or not the informant was also the recorder?
I don't have the Utah death certificate here with me, Ruy, but my recollection is that it was NOT the same person — that the record was actually written by someone else. I'll have to check.
And someone can be griefstricken and not thinking, too, Lisa. Lots of reasons why the error may have occurred… but grrrrrrr… talk about frustrating when it does!
Nancy Johnsen Curran on January 19, 2013 at 11:29 am
Thought-provoking post! We've all seen vital records certificates that boggle the mind in their inaccuracy. Some of us have been at hand when wrong information was being given to the funeral director, reminding us of how important the informant's state of mind is at the moment.
The old requirement of three sources comes to mind. Let me add that I appreciate your citing sources for your statements.
That state of mind can be dispositive, Nancy, as can the way the question is asked. If someone says "where was your grandmother from" you may get a very different answer than if someone says "where was your grandmother born?"
It's very true – the information is only as reliable as the person giving it. But when it comes to death certificates, the fact that you probably have a grieved person (even through close to the deceased) giving it probably ups the ante for human error. I made a mistake when writing my mother's obituary in 2011. I got her birthday off by a few days. Not the end of the world, but it made me realize how fragile all this information really is.
I absolutely agree that grief can play a huge role here, Jodi. Thanks for reminding us all.
Jeff on January 19, 2013 at 6:57 pm
You spoke how it seems significant events in your family seem to either repeat or cluster together. My great grand aunt and I were born on the same day, Nov 26th, 91 years apart. She was still alive when I was born, but my branch of the family didn't know of her branch until the early 90's.
It is funny how dates seem to come together in our family histories, Jeff!
Jennifer Sepulvado on January 19, 2013 at 11:53 pm
I went completely blank when the funeral home employee asked me my grandmother's place of birth. Well, I remembered the county but not the town. Any other time, and I would have been able to tell someone without thinking about it. I had been woken up at 3:00 AM by my mother to tell me she had passed away. I barely slept the rest of the night and took off for a two hour drive to the area where my grandparents lived around 7 AM. I arrived at the funeral home at 9 AM. And keep in mind that even though the death certificate gives the informant as my grandfather, he relied on me for a lot of the information (being the family genealogist and all). So perhaps the informant is not always the true informant on our ancestors' death certificates.
Very good points, Jennifer. Tiredness, grief, plain old ordinary brain fog surely play a role here.
Lisa / Smallest Leaf on January 20, 2013 at 10:58 pm
Great article, Judy. I recently made my first "ancestral" photo calendar and through that process was reminded how many family dates do coincide. The idea was to place family members' photos on their birth, death and anniversary dates so that my children could become acquainted with those that have passed and that we would remember them on these special dates in their lives. Through the process of making the calendar I came across many cluster dates, as you have. It made it a little bit frustrating since the template I was using only allowed one photo on each date. I ended up filling the dates around that one with the additional photos. A great project to help you visualize those special dates within your family tree!
That's wild, Lisa! Makes you wonder what the reasons are for such clustering — or whether it's just that we tend to notice it more or…?
Laurie Mathews on January 21, 2013 at 7:22 am
My husband's great great grandfather, Alvin George Buchman, was apparently illegimate. So far I've been unable to find any record of his birth. In the 1900 Census, he was listed as a "boarder" in his mother's household. His marriage license lists his parents as Alvin J. Buchman and Maggie Kiefer. His obituary and cemetery records list his uncle, George A. Buchman, as his father and Maggie Kiefer as his mother. Family history documentation from family members that would have known him, including records from his uncle George A. Buchman, the "family historian," list his father as Alvin J. Buchman and make no mention of Maggie Kiefer. Unraveling this mystery has been interesting. I have a lot more work to do. It was interesting to find that self-reported information supports my beliefs, but his death information doesn't.
There are a lot of reasons why that might be so, Laurie. Good luck in finding out the truth here!
christine on February 8, 2013 at 8:05 pm
Well this could be a lesson well taught I thought about making my own record on paper so that when I do go to the other side. The person only has to fill a few things wala complete. I know this sound morbit but at least it will have the correct date of birth etc.
Carol G on March 16, 2013 at 11:41 am
Funny to read this today as we just went through the whole name issue with my father. The mortician needed his mothers maiden name of which there are several spellings within the family. I thought it was Polack, my brother thought it was Pollack. We went with Pollack as that what was listed on dads birth certificate. Going through this process with my mom was an eye opener as to how little I would be prepared, hence, I'm sure many people give less than accurate information during the process.
Hey there, Carol! Yeah, it can be a real issue. Warren's and my grandmother's death certificate has her place of birth wrong. Her mother's death certificate has the wrong father named (stepfather instead of father). Sigh… Hope your family is starting to heal from your father's death. I'm glad I was able to meet him at least that once.
Carolyn Lea on October 29, 2013 at 10:01 pm
I found out my father's birth name from a half sister after the funeral and after the death information had been given for the certificate. She told us he was Jewish and the name I had known was his step-father. If my mother knew she never acknowledged it and I don't believe she did. My father had said he was part Cherokee. My half sister knew the father's name – though not the correct spelling. My father's sister who lived many years after he did would not talk about it. My sister pushed me to prove we were part Cherokee for years – I thought there was no hope of learning anything of my father's family. When my mother's families started passing away I began doing some work on them. But, in the end, it was my father's story that drove me into serious research and addiction. I now know many cousins from his side.
His death certificate lists his stepfather as father. It does not give his birth name as he and his sister were both using the step-father's name by 1930.
Wow. Sounds like you've got a real mystery on your hands, Carolyn!
Carolyn Lea on October 31, 2013 at 9:03 pm
Now solved. I have all four Schwarzbaum siblings that came to the US in about 1850 and I am in touch with living descendants. But my dissertation took forever because all my research was on family! My challenge now is finding records in Poland/Germany on both maternal and paternal lines.
Was Zimmerman a Jewish connection for you? I have considered reclaiming the Schwarzbaum surname as there is only one other line that still carries the name.
Judy G. Russell on October 31, 2013 at 11:45 pm
Sounds like great research work, Carolyn! I'm not sure about my Zimmermanns. On one hand, I've been told that the two -n Zimmermanns were not Jewish, while the one -n Zimmermans were, but on the other hand my DNA does show a small fragment of Jewish heritage.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Camp season is upon us, and not just for kids. Even though adult summer camps have become a thing in recent years, an entire weekend with strangers can seem daunting at first. Enter the day camp option with Soul Camp, a wholesome health and wellness sleepaway camp designed to be welcoming. To prove it, I tested it out for myself.
Adult summer camps can be hit or miss. I know, since I've attended a few, and the experience has ranged from Best Ever! to Never Again.
So when I had the chance to attend Soul Camp's first day camp, it sounded like the ideal way to try it out without committing to a weekend of (potentially) forced fun and games. Plus, I've long since aged out of the alcohol-soaked frat scene that dominates many adult camps nowadays. Soul Camp is more akin to a yoga retreat, except with camp counselors and a greater range of activities. In theory, it sounded like a much better version of the day camp I attended as a kid.
Thanks to Google Maps we finally arrived at a busy registration in time for squad assignments. Mine was Real-life Unicorns, while Raj was assigned to the all-male Woo Crew. (About 25 percent of attendees were men.) Several Wu-Tang jokes from my husband, two hugs from strangers and a cold-brew coffee later, I found my fellow unicorns. My new squad of 16 or so quickly welcomed me. We went around the group with introductions: fun facts, superpower, intention. Skipping to the latter, I said my intention for the day was to learn — I was in work mode, after all. More normal responses involved having fun and meeting new people.
From there Soul Camp officially opened with welcoming speeches by tie-dye clad founders Michelle Goldblum and Alison (Ali) Leipzig. I learned that campers came from as far as Texas and Canada. It seemed that almost half of the 250 attendees were repeat campers, and some have attended every year since Soul Camp's 2014 inception. In fact, one of the original attendees told me she's maintained friendships outside of camp. While I imagine it's easier to form tight relationships at the overnight options, many people came to the day camp solo, and plenty of interactive exercises (and endless hugging) encouraged getting to know your neighbor.
Michelle and Ali launched Soul Camp, an adult sleepaway camp for all things mind, body and soul, in 2014. The inaugural camp went down at Camp Towanda in the Poconos — yes, the one from Wet Hot American Summer fame. However, that fact was the only commonality, since potential campers should know from the start that Soul Camp is alcohol- and drug-free; no spring break shenanigans here!
After a successful launch, Soul Camp has since expanded across the country, with 2017 bringing upcoming sleepaway camps in California and New York, along with the first day camps in Chicago and New Jersey.
As with all the camps, the Jersey camp was structured into periods, following a traditional camp format. Unlike the day camps of yore, it kicked off with a camp-wide activity led by intenSati founder Patricia Moreno. Popular in NYC, intenSati involves simple cardio choreography while repeating positive affirmations, such as "I co-create my reality!" Oh, and there was lots of high-fiving and hugging in between sets. After a sweaty hour of this, Raj and I beelined to the well-stocked snack area for healthy bars, bean chips and fruity teas. Luckily the snack area was available throughout the day, as were water fountains and clean, modern bathrooms.
Thanks to snack dilly-dallying, we got off to a late start for Period 2. Among the 12 options were classes in numerology, cardio dance, and Heal Your Soul + Body with Cookie Dough. (It did involve actual cookie dough.) Raj immediately gravitated to an archery class; overwhelmed by choices, I wandered about.
After taking a few minutes to get my bearings and figure out the map, I set off for the rock wall/zip line area. The rock wall area was empty as about a dozen or so campers were waiting for the zip line, with more arriving. Although after watching two women scream their way across, I opted to check out the archery area. Archery was similarly crowded, so I made my way to the lake, where I immediately regretted not arriving on time for the standup paddleboard yoga class. After a few minutes of FOMO suffering, I picked up the Soul Camp program guide and found a tip page, including a sage reminder that we're each creating our own perfect adventure and not missing out on anything. Well then.
By this point it was time for lunch, so Raj and I reunited and made our way to the open-air mess hall for turkey wraps and caprese sandwiches. Solo campers had the option to sit with their assigned squad — no reason to eat alone here! Free play followed lunch, and since it was a scorching hot day Raj and I struck out for the kayaks. It seemed many campers had the same lake idea.
Around 2:30 p.m. it was on to Period 3, where nine new class options included meditation with Tibetan singing bowls, chakra clearing and self-care. Raj, who doesn't typically join me at mind/body classes or events, stepped out of his comfort zone to learn about unlocking one's psychic potential. Since I will do yoga every chance I get (trying to change that), I picked the Divine Movement Experience, a hybrid guided meditation, vinyasa flow and deep house dance party. Plus, it was in a treehouse!
Since I didn't receive any special Soul Camp instructions before leaving home, I didn't know I should bring my own yoga mat (FYI, bring your own yoga mat — and towels if you plan on swimming). But I arrived early, and luckily one of the instructors had a spare. Sometimes the universe provides.
Off to a good start, we spent the next hour learning how to tap into our intuition and then practicing our skills with others. I chose Raj's friend for one of the exercises, who just so happened to have spent the past three years studying intuitive work with Vanessa. The activity involved giving each other a reading about whatever you're picking up about their life. I provided her one sentence. In turn, she was able to correctly nail a transitional period I'm experiencing, and even advised me on how to proceed. That information alone was priceless to me.
Her reading on Raj, "Why am I here?" was also priceless.
The day wrapped with an all-camp meditation, dance party, affirmations, and yes, more hugs. By this point we were pretty tired from all the fun, and I think Raj was hugged out. Now I get it, Soul Camp isn't for everybody. But even though Raj would never attend by himself, he went in with an open mind and made the most of it, and was welcomed in return. And as with life, that seemed to be the point of Soul Camp.
As for me, when I set the intention "to learn" that morning, I didn't expect it would result in learning an answer to a question I've been asking myself for months. I also learned that Soul Camp is the closest I've experienced to recreating the camps of my youth — except a thousand times better.


I am taking the green fixation further from where I left you last time. Since we have already had salad, is it not time to go straight to the mains? I am sure you do not want to spend much time in the kitchen especially if your side of the globe is experiencing the same weather as mine. P stocks pitchers of lemon juice infused with fresh mint every morning in the refrigerator and whoever troops in just picks up a jug and gulps down as much of the chilled drink as possible. I prefer tender coconut water though and insist on stashing a few at home always. We do not want to eat much but do need our carbs so P and I take turns in the kitchen, remembering the other's turn better than our own! Since P knows to cook very few dishes it is I who ends up more often taking steam baths in the kitchen, because we just can't keep having dal every other day.
As always the first thing I did when I entered the kitchen this morning was to pick up the fresh set yogurt to put it in the refrigerator. Unfortunately with both of us cooking in turns the refrigerator gets laden with our 'individually' and 'commonly' favourite ingredients resulting in a no-space crisis as it happened today. My first concern was to clean out the refrigerator and use up as many ingredients as possible. I found two packets of basil, one of rosemary, one of mint and two tupperware boxes filled with cleaned and picked coriander leaves. So I simply decided to 'go green'. That is how this tasty Indo-Italian vegan risotto was born in a humble Thane kitchen. It must be really tasty because I found an almost empty bowl bearing traces of green when I made my not-so-enthusiastic-kitchen-entry this evening after returning from work. To top it all the lemon juice had not been replenished!
Rice (basmati/ambemore) – 1.25 cup – I used brown basmati rice and it has a naturally nutty and strong flavour that adds to the dish.
Make the basil paste and set aside.
Heat oil and fry the cashews to light golden colour. Drain and set aside.
Add the whole spices (cardamom with covering) and fry for a minute till cloves pop.
Add vegetables and unwashed rice and fry till for 3-4 minutes. Measure the paste and add enough water to it to form liquid that is 3 times the cups of rice (here – 3.75 cups). Normal polished basmati rice requires 1.5 to 2 times water to cook but brown basmati being of a somewhat stubborn nature will not adhere to this ratio. It requires 3 cups water for 1 cup of brown rice.
Adjust salt and pressure cook upto one whistle. Reduce flame and cook for 15 minutes and then switch off the gas.
Alternatively cook on open fire stirring till rice is well cooked and not dry. This is not pulav. Those intent on adding cheese may grate parmesan and add at this point and give it a final stir. If you are not picky or choosy or particular you will be able to find that the risotto is equally good without the parmesan. The slight amount of grainy texture is well provided by the ground cashews.
Before serving toss in the fried cashews and stir well.
I call this a risotto because I have retained the starch that is generally washed off for pulav, the rice has a thicker texture than flavoured rice due to the cashews and the heavy dose of green herbs and the oil I used is olive oil so it lends an authentic Italian touch.
Love the risotto.Green is inviting and healthy and not always 'jealous' :D.
Srimathi, I seem to feel sleepier on Summer mornings than any other time of the year. Probably because it is the only time when it is cool.
Soma, I try to do a table setting but it looks shabby! That is how I end up with minimal pics:). Glad that it is liked though!
I am falling in love with your minimalist kind photographs! mint is saying spring to me. pretty.
Superb dish dear … i like anything that is green in color.
Looks very delicious. Apart from the recipe I was enjoying reading your post. I was transported into your kitchen and knew how summer could be and how cooking would be a chore. During summer, I try to cook before the sun is out or after it has gone to bed. I do minimum cooking and run from the kitchen.
I can almost imagine how good this tastes!
looks delicious & nice pictures…….
This is perfect for Spring!!!!


Number of visitors in February 2009 = 96,902 Tourists.
Increase of 84.88% in comparison with February last year 2008 where the total number of visitors reached 52,413 visitors.
First : Saudis / 12,505 visitors that is 27% of the total Arab Visitors.
Second : Jordanians / 10,387 visitors, that is 23% of the total Arab visitors.
Third : Iraqis / 4,952 visitors, that is 11% of the total Arab visitors.
First : French / 6,653 visitors , that 30% of the total European visitors.
Second : British / 2,775 visitors, that is 12% of the total European visitors.
Third : Germans / 2,438 visitors, that is 11% of the total European visitors.
Visitors from the continent of Asia ranked third with 15,599 visitors.
Visitors from the continent of America ranked fourth with 8,260 visitors.
Number of visitors for the first and second months of year 2009: 174,210 visitors.
An increase of 73,66% compared with the same period of year 2007 that registered 100,316 visitors.
An increase of 50.96% compared with the same period of year 2008 that registered 115,400 visitors.


This NBA offseason may prove to be one of the most interesting in years. Anthony Davis will most likely be moved from the New Orleans Pelicans, while a whole slew of players will be free agents. Among two of the players that will be free agents, are Kyrie Irving and Kevin Durant. Irving isn't sure yet if he'll resign in Boston, while Durant is most likely out of Golden State. If he wins his third title with the team this season, he'll probably be even more incentivized to leave. Some believe Durant is gearing up to join the New York Knicks, although he has denied those claims.
Rumors sparked of a Kyrie and Durant duo while at All-Star weekend, as both players were seen laughing and joking together.
While this doesn't actually confirm anything other than the two are friends, it wouldn't be the first time that two players made plans with each other to eventually join forces. Of course, LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, and Chris Bosh did it back in 2011 when they all came to Miami (Wade was already there).
Kyrie even stuck around for Durant's MVP trophy presentation, adding even more fuel to the fire.


text:
Mark Essien: Meet Nigerian Serial Entrepreneur Revolutionizing the Hospitality Sector
in SME, Startup
Mark Essien is the founder and CEO of Hotels.ng which is an online travel agency that specializes in hotel booking in Nigeria. They help make the process of booking a hotel seamless by providing assistance and support to a client. The platform provides reviews and recommends hotels to ensure clients stay in a clean and comfortable hotel anyway in the country.
Hotels.ng has over 11,200 lists of hotels in over 1,700 cities in Nigeria. In 2018, the startup launched Hotel.africa which is an international hotel booking platform with over 27,300 lists of hotels in Africa and Fly.africa which renders flight services.
SmartPrenuer lists 7 things you should know about Mark Essien:
He founded hotels.ng in 2013
He had formerly built a file sharing software called Gnumm and was acquired by Snoopstar.com this was followed by a language learning startup he formed called Ingolingo
In 2015, Mark made the Forbes list of 30 youngest entrepreneurs in Africa
In 2016, Mark's hotels.ng co-invested in OgaVenue, an event booking platform with Jason Njoku. Mark Essien is the director of the board of OgaVenue.
Mark started a remote internship program in 2016 to train young people in software development. Interns are presented with real life problems which they are expected to solve using programming and design skills.
Aside from being an entrepreneur, Mark is a startup investor and a software developer; he got married to a software developer as well, Jenni Naiaretti, in 2018.
After Mark's primary and secondary school education in Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom state, he moved to Germany for his university education. He has a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) in Computer Hardware Engineering from Beuth Hochschule, Berlin, Germany and M.Sc in Computer Science from Freie Universitat, Berlin, Germany
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^ United States Senate (1904), Burrows, Juwius Caesar; Foraker, Joseph Benson (eds.), Proceedings Before de Committee on Priviweges and Ewections of de United States Senate in de Matter of de Protests Against de Right of Hon, uh-hah-hah-hah. Reed Smoot, a Senator from de State of Utah, to Howd His Seat, 1, Washington: Government Printing Office, pp. 187–90 .


Rocco's Burger Cafe is a family owned business.
through our customer service & the quality of our food & beverages.
that makes coming to Rocco's a special experience.
So, what sets Rocco's apart?
We pride ourselves on being "home-made".
our Rocco's flavours taste like no other.
Our gourmet cafe-style breakfast is served daily until 3pm alongside our fortnightly specials menu.
Our extensive list of burgers & steak sandwiches are available all day.
Oh, & did you know that our entire menu caters gluten free, dairy free, vegetarian & vegan options?
However, it's not just our food that sets us apart.
Our Rocco's award winning, signature blend of coffee is grown, roasted & blended for us, & us only!
By supporting us, you are supporting the local community.
Rocco's is proud to say that we make numerous donations per year to a wide variety of causes.
& we look forward to your on-going support.
We're a family owned boutique cafe. With a vibrant team a winning formula - we see a big future ahead.


text:
Home / Posts / FREEDOM FORUM CONDEMNS SECURITIES' ACT OF PREVENTING JOURNALISTS FROM MAKING NEWS
FREEDOM FORUM CONDEMNS SECURITIES' ACT OF PREVENTING JOURNALISTS FROM MAKING NEWS
JANUARY 30, 2012 An incident of press freedom violation has made Freedom Forum gravely concerned. The incident occurred in Dhankuta, eastern hilly district, on January 29, 2012.
Security persons took 36 journalists under control for four hours while the latter were for the new coverage about the program attended by the Prime Minister. They were also with black armbands as a peaceful protest against the recent classification of information by the government.
In the name of protecting information, the government has given directive to all ministries to keep 140 types of information confidential which obviously suppress people's right to information (RTI).
At a time the country is gradually gaining the ground for RTI regime, the government move to keep many types of information secret is a move to promote corruption and malpractice.
Moreover, taking under the journalists, the police persons violated the press freedom thereby depriving people of getting true information on time.
The journalists were in a very peaceful protest, the protest against the unjust government move to classify information.
Similarly, they were in the program attended by the Prime Minister, most important and responsible person to ensure rights to all citizens including journalists. But police showed lowly manner by taking them under control for four hours.
"It shows how irresponsible the administration is towards press freedom which is a must in a democratic state. On the other hand, the government is trying to be oppressive to the RTI laws thereby being non-transparent in its behaviours," said Freedom Forum Chairman Taranath Dahal.
Freedom Forum, therefore, condemns the incident and urges the Prime Minister to become responsible towards people's right to information and respect journalists' rights to make news and peaceful protest against administrative malpractice. The security persons should also be meted out punishment.
Krishna Sapkota


text:
Q: What does the extra version information in a conda environment yaml mean? I use conda by building a conda environment and then exporting a yaml file that describes the environment so I can reproduce it. Here is a portion of that yaml file:
  - parquet-cpp=1.5.1=2
  - parse=1.19.0=pyh44b312d_0
  - parse_type=0.6.0=pyhd8ed1ab_1
  - parso=0.8.3=pyhd8ed1ab_0
  - pathspec=0.9.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
  - pexpect=4.8.0=pyh9f0ad1d_2
  - pickleshare=0.7.5=py_1003
  - pip=22.0.4=pyhd8ed1ab_0

I'm intrigued to know what the thing at the end of each of those packages means. i.e. What do

*

*pyhd8ed1ab_0

*py_1003

*pyh9f0ad1d_2

*pyh44b312d_0

*2

refer to?

A: It's the build varient number. Because of CI/CD there are often changes that are so incremental they don't warrant a new version number. However, were you have an issue you could change the build without substantially changing anything major like dependencies.

As you might guess from the above, they're generated by conda and were first implemented in conda 3.0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php

namespace mako\gatekeeper\adapters;

use mako\gatekeeper\adapters\AdapterInterface;
use mako\gatekeeper\adapters\WithGroupsInterface;
use mako\gatekeeper\entities\group\Group;
use mako\gatekeeper\entities\user\User;
use mako\gatekeeper\entities\user\UserEntityInterface;
use mako\gatekeeper\repositories\group\GroupRepositoryInterface;
use mako\gatekeeper\repositories\user\UserRepositoryInterface;

/**
 * Base adapter.
 *
 * @author Frederic G. Østby
 *
 * @method mako\gatekeeper\repositories\group\GroupRepository getGroupRepository()
 * @method mako\gatekeeper\repositories\user\UserRepository   getUserRepository()
 */
abstract class Adapter implements AdapterInterface, WithGroupsInterface
{
	/**
	 * User repository.
	 *
	 * @var \mako\gatekeeper\repositories\user\UserRepository
	 */
	protected $userRepository;

	/**
	 * Group repository.
	 *
	 * @var \mako\gatekeeper\repositories\group\GroupRepository
	 */
	protected $groupRepository;

	/**
	 * User entity.
	 *
	 * @var \mako\gatekeeper\entities\user\User|null
	 */
	protected $user;

	/**
	 * {@inheritdoc}
	 */
	public function setUserRepository(UserRepositoryInterface $userRepository)
	{
		$this->userRepository = $userRepository;
	}

	/**
	 * {@inheritdoc}
	 */
	public function getUserRepository()
	{
		return $this->userRepository;
	}

	/**
	 * {@inheritdoc}
	 */
	public function setGroupRepository(GroupRepositoryInterface $groupRepository)
	{
		$this->groupRepository = $groupRepository;
	}

	/**
	 * {@inheritdoc}
	 */
	public function getGroupRepository()
	{
		return $this->groupRepository;
	}

	/**
	 * {@inheritdoc}
	 */
	public function setUser(UserEntityInterface $user)
	{
		$this->user = $user;
	}

	/**
	 * {@inheritdoc}
	 */
	public function isGuest(): bool
	{
		return $this->getUser() === null;
	}

	/**
	 * {@inheritdoc}
	 */
	public function isLoggedIn(): bool
	{
		return $this->getUser() !== null;
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a new user and returns the user object.
	 *
	 * @param  string                              $email      Email address
	 * @param  string                              $username   Username
	 * @param  string                              $password   Password
	 * @param  bool                                $activate   Will activate the user if set to true
	 * @param  array                               $properties Additional user properties
	 * @return \mako\gatekeeper\entities\user\User
	 */
	public function createUser(string $email, string $username, string $password, bool $activate = false, array $properties = []): User
	{
		$properties = $properties +
		[
			'email'     => $email,
			'username'  => $username,
			'password'  => $password,
			'activated' => $activate ? 1 : 0,
		];

		return $this->userRepository->createUser($properties);
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a new group and returns the group object.
	 *
	 * @param  string                                $name       Group name
	 * @param  array                                 $properties Additional group properties
	 * @return \mako\gatekeeper\entities\group\Group
	 */
	public function createGroup(string $name, array $properties = []): Group
	{
		$properties = $properties +
		[
			'name' => $name,
		];

		return $this->groupRepository->createGroup($properties);
	}

	/**
	 * Activates a user based on the provided auth token.
	 *
	 * @param  string                                   $token Auth token
	 * @return \mako\gatekeeper\entities\user\User|bool
	 */
	public function activateUser(string $token)
	{
		$user = $this->userRepository->getByActionToken($token);

		if($user === false)
		{
			return false;
		}

		$user->activate();

		$user->generateActionToken();

		$user->save();

		return $user;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Rapid Eye (2) / H.E.I.G.H.T.S.
The normal search on ebay.com sorts by the most popular products. Because it is unknown on just what standards this occurs, it is possible that actual deals are not discovered. Our unique search arranges the products located according to the outstanding time of the public auctions. Thereby it is most likely that you will obtain a real bargain at a thing which has actually not gotten any kind of bids prior to the end of the auction. This provides you the possibility to buy a little-noticed product with only a couple of bids at an extremely practical rate.
Capitalize on this possibility to locate some actual deals!
In TV-Krimis ist es keine Seltenheit, dass Bluttaten unter übernatürlichen Einflüssen begangen werden – doch im echten Leben?


text:
Anthropology | General Interest | History | Language & Literature | Sociotainment | Social Sciences | Full Text Books
Affordable Housing Forum | Asia Global | Bonger Instituut | Dutch Colonial History | Europe Generations | IIDE | ISSA | Studio Meritis MaKOM | Orbis | Paula Bermann | Recht te Utrecht | Recht te Voet | Rozenberg Publishers | Voices
Professional Blindness And Missing The Mark ~ The Thirtieth September Movement As Seen By The Perpetrators. Between Registered Facts And Authoritative Opinions – Part Two
by: Coen Holtzappel
Who informed Untung about the Council of Generals? Evidence problems
In the previous paragraph I referred to Untung's information and support network. In this paragraph I will reveal some details about it. According to Untung himself, his search for the Council of Generals began on August 4, 1965, when Lieutenant Colonel Ali Ebram, head of the intelligence service of the Tjakrabirawa regiment, informed him about the president's collapse earlier that day. Ex-Minister Subandrio calls the illness "a trifling flu" in his Memoirs, and the rumor about it a serious provocation (Perkara Untung: 55; Subandrio 13). According to Crouch the rumor originated from Brigadier General Djuhartono of the Joint Secretariat of the Functional Groups (Sekber-Golkar) and was quoted the next day in a column in the army newspaper Berita Yudha (Crouch: 96). The officers subsequently contacted by Untung for a meeting discussed the security risk posed by the rumor, probably since it might move the Council of Generals to strike first (Perkara Untung: 37, 38, 91). However, after sending his aide-de-camp First Lieutenant Dul Arief on reconnaissance, Untung concluded there was no solid evidence against the suspected generals, only publicly known professional information, as well as hearsay. Asked by the chair of the court during the first fact finding session of Untung's trial, what facts he had about the existence of the Council of Generals, Untung answered "I had no facts or evidence but I was convinced that the Council of Generals existed and indeed planned a coup. What I received were only statements, but when needed, I can forward witnesses" (Perkara Untung 1966: 36, 164, 212). Witness Air Force Major Sujono admitted during Untung's trial that communist team member Sjam, and the other team members were also of the opinion that there was no solid evidence (Perkara Untung: 104). These facts are absent from Roosa.
Crouch mentions the fact that "very little evidence for the council's existence was provided" (Crouch: 106). But that is not what Untung and Sujono meant to say. Their judgments raise the question that Crouch did not put forward: what to do in the absence of solid evidence, and why act against the generals if there is no solid evidence against them. Without such evidence one cannot surprise the president with a bunch of chained up generals with the message that solid evidence is absent but they were probably preparing a coup and he should interrogate them. In my opinion, the final decision by team member Colonel Latief to kill the generals was a radical but simple solution to the evidence problem and to the related problems of how to eliminate the risk of a generals' coup, how to prevent a major embarrassment for the president in face of failing evidence, and to prevent a counter strike by the army.
The only man who according to Untung gave him concrete information about the Council of Generals and who became the main argument for the continued hunt on the Council of Generals, was Brigadier General Supardjo from the West Java based Siliwangi division. Since Supardjo was one of the president's trustees, and stated he was a member of the Council of Generals and knew of their plan, Untung thought him to be the man to convince the president of the coup risk and lead the delegation that would report the arrest of the generals to the president. Supardjo also claimed to possess documentation of the coup plans (Perkara Untung: 164, 168, 193). In his self-defense speech, Untung stated that he heard General Supardjo was a member of the Council of Generals as early as August 1965, and found out it was true when he checked the information with Supardjo in September 1965 (Perkara Untung: 208). In the chapter "My Testimony about G30S" of his Memoirs, Subandrio states that when he asked Supardjo if there was a Council of Generals he answered "It is true. They are busy raising new ministers" (Subandrio: 16). It is conceivable that Untung sent Supardjo to Subandrio to discuss his knowledge, as he did with other informants. Untung admitted that Supardjo had provided him with the bulk of the information he managed to collect about the Council of Generals (Perkara Untung: 164).
Initially, during the trial sessions, Untung did not mention Supardjo as the provider of evidence. However at the end of his court interrogation, at the advice of his lawyer Gumuljo, Untung called witness Major Rudhito, member of the administration of General Nasution's SUAD VI command and head of a committee that supported Untung's action. He was one of Untung's infiltrators in General Nasution's office. Rudhito first talked about Supardjo's double role.
In his exposition about Supardjo's evaluation of the G30S action included in his book, Roosa does not mention Untung's and Rudhito's references to Supardjo's double role in the prologue of the G30S (Roosa: 88-94). This absence is curious since Roosa apparently did read the pages of Untung's minutes in which Supardjo's double role is mentioned and discussed, because he refers to other items mentioned in these pages. He also missed Untung's self-defense speech in which he talks about his knowledge of that double role.
Rudhito explained how in the period from 11 to 16 September, Mohammad Amir Achsan, member of the Muslim party Nahdatul Ulama NU, provided him with reports about the Council of Generals. On 26 September four people from the Nahdatul Ulama, among them Achsan, as well as people from the IPKI, approached Untung with detailed information about the Council of Generals. They presented a tape made on 21 September 1965 of the constituting meeting of the Council of Generals in the building of the Military Justice Academy (Akademi Hukum Militer; AHM). Untung had seen and heard the tape and in court listed the names mentioned on the recording. He also stated that Achsan had assured him that the reports about the meeting as well as copies of the tape had been forwarded to the president, to the Kotrar, the Committee for the Retooling of the Government Apparatus, and finally to the Ministry of the Prosecutor General (Perkara Untung: 162, 164, 165, 170-172). Here we see the collecting of evidence about the Council of Generals by civilians and reporting it to the authorities, a contribution called for in Subandrio's subversion alarm of June 6 1965.
In his Testimony about the G30S, Subandrio states that on 26 September he had a meeting about the tape with the same four NU and IPKI people that approached Untung earlier that day. Probably Untung sent the four to Subandrio. Subandrio listened to their story, took the tape and handed it over to President Sukarno. Both listened to it. Hence, Sukarno got the tape from several sides. Subandrio commented that the fact that 4 civilians leaked highly sensitive information to outsiders appeared suspicious and it might have been a fake and an indication of something big (Subandrio: 16-17). In this case it is clear that both Subandrio and the President were informed about the danger of the Council of Generals. In light of the lack of response on earlier reports, the tape must have been meant as a final warning to the president that a coup was imminent. The president responded by keeping it silent and not making the accusations public. He invited Yani and Suparman for meetings on 1 and 3 October without mentioning what about. Latief and Sjam did not expect any disciplinary measures to come from this, and they decided to go ahead with the assassination of the generals in order to eliminate any risk of deception.
Rudhito's summary of what he heard from the tape is interesting in this perspective. According to Rudhito the generals discussed the foundation of a Council of Generals, an agenda of action, the composition of the junta cabinet, and the date of the coup, i.e. 5 October 1965, Armed Forces Day. However, the chair of the court meeting called for attention during Rudhito's testimony. He quoted a report by the ODANG Committee of investigation about the 21 September event. According to the chair it showed that the meeting was a Commander's Call Koplat, organized and attended by the commanders of the Military Training Centers with a role in implementing the educational program for the new Tri Ubaya Sakti doctrine. During that meeting General Yani gave a briefing about the doctrine and the program (Perkara Untung: 169). The evidence and the text read by the Prosecutor are missing from the minutes, i.e. neither the list of evidence for the indictment at the beginning of the Untung minutes mentions it, nor the page where the reading of the text itself is mentioned (Perkara Untung: 22, 165). The fact that the coup rumor was rooted in Aidit's accusation against the Tri Ubaja Sakti doctrine and that the tape identified the meeting of 21 September as the founding of the Council of Generals and the discussion of the coup plan, whereas the ODANG Committee states the meeting was about the implementation of the Tri Ubaya Sakti doctrine, is significant. Coincidences can be very informative. These facts were not detected by Crouch, nor by Roosa.
Who informed Njono and the PKI about the Council of Generals and Untung?
During his recall Njono conceded that he got his information about the Council of Generals, and the counter action by the so-called progressive officers, from discussions in the CC PKI Politbiro that took place in August 1965. In its turn, the Politbiro owed its information to PKI chair Aidit who got his information from Brigadier General of Police Sutarto, head of the BPI intelligence staff of Minister Subandrio, as well as from other sources. According to Njono, Aidit deemed Sutarto's information about the Council of Generals and Untung's action to be the most reliable available (Perkara Njono: 256). The information indicated that the danger posed by the Council of Generals was real.
During his self-defense speech Njono explained his choice for supporting "the military" as follows, "I stick to the opinion that the Council of Generals was a political situation, not just vicious slander. The following considerations are important. … I ask the attention of the Prosecutor and the Court for the statements of the Minister of Justice Astrawinata S.H, who repeatedly pressed the people to build up social control and provide "social support" for the investigations of (Police) and Justice. [Apparently Njono referred to Subandrio's subversion June 1965 alarm when he called on the people to help police and authorities trace subversives. Njono's reference to the function of that call – building up social control and social support by reporting to police and justice; in other words uniting the people and government together in the battle against Western subversion – is interesting.]
The information I talk about, I got from political key figures and competent government officials and not only from one source but from several sources, such as the BPI and from SUAD I (Yani's staff, C.H.). I was also informed by the Lubang Buaja group that the office of the Prosecutor General, in particular Brigadier General Sunarjo, Assistant Minister for the Prosecutor General, had received information about the Council of Generals. At the end of September 1965 these reports had been supplied based on information from SUAD I and had been received by Brigadier General Sunarjo ( ….). The nature of the information provided by the BPI was precise, detailed and mentioned date, hour, place, names, agenda and other things. I ask you, if the information that was forwarded by many sources and so precise may be called "inside information" and should be conceived as slanderous rumors? Is it not conceivable that such information constituted precisely the need of social control and social support that Minister of Justice Astrawinata called for (Perkara Njono: 275-276)?"
Njono's statement shows that there were leaks in the SUAD I office that informed other authorities and agencies about the Council of Generals, including the PKI and Njono. Untung's witness Rudhito was a leak in Nasution's office. Hence, a broad network of private and official security agencies was involved in tracing subversion and tracing the Council of Generals for that matter.
Njono felt backed up by all these authorities which led him to believe he was doing the right thing by supporting "the military" and Sukatno's request for extra civilian manpower. However, by doing this he ignored the CC PKI Politbiro's decision to stay out of Untung's action and leave the matter to the president (Perkara Njono: 50, 63, 65, 70, 73). When one of the judges asked whether as a PKI member, Njono was in a position to provide support to the "military" without official accord or order from above, Njono answered "that it could happen in Jakarta, as it happened elsewhere in Indonesia" (Perkara Njono: 62-3, 79, and 102). When asked about the party background of the labor outsourced to Sujono, Njono replied that they were not PKI but came from the mass organizations (Perkara Njono: 78). Njono thus indicated that the mass organizations had self-governance and that local PKI leaders had similar freedom. This casts doubts on the general view of the PKI as a highly centralized organization. Roosa concluded from his interviews with ex-members of the PKI' s executive board that Aidit was the boss and ran a rigid regime (Roosa 2006: 153). However, although that opinion might have existed within the PKI headquarters, it was not necessarily true for local PKI branches and for the mass organizations.
Decision making by the CC PKI Politbiro
Whereas the indictment against Njono mentions the PKI decision to organize the G30S, Njono's reconstruction of the decision making process presents a fascinating but confusing picture of the difficult situation in which the CC PKI Politbiro operated. According to Njono, PKI leader Aidit was initially prepared to actively support the action. The action plan for regions, cities and towns was ready, and flyers had been printed. The Prosecutor showed these to Njono, who admitted that they were real. However, in the end the PKI did not take a stand regarding Untung's action, and instead left it to the president to make a decision, in the hope that he would take proper measures and either stop the movement or fight it in another way (Perkara Njono: 65, 73). The president as well as the party members were to be informed about the danger of the Council of Generals, but not about Untung's action. There was to be no discussion at all about the military action within the party and the mass organizations, since only the president was to take action. The cause of this change in attitude was that voting for or against support of "the military" stalled in the end. Subsequently, the Politbiro dispatched a letter of information to the president in which he was asked to take action on 28 August 1965. PNI leader Ali Sastroamidjojo, the Perti, Subandrio and other parties received copies of the letter. Njono does not mention the other parties but probably referred to members of the 10 parties that signed the Bogor Declaration of 1964. Up to 1 October 1965, there was no reply from the president, nor were any measures taken against the Council of Generals. It meant that the biro remained inactive and was getting fed up. Njono even admitted that he as well as the Politbiro had no idea whether the president had received the letter; "we heard nothing about it" (Perkara Untung: 70, 73). Apparently, the Politbiro did not know about the president inviting Yani and Suparman for a meeting.
The Politbiro did nothing to support the military while waiting for the president's reply. Njono stated there had been no consultations whatsoever with "the military". The action against the Council of Generals was deemed to be an internal military affair that the PKI should not become involved in (Perkara Njono: 63-64, 69). Hence, Sjam's intermediation between the PKI and the Untung-group as mentioned by Untung during his trial must have been a matter between Aidit and Sjam (Perkara Untung: 35, 54). This information escaped Roosa's attention, who only focused on Sjam's 1968 confession, in which he stated that the Untung team was part of the Special Bureau of the PKI. However, by constantly keeping Subandrio informed about Sjam and blocking Sjam and Major Sujono's efforts of getting the communist mass organizations involved in the G30S, Untung's behavior shows that he fell outside the command of the Special Bureau. He primarily acted on behalf of Subandrio and the president, and as will become clear, Suharto.
The intellectual discussions of the Politbiro took place during three meetings in August 1965 and focused on the possible outcomes of the confrontation between "the military" and the Council of Generals. They started a few days after Untung's meeting with Ali Ebram and from the beginning focused on Untung's team and his strike against the Council of Generals. Apparently Aidit was certain that such a strike would take place. Even before Untung had formed a command team, Aidit already planned to take over Untung's effort. One week later he sent two of his security men to Untung to make sure the G30S would take place. Untung could do nothing to get rid of the two.
The Politbiro was of the opinion there were two ways to prevent the Council of Generals from acting. Either the military would take pre-emptive action and report to the president, or the Politbiro would inform the president about the danger of the Council of Generals and await his response. The first option was the one favored and eventually executed by Untung. However, the Politbiro decided that the second option was the proper course of action (Perkara Njono: 73). One of the reasons for this decision might be that any measures by the president would free them from responsibility for Untung's actions.
Three options were discussed in regards to the outcome of an encounter between the military and the Council of Generals:
(a) The generals win and install a cabinet formed by the Council of Generals;
(b) Untung strikes first and wins and a cabinet is installed by the Revolutionary Council. This option was embraced by Sjam in the Untung team. He was in regular contact with PKI leader Aidit who consulted him and opted for preemptive military action, provided the president had not taken measures against the Council of Generals;
(c) a Nasakom coalition cabinet would be installed, which had the PKI's preference.
The Politbiro commented that without strong military support the option of the Revolutionary Council would remain a loose political coalition of people and groups that might cooperate and reject the Council of Generals. It would not be able to fight against a military coalition or coup. Thus, a Revolutionary Council would need a strong military foundation, which was a matter of "the military" as the Politbiro called Untung's team. Moreover, any measures taken by the Revolutionary Council such as de-commissioning the current cabinet and organizing general elections for a new People's Congress should also be the task of "the military". When asked who would install the Revolutionary Council, Aidit replied "the military" (Perkara Njono: 74, 77).
In all these discussions, the strength of the military foundation of the action was considered to be a deal breaker. When the chair of the court asked why the Politbiro was so interested in the military substructure and what it had to do with communism, Njono replied that "it was just one of the factors that would play a role in the setup of the Council of Generals. Only when there was strong military backing, the Revolutionary Council would have raison d'être in the existing political situation, and then it was OK for the party as well." As one of the judges concluded, "All depended on how brave the military were and how far they were prepared to go" (Perkara Njono: 50, 52, 53, 73, and 77). He must have implicitly referred to the murder of the generals and sneakily accused the Politbiro of urging the military to show their guts.
From his interviews with surviving members of the party office about the August discussions, Roosa concludes that the PKI discussed a two-part action, and deemed the political stage more important than the military one (Roosa 2006: 94-98). Njono's reconstruction corrects this view and is more plausible than Roosa's, since a political movement wanting to seize power needs a strong military basis. The Prosecutor brushed aside Njono's reconstruction, based on Njono's own comment that although the G30S was an internal army issue "we the people (Rakjat) believed that what the G30S did was saving the revolution and the people", and "the leaders and cadres of the PKI strived after an active role." He concluded that instead of representing the real PKI stance, the letter to the president represented the wish of the majority outside the Politbiro to support the military's action (Perkara Njono: 117, 127). Apparently, the Prosecutor hinted at serious dissent within the communist camp which up to now has escaped the attention of G30S analysts. With this statement, Njono suggested that Aidit's initial preference for a pre-emptive strike fit the voice of all the people who preferred action.
As far as a risk calculation was involved, the CC PKI Politbiro recognized the option of a junta cabinet but apparently did not take into account a debacle such as happened on 1 October 1965 with the murder of the generals and the subsequent massacre of the Left Wing. The Politbiro focused on the continuity of the Sukarno regime and bet on the president's determination to support the G30S as a revolutionary asset. As to the question what moved the sympathizers of the Revolutionary Council option to support the G30S, the comment of the Prosecutor in the Untung trial regarding the suspicious Decree No. 1 comes to mind. He called it "a rag tag of old fashioned ideas regarding a return to the dualism and liberal democracy and general elections of the 1950s (Perkara Untung: 189)." It is conceivable that a strong vote for a return to parliamentary democracy existed in the mass organizations and regions. In the 1950s the PKI experienced its electoral gains and successes, and was still an independent political force.
Why should we take Njono's confession seriously? John Roosa called him a "loose cannon" in his book Pretext for Mass Murder of 2006, because he constantly changed his mind, i.e. recalled the initial testimony he made and signed after his arrest. The attorney felt the same and the court accused him of committing perjury. Roosa concluded "Hence, his scenario is best put aside" (Roosa 2006: 146)." However, whether the court was right or wrong, Roosa's position robs the readers from Njono's statements, in particular regarding the connection to Subandrio's BPI, the dissent in the communist camp, the decision making process, the cutting contact with the "military", and the letter to the president.
External corroboration of the Subandrio link
Njono's reference to the role of Minister Subandrio and his BPI office in informing the PKI about Untung's action was corroborated by four authoritative sources. First there is Subandrio's remark in his Memoirs that Untung told him Sjam often visited local internal army meetings about which he did not inform the team, and that Untung did not trust him. In hindsight, Subandrio commented that he suspected Sjam was a local CIA agent. This is the first instance we have of a clear external indication about dissent between Untung and Sjam within the team, and moreover shows that a report relation existed between Untung and Subandrio. Subandrio did not trust Sjam because of his double position as informant of the garrison intelligence and member of the PKI. According to Subandrio, Sjam delivered his country to the neo-colonial Nekolim forces (Subandrio 2001: 20-21). With this position he echoes Wertheim's view of Sjam as a double agent.
Subandrio's reference to his contact with the Untung team is corroborated by three unexpected sides. The first corroboration came from the American Director of the Far Eastern Region of ISA, Rear Admiral Blouin. On 4 October 1965 he wrote a Memorandum to Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs McNaughton, stating, "Sukarno knew what was happening all along and was lying low until he could see what was going to come on top. (Presumably, he (Sukarno, C.H.) hoped the Untung-Subandrio-Dani coup would succeed and the Army high command would no longer be a threat to his pro-Peking policy (Foreign Relations, 1964-1968, Volume XXVI: 305)." "Dani" refers to Air Force Marshall Omar Dani who despised General Yani. The Pro-Peking policy reference is to Subandrio's flirtation with Communist China, aimed at getting Chinese support against the Western subversion threat. Air Force Marshall Omar Dani's relation to Untung has been unclear up until now, since the Untung and Njono minutes only provide faint information and Dani himself remained silent about it in his trial as well in his Evaluation which is included in Roosa's Pretexts for Mass Murder of 2006. Moreover, Crouch's book The Army and Politics in Indonesia (1978) about the Subandrio trial, does not touch on this issue either; neither do Subandrio's Memoirs. Interestingly, Subandrio admits in his memoirs that Dani's trial did not regard the G30S (Subandrio 2001: 14). Most likely, Suharto ordered this change in the trial to prevent sensitive information about the BPI's role in the hunt on the Council of Generals from becoming public knowledge since it would spoil the attack on the PKI.
The second independent source corroborating Njono's reference to Subandrio is former RPKAD commander General Kemal Idris. In an interview in 1993, he talked about the so-called Supersemar event of 11 March 1966 which gave Suharto the opportunity to seize power. On that day, Idris and RPKAD troops took to the palace in Jakarta where the cabinet was meeting. He explained he was not after the president that day, but after Subandrio because "I believed him to be the man behind the G30S (Wawancara, in Forum Keadilan, No. 7, Tahun II, 22 Juli 1993: 34)."
This statement is corroborated in one of my interviews with general Nasution from 1993. He was one of the main targets of Untung's action, but managed to escape and survive. In that interview, he told me what happened a few days after 1 October, during a change-of-command ceremony that Subandrio attended as Inspector General of the Armed Forces. Whereas Subandrio usually arrived at such events in a fancy car from his ministry, this time he arrived in a Bren-carrier manned by heavily armed soldiers, probably Tjakrabirawa Lapis Baja soldiers who usually protected the president's transports. None of the attending commanders shook hands with him. They simply ignored his presence because they saw him as the man behind the G30S. Nasution felt sad for the man. Nasution's statement is remarkable since he had a long history of hating and mistrusting the PKI and Subandrio as treacherous partners in the Indonesian revolution.
Why should we believe statements from an American Rear Admiral and two outspoken Indonesian PKI opponents like General Nasution and General Kemal Idris, all pointing not to the PKI but to a completely different external driving agent? The answer is simple, because as PKI opponents they had no reason to spare that party. Then again, Subandrio was hated like hell in army circles because of his recent advances to the PKI which he saw as the anchor of Indonesia's future, as indicated by a CIA Memorandum of December 1965 (Crouch 1978). It is conceivable that these generals viewed Subandrio as a PKI ally and thus as a man who would deliver Indonesia to the PKI. However, it is equally conceivable that the connection between Untung's team and Subandrio and the authorities was widely known, as Blouin's Memorandum about the Untung-Subandrio-Omar Dani coup indicates, making the three judgments common sense.
Part Three: Professional Blindness And Missing The Mark ~ The Thirtieth September Movement As Seen By The Perpetrators. Between Registered Facts And Authoritative Opinions – Part Three
Professional Blindness And Missing The Mark ~ The Historical Analysis Of Four Major Crises During The First Two Decades Of The Republic Of Indonesia
Professional Blindness And Missing The Mark ~ Sexual Slander And The 1965/66 Mass Killings In Indonesia: Political And Methodological Considerations
Professional Blindness And Missing The Mark ~ The Anthropologist's Blind Spots: Clifford Geertz On Class, Killings And Communists In Indonesia
Professional Blindness And Missing The Mark ~ Papuan Nationalism. Another Blind Spot
Professional Blindness And Missing The Mark ~ Internees From The Republic
Professional Blindness And Missing The Mark ~ Preface
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text:
Starring: Johnny Depp, Eva Green, Michelle Pfeiffer, Bella Heathcote, Jackie Earle Haley, Chloë Grace Moretz, Jonny Lee Miller, Christopher Lee, Alice Cooper, Gulliver McGrath
Directed by: Tim Burton
Dark Shadows should be my new favourite film in the world, ever. My favourite director, favourite actor and favourite singer, all together in the same movie. And yet, despite these perfectly delicious ingredients, the result is somewhat half-baked.
Barnabas Collin (Johnny Depp) is an 18th century English emigrant whose family have made their fortunes in the New World. But when he spurns the love of his servant, Angelique (a magnificently scenery-chewing Eva Green) she kills the love of his life, Josette (Bella Heathcote) and curses him to become a vampire, before imprisoning him in a coffin and burying him undead.
Fast forward 200 years or so and we're into 1972. While the immortal Angelique has flourished, the fortunes of the Collins family have floundered, the dysfunctional remanants of the line rattling around their vast gothic mansion like the Everglots in Corpse Bride. So when workmen accidentally dig Barnabas up, he makes it his goal to restore the family to its former glory. There's only one problem: Angelique.
So far so fun. Except somehow, nothing quite fits together. The delightfully quirky characters of the modern Collins household are introduced with gleeful relish, from pouty teenage daughter Carolyn (Chloë Grace Moretz) to creepy-little-boy-with-the-Shine David (Gulliver McGrath), glamorous matriarch Elizabeth (Michelle Pfeiffer) and her louche brother Roger (Jonny Lee Miller), eccentric odd job man Willie (Jackie Earle Hayley) and alcoholic psychiatrist Dr Julia Hoffman (Helena Bonham Carter). Yet once Barnabas has risen from the grave to dominate proceedings, they barely get a look in.
As usual, Johnny creates a wonderful character in the stiff, pedantic, ruthless figure of the revanant vampire, adrift in a brash modern world he doesn't understand, but it's hard to feel genuine sympathy for someone so pompous and cold, and his romance with governess Victoria (also Bella Heathcote, of course) is uncomfortably unconvincing. Plus he really needs a better writer: there are many lines that raise a smile (and if you've seen the trailer, you've already heard 'em), but nothing that's really laugh out loud funny in what is, after all, a potentially hilarious Austin Powers/Back to the Future style situation.
Of course, fish-out-of-water comedy relies on us recognising the environment in which the fish finds himself floundering, and while many of us may dimly recall the 1970s, Tim Burton's version of the period, despite strategically placed references to macrame, lava lamps, vinyl and Alice Cooper, bears little resemblance to the brown, washed out '70s of memory and lots of resemblance to well, Sleepy Hollow. As for Alice, although obviously it's marvellous to see him up on the big screen, why is he wearing his 1985 stage outfit, singing a song released in 1973? But then again, he hardly remembers the '70s at all...
Watch out, however, for the 'Dwight Frye' moment, which for me was by far the best bit of the whole film, beautifully and chillingly fusing Burton's patented overwrought gothic grand guignol with heartstopping pathos, set to one of Alice's finest songs. Why couldn't the rest of the movie live up to this?
I've never seen the original Dark Shadows show so have no idea how closely Burton's movie follows its story. Either way, it's a shame that such a valiant, stellar cast, ingenious set designers and top notch special effects team should be let down by a flaccid script and self-indulgent, meandering plot that, while springing from a great premise, never really goes anywhere. The ingredients may be perfect (did I forget to mention that Christopher Lee's crashing around in here too?) but the result, while tasty, is ultimately unsatisfying.


A lovely Renaissance setting of the three kings text. An English-language translation of the Latin text Omnes de Saba venient. SSATB with optional keyboard accompaniment.
and praises to the Lord announcing.


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