How do the words, "No deposit required," sound to you? What about "Free Spins" or even "Free credit?" Or even better yet, how does an "Online Casino Bonus" sound right about now? Enjoy the experience of playing at online casinos with no added risk to you. Have a look at our range of exclusive offers which we have made available for you. To be a well-versed player, it is of utmost importance to familiar yourself with all that Online Casinos have to offer.
An online casino bonus is an offer which is given by the online casino. It is often used to provide players with a special promotion, such as free bonus, free welcome bonuses, free spins and other promotional stuff. Online casinos offer various types of bonuses, which come with strict terms and conditions which must be met, before players can cash them out. Sometimes, bonuses can be awarded when a new player registers, such as a welcome bonus. Here we will explain the different types of bonuses on offer. Please note that bonuses are subject to wagering requirements.
All bonuses have a "play through" requirement before you are eligible to cash out any of your winnings. What this means is that you are required to play your deposit plus your bonus (however many your bonus may be) which will vary from casino to casino. When you select a bonus, certain ones may require you to meet specific requirements and players account registration is a must. As soon as you receive your bonus, it is up to you when or whether you would like to use your bonus code. If your bonus code is valid for a longer period of time you may save it and use it later, or anytime up to that point. If you would like to use it immediately, you may.
Online casinos offer both bonuses with and without codes. Most bonuses which do not require codes, do require the player to use a link to register on the Online Casino's website. You will only be able to make use of the online casino's bonuses if you register a player account with the casino and follow all the instructions as well as terms and condition regarding obtaining the bonuses and bonus codes. Always read through the terms and conditions before making use of your bonus, as to know what the promotion is all about.
Online casinos may offer a type of welcome bonus upon sign-up. The No deposit bonus is by far the most prevalent, easiest and yet, the simplest form of bonus which the Online Casinos have to offer. All that will be required is the individual would need to sign up by registering a real player's account at the online casino offering the bonus. The No deposit bonus codes are provided without the need for players to deposit any of their own funds into their player account. Please do note that this No Deposit bonus is in the form of a Non-Cashable Bonus. This means that the bonus amount will be added to the player's account, but will not be able to be withdrawn. As reiterated, with this type of bonus, It is not required that you make a transactional deposit of funds to be able to receive the No deposit bonus. At times the no deposit bonus will be emailed to you, and at other times the no deposit bonus will be credited automatically to your account. You may even be required to fill out an admission form on the online casinos website. It is usually a very simple and standard procedure.
As stated, the online casino bonus, which requires no deposit, is subject to the casino's wagering requirements. Certain casinos may have limitations on this type of bonus. Please make sure to thoroughly read through their specific terms and conditions and ensure that you fully comprehend the rules. There may be limitations on the No deposit bonus, which may include terms such as the maximum withdrawal amount with the No deposit bonus. Some Casinos do not have a maximum set amount capped, however they may require you to make a token deposit prior to the withdrawal of your winnings. Please also take that not of which games are allowed, as some casinos may exclude certain games from certain playthroughs. Make sure that you have followed through with the wagering requirements to be able to successfully withdraw your winnings.
Sometimes online casinos offer their newly registered player free spins for specified (or all) slots, depending on the set term, condition or wagering requirements of a promotional offer. For "Free spins without depositing" bonuses, you will get a certain amount of free spins on a slot machine. The profits that you make are yours to keep, once you have fulfilled the set wagering requirements. Usually, the wagering requirement with no deposit free spins is higher than that with deposit. Make certain to read the general or bonus conditions for the free spin bonus you intend to make use of so there are no unnecessary surprises. A maximum bet applies to most bonuses.
Example: If the maximum bet is £5 you will not be able to unlock a bonus by £10 a spin bet, on the slot. These bets, unfortunately, will not count towards your wager but, to be able to withdraw your winnings you will first need to "free" the winnings by continuing to play (wagering requirements).
More often than not, when the player has received free spins for a specific slot, the player is not always able to view their free spins in their account, players will then need to enter the slot for the free spins, in order for them to be seen. At certain online casinos' winnings, from the No deposit free spins bonus, may come with additional withdrawal requirements. These requirements usually differ from that on the bonus offers. Other casinos have no extra requirements and offer players their winnings freely, which allows winnings to be withdrawn without any deposit being made.
Some online casinos offer free spins bonuses at the time of registration of a new player account. This bonus is usually a welcome bonus and is a one-time offer. Sometimes these Online Casinos' require a deposit to be made into the player account before they will offer you a bonus. The amount required varies from casino to casino. New players will be required to open up and account and make deposits of set amounts.
Not only do most casinos offer regular free spins and bonuses, that are unlocked as you play, some also provide their players with special challenges. With some online casino games you can earn special badges, trophies and unlock achievements – which in turn unlock more free spins, bonuses and of course cash. The more levels the players progress in, the more prizes they can win. For depositing funds, most online casinos accept deposits from Visa, MasterCard etc. There is mostly a minimum amount which needs to be deposited. This amount varies with different Online Casino. Visa and Bank transfers usually take 1 to 3 working days.
Free Spins may also be offered as a reload bonus. A reload bonus is a casino bonus offer made to players who have already made a deposit once before in the casino. Some casinos offer deals, according to the amount of time you make a deposit thereafter.
At times, some online casinos offer additional free spins on deposits made. Players can then receive free spins, other deposits and reload bonuses. This will allow the original bonus to be increased. These offers ensure that players only have to deposit the minimum amount, as there is no set or specified amount which needs to be deposited, and the players will still be eligible to receive additional free spins. See the Bonus terms and conditions, as well as wagering requirements, with regards to free spins after making a deposit bonus as well as the minimum amount required by the casino to be deposited.
Bonuses that are issued through Online Casinos may not be used in conjunction with any other promotions, or offers. Bonuses and promotional offers may only be used once and may not be assigned nor transferred. Wagering Requirements for all bonuses must be met within a certain time frame. This is usually (30) days of your bonus being activated or your bonus and any winnings will fall away unless stated otherwise in the supplemental terms and conditions.
If the wagering requirement for the first initial bonus which has been selected and you have decided to already claim an additional bonus/bonuses, then you will first and foremost be required to complete the wagering requirement for your first initial bonus selected. This must be completed before you begin to accumulate the wagering for and additional or consecutive bonuses. Please take special note, that until your total accumulated balance – which is your allocated funds and your active bonus combined – between your active bonus and your additional pending bonus/bonuses reaches less than a specific amount, you will still be joined into the wagering requirements for any bonus/bonuses which you have already claimed in your account.
Certain bonuses are only available to players who have made a transfer/deposit or have allocated funds for the bonus. If you at any given time do not wish to receive bonuses please contact the online casino. Only one bonus is granted per person, per household, email address, household address, shared computer environment, e-wallet account and credit card number, IP Address, Shared IP Address or Computer/shared computer, unless it is otherwise stated in the offer on promotion. Attempting to deceive management by creating multiple accounts to gain access to additional bonus money is deemed as "bonus abuse" and will result in all associated accounts being deactivated and funds removed. The claiming of bonuses will not be permitted if the players have any pending withdrawals on their player account. There are also different various limits of winnings, which have been made through bonuses or free spins.
Take note of the terms and conditions of each bonus on offer and the total amount of winnings which may be drawn, as well as any possible earning limits. Online casinos may only allow you to win or withdraw a certain amount of your earnings that you have won using your free money (bonuses). The amount is usually £100 or two times the bonus amount. Please investigate thoroughly as to what the amount is that the online casino will allow you to draw. For example, you won £1000 and they will only allow you to withdraw £100 of your winnings. Anything over the amount which you are allowed to withdraw will be removed from the players account. Unless otherwise stated, there may be a request for a minimal deposit amount to qualify for deposit bonuses.
Players from specific countries will not be eligible for claiming any bonuses/no deposit offers, registration bonus, free money offers, referring of friend's bonuses or any other type of offer which could be deemed free.
Some casinos require players to play their free spins before playing with their deposit if they receive their free spins in conjunction with their deposit offer. Please take careful note that once you have accepted a bonus that you have then automatically agreed to its terms and conditions. The funds which have been allocated to the bonus and the bonus itself are subject to their own specific wagering requirements, as well as any additional terms and conditions. Attempts made to withdraw or transfer any funds in your account including transfers to any other products, any cash balances in your account that is not attached to your bonus, prior to the player meeting the full wagering requirements, which have been incorporated into each bonus, will result in the bonus being forfeited as well as any other bonus which is pending in the player's account at any given time, as well as possible winnings which may have generated from these. They will also be forfeited.
A simplified explanation as to what is the meaning when you hear the words "wagering requirements." Wagering requirements or otherwise known as the "playthrough requirements" simply mean, the total amount that you would need to bet in order for you to join your bonus winnings with your grand total, in your main cash balance. As with most bonuses, you will not be eligible to withdraw your bonus, the deposits related to the winnings or even the winning funds until you have fully completed the wagering requirement of that specific bonus.
At times, some casinos may say that you only have to play your bonus a certain amount of times. For example. If you are allocated a £100 bonus and you receive a £100 bonus, then you will be required to wager (£100 + £100) x 20 = £4000. There is a certain number of bets you will be needing to make before you decide to cash out. Another thing of which you will need to take note of before the time will be what are the limitations regarding which games are allowed, and which ones are not. This could mean that even if you have accumulated a specific amount of bets (let's say x amount) on a game – usually a jackpot game – which is excluded, then your overall playthrough will be at zero. You will not be able to withdraw your funds. However, select casinos may allow you to play games, such as Blackjack, with a bonus. Only their playthrough requirements will be higher.
The type of games that you play are counted towards the wagering requirements of bonuses, and the percentage contributed towards the bonus wagering requirements. For instance, if you play £5 on the slots, the £5 will come off of your wagering requirements. If a total added, or a combination, of your bets which you placed on the Roulette game, covers a minimal of 67% of the board, then it will not be counted towards the bonus wagering requirement. Please do take note that any accumulated winnings and bonuses will be removed from the account of any players who are seen to be adopting a low risk betting strategy, in order to clear wagering. Not all bets will be counted towards wagering requirements. This is only unless it is clearly stated otherwise in the terms and conditions.
A High-Roller Bonus is a bonus offered to online casinos players who make frequent large deposits/transfers. These bonuses offer usually suit a high roller better. They may be in the form of a Cashback scheme/incentive. To most high rollers, it is pointless to win thousands if it would take an eternity to withdraw their winnings. High rollers' would be more attracted to a smaller bonus percentage with fairer wagering requirements than a larger percentage bonus with higher wagering requirements. Casinos usually offer: Cash back high-rollers bonuses, Standard high roller casino bonuses and Special high roller bonuses. Not all casinos are geared to these special high rollers bonuses.
If players want to make use of PayPal at online casinos, and utilising PayPal as their desired payment method, they may be offered special bonuses. These are also known as Alternate Payment Bonuses. Theses casinos which take PayPal or wallets etc. will award players with special payment bonuses for using PayPal/eWallet instead of credit or debit cards.
With the use of mobile applications and phones becoming increasingly popular, it is no wonder casinos are offering bonuses for playing online using your cell phone. Players who enjoy playing games on these devices will enjoy making use of these bonuses which are specifically tailored just for them. These bonuses may at times be different from other bonuses offered to players who may be playing from a desktop/laptop online. But even if the bonuses are identical, it still means that players who create their accounts on mobile sites will get the same bonuses offered to other players, so they will not be missing out.
Certain games/slot games offer bonuses when playing specific games at the Online Casinos such as Gonzo's quest, Starburst, etc. Some slots offer free spins which are only allocated to them. See the Online Casino's special offers they have available on games or slots.
This is also known as a Loyalty Bonus. When players are playing at a certain online casino for an amount of time they will be offered bonuses. The more the player deposits and the more games that are played, the more points they can earn which will accumulate. Most casinos' have four tiers, which are: Green, Silver, Gold or Platinum. These Casino's at times offer loyalty bonuses as well as prizes for their players.
Is it possible to receive a no deposit casino bonus without downloading the software of the online casino?
Yes, it is possible, however, you need to register an online player's account. Instant play or download options are available.
Can players receive a no deposit bonus without registering?
Players can unfortunately not receive a No Deposit bonus without registering a player's account.
Is the casino credit, no matter with or without a deposit, received immediately?
This would depend on the amount. Some online casinos have a withdrawal limit, and will only a certain amount of credit withdrawn, which was won using bonuses. Some casinos are offering instant payments – up to 10 minutes – others are subject to term, conditions and timeframes. It would also depend on the payment method, such as PayPal or e-wallets.
Are the casino bonuses, no matter with or without a deposit, available for Roulette and Black Jack?


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Directory of Physics Resources
Home > Society > Philosophy > Philosophy of Science > Physics
This category includes websites on topics such 'Scientific Revolutions' and 'paradigm shifts' as well on the interaction of physical science with the philosophy of the time, such as the postivistic philosophy of Mach and Carnap, and their influence on Quantum Mechanics (QM) and Relativity.
Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
Mind-Body, Consciousness, Quantum Computing
Physics in Popular Culture
Quantum Reality and Locality
Seeds and Escapes
Time and Timelessness
A New Kind of Science by Stephen Wolfram
http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline/
Science from the point of view of complex systems: from the origins of apparent randomness in physical systems, to the development of complexity in biology.
A Simple Theory of Consciousness
http://www.scaruffi.com/science/sweden.html
Essay on evolution and consciousness by Piero Scaruffi.
Chronon Critical Points
http://www.chronon.org/
Scientific applets, articles and book critically examine claims made in popular books
Events in History of Physics
http://history.hyperjeff.net/
Time-lines of thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and symmetry. With links to other time-lines and resources.
Experiment in Physics
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-experiment/
On the uses, value, and epistomelogy of experiment. By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.
Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-idind/
Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Steven French.
Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions
http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/us/kuhn.htm
Crucial chapter from Kuhn's famous book outlining how sciences is forced to go through a paradigm-shift, and see the world in terms of a new theory and new concepts.
MathPages: Physics
http://www.mathpages.com/home/iphysics.htm
Collection of essays, not always orthodox, but always lucid, on historical and important current issues in mathematics and physics.
Philosophical Foundations of Physics by R. Carnap
http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/carnap.htm
Positivist view of Physics, which had influenced the Copenhagen Interpretation of the Quantum mechanics (CI).
Philosophy and Foundations
http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/user/r/e/redingtn/www/netadv/founds.html
A collection of links, from Norman Redington at MIT.
PhilSci Archive - Subject: Physics
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/view/subjects/physics.html
Collection of papers on causality, free will etc
Quantum Quackery
http://www.csicop.org/si/show/quantum_quackery/
Skeptical overview of proposed links between quantum mechanics and consciousness.
Review of "The Emperor's New Mind", by Roger Penrose
http://www.friesian.com/penrose.htm
His exploration is so much more serious philosophically than almost anything that has been done since Einstein and Schrodinger
Science and Philosophy
http://sciphilos.info/
Comprises a high school course that offers source writings for study of the relationship between philosophical and scientific discoveries and personal world-views.
Science, Pseudoscience and Society
http://www.softpanorama.org/Skeptics/index.shtml
Papers by Feynman on paranormal 'sciences', Sokal Affair (use of pseudo-physics in social sciences), critique of Kuhn. Also a collection of links.
Space and Time: Inertial Frames
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-iframes/
On the frames of reference relative to which motion and rest are measured; by Robert DiSalle.
The Bactra Reviews
http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/reviews/
A set of book and article reviews, not limited to physics.
The Mind of God
http://dannyreviews.com/h/The_Mind_of_God.html
A review of Paul Davies' exposition of foundational philosophical issues.
Varieties of Explanatory Autonomy
http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/2823/1/Varieties_of_Explanatory_Autonomy.pdf
Transcript of a talk by Lawrence Sklar discussing areas of physics not directly explicable by fundamental dynamic principles alone.
Wikipedia - EPR Paradox
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_paradox
Measurement performed on one part of a quantum system can have an instantaneous effect on the result of a measurement performed on another part. Entaglment.
Home > Society > Philosophy > Metaphysics > Free Will and Determinism
Home > Science > Physics > History
Home > Science > Math > Applications > Complex Systems

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Melbourne-based photographer David Roberts was born in Forest City, Iowa, and graduated from Iowa State University with an honours degree in philosophy. Having completed an MA at Denver Seminary, Colorado, in 1986 he moved to Canada to spend nine years with the Dene Indians in northeastern Saskatchewan and the Inuit of Povurnituk, Quebec. During this period he developed an interest in photography. In 2000 he moved to Australia. Over the ensuing years, as he took an increasingly contemplative approach to making photographs, his cameras became larger. He now uses large and ultra-large format view cameras ranging from 5 x 7 inches to 20 x 24 inches and comprising a bellows, a tripod and a darkcloth. Though they are cumbersome and challenging to use, Roberts says, such apparatus offer tonality, detail and resolution unmatched by lesser camera formats. His black and white photographs are made using film and traditional darkroom methods. The critic Robert McFarlane has written that 'Roberts behaves impeccably artistically . . . with a vision more from mid-last century than this millennium.' The National Portrait Gallery acquired his portraits of Julian Burnside QC and Prue Acton in 2012 and he was a finalist in the National Photographic Portrait Prize in 2014.


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Rabbanit Channah (; ) was the daughter of R. Meir of Ramerupt, sister of Rashbam, the Rivam, and Rabbenu Tam, and granddaughter of Rashi.

She is known only from the Sefer haAsuppot, attributed to the 13th-century scholar Elijah b. Isaac of Carcassonne, which records that "I heard that Rabbanit Channah, the sister of Rabbi Jacob, would warn the women not to begin the blessing until the second candle was lit, lest the women accept the Sabbath and then continue lighting candles."

References

12th-century French Jews
12th-century French women
12th-century French people
French Ashkenazi Jews
Medieval Jewish women

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Changes to Microsoft Search in SharePoint Online (Updated 01/11/21)
Last month we shared changes we're making to Microsoft Search in SharePoint Online as we continue our journey of bringing Microsoft Search to your favorite Microsoft 365 productivity apps and services. As a result of this announcement, we've seen questions as to whether FQL (FAST Query Language) is being deprecated as a result of these changes. The simple answer is no, FAST Query Language is not being deprecated; however, there are some features of FAST Query Language that are being deprecated:


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VENTURESSTUDIOABOUTTEAMTALENT
Greg Mauro
Founder, Managing Partner
Greg Mauro is the Founder & Managing Partner at Learn Capital and oversees the investing practice of the firm. Greg previously managed an affiliate of Founders Fund and co-founded several venture-backed startups used by millions across the education, wireless, and media sectors. Greg has helped lead Learn investments in companies such as Coursera, Udemy, General Assembly, OnDeck, Ascent, Wave Neuro and MindPortal. Greg is the co-founder of Edmodo, the worlds largest social network for learning with over 100M users. Greg also helped incubate and co-found Higher Ground Education, the worlds largest Montessori operator, where he serves on the board and is the largest investor. Greg has served on the board of NewGlobe — where Learn is also the largest investor — as the company has grown from serving one school to over 8,000, transforming the lives of over 3M students across African and India.
Prior to Learn, Greg was the co-founder of Founders Fund backed SmartDrive, a WSJ Top 50 Startup which was purchased by Vista Equity; Tachyon, a predecessor to SpaceX's Starlink used by GE, the US Dept. of Defense, and Burning Man; and Nextivity, a provider of coverage solutions for over 120 mobile carriers globally. Greg's ventures have collectively raised over $500M in venture capital. Greg started his tenure in education in 2000 as an eight year foundation board member for High Tech High, the 'MIT of charter schools', where he financed their second campus by founding a facilities fund for high performing charter schools. Mauro began his career as a strategy consultant for Monitor Group and is a graduate of UCLA's College of Honors. Greg is the owner of Powder Mountain, the largest ski resort in the United States. Greg's exploits — visiting over 100 countries, surfing on six continents, buying his local ski mountain — have been covered in The New York Times, Financial Times, The Atlantic, Surfer Magazine, and Ski Magazine.
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She's one of the most famous living writers but at one time Elizabeth Gilbert was like any other aspiring author: insecure, full of doubts, fearful – and with a drawer full of rejection letters. On the face of it, Big Magic is a self-help manual for creative types but it's much more than this; it's an honest memoir of the writing life, brimming with wise advice for would-be writers or artists of any kind.
Gilbert draws on her personal experience and that of friends, family and other writers, to give us a glimpse into the life of a full-time writer and the bumpy road to get there. While some of her language hints at the mystical, with frequent references to the universe, much of the advice is sensible, practical and down-to-earth.
According to Gilbert, being a successful writer is not about what school you went to, your contacts, or about noble aspirations and suffering in the attic – it's more about hard work, coping with rejection and being totally committed to the craft. At the same time she knocks many myths about being an artist on the head. You don't have to give up your day job – in fact you shouldn't give up your day job, says Gilbert. And she rejects the age-old depictions of long-suffering artists; you don't have to suffer to be an artist – in fact it's okay to enjoy it!
Gilbert is of course best known for her 2006 international bestselling memoir Eat Pray Love, but it's worth remembering that before EPL, Gilbert had published numerous critically acclaimed books, essays and magazine articles.
The acceptance of her article Pilgrims by the prestigious US magazine Esquire was her first big break and this forms one of the book's most interesting – and inspiring – anecdotes. Before publication Gilbert was asked to slash the piece by a third. She initially baulked and many less pragmatic writers would have been too precious to cut their work – Gilbert did it anyway and the rest is history.
Big Magic is a great read for anyone wanting to pursue a creative life, whether as a writer or painter or landscape gardener, but given her own background the emphasis is on writing. She offers real insight into how we can all free ourselves from the constraints that hold us back – from our fear of rejection and ridicule, to striving for perfection and our obsession with what people think of us.
Big Magic offers genuine and warm advice and is told with humility – Gilbert speaks of the runaway success of Eat Pray Love as if she simply lucked out. If we had to sum up Elizabeth Gilbert's advice in a few words it would be this… Get on with it. So go on then, what are you waiting for?
Elizabeth Gilbert is the acclaimed author of five books of fiction and non-fiction. She is most well known for her 2006 bestseller Eat, Pray, Love, which has sold over ten million copies worldwide and was made into a film starring Julia Roberts. Her short story collection Pilgrims was nominated for the PEN/Hemingway Award, her novel Stern Men was a New York Times Notable Book and The Last American Man was a finalist for the National Book Award. Her most recent work, Committed, was a Number One New York Times bestseller. Elizabeth Gilbert lives in New Jersey.
Books by Elizabeth Gilbert
The Signature of All Things
Elizabeth Gilbert Returns to Oz!
Book of the Week: Big Magic by Elizabeth Gilbert


DEVASTATION: A HUGE stand alone "Barrage Box". A selection of barrages offering spectacular performance & duration for your delight. some contents may vary 10 large Fireworks in total. KINGDOM: 6 (caged ) high performance Rockets – 6 truly elite single rockets, renowned to be the very best on the market, make sure this is the pack you take to the party. HERCULES: 57 sec duration . 107 shots of angled crossest and brocade crowns, to a noisy est finale possible . A must have for any large display . One of our top sellerS. CAGED TIGER UNLEASHED: Brocade crown king with blue stars and blue tail, red peony with red tail, green peony with green tail, blue dahlia with blue tail, red palm with chrysanthemums, sliver blinks with silver tail, green blinks with green tail, red blinks with red tail; green palm with chrysanthemums, red stars with silver blinks with red tail, blue stars with green blinks with green tail, green stars with red blinks with green tail, purple palm with chrysanthemums, titanium golden palm, brocade crown king, wave willow. Volley finale - wave willow with chrysanthemums with blue tail. Duration: 1 minute, 15 seconds approximately. Firework lighting sticks 3 - 4 minutes duration - 5 per pack The "Best of the Best" display pack is ideal for new years eve, weddings and all occasions. Single ignitions, rockets and selection of cakes.


If you're a vintage style lover, discover the retro look of Diadora's Heritage Shoes today. Browse the catalogue and find the best style for you today: you can choose from among dozens of elegant and colourful sneakers.
The range of elegant Heritage sneakers reintroduces historic Diadora sports shoe styles, combining contemporary design with a more exquisitely retro look. All of our vintage sneakers have a distinctive worn-in and sought-after look, achieved by using a special and exclusive stone-washing treatment. In our online shop, you can find elegant low top sneakers as well as high quality "used" effect leather styles inspired by the basketball shoes worn by star players in the 1980s. And then there's the legendary Diadora B.Elite whose timeless, sporty charm has conquered tennis courts the world over. If you want to add a little old-style glamour to your casual outfit, vintage Heritage sneakers add charm and character to simple and practical items. Which one do you like best? Choose your pair of Diadora shoes or complete your outfit by visiting the Menswear and Womenswear sections.


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class Course::Settings::Sidebar
  include ActiveModel::Model
  include ActiveModel::Conversion

  attr_reader :sidebar_items

  # @param [#settings] course_settings The settings object provided by the settings_on_rails gem.
  # @param [Array<Hash>] sidebar_items The sidebar items.
  def initialize(course_settings, sidebar_items)
    @settings = course_settings.settings(:sidebar)
    @sidebar_items = begin
      sidebar_items = sidebar_items.map do |item|
        Course::Settings::SidebarItem.new(@settings, item)
      end
      sidebar_items.sort_by(&:weight)
    end
  end

  # Update settings with the hash attributes
  #
  # @param [Hash] attributes The hash who stores the new settings
  def update(attributes)
    attributes.each { |k, v| send("#{k}=", v) }
    valid?
  end

  # Read order from attributes and change the order of sidebar items.
  #
  # @param [Array<Hash>] attributes the attributes which indicates the new order.
  def sidebar_items_attributes=(attributes)
    attributes.values.each do |attribute|
      key = attribute[:id]
      new_weight = attribute[:weight].to_i
      @settings.settings(key).weight = new_weight
    end
  end

  def persisted? #:nodoc
    true
  end

  def valid? #:nodoc
    sidebar_items.all?(&:valid?)
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


4.1) Tragedy in Nepal: UIAA Federation members to raise funds.
The Mountain Club has received many enquiries about financial assistance to the people of Nepal and has initiated a fund-raising drive for the Nepalese who have suffered enormous losses in the wake of the massive earthquake that occurred on Saturday, 25th April. Jenny Paterson was asked – and agreed – to co-ordinate the initiative.
The Mountain Club of South Africa would like to express its deepest sympathy to the Nepalese government and the people of Nepal in the wake of the disastrous earthquake, which took place on 25 April 2015. Our thoughts remain with the families of those who tragically lost their loved ones in this event, as well as those who continue to suffer in the aftermath of the natural disaster compounded by the earthquake's aftershocks. We pray for them and hope that the survivors and indeed the country as a whole will be able to quickly recover from the shock and the destruction. We also pray for the many rescuers carrying help and relief to those affected by the earthquake, including a contingent of rescuers from South Africa.
Nepal is a country visited by many South African trekkers, climbers and tourists seeking more of a cultural experience. As members of the Mountain Club, Nepal is dear to us, while the people of Nepal have become our friends. This makes the loss of lives and the destruction of cultural heritage sites through this natural disaster so much more difficult for us to bear.
(2) Any current bookings with Mr Gerhard Greef are subject to confirmation with the new owner.
(3) Future access conditions are VERY delicate. The new owner has BIG plans. AT ALL COSTS, PLEEEEEEASE do and say nothing to offend him. PLEASE go out of your way to oblige or to do anything else that is desirable to ensure continued climber access.
(4) It MUST be said that the new owner SEEMS to be very climber friendly, but we dare do NOTHING to jeopardise this potentially good relationship.
(5) There are going to be a lot of changes; new chalets, toilets, showers, generators, electric lights, gas, TV, etc, etc. PLEASE do NOT make any negative comments - just bite your tongue and make any positive suggestions that come to mind.
(6) The new owner is Mr Hein Hamman, 076 7047999. ALL future bookings and payments must be made via him.
(7) As mentioned above, in order to secure future climber access, PLEASE go out of your way to adapt to the new management style WITHOUT complaining about the way things were in the past.
(8) Our future access as climbers is largely due to the way that YOU engage with the new owner - please do your best.
(9) We have had over a dozen years of the most climber-friendly access that we could possibly wish for. Phone calls, or SMS's of appreciation to Mr Gerhard Greef at 082 495 4943 are the very least that we, as climbers, can do. PLEASE call him or send him am SMS of appreciation for the many years that he has given us such easy access to this VERY SPECIAL place.
Colas Coetzee from Ladysmith has asked that we pass the following message to members wishing to visit the MCSA's Swartberg properties and Toverkop.
Access conditions and the parking area are unchanged and remain as before – park under the gum trees near the dam.
Currently the access gate is NOT locked, and the Volschenks will be on the farm over the week end.
However, members are asked to phone the Volschenk family – owners of the farm where members park their car/s - to let them know that they intend leaving their car/s on the farm, before hiking onto the MCSA property, and on up to Toverkop.
Their phone no.s are: Mr le Grange Volschenk (snr) 083 378 1040 or his son, Mr Jan Volschenk 083 500 6851. Either number will do.
Should there be no answer, please leave a voice message with your details and intentions.
Colas has requested that members also let him know of their intention to access the properties, as a back up to calls to the Volschenks.
Colas's ph. no.s are 028 551 1856 or 028 551 1021 – both land lines.
23 May is the date for the 2015 Annual Dinner to be hosted by our youngest Section, South Cape Section, who will be turning 10-years-old.
The 2015 JULY CAMP will be held at HIGHMOOR, a very beautiful part of the Berg. Families are most welcome (we've had an under three year-old and several over eighties, two of whom went to the top!), so age is no barrier. Nor do you have to be a member of MCSA or a recognised hiking or climbing club. Visitors are most welcome. Day walkers are every bit as important, and as welcome as the fittest 5 day trippers! The Camp is earlier than usual to accommodate school holidays. The Committee really looks forward to seeing you at the 2015 July Camp in the build up to our Centenary Camp! Book early!
N.B.There are some mistakes in the brochure!
Alpine Journals for 2007 – 2009/10 and the American Alpine Journals 2009 and 2012 have gone missing! They could have been borrowed and not written down. It may have been before the electronic database was in operation. Has anyone – maybe a Chairman, a Journal Editor - got them and forgotten? EASY TO DO! The MCSA receives reciprocal copies of Journals from such places as Scotland and New Zealand. Members can access valuable information about mountaineering and the climbing world and its personalities.
Writes Marianne Schwankhart (marianne@dragontree.co.za): Miya valley is in the Himalaya, India, just east off the Rotang pass. There are many unclimbed peaks. We're hoping to do some long new rock routes and maybe some existing. We were planning on a 5 week trip, at the end of July that will give use close to 4 weeks in the mountains, but have been advised to go a bit later for better weather so thinking of 20 August to 30 September. We would fly to Delhi; take an overnight bus to Manali and shop. Take a jeep ride to Udaipur, and a 2/3 day walk to BC. I'm in contact with a couple of outfits in India to try and get the best quote but a lot of them aren't reliable with emails so it makes me doubt their logistics reliability. One guy is very good and knows a lot (from research he's also assisted loads of other expeditions) but his prices are rather high for just two of us. The more people who join the expedition the more the expenses are shared.
It is time for the annual Exploration Everest Challenge.
The Challenge: Climb the height of Mt Everest in 24 hours.
Where: LC de Villiers Climbing Wall, Tuks.
Contact Andrew Louw to enter into the MCSA team andrew1louw@gmail.com.
The latest updates for the recently published, full colour, route guide: "Rock Climbing at the White Umfolozi River"
A Chinese railroad expert said a planned line linking China and Tibet may have to pass through Mount Everest. China is considering a plan to extend a railway line to Nepal that may run through Mount Everest, state media reported on Thursday. China has begun preparatory work for the project "at Nepal's request," China Daily reported. But the plan, which officials say could be finished by 2020, may have to run through Mount Everest along the border between the two countries, according to Wang Mengshu, a rail expert at the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
16.7) RELATIVES, GUIDES AND MOUNTAINEERS MARK THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF AN AVALANCHE THAT KILLED 16 SHERPAS ON MOUNT EVEREST.
If a day meet like the Canopy Tour costs R595 and climbing gym monthly membership runs at R385 per month, who can complain about Club membership fees of between R300 and R700 per annum?
As I will be standing down as MCSA President on Saturday 9 May, I referred back to what issues - at the onset of my term in 2013 - I had said should receive attention as part of advancing our main objective of promoting climbing and mountaineering: communication with members; co-operation between Sections; good activity programmes, initiating events such as expeditions, increasing the focus on youth, access and protecting environments; revisit the MCSA organisational structures; continue close international cooperation with the world's alpine and mountaineering clubs, in particular through UIAA membership – quite a mouthful!
With the help of Club members, all aspects are receiving attention - some with more success than others - plus there is also a stronger focus on Outreach. Forwards and upwards is the way to go!
I think we must inter alia decide which functions resort at Section and which at National level and should urgently implement an increase in capacity on a national level in order to actively promote and grow the Club.
My grateful thanks to every single Club member who has assisted in whichever way and who is actively participating or passively supporting our dear Club. May we meet in the mountains!


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Hearing Loss Prevention Goes Mobile
Filed in Safety, Technology	by NAHB Now	on February 13, 2017	• 0 Comments
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), at the 2017 International Builders' Show, announced a new mobile app that measures sound levels in the workplace.
The NIOSH Sound Level Meter app is designed to promote better hearing health and prevention efforts at construction worksites. Using a smartphone's built-in microphone, the app pulls in and displays real-time noise exposure data. Stats shown include instantaneous sound level, equivalent sound level, time-weighted average and noise dose based on NIOSH and Occupational Safety and Health Administration limits. The app also provides basic information about noise and hearing loss prevention.
More details on the science behind how the app works are available on the NIOSH science blog.
Screenshot of the NIOSH Sound Level Meter from the iTunes App Store
NIOSH officials have said that the app could be especially helpful for employers interested in raising awareness among employees about noise hazards on the jobsite and how to better protect their hearing.
The app is free, easy to use and gives users immediate feedback about sound levels and noise exposure where they're working. It also allows users to save and share sound level measurement data with others via social media — which adds an element of fun.
Currently, the app is only available on iOS devices. Download it today from iTunes App Store.
Tags: NIOSH, OSHA, safety
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TOWEL & BLANKY CAKES - Kimkizzies " Fussy Little Things & More..."
This like many of our other fabulous items are no exception to be wowed.We try to give our clients the best of what we have to offer.Here we present to you our Towel & Blanky Cakes.They can be made for anyone and just about any occasion such as Baby Showers, Parties,Weddings, Etc.You think of it... we make it suite.
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This Towel Cake is beautifully wrapped and assembled for presentation as depicted in the picture.
what's on the Towel Cake.
A Personalized theme card is done by us,with full description of what's on the Towel Cake.
This was made for a Toddler Boy - 2+ Birthday Party.
* 1 Large Black Bath Towel.
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Birthday Party - " TANNER "
This Towel Cake is beautifully wrapped and assembled for presentation as depicted in the picture above.
Personalized with Name Initial " L"
This Novelty Towel Cake is beautifully wrapped and assembled for presentation as depicted in the picture.
A Personalized theme card is done by us, with full description of what's on the Towel Cake.
Some of the Items are concealed in the Blanky Cake.


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Now reading: Why Do We Wear Wedding Rings?
Why Do We Wear Wedding Rings?
Something people don't tend to ask themselves until they're getting married - Why do couples wear wedding jewellery? There are plenty of old-wives tales about it symbolising ownership (not dissimilar to an ear tag for livestock!) but when delving a little further into the history of wedding rings you'll soon discover that the meaning behind a wedding band has its own complex and varied history.
Wedding jewellery in ancient Egypt
The rich history of wedding rings dates back millennia, when Egyptian couples exchanged rings braided from natural fibres such as reed. They used circular bands, which had no beginning or end, to depict eternal love and commitment to one another. The 'inside' of the ring symbolises an opening to the future.
Image credit: The British Museum
Over time, woven wedding jewellery wore out, so the practice shifted to more durable rings crafted from bone, ivory or leather. According to wedding etiquette of the time, giving one's partner a more expensive wedding band was a physical, measurable display of how much love was being shown in the partnership.
Pagan marriage traditions for Ancient Rome
When the Ancient Romans also adopted the custom of exchanging rings, they were made from iron, symbolising the strength of the marriage. Today, rings are made from silver or gold.
Image credit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Romans were also responsible for the placement of wedding rings on the left hand, on the fourth finger. This pagan tradition stemmed from the belief that the vena amoris, or vein of love was said to run from the fourth finger to the heart. It is unclear exactly why the left hand was chosen - it may be because caring for your wedding ring is easier when most people are right handed. The soft metal of a wedding ring is less likely to be damaged on the left hand, or if the ring has a delicate setting of diamonds or other stones.
The Betrothed Couple by Lucas van Leyden, image credit: Koniklijk Museum
The matching wedding rings of today are likely to have descended from the 16th Century Catholic practise of wearing gimmel rings, made of two interlocking parts purchased as a set when the couple were engaged. The bride and groom wore one part each, until at the wedding the groom gave the bride his part, symbolising their unity. This may also explain why the bride wears an engagement ring as well as a wedding band, while the groom only wears a ring after the wedding.
In the 21st century, wedding ring trends are followed closely by brides to be. Princess Diana's engagement ring with its sapphire and diamond setting became legendary when her son proposed to Kate Middleton with it, and Meghan Markle and Prince Harry chose simple matching wedding bands for their nuptials in 2018. Nowadays, wedding rings are totally dependent on the bride and groom to be and their preferences.
Let us help you find your perfect band.
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Written by Laurel Williams
Tips for Buying Your Wedding Rings Online
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Reading to the mirror
TORSO / TORSION: AISTHESIS II
Dresden, 1764: Rancière's first aesthetic scene presents Winckelmann's elevation 'above nature' of the headless and limbless Belvedere Torso as the scene within which a new configuration is performed of art and its relations to thought and to notions of social freedom. Rancière reads a lot into, and out of, Winckelmann's elevating description of the Torso. Art history, in its modern form, becomes possible, thinkable, in this elevation; 'Art' invents a new category of creativity distinct from the old separation of the aesthetic and the artisanal; and the Torso's aesthetic redefinition repudiates the key elements of classical conceptions of the aesthetic – namely the harmonious relations of parts and whole, and the expressive relation between 'a visible form and a character' (4).
'Beauty', Rancière declares, is henceforth 'defined by indeterminacy and the absence of expressivity' (6). Lines are drawn here, to be subsequently blurred: it's the 'melting' of the Torso's muscles into each other, 'like waves in the sea' (8), that embodies (literally) its perfection, a perfection emblematised in notions the fixing in sculptural form of flow and movement and metamorphosis. Rancière characterizes this shift of aesthetic-perception as, again, a redefinition of the beautiful: 'The tension of many surfaces on one surface, of many kinds of corporality in one body' (9) – or, the insistent presence of the experience and thought of the many, the multitude, in the illusion (the construction, the valorisation) of the one.
This is Rancière's key point in this opening chapter: the new, post-Winckelmann conception of 'Art' enacts a series of shifts in political consciousness characterized in part by the term 'movements', enabling 'an art of the plural compositions of movements freed by the dissociation of form, function and expression' (9). The notion of the 'scene' (which is distinct from, but haunted by, Baudrillardian or Derridean or Lacanian connotations) comes into play here – it's figured in the 'Prelude' to Aisthesis as the 'little optical machine' (another echo, now of Deleuze) that momentarily captures connections between sensations, perceptions, concepts, names, and the communities of thought they combine to create. The 'scene' offers intellectual and ideological processes in a moment of fixity. If movement (motion, and tendency, and political drift – Rancière's project is, after all, a contemporary politicisation of aesthetics) redefines and 'frees' art, this redefinition occurs most significantly in the consequences for thought of the new perception of the given object – such as a mutilated statue – now invested, within and by the operation of the 'scene' Rancière seeks to sketch out, with the values of the 'work'. The lines of such movements of thought, perception, and intellectual apprehension delineate, and, like 'nature's sinuous lines that were opposed to the right angles imposed by the minds of artists and princes' (9), insinuate their ways into, Rancière's argument. They mark points of torsion and distortion – like the distortional relation, with all its political implications, between 'opposition' and 'imposition' – around which he develops his elaborate and sinuous critical history of concepts.
Tagged as Aisthesis, Rancière
AISTHESIS I
Jacques Rancière's Aisthesis: Scenes from the Aesthetic Regime of Art (Verso, 2013; translated by Zakir Paul) presents fourteen scenes through which to map new configurations of the history of modernism, understood as the variety of cultural responses to the various experiences of modernity.
Locating these responses idiosyncratically (no mention here, for example, of hitherto paradigmatic modernist artifacts like Manet's Olympia, except to note in the 'Prelude' their absence), Rancière aims to reinvigorate conceptions of modernism. We might initially query quantity and selection here, as, for example, Barthes was critiqued for selecting five codes to examine in S/Z: why fourteen, and why these fourteen? But Ranciere is more concerned with 'a number of overlapping points and elaborations' (xiii) between his fourteen scenes, without any encyclopedic or teleological object.
Each scene offers, and all combine to effect, he argues, 'a moving constellation in which modes of perception and affect, and forms of interpretation defining a paradigm of art, take shape' (xi). These are the recurrent and central terms of Rancière's argument: movement (pace Baudelaire and Simmel – who is later cited by Rancière in discussing 'ornamentalization of style' [149]), constellatory combinations and their reflective and refractive effects, and the intersections of perception, emotional affect, and interpretive strategies working together to construct the possibility of modernity's notions of 'art' and the discursive, ideological, and institutional spaces in which they can be discerned.
A key focus is on metamorphosis – both 'the multiple metamorphoses of the ancient that the modern feeds upon' (xiv) and the metamorphic 'fragmentation of gestures' (xiv) Rancière traces in Vertov and elsewhere – but not, interestingly, in the grotesque corps morceles caused by the First Word War, as traced with horrific honesty in the writings of Sassoon, for example, or, more pertinently, as we'll see, in lines like Pound's 'There died a myriad' for 'two gross of broken statues'. Sassoon, Pound, and, indeed, the War, are all absent from Aisthesis.
The selection and number of scenes work to develop Rancière's wider theses (his Aisthesis-theses, one might say) about art and aesthetics: that the plurality of arts is (wrongly) subsumed in modernity to a singular or generalising conception of '(great) art' – 'there is', he insists in 2009's Aesthetics and its Discontents, 'no such thing as art in general' (6); and that aesthetics functions to frame the thinking of how art is understood, constructed, and identified – what he calls (also in Aesthetics and its Discontents) 'the name of a specific regime for the identification of art' (8).
Rancière's first scene of the experience of modernity is the Belvedere Torso (which might be one of Pound's 'broken statues'). More specifically, Rancière examines Winckelmann's 1764 evaluation of the Torso. 1764 is also the year of publication of Kant's early Romantic analysis of the aesthetic in Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen, and of Walpole's inauguration of a new Gothic aesthetic in The Castle of Otranto. A key year, then, in the development of Western theories of aesthetics of feeling and experience.
Unliving
A bit later in The Rainbow, Tom and Lydia are about to be married. Their relationship in these last pre-marital days is unsurprisingly presented by Lawrence as one of elemental struggle – between male and female 'principles', of course, but also as an intense wrestling of words (as the text struggles to express its meaning), and between the conditions of living and'unliving' (p. 55). An odd word: not 'dead', but perhaps working in relation to 'living' (and to 'the blue, steady, livingness' of Tom's eyes, p. 54) as 'undead' does to 'dead'.
It's one of several 'un-' words in this section of the novel: Lydia has 'lapsed into the old unconsciousness, indifference', while Tom is 'held back by 'uncouth fear'. She (in a typical Lawrence image) 'was as new as a flower that unsheathes itself', and is, later, 'unfolded, ready to receive him'. He, held back by 'honour' (the Penguin edition Americanises this to 'honor'), fails to respond, and, Lawrence writes, 'went about unliving'. The ambiguity here is telling; he goes about in the condition of 'unlivingness', and he sets about the process of 'unliving', of undoing his life. Condition and process collide; Tom lost his 'understanding' and becomes 'Inarticulate' in a 'wordless passion'; mirroring him, she 'did not understand' her foreignness to him. These intricate negations bind Tom to Lydia and to a conception of human intimacy that Lawrence presents as constrictive: 'he was tied up as with cords, and could not move to her', he writes, and, at the wedding, 'The suspense only tightened at his heart. The jesting and joviality and jolly, broad insinuation of the guests only coiled him more. […] He could not get free' (pp. 54-5).
'Insinuation' again: the creeping / thrown experience of intrusion and invasion. The 'un-'s and 'in-'s of unconsciousness and intimacy are veiled figures of the creeping movement of insinuation. Marianna Torgovnick writes, in 1980, of another kind of 'insinuation' in discussing pictorial imagery in Lawrence's Women in Love:
'Insinuation' refers to conscious or unconscious dwelling upon an art object or pictorial image over a period of time, with a gradual clarification of meaning. Art objects and pictorial images insinuate themselves into the minds of characters in the novel and into the consciousness of the reader as well. Examples of such objects or images in Women in Love include the African statues in Halliday's flat, Lawrence's descriptions of women's clothing, and certain moments in the text, such as Gudrun and Ursula's sketching trip to Willey Water. One can usefully appropriate Lawrence's own words to define the process: insinuation is the life of 'the image as it lives in the consciousness, alive like a bird, but unknown'. At the moment when the visual image becomes 'known', its meaning crystallizes and is rendered in words. We know that insinuation has occurred when the process is essentially over. In its essence, then, insinuation is a form of visual memory or visual contemplation; as such, the process of insinuation proper is absent from the novel. Insinuation enters the novel directly only as the visual yields to the verbal, though its presence may be assumed for much of the novel.
('Pictorial Elements in Women in Love: The Uses of Insinuation and Visual Rhyme', Marianna Torgovnick, Contemporary Literature, Vol. 21, No. 3, (Summer, 1980), pp. 420-434: pp. 421-2)
'Insinuation', in The Rainbow, seems an altogether different process to this elaboration of what I think is effectively an intense kind of 'contemplation'. Lydia and Tom repeatedly experience insinuation as a 'joining-together', a commingling – to be either desired or resisted in a kind of rhythmic pulsing cycle as the narrative progresses – that exploits the word's etymological links to related terms like 'sinuous', and even to homophonic and semantically suggestive but unconnected words like 'sinister'. There is, after all, something faintly sinister about the 'jolly insinuations' of the wedding guests: a lewd implication, something implicitly debasing (like the simplistic alliteration and disordered incremento of 'jesting / joviality / jolly') of the spiritual and physical intensities Tom and Lydia experience, whether 'unliving' or in their full 'livingness'.
Lawrence's insinuations
Re-reading Lawrence's The Rainbow, I'm struck by the complexity of his prose movements between the historical and natural worlds, and between those crucial Lawrentian coordinates, the external perceptions and internal emotions of his characters. A passage early in the novel – where Tom Brangwen has proposed marriage to Lydia Lensky – exemplifies something of what strikes me:
'Yes I want to,' she said, impersonally, looking at him with wide, candid, newly-opened eyes, opened now with supreme truth. He went very white as he stood, and did not move, only his eyes were held by hers, and he suffered. She seemed to see him with her newly-opened, wide eyes, almost of a child, and with a strange movement, that was agony to him, she reached slowly forward her dark face and her breast to him, with a slow insinuation of a kiss that made something break in his brain, and it was darkness over him for a few moments.
He had her in his arms, and, obliterated, was kissing her. And it was sheer, blenched agony to him, to break away from himself. She was there so small and light and accepting in his arms, like a child, and yet with such an insinuation of embrace, of infinite embrace, that he could not bear it, he could not stand.
(DH Lawrence, The Rainbow, London: Penguin 2000, p. 44)
He is proposing to her; she is, with some momentary confusion, accepting. Lawrence constructs the process and the experience mainly from Tom's perspective, offering us Lydia's acceptance as a kind of 'insinuation' into Tom's life-space. The word 'insinuation' is one of many repetitions in this oddly circular passage, working, along with echoing words and phrases like 'newly-opened', 'kiss' / 'kissing', 'agony to him', 'slow' / 'slowly', 'dark' / 'darkened', 'like a child' / 'of a child', 'embrace', to develop and intensify the emotional closeness – even claustrophobia – of the moment, its physical intimacy.
What does Lawrence mean by 'insinuation'? The online etymological dictionary gives us some clues:
insinuate (v.)
1520s, from Latin insinuatus, past participle of insinuare "to throw in, push in, make a way; creep in, intrude, bring in by windings and curvings, wind one's way into," from in- "in" + sinuare "to wind, bend, curve," from sinus "a curve, winding." Sense of "to introduce tortuously or indirectly" is from 1640s. Related: Insinuated; insinuating; insinuatingly.
Through such windings and curvings – themselves seemingly active and passive, thrown (geworfen?) and creeping, Lawrence's prose insinuates itself into the reader's consciousness. Through its exaggerated, rhythmic emphasis on repetition and near-repetition, it enacts something of the intensity of the experience it describes. Lydia is rendered simultaneously passive – an object of Tom's desire, almost literally thrown by his proposal – and, from his perspective, strangely active, an agent working her entry into his life, creeping into his physical world which is also the world of The Rainbow. This world has, from the very first words of the novel, been altogether Tom's in terms of inheritance, possession, territory – but it's also been one structured and destructured by other insinuations, natural ones like the action of the river that 'twisted sluggishly' (p. 9) in the book's first sentence, and historical ones like the 'invasion' of canal and collieries (p. 13) that marks the arrival of modernity to Marsh Farm.
Lawrence's prose insinuates as it insists – it bends and curves, reflexively folding back on itself, repeating and reiterating, folding into itself the movements of selves, worlds, contexts, and natural forces, performing repeatedly and insistently through its oddly flexible syntax the actions and emotions it seeks to represent.
Frederik Pohl, 1919-2013.
Frederik Pohl died yesterday, aged 93. In a 1980 interview he said: "I like to talk to people and get them to change their views when I think their views are wrong. Why else would anyone write a book?"
Here's an extract from his 1951 collaborative novel with C M Kornbluth, The Space Merchants, a fantastic satire on American consumerism:
He explained how the government – it's odd how we still think and talk of that clearinghouse for pressures as though it were an entity with a will of its own – how the government wanted Venus to be an American planet and how they had selected the peculiarly American talent of advertising to make it possible. As he spoke we all caught some of his fire. I envied the man who would head the Venus Section; any one of us would have been proud to take the job.
He spoke of trouble with the Senator from Du Pont Chemicals with his forty-five votes, and of an easy triumph over the Senator from Nash-Kelvinator with his six. He spoke proudly of a faked Consie demonstration against Fowler Schocken, which had lined up the fanatically anti-Consie Secretary of the Interior. Visual Aids had done a beautiful job of briefing the information, but we were there nearly an hour looking at the charts and listening to Fowler's achievements and plans.
But finally he clicked off the projector and said: "There you have it. That's our new campaign. And it starts right away – now. I have only one more announcement to make and then we can all get to work."
Fowler Schocken is a good showman.
Tagged as consumerism, Frederik Pohl, science fiction
Nietzsche: Daybreak – Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality
Above all let us say it slowly . . . This preface is late but not too late – what, after all, do five or six years matter? A book like this, a problem like this, is in no hurry; we both, I just as much as my book, are friends of lento. It is not for nothing that I have been a philologist, perhaps I am a philologist still, that is to say, a teacher of slow reading: in the end I also write slowly. Nowadays it is not only my habit, it is also to my taste – a malicious taste, perhaps? – no longer to write anything which does not reduce to despair every sort of man who is 'in a hurry'. For philology is that venerable art which demands of its votaries one thing above all: to go aside, to take time, to become still, to become slow; it is a goldsmith's art and connoisseurship of the word which has nothing but delicate, cautious work to do and achieves nothing if it does not achieve it lento. But for precisely this reason it is more necessary than ever today, by precisely this means does it entice and enchant us the most, in the midst of an age of 'work', that is to say, of hurry, of indecent and perspiring haste, which wants to 'get everything done' at once, including every old or new book: this art does not so easily get anything done, it teaches to read well, that is to say, to read slowly, deeply, looking cautiously before and aft, with reservations, with doors left open, with delicate eyes and fingers . . . My patient friends, this book desires for itself only perfect readers and philologists: learn to read me well!
(1881, translation by R.J. Hollingdale, Cambridge University Press, 1982, p.5.)
Tagged as Reading slowly, Slow reading
J G Ballard: Autopsies of the New Millennium, MACBA. A review from 2009
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ART VOLUME I
Reading to the mirror · Readings and re-readings. 'To no end gathered: vainly then released, forth flowing, wending back: loom of the moon.'
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Original Fiction and Illustrations - Literary Criticism with Cojones - Edinburgh in the Twenty-First Century.


I have lived my whole life as an entrepreneur. It has never been easy to Integrate business into family life and do my best to ensure that there was a father or husband at home.
For those who live that life today, my hat's off to you, it is not easy. The same could, of course, be said of a busy career or job. The last thing I wanted was to be so invested in my businesses that I would end up with pictures of multiple former wives on my desk.
After 40 years of running my own businesses, you would perhaps assume I had figured it all out. The truth is likely the opposite and I find myself with lots to learn still.
A little over a week ago, we experienced a close family death. We are still dealing with various arrangements and legalities and I have been travelling.
In business, I like to make a decision and move on. I am not the type of person to dwell on the facts after absorbing and analyzing them. I would rather analyze, decide and execute and then move on.
It is the rare EQ balance to IQ that is ever present at the business table, yet in a family, perhaps more time needs to be spent asking that question.
My wife has been incredibly strong through this recent family loss. It is easy for me to look at her as a business partner and assume she has just "analyzed, decided and executed" and, to a certain extent, she has.
The truth was, I found out that she was feeling sad and perhaps a little lonely. I felt guilty for not spending more time on the phone chatting about how she felt as opposed to simply making decisions about an order of service or a power point slide show.
Grief takes time and it affects all of us differently and, frankly, many of us in business have a habit of quickly walking through a period of grief as if we have "dealt with it." In fact, it can come back and surprise us that we have emotions and feelings we may not have resolved.
I look forward to getting home in a few days to give my wife a hug and simply ease the burden a little more than I can when I am away.
Living as a family and raising children is not a simple decision, it is a complex responsibility that demands much more of us than we may be used to giving as business leaders, managers or employees.
I just need to remember to change hats a little more often and be careful about what role I am in.
Having just landed in the U.K. after a trans Atlantic flight, I was in no mood for the shenanigans that were about to unfold.
I had booked a rental car through Expedia using a company called Advantage Rental Car. The info I had was that the agency was in the airport with a 24-hour desk. This is important because I would prefer not to drive 10 kilometres to get to the agency frankly.
To make matters worse, my bag had not arrived and so a painstakingly slow process of filing the claim for the bag had already put me an hour behind schedule.
I follow the signs to the rental car area, which, it turns out, was a very long walk from the terminal.
No company called Advantage was in the lot, just the usual premium brands. Gnashing my teeth, I walked back to the airport to check and make sure I had not walked past a desk or booth. On verifying that I had not lost my mind I called my Expedia help line.
The process with Expedia continued to include lengthy hold times and so I hung up knowing they would call me back with info and decided to get an Uber and go to the Advantage address shown on my Google maps.
I booked an Uber for the princely sum of £9 and walked back to the rental car area again which was the Uber pick up point.
My driver showed up and I jumped in the back making sure I was as cheery as possible, there was no reason to give him a bad day. He confirmed we were going to Advantage Rental Cars. I said yes.
He then drove 50 metres and advised me we were there.
I argued that the address I put in was still showing it was 10 km away. He was unable to explain why but insisted I was there.
I had already had enough so I said thanks and I would try and figure it out.
It was at that time that Expedia called me back and said they had spoken to Advantage, who put them on to National who said they could not find my booking. They politely offered me $25 for my troubles and left me to figure it out with National.
No, I did not get any refund or discount from Uber, which means that my trip cost the equivalent of $320 per kilometre.
I hope the driver enjoyed a coffee on me.
It has always fascinated me that networking events revolve around various business owners or sales people walking around a room full of people and often blindly presenting you with a business card asking if you would like to buy their widget.
If instead we were to walk up to someone and ask "is there anything I may be able to help with to improve your business" I think the concept of networking would be turned on it's head.
Last week, I was a featured speaker at the Economic Forum of the Americas in Miami. I spoke to the organizers after and complimented them on a well-run event and the quality of the speakers who never once made a sales pitch from stage.
In fact, almost everyone I met asked me how they could help me in my endeavours.
Travelling home through the U.S. it is hard not to read the headlines. I was thinking about Donald "Teflon" Trump and wondering if the age-old approach of demanding people do things "for him" rather than asking what he could do to assist them is working?
In fact, if immigrants are crashing the U.S. border from Guatemala and Honduras, perhaps we need to put ourselves in their shoes for a minute.
They have seen a lifestyle that they would like to have the freedom to attain.
So instead of closing borders, imposing sanctions and cutting back on help (which actually exacerbates the problem) could we not ask what we can do to help the countries achieve the level of freedom they aspire to?
We have a brain pool of entrepreneurs, academics and experts who are used to building something from nothing.
If we applied our energy and resources to showing others how to build an economy rather than working to tear it down and control it, might we have different results?
It is spring again (thank goodness) and as traffic starts to flow a little more confidently and smoothly, we see all the signs of poor driving habits magnified because the speeds on the roads have increased slightly.
I just helped teach a safe winter driving course a few weeks ago and while we teach some advanced driving techniques during the course, we have left the basics up to somebody else. But perhaps the basics are not being covered very well.
I always talk about the things that can make everyone's life on the road a little easier and safer the night before we do the practical aspect.
When we ask who in the room thinks they are a skilled driver, many people will suggest they are. When you ask why, the only answer is they have driven for many years.
As in many instances we can in fact learn bad habits repetitively. Drivers if they are lucky experience no penalty. If you are a chef with bad habits and produce bad food you run out of jobs. with driving we just continue o drive badly.
The left lane is for overtaking. (That was a period. No more to say) You shoulder check for a space to move into and if available you indicate your intentions and change lanes. Once your overtaking manoeuvre is complete you reverse the process.
If it is safe to enter a four-way stop after coming to a complete stop and it is also safe to exit on your chosen lane, then you should proceed to do so. A four-way stop does not mean that if you see traffic 500 metres away proceeding to the stop, then you should stop until everybody is stopped knowing you are first to go. Just flippin' go.
On a filter, we can proceed; it is always wise to check if it is safe as you proceed. However when the filter is off and you still have a green light, you proceed into the intersection and prepare to turn left. You do not sit at the line by the light ensuring that in heavy traffic, you are the only person to get across the signal. If it is safe to enter the intersection, you should proceed to do so.
This happens all the time and also when you actually try and overtake somebody. You may have a car in front of you that is going slower than the limit and the safe speed for the road in the conditions.
Yet as soon as you attempt to overtake they speed up. This is downright stupid and dangerous.
The same is true for overtaking lanes. In the mountains, they are few and far between, yet you can follow somebody 20 km/h under the safe driving limit for 30 minutes and as soon as they get two lanes in the same environment and conditions, they accelerate to 20 km/h over the limit. Then — you guessed it — they slow down as it goes back to a single lane. Don't do that.
The first thing to remember is that they are designed to move traffic more efficiently and smoothly without necessarily coming to a stop.
There are two major problems in Canada. We have mini-roundabouts here compared to much of Europe where they are larger and multi-lanes, which makes the use of indicators very important because you are changing lanes on the roundabout.
We also have a habit of stupidly giving a priority to pedestrians close to the exit of roundabouts, negating the benefit completely and creating an extremely dangerous situation similar to letting pedestrians cross when you are turning right at traffic lights.
Perhaps we have compromised and confusing roundabouts to start with. In essence, you simply yield to get on. If there is a suitable gap in the traffic or no traffic, you are able to drive in to the roundabout. If you are taking the first exit, you might indicate right as a courtesy.
If you are going straight ahead on our "mini-roundabouts," you are probably best not to use indicators, but if you are taking the third exit (a left turn at a four-way stop) it is courteous to indicate left past the first two exits and then change to a right indication to let everyone know you are leaving the roundabout.
If you think it should be done any other way, please avoid renting a car in Europe, it could end up being a negative experience.


In the latest update, he Connecticut Medical Examiner's office is saying that "chop wounds to the head" is the cause of death for a Sherman man.
Thomas Conley and his husband, James Maharg, lived together in Sherman and were both well-known designers in the Manhattan fashion industry. After a 911 call, police raced to the couple's home in Sherman to find Conley deceased. As previously reported, Maharg has been arrested on murder charges and tampering with evidence.
I am not going to diagnose them, but this is certainly something that many people in the town recognized. I don't think there's anything wrong with putting a lot of the cause on alcohol for that reason, but it's true.
When asked, many Sherman residents said the couple were very nice and friendly to everyone, and loved and cared about their community. One shop owner said that over the last few months, he would see them often during the week and noticed something just wasn't right between the two of them. They didn't seem as outgoing and happy as they usually were. The Western District Crime Squad will continue to investigate the death of Sherman resident Thomas Conley.


text:
Q: Foreign keys problems in SQL table while entering data with C# Windows Forms I have created these tables in SQL Server:
Subject

*

*SubjectID (PK)

*SubjectName

*Mark

Class

*

*ClassNo (PK)

*HomeRoomTeacher (FK)

*StudentID (FK)

Subject_Class

*

*SubjectID (PK)

*ClassNo (PK)

Teacher

*

*TeacherID (PK)

*TeacherName

*ClassNo (only the HomeRoomTeacher has the assigned class)

Student

*

*StudentID (PK)

*StudentName

*ClassNo (FK)

I want to input the following data to the corresponding tables.

*

*Subjects: English, Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Geography, History & Science

*Class   : 5A,5B,5C,6A,6B,6C,7A,7B,7C,8A,8B,8C,....

*Student : John, Mary, Kaito,........

*Teacher : Mark, Jane, Rosy,......

Then I tried to input data using C# form. But the exception dialogbox says conflicts with the foreign key constraint. All the tables are linked each other.
How can I solve this problem?
Is there a table that I should input data first?
P.S: I am looking for some courses or information that I can learn how to build applications using C# with a SQL Server databases and what to do if there is any conflicts because of foreign keys and composite keys in SQL Server while inserting information using C# Windows Forms.
I am doing my first project after learning a few basic of C# and SQL Server and I found some problems that I cannot find the solutions. Because all courses that I have learnt so far has taught about how to manipulate data and how important relationship between tables and using foreign keys and composite keys. But none of them has shown me how to apply them in the real projects and real applications.
Thanks in advance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Alexandra Béni · 10/07/2018
· Politics
Foreign minister: A strong Visegrád voice is also in the EU's interests
budget Central Europe education European Union tax/VAT Visegrád Four
"#Central #Europe has become the engine of #EU growth and this #region is the safest in the European Union"
"The appearance of a 'strong Visegrád voice' in the debate on the future of Europe is also in the interests of the EU", Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Péter Szijjártó said.
At the official opening of the Századvég Summer University, the Minister stressed: "We must make our voice heard in the debate on the future of Europe, particularly in the interests of making the EU competitive within the global economy, restoring the security of the European people, preserving our Christian culture and European identity, engaging in a fair and open debate on the next seven-year budget, protecting European democracy and enabling the enlargement of the European Union".
With relation to competitiveness, Mr. Szijjártó said plans to introduce tax harmonisation in the European Union are unacceptable.
On the subject of security, he stressed that the shift in the position of Western Europe must also appear in the form of action. Concerning European democracy, the Minister spoke about the fact that attempting to rapidly close the debate on important issues prior to the European Parliament elections is an anti-democratic approach.
"The EU is facing historic challenges of a fundamentally security nature", the Foreign Minister said. "At the same time, values that were previous regarded as unshakeable are currently under attack in Europe, values that used to represent the foundations of the European social and economic system", he explained.
Mr. Szijjártó said that in his opinion an extremely lively debate has developed on the future of Europe, and although the existence of the debate itself is not bad news, the fact that the debate came almost immediately to rest on emotional foundations and everyone who does not speak according to the expectations of the European mainstream is stigmatised is bad news.
"This calls into question whether the debate can in fact have a rational conclusion", he added.
The Minister declared that the V4 has represented the voice of common sense throughout this debate and will continue to do so in future and make their voice heard firmly in the debate.
Central Europe has become the engine of EU growth and this region is the safest in the European Union, "but we were not always courageous enough to declare this in recent years", he noted.
In the Minister's opinion "the figures and results are on our side" and the countries of the V4 have proven on numerous occasions that their sometimes controversial policies serve the interests of the people who live here and all Europeans.
In his speech, President of the Századvég Foundation Zsolt Barthel-Rúzsa stressed that the countries of the Visegrád Group can be proud of the fact that they have a past, because this means there are stable foundations on which to continue building cooperation.
As he explained, the V4 community is made strong by an approach that concentrates on what binds it together instead of what separates them. "Even more important, however, is the fact that our governments care about what people think with relation to the future, politics and Europe, and they act accordingly", he stated.
Speaking earlier on Hungarian M1 television, Mr. Barthel-Rúzsa said that cooperation between the four countries of the Visegrád Group is the topic of the Foundation's summer university, which begins on Monday, and the participants will have the opportunity to attend lectures on the role of the V4, migration and the future of Europe, and also about how the Czech republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia will be able to realise even closer cooperation in future.
Featured image: MTI
Source: www.kormany.hu/en
Alexandra Béni


The quotes are intentional. I was asked to give the opening talk at the CREATe 'All Hands' conference in Glasgow last week, which took place in the House for An Art Lover.
CREATe is the RCUK Centre for Copyright and New Business Models in the Creative Economy, based at the University of Glasgow. It is funded jointly by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). CREATe investigates the future of creative production in the digital age, and in particular the role of copyright.
This is the paper I wrote and formed the basis for what I said, mostly. I'll post audio and the slides soon – I've left the placeholders in to show me where they go.
Fringeweb – where it began.
One morning in August 1994 I woke up in a large, airy flat somewhere in Edinburgh. Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were making breakfast, Stewart Lee and Richard Herring were getting ready for another day of performing, and Danny O'Brien was almost certainly wrestling with his dialup connection so he could read email. At least, I'm pretty certain the others were there. You'll have to check with Mr O'Brien. It was, as they say, a long time ago, as this contemporaneous article from the Independent makes abundantly clear..
I'd been crashed on the sofa after a night that had started with a performance of Danny's genre-busting show 'Caught in the Net' in the upstairs room at the Pleasance and had ended with drinks. I was there because I had bankrolled the show, and wanted to see what I'd spent good money on.
According to the recent report on Operation Alice, the Met's investigation into 'plebgate', the rather unfortunate 'incident in Downing Street involving the Rt. Hon Andrew Mitchell MP and police officers from the Metropolitan Police Service Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG)', a significant element of the evidence against some of the officers involved came from Sun journalist Tom Newton Dunn.
Tom didn't betray his sources – his phone did.
As part of the investigation 'the telecommunications data in respect of Tom Newton Dunn was applied for and evidenced' (para 5.120 of the Operation Alice report, PDF here thanks to Jack of Kent).
And that is why journalism isn't really possible any more.
I was reminded of it by Emily Bell's excellent piece in Sunday's Guardserver (what else can we call it on Sundays when the masthead says 'Observer' and the URL says 'guardian'?).
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp and what's next are and will continue to be making editorial decisions on our behalf.


text:
OSA Publishing > Biomedical Optics Express > Volume 1 > Issue 1 > Page 209
Christoph Hitzenberger, Editor-in-Chief
Corrections to linear methods for diffuse optical tomography using approximation error modelling
Tanja Tarvainen, Ville Kolehmainen, Jari P. Kaipio, and Simon R. Arridge
Tanja Tarvainen,1,2 Ville Kolehmainen,1 Jari P. Kaipio,1,3 and Simon R. Arridge2
1Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
2Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
3Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New ZealandTanja.Tarvainen@uef.fi
T Tarvainen
V Kolehmainen
J Kaipio
S Arridge
Vol. 1,
•https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.1.000209
Tanja Tarvainen, Ville Kolehmainen, Jari P. Kaipio, and Simon R. Arridge, "Corrections to linear methods for diffuse optical tomography using approximation error modelling," Biomed. Opt. Express 1, 209-222 (2010)
Image Reconstruction and Inverse Problems
Diffuse optical tomography
Diffuse photon density waves
Inverse scattering
Optical computed tomography
Scattering theory
Inverse problems (100.3190)
Image reconstruction techniques (170.3010)
Tomography (170.6960)
Turbid media (290.7050)
Original Manuscript: June 7, 2010
Revised Manuscript: July 9, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: July 9, 2010
Biomedical Optics Express Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy (2010)
Equations (40)
Linear reconstruction methods in diffuse optical tomography have been found to produce reasonable good images in cases in which the variation in optical properties within the medium is relatively small and a reference measurement with known background optical properties is available. In this paper we examine the correction of errors when using a first order Born approximation with an infinite space Green's function model as the basis for linear reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography, when real data is generated on a finite domain with possibly unknown background optical properties. We consider the relationship between conventional reference measurement correction and approximation error modelling in reconstruction. It is shown that, using the approximation error modelling, linear reconstruction method can be used to produce good quality images also in situations in which the background optical properties are not known and a reference is not available.
Approximation errors and model reduction in three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography
Ville Kolehmainen, Martin Schweiger, Ilkka Nissilä, Tanja Tarvainen, Simon R. Arridge, and Jari P. Kaipio
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 26(10) 2257-2268 (2009)
Compensation of optode sensitivity and position errors in diffuse optical tomography using the approximation error approach
Meghdoot Mozumder, Tanja Tarvainen, Simon R. Arridge, Jari Kaipio, and Ville Kolehmainen
Biomed. Opt. Express 4(10) 2015-2031 (2013)
Compensation of modeling errors due to unknown domain boundary in diffuse optical tomography
Meghdoot Mozumder, Tanja Tarvainen, Jari P. Kaipio, Simon R. Arridge, and Ville Kolehmainen
J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 31(8) 1847-1855 (2014)
Image reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography based on simplified spherical harmonics approximation
Michael Chu and Hamid Dehghani
A fundamental limitation of linearized algorithms for diffuse optical tomography
D. A. Boas
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Arridge, S. R.
Arridge, S.R.
Bal, G.
Boas, D. A.
Chance, B.
Cope, M.
Delpy, D. T.
Finsterle, S.
Gibson, A.
Hebden, J.C.
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Hielscher, A. H.
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Kaipio, J.P
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Kolehmainen, V.
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Lee, K.
Lehikoinen, A.
Markel, V.
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Nissilä, I.
Nissinen, A.
Ntziachristos, V.
O'Leary, M. A.
Panasyuk, G. Y.
Polydorides, N.
Pulkkinen, A.
Ripoll, J.
Schotland, J. C.
Schotland, J.C.
Schweiger, M.
Somersalo, E.
Tarvainen, T.
Vauhkonen, M.
Voutilainen, A.
Yodh, A. G.
Applied Numerical Mathematics (1)
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Inverse Problems and Imaging (2)
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Phys. Rev. E (1)
Fig. 1. Simulation domain with two inclusions. Locations of sources and detectors are marked with black dots.
Fig. 2. Horizontal slices at the heights z = 59mm (two columns from the left) and z = 50mm (two columns from the right) from 3D reconstructions of absorption (left) and scattering (right) distributions with known background. The images from top to bottom are: target distribution (top row), and reconstructions using RM (second row), EM-1 (third row) and EM-2 (fourth row).
Fig. 3. Vertical slices at the depths x = 21mm (two columns from the left) and x = 45mm (two columns from the right) from 3D reconstructions of absorption (left) and scattering (right) distributions with known background. The images from top to bottom are: target distribution (top row), and reconstructions using RM (second row), EM-1 (third row), and EM-2 (fourth row).
Fig. 4. Horizontal slices at the heights z = 59mm (two columns from the left) and z = 50mm (two columns from the right) from 3D reconstructions of absorption (left) and scattering (right) distributions with mismodelled background. The images from top to bottom are: target distribution (top row), and reconstructions using RM (second row), EM-1 (third row), and EM-2 (fourth row).
Fig. 5. Vertical slices at the depths x = 21mm (two columns from the left) and x = 45mm (two columns from the right) from 3D reconstructions of absorption (left) and scattering (right) distributions with mismodelled background. The images from top to bottom are: target distribution (top row), and reconstructions using RM (second row), EM-1 (third row), and EM-2 (fourth row).
Fig. 6. Relative errors between the target optical properties and estimated optical properties against the difference in background value calculated with the RM (∗), EM-1 (∘) and EM-2 (+).