text:
Searching for Cryptonbury
The Monster in Lake Van
Recent news that a film about the Lake Van Monster -- Turkey's version of the creature that reportedly inhabits Loch Ness -- is currently in production has sensitised me to relevant entries in the vast library of journals recounting the experiences and thoughts of Hugo Drakenswode. I will be seeking to deal with the Loch Ness monster in due course, as its role may be pivotal. In the meantime, however, it is worth remembering that Nessie is not the only "lake monster" in the world, even if she is the celebrity of the bunch.
Lake Van in eastern Turkey is the largest lake in that country and the second largest in the Middle East, measuring 119 kilometres at its widest point, covering 3,755 square kilometres with a shore length of 410 kilometres. In depth it reaches at least 451 metres. Here is a picture of it taken from space (from the Wikipedia entry):
Current folklore and assorted tourist pamphlets claim that there is a monster in the lake. It is said that the Lake Van monster was first sighted in 1995, was supposedly photographed in 1997 and since then over 1000 people have made claim to having seen it. Most of the descriptions and the alleged photographs of the cryptozoological entity suggest a Plesiosaur-like creature similar to the one associated with Loch Ness, though horns, spinal fins and frills are sometimes reported.
To save me from repeating the history of the creature, I have embraced modern blogging technology with sufficient efficacy to embed this video of a TV program that provides most of the relevant details:
Though the earliest date ascribed to sightings of the monster is 1995, here in Drakenswode's journal for 1942, I came across this annotation:
It is my firm belief that the so-called "lake monster" phenomenon -- by which I seek to designate a large aquatic beast with an elongated, serpent-like neck and tail and a thick body -- is neither a delusion nor a jape perpetrated by larrikans or those who would profit from the mystery. Nor are these creatures, which by reputation inhabit many lakes around the world, naturalistic animals that have as yet eluded scientific scrutiny. There is an uncanny quality to them, markedly apparent in their elusive nature and in certain characteristics of the atmosphere and peripheral phenomena associated with them in eye-witness accounts of their doings.
Consider this: in the summer of 1937 I happened to be in eastern Turkey in the vicinity of Van Gölü or Lake Van, at the end lying south of Ahlat. The lake is rather large and is fully enclosed by land, having no outlet, the original outlet having been blocked by volcanic activity in the prehistoric past. I was there seeking a man named Serhan Uygur, who contacted me with claims that some sort of primeval humanoid lived in caves on the slopes of the very volcano that had affected Lake Van's outflow long ago -- Nemrut Dağı. I was unable to trace Uygur at the vague address provided, but learned that he had disappeared a week or two before, after hiking in the direction of Nemrut. From this it could be assumed that he had gone to re-acquaint himself with the domain of the reported humanoids in impatient anticipation of my coming.
As far I was able to determine, I followed his tracks and regrettably found myself lost in an area of scrubby wilderness. I slept wild overnight and on the morrow headed eastward, which I believed would take me back to the village where I had begun this abortive trip. I had once again miscalculated, however, and found myself on the rugged western shores of Lake Van. Believing that an agricultural township lay a few miles southward along the shores of the lake, I headed that way -- by chance coming upon a tribal grouping of the rare Van Kedisi cat, which was reputed to have an unusual fascination with water. This at least I can confirm. I remained to study its behaviour from afar (see annotations under "Van Kedisi" AV-679-1936), becoming so distracted that I barely noted that time had past and evening was once again upon me.
At that point, the several cats I had been watching on a rocky stretch suddenly stopped what they were doing and stared over the darkening water. Fading sunlight corrugated across the water's surface and I perceived a strange glow about 100 yards from shore -- in what was, I was later told, a particularly deep section of the lake. The cats remained motionless for perhaps two minutes. All at once my ears did hum as though from resonance remaining in the air after a loud bell had ceased to chime and the cats, clearly disturbed by this, began to howl in unison. Then as one they turned and leapt away, disappearing at lightning speed into the nooks and crannies that gave this part of the shoreline its rugged appearance.
My line of sight was oriented inland at that moment, tracing the escape routes of the felines, when something large moved in the corner of my eye. I turned quickly, in time to perceive a huge black shape, like a gigantic serpent rearing up out of the water. It was silhouetted against the sky, so I could make out little detail. However, what I could make out was obviously a vast reptilian beast of prehistoric demeanour. Perhaps it had detected the presence of the cats, which must have numbered some five and twenty -- or perhaps it was I that had enticed it to rise. Perhaps it was neither, but mere coincidence. Either way, it saw me now, standing enraptured a mere stretch of the neck away. I did not wait upon its pleasure, but stumbled back, regained my footing and took the lead of the Van Kedisi. After perhaps twenty paces, I could hear nothing behind me, so took the chance to stop and glance back. Nothing was visible, not even ripples upon the water... though I fancied that I caught the last glimmer of a purple glow deep within the waters of the lake.
Though during that trip I found out little concerning the creature I had seen -- the locals showing typical retinence to speak on the matter -- and nor did it subsequently re-emerge, even when, over the following few evenings, I stood in the same spot to tempt it with my presence. During my ramblings, however, I did come upon the mangled corpse of a large man, dead some week or so, by my estimation. Markings on the ground caused me to deduce that his body, dead and bloodied, had been dragged some ten feet from the point of death to where he then lay, half in the water of Lake Van. He had clearly been eaten. Locals, drawn by my calls, identified the deceased as Serhan Uygur, on the basis of a few shreds of garment that remained.
Soon after I was forced to leave the area when a local tribal leader, annoyed by my persistant questions regarding the monster I had seen, somewhat impertinantly accused me of murdering Uygur. Suspicion came easily to the townsfolk and at that time their laws were based more on immediate impressions than on burden of proof. Wisdom dictated a speedy departure and though I am often described as less than wise, in this case there seemed little to be gained by staying to risk a silent knifing in the dark.
In the heat of subsequent adventures I never found time to return to investigate the strange creature that had appeared in Lake Van, though I wondered what the light in the depths had meant and how the beast had contrived to come and go so rapidly. Soon though, my curiosity turned elsewhere.
Just last week, however, I was in Nevada County, California, investigating yet another humanoid sighting -- this one of the so-called Bigfoot variety. My queries led me to the shores of a lake, a lake called Lake Van Norden. The "Lake" is more like a valley that boasts swampland rather than an actual lake, though I am told that when the rains are frequent it easily fills up in an eager attempt to justify its name.
In a nearby hotel I fell into conversation with a travelling salesman who, when he heard what I did with my time, decided to recount several curious tales he'd heard -- not of Bigfoot, but of a huge serpent that is prone to appear on the Lake Van Norden valley floor, amidst the grasslands, if no water is present. Its appearance coincides with storms that fill the valley with an obnoxious buzzing sound and a dull, "funny-coloured" light, as he described it. "I've seen it myself," he said. "A sort of purple glow?" I asked. "Why, yes," he said, "Purple... yes. I was heading westward along the roadway there..." He pointed. "... when the sky beyond the hills darkened and began to reflect a purple light from below. My ears were ringing, too."
"Did you investigate?" I asked.
He looked at me as though he could see now just what sort of fool I was. "I was pressed for time," he added.
Soon afterward he left, though by then several locals who had been drinking in close enough proximity to overhear our conversation confirmed his story, adding more to the description of a serpentine apparition with a bulbous body that had been spied from a distance squirming through the grasslands, heading for the parts of the lake that had not sunk into the earth. One directed me to an exact location and the next day I went there. Nothing eventuated and I could find nothing of interest, though I did not have my camera with me and so when I happened upon a professional photographer there -- a charming bearded man by the name of Edward Weston, who was taking pictures of the lake -- I begged that he might send me one for my records. It came today in the mail in accordance with his word and I include it here.
Notice the broken tree stump in the foreground. A more skeptical man might point out that such landmarks could, during periods of inclement weather, appear to a befuddled observer as a serpent rising from the ground or the water.
Yet I remain less skeptical than I perhaps should be. I am not one who readily dismisses synchronicities as random coincidence. There is much in these two stories that suggests a weirdness of the kind that is my very lifeblood. I may not understand what it means right now -- the two vastly separated Lake Vans, the serpentine sightings, the buzzzing, the purple light, even the reports of humanoid creatures in the same vicinity -- but it is such that I must needs return to these places and these tales to seek truth from them.
Return to them he did, and least in regards to other lake monster sightings.
Note that the photograph that Drakenswode refers to was missing from the file, though I found one that fits the description elsewhere as I sorted through his vast collections of notes and must assume that it is the one. It was torn, stained and creased, with the words "Lake ... West..." still visible in faded pen on the back:
More on Lake Monsters later as I compile Drakeswode's notes.
Posted by cryptohunter at 6:58 PM No comments:
Labels: lake monsters, lake van
The Persistance of Dinosaurs
My promises are clearly not to be taken as gospel. I have had every intention of establishing a regular program of updates to this site, and to tell my story through it, but so far have been unable to make any significant progress. Yes, it is true that internet archiving must be of a lower priority than some more pressing activities, yet it behoves me to achieve some sort of credibility and such irregularity is clearly not the way to do it.
Never mind. I was hoping that by making a start and committing myself in this way, it would facilitate my revelatory ambitions and if that is not to be the case, I must be content merely to do what I can.
I came across this image the other day, which is supposed to have been taken in the Ta Prohm Temple, located deep in the Cambodia jungle.
The temple was apparently built in 1186 and this relief sculpture of what appears to be a Stegosaurus is being touted by some within the web community (not to mention creationist believers) as "proof" that dinosaur survival into modern times -- some 155 million years after the species supposedly became extinct -- is a definite possibility and a blow to evolutionary science.
Even abandoning the application of Occam's Razor, which would suggest any number of more likely explanations for this image -- not least of which is sheer unadulterated digital fakery -- the idea that prehistoric species have continued to live for all that time without undergoing any change whatsoever, evolutionary or otherwise -- merely to adapt to climactic differences, if for no other reason -- seems ridiculous.
Now, no doubt you are waiting for me to quote some incident from my great grandfather Hugo Drakenswode's diaries to indicate otherwise. But no! In fact I have come across few references that bear on the issue of direct prehistoric survival, and though I am far from having comprehensively scoured his records, I do not expect to. Why not, you ask?
Well, he does have this to say:
I read Mr Conan Doyle's tale of prehistoric survivors existing in the then modern world [he's referring to The Lost World, of course -- DO] with some amusement, being particularly curious in regards to the naturalistic air he attempts to give to what would be, if true, a vastly unnatural phenomenon. I do not here refer to the mere existence of dinosaurs in modern times, but how all evolutionary trends appear to be suspended in his land of antediluvian throwbacks, as different species from different periods seem to exist therein with very little evidence of genetic change having taken place in the creatures there despite the passage of many millenia, in which time survival would have dictated, in the natural course of things, much necessary adaptation. Still, this is fiction and though anti-evolutionary movements in the modern world would no doubt hail such a discovery as proof of their misguided belief that the natural world is not driven by evolutionary forces, I must state that in all my years seeking the hidden species of the world, I have never come upon evidence of such a survival. Oh, I have seen reptilian monsters of vast size. I have seen creatures apparently out of their time and place. But none of them could be considered to be natural creatures -- whether Dinosaurian or some other long extinct species -- at a genetic level. They are all patently unnatural, born not of the natural course of things. Just what they are, what their genesis entailed is the subject of my life-long work. Anyone reading my notes and other records seeking evidence of dinosaurs as such will, I fear, be greatly disappointed.
Despite this declaration -- which is, I must add, of great significance for understanding not only Drakenswode's work but the nature of reality itself -- he also wrote the following memorandum, some two decades after having penned the first.
I have found what appears to be a dinosaur and analysis of its cellular structure offers no indication that it is not a genuine member of that ancient family. I was able to have it forensically examined because I brought it down... I hesitate to say that I killed the beast as I suspect that it was never alive, not here in our time, not as we understand the term alive at any rate. I believe what I have here is not evidence of a prehistoric continuity, but of a profound discontinuity, and it is this which means that my long-developed theories regarding the nature of the majority of cryptobiological finds need not be abandoned. I contend that in this "prehistoric survival" I was not dealing with a natural survival, but with an unnatural phenomenon.
I was particularly drawn to this statement of Drakenswode's in the aftermath of the attack upon Cryptonbury, as accounted here.
But more on that at a later time.
Labels: cryptozoology, dinosaurs, drakenswode, prehistoric survivors
Having created this blog last week, and looking at it now as the cultural artifact that it will undoubtedly become, I'm conscious of its pomposity, the almost ludicrous pretension that underlies my words. Everything I said was true enough, but the way I said it seems to turn Doug Ormsham into a fictional construct -- a sort of noirish loner burdened by opposition and by doubt and now making a vain attempt to bully himself into a state of conviction and self-justified ambition.
Well, damn it, that's what the truth is like. Or rather that's what any attempt to record truth inevitable requires: a fictionalisation of the chaos of reality that allows our limited minds to grasp the complex and imponderable depths that inform it.
On Saturday, I sat in my makeshift study, surrounded by books and files, sound tapes and film reels, old fading photographs and newspaper cuttings -- all marked with the coded symbols of the esoteric filing system that Hugo Drakenswode assigned to them. To coordinate these is a daunting task and for a long time I found myself unable to see the possibility of coherence anywhere in the random scraps of absurdity that they represent.
Outside my window I could see cars in the distance, a young boy riding a skateboard, one of my neighbours -- Mrs Meštrović, I believe is her name, a Croatian immigrant fully integrated into a society that was, 20 years ago, alien to her -- standing, tea in hand, staring at her roses. All these are evidence of a life that simply does not embrace the realities that Drakenswode persistently uncovered. It is world to which I used to belong, but one I have been forced to abandon. In that world people are part of a communal society that offers them support, both monetary and emotional. Once no longer connected to such a supportive network one easily feels as though one is drifting inexorably toward an abyss, doomed in fact to plunge into it and be lost forever.
I came upon a photographic image that has apparently been doing the rounds of the internet of late, showing a gigantic snake in the Baleh river in Borneo.
Reportedly this photograph was taken from a helicopter by an unnamed member of a team monitoring flood conditions in Borneo. In this age of digital fakery, it is, of course, easily dismissed -- in this case with good reason. To connect the giant serpent in the picture with a local legend -- the Nabau, "a dragon-like, shape-shifting sea serpent" -- seems in the "real" world to be a somewhat fatuous attempt to give resonance and legitimacy to what is unlikely to be more than a smirking hoax. As such it serves not to enlighten but to obscure the realities of what does, in fact, lurk in the hidden corners of the world.
I found this brief entry in one of my great-grandfather Hugo Drakenswode's archives:
Nabau, giant snake -- Dennison told me he caught such a creature some decade ago and when I showed appropriate skepticism took me down into his cellars, where he uncovered the most enormous snake skin I have ever seen. Perhaps 50 feet in length and yet only a partial item. Extrapolating from it to a full creature I would guess its owner must have been some 200 feet long. Dennison insisted it was not a fully grown specimen. It shimmered, even then, so long after life had been taken from it. I asked Dennison about its origins. He was evasive as to why he had been in Borneo and could not adequately explain how he came to have only a quarter of the full thing. I left thinking that the Baleh river might be a place I should visit.
The photograph may be fake, but need the reality be a falsification as well?
Labels: Borneo, giant snake, Nabau, reality
Another Beginning
My name is Douglas Oudemans Ormsham. I am alone in the world, pursued by a society of evil men determined to gain access to my maternal great-grandfather's vast archive of historical writings. As the leading field cryptozoologist of his day, forced into obscurity by an active and dangerous conspiracy instigated by jealous opponents, Dr Hugo Drakenswode hunted and chronicled vast realities and dark truths that would have broken the minds of lesser men. His legacy holds secrets that some would kill to keep hidden.
Upon his death Drakenswode bequeathed his priceless Library to me -- but I have inadvertently lost much of it and now must strive to recover what I can. For several years I have been fighting a desperate battle against man and monster. Twice I have begun to recount those battles -- and to offer details of Drakenswode's exploits to the world -- and twice have been thwarted. About a year ago, on an online forum, I wrote the following -- but had to abandon that venue almost at its inception due to private difficulties and attacks upon my person. This, however, is what I wrote then, and it still stands in this new endeavour:
This is new for me. Up until now the only web presence I have had has been through the kind ministrations of Robert Hood, who, as co-editor of the giant monster anthology Daikaiju! Giant Monster Tales, set aside a section of his own website to publicise my correspondence with him. This arrangement lasted for some time, but unfortunately in July of 2005 circumstances of a dark and sinister nature conspired to force me into exile, and I have been out of contact ever since. At the time, taking any alternative course may have proven fatal.
Now, however, I can see my way clear to pursuing my original goal of making public the correspondence of the eminent Hugo Drakenswode, my great-grandfather. However, I intend to be cautious. I feel that I should keep the ongoing history and exploration of these matters of profound cryptobiological research separate from the fictional emphasis of Mr Hood's site. That good man should not be inconvenienced (or perchance put in the way of danger) by having direct dealings with me. There is too much at stake. So I am now experimenting with this [deleted] technology as a convenient way of continuing my efforts. It will, I believe, prove to have considerable advantage over previous methods.
However, on this new site I do not plan to recount the history previously explicated in the emails of early 2005. Those missives, as fragmentary and flawed as they are, remain available on Mr Hood's website -- and anyone who would like to get up to speed on the matter should seek for information there. In my next posting I will begin to explain what occurred after the destruction of the Drakenswode family estate of "Cryptonbury" in Hampshire that drove me to take refuge in utter, and bleakly unwelcome, obscurity.
This time I plan to be less timid and less intimidated than circumstances and my own cowardice made me then.
This time I have different resources that my enemies may come to fear.
This time they will not silence me.
Labels: cryptozoology, drakenswode
cryptohunter
I am an academic, or rather an ex-academic. My great-grandfather was Hugo Drakenswode, an eminent cryptozoologist. I wish to use this blog to make public his history as a monsterhunter, and to keep an account of my own adventures doing so.
Charles Fort Institute


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Exit 82's Creative and Performing Arts Academy is expanding this summer!
Exit 82's Creative and Performing Arts Academy is expanding this summer! Our Shore Stars program will produce Disney's The Little Mermaid Jr. for elementary and middle school students, and in partnership with Pivotal Productions, we will produce Fame the Musical for high school and college students. Performances will be held at Toms River High School North. Registration open!
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One easy way to begin to understand the structure of the nervous system is to start with the large divisions and work through to a more in-depth understanding. In other chapters, the finer details of the nervous system will be explained, but first looking at an overview of the system will allow you to begin to understand how its parts work together. The focus of this chapter is on nervous (neural) tissue, both its structure and its function. But before you learn about that, you will see a big picture of the system—actually, a few big pictures.


text:
Ectopic expression of Drosophila ELAV and human HuD in Drosophila wing disc cells reveals functional distinctions and similarities
Gakuta Toba, Jan Qiu, Sandhya P. Koushika, Kalpana White
Drosophila ELAV and human HuD are two neuronal RNA binding proteins that show remarkable sequence homology, yet differ in their respective documented roles in post-transcriptional regulation. ELAV regulates neural-specific alternative splicing of specific transcripts, and HuD stabilizes specific mRNAs that are otherwise unstable due to AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3′ untranslated region (UTR). AREs are major determinants of transcript stability in mammalian cells. The role of each of these proteins was investigated and compared, by ectopically expressing them in Drosophila imaginal wing disc cells, which lack endogenous expression of either protein. The effect of the ectopic expression of ELAV and HuD was assessed on two sets of green fluorescent protein reporter transgenes, which were all driven with a broadly expressing promoter. Each set consisted of three reporter transgenes: (1) with an uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF); (2) with a constitutively spliced intron inserted into the ORF; and (3) with the intron nASI whose splicing is regulated in neurons by ELAV, inserted into the ORF. The two sets differed from each other only in their 3′UTR: Heat-shock-protein-70Ab (Hsp70Ab) trailer with ARE-like characteristics or Actin 5C (Act5C) trailer. Our results show that: (1) both ectopically expressed ELAV and HuD can enhance expression of transgenes with the Hsp70Ab 3′UTR, but not of transgenes with Act5C 3′UTR; (2) this enhancement is accompanied by an increase in mRNA level; (3) only ELAV can induce neural-specific splicing of nASI; and (4) although HuD is localized primarily to the cytoplasm, ELAV is localized to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
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Published - 2002 6 1
「Ectopic expression of Drosophila ELAV and human HuD in Drosophila wing disc cells reveals functional distinctions and similarities」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。
AU Rich Elements Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Ectopic Gene Expression Medicine & Life Sciences 95%
Transgenes Medicine & Life Sciences 87%
Drosophila Medicine & Life Sciences 80%
Open Reading Frames Medicine & Life Sciences 62%
Heat-Shock Proteins Medicine & Life Sciences 45%
Introns Medicine & Life Sciences 41%
Toba, G., Qiu, J., Koushika, S. P., & White, K. (2002). Ectopic expression of Drosophila ELAV and human HuD in Drosophila wing disc cells reveals functional distinctions and similarities. Journal of cell science, 115(11), 2413-2421.
Ectopic expression of Drosophila ELAV and human HuD in Drosophila wing disc cells reveals functional distinctions and similarities. / Toba, Gakuta; Qiu, Jan; Koushika, Sandhya P.; White, Kalpana.
In: Journal of cell science, Vol. 115, No. 11, 01.06.2002, p. 2413-2421.
Toba, G, Qiu, J, Koushika, SP & White, K 2002, 'Ectopic expression of Drosophila ELAV and human HuD in Drosophila wing disc cells reveals functional distinctions and similarities', Journal of cell science, vol. 115, no. 11, pp. 2413-2421.
Toba G, Qiu J, Koushika SP, White K. Ectopic expression of Drosophila ELAV and human HuD in Drosophila wing disc cells reveals functional distinctions and similarities. Journal of cell science. 2002 6 1;115(11):2413-2421.
Toba, Gakuta ; Qiu, Jan ; Koushika, Sandhya P. ; White, Kalpana. / Ectopic expression of Drosophila ELAV and human HuD in Drosophila wing disc cells reveals functional distinctions and similarities. In: Journal of cell science. 2002 ; Vol. 115, No. 11. pp. 2413-2421.
@article{07176e1d92f341d6bebf217eab062773,
title = "Ectopic expression of Drosophila ELAV and human HuD in Drosophila wing disc cells reveals functional distinctions and similarities",
abstract = "Drosophila ELAV and human HuD are two neuronal RNA binding proteins that show remarkable sequence homology, yet differ in their respective documented roles in post-transcriptional regulation. ELAV regulates neural-specific alternative splicing of specific transcripts, and HuD stabilizes specific mRNAs that are otherwise unstable due to AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3′ untranslated region (UTR). AREs are major determinants of transcript stability in mammalian cells. The role of each of these proteins was investigated and compared, by ectopically expressing them in Drosophila imaginal wing disc cells, which lack endogenous expression of either protein. The effect of the ectopic expression of ELAV and HuD was assessed on two sets of green fluorescent protein reporter transgenes, which were all driven with a broadly expressing promoter. Each set consisted of three reporter transgenes: (1) with an uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF); (2) with a constitutively spliced intron inserted into the ORF; and (3) with the intron nASI whose splicing is regulated in neurons by ELAV, inserted into the ORF. The two sets differed from each other only in their 3′UTR: Heat-shock-protein-70Ab (Hsp70Ab) trailer with ARE-like characteristics or Actin 5C (Act5C) trailer. Our results show that: (1) both ectopically expressed ELAV and HuD can enhance expression of transgenes with the Hsp70Ab 3′UTR, but not of transgenes with Act5C 3′UTR; (2) this enhancement is accompanied by an increase in mRNA level; (3) only ELAV can induce neural-specific splicing of nASI; and (4) although HuD is localized primarily to the cytoplasm, ELAV is localized to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus.",
keywords = "ARE, Alternative splicing, Neuron-specific, RRM, Transcript stability, Transgenic studies",
author = "Gakuta Toba and Jan Qiu and Koushika, {Sandhya P.} and Kalpana White",
journal = "The Quarterly journal of microscopical science",
publisher = "Company of Biologists Ltd",
T1 - Ectopic expression of Drosophila ELAV and human HuD in Drosophila wing disc cells reveals functional distinctions and similarities
AU - Toba, Gakuta
AU - Qiu, Jan
AU - Koushika, Sandhya P.
AU - White, Kalpana
N2 - Drosophila ELAV and human HuD are two neuronal RNA binding proteins that show remarkable sequence homology, yet differ in their respective documented roles in post-transcriptional regulation. ELAV regulates neural-specific alternative splicing of specific transcripts, and HuD stabilizes specific mRNAs that are otherwise unstable due to AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3′ untranslated region (UTR). AREs are major determinants of transcript stability in mammalian cells. The role of each of these proteins was investigated and compared, by ectopically expressing them in Drosophila imaginal wing disc cells, which lack endogenous expression of either protein. The effect of the ectopic expression of ELAV and HuD was assessed on two sets of green fluorescent protein reporter transgenes, which were all driven with a broadly expressing promoter. Each set consisted of three reporter transgenes: (1) with an uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF); (2) with a constitutively spliced intron inserted into the ORF; and (3) with the intron nASI whose splicing is regulated in neurons by ELAV, inserted into the ORF. The two sets differed from each other only in their 3′UTR: Heat-shock-protein-70Ab (Hsp70Ab) trailer with ARE-like characteristics or Actin 5C (Act5C) trailer. Our results show that: (1) both ectopically expressed ELAV and HuD can enhance expression of transgenes with the Hsp70Ab 3′UTR, but not of transgenes with Act5C 3′UTR; (2) this enhancement is accompanied by an increase in mRNA level; (3) only ELAV can induce neural-specific splicing of nASI; and (4) although HuD is localized primarily to the cytoplasm, ELAV is localized to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
AB - Drosophila ELAV and human HuD are two neuronal RNA binding proteins that show remarkable sequence homology, yet differ in their respective documented roles in post-transcriptional regulation. ELAV regulates neural-specific alternative splicing of specific transcripts, and HuD stabilizes specific mRNAs that are otherwise unstable due to AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3′ untranslated region (UTR). AREs are major determinants of transcript stability in mammalian cells. The role of each of these proteins was investigated and compared, by ectopically expressing them in Drosophila imaginal wing disc cells, which lack endogenous expression of either protein. The effect of the ectopic expression of ELAV and HuD was assessed on two sets of green fluorescent protein reporter transgenes, which were all driven with a broadly expressing promoter. Each set consisted of three reporter transgenes: (1) with an uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF); (2) with a constitutively spliced intron inserted into the ORF; and (3) with the intron nASI whose splicing is regulated in neurons by ELAV, inserted into the ORF. The two sets differed from each other only in their 3′UTR: Heat-shock-protein-70Ab (Hsp70Ab) trailer with ARE-like characteristics or Actin 5C (Act5C) trailer. Our results show that: (1) both ectopically expressed ELAV and HuD can enhance expression of transgenes with the Hsp70Ab 3′UTR, but not of transgenes with Act5C 3′UTR; (2) this enhancement is accompanied by an increase in mRNA level; (3) only ELAV can induce neural-specific splicing of nASI; and (4) although HuD is localized primarily to the cytoplasm, ELAV is localized to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
KW - ARE
KW - Alternative splicing
KW - Neuron-specific
KW - RRM
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When it comes to back-to-school shopping, you might think that parents are carrying the brunt of the financial burden. While parents do spend a lot on books and clothing each year, American teachers are also shelling out hundreds of their own money. After all, it's teachers who are expected to outfit their own classrooms. Our educators, who are only reimbursed for a fraction of their generosity, are paying for supplies, decor, and even books. Keep reading to find out how the numbers add up each school year. We've also compiled some savings tips for the teachers!
If you're having trouble viewing the infographic, click here.
The numbers are surprising, aren't they? It's clear that going back to school isn't a task placed on just parents and children. Teachers are also running the mad dash to supply stores in order to stock their classrooms. With over 3.1 million full-time teachers in the public school system, the expenses add up quickly.


From Cues to Action: Information Seeking and Exercise Self–Care among Older Adults. Managing Chronic Illness*. Pak Hei Benedito Chou and Andrew V.
ASSESSMENT. FORM. Player Name:..................................................................................Club:................................................... Country/State:.
State of Wisconsin Foster Parent Handbook (2008 ed.) Chapter 5 – p. 1. CHAPTER 5: FOSTER FAMILY SELF CARE. Introduction: Chapter 5.


1. Soap & Glory is donating $1 for every tub of their best-selling __The Righteous Body Butter__sold during the month of October to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. The cream is made with shea butter and aloe vera—perfect for keeping your body smooth and supple as the weather gets colder.
2. It's easy to forget about men during Breast Cancer Awareness Month, but Lab Series Skincare for Men made sure not to. For every purchase of the Daily Moisture Defense Lotion S.P.F. 15—designed to keep men's skin healthy and young—Lab Series will give $5 to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
__3.__Get glamoured with the Evelyn Lauder Pink Ribbon Collection, which comes with Pure Color Lipstick in Wildly Pink and a perfectly girlie accessory bag. For every collection bag sold, Estée Lauder will donate 20 percent of the suggested retail price to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
4. Unique Vintage is donating 20 percent of the sales from their "pink" products to the National Breast Cancer Foundation. The products include this Vanity on the Go, from Bella il Fiore, which is perfect for anytime makeup application.
5. The Pierre Darphin Intral Redness Relief Soothing Serum is the original formula, created to diminish redness common in sensitive skin, and, at the same time, to soften it. For each October sale of the product, Darphin will donate $15 to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
__6.__One hundred percent of the proceeds from __Philosophy's Shower for the Cure__sales will go to the Entertainment Industry Foundation's Women's Cancer Research Fund. The collection includes shampoo, shower gel, and bubble bath, so that women can cleanse, shower, and bathe for the cause.


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Ravens owner Steve Bisciotti says team could take pass rusher early in NFL draft
The Baltimore Sun |
Baltimore Ravens owner Steve Bisciott is shown during the team's 2014 season review and 2015 season preview press conference. (Lloyd Fox / Baltimore Sun)
The consensus is that when the Ravens are on the clock with the 26th overall pick in the NFL draft later this month, they will select either the top available wide receiver or cornerback.
That, however, wouldn't necessarily be the case if team owner Steve Bisciotti made the final decision. During a conference call with Ravens' season ticket and personal seat license holders Wednesday night, Bisciotti said he would be excited if the team came out of the April 30 first round with a third pass-rushing threat, joining Terrell Suggs and Elvis Dumervil.
"I'm with you all, I hope it's a corner. But I wouldn't be too upset if it was a pass rusher," Bisciotti said, citing the importance of filling the void created by the departure of outside linebacker/defensive end Pernell McPhee. "Everybody says that you need two edge rushers and that's true. But we saw in the year that we had Trevor Pryce, we had three of them. That was the other year we had 60 sacks. You can't go with two anymore. These offenses are too good at pushing [outside rushers] wide.
"I would be just as pleased with a pass rusher. I think it's probably the quietest need that we have if we're going to get there. If we can take a half-second off [the quarterback's] available time to throw, then we will find some corners in the second, third and fourth round that can play up to that."
Under Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome, the Ravens have had great success taking the best player available, rather than drafting for need. Bisciotti, who gives Newsome and the front office the final say in making the selections, said that philosophy will continue.
However, the owner did indicate that he views finding another pass rusher as a priority. He expects to add a cornerback, too, but he thinks the healthy returns of Jimmy Smith, Lardarius Webb and Asa Jackson will be the biggest key to repairing what was a vulnerable pass defense last year.
While he'd like to add a speedy wide receiver — Torrey Smith left the team in free agency — he doesn't view it as a top need, an opinion that runs contrary to the belief of many NFL pundits and Ravens' fans. Instead, Bisciotti expressed confidence in the continued development of Marlon Brown, Michael Campanaro (River Hill) and Kamar Aiken, and talked about the success that other teams, like the rival Pittsburgh Steelers, have had in drafting wide receivers in the middle rounds.
"We absolutely need a tight end. We don't absolutely need a wide receiver," Bisciotti said. "I've got my guys very high on our wide receivers. … We need a wide receiver … but you can get some fliers in the third round, guys that can take the top off the defense. We have a lot of good possession receivers in [Campanaro] and Steve Smith and Aiken and Marlon. I'm not desperate for a wideout."
As for tight end, Bisciotti said he doesn't see the Ravens taking one in the first round, but he cited the middle rounds as potential opportunities to land one. Bisciotti also isn't ruling out Dennis Pitta returning from his second hip surgery in as many years.
"I'm praying that Dennis comes back and he's healthy enough ... and he feels comfortable," Bisciotti said.
During the hour-long conference call, Bisciotti also touched on a variety of other topics:
• He said that the team has offers out and will continue to negotiate with right guard Marshal Yanda, cornerback Jimmy Smith and kicker Justin Tucker. All three are eligible to be free agents following the 2015 season.
Bisciotti said that an extension for one of those players could free up some much-needed salary cap space and allow the Ravens a little more flexibility in adding free agents in the weeks ahead.
• In a comment that could draw attention to NFL officials as a potential violation of league tampering rules, Bisciotti didn't rule out re-signing defensive tackle Haloti Ngata if he becomes a free agent next year. The Ravens traded Ngata to the Detroit Lions last month after the team and the player couldn't agree on terms of a contract extension.
"As far as I know, he could be a free agent a year from now and we may be watching the second coming of Haloti Ngata," Bisciotti said. "Who knows? I never give up hope that we couldn't get him back."
• Bisciotti expressed confidence that the team will be able to work out a new contract with quarterback Joe Flacco next year. Flacco's salary cap number rises to over $28 million for the 2016 season, which would be difficult for the Ravens to carry.
•The Ravens have yet to play in one of the league's "International Series" games in London, but Bisciotti expects that to change in the near future.
"I would absolutely love going to London," he said. "I'm all for it. I think it would be a blast. I don't want it to be a home game. I would say probably there's a 75 to 80 percent chance that it will happen over the next four seasons and an 80 percent chance that it will be a road game."
The Ravens have made clear that they don't want to go to London if it means losing one of their eight home dates.
jeff.zrebiec@baltsun.com
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At DESSCO, we specialize in the sales and service of industrial engines, generators, pumps and related products and parts. DESSCO is an authorized representative of several leading manufacturers of engines, generators and related products. We service what we sell using trained and experienced technicians. Our staff is in a class of their own when it comes to experience in our industry. Our parts staff, sales staff and service staff has more than 50 years of experience in each department. Our facility is conveniently located in Salt Lake City. This central location means you can easily have your product delivered to us. And, of course, we have easy access to all major surface and air carriers, assuring rapid delivery of parts anywhere in our multi-state marketing area.


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Q: What is the Landé $g$ factor? What is the Landé $g$ factor?
I know that it gives the relation between magnetic moment and angular moment, but i wanted to know why are those magnitudes related to each other and why is the magnetic moment operator defined proportional to he angular moment and how is the gyromagnetic ratio calculated theoretically.

A:
I know that it gives the relation between magnetic moment and angular moment

The relation is between the magnetic moment $\vec{\mu}$ and the angular momentum $\vec{L}$. They are two different physical quantities.

why are those magnitudes related to each other and why is the magnetic moment operator defined proportional to he angular moment

The magnetic moment arise due to the motion of a charged particle. Also the particle has mass. The motion of particle is measured as angular momentum. So a charge particle in motion has a magnetic moment as well as angular momentum. It is to be noted that the moment is defined only when the motion is bounded as in the case of an electron around a nucleus as shown below.

why is the magnetic moment operator defined proportional to he angular moment
how is the gyromagnetic ratio calculated theoretically.

$\vec{\mu}$ is connected with Amperian loops; Amperian loop is a bounded flow of current $J$ flowing around a loop with area $A$ constitutes Amperian loop. The magnetic moment $\vec{\mu}$ is defined as
$$\vec{\mu} = J \vec{A}.$$
The area has a vectorial character with the direction given by the right hand thumb rule. It is to be noted that moment is a quantum mechanical outcome. The classical picture of Amperian loop only helps to visualize it.
For the electron orbiting around the nucleus with a frequency $\omega$ the current is
$$J =  - \frac{|e| \omega}{2\pi}.$$
$$\therefore \vec{\mu} = - \frac{|e| \omega \vec{A}}{2\pi}.$$
As the angular velocity around the nucleus increases, the current increases thereby increasing the moment.
Also, the electron has mass. A mass under motion has angular momentum. The angular momentum
$$\vec{L} = I \omega,$$
is also a vector quantity with magnitude proportional to angular velocity where $I=m r^{2}$ is the moment of inertia of the electron with mass $m$ orbiting around the nucleus with a radius $r$. The direction is again perpendicular to the orbit.
If the orbit has radius, then
$$I = m r^{2} = \frac{m A}{\pi}.$$
$$\therefore \vec{L} = \frac{m \omega \vec{A} }{\pi}.$$
From the above it is evident that $\vec{\mu}$ is proportional to $\vec{L}$ and antiparallel to each other due to the negative sign of the charge of the electron.
$$\vec{\mu} = -\gamma \vec{L}. $$
$$\gamma = \frac{e}{2m}.$$
The proportionality constant $\gamma$ is called the gyromagnetic ratio and can be experimentally determined from the Einstein-de Haas experiment
Land$\acute{e}$ factor
Experimentally, it was observed the gyromagnetic ratio is twice of that expected from theory. This extra factor is the so called g-factor. This was addressed by Dirac's relativistic equation. The underlying basis for the factor is that in addition to the orbital angular momentum, the electron has an intrinsic spin angular momentum. For a group of electrons with both total orbital angular momentum as well as total spin angular momentum, the correction factor to the gyromagnetic ratio becomes the Land$\acute{e}$ g-factor.
For further information refer to Stephen Blundell's Magnetism in Condensed Matter by Oxford University Press

A: Think about an electron in a circular orbit about a nucleus, at some radius $r$ and with velocity $v$.
It has a mass $m$ so it has an angular momentum $L=mvr$.
It has a charge $e$ so one turn, in which it travels $2\pi r$, is equivalent to a current $I=ev/2\pi r$.
The magnetic moment of a circular loop is $\mu= I A={ev \over 2 \pi r} \pi r^2={evr\over 2}$
So both the angular momentum and the magnetic moment depend on the velocity and the radius - which is obvious - but it turns out that they do so in the same way, through the product $vr$. We can combine the two equations to get the relation
$\mu = {e \over 2 m} L$.
This can be extended to noncircular (i.e. elliptical) orbits and it still holds.
So far this has all been classical.  In quantum mechanics the component of $L$ along an axis (usually taken as $\hat z$) is quantised: $L_z=m \hbar$, so the component $\mu_z$, which you need for the Zeeman effect and such,  is just ${e \hbar \over 2 m } m$.    ( ${e \hbar \over 2 m }$ is so handy it's known as the Bohr Magneton and given the symbol $\mu_B$)
Now it gets complicated by the intrinsic spin of the electron. This has half a unit of angular momentum, $S_z=\pm {1 \over 2} \hbar$, but punches above its weight for the magnetic moment, by a factor 2. This was regarded as anomalous and weird until Dirac discovered the Dirac equation, from which it emerges naturally.
So for the electrons in an atom the link between angular momentum and magnetic moment is $\mu_z=\mu_B m$ for orbital angular momentum (where $m=-\ell ... \ell$) and $\mu_z=2 \mu_B m_s$ for spin angular momentum (where $m_s=\pm {1 \over 2}$). Spin gives you twice as much magnetic moment as orbital motion, for the same angular momentum.
The final link in the argument is that in many atoms the relevant quantity is not $\vec L$ or $\vec S$ but the total $\vec J$. The atom has a defined value of $J_z$ with $\vec L$ and $\vec S$ precessing around $\vec J$. The  magnetic moment depends on the relative amounts of $L$ and $S$ that make up this $J$. So we have to write
$\mu_z=g \mu_B m_j$
where $g$ is the $g$ factor: 1 for pure orbital, 2 for pure spin, and Lande showed
(for a derivation see Wikipedia) to be given by ${3 \over 2 }+{s(s+1)-\ell(\ell+1)\over 2 j(j+1)}$ in the general case (where $\ell, j, s$ are the quantum numbers)

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Many holidaymakers have reportedly returned home from breaks at the Holiday Village in Cala Millor, Majorca, complaining of sickness, diarrhoea and vomiting – a major concern give the resort caters mainly for families with children.
Most tellingly, holidaymakers have not only complained of general poor hygiene, but specifically of vomit in the swimming pool not being properly cleaned before the pool was re-opened to guests.Used by leading holiday company First Choice, it is no doubt a popular choice with holidaymakers, but recent TripAdvisor reviews would suggest it suffers from many hygiene issues commonly found at many 'all inclusive' resorts.
Of course, this is a severe concern for those returning from the Holiday Village, and those still in residence.
If you have been affected this outbreak, or any other holiday illness in the last three years, contact one of our experts for free legal advice over your situation.
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'European integration studies' collection
European organisations
'Oral history of European integration' collection
Conferences, lectures and seminars
Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2014)
> Introduction
> 1945–1949 The pioneering phase
> 1950–1954 The formation of the community of Europe
> The birth of the community of Europe
> The origins of the Schuman Plan
> The declaration of 9 May 1950
> The creation of the ECSC
> The beginnings of the ECSC
> The economic and social role
> The political role
> The ECSC in difficulties
> The organisation of common defence
> Plans for European sectoral union
> Nordic cooperation
> The beginnings of decolonisation and the emergence of the non-aligned states
> Relations between the two blocs
> 1955–1957 The European revival and the Rome Treaties
> 1958–1968 Successes and crises
> 1969–1979 Completion, deepening and widening
> 1980–1986 Enlargement to the south and the Single European Act
> 1987–1997 The European Union in a Europe in the throes of change
> 1998–2009 The unification of Europe
> 2010-2014 European integration in a time of global challenges
The beginnings of the ECSC
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The ECSC institutions
Memorandum on the application of the Schuman Plan in France (3 July 1952)
On 3 July 1952, the French Government draws up a list of the institutional measures required for the application of the Paris Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
Open the transcription
Extract from the address given by Jean Monnet (Luxembourg, inaugural session of the High Authority, 10 August 1952)
Audio extract
On 10 August 1952, Jean Monnet delivers the opening address at the first session of the High Authority of the ECSC and outlines the operation and supranational aspect of the institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
The institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (1951)
Diagram showing the operation and organisation of the institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), as established by the Treaty signed in Paris on 18 April 1951.
Address given by Paolo Emilio Taviani (Genoa, 13 September 1952)
On 13 September 1952, at an international conference organised by the Genoa Chamber of Commerce on the economic problems of European federation, Paolo Emilio Taviani, Italian Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, sets out the position of the Italian Government towards European integration.
Pierre-Henri Teitgen, The Schuman Plan — Objectives and Institutions
In 1952, writing in the French magazine Notre Europe, Henry Teitgen, President of the Mouvement républicain populaire (MRP) (People's Republican Movement) and Vice-President of the French Council for a United Europe, outlines the role of the future institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
Robert Schuman, For Europe: extract on the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community
In his memoirs, Robert Schuman, the former French Foreign Minister whose name remains associated with the European coal and steel pool, expresses his satisfaction with the results achieved by the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) since its establishment.
Address given by Jean Monnet on the first European passports (7 October 1953)
On 7 October 1953, Jean Monnet, President of the High Authority of the ECSC, presents the first European passports to certain European officials in Luxembourg which enable them to cross the borders of the Six without hindrance.
A common destiny: The European Coal and Steel Community (1958)
This film, made in 1958 by the Information Service of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), portrays the activities and the operation of the ECSC.
Interview with Henri Rieben: the state of mind and determination of the first European officials (Lausanne, 11–13 September 2002)
Having been invited by Jean Monnet to visit the offices of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg in 1955, Henri Rieben, Chairman of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe (Lausanne), discusses the mindset and determination of the first European civil servants.
Interview with Georges Berthoin (Paris, 22 July 2005) — Excerpt: the atmosphere during the early days of the ECSC High Authority
In this interview, Georges Berthoin, Principal Private Secretary (from 1952 to 1956) to Jean Monnet and then to René Mayer during their respective Presidencies of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, describes the atmosphere prevailing within the High Authority and the Community administration in Luxembourg in the early 1950s.
Interview with Jacques-René Rabier: the early administrative organisation of the High Authority (Luxembourg, 8 February 2002)
In this interview, Jacques-René Rabier, who worked for Jean Monnet at the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) from 1953 to 1955 and was Director of the Information Service of the High Authority from 1953 to 1958, reflects on the administrative organisation of the High Authority under the Presidency of Jean Monnet in Luxembourg.
Interview with Jacques-René Rabier: the activities of the Information Service of the ECSC High Authority (Luxembourg, 8 February 2002)
In this interview, Jacques-René Rabier, who worked for Jean Monnet at the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) from 1953 to 1955 and was Director of the Information Service of the High Authority from 1953 to 1958, explains the establishment and work of the High Authority's Information Service.
Ceremony to mark the expiry of the ECSC Treaty (Brussels, 23 July 2002)
On 23 July 2002, in Brussels, the flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is lowered during a ceremony held in the presence of Romano Prodi, President of the European Commission, and of Enrico Gibellieri, the last President of the ECSC Consultative Committee, to mark the expiry of the Treaty of Paris which established the ECSC for a period of 50 years. Later, at a reception at the Egmont Palace, Romano Prodi pays a warm tribute to the work of the first European Community and to individual former officials of the High Authority.
Interview with Edmund Wellenstein: the role of the High Authority in representing the ECSC on the international stage (The Hague, 27 August 2009)
In this interview, Edmund Wellenstein, senior official at the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1953 and 1967, describes the role played by the High Authority in representing the ECSC on the international stage.
Inaugural session of the High Authority
'The major project is under way' from the Bulletin des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung (8 August 1952)
On 8 August 1952, on the eve of the inaugural session of the ECSC High Authority in Luxembourg, the Bulletin des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung reports on the activities to be undertaken by the new organisation.
Address given by Jean Monnet (Luxembourg, inaugural session of the High Authority, 10 August 1952)
On 10 August 1952, Jean Monnet inaugurates the first session of the ECSC High Authority, which he chairs, with an address in which he emphasises how important it is for the work of the Members of the High Authority to be seen to be independent of national influence.
The inaugural session of the High Authority (Luxembourg, 10 August 1952)
On 10 August 1952, the inaugural session of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) takes place in Luxembourg under the presidency of Jean Monnet.
Address given by Jean Monnet (Luxembourg, 10 August 1952)
On 10 August 1952, Jean Monnet opens the inaugural session of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg with an address in which he sets out the key objectives of the ECSC and the High Authority.
Speech by Paolo Emilio Taviani (Luxembourg, 10 August 1952)
On 10 August 1952, during the inaugural session of the ECSC High Authority in Luxembourg, Paolo Emilio Taviani, Italian under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, highlights the importance of the Schuman Plan in achieving European unity.
'A prelude to Europe' from Die Welt (11 August 1952)
On 11 August 1952, against the background of the High Authority of the ECSC taking office in Luxembourg the previous day, the German daily newspaper Die Welt highlights the political and economic importance of European integration.
'The stumbling block of nationalism' from Le Monde (12 August 1952)
On 12 August 1952, after the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is set up in Luxembourg, the French daily newspaper Le Monde discusses the difficult tasks facing the new institution, one of whose objectives will be to overcome national idiosyncrasies.
Luxembourg, seat of the High Authority
Draft Agreement relating to the Provisional Seat of the Community (August 1952)
Cartoon by Simon on the installation of the provisional seat of the High Authority of the ECSC in Luxembourg (5 August 1952)
'Josy, good old Josy, so you managed to bring something back from Paris?' On 5 August 1952, in the Socialist daily newspaper Tageblatt, the Luxembourg cartoonist Simon portrays the key role played by Joseph Bech, Luxembourg Foreign Minister, in the agreement reached by the Six to have the seat of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) located provisionally in Luxembourg.
Cartoon by Simon on the Schuman Plan and Luxembourg (9 August 1952)
'The Schuman Plan flag flies over the City of Luxembourg'. On 10 August 1952, as the High Authority is established in the capital of the Grand Duchy, the Schuman Plan flag flies over the City of Luxembourg.
Address given by Jean Monnet (Luxembourg City Hall, 10 August 1952)
On 10 August 1952, in an address given at the Luxembourg City Hall during the inaugural session of the ECSC High Authority, Jean Monnet, the first President of the High Authority, thanks the city for its hospitality and for the efficiency of the services that it has provided.
Address given by Jean Monnet at the inaugural session of the High Authority (Luxembourg, 10 August 1952)
On 10 August 1952, Jean Monnet, first President of the new institution, gives an address at the inaugural session of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg.
Address given by Émile Hamilius at the inaugural session of the High Authority (Luxembourg, 10 August 1952)
On 10 August 1952, at the inaugural session of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg, Émile Hamilius, Mayor of the City of Luxembourg, gives an address in which he emphasises the significance of the event.
Jean Monnet and Joseph Bech at the inaugural session of the ECSC High Authority (Luxembourg, 10 August 1952)
Jean Monnet (on the left), first President of the ECSC High Authority, and Joseph Bech (on the right), Luxembourg Foreign Minister, on the steps leading to Luxembourg City Hall, where the inaugural meeting of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is held on 10 August 1952.
Group photo taken at the inaugural session of the ECSC High Authority (Luxembourg, 10 August 1952)
Group photo taken at the inaugural session of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg on 10 August 1952.
Inaugural session of the ECSC High Authority (Luxembourg, 10 August 1952)
On 10 August 1952, the inaugural session of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is held in Luxembourg City Hall.
'A small European capital ... with reservations' from the Süddeutsche Zeitung (11 August 1952)
On 11 August 1952, the day after the inaugural session of the High Authority in Luxembourg, the German daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung paints a sober picture of Luxembourg and describes the lack of enthusiasm for this inaugural session.
Cartoon by Simon on Joseph Bech's role in the establishment of the seat of the ECSC High Authority in Luxembourg (16 August 1952)
'Joseph: And you two, what do you think of that? The little Luxi has succeeded.' On 16 August 1952, Luxembourg cartoonist Simon welcomes the role played by Joseph Bech, Luxembourg Foreign Minister, in the temporary establishment of the ECSC High Authority in Luxembourg.
Cartoon by Simon on the seat of the ECSC High Authority in Luxembourg (4 October 1952)
'And even if the neighbours are jealous, we are the ones who have it.' On 4 October 1952, in the satirical journal de Peck-Villchen, Luxembourg cartoonist Simon emphasises the role of the Luxembourg Foreign Minister, Joseph Bech, in the temporary establishment of the seat of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg.
Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman in Luxembourg (9 May 1953)
On 9 May 1953, following a ceremony held to mark the anniversary of the Schuman Declaration, Jean Monnet (on the left), President of the ECSC High Authority, and Robert Schuman (on the right), MP for the Moselle, cross Adolphe Bridge in Luxembourg City.
Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman outside the High Authority building (Luxembourg, 9 May 1953)
On 9 May 1953, following a ceremony commemorating the 'Schuman Declaration' Jean Monnet (left), President of the High Authority, and Robert Schuman (right), MP for the département of the Moselle, leave the seat of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg.
Interview with Max Kohnstamm: the working atmosphere at the seat of the ECSC High Authority (Fenffe, 11 May 2006)
In this interview, Max Kohnstamm, Secretary of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) from 1952 to 1956, discusses Jean Monnet's working methods and the prevailing atmosphere at the seat of the High Authority in Luxembourg in the early 1950s.
Interview with Jacques-René Rabier: the beginnings of the ECSC High Authority in Luxembourg (Luxembourg, 8 February 2002)
In this interview, Jacques-René Rabier, who worked for Jean Monnet at the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) from 1953 to 1955 and was Director of the Information Service of the High Authority from 1953 to 1958, describes the establishment and initial work of the ECSC High Authority in Luxembourg during its early years.
Interview with Edmund Wellenstein: the atmosphere during the early days of the ECSC High Authority in Luxembourg (The Hague, 27 August 2009)
In this interview, Edmund Wellenstein, senior official at the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1953 and 1967, describes the atmosphere among the officials of the High Authority during the institution's first years of operation.
Interview with Edmund Wellenstein: the setting up of the ECSC in Luxembourg (The Hague, 27 August 2009)
In this interview, Edmund Wellenstein, senior official at the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1953 and 1967, describes how the first ECSC officials were received by the government authorities and the general public in Luxembourg.
Inaugural session of the Council of Ministers
Address given by Konrad Adenauer at the inaugural session of the Special Council of Ministers of the ECSC (Luxembourg, 8 September 1952)
On 8 September 1952, the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, chairs the inaugural session of the Special Council of Ministers of the ECSC in Luxembourg and delivers an opening address in which he outlines the specific role of the institution.
Address given by Konrad Adenauer to mark the establishment of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers (Luxembourg, 8 September 1952)
On 8 September 1952, in Luxembourg, the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, delivers the opening address at the ECSC Special Council of Minsters — having been appointed its first President on the basis of the alphabetical order of the names of the Member States — in which he outlines the Council's objectives.
Reply by Jean Monnet to the address given by Konrad Adenauer (Luxembourg, 8 September 1952)
On 8 September 1952, Jean Monnet, President of the ECSC High Authority, replies to the opening address delivered by the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, who, as President of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers, inaugurates its first meeting.
List of the delegations present at the first ECSC Special Council of Ministers meeting (8 to 10 September 1952)
List of the delegations present at the first meeting of the Special Council of Ministers of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), held in Luxembourg from 8 to 10 September 1952.
Minutes of the first meeting of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers (Luxembourg, 8-10 September 1952)
Minutes of the first meeting of the Council, held in Luxembourg from 8 to 10 September 1952, in the version submitted to the Council on 22 September 1952 and approved unanimously at the second meeting of the Council held on 1 and 2 December 1952.
Photo of the first meeting of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers (Luxembourg, 8 September 1952)
From 8 to 10 September 1952, the first meeting of the Special Council of Ministers of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is held in Luxembourg City.
Joseph Bech, Paolo Emilio Taviani and Konrad Adenauer at the inaugural session of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers (Luxembourg, 8–9 September 1952)
Discussions between the Luxembourg Foreign Minister, Joseph Bech (left), the Italian Junior Foreign Minister, Paolo Emilio Taviani (middle), and the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer (right), at the inaugural session of the Special Council of Ministers of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg on 8 and 9 September 1952.
Joseph Bech and Konrad Adenauer at the first meeting of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers (Luxembourg, 8 September 1952)
Discussions between Luxembourg Foreign Minister Joseph Bech (on the left) and German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (on the right) at the inaugural session of the Special Council of Ministers of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), held in Luxembourg City from 8 to 10 September 1952.
Press release issued after the first meeting of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers (Luxembourg, 10 September 1952)
Press release issued after the first meeting of the Special Council of Ministers of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), held in Luxembourg from 8 to 10 September 1952.
'The Council of Ministers of the European Coal and Steel Community' from the Luxemburger Wort (9 September 1952)
On 9 September 1952, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort reports on the course of the inaugural session of the Council of Ministers of the ECSC, held in Luxembourg City the previous day.
'The meeting of the Ministers of the Coal and Steel Community' from the Corriere della Sera (9 September 1952)
On 9 September 1952, the Italian daily newspaper Corriere della Sera analyses the implications of the inaugural session of the ECSC Special Council of Ministers which the German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer chaired the previous day.
'The way is clear for a European federation' from Het Parool (10 September 1952)
On 10 September 1952, as the ECSC Council of Ministers is set up in Luxembourg, the Dutch daily newspaper Het Parool reports on the issues involved in the European unification process.
Interview with Robert Schuman by Radio Luxembourg in the Luxemburger Wort
On 11 September 1952, following the inaugural working session of the Council of Ministers of the ECSC, Robert Schuman, French Foreign Minister, gives an interview to Radio Luxembourg in which he outlines what is involved in the pooling of coal and steel resources in Europe.
Cartoon by Opland on European integration (13 September 1952)
'Buried alive … Acheson:… "Let bygones be bygones!"' On 13 September 1952, at the first meeting in Luxembourg of the Special Council of Ministers of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the Dutch cartoonist, Opland, illustrates the determination of the Six (under the watchful eye of the United States) to put an end to the wars which have torn apart the Old Continent and to work together for the establishment of a united Europe.
Cercle Municipal (Luxembourg)
From 1952 to 1967, the ECSC Special Council of Ministers holds its sessions in the Cercle Municipal situated on the Place d'Armes, Luxembourg.
Inaugural session of the Common Assembly
First meeting of the ECSC Common Assembly (Strasbourg, 10 September 1952)
On 10 September 1952, the first meeting of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) opens in Strasbourg with the Belgian, Paul-Henri Spaak, in the chair.
First sitting of the ECSC Common Assembly (Strasbourg, 10 September 1952)
On 10 September 1952, in Strasbourg, the Belgian, Paul-Henri Spaak, chairs the first session of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
Address given by Jean Monnet (Strasbourg, 11 September 1952)
On 11 September 1952, Jean Monnet, President of the High Authority of the ECSC, opens the inaugural session of the Common Assembly with an address in which he sets out the role of the first Community institutions and emphasises the importance of establishing a single market in Europe.
Italian Members of the ECSC Common Assembly (Strasbourg, 11 September 1952)
On 11 September 1952, at the inaugural session of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Strasbourg, Giovanni Persico (left), Chairman of the Rules Committee, and Antonio Boggiano-Pico, Italian delegate to the Assembly (centre), discuss business with Paolo Emilio Taviani, Junior Minister in the Italian Foreign Ministry.
'Paul-Henri Spaak elected President of the Assembly of the Coal and Steel Community' from Le Monde (12 September 1952)
On 12 September 1952, the French daily newspaper Le Monde comments on the appointment of Paul-Henri Spaak as President of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community in Strasbourg.
Paolo Emilio Taviani and Jean Monnet at the first session of the ECSC Common Assembly (September 1952)
Jean Monnet (on the right), President of the ECSC High Authority, discusses with Paolo Emilio Taviani (on the left), Italian Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, at the first session of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Strasbourg on 11 September 1952.
Konrad Adenauer and Hermann Puender at the first session of the ECSC Common Assembly (September 1952)
On 11 September 1952, on the fringes of the first session of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Strasbourg, the German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer (on the right), discusses with German MP Hermann Puender (on the left), one of the five Vice-Presidents of the Assembly.
Inaugural session of the Court of Justice
Address given by Massimo Pilotti (Luxembourg, 10 December 1952)
The first President of the Court of Justice of the ECSC is the Italian, Massimo Pilotti. In his opening address, he notes the difficulty facing the Court in its work when it is called upon to settle a new type of potential conflict: between States and a supranational authority.
Swearing-in of the first judges at the Court of Justice of the ECSC (10 December 1952)
On 10 December 1952, in Luxembourg, the first seven judges at the Court of Justice of the ECSC are sworn in. One after the other, they swear to perform their duties impartially and conscientiously and not to divulge the confidential substance of their deliberations.
Judges during the first formal sitting of the ECSC Court of Justice in Luxembourg (10 December 1952)
On 10 December 1952, Judges of the Court of Justice of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) hold their first working sitting in Luxembourg. From left to right: Charles Léon Hammes, Adrianus van Kleffens, Petrus Josephus Servatius Serrarens, Massimo Pilotti, Otto Riese, Jacques Rueff and Louis Delvaux.
Address given by Jean Monnet at the inaugural session of the ECSC Court of Justice (Luxembourg, 10 December 1952)
On 10 December 1952, in Luxembourg, Jean Monnet, President of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), opens the inaugural session of the Court of Justice of the ECSC.
Press reactions
'The Tenth of August 1952' from the Luxemburger Wort (9 August 1952)
On 9 August 1952, on the eve of the session inaugurating the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort notes the historic importance of this date both for Luxembourg and for European integration.
'The limitations of sovereignty' from the Luxemburger Wort (9 August 1952)
On 9 August 1952, on the eve of the session inaugurating the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg, the Luxembourg daily newspaper Luxemburger Wort publishes an article by Lambert Schaus, a former Luxembourg Minister, analysing the limitation of national sovereignty under the Schuman Plan.
'Implementation of the Schuman Plan' from La Libre Belgique (10 August 1952)
On 10 August 1952, in an article published in the Belgian daily newspaper La Libre Belgique, the Belgian economist Fernand Baudhuin considers the repercussions that the implementation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) may have on the country's industry.
'The new way' from Handelsblatt (13 August 1952)
On 13 August 1952, shortly after the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is set up in Luxembourg, the German economic daily newspaper Handelsblatt outlines the issues surrounding the implementation of the ECSC and considers the factors that will enable it to succeed.
Soviet radio broadcast (24 September 1952)
On 14 September 1952, Soviet radio broadcasts a programme which harshly criticises the Schuman Plan and the role played by the United States in the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
'A Community for coal and steel' from the Internationale Spectator (15 October 1952)
On 15 October 1952, the Dutch journal Internationale Spectator comments on the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) after its entry into force on 23 September.
The issue of institutional seats
Letter from Albert Wehrer to Joseph Bech (12 July 1950)
On 12 July 1950, in connection with the negotiations on the Schuman Plan, the Head of the Luxembourg delegation, Albert Wehrer, sends a letter to Joseph Bech, Luxembourg Foreign Minister, in which he stresses that it is important for Luxembourg to be a candidate for the seat of the institutions of the future European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
Report by Albert Wehrer on the question of the seat of the European institutions (Luxembourg, 30 October 1950)
On 30 October 1950, Albert Wehrer, Luxembourg diplomatic representative in Bonn, sends a report to Joseph Bech, Luxembourg Foreign Minister, in which he outlines the procedure that should be followed so that Luxembourg will be in a favourable position regarding the question of the seat of the institutions of the Coal and Steel Community.
Letter of application of the City of Saarbrücken to house the Community institutions (Saarbrücken, 11 June 1951)
On 11 June 1951, Peter Zimmer, Mayor of Saarbrücken, sends a letter to Robert Schuman, Chairman of the Conference on the European Union of Coal and Steel, in which he proposes that Saarbrücken be chosen as the seat of the Community institutions.
Letter from the Mayor of Strasbourg to Jacques-Camille Paris (30 January 1952)
On 30 January 1952, Charles Frey, Mayor of the City of Strasbourg and President of the Temporary Strasbourg Committee for the European Movement, informs Jacques-Camille Paris, Secretary-General of the Council of Europe, that he is willing to propose Strasbourg as the seat of the European institutions.
Motion adopted by the Municipal Council of the City of Strasbourg (25 February 1952)
On 25 February 1952, the Strasbourg City Council, chaired by the Mayor, Charles Frey, President of the Temporary Strasbourg Committee for the European Movement, emphasises the benefits to be derived from the selection of Strasbourg as the seat of the institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
'Luxembourg to be the first seat of the Schuman Plan' from the Luxemburger Wort (25 July 1952)
In an article printed on 25 July 1952, the Luxembourg newspaper Luxemburger Wort looks back at the difficult negotiations regarding the choice of headquarters for the institutions of the the European Coal and Steel Community, which eventually opted, provisionally, for Luxembourg.
Press conference on the Schuman Plan held by Joseph Bech (27 July 1952)
On 27 July 1952, Joseph Bech, Luxembourg Foreign Minister, holds a press conference on the implementation of the Schuman Plan.
Jean Monnet, Mémoires: extrait sur le choix du siège des institutions
Dans ses Mémoires, Jean Monnet évoque les raisons pour lesquelles la ville de Luxembourg fut choisie pour accueillir les institutions de la CECA.
Herbert Blankenhorn, Insights and understandings
In his diary, Herbert Blankenhorn, diplomatic adviser to Konrad Adenauer in the German Foreign Ministry and Ambassador of the FRG to NATO from 1955 to 1959, comments on the meeting held in Paris on 23 and 24 July 1952 regarding the Saar question and the seat of the ECSC institutions.
Cartoon illustrating the issue of a seat for the ECSC (August 1952)
The residents of Saarbrücken prepare themselves for the possible location of the institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community in their town. 'Adapt! Adapt! That's the motto now!'
Cartoon by Bob on the issue of a seat for the ECSC (August 1952)
The issue of where to locate the permanent seats of the institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community remained undecided for a long time. According to the cartoonist of the satirical newspaper Der Tintenfisch, one must prepare for all eventualities: 'The Sculpture Department of the Federation of Plastic Arts may have an interesting proposal for your town …'
Position of the City of Brussels Tourist Information Office with regard to the seat of the Community institutions (26 May 1954)
On 26 May 1954, at a meeting held in the presence of a large number of Belgian MPs, the City of Brussels Tourist Information Office argues for Brussels to be selected as the capital city of the European Community.
Application of the City of Liège to become the seat of the High Authority (Liège, 29 June 1954)
On 29 June 1954, the City of Liège officially submits its application to become the seat of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), setting out in a dossier its arguments and the support given to these arguments by an international college of town planners.
Open letter from the City of Liège to the Belgian Government (23 June 1954)
On 23 June 1954, the City of Liège sends an open letter to the Belgian Government in which it submits its application to become the seat of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
Note from the Benelux countries on the question of the seat of the Community institutions (The Hague, 26 November 1954)
In the summary record of its meeting of 26 November 1954, the Permanent Committee for Consultation on Foreign Policy of the Benelux countries expresses its opposition to the Franco-German bilateral arrangement to transfer the ECSC's seat to the City of Saarbrücken.
Internal note from the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry (14 December 1954)
This internal note from the Luxembourg Foreign Ministry dated 14 December 1954 describes the negotiations on the seat of the ECSC which took place at the Conference of Ministers in Paris during the night of 25 to 26 July 1952.
Letter from Lambert Schaus to Joseph Bech (Brussels, 31 January 1957)
On 31 January 1957, Lambert Schaus, Luxembourg Ambassador to Brussels, sends a letter to Joseph Bech, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, in which he reviews the positions of the ECSC Member States on the question of the seat of the European institutions.
Cooperation agreement with Great Britain
Memorandum from the British Foreign Office on the appointment of a delegation to enter into relations with the ECSC (July 1952)
In July 1952, with a view to the future relations between the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the United Kingdom, the British Foreign Secretary drafts a memorandum advocating the establishment of a British delegation to the ECSC High Authority.
Excerpt from a speech made by Jean Monnet (Luxembourg, inaugural session of the High Authority, 10 August 1952)
In his opening speech delivered on 10 August 1952 at the inaugural session of the High Authority, Jean Monnet makes it clear that the ECSC wishes to be totally open to other States and international organisations.
Protocol between the High Authority and the Council of Ministers of the ECSC (Brussels, 18 December 1954)
Agreement concerning the relations between the United Kingdom and the ECSC (London, 21 December 1954)
Communiqué annonçant la conclusion de l'Accord (Londres, 21 décembre 1954)
Le 21 décembre 1954, lors de la conclusion de l'Accord de coopération entre le Royaume-Uni et la Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier (CECA), Duncan Sandys, représentant britannique, décrit les missions du Conseil permanent d'association.
Statement by Jean Monnet (London, 21 December 1954)
On 21 December 1954, Jean Monnet, President of the ECSC High Authority, welcomes the signing of the cooperation agreement between the United Kingdom and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
Lettre de Duncan Sandys à Jean Monnet (Londres, 21 décembre 1954)
Le 21 décembre 1954, Duncan Sandys, membre du gouvernement britannique, adresse à Jean Monnet, président de la Haute Autorité de la CECA, une lettre relative à la composition du futur Conseil permanent d'association entre la CECA et le Royaume-Uni.
'The High Authority and the Europe of Seven' from Le Monde (22 December 1954)
On 22 December 1954, the French daily newspaper Le Monde considers the role of the ECSC High Authority and outlines the British Government's cautious approach to the agreement concerning relations between the United Kingdom and the European Coal and Steel Community.
Association agreement between the ECSC and the United Kingdom (21 December 1954)
On 21 December 1954, in London, the British Government, represented by the Minister, Duncan Sandys, and the President of the ECSC High Authority, Jean Monnet, sign an association agreement between the ECSC and the United Kingdom.
Memorandum by the National Coal Board on the agenda of the first meeting of the ECSC–United Kingdom Council of Association (9 March 1955)
On 9 March 1955, in anticipation of the first meeting of the future Council of Association between the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the United Kingdom, the National Coal Board drafts a memorandum in which it sets out the various points that will have to be addressed by the British delegation during the negotiations due to be held on matters relating to coal.
Inaugural meeting of the ECSC-United Kingdom Association Council (Luxembourg, 17 November 1955)
On 17 November 1955, René Mayer, President of the High Authority, delivers the inaugural address of the ECSC-United Kingdom Association Council. Three permanent committees are subsequently established: coal, steel and trade relations.
Cooperation agreement between the ECSC and the United Kingdom (1957)
On 25 November 1957, in Luxembourg, the Six, the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the United Kingdom sign a tariff agreement on iron and steel products.
Interview with Georges Berthoin (Paris, 22 July 2005) — Excerpt: the Association Agreement between the ECSC and the United Kingdom
In this interview, Georges Berthoin, Principal Private Secretary (from 1952 to 1956) to Jean Monnet and then to René Mayer during their respective Presidencies of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), describes the course of the negotiations in 1954 and the implementation of the Association Agreement between the ECSC and the United Kingdom from 1955.
Interview with Georges Berthoin (Paris, 22 July 2005) — Excerpt: the Association Council between the ECSC and the United Kingdom
In this interview, Georges Berthoin, Head of the Delegation of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), then of the Commission of the European Communities to the United Kingdom until 1973, describes what took place during the meetings between the ECSC and the United Kingdom which were held in London and in Luxembourg in the latter half of the 1950s.
Account given by Dirk Spierenburg: the negotiations on the Association Agreement between the ECSC and the United Kingdom (Rome, 25 March 1987)
At the conference held from 25 to 28 March 1987 in Rome to mark the 30th anniversary of the signing of the Treaties establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom), Dirk Spierenburg, former Member of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), outlines how, after the failure of the European Defence Community (EDC), the High Authority, and, in particular, its President, Jean Monnet, concentrated its efforts on the drafting of an Association Agreement between the ECSC and the United Kingdom.


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text:
For many decades shipping a software meant to deliver it through physical media: floppy disks, compact discs, flash drives, you name it. This need to provide "a box" to get your software to your customers almost always implied fixed deadlines, so your bits and bytes made it to the factory in time.

And even if you are now able to deploy updates of your web app 50 times a day, because all the tools needed for that became ubiquitous industrial standards in the last decade or so, there are many, many vendors still carrying their mindest of managing versions of different iterations of their products.

Be it because of external constraints of their respected markets, or be it because of technical limitations. Shipping a fix for your broken last version of your app? That may only just work on Android, but on iOS not so much, because Apple needs at least some hours if not a couple of days to review your update.

And even if you _could_ ship immediately, you may work in a field where your users would not acceppt even tiny bugs, because they depend heavily on your software. So quality asssurance is an issue here, which means you need to set up a process to make sure every _release_ is being tested in depth.

## So You Start To Think In Versions Of Your Software

What I usually see is some versions being worked on in parallel. Let's say _1.0.0_ is the one which is currently out in the wild, and you are already working on the next set of features coming with _1.1.0_. And there may even someone already be working on some experimental stuff which is on the roadmap for _1.2.0_.

Now there happens to be this really nasty bug which nobody found before _1.0.0_ was released and which needs to be fixed as soon as possible. Your work on _1.1.0_ isn't done yet, so you can't wait to ship the fix with the next planned version.

That's the moment where you want to introduce a hotifx version _1.0.1_. And you end up – for a short period of time – with 4 versions being developed in parallel:

	- 1.0.0		// V1, already released
	-- 1.0.1	// Hotfix, needs to be released before V2
	- 1.1.0		// V2, regular release, in the works
	- 1.2.0		// V3, regular release, in the works

## Adapting Git Flow

Back in 2010 Vincent Driessen introcuded Git Flow, "[a successful Git branching model](http://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/)", which, as far as I can tell, really made a great career. I am a huge fan of this approach and I am using it for a couple of years now in a variety of projects.

But having to deal with versioning in some larger projects led to some experiments and adaptions to the original concept, which proved to work really good not only in theory but practice:

	- 1.0.0/master
	-- 1.0.1/dev
	-- 1.0.1/bug/this-nasty-thing-we-must-get-rid-of
	-- 1.0.1/master
	- 1.1.0/dev
	- 1.1.0/feature/some-cool-stuff-a
	- 1.1.0/feature/some-cool-stuff-b
	- 1.1.0/feature/some-cool-stuff-c
	- 1.1.0/master
	- 1.2.0/dev
	- 1.2.0/feature/experimental-stuff-d
	- 1.2.0/master

Looks chaotic? Then take a look at how [SourceTree](https://www.sourcetreeapp.com/) represents such a branch structure:

![Branches in SourceTree](/upload/branches.png)

Looks tidy, doesn't it?

## No Magic, Just Powerful Naming Conventions

> The basic idea is to still leverage all the advantages of a Git-Flow like approach, but to nest everything below version numbers. That's it!

If you make this the foundation of your processes, you can create new versions (like the hotfix _1.0.1_ which has to be delivered asap) in an instant. You can also easily switch between different versions while always knowing "where you are", which is tremendously valuable when working on a large codebase.

Of course that's not the end.

I did for example implement the extraction of the version numbers during the automated build process of a multi-platform mobile app, to put those extracted version numbers into Info.plist (iOS) and AndroidManifest.xml, so there is no need for maintaining them in some (checked-in) config files or even worse, environment variables or something like that.

That is where the power of this approeach really starts to unfold.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Richard Eyre directs Penelope Wilton & Ophelia Lovibond in the first London revival of David Hare's The Bay At Nice since its premiere at the National Theatre in 1986.
Exploring a mother and daughter's fight for personal ideals and domestic responsibilities, as well as the choices made both in life and art, The Bay At Nice is a battle of duty and desire.
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The cast features Martin Hutson Titus Andronicus and Julius Caesar (RSC); Ophelia Lovibond Nightfall (The Bridge), W1A; David Rintoul Hamlet (Almeida/Harold Pinter), HBO series Game of Thrones, Netflix series The Crown; and Penelope Wilton Taken at Midnight (Theatre Royal Haymarket – Olivier Award for Best Actress), Isobel Crawley in ITV series Downton Abbey, Best Exotic Marigold Hotel.
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text:
Home :: WMD :: Library :: News :: Iran :: 2011 :: February ::
Iran Says Navy Ships in Mediterranean Not Aggression
VOA News February 28, 2011
Iran's navy chief says dispatching two Iranian naval ships to the Mediterranean Sea for the first time in 30 years was not intended as an act of aggression.
Iranian Admiral Habibollah Sayyari told reporters in Damascus on Monday that the ships' voyage was meant to reinforce Iran's defense capabilities.
The Iranian naval ships docked in Syria last week after passing through Egypt's Suez Canal into the Mediterranean Sea -- an act Israel had called a "provocation."
It was the first time Iranian naval ships have used the canal since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has criticized the naval movement as a ploy by Iran to expand its regional influence at a time of instability.
Sayyari said fears from other nations were unjustified.
Some information for this report was provided by AP and AFP.