text:
Clinical and Molecular Features Associated with Cystic Visceral Lesions in Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Simon RJ Taylor*, 1, 2, 3, 3, Jasmin Singh 4, Mandeep S Sagoo 4, 5, 6, Sue L Lightman 4, 5
1 Division of Immunology & Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
2 Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
3 Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Trust, Guildford, UK
4 Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
5 UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
6 Barts and the London NHS Trust, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
First Page: 83
Last Page: 85
Publisher Id: TOOPHTJ-6-83
Received Date: 12/6/2012
Revision Received Date: 22/8/2012
Acceptance Date: 22/8/2012
Electronic publication date: 7/9/2012
Full-Text HTML Views: 604
© Taylor et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.
open-access license: This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
* Address correspondence to this author at the Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, Room 5N8B, 5th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Tel: +44 (0) 1483 464192; Fax: +44 (0) 1483 464189; E-mail: s.r.taylor@imperial.ac.uk
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is an uncommon oncogenic disorder which occurs as a result of genetic mutations on chromosome 3p. Retinal capillary haemangiomas and CNS haemangioblastomas have been well-characterised in genotypic-phenotypic analyses, but cystic visceral lesions are less common and have been less frequently studied. The aim of this study was to perform genotypic and phenotypic analysis of a cohort of VHL patients that developed cystic visceral lesions to determine whether their genotype differs from that seen in other manifestations of VHL and whether the ocular manifestations differ.
This study reports a prospective case series of twenty-one patients identified from the Hammersmith Hospital Genetics Service database as having VHL mutations. Patients underwent regular ocular and systemic screening as well as genotypic analysis. The main outcome measures were the development of VHL lesions, either ocular or systemic.
Cystic visceral lesions were detected in six of the 21 patients from the clinic (29%). These included renal cysts in four patients, pancreatic cysts in three patients, and an epididymal cystadenoma in one patient. Renal cysts were not associated with any specific genotype. Pancreatic cysts appeared to occur in association with VHL gene deletions and all developed CNS haemangioblastomas. Only one patient developed ocular manifestations, which occurred in this patient in the form of two retinal capillary haemangiomas.
VHL gene deletions appeared to be associated with pancreatic cysts and the development of CNS haemangioblastomas. Ocular manifestations are uncommon in this group of patients.
Keywords: von Hippel-Lindau, retinal capillary haemangioma, epididymal cyst, renal cyst, gene deletion.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare, multisystem, oncogenic disorder. Morphologically, it is characterised by multiple lesions of varying histological types [1-4], including benign cysts, benign vascular tumours and malignant tumours. There are six organ systems which are mainly affected, the CNS (Central Nervous System), retina, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland and epididymis, and there are varying manifestations in each [1, 5]. Variable intra- and inter-familial expressivity is typical of VHL disease [6], but correlations have been demonstrated between mutational genotype and phenotype. For instance, deletions are associated with a low risk of pheochromocytoma, in contrast to missense mutations [1, 7-9]; a higher frequency of renal involvement has also been reported in truncating mutations compared to missense mutations [10]. Similarly, the risk of retinal capillary haemangioma (RCH) is also affected by the genotype, occurring in 38% of patients with missense mutations and 40% of those with truncating mutations, but only 14% of those with deletions [11]. It has also been reported that truncating mutations lead to an earlier age of onset of RCH compared to missense mutations and deletions [12].
However, the ocular manifestations of VHL which occur in patients with visceral cysts are much less well characterised and have not previously been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the ocular phenotype of patients identified as having visceral cysts and to assess any relationship with the underlying genotype.
In this study, we report a prospective case series of proven VHL disease gene carriers under the care of the VHL clinic at the Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. Patients were eligible for inclusion in this study if they were undergoing follow-up in the VHL clinic and had proven VHL mutations on genotyping. Eligible participants were invited for ophthalmic screening in addition to their routine systemic screening. At the initial clinic visit, a retrospective review of the case notes was undertaken. Data relating to ocular and systemic disease manifestations were then collected prospectively for two years. The type of VHL mutation was documented in each case, VHL mutations being categorised as missense mutations, truncating mutations, or deletions.
VHL disease features were noted and categorised into one of four groups: cystic visceral lesions, other visceral lesions, CNS manifestations and ocular features. All patients had a good fundal view and a complete ophthalmic examination was carried out at the first and all subsequent clinic visits, including indirect peripheral retinal examination. All fundal lesions were documented by colour fundus photography and fundus fluorescein angiography was performed when the diagnosis of a retinal capillary haemangioma was uncertain.
Twenty-one patients were identified from the VHL clinic as carrying VHL disease genes and were thus eligible for inclusion in the study. All twenty-one agreed to participate in the study and to attend for ophthalmological screening. Of the 21 patients, eleven (52%) were male and ten (48%) were female. Twelve patients (57%) were Asian and nine (43%) were Caucasian; there were no patients of African or Afro-Caribbean descent. The mean age at the time of VHL diagnosis was 25 years (range, 6 to 59 years), but patients with RCH were diagnosed at a younger age (mean 17 years vs 29 years for patients without RCH).
Six of the twenty-one patients (29%) either presented with visceral cysts or developed them during the follow-up period of two years. Disease manifestations and associated mutational genotypes are summarised in Table 1. One patient presented with an epididymal cystadenoma and one presented with a renal cyst. Three patients developed pancreatic cysts during follow-up and three patients developed renal cysts. All of these patients who developed pancreatic cysts had VHL gene deletions and all developed CNS HGB at some stage. Only one of the six patients developed ocular manifestations of VHL, namely retinal capillary haemangiomas; none of the other patients developed any ocular manifestations.
Disease Manifestations at Presentation and During Follow-Up for Patients with Cystic Visceral Lesions
Lesions at Presentation
New Lesions During Follow-Up
Cystic Visceral
Other Visceral
1 MissenseExon 1 Epididymal cystadenoma Renal cyst 2 x Right peripheral RCH
2 Missense (variant) Renal cyst Bilateral PCC
3 Deletion Exons 1 - 3 Spinal cord HGB Pancreatic cyst Cerebellar HGB
4 Deletion Exon 3 Spinal cord HGB Renal cyst Cerebellar HGB
5 Deletion Exons 1-3 Cerebellar HGB Pancreatic cyst Renal cyst
6 Deletion Exon 2 Right peripheral RCH Pancreatic cyst Spinal cord HGB
HGB, haemangioblastoma; PCC, phaeochromocytoma; RCH, retinal capillary haemangioma.
We performed a study of patients with an atypical manifestation of VHL, namely visceral cysts, followed in a Genetics Clinic. Owing to their relatively benign nature, cystic visceral lesions have received comparatively less attention in relation to both their correlation with other phenotypic manifestations of VHL disease and genotypic associations. Cystic visceral lesions were detected in six of the 21 patients in the clinic (29%). These included renal cysts in four patients, pancreatic cysts in three patients, and an epididymal cystadenoma in one patient.
There are two case reports in the literature of epididymal cysts forming the first clinical manifestation of VHL [13, 14], one of which occurred in association with early-onset renal cell carcinoma. Epididymal cystadenomas have no established genotypic association [15], and we had only one patient with this manifestation in our cohort. Renal cysts are usually asymptomatic and found on screening in approximately 15% of patients with VHL disease [4, 16]. They are considered precursors to malignancy, but transformation appears uncommon [15]. In this study group, renal cysts were not associated with any specific genotype. Pancreatic cysts are also usually asymptomatic and detected on systemic screening; their reported prevalence varies from 15% to 74% of patients with VHL disease, with one recent systematic review finding an overall prevalence of 60% [17-20]. In our study, 3 patients (14%) had pancreatic cysts. All of these patients had VHL gene deletions and all developed CNS HGB at some stage. This association has been previously reported, but only one study contains genotypic data [17, 21].
The small numbers of patients included in our study and limited follow-up make it impossible to make any definitive conclusions about the genotypes and phenotypes of visceral cystic lesions. Nevertheless, our study does provide some supporting evidence for the previously observed phenotype comprising pancreatic cysts and CNS HGB linked to VHL deletions. In addition, one of our principal aims in performing this study was to see whether there was any association between visceral cystic lesions and ocular involvement. Although our small numbers again require us to be guarded in our conclusions, our failure to find any association suggests that further ocular study of a larger population of patients with visceral cystic lesions would be unlikely to prove rewarding.
In conclusion, we present the findings of clinical and molecular examination of a small group of patients with visceral cystic lesions in VHL disease. Pancreatic cysts appeared to be associated with VHL deletions, but ocular involvement was uncommon in this group of patients.
This paper describes the phenotype of a cohort of patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease who developed visceral cystic lesions. Genotyping results suggested that VHL gene deletions may be associated with pancreatic cysts and the development of central nervous system haemangioblastomas. Ocular manifestations proved uncommon in this group of patients.
Grants/Funding:
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Prof Patrick Maxwell and Prof Huw Dorkins of the Hammersmith Hospital von Hippel-Lindau clinic. This study was approved by the Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Mary's Hospital Research Ethics Committee. S.R.J. Taylor was supported by the UK National Institute of Health Research, and this research was supported by the Imperial NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre. The sponsor or funding organization had no role in the design or conduct of this research. The authors report no conflicts of interest.
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflicts of interest.
[1] Neumann HP, Lips CJ, Hsia YE, Zbar B. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Brain Pathol 1995; 5(2 ): 181-93.
[2] Maher ER, Yates JR, Harries R, et al. Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease Quart J Med 1990; 77(283 ): 1151-63.
[3] Choyke PL, Glenn GM, Walther MM, Patronas NJ, Linehan WM, Zbar B. von Hippel-Lindau disease: genetic, clinical, and imaging features Radiology 1995; 194(3 ): 629-42.
[4] Lonser RR, Glenn GM, Walther M, et al. von Hippel-Lindau disease Lancet 2003; 361(9374 ): 2059-67.
[5] Joshi L, Taylor SR, Lightman S. The eye and phacomatoses Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2011; 72(12 ): 677-81.
[6] Schimke RN, Collins DL, Stolle CA. Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome In: Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Stephens K, Eds. GeneReviews. Seattle (WA) 1993.
[7] Neumann HP, Bender BU. Genotype-phenotype correlations in von Hippel-Lindau disease J Int Med 1998; 243(6 ): 541-.
[8] Zbar B, Kishida T, Chen F, et al. Germline mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) gene in families from North America, Europe, and Japan Hum Mutat 1996; 8(4 ): 348-57.
[9] Chen F, Kishida T, Yao M, et al. Germline mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene: correlations with phenotype Hum Mutat 1995; 5(1 ): 66-75.
[10] Gallou C, Chauveau D, Richard S, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation in von Hippel-Lindau families with renal lesions Hum Mutat 2004; 24(3 ): 215-4.
[11] Wong WT, Agron E, Coleman HR, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation in von Hippel-Lindau disease with retinal angiomatosis Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 125(2 ): 239-45.
[12] Ong KR, Woodward ER, Killick P, Lim C, Macdonald F, Maher ER. Genotype-phenotype correlations in von Hippel-Lindau disease Hum Mutat 2007; 28(2 ): 143-9.
[13] Nicolaij D, Vogel-Kerebyn C, van den Bergh R, Steeno OP. Bilateral epididymal cysts as the first clinical manifestation of von Hippel-Lindau-disease:a case report Andrologia 1979; 11(3 ): 234-5.
[14] Kroes HY, Sijmons RH, Van Den Berg A, Van Der Hout AH. Early-onset renal cell cancer and bilateral epididymal cysts as presenting symptoms of von Hippel-Lindau disease Br J Urol 1998; 81(6 ): 915.
[15] Choyke PL, Glenn GM, Wagner JP, et al. Epididymal cystadenomas in von Hippel-Lindau disease Urology 1997; 49(6 ): 926-31.
[16] Choyke PL, Glenn GM, Walther MM, et al. The natural history of renal lesions in von Hippel-Lindau disease a serial CT study in 28 patients AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 159(6 ): 1229-34.
[17] Hammel PR, Vilgrain V, Terris B, et al. Pancreatic involvement in von Hippel-Lindau disease. The Groupe Francophone d'Etude de la Maladie de von Hippel-Lindau Gastroenterology 2000; 119(4 ): 1087-95.
[18] Hough DM, Stephens DH, Johnson CD, Binkovitz LA. Pancreatic lesions in von Hippel-Lindau disease: prevalence, clinical significance, and CT findings AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162(5 ): 1091-4.
[19] Neumann HP, Dinkel E, Brambs H, et al. Pancreatic lesions in the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Gastroenterology 1991; 101(2 ): 465-71.
[20] Charlesworth M, Verbeke CS, Falk GA, Walsh M, Smith AM, Morris-Stiff G. Pancreatic Lesions in von Hippel-Lindau Disease? A Systematic Review and Meta-synthesis of the Literature J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16(7 ): 1422-8.
[21] Hes F, Zewald R, Peeters T, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlations in families with deletions in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene Hum Genet 2000; 106(4 ): 425-31.
The Open Ophthalmology Journal
Jorge Alio
Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery
University Miguel Hernandez
Biography of Jorge Alio
Professor and Chairman of Ophthalmology since 1986, Alicante University and Miguel Hernandez University, Spain. Founder and Scientific Director of Vissum Corporation. Author or editor of 89 books, 328 chapters, 500 articles in peer review journals and 36 patents. 95 national and international clinical and research awards. LXIII chair the Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis and XLIX chair of the European Academy of Ophthalmology, past President of the ISRS/AAO and editorial board member of many peer review journals. The Hirsch factor (h-factor) of Dr Alio is 56 (Scopus). He is the creator and Director of the first online course in refractive surgery from the Miguel Hernandez University entitled Scientific Methodology in Refractive, Cataract and Cornea Surgery.
Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
The Spectrum of Microbial Keratitis: An Updated Review
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): A Review on its Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Recurrent Photoreceptor Loss with Spontaneous Recovery as a Presenting Sign of Syphilitic Outer Retinopathy
Specific Dog Allergen Immunoglobulin G Antibodies in Patients with Allergic Conjunctivitis
Anterior and Posterior Segment Manifestations of Pathological Myopia: A Clinical Study from Turkish Aegean Region
The Open Ophthalmology Journal is an Open Access online journal, which publishes research articles, reviews, letters, case reports and guest-edited single topic issues in all areas of experimental and clinical research in ophthalmology. Bentham Open ensures speedy peer review process and accepted papers are published within 2 weeks of final acceptance.
The Open Ophthalmology Journal is committed to ensuring high quality of research published. We believe that a dedicated and committed team of editors and reviewers make it possible to ensure the quality of the research papers. The overall standing of a journal is in a way, reflective of the quality of its Editor(s) and Editorial Board and its members.
The Open Ophthalmology Journal is seeking energetic and qualified researchers to join its editorial board team as Editorial Board Members or reviewers.
The essential criteria to become Editorial Board Members of The Open Ophthalmology Journal are as follows:
Experience in experimental and clinical research in ophthalmology with an academic degree.
At least 20 publication records of articles and /or books related to the field of experimental and clinical research in ophthalmology or in a specific research field.


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'The peaceful coming together at Standing Rock and the actions of the forthcoming Trump administration are expressions of two divergent paths to our common future,' writes Korten. 'One is a path of inclusion seeking a future that works for the whole of life. The other is a path of exclusion aimed at securing the fortunes of the few through the sacrifice of the many.' (Photo: Lorraine Boogich / iStock)
Trump Played to Anger, But We Don't Have to Fall for Divide and Conquer
We've been pitted against each other for too long. Now is the time to come together to fix our corrupt political systems.
David Korten
Dec 16, 2016YES! Magazine
The heroic work of the Standing Rock water protectors represents a defining moment in the long struggle against the institutions of empire and colonial rule. It is fitting that the leaders are indigenous peoples who have come together in an ever-widening circle.
As the Standing Rock circle has expanded, it has included nonindigenous participants who reflect the diverse racial, religious, gender, and ethnic identities of peoples the world over. They come from the colonized and colonizers alike, standing in solidarity with the indigenous water protectors.
In early December, the outer circle grew to include hundreds of U.S. military veterans, among them Wesley Clark Jr., son of a celebrated general. Clark and his brothers in arms engaged in a historic act. They knelt before the Lakota elders to ask forgiveness for the terrible atrocities committed against the Lakota peoples, lands, and waters by the U.S. military.
Standing Rock is the story of coming together. It stands in stark contrast to another story unfolding in our national media: the choices the president-elect is making to fill the top positions in his administration. In his election campaign, he appealed to his White predominantly male working-class base with promises to drain the swamp of Washington lobbyists. He is now drawing his leaders from the lobbyists and champions of the Wall Street system he ran against.
The peaceful coming together at Standing Rock and the actions of the forthcoming Trump administration are expressions of two divergent paths to our common future. One is a path of inclusion seeking a future that works for the whole of life. The other is a path of exclusion aimed at securing the fortunes of the few through the sacrifice of the many.
Standing Rock is the story of coming together.
For 5,000 years, imperial institutions have maintained their power by pitting the victims of empire against one another based on differences in skin color, class, language, religion, income, gender, and age. The president-elect has drawn on this age-old strategy, directing the justified anger of the White male working class away from its true cause and toward people different from themselves who have done nothing to deserve that anger.
For a brief period after WWII, the benefits of economic growth were spread widely among workers--particularly White working-class men. Most had secure family-wage jobs. Many owned their homes. They could afford to send their children to college and expected their children to have lives even better than their own. We called it the American Dream.
Then the leaders of the Wall Street system used their financial and political power to wipe away the policies that sustained the dream of the favored majority. They enriched themselves through outsourcing, automation, financial manipulation, and tax evasion. As the middle class shrank, Wall Street used its control of media and education to shift the blame from itself to the governments whose policies it largely controlled.
Trump played to the anger of those the system had privileged and then betrayed.
Trump played to the anger of those the system had privileged and then betrayed, and directed it against those blamed for displacement--people of color and immigrants, groups Clinton made a special effort to reach.
Trump's base of the once privileged and Clinton's base of the never privileged all have good reason for outrage. They all are victims of a system that favors the enrichment of a few hundred people and reduces the rest to competing for crumbs that fall from the gilded table. It is unjust, unsustainable, and contrary to the wisdom teachings of the world's religions. It threatens the future well-being of every person--rich or poor, regardless of race, gender, or other identifiers.
We have a system that should not be. And it need not be. Our job is to overcome the divisions that imperial rulers have cultivated and exploited for millennia. It is time to learn from the coming together at Standing Rock and to transcend our divisions. We can use the power of We the People to replace the Wall Street system with one that provides every living person with the opportunity for a healthy and meaningful life. Together we can make it so.
This article was written for YES! Magazine, a national, nonprofit media organization that fuses powerful ideas and practical actions. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License.
Dr. David Korten is the author of "Agenda for a New Economy," "Change the Story, Change the Future: A Living Economy for a Living Earth," and the international bestseller "When Corporations Rule the World." He is board chair of YES! Magazine, co-chair of the New Economy Working Group, a founding board member of the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies,--now called Common Future--president of the Living Economies Forum, and a member of the Club of Rome. He holds MBA and Ph.D. degrees from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and served on the faculty of the Harvard Business School.
#NotNormalDavid KortenImperialismPeople PowerTrumpism

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to our portal about tourism in Apulia and around. Why Apulia in particular? Well, name one thing and you get it. Be it for its coast and beautiful beaches (Apulia has 865 Km of coasts). Be it for the gastronomy characterized by the freshness of its products or for the production of wine, second region in Italy. Or shall we talk about historic sites? Did you know that Apulia on its own has 3 World Heritage Sites (well, 4 if you also add Matera which is just few km away). And do not forget the religious feature of this region. Imagine that Santa Claus himself (also known as St. Nicholas) is resting in this very region. In short, Apulia has it all: Masserie, Trulli, Gargano, Tremiti Islands, WWF oasis of Torre Guaceto. And then Lecce with its typical Baroque style or Salento and its beaches second only to the Maldives. We have prepared few Travel Ideas for your tourism in Apulia which you can find below and will give you an idea of the activities you can do in this land. Also, have a look at our package tours and excursions already prepared for you.


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Chris Disspain
ceo [at] auda.org.au
CEO, .au Domain Administration Ltd (auDA)
ICANN Board Director
Since October 2000, Chris has been the Chief Executive Officer of .au Domain Administration Ltd (auDA), a non-profit company that is the independent, not-for-profit manager of the Australian Internet domain name space (.au).
Until he stood down in March 2011, Chris was the Chair, since its foundation in June 2004, of the Country Code Name Supporting Organisation (ccNSO), the body that represents the interests of and sets global policy and best practice for country code top level domains (ccTLD) within ICANN.
Chris was selected by the ccNSO to join the Board of ICANN in June 2011.
Since 2006, Chris has also been a member of the United Nations Secretary-General's Internet Governance Forum Multi-stakeholder Advisory Group.
Navigating the multi-stakeholder morass: The past, present and future of Internet governance
TJA - Vol 63, No 3 - June 2013


Have you ever walked around and spied someone coming at you? Have you realized that that person, even if you stopped to make room, was going to run into you anyway? Either they haven't seen you as they can't see you because you don't exist. It happens all the time and people wonder why. Here's why. No empathy. People have lost the ability to put themselves in the shoes of the other he or she.
Agencies and Advertisers are correcting the empathy shortfall. They are teaching a lonely planet to feel again, and that's why we now have, spread over much media, a plethora of "we get you" advertising.
Addidas, Wendy's, Audi, Ford, Mazda, McDonald's and, more have jumped into the understanding pool, and they have a leader. Beginning in May of 2018 Wells Fargo committed to a new campaign.
1. Defrauding of 570,000 clients in a car insurance scam. (The bank estimates that as many as 20,00 of those clients had their cars repossessed as a result of their inability to pay for the illegal car insurance dictated by the bank.
2. Illegally repossessing vehicles owned by military personnel.
3. Charging late fees to more than 100,000 borrowers, even though the delays were the bank's fault.
4. Selling customer (branches in California) information, including Social Security Numbers, to identity thieves.
* We didn't research to see if the agency or CMO (WF) are still in position.
Advertisers and agencies have realized that people will run into you if you don't move out of the way and they know that most of us, to avoid a collision, move out of the way. Aware of this, they have decided to understand and relate to you to give you the chance to make your life better with their client's banks, fast food, shoes, skincare, automobiles and other products.
Kendall Jenner is solving many race issues with Pepsi.
Apple exhibits wonderful real people in "Get Behind a Mac" campaign and hints that you'll be successful and creative and incredibly attractive, and perhaps have numerous stylists to do you up. The get behind a Mac campaign is more disingenuous than most as it comes from a company once great.
We love our fish. They even get it wrong in the UK, sometimes. A conversation between a widow and her son (TV) encompasses the love of McDonald's Filet-O-Fish sandwiches shared by both son and his deceased father.
And, of course, there's the US Department of Education who tweeted a W.E.B. Du Bois quote with his name misspelled. That caused a fury. But hold on, there's more to this. The spelling mistake was just that, a mistake. We'd bet the farm that Mr. Du Bois would have no problem with a typo but would have a major problem with the use of his words to prop up an ineffectual government institution. The decision to use the quote on Twitter was the idiocy that showed no knowledge of the man himself. We are so lacking in empathy that we get mad at typos but not a misguided thought process.
The problem in advertising is a problem in society, and smart advertisers are hip to it. The list, like the beat, goes on.


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Q: Implementation of oder by in hadoop using Map Reduce I want to implement order by like clause in my Map Reduce program.
My input looks like this
1,Subhradip Bose,1

2,Prajakta Bose,2

2,Anup Singh,3

3,Mahesh Gurav,4

I have written a map function which looks like
protected void map(LongWritable key, Text value, Context context)
        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
    String[] currentLine = value.toString().split(",");
    context.write(new Text(currentLine[1]), new Text(currentLine[1]));
}

But I am getting the output like this
Subhradip Bose

Prajakta Bose

Anup Singh

Mahesh Gurav

I want the output like the following
Anup Singh

Mahesh Gurav

Prajakta Bose

Subhradip Bose

A: I think you are not using reducer and the mapper output is final output
If you introduce reducers then shuffling and sorting would happen and you would get desired output.
Please refer following question what-is-the-purpose-of-shuffling-and-sorting-phase-in-the-reducer
sample Reducer implementation :
public class Reduce
 extends Reducer<Text, Text,Text, Text> {

public void reduce(Text key, Iterable<Text> values, Context context)
 throws IOException,InterruptedException {

  Iterator<Text> it = values.iterator();
  if(it.hasNext()){ // you can use loop here
      Text name = it.next();
      context.write(key, name);
  }

 }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Mother's Day is just around the corner so most of us are already busy looking up gift ideas online. As long as we only look, things are less risky. But if you have already found the gift you want to give your Mom in a few days time, stop for a minute before you go to checkout. Let's offer you some best practises for making sure that your financial details do not fall victim to malware you may unintentionally download before, or during purchase.
If you wonder why it is all too easy for your PC to get infected with a new breed of virus, spyware, trojan, and the likes, the answer is easy. Your antivirus only reacts. According to leading Internet security companies, there are hundreds of thousands of new malware that get launched every single day. And by the time your antivirus database gets updated to be able to combat them, you may easily fall victim to one in one of the many possible ways.
This is especially true, if you run Windows XP on your PC. Microsoft has ended its support for the OS recently and the company warns that even your antivirus can't fully protect your data and identity anymore on XP PCs. It is because without the OS itself being updated to guarantee fundamental malware protection, your AV can only do so much to safeguard you.
1. To make sure that your sensitive details are not exposed to malware after online transactions, it is advisable to erase all your Internet tracks right after each transaction. The best thing to do is run a Stop Software Recovery Tools wipe with east-tec Eraser after you handled confidential data on e-commerce sites. To do so, run the software and select Privacy Guard>>Advanced. Then select Browsers. Tick the Browser you used for the transaction. Set the slider selector to StopSoftware Recovery Tools. All mentioned areas are circled on the screenshot below. Click Start to start the wiping process.
This wipe method guarantees sufficient protection against hacker tools that could mine sensitive traces from your HDD and browser. This way you basically rule out data theft because your system is kept as clean as if it were all new. Otherwise you risk leaving behind confidential data, such as, Internet history, cookies that store credit card, or login details, passwords, cache that logged confidential financial details, emails and so on.
2. Many of us save login details for sites that handle our e-commerce accounts, such as, Amazon, PayPal, etc. However, as long as your passwords are saved in your browser, they are exposed to hacker attacks. Therefore, we recommend you to store and manage all your confidential passwords with east-tec InvisibleSecrets. It saves your passwords in encrypted format and stores them in an uncrackable safe. Another highly secure feature of the software's Password Manager is that it can generate and store unique, complex passwords for each account you use, to avoid using universal passwords. The problem with using the same password across all your accounts is that if hackers manage to crack one of your accounts, they can access all your other accounts, using the same password.
Implement these best practices and have a safe shopping for Mother's Day!


Posted by Martin Koser on 12. November 2008; This entry is filed under English posts, Innovation et al., Strategic Thinking.
Barry Jaruzelski, a partner at Booz & Co., discusses the findings in the fourth annual Global Innovation 1000 survey of the world's top spenders in corporate R&D, and why it's important to invest in new products during a recession.


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Film & Theater Personalities
Anne Baxter Biography
DID WE MISS SOMEONE?
CLICK HERE AND TELL US
WE'LL MAKE SURE
THEY'RE HERE A.S.A.P
Film & Theater Personalities #3098
Birthday: May 7, 1923
Died At Age: 62
Sun Sign: Taurus
Born in: Michigan City
Famous as: Actress
Actresses Theater Personalities
Spouse/Ex-: David Klee (m. 1977–1977), John Hodiak (m. 1946–1953), Randolph Galt (m. 1960–1969)
father: Kenneth Stuart Baxter
mother: Catherine Baxter
children: Katrina Hodiak, Maginal Galt, Melissa Galt
Died on: December 12, 1985
place of death: New York City
U.S. State: Michigan
Anne Baxter was an American actress whose acting career spanned almost five decades in which she acted on the stage, the big screen and television. Instead of forcing her for higher studies, Anne's family allowed her to pursue her passion for acting. She was under contract with '20th Century Fox' for the longest time of her acting career but was never given importance by the company as there were other great actresses in the studio payroll like Linda Darnell, Gene Tierney and Jeanne Crain. Even though she was an exceptional actress she was used by 'Fox' in the game of 'give-and-take' with other studios. Her versatility allowed her to handle different kinds of roles very easily under different kinds of circumstances which made it easier for 'Fox' to loan her to other studios like 'Paramount', Universal' and others to make successful films. Even though she was acclaimed to be one of the acting greats, her stint with '20th Century Fox' was sometimes not very happy. Her whole acting career went through many downward slides but she was fortunate enough to come out with flying colors at the end.
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Childhood & Early Life
Anne Baxter was born in Michigan City, Indiana on May 7, 1923 to a sales manager, Kenneth Stuart Baxter and his wife Catherine Dorothy Wright, daughter of the famous architect Frank Llyod Wright.
She attended the 'Brearley School' after her family moved to New York from Michigan when Anne was eleven.
She made her stage debut at the tender age of thirteen with the murder mystery 'Seen But Not Heard' in 1936.
She followed it up with 'There's Always a Breeze' and 'Madame Capet' on Broadway in 1938.
During the summer of 1938 and 1939 she also appeared in various plays at the 'Cape Playhouse' in Dennis, Massachusetts.
After being rejected for the play 'The Philadelphia Story' she went to Hollywood to give a test for Alfred Hitchcock's 'Rebecca' but was rejected again as she looked too young opposite Laurence Olivier.
Anne was signed up by '20th Century Fox' for a seven year contract in February, 1940.
In 1949 she was loaned to another studio for a small role in a minor western '20 Mule Team' and in 'The Great Profile'.
In 1941 she graduated from the 'University High School' in Los Angeles and acted in Jack Benny's version of Charley's Aunt'.
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Anne Baxter got her first decent role in 'Swamp Water' directed by Jean Renoir.
Her next roles were in 'The Magnificent Ambersons' directed by Orson Welles, 'Pied Piper' in 1942 and the Technicolor film 'Crash Drive' in 1943.
In 1943 she was loaned to 'Paramount' to act in Billy Wilder's 'Five Graves to Cairo'. In the same year producer Samuel Goldwyn took her on loan for 'North Star'.
She appeared in 'The Sullivans' in 1944. The same year she also appeared in 'The Eve of St. Mark'. She next appeared in 'Sunday Dinner for a Soldier'. She starred in another film in 1944, 'Guest in the House', this time for 'United Artists'.
In 1945 she got a very small role in 'A Royal Scandal'.
In 1946 she acted in the Technicolor film 'Smoky' and followed it up with 'Angel on My Shoulder', again for 'United Artists'
Her next film 'Razor's Edge' was directed by Edmund Goulding.
She did her next film 'Blaze of Noon' in 1947 for 'Paramount'.
Anne appeared with her husband John Hodiak in 'Homecoming' in 1948. In 1948 she acted in the popular film 'The Wells of Jericho' and 'Luck of the Irish'.
She appeared in the musical 'You're My Everything' and then in 'A Ticket to Tomahawk' in 1950.
Her next appearance was in 'All About Eve' in 1950 for which she received an Oscar nomination.
She acted in 'Follow The Sun' in 1951.
Her last year with 'Fox' was 1952 during which she acted in the films 'Outcasts of Poker', 'My Wife's Best Friend' and 'The Last Leaf'.
After leaving 'Fox' she signed a two-year contract with 'Warner Bros' and got a role in Alfred Hitchcock's 'I Confess' in 1953 and then in 'The Blue Gardenia'.
She did the low-budget 'Carnival Story' in 1954, 'Bedevilled' for MGM, 'One Desire' for 'Universal', 'The Spoilers' in 1955 and finally another low-budget film 'The Come-On' in 1956.
In 1956 she appeared in 'The Ten Commandments'.
In 1957 she appeared in 'The three Violent People' and appeared on Broadway in 'The Square Root of Wonderful'.
She opted for a role in Douglas Fairbank's 'Chase a Crooked Shadow' made in England. While in England she acted in the play 'The Joshua Tree' for three months.
After coming back to the United States she worked for the television films 'Cimarron', 'Mix Me a Person' and 'Season of Passion' in 1961.
She did not make any films for the next three years after acting in 'Walk on the Wild Side' in 1962.
She did a cameo in 'Family Jewels' in 1965, acted in a spaghetti Western 'Tall Women' and in 'The Busy Body' in 1967.
During the 1960s and 1970s she appeared as a guest artist in TV shows 'Batman', 'The FBI, 'Ironside', 'The Big Valley', 'The Name of the Game', 'Marcus Welby, MD', 'Cannon' 'Bancek', 'The Love Boat', 'Mannix' and others.
During the 1970s she appeared in the Broadway production 'Applause'. She continued acting with the play 'Fool's Paradise' in 1971, TV movie 'Little Mo', the mini-series 'East of Eden' 1981 and 'Hotel' in 1983. Her last appearance was in 'The Masks of Death' in 1984.
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Anne Baxter won the 'Best Supporting Actress' Oscar and the 'Golden Globe Award' in 1947 for 'Razor's Edge'.
In 1951 she was nominated for an 'Academy Award for Best Actress' for 'All About Eve'.
She was honored with a star on the 'Hollywood Walk of Fame' on February 8, 1960.
In 1969 she won a 'Primetime Emmy Award' nomination for 'Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role' for the film 'The Name of the Game'.
She was made honorary mayor of the 'Universal City' in 1970.
Personal Life & Legacy
She married actor John Hodiak on July 7, 1946 and divorced him on January 27, 1953. She had a daughter, Katrina from this marriage.
She married Beverly Randolph Galt, an Air Force pilot, on February 18, 1960, and divorced him in 1968. She had two daughters, Melissa and Maginal from this marriage.
Her third marriage was with a stockbroker named David Gutman Klee on January 30, 1977 who he died suddenly nine months later.
Anne Baxter died of a brain aneurysm on December 12, 1985 in New York City while walking down Madison Avenue.
Anne Baxter was under-rated by '20th Century Fox' in spite of winning the Oscar.
Anne Baxter Movies
The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)
The Sullivans (1944)
The Razor's Edge (1946)
Yellow Sky (1948)
Five Graves to Cairo (1943)
I Confess (1953)
O. Henry's Full House (1952)
The Pied Piper (1942)
1. All About Eve (1950)
(Drama)
2. The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)
(Drama, Romance)
3. The Ten Commandments (1956)
(Drama, Adventure)
4. The Sullivans (1944)
(War, Biography, Drama, History)
5. The Razor's Edge (1946)
6. Yellow Sky (1948)
(Western, Crime)
7. Five Graves to Cairo (1943)
(War, Thriller)
8. I Confess (1953)
(Thriller, Drama, Crime)
9. O. Henry's Full House (1952)
10. The Pied Piper (1942)
Academy Awards(Oscars)
1947 Best Actress in a Supporting Role The Razor's Edge (1946)
1947 Best Supporting Actress The Razor's Edge (1946)
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See the events in life of Anne Baxter in Chronological Order
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- Anne Baxter Biography
- Editors, TheFamousPeople.com
- TheFamousPeople.com
- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/anne-baxter-3621.php
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text:
Bayer posts second analysis of Essure adverse events taken from social media
Published March 16, 2021 • Updated March 17, 2021
Bayer' s second quarterly analysis of Essure adverse events culled from social media posts show reports of 11,830 serious injuries, 45 malfunctions and nine deaths. Most of the reports are linked to potential removal of the birth control implant, as has been the case for years.
FDA, as it has done previously, urged caution about data, stating "the limited information prevents the ability to draw any conclusions" about ties between Essure and adverse events. The agency published the analysis Monday.
Bayer pulled Essure from the U.S. market in 2018, calling it a business decision and standing behind the device's safety. The move came amid receiving thousands of reports of pain and other complications potentially linked to the device and as it faced tens of thousands of lawsuits. Bayer asked FDA to allow monthly submissions of the social media reports it learned about through the litigation process.
The analysis covers the reports for September, October and November. Those months saw Bayer report more serious injuries but fewer deaths than in the previous quarter, although events covered in the monthly spreadsheets come from old social media posts. There is little relation between when a report is processed and when the event occurred.
The reports may also be duplicates of events previously submitted to FDA. Given those issues and other shortcomings of the evidence, Bayer, like FDA, cautioned about the limitations of the data.
"This passive surveillance system has limitations, including the potential submission of incomplete, inaccurate, untimely, unverified, or biased data. In addition, the incidence or prevalence of an event cannot be determined from this reporting system alone due to under-reporting of events, inaccuracies in reports, lack of verification that the device caused the reported event and lack of information about frequency of device use," Bayer wrote.
The litigation process that triggered the change in Essure reporting may now be drawing to a close. Bayer has reached agreements in principle to resolve around 99% of the almost 40,000 Essure claims it faces in the U.S. from women who allege device-related injuries. Resolving the claims will cost Bayer around $1.6 billion.
Throughout the process, Bayer has continued to stand behind the safety and efficacy of Essure, pointing to a body of research involving 270,000 women over 20 years to make its case. Even as it reached the planned settlements, Bayer said it continues to "support the safety and efficacy of the Essure device" and is "prepared to vigorously defend it in litigation where no amicable resolution can be achieved."
The monthly submissions are continuing for now, though. FDA recently posted the spreadsheet for December, marking the start of the third quarter of monthly submissions from Bayer.
This story has been updated to clarify Bayer's position on why it pulled Essure from the market.
Filed Under: Medical Devices, Policy & Regulation
Sarah Silbiger via Getty Images
FDA medical device regs, safety checks questioned by AMA ethics journal
As it's typically safer to discontinue the use of a drug than an implant, it "might be reasonable" to hold some devices to higher standards, suggests Ariel Wampler, author and plastic and reconstructive surgery physician.
By Nick Paul Taylor • Sept. 29, 2021
What does J&J's Ottava delay mean for Intuitive and Medtronic? It's complicated.
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The classic has gone fancy! Pair it with the Fellow Stagg Kettle in copper if you like a matching look. This manual brewing method requires a #2 filter.
Pouring closer to the coffee grinds allows the temperature of the hot water to be maintained when dripping.


Every home or apartment comes with lighting. But let's get one thing straight: It's never good. Overhead lighting, recessed lighting, and the usual prefab setup are rarely flattering. It's up to you to light your place like a pro. The right scheme can make your workspace more effective, your living room more entertaining, and your bedroom more inviting (important). Aside from actual light, a good lamp can complement the rest of your place's design. Here are eight picks to get you started. Flip that switch.
Lighting is everything. Don't let anybody tell you different.


June 14 and 15 Thunder on the lot Charity Car, Bike, Big rig show and diesel sled pull will be in Palmdale!
Date: Sat, June 14th, Lancaster Ca. Fairgrounds. New Sled Pull event.
Ok, here are a bunch of the details. I am going to copy and paste so I don't leave anything out.
First of all, this is all for Kids charities They are raffling off numerous things including the Grand Prize, a 2008 105th anniversary edition Harley-Davidson StreetGlide motorcycle.
A complete Softtub from Ideal Spa. Custom Harley Davidson Vending Machine from The Spa Shop Inc. 08 Polaris Phoenix 200 Quad from Palmdale Supercycle. ETC.
Events will include a Bike Show, Classic Car show, Import Car show, Entertainment concerts including Foghat a 1970's band, Food and of course BEER! Kid's Area/ Carnival, Poker Run and a Poker Tournament, Alternative Fuel Expo, Trucking 4 Kids Charity Truck show and shine, Burnout contest, and of course the Sled Pull. They will have a huge vendor area for the Diesel vendors and it will be located close to the pull and the big Truck area. 50% of all Diesel related vendor booths fees will go to a purse for the pull. ALL participants will have a chance to win purse money. There will be TV coverage and Radio coverage and advertising and they have a professional announcer for the pull. The grandstands hold over 10 thousand people and are expected to be packed. There is only a $5.00 charge to come watch and that includes the Band too after the pull so it is vary affordable for family's to come and watch.
Remember this is all for Charity for Kids.
This event is the second largest charity motorcycle event West of the Mississippi, second only to the Love Ride.
Registration for the pull is $30 and that gets you a T shirt as well. The pull will be on Sat, June 14th and it starts about 4:00 p.m. Gates will open at 3:00 I believe.
Although they are supposed to have an updated web site by this week, you can still go to Thunder on the Lot: Main event June 15th and they have a Registration form you can fill out and fax in. The more people who plan to pull that register in advance the better.
Thunder on the Lot has been going on for the last 14 years and they are growing every year. This will be one Awesome event and they are planning to do it every year as long as it makes money to help the Kids Charities.
So the more people who come out to support it the better it will be and the more it helps the kids. Plus it will be 3 and a half hours of diesel fun.
Any question about being a vendor or something I left out PM me and I will get the answer.
Thanks, and any help we can get spreading the word would be appreciated.
Well CA DTR 27, I have put befoe the So-cal guys the pssobility of a meet and greet in conjunction with this event. I think it would be great to meet up with everybody who can make it. So if you are interested, show your selves!!
I think every one in So Cal has moved!!! Did we mention there would be BEER at this event???? Helllooooooo!!!! Anybody out there?????
Sled Pull June 9th, Field Days of the Past, Rockville, Va.


Scott Bucci focuses his practice on catastrophic personal injury and wrongful death. He has tried a wide variety of cases, including automobile accident, premises liability, products liability and construction dispute cases. Other lawyers frequently bring Scott in as co-counsel on significant, complex cases, particularly in the area of premises/retailer liability, an area of the law Scott has developed a particular expertise in.
Scott has received an 'AV® Preeminent' rating from the Martindale-Hubbell Legal Directory. He has also been recognized in Best Lawyers in America - Personal Injury Litigation - Plaintiffs, as well as in SuperLawyers Magazine in the category of Plaintiff's Personal Injury, and as a 'Legal Elite' in Virginia Business Magazine in the category of Civil Litigation and as a top 100 trial lawyer in Virginia by The National Trial Lawyers.
Scott has tried over 125 civil cases to verdict in over 25 jurisdictions throughout Virginia. He frequently represents clients in federal courts in the Eastern and Western Districts of Virginia. His familiarity and comfort with the unique rules of the Eastern District of Virginia, known as the "Rocket Docket," gives his clients a distinct advantage in that forum.
Prior to joining Breit Cantor Grana Buckner (formerly Cantor Stoneburner Ford Grana & Buckner), Scott founded Bucci & Dix, PLLC. Prior to that Scott was a partner at a boutique civil litigation firm located in downtown Richmond. He has represented a variety of corporations and insurance companies in lawsuits throughout Virginia. In particular, Scott was trial counsel for Wal-Mart for over 7 years in state and federal courts, and in the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.


text:
POINT: Democrats Just Made a Strong Case That Trump Committed Crimes. Now What? COUNTERPOINT: Articles Establish Nothing Impeachable
Bethea's Byte :: Your Voice :: Point -- Counterpoint
Where Do You Side?
The Last Outlaw on Mon Dec 16, 2019 2:58 pm
Welcome to this Pre-Christmas Holiday edition of POINT -- COUNTERPOINT. Just before the full House votes whether or not to Impeach Donald Trump, Greg Sargent tells The Washington Post "Democrats Just Made a Strong Case That Trump Committed Crimes" and ponders what's next. On the other side of the coin, Georgia GOP Representative Doug Collins contends that "Articles establish nothing impeachable." I already have my opinion, and we'll talk about that later. I have but one question for YOU on this site: Are you siding with the POINT or the COUNTERPOINT? Let's get started.
NOTE: The opinions in these articles are the authors, as published by the source, and do not necessarily represent the views of Bethea's Byte.
Greg Sargent wrote:
In the course of carrying out his corrupt scheme to pressure a foreign power into helping him rig the next U.S. election on his behalf, President Trump very well may have committed multiple federal crimes.
It remains to be seen if Republicans have even the slightest interest in hearing from firsthand witnesses to those alleged crimes.
As House Democrats prepare for a full vote on impeachment articles, Senate Democrats have launched a new effort to pressure Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (Ky.) into allowing testimony from witnesses at Trump's impeachment trial.
The stakes in this battle over Trump's trial have just been forcefully underlined by a new report from the House Judiciary Committee. The report, which supplements the articles passed by the committee last week, makes a strong case that Trump committed multiple crimes in carrying out his scheme.
Importantly, the very same witnesses that Senate Democrats want to hear from almost certainly have firsthand knowledge of the very same potentially criminal acts spelled out in that new report. Those include acting White House chief of staff Mick Mulvaney and former national security adviser John Bolton.
In a new letter, Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (N.Y.) calls for McConnell to agree to testimony from them and others, arguing they have "direct knowledge" of Trump's decision to freeze military aid to Ukraine, amid his demand that Ukraine announce an investigation of potential 2020 opponent Joe Biden.
The new report from House Judiciary Democrats is notable because it makes the case that doing this constituted a federal crime, in addition to an impeachable offense.
The case that Trump committed crimes
The case the report makes is as follows. Federal statute makes "bribery" a crime if a public official "demands" or "seeks" anything "of value personally," in return for performing "an official act," and all this has been done "corruptly."
The report notes that Trump's plot fits all these criteria. Trump sought announcements of investigations that would smear a political rival and help absolve Russia of 2016 electoral sabotage on his behalf. Trump directly pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky to do this, and numerous texts show U.S. ambassadors negotiating with Ukraine for a statement announcing it, which was confirmed by testimony from ringleader Gordon Sondland and others.
Those were "things of value" to Trump. His own lawyer Rudolph Giuliani openly said they would be "very helpful" to Trump himself. And we know from those texts and from extensivetestimony that Trump conditioned two official acts -- a White House meeting and the granting of military aid -- on getting those things of value.
Trump did all this "corruptly" -- he subverted our foreign policy to his personal and political ends. The talking point that Trump cared about "corruption" is laughable: Trump, Giuliani and Sondland sought only investigations that would help him politically; the Pentagon had recommended releasing the aid; and there is zero evidence any of this amounted to a policy judgment on Trump's part in any meaningful sense.
The report also argues Trump committed related crimes: "Honest services fraud," because he defrauded the American people of honest service as a public official, and a subsidiary of that, "wire fraud," because he communicated his corrupt scheme over a phone line.
The case against Trump is strong
Randall Eliason, a professor of white collar crime law at George Washington University who has just posted an extensive new analysis at the Just Security website about the relevance of bribery statute to Trump's misdeeds, told me the House report is correct as a matter of law.
"The legal and factual analysis of bribery and honest services fraud in the House report is exactly right," Eliason told me. "These can't be dismissed as mere political arguments. The report outlines compelling evidence of federal criminal violations."
Meanwhile, former federal prosecutor Barbara McQuade has just posted a separate case that Trump committed honest services fraud.
All of this has numerous implications, none of them particularly good.
First, this should prompt us to revisit the Department of Justice's failure to launch a criminal investigation of the whistleblower complaint laying out much of this corrupt scheme. Remember, the CIA's general counsel made a criminal referral to the Justice Department, which declined to investigate.
A full reckoning with this scandal must also get to the bottom of that decision, particularly now that Trump's attorney general, William Barr, is working overtime to discredit the Russia investigation, just as Trump pressured Ukraine to help him do.
"In a properly-functioning Justice Department, evidence like this would prompt a re-examination of whether these events warrant a criminal investigation, and even a new Special Counsel," Eliason told me.
Presidential misconduct does not have to be criminal to be impeachable. But criminal statute can help guide how we define that impeachable misconduct. In this case, it plainly points to a way to understand the profoundly corrupt intent driving Trump's scheme.
Will Senate Republicans refuse testimony?
In that context, the pressure on Senate Republicans to allow the testimony of Mulvaney, Bolton and others becomes a lot more significant. Mulvaney carried out Trump's order to freeze the aid a week before his corrupt call with Zelensky. Bolton personally argued with Trump over the frozen aid.
Which means they both likely have direct knowledge of what drove Trump's decision. This is almost certainly why the White House blocked them from testifying to the House impeachment inquiry, on the laughable grounds that it was illegitimate.
Presumably McConnell would not argue that his own Senate's trial is also illegitimate, so that excuse is now out the window. So if Senate Republicans refuse to hear from these witnesses, after Trump corruptly blocked them, good luck defending the proceedings in the court of public opinion.
And if they do go through with that, but Trump wins reelection anyway, good luck to the rest of us." />
From USA TODAY
Representative Doug Collins (R-Georgia) wrote:
Americans are fair minded. They deserve the truth and can spot it when given even half a chance.
If Tuesday's Quinnipiac poll is any indicator, many Americans recognize that the path to impeachment was paved with lies. As House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., and Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam Schiff, D-Calif., presented articles of impeachment to the American electorate, more than half the country balked.
Apparently, voters understand that the articles — abuse of power and obstruction of Congress — establish nothing impeachable and allege no crime. The notion that withholding foreign aid from a historically corrupt country, and releasing the aid after the country's new administration enacted anti-corruption reform, represents an abuse of power has failed to enrage the taxpayers whose paychecks fund that aid.
Americans also recognize the lie that President Donald Trump has obstructed a Congress that concluded its impeachment investigation 20 times faster than the investigation that led to the Clinton impeachment.
When the executive and legislative branches disagreed, Schiff refused to allow the courts to weigh in on constitutional questions. Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler, D-N.Y., declined to call any of the witnesses requested by Republicans, and Schiff withdrew his own subpoena for John Bolton's deputy.
With inconvenient witnesses ignored and exculpatory evidence dismissed, House Democrats have chronically worked to mislead the public.
Under Pelosi's unilateral leadership, Schiff replaced Nadler as Democrats' impeachment Sherpa. What Schiff's case lacked in direct evidence and eyewitness testimony, he made up for in literary license.
Americans remain unmoved in the wake of Schiff's Ukraine report not because they are incredulous, but because Schiff is incorrigible. Schiff lied about his committee's contact with the whistleblower and about whether a statutory right to anonymity shielded the whistleblower from testifying.
Schiff lied about having more than circumstantial evidence that Trump colluded with Russia, and the Mueller report debunked that lie. Schiff told a similar lie this Tuesday when he said the evidence for impeachment was "overwhelming and uncontested," ignoring the fact that all 17 Judiciary Republicans dispute Schiff's report.
Schiff also defended the Justice Department's surveillance of a former Trump campaign aide, even though the department's inspector general later found 17 errors or omissions in the FBI's warrant applications. Democrats have been hurtling toward impeachment for years, facts be damned, and Americans are right to suspect Schiff of abusing his power as chairman.
Sadly, the Schiff syndrome seems contagious. Democrats lied about the criterion for their own impeachment. Their speaker promised it would be bipartisan, compelling and overwhelming. The only bipartisan stance here is opposition to the inquiry.
Since not even all of Pelosi's caucus is willing to vote with her, we can hardly grant that her case is compelling, let alone overwhelming. Democrats told America the president is guilty of bribery, but there is no evidence to support such a charge.
The most dangerous lie told by leading Democrats, however, is that the president stands guilty until proven innocent. An extension of that lie made by multiple Democrats is that only a guilty person would resist being railroaded. When Pelosi puts the onus on the president to produce "information that demonstrates his innocence in all of this," the Speaker of the People's House is denying an American the presumption of innocence.
Like the people we represent, Republicans are fair minded. We know high crimes and misdemeanors when we see them, and we have not voted to advance this impeachment charade.
Pelosi has championed the political impeachment — divorced from facts and fairness — the Founders warned us against. She hasn't proved anything impeachable, so she's shifting the burden of proof to the accused. That may be the most un-American lie our nation's capital has ever witnessed.
Now the opinions are left to you. Which way do you see this. Do you side with the Point or Counterpoint. Vote and drop in your commentary. I look forward to reading and responding to you.


What comes to your mind when the words "Chinese tailoring" and "Eastern style clothing" come to your mind? Perhaps Qipao for ladies?
It is certainly the most attractive, popular and common wear up until today. It can be seen as THE symbolic Chinese style evening dress.
Just like in western fashion, there are actually many variations and different types of Chinese style clothing, apart from the Qipao. For example, the Zhongshan Tunic (Mao Suit) for men, Chinese button suits (小凤仙装), Culottes (阔脚裤).
The following events are some of the most common occasions where a beautifully tailored and crafted Chinese style clothing will not look out of place and help you stand out from the crowd.
Dress for the mother of the bride and groom.
Many people think that you would need a size zero or perfect body like actresses to look nice in it.
"That is in fact a misunderstanding. Tailor-make a Qipao according to your body shape can actually help you look slimmer than you are. This is the beauty of it and why ladies look attractive and pretty in it!", says Ms. Polly Po, owner of Customize Tailor Culture Collection (CTC Collection).
It is important that a Qipao is tailored-to-fit.
Off the rack dresses doesn't fit because they are not made for you!
"Many people walk into retail shops, try dresses on in fitting rooms and they don't look good in it. They were designed for models with size zero bodies." Says Polly.
The fit of the clothing is all the more important as each person's body curves are different. The reality is that most ladies have a pear shaped or apple shaped body. This is precisely the reason that tailors are there: Each person's body is unique.
Ready made clothes are cheap, but they are cheap for a reason.
"Coming to a tailor, we will be able to help you hide the parts of your body that you don't want to expose, and instead show those curves in you that you don't know!" says Polly of CTC Collection.
For everyday wear, you may also consider to tailor a jacket or top with a Chinese twist, which can also provide your wardrobe with that alternative combination for everyday wear.
"One day when you think of any new ideas on your own exclusive design but you didn't see it in any one of those large boutiques, don't be upset. Try visiting CTC Collection and speak to us." Says Polly.
On the other hand, the Mao Suit gives men an alternative to traditional suits. Jack Ma, Chairman of Alibaba, is a fan and have shown in recent years how it can be dressed as a modern business attire.
In a room filled with traditional western suits, the Mao Suit stands out reflecting a sign of authority and draws attention straight away.
With a long history of tailoring Chinese style suit, experienced tailors from CTC Collection––whom we call "Master" in Chinese saying–– are always confident to make you an authentic Chinese Suit, even with your customized features.
Alibaba Chairman Jack Ma - Jack Ma, Chairman of Alibaba, have shown in recent years how it can be dressed as a modern business attire.
In a room filed with traditional western suits, the Mao Suit stands out reflecting a sign of authority and draws attention straight away.
The Mao Suit being a little bit too overwhelming? Designers and tailors from CTC Collection, inspired by the fusion of Eastern and Western culture, can offer this twist to the traditional suits adapting with Chinese pattern fabrics (fig.1) or detailed accessories such as buttons (fig.2)!
Chinese style buttons - Give your suit or shirts a Chinese twist!
Ms. Polly Po founded Customize Tailor Culture Collection in 1989 and have provided tailor service to customers in Ho Man Tin since then. For all these 28 years, Polly have insisted on having her own team of tailors, rather than outsourcing the work. She hopes that this will ensure the consistency of quality and that she can meet her customers' expectations.


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Rome: Sant'Andrea della Valle
The Sant'Andrea della Valle is a huge church in the rione Sant'Eustachio, not far from the Campo de' Fiori and the Piazza Navona. It was built at the site of a much older church (the San Sebastiano in Via Papae) and a palazzo that was the property of the influential…
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Rome: Villa Farnesina
Just opposite the Palazzo and Galleria Corsini is a beautiful Renaissance villa, over 500 years old, that has some of the most gorgeous frescoes in all of Rome. This is the Villa Farnesina, built between 1506 and 1510. Many signs in Trastevere give directions to the villa and indicate that…
Rome: Galleria Corsini
Just outside Trastevere, one can find the Palazzo Corsini. It is home to the Galleria Corsini, one of two locations of the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica (the other being the Palazzo Barberini). Although I have been to Rome several times and almost always stay at a hotel in Trastevere, I…
Opus sectile
I was not familiar with the technique called opus sectile until I visited an exhibition in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam about Constantine's influence on the Christianisation of the Roman Empire. Part of the exhibition was a mosaic depicting a man in a chariot and four horsemen in the colours…
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Crete: Rethymnon
We drove to Rethymnon, a small city of some 35.000 inhabitants, on a rainy day in October. Autumn was rapidly approaching on Crete and it was chilly and wet. There was a lot of traffic in the city streets and we had to drive around for quite a while before…
Messalla 22/03/2016 10/10/2020 Crete, The Mediterranean 2
Crete: Fodele
A conversation about the village of Fodele could go something like this: "Ah, Fodele, that's where the famous Cretan painter El Greco was born!" "In your dreams, Nikos, he was born in Candia, present-day Heraklion." "Nonsense, he was born in Fodele, and we have the proof! There's a museum at…
Crete: Phaistos
Comparing the palace complexes of Knossos and Phaistos is like comparing day and night. Visiting Phaistos is a completely different experience. Phaistos is about half as famous as Knossos, it is much smaller, does not draw huge crowds and little to no restoration work has been carried out here. The…
Crete: Knossos
A trip to Crete is not complete without a visit to the Minoan palace complex of Knossos. The first palace here was built during the Old Palace period (1900-1700 BCE). Around 1700 BCE, this palace was destroyed, presumably by an earthquake. It was rebuilt soon afterwards. The ruins we see…
Crete: Chania
Chania is the second largest city on Crete, with a population of over 50.000 inhabitants. It is also, in my honest opinion, by far the most relaxed, charming and beautiful city on the island. We drove all the way from Ligaria near Heraklion to Chania, which is about 100 kilometres…
Crete: Heraklion
Heraklion is the capital of Crete. With over 170.000 inhabitants, it is also by far the largest city on the island. Although there is a lot of traffic and congestion, it is still pleasant to walk through the streets of the historical city centre, where in most places only pedestrians…
Messalla 12/03/2016 10/10/2020 Crete, The Mediterranean 11
Crete: Gortys
Gortys, also known as Gortyn or Gortyna, was the capital of Roman Crete. It was destroyed in the ninth century by Muslim Arab raiders and the area has been uninhabited ever since. At the end of the nineteenth century, the Italian archaeologist Federico Halbherr and his team began excavating at…
Messalla 08/03/2016 12/07/2020 Crete, The Mediterranean, Varia Romana 10


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Home/News/Local News/Osun Poly Graduate Declared Missing(PHOTO)
Osun Poly Graduate Declared Missing(PHOTO)
FAITH ADEBAYOApril 8, 2022
A graduate of the Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Owolabi Abidemi, has been declared missing by her relatives.
The polytechnic graduate's boyfriend, Segun Paul, described Abidemi as a calm and gentle lady, who doesn't lie to him, adding that she always inform him about anywhere she's going.
Paul said, "She will inform me about anything, initially, but when the incident happened, after calling some people, what I heard is different from what she told me and with that, I can't give account of who she is presently.
"Abidemi told me she is going to Lagos State that her grandma lost her sister (grandma's sister) and she want to follow her for the burial, which she did the following day. But she did not told me that she is going with her friend Blessing but I later heard that from a woman living around her hostel."
He added, "Her number was not reachable,for over many weeks, she's not online, same as her friend's number. A friend of mine that always update me whenever they see each other in Ekiti State, her place, said Blessing told him they were going to a party and Abidemi told me she was going to Lagos State".
In the same vein, her friend Olorunlogbon Suliyat Oyindamola who they've lived together in Ilorin said they called her two lines and it was not reachable.
"We departed early February and that was the last time I saw her. Weeks back, I called her and the number was reachable but later, it was not reachable again. Everybody started calling her likewise her mother also but was not reachable. Afterwards, we realized that something is going on," Suliyat added.
She noted that the case would soon be reported to the police.
In a phone conversation with her mom, she confirmed that her daughter had been declared missing, called on Nigerians to help the family in the search for Abidemi.
Meanwhile, an emergency number was released by her friend, +234 806 489 1984(Her Mum's Number) in search of the missing polytechnic graduate.
A graduate of the Osun State Polytechnic has been declared missing by her relatives Iree Osun Poly Graduate Declared Missing(PHOTOS) Owolabi Abidemi
25-year-old farmer gets two years jail term for selling debase palm oil in Ondo
2022: Eleka, Oni, Olujimi, Others Reject Outcome Of Ekiti PDP Congress
"We're investigating IPOB and Oodua threats in Lagos"- Police boss, Hakeem Odumosu
Ekiti Boys Accused Of Stealing Eye Drops For Their Father Released From Prison
Police Arrest Woman For Setting 10-Year-Old Daughter Ablaze


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/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * public class TreeNode {
 *     int val;
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 *     TreeNode right;
 *     TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
 * }
 */
class Solution {
    public int sumRootToLeaf(TreeNode root) {
        return this.sumRootToLeaf(root, 0);
    }

    private int sumRootToLeaf(TreeNode root, int parentValue) {
        if (root == null) {
            return 0;
        }
        int value = parentValue * 2 + root.val;
        int result = 0;
        if (root.left == null && root.right == null) {
            result = value;
        } else {
            if (root.left != null) {
                result += this.sumRootToLeaf(root.left, value);
            }
            if (root.right != null) {
                result += this.sumRootToLeaf(root.right, value);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Competitive benefits package and salary-Great location-Commitment bonus-Relocation allowance.
Situated just outside Orlando, Florida, and in close proximity to the areas's world-famous theme parks, St. Cloud is a small, family-oriented town offering 2.5 miles of beautiful lakefront and an extensive parks system.
St. Cloud Regional Medical Center is conveniently located in the heart of St. Cloud, Florida. The modern 84-bed facility offers a comprehensive medical support system including radiology, cardiology, laboratory, pharmacy, intensive care, rehabilitation services, and a wound healing and hyperbaric center. The emergency department serves nearly 24,000 patients a year, with wait times well below the national average. Two state-of-the-art operating suites were added in 2009, and the hospital continues to bring specialty physicians to the community.


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Interstate 69 (I-69) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that will eventually run from the Mexican border in Texas to the Canadian border at Port Huron, Michigan. In Michigan, it is a state trunkline highway that enters the state south of Coldwater and passes the cities of Lansing and Flint in the Lower Peninsula. A north–south freeway from the Indiana–Michigan border to the Lansing area, it changes direction to east–west after running concurrently with I-96. The freeway continues to Port Huron before terminating in the middle of the twin-span Blue Water Bridge while running concurrently with I-94 at the border. There are four related business loops for I-69 in the state, connecting the freeway to adjacent cities.

Predecessors to I-69 include the first M-29, US Highway 27 (US 27), M-78 and M-21. The freeway was not included on the original Interstate Highway System planning maps in the mid-1950s, but it was added in 1958 along a shorter route. Michigan built segments of freeway for the future Interstate in the 1960s, and the state was granted additional Interstate mileage in 1968 to extend I-69 north and east to Flint. Later extensions in 1973 and 1987 resulted in the modern highway. The first freeway segment designated as I-69 in Michigan opened in 1967, and the last was completed in 1992, finishing Michigan's Interstate System. US 27 previously ran concurrently with I-69 from the Indiana–Michigan state line north to the Lansing area, but this designation was removed in 2002.

Route description
The entirety of I-69 is listed on the National Highway System, which is a network of roadways important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. The freeway carries 91,100 vehicles on average each day between I-475 and M-54 in Flint and 14,085 vehicles between M-53 and Capac Road near the Lapeer–St. Clair county line, the highest and lowest traffic counts in 2012, respectively. I-69 carries the Lake Huron Circle Tour in the Port Huron area and the I-69 Recreational Heritage Route from the Indiana state line north to the Calhoun–Eaton county line. I-69 is mostly a four-lane freeway in the state of Michigan, with exceptions in the Lansing and Flint metro areas where it is six lanes and in Port Huron where it is three lanes westbound and three lanes eastbound until eastbound traffic splits into six lanes of local traffic to Port Huron and two lanes to the Blue Water Bridge.

Northward to Lansing

I-69 in Michigan begins at the Indiana state line southeast of Kinderhook and just north of an interchange with the Indiana Toll Road, which carries I-80 and I-90. From there, I-69 runs northward through a mixture of Southern Michigan farmland and woodland in Branch County. A few miles north of the state line, the freeway passes Coldwater Lake State Park and its namesake body of water; north of the lake, there is a welcome center for the northbound lanes. I-69 curves around the east side of Coldwater, connecting to the city's business loop on the south of town. Immediately east of downtown, the freeway intersects the northern end of the business loop at an interchange that also features US 12 (Chicago Road). Farther north, the freeway turns to the northwest, crosses into Calhoun County and then over the St. Joseph River. I-69 turns back northward and bypasses Tekonsha to the town's west, intersecting M-60 in the process.

Curving around Nottawa Lake, I-69 continues northward through southern Calhoun County. It passes through an interchange that marks the southern terminus of M-227, a highway that connects northward into Marshall. The freeway crosses the Kalamazoo River and passes through an interchange with M-96 west of downtown Marshall. From that interchange northward, the BL I-94 designation is overlaid on I-69; the business loop ends at the cloverleaf interchange northwest of Marshall that marks the first of I-69's two junctions with I-94 in the state . North of I-94, I-69 has one more interchange at N Drive North before crossing into Eaton County.

In southern Eaton County, the freeway parallels the Battle Creek River north of the junction with M-78. Near Olivet, I-69 begins to turn in a northeasterly direction and curves around the north side of town. On the south side of Charlotte, I-69 turns northward, traversing an area to the east of downtown and crossing the former routing of US 27, which is now part of the business loop for the city. Farther north, the freeway has a junction with M-50, a bridge over the Battle Creek River, and an interchange with the northern end of the business loop next to Fitch H. Beach Airport. North of the airport, I-69 turns northeasterly again and parallels Lansing Road, the former route of US 27/M-78. The freeway meets the southern end of M-100 near Potterville and continues into the Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area. Southwest of the state's capital city, I-69 crosses over Lansing Road near Lansing Delta Township Assembly, a factory for General Motors; northeast of the complex, I-69 merges into I-96. The combined I-96/I-69 runs northward through the suburban edges of the Lansing area, intersecting the western ends of I-496 and the BL I-69 for Lansing. The freeway enters Clinton County, and just north of a crossing of the Grand River, I-69 turns eastward to separate from I-96. As a part of the larger interchange with I-96, I-69 crosses BL I-96 (Grand River Avenue) without any connections.

Eastward to Port Huron
After leaving the I-96 concurrency, I-69 changes cardinal orientation and is signed as east–west from that point on. The freeway continues parallel to the Looking Glass River through suburban areas north of Capital Region International Airport. North of East Lansing, I-69 meets US 127 at a cloverleaf interchange. East of that junction, I-69 turns southeasterly passing the Hawk Hollow Golf Course and Park Lake on the way to meet the eastern end of BL I-69 just north of Lake Lansing. I-69 then turns northeasterly parallel to Lansing Road (Old M-78) to enter Shiawassee County. The freeway continues through Central Michigan farmlands, jogging north of Perry and Bancroft.

At Durand, I-69 meets the southeastern end of M-71 on the northwest side of town. The freeway turns sharply to the northeast before turning due east near Lennon. The interchange with M-13 south of Lennon marks the Shiawassee–Genesee county line. Continuing eastward, I-69 parallels Miller Road to the north as far as the city of Swartz Creek; east of town, the two roadways cross. I-69 parallels a line of the Canadian National Railway as it enters the Flint metro area. The freeway intersects Bristol Road near the Bishop International Airport and then crosses I-75/US 23 southwest of downtown Flint. I-69, the railroad and the Swartz Creek all parallel into downtown Flint where the freeway intersects I-475 and M-54 (Dort Highway) before exiting the east side of the city.

I-69 runs eastward out of Flint parallel to the railroad. At Davison, it intersects M-15 before crossing into Lapeer County. In this area, the freeway traverses farmlands in the southern part of the region called The Thumb. It jogs to the north around Lake Nepessing, which is southwest of Lapeer. The freeway continues through farmland to Imlay City, where it meets M-53 before crossing into western St. Clair County. I-69 continues eastward through an interchange with M-19 at Emmett.

Near Wadhams, I-69 curves around to the north to follow part of the Black River. On the east side of the community, the freeway turns back to the southeast as it enters the western edge of the Port Huron suburbs. I-69 turns again to run due eastward to intersect I-94. The two freeways merge in an interchange that also has connections to BL I-69. The freeway curves to the north and back around to the east to cross the Black River. On the eastern bank, I-94/I-69 travels through one more interchange, this one for M-25 and BL I-69/BL I-94. Past the interchange, the freeway crosses through the toll and customs plazas for the twin-span Blue Water Bridge. The I-69 designation officially ends at the international boundary in the middle of the St. Clair River where it connects with Highway 402.

History

Predecessor highways

The first major overland transportation corridors in the future state of Michigan were the Indian trails. None of these followed the path of the modern I-69 however.
The State Trunkline Highway System was created on May 13, 1913, by an act of the Michigan Legislature; at the time, none of the system's divisions corresponded to the modern I-69 either. In 1919, the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD) was required to signpost the highway system for the first time, and the state became the second after Wisconsin to do so. At the time, two different highways followed sections of the modern I-69 corridor. The original M-29 ran from the Indiana state line north to Charlotte and turned northeasterly to Lansing. The second highway was M-21 from Flint east to Goodells, a community west of Port Huron; the highway was extended to Port Huron by 1924.

On November 11, 1926, the United States Numbered Highway System was approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), and the new US 27 replaced M-29 from the state line northward to Lansing. By the end of the next year, M-78 was extended from Charlotte north and east of Lansing to a junction with M-47 near Pittsburg, north of the modern I-69. The section of M-78 north of Lansing was changed in 1929; the segment from Dewitt to Pittsburg was redesignated M-104, and M-78 was rerouted along a more southerly path through East Lansing to Haslett. By 1936, M-78 was extended from Haslett all the way into Flint to end at M-21. The first span of the Blue Water Bridge opened between Port Huron and Point Edward, Ontario, in 1938.

Interstate Highway era

The first planning maps from 1947 for what later became the Interstate Highway System did not include a highway along I-69's route; instead a highway further west connecting South Bend, Indiana, with Kalamazoo was included. This alternative highway was maintained on the 1955 plan for the "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways", and numbered I-67 in August 1957. By June 1958, this freeway had been shifted further east and renumbered I-69, connecting Indianapolis, Indiana, with Marshall; no connections north and east to Lansing, Flint or Port Huron were planned as part of the Interstate Highway System. Around the same time, a section of M-146 near Port Huron was converted into an approach freeway for the Blue Water Bridge.

By the middle of 1960, the first section of freeway along M-78 was opened in the Lennon area. The next year, the freeway had been extended as far southwest as Durand from the end at Lennon. Also in 1961, the MSHD had proposed that the section of US 27 south of Lansing be built as an electronic highway under a bid through General Motors; the testing for such a roadway was ultimately done at Ohio State University instead.

By the start of 1962, M-78 was a freeway from Perry at the junction with M-47 all the way to Swartz Creek near Flint. On December 12, 1962, I-96 was completed around the Lansing area, and M-78 was rerouted to follow it. A year later, I-496 was partially opened through the Lansing area, and M-78 was routed to follow it as well; the former route through downtown was redesignated Business M-78 (Bus. M-78). Around the same time, I-94 was extended along the Blue Water Bridge approach freeway.

The first freeway segment of M-21 on the east end was built from Wadhams to Port Huron in 1966. The next year, M-78's freeway was extended eastward to I-75/US 10/US 23 in Flint. On October 11, 1967, the first segment of I-69/US 27 was scheduled to open between the Indiana state line and Tekonsha. By the end of the year, the freeway extended north to I-94 northwest of Marshall. The MSHD requested additional Interstate Highway mileage in 1968 under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 including an extension of I-69 from Marshall to Port Huron; this extension was approved as far as I-75/US 23 in Flint on December 13, 1968.

A discontinuous section of M-78 freeway east of Flint was completed in 1969. The same year, I-475 was named the David Dunbar Buick Freeway, after the founder of Buick Motor Company in Flint; the same legislation, House Concurrent Resolution 22 of 1969 named the M-78 freeway through Flint for Louis Chevrolet. In 1970, the I-496 freeway was completed and the Bus. M-78 designation was removed through Lansing. A freeway segment between Flint and Lapeer opened in 1971. M-21 was routed down M-13 to the new freeway where it joined the M-78 designation from M-13 east. The section of M-21 formerly between M-13 and Bus. M-54 was redesignated M-56. The M-78 designation was replaced by I-69 in 1973 after a Temporary I-69 (Temp. I-69) designation was extended northward from Charlotte through Lansing to Perry. On September 4 of that year, I-69's designation was officially extended by Congress to end at I-475 on the east side of Flint; this extension, and all subsequent ones, was of non-chargeable mileage, or segments not financed through the Interstate Highway fund.

In 1980, a Flint-area politician wanted to dedicate a highway after the United Auto Workers (UAW). As a result, the David Dunbar Buick Freeway name was moved off I-475 and applied to I-69 in Flint. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved the extension of the I-69 designation eastward in 1983 so it would terminate at the international boundary at Port Huron; this approval was contingent on construction of the roadway to Interstate Highway standards and other appropriate approvals at the federal government level. The remaining segment of freeway connecting Lapeer with Wadhams opened in 1984 as I-69 and several additional changes were made to the highway system at the same time. M-21 was shortened to Flint and replaced M-56 through the city. The former route of M-21 in Port Huron became BL I-69, and the remainder of that highway was turned back to local control. The I-69 designation was officially extended once more under Congressional legislation on February 10, 1987; this last extension designated I-69 all the way to I-94 in Port Huron to reflect the 1984 openings.

Another segment of freeway opened in 1987 in Clinton County between US 127 near DeWitt and Temp. I-69 near Bath. This section was connected to the existing freeway at Perry in 1991. The final segment of I-69 to be completed was located southwest of Lansing. It opened on October 17, 1992, when the ribbon was cut by Governor John Engler. This segment marked the last in the state to complete Michigan's portion of the Interstate Highway System. At the time it was completed, I-69 was concurrent with US 27 from the state line north to the DeWitt area (exit 87) and then concurrent with US 127 to exit 89 before running alone to Port Huron.

Since completion
A second span of the Blue Water Bridge between Port Huron and Point Edward opened in July 1997. The St. Johns Bypass on US 27 opened on August 31, 1998; US 27 was extended along I-69 about  to the connect to the bypass, and US 127 was simultaneously removed from I-69. The next year, MDOT petitioned AASHTO to decommission the US 27 designation in the state; the change was approved on April 16, 1999. The state waited until 2002 to make the change.

On July 23, 2001, the Michigan Legislature declared that I-69 from exit 105 in Shiawassee County east to exit 135 in Genesee County would be named the Pearl Harbor Memorial Highway. In October 2001, the legislature consolidated the various legislation that created memorial highway designations in the state. Public Act 142 of 2001 extended the merged Chevrolet–Buick Freeway name to all of I-69 in Genesee County, and restored the David Dunbar Buick Freeway name to I-475. The I-69 Recreational Heritage Route (now a Pure Michigan Byway) was created on October 8, 2004, to follow the freeway in Branch and Calhoun counties. The Branch County segment was also dedicated as the Purple Heart Trail on July 17, 2006.

In 2011, construction began to widen I-94/I-69 approaching the Blue Water Bridge, a project completed in 2012. The widening project added dedicated lanes for local traffic and for Blue Water Bridge traffic with a new permanent welcome center opened in 2015, replacing the temporary one near Capac. The lane configuration changes have confused drivers in the area, especially those with outdated GPS devices, a problem first noted as the department was preparing to reopen the freeway in October 2012. As a result, MDOT installed updated signs complete with American and Canadian flags to help prevent drivers from heading to Canada by mistake.

In late 2013, construction began to reconstruct and reconfigure the I-94/I-69 interchange near Port Huron. The project will improve  of freeway, replace several bridges and ramps and cost $76 million. In June 2014, MDOT closed the ramps from I-69 eastbound to BL I-69 through the interchange until later in the year. The project was completed in September 2015.

Exit list

Business loops

In Michigan, I-69 currently has four business loops. These highways, each designated Business Loop I-69 (BL I-69), provide access from the main freeway through the downtown districts of adjacent cities. They follow former routings used by I-69's predecessor highways (US 27, M-78 and M-21) as well as connecting roads. The cities served by these loops are: Coldwater, Charlotte, Lansing, and Port Huron.

See also

Notes

References

External links

 I-69 at Michigan Highways

 I-69 Recreational Heritage Route (Southwestern Michigan Planning Commission)

 Michigan
69
Transportation in Branch County, Michigan
Transportation in Calhoun County, Michigan
Transportation in Eaton County, Michigan
Transportation in Clinton County, Michigan
Transportation in Shiawassee County, Michigan
Transportation in Genesee County, Michigan
Transportation in Lapeer County, Michigan
Transportation in St. Clair County, Michigan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan says that though he has been grappling with injury problems, he is fit enough to do an action film.
"When I was doing 'Chenani Express' I was injured, but I did it. It hurts a little, troubles you a bit, you need to be careful. If I am offered an action film, I will do it. There is no big deal about it. I am fit enough to do an action film again," Shah Rukh said here yesterday.
"I never wanted to be muscular. Everybody has a body type. I have nice, lean long muscles. I am happy with them. I don't like to show off. By March I need to be thin, I want to do it. I am working out everyday. I want to be fit," he said.


text:
Lawrence Wright is a former Cincinnati Bengal and UF Hall of Famer.
Lawrence Wright was born on September 6, 1973 in Miami, Florida. He is a former professional American football player who played safety for four seasons for the Cincinnati Bengals. He was a captain for the Florida Gators for the 1996 season in which they won the national championship. He also won the Jim Thorpe Award that year. Awarded to the best defensive back in college football.
Lawrence Wright was featured on our Jock Fell Down and Broke His Crown program which aired on February 7, 2010.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />


text:
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Or use the form below and I will call or email you.
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I will respond to submitted forms as soon as possible, please be assured that I will give your response my full attention should you wish to send the form in. If you wish, you can use the 'Your message' section of the form or leave it blank, if you prefer not to supply any details at this point.
I look forward to responding to your enquiry, and will respond as soon as possible. Please let me know what times are suitable for contacting you in the 'Your message' section and I will to my best to meet your needs.


Malt Type: Roasted Grain Origin: North America Wort Color: 500 °Lovibond (1330 EBC) Protein: Moisture: 6.0% max. Extract (dry): Diastatic Power: 0 °Lintner Usage: 10% max. Briess Black is a dark roasted malt made from 2-row barley. It has a dry, roasted flavor that is slightly sharp but surprisingly neutral. It imparts dark brown to black color to wort, but unlike roasted (unmalted) barley, Black malt has little affect on the foam color of the finished beer. Briess Black malt can be used in small quantities (1-3%) to add color to any style beer with little or no flavor. It is typically used in higher quantities and often in combination with other roasted grains for darker beers like porters and stouts.