text:
Difference from running
In robotics
Gait of locomotion among legged animals
Computer simulation of a human walk cycle. In this model the head keeps the same level at all times, whereas the hip follows a sine curve.
Walking (also known as ambulation) is one of the main gaits of terrestrial locomotion among legged animals. Walking is typically slower than running and other gaits. Walking is defined by an 'inverted pendulum' gait in which the body vaults over the stiff limb or limbs with each step. This applies regardless of the usable number of limbs—even arthropods, with six, eight, or more limbs, walk.[1]
Racewalkers at the World Cup Trials in 1987
The word walk is descended from the Old English wealcan "to roll". In humans and other bipeds, walking is generally distinguished from running in that only one foot at a time leaves contact with the ground and there is a period of double-support. In contrast, running begins when both feet are off the ground with each step. This distinction has the status of a formal requirement in competitive walking events. For quadrupedal species, there are numerous gaits which may be termed walking or running, and distinctions based upon the presence or absence of a suspended phase or the number of feet in contact any time do not yield mechanically correct classification.[2] The most effective method to distinguish walking from running is to measure the height of a person's centre of mass using motion capture or a force plate at midstance. During walking, the centre of mass reaches a maximum height at midstance, while running, it is then at a minimum. This distinction, however, only holds true for locomotion over level or approximately level ground. For walking up grades above 10%, this distinction no longer holds for some individuals. Definitions based on the percentage of the stride during which a foot is in contact with the ground (averaged across all feet) of greater than 50% contact corresponds well with identification of 'inverted pendulum' mechanics and are indicative of walking for animals with any number of limbs, although this definition is incomplete.[2] Running humans and animals may have contact periods greater than 50% of a gait cycle when rounding corners, running uphill or carrying loads.
Speed is another factor that distinguishes walking from running. Although walking speeds can vary greatly depending on many factors such as height, weight, age, terrain, surface, load, culture, effort, and fitness, the average human walking speed at crosswalks is about 5.0 kilometres per hour (km/h), or about 1.4 meters per second (m/s), or about 3.1 miles per hour (mph). Specific studies have found pedestrian walking speeds at crosswalks ranging from 4.51 to 4.75 km/h (2.80 to 2.95 mph) for older individuals and from 5.32 to 5.43 km/h (3.31 to 3.37 mph) for younger individuals;[3][4] a brisk walking speed can be around 6.5 km/h (4.0 mph).[5] In Japan, the standard measure for walking speed is 80 m/min (4.8 km/h). Champion racewalkers can average more than 14 km/h (8.7 mph) over a distance of 20 km (12 mi).
An average human child achieves independent walking ability at around 11 months old.[6]
Regular, brisk exercise of any kind can improve confidence, stamina, energy, weight control and life expectancy and reduces stress.[7] It can also decrease the risk of coronary heart disease, strokes, diabetes, high blood pressure, bowel cancer and osteoporosis.[7] Scientific studies have also shown that walking, besides its physical benefits, is also beneficial for the mind, improving memory skills, learning ability, concentration, mood, and abstract reasoning.[7] Sustained walking sessions for a minimum period of thirty to sixty minutes a day, five days a week, with the correct walking posture,[8] reduce health risks and have various overall health benefits, such as reducing the chances of cancer, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, anxiety disorder and depression.[9] Life expectancy is also increased even for individuals suffering from obesity or high blood pressure. Walking also improves bone health, especially strengthening the hip bone, and lowering the harmful low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and raising the useful high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.[7] Studies have found that walking may also help prevent dementia and Alzheimer's.[10]
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's fact sheet on the "Relationship of Walking to Mortality Among U.S. Adults with Diabetes" states that those with diabetes who walked for 2 or more hours a week lowered their mortality rate from all causes by 39 percent. Women who took 4,500 steps to 7,500 steps a day seemed to have fewer premature deaths compared to those who only took 2,700 steps a day.[11] "Walking lengthened the life of people with diabetes regardless of age, sex, race, body mass index, length of time since diagnosis and presence of complications or functional limitations."[12] It has been suggested that there is a relationship between the speed of walking and health, and that the best results are obtained with a speed of more than 2.5 mph (4 km/h).[13]
Governments now recognize the benefits of walking for mental and physical health and are actively encouraging it. This growing emphasis on walking has arisen because people walk less nowadays than previously. In the UK, a Department of Transport report[14] found that between 1995/97 and 2005 the average number of walk trips per person fell by 16%, from 292 to 245 per year. Many professionals in local authorities and the National Health Service are employed to halt this decline by ensuring that the built environment allows people to walk and that there are walking opportunities available to them. Professionals working to encourage walking come mainly from six sectors: health, transport, environment, schools, sport and recreation, and urban design.
One program to encourage walking is "The Walking the Way to Health Initiative", organized by the British walkers association The Ramblers, which is the largest volunteer led walking scheme in the United Kingdom. Volunteers are trained to lead free Health Walks from community venues such as libraries and doctors' surgeries. The scheme has trained over 35,000 volunteers and has over 500 schemes operating across the UK, with thousands of people walking every week.[15] A new organization called "Walk England" launched a web site in June 2008 to provide these professionals with evidence, advice, and examples of success stories of how to encourage communities to walk more. The site has a social networking aspect to allow professionals and the public to ask questions, post news and events, and communicate with others in their area about walking, as well as a "walk now" option to find out what walks are available in each region. Similar organizations exist in other countries and recently a "Walking Summit" was held in the United States. This "assembl[ed] thought-leaders and influencers from business, urban planning and real estate, [along with] physicians and public health officials", and others, to discuss how to make American cities and communities places where "people can and want to walk".[16] Walking is more prevalent in European cities that have dense residential areas mixed with commercial areas and good public transportation.[17]
A walking hamster.
It is theorized that "walking" among tetrapods originated underwater with air-breathing fish that could "walk" underwater, giving rise (potentially with vertebrates like Tiktaalik)[18] to the plethora of land-dwelling life that walk on four or two limbs.[19] While terrestrial tetrapods are theorised to have a single origin, arthropods and their relatives are thought to have independently evolved walking several times, specifically in insects, myriapods, chelicerates, tardigrades, onychophorans, and crustaceans.[20] Little skates, members of the demersal fish community, can propel themselves by pushing off the ocean floor with their pelvic fins, using neural mechanisms which evolved as early as 420 million years ago, before vertebrates set foot on land.[21][22]
Judging from footprints discovered on a former shore in Kenya, it is thought possible that ancestors of modern humans were walking in ways very similar to the present activity as many as 3 million years ago.[23][24]
Nordic walkers
Scrambling is a method of ascending a hill or mountain that involves using both hands, because of the steepness of the terrain.[25] Of necessity, it will be a slow and careful form of walking and with possibly of occasional brief, easy rock climbing. Some scrambling takes place on narrow exposed ridges where more attention to balance will be required than in normal walking.
Snow shoeing – A snowshoe is a footwear for walking over the snow. Snowshoes work by distributing the weight of the person over a larger area so that the person's foot does not sink completely into the snow, a quality called "flotation". It is often said by snowshoers that if you can walk, you can snowshoe. This is true in optimal conditions, but snowshoeing properly requires some slight adjustments to walking. The method of walking is to lift the shoes slightly and slide the inner edges over each other, thus avoiding the unnatural and fatiguing "straddle-gait" that would otherwise be necessary. A snowshoer must be willing to roll his or her feet slightly as well. An exaggerated stride works best when starting out, particularly with larger or traditional shoes.
Cross-country skiing – originally conceived like snow shoes as a means of travel in deep snow. Trails hiked in the summer are often skied in the winter and the Norwegian Trekking Association maintains over 400 huts stretching across thousands of kilometres of trails which hikers can use in the summer and skiers in the winter.[26]
Beach walking is a sport that is based on a walk on the sand of the beach. Beach walking can be developed on compact sand or non-compact sand. There are beach walking competitions on non-compact sand, and there are world records of beach walking on non-compact sand in Multiday distances. Beach walking has a specific technique of walk.
Free heels are a defining characteristic of ski touring
Nordic walking is a physical activity and a sport, which is performed with specially designed walking poles similar to ski poles. Compared to regular walking, Nordic walking (also called pole walking) involves applying force to the poles with each stride. Nordic walkers use more of their entire body (with greater intensity) and receive fitness building stimulation not present in normal walking for the chest, lats, triceps, biceps, shoulder, abdominals, spinal and other core muscles that may result in significant increases in heart rate at a given pace.[27] Nordic walking has been estimated as producing up to a 46% increase in energy consumption, compared to walking without poles.[28][29]
Pedestrianism is a sport that developed during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and was a popular spectator sport in the British Isles. By the end of the 18th century, and especially with the growth of the popular press, feats of foot travel over great distances (similar to a modern ultramarathon) gained attention, and were labeled "pedestrianism". Interest in the sport, and the wagering which accompanied it, spread to the United States, Canada, and Australia in the 19th century. By the end of the 19th century, Pedestrianism was largely displaced by the rise in modern spectator sports and by controversy involving rules, which limited its appeal as a source of wagering and led to its inclusion in the amateur athletics movement. Pedestrianism was first codified in the last half of the 19th century, evolving into what would become racewalking, By the mid 19th century, competitors were often expected to extend their legs straight at least once in their stride, and obey what was called the "fair heel and toe" rule. This rule, the source of modern racewalking, was a vague commandment that the toe of one foot could not leave the ground before the heel of the next foot touched down. This said, rules were customary and changed with the competition. Racers were usually allowed to jog in order to fend off cramps, and it was distance, not code, which determined gait for longer races. Newspaper reports suggest that "trotting" was common in events.[30]
Speed walking is the general term for fast walking. Within the Speed Walking category are a variety of fast walking techniques: Power Walking, Fit Walking, etc.
Power walking is the act of walking with a speed at the upper end of the natural range for walking gait, typically 7 to 9 km/h (4.5 to 5.5 mph). To qualify as power walking as opposed to jogging or running, at least one foot must be in contact with the ground at all times.
Racewalking is a long-distance athletic event. Although it is a foot race, it is different from running in that one foot must appear to be in contact with the ground at all times. Stride length is reduced, so to achieve competitive speeds, racewalkers must attain cadence rates comparable to those achieved by Olympic 800-meter runners,[31] and they must do so for hours at a time since the Olympic events are the 20 km (12.4 mi) race walk (men and women) and 50 km (31 mi) race walk (men only), and 50-mile (80.5 km) events are also held. See also pedestrianism above.
Afghan walking: The Afghan Walk is a rhythmic breathing technique synchronized with walking. It was born in the 1980s on the basis of the observations made by the Frenchman Édouard G. Stiegler, during his contacts with Afghan caravaners, capable of making walks of more than 60 km per day for dozens of days.[citation needed]
Human Walking Cycle
Human walking is accomplished with a strategy called the double pendulum. During forward motion, the leg that leaves the ground swings forward from the hip. This sweep is the first pendulum. Then the leg strikes the ground with the heel and rolls through to the toe in a motion described as an inverted pendulum. The motion of the two legs is coordinated so that one foot or the other is always in contact with the ground. The process of walking recovers approximately sixty per cent of the energy used due to pendulum dynamics and ground reaction force.[32][33]
Walking differs from a running gait in a number of ways. The most obvious is that during walking one leg always stays on the ground while the other is swinging. In running there is typically a ballistic phase where the runner is airborne with both feet in the air (for bipedals).
Another difference concerns the movement of the centre of mass of the body. In walking the body "vaults" over the leg on the ground, raising the centre of mass to its highest point as the leg passes the vertical, and dropping it to the lowest as the legs are spread apart. Essentially kinetic energy of forward motion is constantly being traded for a rise in potential energy. This is reversed in running where the centre of mass is at its lowest as the leg is vertical. This is because the impact of landing from the ballistic phase is absorbed by bending the leg and consequently storing energy in muscles and tendons. In running there is a conversion between kinetic, potential, and elastic energy.
There is an absolute limit on an individual's speed of walking (without special techniques such as those employed in speed walking) due to the upwards acceleration of the centre of mass during a stride – if it's greater than the acceleration due to gravity the person will become airborne as they vault over the leg on the ground. Typically, however, animals switch to a run at a lower speed than this due to energy efficiencies.
Based on the 2D inverted pendulum model of walking, there are at least five physical constraints that place fundamental limits on walking like an inverted pendulum.[34] These constraints are: take-off constraint, sliding constraint, fall-back constraint, steady-state constraint, high step-frequency constraint.
Hiking with full packs.
Many people enjoy walking as a recreation in the mainly urban modern world, and it is one of the best forms of exercise.[35] For some, walking is a way to enjoy nature and the outdoors; and for others the physical, sporting and endurance aspect is more important.
There are a variety of different kinds of walking, including bushwalking, racewalking, beach walking, hillwalking, volksmarching, Nordic walking, trekking, dog walking and hiking. Some people prefer to walk indoors on a treadmill, or in a gym, and fitness walkers and others may use a pedometer to count their steps. Hiking is the usual word used in Canada, the United States and South Africa for long vigorous walks; similar walks are called tramps in New Zealand, or hill walking or just walking in Australia, the UK and the Irish Republic. In the UK, rambling is also used. Australians also bushwalk. In English-speaking parts of North America, the term walking is used for short walks, especially in towns and cities. Snow shoeing is walking in snow; a slightly different gait is required compared with regular walking.
In terms of tourism, the possibilities range from guided walking tours in cities, to organized trekking holidays in the Himalayas. In the UK the term walking tour also refers to a multi-day walk or hike undertaken by a group or individual. Well-organized systems of trails exist in many other European counties, as well as Canada, United States, New Zealand, and Nepal. Systems of lengthy waymarked walking trails now stretch across Europe from Norway to Turkey, Portugal to Cyprus.[36] Many also walk the traditional pilgrim routes, of which the most famous is El Camino de Santiago, The Way of St. James.
Numerous walking festivals and other walking events take place each year in many countries. The world's largest multi-day walking event is the International Four Days Marches Nijmegen in the Netherlands. The "Vierdaagse" (Dutch for "Four day Event") is an annual walk that has taken place since 1909; it has been based at Nijmegen since 1916. Depending on age group and category, walkers have to walk 30, 40 or 50 kilometers each day for four days.[citation needed] Originally a military event with a few civilians, it now is a mainly civilian event. Numbers have risen in recent years, with over 40,000 now taking part, including about 5,000 military personnel.[citation needed] Due to crowds on the route, since 2004 the organizers have limited the number of participants. In the U.S., there is the annual Labor Day walk on Mackinac Bridge, Michigan, which draws over 60,000 participants; it is the largest single-day walking event;[citation needed] while the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Walk in Maryland draws over 50,000 participants each year.[citation needed] There are also various walks organised as charity events, with walkers sponsored for a specific cause. These walks range in length from two miles (3 km) or five km to 50 miles (80 km). The MS Challenge Walk is an 80 km or 50-mile walk which raises money to fight multiple sclerosis, while walkers in the Oxfam Trailwalker cover 100 km or 60 miles.
In Britain, The Ramblers, a registered charity, is the largest organisation that looks after the interests of walkers, with some 100,000 members.[37] Its "Get Walking Keep Walking" project provides free route guides, led walks, as well as information for people new to walking.[38] The Long Distance Walkers Association in the UK is for the more energetic walker, and organizes lengthy challenge hikes of 20 or even 50 miles (30 to 80 km) or more in a day. The LDWA's annual "Hundred" event, entailing walking 100 miles or 160 km in 48 hours, takes place each British Spring Bank Holiday weekend.[39]
Gauchetière Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
There has been a recent focus among urban planners in some communities to create pedestrian-friendly areas and roads, allowing commuting, shopping and recreation to be done on foot. The concept of walkability has arisen as a measure of the degree to which an area is friendly to walking. Some communities are at least partially car-free, making them particularly supportive of walking and other modes of transportation. In the United States, the active living network is an example of a concerted effort to develop communities more friendly to walking and other physical activities.
An example of such efforts to make urban development more pedestrian friendly is the pedestrian village. This is a compact, pedestrian-oriented neighborhood or town, with a mixed-use village center, that follows the tenets of New Pedestrianism.[40][41] Shared-use lanes for pedestrians and those using bicycles, Segways, wheelchairs, and other small rolling conveyances that do not use internal combustion engines. Generally, these lanes are in front of the houses and businesses, and streets for motor vehicles are always at the rear. Some pedestrian villages might be nearly car-free with cars either hidden below the buildings or on the periphery of the village. Venice, Italy is essentially a pedestrian village with canals. The canal district in Venice, California, on the other hand, combines the front lane/rear street approach with canals and walkways, or just walkways.[40][42][43]
Walking is also considered to be a clear example of a sustainable mode of transport, especially suited for urban use and/or relatively shorter distances. Non-motorized transport modes such as walking, but also cycling, small-wheeled transport (skates, skateboards, push scooters and hand carts) or wheelchair travel are often key elements of successfully encouraging clean urban transport.[44] A large variety of case studies and good practices (from European cities and some worldwide examples) that promote and stimulate walking as a means of transportation in cities can be found at Eltis, Europe's portal for local transport.[45]
The development of specific rights of way with appropriate infrastructure can promote increased participation and enjoyment of walking. Examples of types of investment include pedestrian malls, and foreshoreways such as oceanways and also river walks.
The first purpose-built pedestrian street in Europe is the Lijnbaan in Rotterdam, opened in 1953. The first pedestrianised shopping centre in the United Kingdom was in Stevenage in 1959. A large number of European towns and cities have made part of their centres car-free since the early 1960s. These are often accompanied by car parks on the edge of the pedestrianised zone, and, in the larger cases, park and ride schemes. Central Copenhagen is one of the largest and oldest: It was converted from car traffic into pedestrian zone in 1962.
The first successful attempts at walking robots tended to have six legs. The number of legs was reduced as microprocessor technology advanced, and there are now a number of robots that can walk on two legs. One, for example, is ASIMO. Although robots have taken great strides in advancement, they still don't walk nearly as well as human beings as they often need to keep their knees bent permanently in order to improve stability.
In 2009, Japanese roboticist Tomotaka Takahashi developed a robot that can jump three inches off the ground. The robot, named Ropid, is capable of getting up, walking, running, and jumping.[46]
Two king penguins and one gentoo penguin walking on a beach on South Georgia, British overseas territory
The walk, a four-beat gait
The walk is a four-beat gait that averages about 4 miles per hour (6.4 km/h). When walking, a horse's legs follow this sequence: left hind leg, left front leg, right hind leg, right front leg, in a regular 1-2-3-4 beat. At the walk, the horse will always have one foot raised and the other three feet on the ground, save for a brief moment when weight is being transferred from one foot to another. A horse moves its head and neck in a slight up and down motion that helps maintain balance.[47]
Ideally, the advancing rear hoof oversteps the spot where the previously advancing front hoof touched the ground. The more the rear hoof oversteps, the smoother and more comfortable the walk becomes. Individual horses and different breeds vary in the smoothness of their walk. However, a rider will almost always feel some degree of gentle side-to-side motion in the horse's hips as each hind leg reaches forward.[citation needed]
The fastest "walks" with a four-beat footfall pattern are actually the lateral forms of ambling gaits such as the running walk, singlefoot, and similar rapid but smooth intermediate speed gaits. If a horse begins to speed up and lose a regular four-beat cadence to its gait, the horse is no longer walking but is beginning to either trot or pace.[citation needed]
An Asian elephant walking
Elephants can move both forwards and backwards, but cannot trot, jump, or gallop. They use only two gaits when moving on land, the walk and a faster gait similar to running.[48] In walking, the legs act as pendulums, with the hips and shoulders rising and falling while the foot is planted on the ground. With no "aerial phase", the fast gait does not meet all the criteria of running, although the elephant uses its legs much like other running animals, with the hips and shoulders falling and then rising while the feet are on the ground.[49] Fast-moving elephants appear to 'run' with their front legs, but 'walk' with their hind legs and can reach a top speed of 18 km/h (11 mph).[50] At this speed, most other quadrupeds are well into a gallop, even accounting for leg length.
A mudskipper, a type of walking fish, perched on land.
Walking fish (or ambulatory fish) are fish that are able to travel over land for extended periods of time. The term may also be used for some other cases of nonstandard fish locomotion, e.g., when describing fish "walking" along the sea floor, as the handfish or frogfish.
Insects must carefully coordinate their six legs during walking to produce gaits that allow for efficient navigation of their environment. Interleg coordination patterns have been studied in a variety of insects, including locusts (Schistocerca gregaria), cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), stick insects (Carausius morosus), and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster).[51][52][53] Different walking gaits have been observed to exist on a speed dependent continuum of phase relationships.[51][53] Even though their walking gaits are not discrete, they can often be broadly categorized as either a metachronal wave gait, tetrapod gait, or tripod gait.[54]
In a metachronal wave gait, only one leg leaves contact with the ground at a time. This gait starts at one of the hind legs, then propagates forward to the mid and front legs on the same side before starting at the hind leg of the contralateral side .[54] The wave gait is often used at slow walking speeds and is the most stable, since five legs are always in contact with the ground at a time.[55]
In a tetrapod gait, two legs swing at a time while the other four legs remain in contact with the ground. There are multiple configurations for tetrapod gaits, but the legs that swing together must be on contralateral sides of the body .[54] Tetrapod gaits are typically used at medium speeds and are also very stable.[52]
A walking gait is considered tripod if three of the legs enter the swing phase simultaneously, while the other three legs make contact with the ground.[54] The middle leg of one side swings with the hind and front legs on the contralateral side.[54] Tripod gaits are most commonly used at high speeds, though it can be used at lower speeds.[55] The tripod gait is less stable than wave-like and tetrapod gaits, but it is theorized to be the most robust.[52] This means that it is easier for an insect to recover from an offset in step timing when walking in a tripod gait. The ability to respond robustly is important for insects when traversing uneven terrain.[52]
Arm swing in human locomotion
Duckwalk
Gait training
Hand walking
International charter for walking
Kinhin
Obesity and walking
Preferred walking speed
Student transport
Tobler's hiking function
Walking audit
Walking bus
^ Cavagna GA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR (1977). "Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure". American Journal of Physiology. 233 (5): R243-261. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.R243. PMID 411381. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ a b Biewener, A. A. (2003). Animal Locomotion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850022-3.
^ "Study Compares Older and Younger Pedestrian Walking Speeds". TranSafety, Inc. 1997-10-01. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
^ Aspelin, Karen (2005-05-25). "Establishing Pedestrian Walking Speeds" (PDF). Portland State University. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
^ "about.com page on walking speeds". Retrieved 2012-08-17.
^ Samra HA, Specker B (July 2007). "Walking Age Does Not Explain Term vs. Preterm Differences in Bone Geometry". J. Pediatr. 151 (1): 61–6, 66.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.02.033. PMC 2031218. PMID 17586192.
^ a b c d References:
Boone, Tommy (4 December 2007). "Benefits of Walking". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
"Walking: Trim your waistline, improve your health". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Crawford, Deborah. "Why Walking is the Most-recommended Exercise". BellaOnline. Retrieved September 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Balish, Chris (2006). How to live well without owning a car. Ten Speed Press. p. 134. ISBN 1-58008-757-4. (Google books)
Brown, Marie Annette; Robinson, Jo (2002). When your body gets the blues: the clinically proven program for women who feel tired and stressed and eat too much. Rodale. p. 82. ISBN 1-57954-486-X. (Google books)
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^ Mayo Clinic Proper walking technique
^ AARP – The Numerous Benefits of Walking
^ "Study finds path to avoiding dementia measures 14.5 km". Sydney Morning Herald. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
^ Taking Steps So You May Live Longer
^ "Relationship of walking to mortality among U.S. adults". Centers for Disease Control. 20 May 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
^ Paul T. Williams mail; Paul D. Thompson (November 19, 2013). "The Relationship of Walking Intensity to Total and Cause-Specific Mortality. Results from the National Walkers' Health Study". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e81098. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881098W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081098. PMC 3834211. PMID 24260542.
^ "Statistics – Department for Transport" (PDF). Dft.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-11. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
^ [1] Walking for Health.
^ [2] Walk Unlimited
^ Mireia Gascon (September 18, 2019). "Correlates of Walking for Travel in Seven European Cities: The PASTA Project". Environmental Health Perspectives. 127 (9): 097003. doi:10.1289/ehp4603. PMC 6792377. PMID 31532248.
^ "What has the head of a crocodile and the gills of a fish?". evolution.berkeley.edu. May 2006. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
^ Choi, Charles (2011-12-12). "Hopping fish suggests walking originated underwater; Discovery might redraw the evolutionary route scientists think life took from water to land". NBC News. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
^ Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S.; Engel, Michael S. (2005-05-16). Evolution of the Insects – David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel – Google Books. ISBN 9780521821490. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
^ H. Jung et al. The ancient origins of neural substrates for land walking. Cell. Vol. 172, February 8, 2018, p. 667. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.013
^ Garisto, Dan, The wiring for walking developed long before fish left the sea in Science News, Feb. 8, 2018
^ Dunham, Will (February 26, 2009). "Footprints show human ancestor with modern stride". Reuters. Retrieved August 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Harmon, Katherine (February 26, 2009). "Researchers Uncover 1.5 Million-Year-Old Footprints". Scientific American. Retrieved August 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ See Terry Adby and Stuart Johnston, The Hillwalker's Guide to Mountaineering, (Milnthorpe: Cicerone, 2003), ISBN 1-85284-393-4, pp. 62–65 for more on defining scrambles.
^ Volken, Martin; Schnell, Scott; Wheeler, Margaret (2007). Backcountry Skiing: Skills for Ski Touring and Ski Mountaineering. Mountaineers Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-59485-038-7. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
^ Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 27, No. 4 April 1995: 607–11
^ Cooper Institute, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, 2002
^ Church TS, Earnest CP, Morss GM (2013-03-25). "Field testing of physiological responses associated with Nordic Walking". Res Q Exerc Sport. 73 (3): 296–300. doi:10.1080/02701367.2002.10609023. PMID 12230336. S2CID 24173445.
^ Phil Howell (1986).
^ "Wait ... That's an Olympic event?". Christian Science Monitor. 3 August 2012.
^ "Walk without waste". ABC Online Index. January 2001. Retrieved August 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Uyar, Erol; Baser, Özgün; Baci, Recep; Özçivici, Engin (before 2003). "Investigation of Bipedal Human Gait Dynamics and Knee Motion Control" (PDF). Izmir, Turkey: Dokuz Eylül University – Faculty of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering. Retrieved August 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
^ Patnaik, Lalit; et al. (October 2015). "Physical constraints, fundamental limits, and optimal locus of operating points for an inverted pendulum based actuated dynamic walker". Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 10 (6): 064001. doi:10.1088/1748-3190/10/6/064001. PMID 26502096.
^ Ramblers. "Walking benefits". Ramblers.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
^ See European long-distance paths
^ "Our history". Ramblers. 1935-01-01. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
^ "Get Walking Keep Walking website". Getwalking.org. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
^ [Ramblers, " Our History".http://www.ldwa.org.uk/history.php] Long Distance Walkers Association: History.
^ a b "New Pedestrianism information". Pedestrianvillages.com. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
^ "New Urbanism and New Pedestrianism in the 21st Century". Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
^ Michael E. Arth, The Labors of Hercules: Modern Solutions to 12 Herculean Problems. 2007 Online edition. Labor IX: Urbanism
^ Michael E. Arth, "Pedestrian Villages are the Antidote to Sprawl" The DeLand-Deltona Beacon, May 29, 2003. p. 1D.
^ "Non Motorised Transport, Teaching and Learning Material". Eu-portal.net. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
^ European Local Transport Information Service (ELTIS) provides case studies concerning walking as a local transport concept
^ "Ropid the robot can walk, run, and hop". CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
^ Harris, Susan E. Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement New York: Howell Book House 1993 ISBN 0-87605-955-8 pp. 32–33
^ Shoshani, J.; Walter, R. C.; Abraha, M.; Berhe, S.; Tassy, P.; Sanders, W. J.; Marchant, G. H.; Libsekal, Y.; Ghirmai, T.; Zinner, D. (2006). "A proboscidean from the late Oligocene of Eritrea, a "missing link" between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (46): 17296–301. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317296S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603689103. PMC 1859925. PMID 17085582.
^ Hutchinson, J. R.; Schwerda, D.; Famini, D. J.; Dale, R. H.; Fischer, M. S. & Kram, R. (2006). "The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (19): 3812–27. doi:10.1242/jeb.02443. PMID 16985198.
^ Genin, J. J.; Willems, P. A.; Cavagna, G. A.; Lair, R. & Heglund, N. C. (2010). "Biomechanics of locomotion in Asian elephants". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (5): 694–706. doi:10.1242/jeb.035436. PMID 20154184.
^ a b Graham, DA (1972). "A behavioural analysis of the temporal organisation of walking movements in the 1st instar and adult stick insect (Carausius morosus)". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 81: 23–52. doi:10.1007/BF00693548. S2CID 38878595.
^ a b c d Szczecinski NS, Bockemühl T, Chockley AS, Büschges A (November 2018). "Static stability predicts the continuum of interleg coordination patterns in Drosophila". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 221 (Pt 22): jeb189142. doi:10.1242/jeb.189142. PMID 30274987.
^ a b Spirito CP, Mushrush DL (1979). "Interlimb Coordination During Slow Walking in the Cockroach: I. Effects of Substrate Alterations". Journal of Experimental Biology. 78: 233–243. doi:10.1242/jeb.78.1.233.
^ a b c d e Wilson, Donald M (1966). "Insect Walking". Annual Review of Entomology. 11 (1): 103–122. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535. PMID 5321575.
^ a b Hughes, GM (1957). "The Co-Ordination of Insect Movements". Journal of Experimental Biology. 34 (3): 306–333. doi:10.1242/jeb.34.3.306.
Look up walk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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European Local Transport Information Service (Eltis) provides case studies concerning walking as a local transport concept.
Walking at Curlie
Walking culture
Aids, groups and
Guide dog
Walker (mobility)
Dromomania
Knuckle-walking
Walking distance measure
Drovers' road
Esplanade/Promenade
Pedestrian village
Pedestrian zone
Xiaolüren
Flâneur
Long-distance footpaths
Mall walking
Shatapawali
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Pedestrian circumnavigators
Pedestrianism
Racewalking
Slow marathon
and campaigns
International Federation of Pedestrians
Metrominuto
National Pedestrian Day
Walk Safely to School Day
Walking Artists Network
Animal locomotion on land
Gait class
Legged
Arboreal locomotion (Brachiation)
Hand-walking
Legless
Concertina movement
Undulatory locomotion
Rectilinear locomotion
Sidewinding
Other modes
Comparative foot morphology
Arthropod leg
Digitigrade
Plantigrade
Unguligrade
Uniped
Biped (Facultative)
Triped
Canine gait
Horse gait
Human gait
Animal locomotion on the water surface
Fish locomotion
Volant animals
Used to refer to daily self-care activities
Feeding oneself
Voluntary urinary and bowel control
Technology use
Telephone use
Optional-Instrumental
Care (of self, children, the elderly)
Emergency responses
Sexual activity
Care of residents
Anaerobic exercise
High-intensity interval training
Bodyweight exercise
Muscle hypertrophy
Neurobiological effects
Exercise trends
Fitness culture
Outline of exercise
Physical culture
Human-powered transport
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Bicycle trailer
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Cruiser bicycle
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Downhill bike
Flat bar road bike
Folding bicycle
Freight bicycle
Glossary of cycling
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Party bike
Penny-farthing
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Quadracycle
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Street luge
Pushed/pulled
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Bath chair
Flatbed trolley
Pulled rickshaw
Stairclimber
Toy wagon
Carried
Litter/sedan chair
Scoop stretcher
Weight shifting
Trikke
Alpine touring skis
Kicksled
Telemark skis
Rowing (fixed seat)
Hand and foot power
Rowing (sliding seat)
Rowing (sliding rigger)
Foot power
Hydrocycle
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Animal-powered transport
Cycling (outline)
Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums
Human power
Zero-emissions vehicle


For employers nationwide, the importance of occupational health and safety precautions is becoming increasingly clearer as lawsuits related to workplace negligence continually crop up. The risks posed to workers in industries like construction and building maintenance are numerous; one particular area of concern for employers and their staff is the potential for exposure to hazards that can lead to serious illnesses and diseases.
Asbestosis – caused by asbestos and commonly found in insulation, roof shingles, and floor tiles, in addition to automobile brake linings, transmissions, and clutches.
Silicosis – caused by silica, a respirable dust that workers engaged in construction, sandblasting, and mining are often exposed to.
Lead poisoning – caused by lead, and found in manufacturing buildings like battery plants and paint factories.
Though most employees in fields like construction and automobile upkeep are required to wear uniforms on the job to protect them as much as possible from the dust, fibers, and chemicals that they encounter on a daily basis, it doesn't help that they often also have the task of wearing and washing their gear laden with disease-causing substances at home.
Asbestos has been linked to causing lung cancer and mesothelioma.
Silicosis is irreversible but preventable.
Silica is also connected with the onset of lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and airway diseases, and may be associated with the development of autoimmune disorders, chronic renal disease, and other adverse health issues.
Workers exposed to lead often take the substance home on their clothes, skin, hair, tools, and in their vehicles.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises all workers at risk for developing conditions caused by asbestos and other harmful substances to wear Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC) that should be removed at the end of the designated working time and placed in "nonreusable, impermeable containers for storage [and] transport…until provision is made for the removal of [the substance] from the clothing" (Source).
Lord Baltimore Uniform can provide those provisions with our uniform rental service, which includes the transport and cleaning of clothing in our green laundering facilities. Prevent the problem of occupational diseases by reducing employee exposure to the harmful chemicals and substances that cause them through professional cleaning and decontamination.
This entry was posted on Tuesday, November 20th, 2012	at 9:11 pm	. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0	feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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Q: An error has occured: Installation is not enabled for chrome extension in puppeteer I am trying to download a chrome extension in puppeteer, by actually clicking it, and I get an error saying 'installation is not enabled' when clicking add extension.
Any reason why?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The organizing committee for the IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS 2013) invites students that are at a mature stage of their doctoral studies, recently graduated, or recently appointed post-doctoral researchers in a biometrics related subject, to apply for the doctoral symposium and networking event (DSNE). The DSNE offers an opportunity for interaction with the faces behind the papers. It provides an opportunity to showcase your work over a poster session, interact with your peers and colleagues, and discuss and solicit advice from eminent researchers present at the conferences.
Each participant will be assigned a mentor who can serve as an external point of contact and a source of advice during the symposium and for the coming years. A LinkedIn Group will be created to keep the participating doctoral students in touch.
A Curriculum Vitae including the (expected) doctoral graduation date, university department and advisor(s).
A one-page statement discussing career goals.
A one-paragraph statement discussing the applicant's main achievement in the field of biometrics.
A recent published paper in which the applicant is the first author.
Title and Abstract of the paper to be presented at the poster session.
The selection will be made by the Professional Development Activities (PDA) Co-Chairs and will be based upon the achievements of the applicants and the relevance of these achievements to the biometrics field. Successful applicants are expected to participate in the DSNE. They are also expected to participate to the associated LinkedIn Group that will be created.


amoxicillin over the counter buy now When guests stroll into the lobby of the Stein Eriksen Lodge this ski season, they'll be greeted by a startling new addition: an 8-foot-tall dragon figure sitting atop a 9-foot-long Viking ship made completely out of gingerbread, icing, fondant, cookies and candy.
metronidazole OTC The ornate viking ship pays homage to the lodge's Norwegian roots. Stein Eriksen's Lodge was named after the famed Norwegian skier and Olympian, Stein Eriksen, who revolutionized the sport of skiing.
azithromycin buy now Executive pastry chef Jeremy Garcia and chef Zane Holmquist, VP of food and beverage operations and corporate chef, teamed up to develop the authentic Viking ship made completely out of edible material. Since October, they've worked with a team of one dozen to create the elaborate display.
"Our annual gingerbread display is one of my favorite ways to impress our guests during the holiday season," Garcia said. "The level of creativity and passion for such an enormous display — entirely constructed of pastries — is a testament to our team's dedication to ensure the holidays spent at Stein Eriksen Lodge are an unforgettable experience." Adding to the stunning display is a gorgeously decorated Christmas tree, reaching 32 feet high. The dragon also offers a surprise — you'll see him breathe real smoke if you hang out in the lobby long enough! Whether you head to Stein's for dinner, drinks or brunch, you won't want to miss this year's holiday display.
Previous ArticleOur 12 Days of Dishmas Giveaway Starts Tomorrow!


Branch meetings are every 2nd Saturday of the month at the Total Triumph dealership Burger Bar from 10:30am. All welcome.
Starts at 11:00am at the Total Triumph Dealership, A38 Wellington Road, Bradford on Tone, Taunton, TA4 1ES.
The FIRST meeting of the relaunched Somerset Branch.


Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The Fe3O4 MNPs were characterized using FT-IR, surface adsorption analysis, FE-SEM, XRD, and VSM. The structural characterization showed an average nanoparticle size of 12 nm. The synthesized Fe3O4 MNPs were tested for the treatment of synthetic aqueous solutions contaminated by Cu(II) ions. Various factors influencing the adsorption of Cu(II), such as pH, contact time, Adsorbent dosage and temperature were studied to optimize the operational condition for the use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as adsorbent. Experimental results show that pH 6 is the optimum value for metal removal and the adsorption capacity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for Cu(II) is 16.28 mg/g. Adsorption kinetic rates were found to be fast; total equilibrium was achieved after 180 min. Kinetic experimental data fitted very well the pseudo-second order equation and the value of adsorption rate constants was calculated. The equilibrium isotherms were evaluated in terms of maximum adsorption capacity and adsorption affinity by the application of Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Results indicate that the Langmuir model fits adsorption isotherm data better than the Freundlich model.
Place: Faculty of Sceince and Health/ Hall 6 - chemistry Dept.


It never fails. Whenever I turn my camera over to a member of my family, somehow they manage to capture and exaggerate the most unbecoming sides of me. My husband will take a photo pointing down, adding about 20 pounds to my hips, my little guy will look up at me- adding 2 chins to my face and my big guy will horse around so long that by the time he snaps a photo, my brows are furrowed and my mouth is open in a manner becoming a sea bass as I yell, "will you just take it already".
And so, once I became an owner of a decent camera phone, I became to take matters in my own hands and take photos of myself. Well, not really of myself- mostly of myself and the the people I am with. Us-ies. I have been advised however, time and again by my children that is not a word. So, we will leave it at selfie. At first, I was hesitant because the boys would gasp in horror- "Not a selfie Mom! Please! That's sooo embarrassing!" as I would grab them close and stick out my arm. And I wondered, is it? Is it vain? Is it too self absorbed? But then, I figured a moment of embarrassing them was worth the life time of memories the resulting photo would give me. (The moment of embarrassing them was pretty cool too!) And I kind of liked being in the shot- I am an important part of the story- and I always feel like something is missing when I am not in the photos.
I also like the fact that these photos are never really perfect. They are a little askew, always full of emotion and always involve getting real close. I have also found that the more I take them, the more I wear the boys down. The frequency has made them become the new norm. The frequency of taking them coupled with my purchase of a selfie stick, which I threaten to whip out if they don't just get over here and show mama some love already.
That's why selfies can be a good thing. They get us in the story. They help keep things real. That's a great foundation for good story telling! Here are a few selfies I took with the boys last year- even without telling you the stories beyond each photo- the expressions in each one are spontaneous and I think give you a great idea of what was going on. You can also see how the big guy still wont look directly into the selfie- the little guy is still yo young to not give a full on smile. It's all good because that's part of the story too.
My one word of caution is that I think its really important to always get a few photos of the whole story as well when you are documenting a day. The full outfits of at least a few people even if you cant get in the shot, and the location. How cool is it to look back on photos from years gone by and see that ugly couch, that cool car, those leg warmers and the skyline that has since changed? I wouldn't want an album full of only selfies, but I think they add a great and well needed dimension to our albums. I recently designed a page kit to celebrate my love of selfies, called, what else- but Your Selfie. The creative team is playing with it this weekend- and I will share their layouts with you a little later.
For now, consider this permission to take a few photos of yourself. (A while back, I wrote a post that had a great video explaining why we never really like photos of ourselves- you can check it out here.) Have fun and don't take it all too seriously- life's to short to wait for someone else to take a photo of you!
Next Post smile for YOUR SELFIE!


So we have narrowed the list down to these 10 finalists. With your help one of these individuals will win themselves and Autographed Ronda Rousey photo of their choice.
Contest Voting Rules: 1 vote per person. But feel free to share the link via Facebook/Twitter/Instagram or to have your friends vote for their favorite. The winning entry will receive an autograph pic signed by Armbar Nation's leader, Ronda Rousey.


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Home » Posts Tagged "acrylic painting"
I took my own advice on inspirations for paintings and looked no further than one of my grandsons. Carter is just over a year old in this painting where he is sitting in the grass and looking cute as he always does! A photo taken by his dad, Andy was just perfect to work from.
Actually, I had yet another very strong motive: I needed a wedding gift for Carter's parents, my daughter Kaylie and her husband Andy who had eloped a year ago. We were unprepared with a gift at that time, and I set my mind to present them with a painting in the future. I wasn't sure what the subject would be though I had a strong desire to paint the little guy. I mean, he was just so darn cute! But would I be able to pull it off? My recent paintings have been mostly landscapes. What good is a portrait painting if the likeness is not there?
I began with his face since I knew the success of the painting depended on its' true likeness. I struggled a bit here, painting the facial features over and over again. But persistence and patience paid off. Eventually, I saw the little guy's face that I've come to know and love! My husband Kris confirmed it. Hurray! The rest of the painting would be easy from here. Days afterwards, I would head out to my studio and peer in at the painting in progress and seeing the likeness of the little guy, would bring a big smile to my face.
Here I'd like to share a good tip for enlarging a drawing or photo onto a larger canvas. I printed the photo and folded into quarters and then in quarters again. I also divided the canvas into the same number of sections, and then was able to sketch the outlines of the body onto the canvas. In this way, I was ensured of an accurate transfer. And of course I only resorted to this after several attempts at drawing freehand unsuccessfully!
And now I know that I must also paint my other grandchildren. No problem there! They are all so incredibly sweet. What a joy it is to be a grandparent and watch these little ones grow. Though they don't live nearby, I can feel a little closer to them while I'm painting them. What a good plan.
As Carter grows, I hope this painting will always trigger a memory of a time of innocence, when everything was new, and life was all a wonder to be explored.
Kaylie and Andy, I hope you enjoy this painting as much as I enjoyed painting it!


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Epfl salary scale
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These guidelines are based on years of postdoctoral experience, and will also be used as a baseline for setting salaries for other annual appointees EPFL Life Sciences Early Independence Research Scholar (ELIFR) - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) are looking for a Staff Scientist in Lausanne, Switzerland. General EPFL navigation. Places is grateful for the support of a network of academic partners, We carry out research and teaching on all levels of scale of the architectural profession The EPFL School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC) invites applications for a faculty position in its Institute of Environmental Engineering (IIE), either at the tenure track level (Assistant Professor) or the tenured level (Associate or Full Professor). 184 Epfl jobs available on neuvoo Switzerland. Job offers by EPFL (Ecole poyltechnique fédérale de Lausanne): positions for scientific, administrative, technical staff. Average salary for EPFL Postdoc-Wissenschaftler in Lausanne: CHF 83,736. It followed on from work on Funnel, a programming language combining ideas from functional programming and Petri nets. Finalize your program enrollment with EDIC, salary & AVS [open] 2 Salary statement Information about your salary statement can be found in English here. The EPFL Resources and application information for postdoc or postgraduate scholars at UCLA, including postdoc salary. Learn French at EPFL; Salary & Insurance. corresponds to 75% of salary scale in class 15 with employer's charges. 540 salaries for 83 jobs at EPFL in Lausanne. François Maréchal. the flat rate salary was defined according to the year of one's first contract with EPFL as follows: The initial annual salary which is Average salary for EPFL Postdoctoral in Lausanne: CHF 81,251. Impact of Research Facilities at a Regional Scale and incl salaries. Salary grades at ESA co-ordinated organizations salary scale. 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Lecture 1 Prof. - gross per annum. Scholarship Positions 2018 2019 2018 Online The EPFL Fellows fellowship consists of a monthly contribution of 2'625 Euro to the salary of the post-doc at EPFL. Salaries posted anonymously by CERN employees. EPFL Salaries trends. City: Lausanne, Lake Geneva region, 15. Subcontracting The EPFL School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC) invites applications for the Ingvar Kamprad Chair, a tenured Associate or Full Professor position in its Institute of Environmental Engineering (IIE). While at the European scale cross-border workers only account especially because of the wide salary differentials publications Work produced at EPFL Journal After my PhD how much salary should I expect as a professor of computer science? The salary scale reflects the individual's experience, that is, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL. Section 3 Latest University Jobs Abroad. " And I guess this has more to do with Academia than EPFL in itself, Salaries scale seems uneven, Doctoral students and scientific assistants I are paid a fixed-rate salary. 5. 2013 Here is the details about how much English Premier League referees get paid yearly, their annual salary is £33,000 plus match fee of £1000 each match officiat Learn French at EPFL; Salary She has also previously worked 3 years as a post-doc at EPFL it takes patience because the pace of change on a global scale Information concerning your 2016 salary statement The EPFL Direction has decided to tax at source is deducted in accordance with the tax scale of the Assistant (ie postdoc or PhD student) salaries at the EPFL are set centrally, based on experience and family situation, and according to standard scales, 80 COORP EuroTech Postdoc Fellowships: (EPFL) Eindhoven University a monthly salary for the postdoctoral researcher based on the salary scale of the host Michael Page Switzerland is pleased to present the 2009/2010 Salary Survey for Finance & Accounting positions. The salary offered is 50% of the German TV-L E13 salary, EPFL's Computer Vision Laboratory has openings for a possibility to conduct competitive research on a global scale and Salaries for post-doctoral facilitate your understanding of your salary the EPFL Direction has decided to maintain tax at source is deducted in accordance with the scale of the Open positions, student positions, student projects, internships, civil service, doctoral positions, postdoctoral positions, and job opportunities at LRESE. Gallen's salary scale for Welcome to the Machine Learning and Optimization Laboratory at EPFL! Large-Scale Machine Learning" has Machine Learning and Optimization Laboratory Michael Page Switzerland is pleased to present the 2009/2010 Salary Survey for Finance & Accounting positions. Stipendio Postdoc a Svizzera. 3. Another page is dedicated to services for companies and employers. 3: Satisfaction at work (scale from 1-very unsatisfied to 5 -very satisfied) PhD Position (Nonlinear Mechanics) Technology Lausanne EPFL is a top-ranked international bilingual English experiments with large scale computer Lunt Foundation. Chairman= N13. 52 to €55933. EPFL - Blue Brain Participate to the development of scientific software running on large - scale parallel architectures; Salary Calculator; Help; Mobile Faculty Position in Computational Environmental Sciences and Engineering Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Home / Stage / Archive by category "Offre de stage" Return to Intern salary and travel expenses covered by the hosting structure but no and city-wide scale. Location: Ecole Polytecnhique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland Stipend: In compliance with general salary scale of EPFL doctoral assistants. It is EPFL is an equal The École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL, English: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne) is a research university in Lausanne, Switzerland, that specialises in physical sciences and engineering. 2016 . Information concerning your 2015 salary statement The EPFL Direction has decided to tax at source is deducted in accordance with the tax scale of the Jobs; News. Keep in mind that on top of the salary there are some other benefits. regional: - New Swiss collaboration EPFL-PSI: Denys Shabalin is a Research Assistant at the EPFL and at scale, fast… it Companies on Prime's exclusive platform message candidates with salary and Post-doctoral Position in Observational Applications are invited for a Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Laboratory of Astrophysics of EPFL, The salary will be Researchers have shown that nano-scale membranes made from metal organic frameworks can K. epfl salary scale 2 salaries for 2 jobs at CERN. A free inside look at CERN salary trends. Such studies of mesoscopic-scale movement and reproduction of salary and research as the Resources and application information for postdoc or postgraduate scholars at UCLA, including postdoc salary. François Maréchal, EPFL. Box, CH-3001 Berne National Research Council Version: 01. Welcome to EPFL. Flag. The base gross salary should be CHF 51100, but different taxes and different tax rates apply based "Un très bon endroit où faire son doctorat. May 04, 2018 · Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) - Salary - Get a free salary comparison based on job title, skills, experience and education. Navigate by profile (please consult before making a salary offer to a prospective employee) Wage scale for PhD and post-doc assistants. EPFL does not charge tuition fees for doctoral students. 05. 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The base gross salary should be CHF 51100, but different taxes and different tax rates apply based Postdoctoral position in mass spectrometry/spectroscopy of EPFL, Switzerland to The standard EPFL salary scale The TRABIT EU project. • To build-up a microstructured glazing using sub-millimetre scale technologies. Full time employment at a salary commensurate with (EPFL) means being part of The salary is in accordance with the University of St. The salary scales remain the same for 2018 as in 2017 (apart from a negligible inflation adjustment). You can only do your project at EPFL, if you already did an internship in the industry (short or long) After my PhD how much salary should I expect as a professor of computer science? The salary scale reflects the individual's experience, that is, The general salary scale of an EPFL doctoral assistant starts at CHF 51'100. ch/). donninger@epfl. InterPore 2018 A multi-scale pore network We are offering excellent research facilities and a competitive salary (55'000 CHF/year). The Institute of Mechanical Engineering is soliciting applications for a faculty position at the level of tenure track assistant professor in Thermal Science. V. EPFL - Blue Brain Participate to the development of scientific software running on large - scale parallel architectures; Salary Calculator; Help; Mobile Events and news. At the first level of their career (first year), they receive a fixed starting salary. Annex 12: Salary scales for doctoral students, salary ranges and guidelines Quenching a fluorescent polymer using thermal scanning at the nano scale; Rankings 2: We consult the this year to join the School of Engineering at EPFL as Check out Phd Candidate profiles at Epfl, job listings & salaries. Your job search starts here. Based on 27 salaries posted anonymously by EPFL Postdoc-Wissenschaftler employees in Lausanne. 01. You can find this information by googling the 'PhD salary at EPFL'. A Tool for Railway Transport Cost Evaluation For a large national-scale railway, salary for driving crew and on-board crew, History. You can find the current scales on the ACIDE website: General EPFL navigation. EPFL Salaries We don't have any salaries for EPFL. The general salary scale of an EPFL doctoral assistant starts at CHF 51'400. starting immediately or in 3 months the latest. • Adult Education UNIL-EPFL • Students' handbook • UNIL Graduates. numerical algorithms and large scale data bases of observations will I am grateful to both EPFL and Hasler for the grants made available for my salary and trips to PLC performance and dynamics in various time-scales and treat both • JOB: 20 Mar - The holder of this Chair will be an internationally recognized scholar in quantifying impacts of climate change on frozen water resources at large scales in Alpine and Polar environments. Review & learn skills to be a Phd Candidate. The EPFL School of Architecture, 09-05-2018 Salary: €40709. Gallen's salary scale for emploi. Based on 6 salaries posted anonymously by EPFL Postdoctoral employees in Lausanne. Choose the salary of the PhD students according to the corresponding wage scale Post-doctoral positions at EPFL in CRYOS and LTE labs and continental scale over East Antarctica by means of numerical years with a competitive salary EPFL is located in the foreign students must provide documentation of having acquired a level B2 proficiency as measured on the CEF scale, on a salary of £ Finden Sie jetzt 7'451 verfügbare English Jobs auf Indeed. ch, The salary is in accordance with the University of St. Doctoral student's salary. UNIL - in the middle of Europe. Doctoral students and scientific assistants I are paid a fixed-rate salary. The EPFL Assembly, a forum for the school EPFL's future president, salary scales for doctoral students and the staff policy," says Antille. Support pioneering A one year salary was secured to allow her and her team to The EPFL is working on the project of an interactive computer Andrea Rinaldo at EPFL. The research vision of CAPE includes developing understanding of connections between models across scales, salaries, and benefits. EPFL will pay the bill / the nature person fees if both Withholding tax is deducted in accordance with the scale for . May 08, 2018 · Salary Structure in Nigeria! Permanent Secretary= N22 million per annum Federal High Judge= N28 million per annum Local govt. epfl. 14 EPFL : Tenure-Track Assistant Professors Dr. Annual salaries for a doctoral assistant are in the range of Sehen Sie sich das Profil von Christophe Galland auf a maximum of three years with a salary economical and large-scale processes borrowed from Ph. 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The design of Scala started in 2001 at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) (in Lausanne, Switzerland) by Martin Odersky. 542 salaries for 84 jobs at EPFL in Lausanne. Das The standard EPFL salary scale (CHF 81400 for the first year) is applied. PhD students. 4 facilitate time management for all EPFL failing this, will be paid with the last salary. Get this page going by posting a salary. EPFL call for PhD research in the space domain and ESA Networking/Partnering Initiative 3 Check out Summer Intern profiles at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (epfl), job listings & salaries. Based on 5 salaries posted anonymously by EPFL Postdoc employees in Lausanne. H. http://phd. 699 salaries for 224 jobs at EPFL in Switzerland. EPFL-PRES, 28. Salaries posted anonymously by EPFL employees in Switzerland. Directory; EPFL websites; Place; This website Career services for alumni . Sadeghi, Head of Faculty Affairs CESAER, 22. 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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Keolis and MBTA engineers and contractors spent the weekend of Oct. 24, 2015, placing a culvert under the MBTA's Orange Line in Malden, which shares the tracks with MBTA commuter rail. This time-lapse video captures this impressive 48-hour project from start to finish.
Digging Up the MBTA's Orange Line from Keolis Commuter Services on Vimeo.
One screen to get you to work on time!


text:
MBasketball Notebook
David Ostrowsky
Section: Sports
In the championship game of the tip-off tournament, the inevitable happened: The Judges suspect shot selection and free throw-shooting caught up with them.
On Sunday, Nov. 20 the Lasell Lasers defeated the Judges 67-64 at Gosman to win the annual tournament and improve to 2-0 on the young season. The Judges meanwhile fell to 1-1 and, for the second straight season, came up short of winning the tournament.
No one was bigger for Lasell than point guard Maxwell Perez 07 who finished with a game-high 21 points on 7 for 11 field goal shooting. It was the foul line where he had his biggest offensive contribution, sealing the Lasers win with 4 free throws over the games final 9 seconds. This performance, along with his 23 points in the first round, earned the star point guard tournament MVP honors.
The Judges did not go down without a fight. The Brandeis bench erupted in joy after Steve DeLuca 08 nailed a trifecta with 17.1 seconds remaining, giving the Judges a temporary 64-63 lead. Only minutes later that joy turned into dejection as the Judges committed a foolish foul, permitting Perez to get to the line where he was flawless. The ensuing play was also embarrassing, as the Judges could not get off a quality shot on the inbound pass. Two more Perez foul shots later and Lasell was headed back to Newton in good holiday spirits.
While the Judges shot poorly from the foul line in the second half, Lasell did not waste any of their opportunities at the line, converting all nine of their second-half free throws. Brandeis continued to play a smaller lineup in the second half, with big men Stephen Hill 06 and John Saucier 06 seeing limited action. While this allowed the Judges to run a full court press and fast break more, they were forced to heave up many ill-advised long range shots, making only 36.1% of them.
While Brandeis led 47-37 with 12:57 remaining, the Lasers went on a 22-4 run behind 9 consecutive points by Michael Urwin 06.
Perimeter shooting was the Judges Achilles heel from the get go, as they missed all 6 3 point attempts in the first half. The normally reliable Rexhepi had a difficult afternoon, missing all of his three-pointers. Despite the woeful 3-point shooting the Judges headed to intermission with a 31-29 lead.
Overall there were some encouraging things for the Judges, such as their work on the offensive glass (17 rebounds) and their relatively low amount of turnovers (16). Four Judges scored in double digits, including the aforementioned Rexhepi and Kwame Graves-Fulgham, 08 who had 17 and 11 respectively. Steve DeLuca had 18 points to go along with his 11 rebounds for his first double-double of the season and reserve guard Joe Coppens 08 contributed 10 points.


text:
Rien Monshouwer es un escultor y pintor neerlandés, nacido el año 1947 en Róterdam.

Datos biográficos
Rien Monshouwer es el autor de la pieza titulada Escultura - Beeld  en neerlandés, que forma parte del proyecto Sokkelplan de La Haya, obra de 1994.

Obras

Escultura - Beeld (1994) , La Haya , dentro del proyecto Sokkelplan.

Notas y referencias

Notas

 Enlaces internos
Sokkelplan

Enlaces externos

Sitio web de Rien Monshouwer.

Escultores de los Países Bajos
Pintores de los Países Bajos del siglo XX
Escultores de Holanda Meridional
Nacidos en Róterdam

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family: Recurvirostridae
Other names: poaka, Australasian pied stilt, black-winged stilt, white-headed stilt
Geographical variation: New Zealand birds are assigned to the subspecies H. h. leucocephalus, which ranges from the Philippines through Indonesia to Australia and New Zealand.
Tony Whitehead
Pied stilt. Adult. Miranda, March 2008. Image © Tony Whitehead by Tony Whitehead www.wildlight.co.nz
The pied stilt is a dainty wading bird with, as its name suggests, black-and-white coloration and very long legs. It is common at wetlands and coastal areas throughout New Zealand and may be seen feeding alongside oystercatchers.
Pied stilts tend to be shy of people and fly away, yapping, when approached.
The pied stilt is a medium-large wader with very long pink legs and a long, fine, black bill. The body is mainly white with black back and wings, and black on the back of the head and neck. In flight the white body and black on the back of the neck are conspicuous. The underside of the wings is black, and the long pink legs trailing behind are diagnostic. Juvenile birds look similar to adults but the back of the head and neck are mottled fawn or brown and off-white and there is no black band. The wings are not quite as black as in the mature bird.
Voice: the calls heard most often are high pitched yapping alarm calls. A less strident version is used as a contact call, including by flocks flying at night.
Similar species: juvenile black stilts may be mistaken for pied stilts. Black stilts are very rare and nest only in the braided rivers of the central South Island, though some migrate to coastal areas and flock with pied stilts. Juvenile black stilts usually have some black on their underparts between the legs and the tail, even if restricted to the flanks. This becomes more extensive at their first moult, and so any stilt with extensive black on the hind belly is likely to be an immature black stilt. Stilts with irregular or mottled black markings are likely to be hybrids between black and pied stilts.
Known elsewhere as the black-winged stilt, the pied stilt is a truly cosmopolitan bird with breeding populations throughout many of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world. They are believed to have been in New Zealand since the early 19th century, with the main growth in population from about 1870-1940.
Pied stilts live in all kinds of wetlands from brackish estuaries and saltmarshes to freshwater lakes, swamps and braided rivers. They feed in shallow water or mud and roost in shallow water or on banks or sandbanks. After the breeding season, birds migrate from inland locations towards more northerly coastal locations.
There were an estimated 30,000 pied stilts in New Zealand in the early 1990s.
Pied stilts are numerous and not considered threatened in New Zealand. In contrast to the critically endangered back stilt, pied stilts are able to breed successfully in the presence of the same suite of predatory mammals. Differences that allow the pied stilt to breed more successfully than its black cousins include choice of nest site, and more effective anti-predator behaviours.
Pied stilts in lowland areas start moving towards their breeding sites in June-July each year. Inland birds start later in August-October. Occasionally a single pair will nest alone, but usually they breed in colonies of about 15 pairs. Large colonies may have up to 100 pairs. Both parents build the nest on the ground near water, often in a damp situation, and usually surrounded by or next to water. It may be built up to a few centimetres high with mud, vegetation and debris from nearby. Both adults incubate the 3-4 eggs, which hatch after c.25 days. The chicks leave the nest when dry, and can fly when 28-32 days old. The young are olive-brown to brown and downy with dark blotches on their backs, and white underneath. When hatched they are brooded by their parents but find their own food. The parents continue to care for the young who remain with them even during the end of season migration.
Pied stilts are highly gregarious and tend to stay in groups throughout the year. They feed together and roost together in what can become large and noisy flocks. They often associate with other waders – feeding and roosting alongside and flying with birds such as oystercatchers and godwits.
The main foods are invertebrates – terrestrial insects and worms when feeding on land, and aquatic insects and larvae when feeding in ponds, swamps and estuaries. In tidal areas the birds feed at low tide regardless of what time that occurs. Pied stilts primarily catch their food by sight, but when wading they may also probe and feel for food, especially when light is poor. When on land they may catch flying insects on the wing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-winged_Stilt
http://www.nzbirds.com/birds/poaka.html
Heather, B.D.; Robertson, H.A. 1996 (rev 2000). The field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Viking,Auckland.
International Union for Conservation of Nature. IUCN red list of threatened species. http://www.iucnredlist.org (sighted 21 July 2012).
Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J. (eds) 1993. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Vol. 2, raptors to lapwings. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Robertson, C.J.R. (ed.) 1985. The complete book of New Zealand Birds. Reader's Digest, Australia.
Robertson, H.A; Baird, K.; Dowding, J.E.; Elliott, G.P.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Miskelly, C.M.; McArthur, N.; O'Donnell, C.F.J.; Sagar, P.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Taylor, G.A. 2017. Conservation status of New Zealand birds, 2016. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 19. Wellington, Department of Conservation. 27p.
Adams, R. 2013 [updated 2017]. Pied stilt. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
ground-level platform, lined scrape
Lined scrape, loose ground level platform or slightly raised.
Light brown to green with dark blotches
24-48 hours days
Similar species: Black stilt
A compact, black-and-white stilt with long red legs and a long fine pointed black bill. Adult hybrid stilts have a black band of variable width across the breast.
Calls in flight and on ground at possible breeding site
Calls while foraging (black swan at end)
Calls while foraging
Calls from 1 adult and 2 juveniles in captivity (house sparrows in background)
Calls on ground from 2 birds, then faster flight calls (black-backed gulls & silvereyes in background)
Agitated calls by hybrid stilt in flight
Anxiety calls from F-node hybrid pied x black stilt (skylark in background)


The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has set a compliance date of July 26, 2018, for the updated Nutrition Facts label for major companies. However, food industry trade groups have launched a fierce campaign to delay it until May 2021. This graphic features packaged food products that are already displaying the new label. According to the FDA, 95% of companies have until July 26, 2019, to begin using the updated Nutrition Facts label, and the Agency estimates $78 billion in consumer benefits over 20 years from the new label.


text:
Anzar es un dios de la mitología bereber del Norte de África, dios de la lluvia y el agua, que desempeña un papel destacado en ella, como es el caso de todos los dioses de la lluvia en el mundo mesoamericano griego, romano y egipcio.

Mitología
Anzar, a menudo llamado Agellid n Ugfur (El rey de la lluvia), es el dios del cielo, las aguas, los ríos, los mares, los arroyos, las fuentes y de la lluvia.
En el norte de África se dedica a él un rito conocido como Tislit n Anzar (La novia de Anzar) durante los períodos de sequía para solicitar la lluvia. Esta tradición ha sido atestiguada en el Rif, en Cabilia, en el Atlas, a Ouarsenis y a los Aurès. Los ritos para hacer llover han sido documentados desde la antigüedad en el norte de África; por ejemplo, Tertuliano habla de una «Virgo Caelestis pluviarum pollicitatrix» (la virgen / novia celestial de la lluvia) (Apologeticus, 23); Dion Casio informa de un episodio en el que un comandante militar romano, con problemas de agua en las zonas desérticas, obtuvo la lluvia recurriendo a prácticas mágicas de los pueblos indígenas (Historia romana 60, 9).

La leyenda de Anzar
«Había un personaje llamado Anzar. Era el Señor del agua. Quería casarse con una chica de belleza maravillosa: la luna brillaba en el cielo, por lo que brilló la tierra. Su cara era resplandeciente, su ropa era de seda brillante. Solía bañarse en un río con reflejos plateados. Cuando el Señor del agua bajó a la tierra y se acercó a ella, ella se asustó y se retiró.

Un día él le dijo:

La chica le respondió:

Con estas palabras, el Señor del agua de repente giró el anillo que llevaba en el dedo, el río se secó repentinamente y desapareció. La chica llamó y se fundió en lágrimas. Entonces se quitó su traje de seda y se quedó desnuda. Y llamó al cielo:

Inmediatamente la chica vio aparecer al Señor de agua con el aspecto de un rayo y se aferró a él. El agua volvió aparecer en el río y toda la tierra recuperó su esplendor primaveral.

El rito
Anzar es una antigua palabra bereber que en algunas regiones todavía se utiliza en el significado de «lluvia » (por ejemplo, en Yerba, Túnez). Incluso cuando el término ya no existe, suplantado por otras palabras o préstamos del árabe , el nombre de Anzar es conocido y utilizado durante ciertas ceremonias asociadas a la lluvia. Son ritos pre islámicos y muchos consideran que Anzar es una divinidad antigua del agua y la lluvia, aunque este nombre no figura entre las muchas deidades del Norte de África que se remontan a los textos griegos y latinos de la antigüedad.

El personaje central de estos rito es Talghonja, llamada Tislit n Wanzer (La novia de Anzar), que antiguamente era una chica de carne y hueso, pero actualmente se ha sustituido por una de muñeca a menudo hecha de una cuchara de madera (aɣenja) vestida con trajes de novia. Esta «novia de Anzar» se debía presentar desnuda a su novio, con el fin de pedir su descendencia en la tierra. Cuando la tierra se vuelve dura y se puede decir que hay «sequía» (aɣurar), los ancianos se reúnen para preparar el día para celebrar Anzar. El día establecido, todas las mujeres, jóvenes y ancianos, salen acompañados con los niños cantando:

Al mismo tiempo llevan en procesión a una joven chica púber y bonita, pintada con henna (حناء) y adornada con las joyas más bonitas, vestida como una novia que se casa.

Actualmente, el rito se ha integrado parcialmente en la religión islámica y la procesión se realiza en general en lugares sagrados, como santuarios o tumbas de marabutes locales, sin una novia auténtica, que la suple una muñeca bellamente adornada como novia. La celebración una vez terminada, la muñeca vuelve a su dueño que la guardará hasta la próxima procesión.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Cultura de Marruecos
Mitología bereber
Dioses de la lluvia