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Home Books Kids Manager of Joseph-Beth Booksellers to join KBA Judging Panel
Kids Manager of Joseph-Beth Booksellers to join KBA Judging Panel
Photo courtesy of Joseph-Beth social media
Local bookseller, Amanda Connor, has been selected to join the KBA panel. What will she be judging? What is KBA?
Manager of the kids section at Joseph-Beth, Amanda Connor, has just been selected to be part of the Kentucky Bluegrass Award Judging Panel for the picture book category.
"This is such an exciting honor," said Amanda Connor, Manager of Lexington Kids Book section at Joseph-Beth at Lexington Green. "It is a joy to talk to parents and kids and help them select the perfect book when they come to Joseph-Beth. I'm so excited to work with state librarians and find books to recommend for the whole state.
KBA is a student-choice program that allows children to select their favorite books from yearly published Master Lists that is created by librarians, teachers, and other adults.
"Being part of the community and encouraging reading is such a big part of our culture," said Adam Miller, CEO and President of Joseph-Beth. "Having Amanda recognized for her passion and subject knowledge is such a thrill. We are proud of her and proud of our team of booksellers.
KBA is part of the Kentucky Association of School Librarians, a professional organization of all Kentucky School Librarians. A state affiliate of the Kentucky Library Association and a national affiliate of The American Association of School Librarians and The American Library association.
"My dad used to take us to Joseph-Beth and I remember as a child browsing the store and getting to choose a book," said Amanda Connor. "It is amazing to get to be a children's bookseller as my job in the place that was so important to me as a child. And this honor means so much."
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Calypso is a 1500mm diameter folding Teak table, offering a stylish circular top with the beautiful Teak hues, showing off all that is good with the finest hardwood in the world.
This table is easily folded and stores flat against a shed or garage wall. A parasol hole is standard. Calypso is a sure fired talking point when entertaining friends on a warm sunny evening.


International flights out of Auckland Airport are still facing delays tonight because of a computer glitch.
The airport tweeted soon after 5pm saying: "We are currently experiencing ongoing issues with our internal IT network. This has impacted our baggage processing causing some flight delays. If you're travelling tonight please contact your airline for guidance and check your flight times."
A spokeswoman said the problem was causing "slight delays" in outbound international flights, but was not affecting inbound or domestic flights.
Earlier today, Herald journalist Sophie Ryan was delayed 90 minutes on her international flight.
Ryan said the plane's pilot informed passengers that staff had to manually enter bag data for every piece of luggage on all flights after the electronic system at the bag-drop failed.
An Auckland Airport spokesman confirmed there had been an internal IT problem at the airport but said there was no passenger congestion in the terminals.
"We're experiencing issues with our IT network which has had an impact on the internal Wi-Fi and the baggage system at the domestic and international terminals," he said.
"Our baggage system isn't operating at full capacity which at the international terminal building is causing a delay in the processing of luggage."
The spokesman said border processing of arriving and departing passengers was operating as normal.
He said the problem was being worked on with a view to resolving it soon.


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10 prospects whose combine performance will determine NBA draft status
DunkWire
May 8, 2018- by Bryan Kalbrosky Follow	@BryanKalbrosky
By Bryan Kalbrosky | May 8, 2018	Follow @BryanKalbrosky
While top players like DeAndre Ayton and Luka Doncic will not participate in the 2018 NBA Draft Combine, many others have tons to prove.
Several of the highest-rated prospects expected to attend the combine in Chicago later this month will not compete in five-on-five drills an may not even provide athletic measurements.
But there are still several prospects who were invited to the combine that have not yet hired an agent. This means they could still go back to college, considering they've not yet forfeited their eligibility.
These are the potential NBA draft selections with the most on the line at the combine.
Khyri Thomas, Creighton
Creighton's Khyri Thomas (testing waters)
Pros: 96th percentile transition, 89th spot-ups. Shoots 64% inside arc, 41% from 3. Scores within offense. Two-time Big East DPOY.
Cons: 23rd percentile P-n-R ball-handler, shoots 32% off dribble. 6'3" guard who isn't a creator.
— Jonathan Wasserman (@NBADraftWass) April 10, 2018
The combine should help someone like Thomas because of his wingspan. Here is what one Eastern Conference executive recently said about him (via The Athletic):
"He's a very good defender. He's only 6-foot-3, and he's not a point guard, but his wingspan is nearly seven feet (6-foot-10). He can score a little bit. He's not really a one or two, more of a combo."
Thomas could easily be a first-round pick in the 2018 NBA Draft due to his potential as a 3-and-D player. The most recent mock from NBADraft.net has him selected with the 19th pick to the Atlanta Hawks.
Donte DiVincenzo, Villanova
After two years at Villanova, highlighted by a national title victory, he is one of the more fascinating prospects. Jonathan Wasserman wrote about him in a recent projection (via Bleacher Report):
"After dropping 31 points in the national title game, DiVincenzo is stirring up debate in NBA circles. He's intrigued all season with his shooting, secondary playmaking and defensive toughness, but he could also return as Villanova's top option and look to go higher in the 2019 draft."
Either way, DiVincenzo is a player to watch at the combine — especially assuming he participates in five-on-five scrimmages.
Bruno Fernando, Maryland
Here is what a Western Conference executive recently said about the 6-foot-10 forward (via The Athletic):
"He's a stud due to his body and frame. I'd like him to go back to school and work on his offensive game."
The 19-year-old had 10.3 points, 6.5 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game as a freshman. Sports Illustrated ranked him No. 22 overall on their draft big board.
His collegiate teammate Kevin Huerter has a similarly challenging decision to make this summer.
Jacob Evans, Cincinnati
According to a source that spoke about his decision, the combine will be the ultimate test for Evans (via CBS Sports):
"All kids want to go if they can. He's smart and not desperate. So it depends on the feedback from the NBA — not agents. Does he get a Chicago invite? If so, how does he perform?"
Evans averaged 13.0 points with 4.7 rebounds and 3.1 assists per game as a junior. One mock draft, also from CBS Sports, has him slated to the Golden State Warriors in the first round.
Tyus Battle, Syracuse
One NBA scout recently spoke about what the 6-foot-6 guard should do (via The Athletic):
"He needs to prove he can be more consistent. He has good measurements but wasn't elite from a production standpoint."
If he performed well during five-on-five matchups at the combine, it would do wonders for his draft stock. Battle
Josh Okogie, Georgia Tech
Josh Okogie (@CallMe_NonStop) could be a sleeper pick in the 2018 NBA Draft. He is 6-foot-4 but has a 7-foot wingspan and averaged 1.8 steals per game with 18.2 PPG last season. Going to combine + working out w/ Hawks.
More on @hoopshype: https://t.co/Jl4Ql2x9jp #TrueToAtlanta pic.twitter.com/PgLPKHISkd
— Bryan Kalbrosky (@BryanKalbrosky) May 7, 2018
Georgia Tech's Josh Okogie has already worked out for three NBA teams, including his hometown Atlanta Hawks. He spoke about his future as a pro after a recent workout (via MyAJC.com):
"I think, really, the goal is to stay in the league. If going in the second round is how I'm going to go and stay, I don't know. But right now, I'm always shooting for the best possibility, and I think I have the potential to be a first-round pick, so that's everything I'm shooting for."
It seems a first-round projection is reasonable considering he is ranked No. 23 overall on the most recent big board provided by The Ringer.
Omari Spellman, Villanova
Matt Norlander recently wrote about why this is such a fascinating choice for the defending national champion (via CBS Sports):
"Could he boost his stock further next year? I think so. On the other hand, is he destined to be a guy taken in the early second round, no matter the year? If that's the case, you could argue easily either way: return to college, dominate again, and live the glory for another 12 months. Or: go get the money now since your situation isn't probable to drastically improve."
It's hard to beat what Spellman has already done in college, also winning Big East Rookie of the Year last season.
Kenrich Williams, TCU
Williams averaged 13.2 points per game with 1.4 three-pointers per game for Texas Christian. The junior needs to improve his accuracy from long range to keep his stock high, according to Jackson Hoy (via The Stepien):
"Like many players, Williams' NBA chances will come down to whether or not his 3-point shot translates. He flashed the ability to hit out to NBA range this season but his free-throw percentage and low release point remain concerns. That said, there is a lot to like with Williams, one of the smartest players in this class in terms of anticipation, decision-making, and off-ball positioning. He can handle and pass at 6-foot-7 and maximizes his limited mobility with constant effort. Even as an older prospect, he's a legit two-way player with the potential to be a valuable glue guy if he shoots well from 3."
He is able to provide more than just scoring, considering he averaged 9.3 rebounds and 1.8 steals per game last season.
Jarred Vanderbilt, Kentucky
The highest ranked player out of high school last summer who hasn't hired an agent for the 2018 draft is No. 13 Jarred Vanderbilt.
In the last three years including this current freshman class, 90 percent of top-10 HS recruits have gone one-and-done.
— John Gasaway (@JohnGasaway) April 30, 2018
The 6-foot-9 forward is also a skilled distributor who has impressed NBA personnel. Here is what another Eastern Conference executive said about him (via The Athletic):
"I like him because he does a lot of winning things. He can do a little bit of everything. He can defend, rebound and score. I like him because he doesn't do a lot of turnovers and make mistakes. He's an energy guy who plays hard. He's young and only going to get better."
Once considered a lottery pick, an injury setback slowed his production considerably last season. There is likely quite a bit more Vanderbilt could prove with another season in college. But if he does well at the combine, he may opt to stay in the draft process.
Brandon McCoy, UNLV
Even though he is a projected first-round pick on the most recent mock from NBADraft.net, others have him in the latter half of the second round.
This is what Sam Vecenie had to say about him in his mock draft (via The Athletic):
"McCoy had a remarkably productive freshman season but just doesn't really fit the modern game as a back-to-the-basket, big-bodied center. He's athletic enough to where he might outperform this spot, if he works on the little things."
His collegiate rivals over at Nevada, Caleb Martin and Cody Martin, will have a similar choice to make this summer.
Ranking top players expected to participate in 2018 NBA Draft Combine
Top, DunkWire
DunkWire, Top, Brandon McCoy, Donte DiVincenzo, Jacob Evans, Jarred Vanderbilt, Josh Okogie, Kenrich Williams, Khyri Thomas, Omari Spellman, Tyus Battle
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We will aim to give you as much notice as possible regarding the arrangements for discharge from our inpatient ward. However, on occasions arrangements have to be made at short notice. Your named nurse will assist you to make any necessary arrangements. On the day of discharge, once the medical staff have confirmed that you are fit to leave hospital, you may be asked to transfer from your bed area to a waiting area. This helps us with the smooth running of the wards as it ensures that beds are available for patients being admitted that day.
You will be provided with all the necessary information for your aftercare when you leave hospital. You will be given a leaflet instructing you on the do's and don'ts following your operation and an appointment date for your follow up. The nurse or midwife will discuss these with you.
The hospital will send your GP a full report detailing your progress.


I rarely update my blog because the internet connection at my place is very veeery bad! Anyway, I noticed that minority of people were talking about my navigation, on other's ask.fm, on my cbox, yep dont be surprise if I see someone screenshot my blog for tutorial request haha. Im not bothered at all. Unfortunately, Im so sorry that I cant probably reveal any html codes on this blog. Secret hehe. I do make a blog tutorial but I dont reveal what is inside my blog. That makes my blog different than others. Cuz i design it in my own way. But dont be upset, hey guys chill. I will teach you the code, big smiles.
Step 1: Open up your template and place this codes.
"< style > < / style >".
"< b:skin > < / b:skin >"
You may customize the codes like changing colours, fonts and etc.
Step 3: Copy the code below and paste it after < body > (for both classic and simple template). This is how the navbar look.
This is really a basic code for this kind of navbar. Let me know if you got a problem because i didnt test it yet. Yup, a quick post i told you.
Sy gune simplate template, xde code body dan style, mcm mana ye? Ada cara lain?
Takde jugak. Mcm mana ek? Help me.
I don't know but I'm so fascinated by someone like you, I mean someone who can customize and even fix up and make their own codes for blog (template, etc.). you got my respect. cheers.


E3P graduate student Erin Spencer competed in the 2018 Three Minute Thesis completion and won. The Three Minute Thesis (3MT®) is an academic competition where participants have just three minutes to explain the breadth and significance of their research project to a non-specialist audience.
The Environment, Ecology and Energy Program is a multidisciplinary degree program that seeks to foster an understanding and appreciation of ecological systems and future environmental problems.


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UK snow latest: Roads chaos as wall of snow sparks amber warning – latests updates
America's Cup 2021: Luna Rossa claim win over American Magic as Dean Barker has sly dig race officials
Strictly bosses 'are keen to sign John Bercow onto 2021 series'
How Princess Diana Used a Compact Mirror to Make Sure Photographers Couldn't Take Pictures of Her and Prince Charles
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Home » World News » Azerbaijani president lays out conditions for Armenia cease-fire
Azerbaijani president lays out conditions for Armenia cease-fire
President of Azerbaijan on the potential of a cease-fire with Armenia
Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan, spoke to Fox News about conditions for a cease-fire with Armenia over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh territory.
LONDON – As fighting rages between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the disputed breakaway territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, with hundreds dead and fears regional powers Turkey and Russia could be pulled in, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo huddled with the foreign ministers of the two countries in a diplomatic bid to halt the fighting.
Meanwhile, in an exclusive interview with Fox News, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said his country is prepared to lay down its arms.
"We are ready to agree to a cease-fire," he said, adding that such a move is conditioned on Armenia pulling out of what Azerbaijan calls "occupied" borderlands. Two past cease-fires have failed during the nearly four-week deadly battle.
DEATH TOLL SOARS AS ARMENIA-AZERBAIJAN CONFLICT ESCALATES: 'THIS IS A FIGHT AGAINST JIHADISTS'
Baku has come under international criticism for what's claimed to be civilian casualties in the conflict. Residential buildings and even a landmark church have been hit by Azeri military fire. Azerbaijan says Armenia is doing the same, and the president claimed the damage is not intentional.
"We publicly said we will take revenge, but on the battlefield," Aliyev said. "We do not kill civilians. We do not target religious sites."
The concern is that this now-localized war could expand: Turkey backs Azerbaijan, and Russia is a nominal ally of Armenia.
"Our position is that all the regional countries should stay away from direct involvement in the conflict," Aliyev said. "We are completely against the 'internationalization' of the conflict."
Still, Turkey's backing of Baku is strong and public. In addition to military gear, it's alleged by multiple sources that Turkey-allied Syrian militia are fighting alongside Azeri troops. Aliyev flatly denied the charges.
"We don't need any mercenaries," he said. "It's all fake news aimed at damaging the image of the country and diminishing the bravery of the soldiers on the battlefield."
Some accounts note the pre-election timing of the meetings held in Washington between Pompeo and principals in the fight. Following the meetings, President Trump told reporters optimistically, "We will see what happens."
Azerbaijan's president seemed willing to accept assistance, however he gets it.
"Any motivation in order to put an end to hostility is supported by us," Aliyev said. "A very straightforward position by President Trump is supported by me as well as the people of Azerbaijan."
In fact, at Friday's Oval Office press event, Trump praised Armenia and did not mention Azerbaijan. Asked one more time if he thought a peaceful resolution was possible, Aliyev gave a measured reply.
"I am absolutely confident … but it depends on the other side," he said.
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November | 2016 | GameXcess.net - Gaming News, Videos and Editorials!
This announcement has certainly been a long time coming. When it was first announced as Final Fantasy Versus XIII nearly a decade ago, it wowed gamers with its gameplay and presentation. One entire gaming generation passed with very little news about the project, but when we hit the beginning of the newest console generation, Square Enix proudly revealed that Final Fantasy Versus XIII would appear on the newest gaming consoles…only it would now be called Final Fantasy XV.
Today, I'm proud to announce the game is out on the Xbox One and PlayStation 4! Here's the official launch trailer!
Stay tuned to the site for more Final Fantasy XV content and news! Square Enix will be hosting a live stream of the game with Make a Wish in about fifteen minutes on their Twitch.TV Channel!
Final Fantasy XV is out now on the Xbox One and PS4.
It's rare when we see fictional items on sale in the real world but today, that will happen. Some of you may remember when Fallout 4 launched in the US, Target retailers exclusively offered a real world version of the iconic Fallout beverage Nuka-Cola for a limited time. It was an enormous promotion which turned the limited beverage into a collector's item! Today, Target has begun selling the Final Fantasy XV health item Wiz Energizing Elixir in their stores for a limited time.
The beverage will be given free to anyone who picks up any version of Final Fantasy XV at Target while supplies last. It's also for sale at a price of $2.99 US without a purchase of the game. If you want it get it now because this is a very limited run!
The beverage is branded as an orange cream flavored soda and like it does in the game, promises two servings of Gusahi Greens! If you plan to drink the soda, make sure to save the bottle cap for redemption on Jones Soda's Official Gear Site.
Final Fantasy XV is out now for the Xbox One and PS4.
Tonight at midnight, Final Fantasy XV is getting released worldwide! To celebrate the release of the game, Square Enix aired this trailer during tonight's airing of Supergirl. If you're planning to pick the game up at launch you need to watch this!
Stand Together. What more can you say about this trailer? Stay tuned, we will have more Final Fantasy XV news coming all throughout the rest of the day!
Final Fantasy XV is coming November 29th, 2016 to the Xbox One and PS4.
Pokémon Sun and Pokémon Moon were released this past Friday and throughout this past weekend, GameStop, Toys R Us and Target stores across the US hosted major Pokémon events to celebrate. The stores were giving away a range of cool promo items including exclusive posters and TCG cards.
So how did the events go? Watch and find out!
Pokémon Sun and Pokémon Moon are out now exclusively for Nintendo 3DS systems.
A few years ago, a friend of mine and I played through the PS2 classic Ico together. I had missed out on it when it was first released over a decade ago but I made sure to pick it up when it was rereleased on the PS3 with Shadow of the Colossus. However, since the release of Shadow of the Colossus in 2005, gamers have been waiting a very long time for Team Ico's next game, The Last Guardian.
Last night, I went to the movies with my girlfriend. Imagine my surprise to see this fantastic trailer before the feature film began.
The Last Guardian is coming December 6th, 2016 exclusively to the PS4.
That's right, Pokémon is moving to the digital cable channel Disney XD! On December 5th, 2016 Disney XD will broadcast the next major Pokémon movie, and following its premiere we will get a preview of the show's next season.
If you ask me, I think this is a great decision. With the exception of new feature-film broadcasts, Cartoon Network never offered Pokémon a decent timeslot. Cartoon Network's pre-Adult Swim schedule is dominated by shows like Teen Titans GO and The Secret World of Gumball, leaving little room for Pokémon. Heck, new episodes of the show would only air at the unforgivable time of 8am! That's far too early for most adults, and far too late for kids who have to be ready early for school. It would have made more sense for them to show it again at a later time slot in the mid-afternoon. Here's to hoping Disney XD offers Pokémon at more times.
I still have one curiosity about this major announcement I would like to mention here. The Disney XD Channel has been willing to experiment with broadcasting major gaming events like last year's Nintendo World Championships, I wonder if they would be willing to broadcast a major Pokémon tournament next. If online streaming views are any indicator, they would probably get great Neilson ratings if they were finally broadcast on TV.
So make sure to catch all your Pokémon shows starting on December 5th on Disney XD.
Pokémon Trainers worldwide will be happy to know that the two newest games from the seventh generation of Pokémon have been released. Take a look at some of the game's new Pokémon and its exclusive new features.
That's not even the best news, because I have even better news to share! Two stores will be celebrating Pokémon Days this weekend. On Saturday, Target store across the US will be offering an exclusive Pikachu TCG Card and Poster from 11AM to 2PM. Toys R Us will be hosting their Pokémon Day on Sunday, and they'll be giving out an exclusive Electabuzz TCG card, a Pikachu poster and Volume 2 of the Evolutions collector's album.
Pokémon Sun and Pokémon Moon are out now exclusively on the Nintendo 3DS systems.
As I said earlier today, today marks fifteen years since the release of the original Xbox, but that means that today is also the anniversary of the release of the first MUST-have launch title for the Xbox, Halo.
To celebrate the release of Halo: Combat Evolved, Halo's new developers at 343 Industries hosted a two hour Halo 5: Guardians live stream. If you happened to miss it, we've got the archived version of it below. Please enjoy!
Today marks the fifteenth anniversary of the release of the original Xbox!
So much has changed in the past fifteen years but Microsoft's devotion to offering great exclusive games has not been changed a bit. In the past fifteen years, three succesful consoles have been released and it has been a perminant home to the legendary Halo franchise.
I think my favorite memories from the console can be directly tied into several Halo game releases. The first major game release night I ever attended was for Halo 2, and it was nice to finally see I wasn't the only gamer where I lived. Since then I've made sure to pick up every single Halo game at launch, because not only have they been consistently great but because I feel such a close personal connection to that property because of all my experiences playing it.
So how are you planning to spend today? The team at 343 Industries is planning to play games of Halo 5: Guardians throughout the day! For me, I think I'm going to get back into playing Halo: The Master Chief Collection. Post a comment with your thoughts on the Xbox's birthday and celebrate fifteen years of Xbox!


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Pix & notes: Christopher Marlowe's Paris
June 4, 2018 | Leave A Comment
I was in Paris in May this year, when the City of Light was the City of Flowers. We visited several lovely parks, about which more another time, but spent most of our days in the magnificent museums: the Louvre, the Museum of Man, the Musée de la Préfecture de police, which also deserves its own post. But I did get my traditional early Sunday morning to romp around the Left Bank taking pictures. Little remains of Kit's Paris beyond the twisty streets and the Cathedral of Notre Dame, but what there was, I saw & snapped.
Of course we need a map! Wikipedia, whence cometh this fine map, says that Paris was the largest city in Europe in 1550, having about 350,000 inhabitants. It's only 2.2 million now, lagging well behind London's 8.7 million. Everyone said, "Paris is a very compact city," resting neatly inside its circling highway, the periferique. It's very easy to get around by means of the excellent metro system — unless the trains are on strike that day!
Paris ca 1550, Olivier Truschet et Germain Hoyau.
The island in the middle is the Île-de-la-Cité. That largish box near the top right corner is the Cathedral of Notre Dame, built between 1163 and 1345. Marlowe would certainly have toured that very famous landmark. He grew up in Canterbury, remember, where the equally famous cathedral was rebuilt in the Gothic style in the twelfth century.
Today you join a queue of tourists from all over the world to stroll through the vast building, craning your neck to marvel at the wealth of imagery inside. In Marlowe's day, there would have been tourists from all over Europe, if none from China or Japan, similarly craning their necks — while keeping a hand on their purses! All of today's tourists are literate; we can only guess at the literacy rates of Kit's contemporaries. It doesn't matter. Everything is bent toward teaching you the story of Jesus and the saints. Paintings, stained glass, sculptures, and a series of painted wood carvings all depict important stories from the Bible for those who don't read and don't understand the Latin of the songs and sermons. Marlowe had both skills, but only a brute could fail to appreciate the beauty of Notre Dame's abundant works of art.
I love gargoyles, but my little camera isn't up to zooming that far with any kind of focus. (Could be time for a better camera!) So here are two suffering souls from the front facade, doomed to bear a row of church worthies forevermore.
Walking tours of Paris
Regular readers of this blog will know that I am a huge fan of London Walks, the wonderful guided tours of London and environs. I don't think Paris has anything quite like that, and I wouldn't have had time for it anyway, since I was with other people, which means lots of screwing around at the beginnings and ends of days. Super Tourist (c'est moi) gets up and gets going!
But before we left I found this cool site with downloadable self-guided tours: History Walks Paris. I printed out the one for the sixteenth century, which didn't have Marlowe in mind, but it might as well have. But first, a couple of pix of things that he definitely did not see. Cool things!
Saint-Ephrem le Syriac was built in 1733. It's now used for performances of classical music, which I didn't get to hear, and is filled with fine paintings, which I did not see. Next time, eh?
This magnificent beast is part of the Fontaine St-Michel on the Boulevard Saint Michel near the Seine. It was built in 1858-1860, during the French Second Empire when so much of the grandest parts of grand Paris were built. This really is the City of Grandeur! My Moriartys can see all these fabulous monuments, but this fountain was just a small square in Marlowe's day; nothing to write home about.
OK. Here's a street in the Latin Quarter. It would have been more thatch with plaster walls, MUCH more crowded with people in woolen garb and muddy shoes, muddy street with a kennel of crap running down the middle. Kit would have felt very much at home visually, while his sharp eyes tuned in to the Parisian French all around him. I imagine him absolutely loving it. His plays are filled with fabulous place names, suggesting a young man eager to explore the world. At least he got to see Paris!
I walked across the Pont de Neuf, built between 1578 and 1607. So unless they had spanned the river before finishing all the details, Marlowe couldn't have crossed here! He would have had to use the bridges connecting the Île-de-la-Cité.
The Louvre palace
The walking tour starts at the Louvre. It started out as fortress against English soldiers in Normandy, built by Philip II. Charles V converted it to a residence, then Francis I remodeled it into the palace we see today. Francis Bacon would have spent time here, watching the court with his bright eyes and listening with his sharp ears. This is where he polished his French language skills to a fare-thee-well, as well as his ability to spend his days idling at court.
Marlowe would have entered at least this courtyard, where I took pictures. He served as a messenger, I think, delivering letters from some important English person or persons, probably someone on the Privy Council. I've blogged about that. He would have been expected to keep his sharp ears open too, maybe ask a discreet question here and there. He was handsome, articulate, charming, and quick-witted. I think he spent time in this courtyard playing dice with the other messengers, learning whatever he could that might interest his masters, as much for the sport of it as for the extra shillings.
This yard would have been crowded with men old and young, a few women, perhaps, selling food and drink or sexual favors. Maybe a gentlewoman waiting for someone. Horses clattering through. Barrels, maybe, crates, straw littering the ground. Shouts and vendors' cries echoing off the walls.
Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois
According to History Walks, this was "the parish church of the kings of France." The kings are gone, but they still hold services here, with or without tourists strolling quietly about snapping pictures. (I'm far from the only one doing this.) I give you this view because (a) the square-cut trees of Paris fascinate me and (b) the lofty tops of churches would have stood out above the lesser buildings and thatched-roof houses, helping people orient themselves in the city, as well as in heaven, one supposes.
The Lombard church
I was excited to discover the church of Saint-Merri, the parish church of the wealthy Italian Lombards in Paris. Alone among Marlowe aficionados, perhaps, I think he might have delivered messages for one of my favorite Elizabethans, Sir Horatio Palavicino. He was actually born in Genoa, but they didn't have a Genovese church in Paris. He was the scion of aristocratic bankers who became a Protestant and moved to England, where he lent Queen Elizabeth several boatloads of money. He bought a house near Cambridge the year after Marlowe graduated, but I like to think they met during a house-hunting trip. Marlowe would have appreciated a wealthy, cosmopolitan master and Sir Horatio would have recognized Marlowe's exceptional qualifications as a confidential messenger.
So I spent a little time in this church, soaking up the atmosphere. Churches were excellent places for quiet little meetings, in olden days as well as our own. It's hard to get a picture of this place, because it's tucked into a district of narrow streets. And my pictures of the narrow streets don't look like anything much either. You just have to imagine Christopher Marlowe meeting a wealthy Lombard in that aisle, handing him a folded letter and leaning in to murmur the unwritten portion of the message in their common language, Latin. He would have been paid with a silver franc, perhaps, and paid again when he got back to England with the reply.
This fine building has been the headquarters of the municipality of Paris since 1357. Sacre bleu, that's a long time! History Paris tells us that it was one of the most popular gathering places in medieval and Renaissance Paris,where goods were unloaded, celebrations and executions occurred, and strikes were held. Marlowe would have strolled through the crowds, soaking it all up whilst munching on a sack of roasted chestnuts or a sweet cheese pie. Or perhaps a French breakfast taco, which is what I call a crepe filled with egg, cheese, and bacon.
Hotel de Ville, 2018
These sculptures weren't there. I don't know who the naked lady is (all sculptures of women must be naked), but Moliere lived from 1622-1673.
Marlowe wouldn't have wasted his precious francs on books – not while he lived at Corpus Christi College in Cambridge University, which had one of the finest libraries in England in his day. But he would have enjoyed browsing and practicing his French on the bookseller. "I'm Christopher Marlowe," he might say, after Tamburlaine rocked European theater back on its heels. "Oh, yeah, and I'm the Queen of Sheba," the bookseller would have scoffed.
Be yourself, unless you can be Christopher Marlowe in Paris, in which case, be Christopher Marlowe.
Categories: Christopher Marlowe, Elizabethan period, Maps, Places of interest, Travel for research
Pix & notes: South Kensington
March 5, 2018 | Leave A Comment
My Professor and Mrs. Moriarty live in an end terrace in South Kensington, on a street I invented: Bellenden Crescent. It's roughly in the location of the real world Pelham Crescent.
I spent a lot of time walking around in that neighborhood on my last trip to London, partly because I got a little lost, but also because I get into these moods where I can't stop walking. One more block, I say to myself; I'll just walk up to that corner and then I'll stop for a coffee. But no, I walk on by. I don't know what that's about.
A very Victorian view, if you mentally change the cars to horse-drawn cabs.
I tend to think of the whole stretch between Hyde Park and the Thames as South Kensington, but that's not really right. London is more finely-grained than that. Google Maps says "South Kensington is an affluent district of West London in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is the most expensive district in London and one of the most expensive districts in the world." No wonder it's so clean and quiet! Rich people don't hang out in public.
It looks like I cheerfully absorb Chelsea into my notion of Kensington. There's no apparent seam; it's not like you cross a street and find yourself in a less deliriously affluent neighborhood. I don't have characters in Chelsea or much interest in the place, apart from the delightful Chelsea Physic Garden which I've blogged about and which you must try to visit if you ever can.
Looks like the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea runs from the Chelsea Physic Garden on the Thames in the southeast, north to Hyde Park and the big museum area, on along the south side of the park and then loop up to snag Notting Hill and then straight back down to the river roughly along the A3220.
Affluent Kensington cow
British History Online tells us "In Doomsday-book this place is called Chenisitun; in other ancient records, Kenesitune and Kensintune. Chenesi was a proper name; a person of that name held the manor of Huish in Somersetshire, in the reign of Edward the Confessor."
Back in William the Conqueror's day, the manor of Kensington was taxed at 10 hides. "on the demesnes are four ploughs, the villans have five, and might employ six. There are 12 villans, holding each a virgate, and six who hold three virgates jointly. The priest has half a virgate, and there are seven slaves; meadow equal to two plough-lands; pasture for the cattle of the town; pannage for 200 hogs, and three acres of vineyards"
This was still farmland in Francis Bacon's time. With the expansion of titled courtiers in the London metro area under James I, a prestige house was built in 1607 by the father-in-law of Henry Rich, Earl of Holland. Baron Rich got himself earlified in 1624, by Charles I, then. He's the son of Bacon's contemporaries, Penelope Rich (sister of the Earl of Essex) and Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick.
Holland House, from British History Online
Building booms
Although less than half of the Kensington area was under cultivation by 1840s, it was still mostly green: parks and paddocks and that sort of thing. But by mid-century, the Victorian building boom had spread into that district and the landscape changed rapidly. "Despite a severe hiccup following a financial crisis in April 1847, the transformation of a rural parish into a city suburb was well under way before the siting of the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park…" (British History Online.)
"…throughout the years 1862–78 over 200 new buildings (the vast majority of them dwelling houses) were erected each year in southern Kensington…"
Professor Moriarty's Bellenden Crescent
Mark Twain lived here 1896-7
One of the major attractions of the area from the mid-Victorian period are the amazing enormous museums and exhibition halls. My Prof. Moriarty and Angelina meet at the International Exhibition Hall here in Moriarty Meets His Match. That's gone, but the Victoria & Albert Museum, a place you can never get tired of, was established in Exhibition Road in 1852. Enormous, endlessly fascinating, and with possibly the most amazing museum cafeteria in the world. When you go there, have lunch!
Who lived here, back in the day?
I've mentioned London's Blue Plaques before, right? They're granted by English Heritage to identify buildings of note, meaning buildings in which a notable person spent some time. Kensington and Chelsea are thick with them, since the borough was favored by the creative class: theater people, like my Angelina Moriarty; scientists who might have worked at one of the big museums; writers galore.
Go here to see the full list of blue plaques for the Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.
I choose neighborhoods – and sometimes houses – for my Victorian characters from this list. They tend to be a bit far from the sidewalk to photograph well, alas. Not all the plaques you see in London are official English Heritage blue plaques, although I've never seen one that might qualify as a form of sedate fake news. Many entities issue plaques, most notably borough governments.
Sir Nigel Playfair wrote plays you've never heard of. Great name, though.
Categories: Elizabethan period, Houses, Landscapes, Maps, Places of interest, Travel for research, Victorian era
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Le traité de l'Atlantique Nord ou traité de Washington est signé le  par douze pays occidentaux. Il établit une alliance politico-militaire entre ses membres afin d'assurer leur sécurité collective dans le contexte de la guerre froide. Le traité entre en vigueur le  après dépôt des instruments de ratification de tous les États signataires. Depuis lors, dix-huit autres États ont adhéré au traité, portant à trente le nombre de ses membres.

Le traité met en place une alliance militaire défensive contre toute attaque armée contre l'un de ses membres en Europe, en Amérique du Nord ou dans la région de l'Atlantique Nord au nord du Tropique du Cancer.

L'Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord est l'organisation mise en place par les pays signataires du traité de l'Atlantique Nord pour être en mesure de remplir dans les faits leurs obligations de sécurité et de défense collectives. Elle est le plus souvent désignée par son acronyme OTAN.

La genèse de l'Alliance atlantique

Après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les Alliés s'engagent après le conflit à procéder à une diminution des effectifs militaires. Cependant, l'intégrité territoriale et la souveraineté de la Grèce, de la Turquie et de la Norvège sont menacées et l'Union soviétique pilote en  le coup de Prague, qui ancrera la Tchécoslovaquie dans ce qui constituera le Bloc de l'Est. Le , la Belgique, la France, le Luxembourg, les Pays-Bas et le Royaume-Uni signent le traité de Bruxelles, qui établit un système d'entraide et de défense mutuelle en cas d'agression armée.

L'OTAN semble être née d'abord d'une incapacité de l'ONU à assurer la paix mondiale, bloquée par les multiples vétos soviétiques. Pour réaliser l'alliance qui permettrait la paix, les Occidentaux qui craignent un autre veto, trouvent une parade en ayant recours à  de la charte des Nations unies. En effet, comme le précise l'article 51, dans le cadre de la légitime défense collective au cas où un Membre des Nations Unies est l'objet d'une agression armée, une association de nations n'a pas besoin de l'autorisation du Conseil de sécurité.

Sur ces bases, le Canada, le Royaume-Uni et les États-Unis préparent un traité de défense collective pour la zone de l'Atlantique Nord. Le , le Sénat des États-Unis adopte la résolution Vandenberg. Les Européens veulent assurer leur sécurité, ils veulent prévenir une autre guerre en Europe alors qu'à l'est la menace communiste se fait de plus en plus forte, surtout après le départ de la majorité des troupes américano-canadiennes qui stationnaient en Europe depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les alliés européens souhaitent l'aide des États-Unis pour assurer efficacement leur défense.

Mais les États-Unis veulent d'abord que les Européens réalisent eux-mêmes leur défense, quitte à les aider par la suite, craignant qu'une alliance brise le mouvement d'unification de l'Europe. On voit d'ailleurs que, dans le traité, cette volonté que l'Europe prenne en charge sa défense elle-même est encore présente, et  permet aux Américains d'aider au développement militaire de l'Europe pour que celle-ci développe son propre système défensif (sorte de plan Marshall militaire). Mais la situation internationale évolue après le coup de Prague du . Ainsi, le  est conclue l'alliance militaire du traité de Bruxelles entre la France, le Royaume-Uni, la Belgique, les Pays-Bas et le Luxembourg qui préfigure la future Alliance atlantique.

Après le blocus de Berlin, les appels des Européens se font de plus en plus insistants. Une entente secrète est réalisée entre les Anglo-Saxons pour fixer les bases de l'Alliance atlantique.

Une dernière étape reste néanmoins à franchir : toute alliance militaire des États-Unis en temps de paix est interdite par leur Constitution. Le sénateur Vandenberg fait voter le  par le Congrès une résolution qui lève cet obstacle. L'alliance devient constitutionnelle, à la condition d'être conforme à la charte des Nations unies. Sur demande du Sénat américain, on inscrit dans le traité (art. 5), que les mesures à prendre en cas d'agression sur un des membres soient laissées souverainement au choix de chacun des pays signataires. Le Sénat voulait préserver le choix du Congrès américain de faire ou non la guerre.

Des pourparlers à Washington, du  au  définissent les bases du traité. Ce pacte militaire est donc né d'un accord signé le  à Washington ; il s'agit du traité de l'Atlantique Nord dont  sur la solidarité entre ses membres en cas d'agression est le point primordial.

Ce traité a alors été ratifié par les États-Unis, le Canada, la Belgique, le Danemark, la France, les Pays-Bas, l'Islande, l'Italie, le Luxembourg, la Norvège, le Royaume-Uni, pays étant tous des démocraties, et le Portugal, dictature ayant soutenu les Alliés de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ils constituaient à cette époque une partie du monde libre.

L'article 5 de la charte de l'OTAN précise : « Les parties conviennent qu'une attaque armée contre l'une ou plusieurs d'entre elles survenant en Europe ou en Amérique du Nord sera considérée comme une attaque dirigée contre toutes les parties, et en conséquence elles conviennent que, si une telle attaque se produit, chacune d'elles [...] assistera la partie ou les parties ainsi attaquées [...] y compris [par] l'emploi de la force armée, pour rétablir et assurer la sécurité dans la région de l'Atlantique Nord ».

Par ailleurs, en , après le coup de Prague, la CIA avait entrepris de systématiser des préparatifs qui s'inscrivaient dans le contexte du début de la guerre froide. Le , le Conseil de sécurité américain adoptait la résolution NSC 10/2, chargeant l d'établir un programme d'action clandestin. La CIA mit en place des réseaux de résistance bien armés et bien organisés surnommés Stay-behind'' qui devaient se soulever en cas de succès d'une invasion soviétique en Europe de l'Ouest.

Avec ce traité, les Américains rompent avec leur tradition d'isolement et entrent dans une alliance permanente avec le continent européen. Les Européens ont tout fait pour amener les Américains à participer à leur défense et, même si le traité les laisse libres en théorie, en cas d'attaque d'un des membres, les États-Unis n'auraient en pratique pas d'autres solutions que d'entrer en guerre.

L'OTAN veut une paix active et encourage la coopération de ses membres dans tous les domaines, économique, social, culturel et pas seulement militaire (art. 2). Selon Saint-Laurent, « le but de l'Alliance nord-atlantique ne serait pas simplement négatif ; elle créerait un contre-courant dynamique s'opposant au communisme. » On y retrouve, dès le préambule, des idées de liberté, de démocratie et de bien-être.

Les Soviétiques s'opposent au traité, l'accusant d'être « un instrument de l'impérialisme américain ». Le traité repose en effet sur les principes que les Américains ont tenté d'imposer après la guerre. Principe de libre-échange économique issu de la conférence de Bretton Woods ( sur la collaboration économique).

Le traité va finalement être l'élément qui va réellement souder le bloc occidental derrière les États-Unis, installant peu à peu une certaine hégémonie américaine. Sur demande des Américains, l'OTAN ne vise pas un adversaire en particulier. Il n'a pas pour but de provoquer les Soviétiques.

Conformément à la charte des Nations unies, et notamment à l'article 51, les pays de l'Alliance s'en remettent à la décision du Conseil de sécurité ( ) lors de tout règlement de différend. Le traité réaffirme sa subordination à l'ONU et le rôle important de celle-ci dans les relations internationales (art. ).

 Contenu
Le traité est composé d'un préambule et de 14 articles, suivis de trois apostilles.

 Préambule
Le Préambule''' inscrit le traité dans le contexte et le respect des règles de la Charte des Nations unies et expose les valeurs communes de liberté et de démocratie auxquelles les signataires adhèrent tous, lui conférant ainsi un fondement idéologique permanent fort, en ces termes : .

Article 1
Les articles 1 et 2 donnent au Traité une dimension politique et économique, au-delà de sa dimension première de défense collective. La notion de « communauté atlantique » est ainsi créée qui assoit cette alliance sur une base qui dépasse le besoin de sécurité des Européens en temps de guerre froide.

Article 2

Article 3
L'article 3 demande aux membres de renforcer leurs capacités militaires, de manière individuelle mais aussi collective. Il porte en germe la création de l'OTAN, organisation permanente indispensable à la mise en œuvre effective de capacités collectives.

Article 4
L'article 4 prévoit que les membres , soit avant une éventuelle attaque armée, réaffirmant ainsi le caractère politique et dissuasif de l'Alliance.

Article 5
L'article 5 est le cœur du traité.

Il crée une solidarité forte entre tous les membres de l'Alliance, instaure une obligation d'action incluant la possibilité d'engager des actions militaires, sans toutefois aller jusqu'à en stipuler le caractère automatique. Cette rédaction, qui laisse à chacun une marge d'appréciation dans le choix des actions les plus adéquates à prendre, résulte de la crainte d'un rejet du traité par le Congrès des États-Unis.

Article 6
L'article 6 définit le périmètre d'application du traité, qui comprend le territoire de ses membres y compris les départements français d'Algérie (disposition devenue caduque en 1963), ainsi que leurs forces armées au nord du Tropique du Cancer.

Rédaction initiale :

Rédaction modifiée par l'article 2 du protocole d'accession au Traité de l'Atlantique Nord de la Grèce et de la Turquie signé le  :

Article 7

Article 8

Article 9
L'article 9 établit un Conseil, rapidement appelé le Conseil de l'Atlantique nord, auquel pouvoir est donné de créer les instances qu'il jugera nécessaires pour permettre la bonne application du traité, qui prendront dès l'année suivant la signature du traité l'appellation d'OTAN.

Article 10
L'article 10 prévoit la possibilité d'élargissement de l'Alliance à d'autres États européens, par accord unanime de ses membres. Cette possibilité sera exercée dès  pour la Grèce et la Turquie, puis en  pour la RFA.

Article 11

Article 12

Article 13
L'article 13 prévoit qu'. En pratique, aucun État n'a exercé ce droit de retrait.

Article 14

Date et signatures

États signataires du traité

Pendant la guerre froide, quatre pays européens ont rejoint l'Alliance atlantique, la Grèce et la Turquie en 1951, l'Allemagne de l'Ouest en 1954 après l'échec de la Communauté européenne de défense et enfin l'Espagne en 1981 faisant suite à sa démocratisation après la mort de Franco.

Depuis, l'Alliance s'est étendue vers l'Est avec l'adhésion en plusieurs vagues d'anciens pays du bloc de l'Est et d'anciennes Républiques de l'Union soviétique. Le , la Macédoine du Nord en devient le trentième membre. La Bosnie-Herzégovine est candidate à l'adhésion.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
Articles généraux :
 Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord
 Politique étrangère de la France depuis 1945
 Traités internationaux de la guerre froideArticles détaillés :
 Charte de l'Atlantique (1941)
 Conférences interalliées (1941-1945)
 Conférences de la guerre froide en Europe (1945-1955)
 Pacte de Varsovie

Liens externes

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1949 en Belgique
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Over the last 3 years, entrepreneurs Evan Loomis and Evan Baehr have raised $45 million for their own ventures, including the second largest round on the fundraising platform AngelList. In Get Backed, they show you exactly what they and dozens of others did to raise money — even the mistakes they made — while sharing the secrets of the world's best storytellers, fundraisers, and startup accelerators. They'll also teach you how to use "the friendship loop," a step-by-step process that can be used to initiate and build relationships with anyone, from investors to potential cofounders. And, most of all, they'll help you create a pitch deck, building on the real-life examples of 15 ventures that have raised over $150 million.
Evan Baehr is the co-founder of Able, a tech company committed to growing the "fortune five million" — small businesses around the United States — with collaborative, low-interest loans. He's worked at the White House, a hedge fund, and Facebook and is a graduate of Princeton, Yale, and Harvard Business School.
Evan Loomis is an entrepreneur and investor. He currently serves as the President of Clarion and VP of Strategy at Corinthian Health Services. Evan co-founded the home improvement store TreeHouse and the national angel investment group Wedgwood Circle. He got his start on Wall Street after graduating from Texas A&M University and is a mentor through the startup accelerators Techstars and Praxis.


Whether you choose this apple fabric or another one, this is a happy pattern as I know from experience, that anyone with a bike will love to own.
I know I've recently featured a bike lunch bag. This is handy, don't get me wrong. But these classic Dutch, extra large bike bags that hang on both sides of your rear wheel are bike life transformers. All of a sudden you can go food shopping with your bike, … go camping, oh you name it. Because both bags are equally large, you get to keep your bike in balance by filling them up evenly. Seems so simple (and obvious) but it makes for a much smoother bike ride if you do.
To hang your bike bags, you must have a rack over your rear wheel. Not every bike has this. Before you go out and get one, just note that this pattern is based on an extra-wide rack (approx. 17" long by 5.5" wide), which you can purchase online: Electra Cruiser alloy rear rack .
Get your own copy of the sewing pattern.
This is a free download. If you sign up for our newsletter (top right of this page) and click on the confirmation link in the auto-responder, you will be emailed a list of Rose's private collection of fabulous patterns, including this free pattern. Or visit Salty Peanut Stitchery (link below).


text:
"A Day in the Life Of…": Women of the Soviet Gulag
The second in this year's series of student authored articles considers some key aspects of women's experiences in the Stalinist Gulag camps. Proportionally, women made up a small but significant percentage of the Gulag population and a rich body of written memoirs and personal testimony from surviving female inmates is available today. In this article Katryna Coak draws on some of these accounts to argue that while women may have been subjected to broadly similar conditions as those experienced by male inmates, there were distinctly gendered aspects to the female Gulag experience, particularly relating to women's experiences of pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood in the camps, which could be both uplifting and traumatic in equal measure.
"A Day in the Life Of…": Women of the Soviet Gulag.
By Katryna Coak.
During the 1930s, the escalation of Stalinist terror and repression (particularly during the Great Terror of 1936-1939) meant that the population of the Gulag labour camps continued to grow. Anne Applebaum estimates that over 18 million people passed through the Gulag in total, and many women were sent to these labour camps, including large numbers of political prisoners, many of whom were sentenced under Article 58, their only crime being their association as 'wives of enemies of the people'. However, proportionally their numbers remained relatively small in relation to the male population: for example, Mason estimates that in 1939 women only comprised 8.4 per cent of the total Gulag population, while Anne Applebaum has estimated that in 1942 only around 13% of Gulag inmates were female.[1] Initially many camp commanders were reluctant to accept women, as they believed they were weaker than men, so would take longer to fulfil the work norms set by the Gulag administration. In February 1941 the central camp administration even sent a letter to the NKVD and camp commanders ordering them to accept convoys of women and listing jobs that women could be particularly useful for, such as textiles, wood and metal work and light industry.[2]
However, despite their relatively small numbers and despite the fact that men and women had to endure broadly similar living and working conditions within the camps, women's experiences of the Gulag were also distinctively different to those of their male counterparts in a number of ways, as depicted by the accounts in numerous female memoirs and personal testimonies.
Many women's first memories of the Gulag tell of their fear, embarrassment and degradation. On arrival at their assigned camp, women were generally led to the bathhouse where they had a rare opportunity to wash. This was often an embarrassing and shocking experience. One former zek recalled how: 'The personnel were all male. You had to overcome the shame and humiliation, clench your teeth and control yourself, to endure the dirty jokes calmly and not spit at those hideous faces, or punch them between the eyes'.[3] Another former prisoner drew the scene of humiliation, revealing that women were made to wait for their turn naked in the snow:
A drawing by Evfrosiniia Kersnovskaia, a former Gulag prisoner, available via Gulag: Soviet Forced Labour and the Struggle for Freedom: http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/women.php
The humiliation did not stop there: guards often exploited the situation to 'inspect' the new arrivals, as women were a rarity within the Gulag: 'After the bath, we had to wait a while for our clothes, which had been taken to be disinfected. This period of waiting was the worst…our guards came in under the pretext that one of us might attempt to escape' recalled Anna Cieślikowska.[4] The disinfection of prisoner's clothing was generally ineffective anyway as the water used to wash the clothes was often not hot enough to kill the parasites and merely served to excite them further. In order to reduce the incidence of lice, women therefore endured further embarrassment as their heads and pubis were shaved. This procedure was supposed to be carried out by a female doctor, but they were rarely available, so male guards and doctors gleefully stepped in.
Some women resisted: 'I was so shocked about it that at first I refused…soldiers kept my hands behind my back, while another forced my legs apart'.[5] But women also had to submit to regular physical searches: 'They searched our hair, our mouths and even our…[they] were carried out solely to frighten and humiliate us'.[6] This sense of humiliation is also depicted in another drawing by Evfrosiniia Kersnovskaia, illustrating a physical search party, where it is evident that the women are hanging their heads due to the shame and awkwardness of this situation:
A drawing by Evfrosiniia Kersnovskaia, a former Gulag prisoner, depicting a late night search of women, available online via Gulag: Soviet Forced Labour and the Struggle for Freedom: http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/women.php
Yet, other women quickly adopted a more pragmatic approach to their new situation. Speaking about the regular physical searches, Elinor Lipper argued that, 'What we hated worse than the confiscation of the little things we needed, worse than the humiliation of the whole procedure, was the fact that we were robbed of our all-too-brief night's sleep' – something which was essential due to the toll taken by the physical labour that all Gulag inmates were subjected to in one form or another.[7] Some women appear to have adjusted to camp life more quickly than others as practical concerns took precedence. Furthermore, other women spoke about how they quickly became more adept at concealing the few personal possessions that they had, utilising fish bones from their daily soup to create needles in order to repair clothing and fashioning knives from bits of metal. Eleanor Lipper, a former Gulag inmate, claimed that 'women are far more enduring than men…and also more adaptable to unaccustomed physical labour', while Anne Applebaum has argued that camp women formed more powerful relationships with one another and helped each other in ways male prisoners did not such as by sharing food rations.[8] Kseniia Dmitrievna Medvedskaia also spoke of how she feared ostracism after a stint in the punishment cell, however her apprehensions were quickly dispelled as on her return to the barracks the other women greeted her warmly and shared the food they had saved for her.[9]
Despite this camaraderie however, many women found life in the Gulag to be a demoralising and defeminising experience. Solzhenitsyn commented that due to the toll of regular manual labour in the Gulag, women's bodies became worn and 'everything feminine about them ceased to be, both biologically and physically'.[10] Many women also described the shock they felt when they caught a rare glance of their reflections in a broken piece of glass or a mirror. With shaved heads, lose fitting men's clothing and skeletal bodies, they appeared genderless. Ginzberg described how, while watching another female work brigade: 'As we continued to watch the files of workers passing by, an inclination of a joke left us. They were indeed sexless…this sight appalled us and took away the last remnants of or courage'.[11] Serving time in the Gulag proved to be a dehumanising experience for many women, many of whom felt they were forcibly stripped of their femininity.
Camp Relationships, Pregnancy and Motherhood
Life in the camps, Anatoly Zhigulin argues, was not all bad: 'Sometimes people ask me whether there were ever any good times in the camps…of course there were…there were good, even joyful moments that had nothing to do with material comforts'.[12] This comfort could come in the form of a friend or a lover. Sadly, many women were physically abused by male inmates and camp guards, with horrific accounts of rape and abuse a frequent issue in Gulag memoirs. Some women therefore took 'camp husbands' to offer them protection, while others deliberately sought out sexual encounters with guards in order to receive physical protection, higher rations and time off work. Elinor Lipper described how 'women who once dreamed of hearing the phrase "I love you" know found the words "butter, sugar and white bread" a proper substitute', while another former Gulag inmate explained '('[I] don't think that this is the place for love and commitment…I wasn't in love with Victor. I stayed with him because it isn't safe for a women to be alone'.[13] However, genuine relationships also formed within the Gulag: In Minlag camp, male and female prisoners sent notes to each other via their friends in the camp hospital. In other camps coded letters were thrown over the fence dividing the two sexes. Some lovers were even 'married' across the barbed wire.[14] These relationships could give a prisoner hope in what often seemed to be a hopeless situation.
Pregnancy was therefore a relatively common occurrence in the camps and stories of children and motherhood are a common theme within female memoir literature. Shapalov argues that for many, children symbolised 'normal' life and made prisoners feel as though they were on an equal footing with 'free' women, something which could have helped some women to regain a sense of femininity and purpose in a hostile environment, [15] while Hava Volovitch spoke of how: 'our need for love was so desperate that it reached the point of insanity, of banging one's head against the wall, of suicide. And we wanted a child – the dearest and closest of all people, someone for whom we could give our own life'.[16]
Potentially, there were practical benefits to pregnancy too. A decree of January 10, 1939, stated that female zeks were allowed thirty-five days off work before the birth of their child and twenty-eight after their child was born.[17] Pregnancy could save a woman from beatings and even from execution. Rumours circulated that pregnancy could ensure an early release, as amnesties for pregnant women were implemented at various points. However, pregnancy was seen as a camp offence and many inmates were forced to have abortions, even though the practice was made illegal in the Soviet Union in 1936.[18] Camp officials often took the decision to forcibly terminate a women's pregnancy so that she could continue to work, in the interests of reaching production targets. There were also some women who attempted to end unwanted pregnancies themselves: Anna Andreevna talks of how she witnessed one woman stabbing herself with needles until she began bleeding heavily, signifying the end of her pregnancy. Even those terminations performed by camp doctors were often unskilled and dangerous.[19] Therefore, pregnancy could be a scary time for expectant mothers.
The survival rate of babies born in the Gulag was extremely low and children were often born in terrible, unhygienic conditions. Hava Volovich retcalled her experience of giving birth to a daughter in the Gulag:
'She was born in a remote camp barracks, not in the medical block. There were three mothers there, and we were given a tiny room to ourselves…bedbugs poured from the ceiling and walls; we spent the whole night brushing them off the child. During the day we had to go to work and leave the infants with any old woman…these women would calmly help themselves to the food we left for the children'.[20]
Children were not allowed to stay with their mother for long: after the birth they were quickly transferred to a camp nursery and the mothers were sent to a camp for mamki (nursing mothers). Despite 'official' camp regulations Mamki were often forced to return to work almost immediately after giving birth, and were only allowed to breast feed their babies at specific times. Mothers were only permitted to visit their children regularly if they were breast-feeding so sometimes camp commanders would claim that a mother had stopped lactating in order to get them back to work earlier. If a woman missed their feeding 'appointment', their child would generally go hungry.
The high infant mortality rate in the camps is therefore understandable. Giuli Fedorovna Tsivirko recalls her experience of being a mother in the Gulag: 'my son died after eight months. He died. He was born weighing one and a half kilograms, blue. He looked at me with the eyes of a grown person. I felt that he was doomed' And Hava Volovich watched her child slowly turn into 'a pale ghost with blue shadows under her eyes and sores all over her lips'.[21]
If a child did survive, they would be removed from the camps within two years. This operation was usually carried out at night to take the mothers by surprise and to avoid emotional displays: 'Then came the order to take the children away from their mothers and send them to a nursery away from Solovki. We were heartbroken! There were so many tears!' recalls Anna Petrovna Zborovskaia.[22] On discovering that their children had been taken, many women would fling themselves against the barbed wire in an attempt to take their own lives. Once removed from the camp, the address of a child's whereabouts was usually omitted from the mother's records making it almost impossible for a mother to trace her child even after she was released.
Not all women in the Gulag camps embraced motherhood: Solzhenitsyn has claimed that some women used pregnancy to ensure early liberation from the Gulag and once freed, they would leave their children on the nearest porch or train station bench, as they no longer had any need for them.[23] However in their memoirs, many female zeks appear to have viewed their children as a humanising force in a dehumanising situation and a way of reclaiming their identity. The birth of a child could will a woman to survive for the child's sake. However, these children were unlikely to survive, and if they did, ultimately they would be forcibly taken from their mothers. So pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood within the camps could also be an extremely traumatic experience that had the potential to leave both physical and psychological scars.
Katryna Coak has just completed her BA in History at Swansea University. During her final year of study, Katryna specialised in the study of communist Eastern Europe and also researched and wrote her History dissertation about the experiences of Women in the Stalinist-era Gulag camps. Katryna will commence postgraduate study at the University of East Anglia in September 2012.
[1] Emma Mason, 'Women in the Gulag in the 1930s,' in Illič, Melanie, ed., Women in the Stalin Era, (Palgrave: 2001); Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History, (London: Penguin Books, 2003), 287
[2] Anne Applebaum, Ibid, 287
[3] Anna Cieślikowska, 'Fragments,' reproduced in Jehanne Gheith and Katherine Jolluck, Gulag Voices: Oral Histories of Soviet Incarceration and Exile, Palgrave Macmilian: 2011).
[5] Michael Solomon, Magadan, (Vertex Books: 1971)
[6] Olga Adamova-Sliozberg, 'My Journey,' reproduced in Simeon Vilensky, Till my Tale is Told: Women's Memoirs of the Gulag, (Virago Press: 1999)
[7] Elinor Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps (London: Photolith-Merchana, 1950) 206
[8] Elinor Lipper, quoted in Robert Conquest, Kolyma: The Artic Death Camps, 177; Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (London: Penguin Books, 2003) 284.
[9] Dmitrievna Medvedskaia, 'Life is Everywhere,' reproduced in Veronica Shapovalov, ed., Remembering the Darkness: Women in Soviet Prisons (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2001) 232
[10] Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 235-236
[11] Evgenia Ginzburg, Into the Whirlwind, 300
[12] Anatoly Zhigulin, 'On Work,' reproduced in Anne Applebaum, Gulag Voices: An Anthology, (Yale University Press, 2011)
[13] Elinor Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps (London: Photolith-Merchana, 1950) 119; Janusz Bardach and Kathleen Gleeson, Man is Wolf to Man: Surviving Stalin's Gulag (London: Simon and Schuster, 1998) 296 and 298
[14] Anne Applebaum, Gulag, 291; Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 248; Emma Mason, 'Women in the Gulag in the 1930s,' in Illič, ed., Women in the Stalin Era, 141
[15] Veronica Shapovalov, Remembering the Darkness: Women in Soviet Prisons (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2001)
[16] Hava Volovich, 'My Past,' reproduced in Vilensky, Simeon, Till my Tale is Told: Women's Memoirs of the Gulag (Indiana: Virago Press, 1999) 260
[17] Emma Mason, 'Women in the Gulag in the 1930s,' in Illič, ed., Women in the Stalin Era, (Palgrave: 2001)
[18] Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History, (Penguin Books: 2003)
[19] Ibid, 294
[20] Hava Volovich, 'My Past,' reproduced in Simeon Vilensky, Till my Tale is Told: Women's Memoirs of the Gulag (Virago Press: 1999)
[21] Interview with Giuli Fedorovna Tsivirko, 'Surrounded by Death,' May 1988, reproduced in Gheith, and Jolluck, Gulag Voices, 95; Volovich, 'My Past,' reproduced in Vilensky, Till my Tale is Told: Women's Memoirs of the Gulag.
[22] Anna Petrovna Zborovskaia, 291; Mason, 'Women in the Gulag in the 1930s,' in Illič, ed., Women in the Stalin Era, 144
[23] Alexandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, (Harper Collins: 1973)
June 19, 2012 Posted by kellyhignett | Uncategorized	| Childbirth, Gender, Gulag, Pregnancy, Stalin, Women | 2 Comments


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In addition to being shelled by the Orioles, Sonny Gray also made headlines with his Twitter account after the Yankees' loss.
Something very strange seems to be going on with Sonny Gray's Twitter account.
Word on Twitter was that Gray's account had been deleted during the Yankees game after he was pulled from his start on Wednesday, but minutes later it appeared to be active again. Gray's last tweet is currently from 2013.
However, two peculiar tweets appeared to be deleted after the game. The first one was a response to a tweet that solicited what appears to be a racially charged message from Gray in 2012. Gray told reporters after the game the tweet was an 'inside joke' directed at a friend.
Twitter users started to call out Gray during the game with responses to the tweet. The account he responded to in 2012 is no longer active.
After three straight solid starts, Gray's struggles returned on Wednesday. He lasted just 2.2 innings while allowing seven runs to the lowly Orioles. It was the third start since June where Gray failed to get out of the second inning.


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