text:
Marie Bonaparte, Prinzessin von Griechenland und Dänemark, auch als Pseudonym A. E. Narjani (* 2. Juli 1882 in Saint-Cloud; † 21. September 1962 in Gassin bei Saint-Tropez), war eine französische Psychoanalytikerin und Autorin.

Leben
Über ihren Vater Roland Bonaparte war sie die Urenkelin Lucien Bonapartes, des Bruders von Napoléon Bonaparte. Ihre Mutter, Marie Blanc, starb wenige Wochen nach ihrer Geburt an Tuberkulose. Ihre Großeltern mütterlicherseits waren François Blanc und dessen Frau Marie, die als Konzessionäre der Spielbank von Monte Carlo reich wurden.

Als designierte Erbin des beträchtlichen mütterlichen Vermögens wuchs sie als Halbwaise unter der Obhut wechselnder Kinderfrauen und Gouvernanten im Haushalt des meist abwesenden Vaters auf. Als Haushaltsvorstand fungierte ihre Großmutter väterlicherseits. Die verarmten Bonapartes sorgten sich sehr um die kleine Mimi, die von allen möglicherweise schädlichen Außeneinflüssen abgeschirmt wurde. Sie durfte nicht mit Gleichaltrigen spielen, um Infektionskrankheiten zu verhindern. Auch der Kontakt zur Verwandtschaft der Mutter wurde beschnitten. Mimi flüchtete sich ins Schreiben von Horrorgeschichten, die sie Jahrzehnte später, während ihrer Behandlung durch Sigmund Freud, mit dessen Hilfe aufarbeitete.

Im Sommer 1898 verliebte sich die sechzehnjährige Marie in den Sekretär ihres Vaters, der ihr den Hof machte und sie in Opposition zur väterlichen Familie der Bonapartes brachte. Roland Bonaparte entließ schließlich seinen offenbar korrupten Sekretär. Dieser benutzte daraufhin die Liebesbriefe der Sechzehnjährigen, um die Bonapartes zu erpressen. Marie fühlte sich verraten und verfiel in eine Depression, deren heftige hysterische Begleiterscheinungen sie in Behandlung durch einen Schüler Charcots brachte.

Am 21. November 1907 heiratete sie standesgemäß Prinz Georg von Griechenland aus dem Haus Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
Sie hatten zwei Kinder:
 Petros (* 3. Dezember 1908; † 15. Oktober 1980), der von Beruf Ethnologe war; ⚭ 9. September 1939 Irene Ovtchinnikoff (* 19. September 1900; † 12. März 1990), die bereits zweimal geschieden war.
 Evgenia (* 10. Februar 1910; † 13. Februar 1989); ⚭ 1. Ehe am 30. Mai 1938 Dominicus Prinz Radziwiłł (* 23. Januar 1911; † 19. November 1976). Die Ehe wurde am 27. Februar 1946 geschieden und am 18. Dezember 1952 kirchlich annulliert. In zweiter Ehe heiratete sie am 28. November 1949 Don Raymund Principe della Torre e Tasso, 2. Duca di Castel Duino (* 16. März 1907; † 17. März 1986). Die Ehe wurde am 11. Mai 1965 geschieden.

Seit 1914 lebte das Ehepaar in Saint-Cloud bei Paris. In den 1920er Jahren, während des republikanischen Intermezzos in Griechenland, als Prinz Georgs Bruder, König Konstantin I. gestürzt worden war, gewährte Marie aufgrund ihrer finanziellen Mittel geflohenen Mitgliedern der griechischen Königsfamilie Zuflucht. Beispielsweise lebte der Neffe ihres Mannes, Prinz Philip, der spätere Herzog von Edinburgh, mit seinen Eltern und vier Schwestern sieben Jahre lang mit ihrer Unterstützung im Nachbarhaus in Saint-Cloud. Prinzessin Marie finanzierte den fünf Kindern ihre Ausbildung in Privatschulen.

Als Folge der Besetzung Frankreichs durch die deutsche Wehrmacht kehrte Georg im Februar 1941 nach Griechenland zurück, musste allerdings nach dem deutschen Einmarsch in Griechenland fliehen und kam über Kreta und Ägypten nach Südafrika, das ihm im Juli 1941 Aufnahme gewährte. Erst im November 1944 kehrte Georg nach Europa zurück, zunächst nach London und Anfang 1945 nach Paris, wo er bis zu seinem Tod 1957 wieder mit Marie in Saint Cloud lebte.

Marie Bonaparte und Sigmund Freud

Marie Bonaparte litt lebenslang unter Frigidität. Die Zeugung ihrer Kinder war für beide Beteiligte mehr lästige Pflichtübung als befriedigender Liebesakt. Die Penetration ließ sie praktisch kalt. Symbolisch empfand sie die Penetration als traumatische Bedrohung, als sadistischen Einbruch in ihr Wesen, der ihrer Vernichtung galt.

Sie war mit René Laforgue, einem der führenden französischen Freudianer, befreundet und befasste sich mit der Freudschen Sicht auf Probleme weiblicher Sexualität, insbesondere mit dessen entwicklungstheoretischer Einschätzung von infantil-klitoraler und reifer vaginaler Erogenität. Im Gegensatz zum Freudschen Begriff der Psychosexualität glaubte sie, dass ihre Frigidität und auch der übrigen Frauen anatomisch bedingt sei, durch die Distanz zwischen Klitoris und Meatus urethrae; später empfahl sie einen chirurgischen Eingriff zur Verkürzung des Abstandes von Klitoris und Vaginalöffnung, um die Frigidität zu kurieren. Zugleich kritisierte sie die Freudsche Vorstellung der notwendigen Ablösung der Klitoris als erogene Leitzone:

Nach scheiternden Vermittlungsversuchen René Laforgues wandte sie sich 1925 direkt an Sigmund Freud, der einer Behandlung schließlich zustimmte. Im Herbst begann eine erste, etwa sechs Monate dauernde Analyse, die später durch kürzere Sitzungsphasen aufgefrischt wurde. Sie entdeckte ihre Schreibhefte aus der Kindheit wieder und konnte Zusammenhänge zwischen den alptraumhaften Geschichten und vergessenen, verdrängten realen Ereignissen von damals herstellen. Durch Freud begleitet wurde ihr klar, dass sie im frühkindlichen Alter zur Zeugin diverser sexueller Praktiken (u. a. Fellatio) zwischen ihrer Pflegerin und einem Stallknecht geworden war. Diese verstörenden Erlebnisse hatte sie unter anderem in ihren kindlichen Schreibheften in symbolisch entstellter Form notiert, um sie nun in reales Geschehen rückübersetzt an der Realität überprüfen zu können. Sie befragte den ehemaligen Pferdepfleger, der schließlich die rekonstruierte Geschichte bestätigte. Damit aber war für Marie Bonaparte zugleich die Wissenschaftlichkeit der Psychoanalyse zur Gewissheit geworden. Ihre spezielle "Frigidität" allerdings konnte auch Freud nicht beheben. 1927 ließ sie den Wiener Gynäkologen Halban die Operation an sich ausführen, für die sie zuvor schon geworben hatte.

Aus der zunächst als didaktisch geplanten Behandlung bei Freud entwickelte sich eine enge Freundschaft. Marie Bonaparte, Freuds Prinzessin, setzte ihren gesellschaftlichen Status und ihr Vermögen für die Sache Freuds ein. Als Mme Freud-a-dit wurde sie zum leitenden Gründungsmitglied der Société psychanalytique de Paris (SPP, 4. November 1926) und der Revue française de psychanalyse (1927). Sie übersetzte Freuds Werke ins Französische und verfasste Studien über Edgar Allan Poe, die Triebtheorie und die weibliche Sexualität.

Sie erforschte als eine der ersten Wissenschaftlerinnen ab Mitte der 1930er Jahre die Konsequenzen der Beschneidung von Frauen in Afrika.

1937 erwarb sie die Briefe, die Freud an seinen ehemaligen Freund Wilhelm Fließ geschrieben hatte, und sicherte damit dokumentarisches Material aus der Frühzeit der Psychoanalyse, nicht zuletzt vor dem Verfasser selbst. Nach dem "Anschluss" Österreichs im März 1938 trug sie entscheidend zum Gelingen seiner Flucht vor den Nationalsozialisten bei, indem sie für ihn die "Reichsfluchtsteuer" auslegte, die Freud ihr aber später in London zurückerstattete.

Sie starb im Alter von achtzig Jahren und wurde in Griechenland auf dem Königlichen Friedhof in Tatoi begraben. Bonapartes Beziehung zu Sigmund Freud als Patientin und Freundin wurde 2004 im Fernsehfilm Princesse Marie (deutscher Titel: Marie und Freud) verarbeitet.

Bonaparte und Freud hatten von 1932 bis zu Freuds Tod im September 1939 einen regen Briefwechsel. Diese Briefe sind fast alle erhalten. Bonaparte entwarf ihre Briefe auf Französisch und schickte sie auf deutsch ab. Der Briefwechsel erschien (auf französisch) im Oktober 2022 beim Verlag Flammarion.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Autorschaft
 Über die Symbolik der Kopftrophäen. Eine psychoanalytische Studie. Vortrag in der psychoanalytischen Vereinigung am 30. November 1927. Internationale Psychoanalytische Vereinigung, Leipzig 1928.

 Marie Bonaparte: Edgar Poe, Etude psychanalytique. Denoel & Steele, Paris 1933; (deutsch) Edgar Poe, Eine psychoanalytische Studie. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Leipzig/ Wien/ Zürich 1934; (englisch) The Life and works of Edgar Allan Poe. Imago Publishing, London 1949.
 Edgar Poe. Eine psychoanalytische Studie. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1984, ISBN 3-518-37092-8.
 Topsy. Der goldhaarige Chow. Fischer-Taschenbuchverlag, Frankfurt am Main 1985, ISBN 3-596-25150-8. (Bonaparte erzählt in diesem Buch über die Beziehung zu ihrem Hund Topsy)
 La mer et le rivage. Selbstverlag, Paris 1939.
 Mythes de guerre. Imago Publishing, London 1946; (englisch) Myths of War. Imago Publishing, London 1947.
 Les glanes des jours. Imago Publishing, London 1950.
 Chronos, Eros, Thanatos. Imago Publishing, London 1951.
 Monologues devant la vie et la mort. Imago Publishing, London 1951.
 Les glauques aventures de Flyda des Mers. (Mit 13 farbigen Illustrationen von John Buckland Wright). Imago Publishing, 1951.
 Psychanalyse et anthropologie. Bibliothèque de psychanalyse et de psychologie clinique. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1952.
 Derrière les vitres closes. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1958.
 La sexualité de la femme. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1967.
 Psychologische Ursachen des Antisemitismus. In Psyche Band 46, Nr. 12, 1992, S. 1137–1151.

 Übersetzungen von Werken Sigmund Freuds
 Un souvenir d'enfance de Léonard de Vinci. Gallimard, Paris 1928.
 Ma vie et la psychanalyse. Gallimard, Paris 1930.
 Le mot d'esprit et ses rapports avec l'inconscient. (mit Dr Marcel Nathan.) Gallimard, Paris 1931.
 Délires et rêves dans un ouvrage littéraire: La "Gradiva" de Jensen. Gallimard, Paris 1931.
 L'avenir d'une illusion. Denoel & Steele, Paris 1932.
 Essais de psychanalyse appliquée. (mit Mme Edouard Marty.) Gallimard, Paris 1933.
 Cinq psychanalyses. (mit Dr Rodolphe Loewenstein.) Denoel & Steele, Paris 1935.
 Métapsychologie. (mit Anne Berman.) Gallimard, Paris 1940.

Literatur
 Célia Bertin: Die letzte Bonaparte. Freuds Prinzessin. Ein Leben. Kore, Freiburg 1989, ISBN 3-926023-11-2.
 Jean-Pierre Bourgeron: Marie Bonaparte et la psychanalyse, a travers ses lettres a René Laforgue et les images de son temps. Honoré Champion, Geneve 1993.
 Elisabeth Roudinesco: La bataille de cent ans. Histoire de la psychanalyse en France. Deutsche Teilübersetzung: Wien – Paris. Die Geschichte der Psychoanalyse in Frankreich. 1885–1939. Quadriga, Weinheim/ Berlin 1994.
 Lisa Appignanesi, John Forrester: Die Frauen Sigmund Freuds. (Aus dem Englischen von B. Rapp und U. Szyszkowitz) 2. Auflage, dtv, München 1996; hier insbesondere Kapitel 11: Marie Bonaparte und Freuds französischer Hof. S. 451–478.
 Jean-Pierre Bourgeron: Marie Bonaparte. Presses Universitaires de France, 1997.

Erwähnung in der Kunst
 Princesse Marie (deutsch: Marie und Freud), Regie Benoît Jacquot, Frankreich/ Österreich/ Deutschland 2004, 2-teiliger Fernsehfilm, 188 Minuten, erzählt u. a. die Geschichte, wie sie Freud und seiner Familie zur Flucht aus Wien verhalf. Darsteller sind Catherine Deneuve als Marie Bonaparte, Heinz Bennent als Sigmund Freud; Anne Bennent, Sebastian Koch, u. a.
 Die Hilfe, die Bonaparte Sigmund Freud bei dessen Ausreise aus Österreich leistet, wird in Stefan Zweigs Werk Die Welt von Gestern erwähnt.

Weblinks

 Psychoanalytische Veröffentlichungen Marie Bonapartes auf archive.org
 "Princesse Marie" in der Internet Movie Database
 Société Psychanalytique de Paris (SPP). Marie Bonaparte et la création de la SPP.

Einzelnachweise

Person um Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytiker
Poe-Forscher
Autor
Sachliteratur
Essay
Erzählung
Literatur (Französisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Übersetzer aus dem Deutschen
Mäzen
Marie #Bonaparte
⚭Marie #Bonaparte
Franzose
Geboren 1882
Gestorben 1962
Frau
Übersetzer ins Französische

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Throwback to some snow fundays!
They keep askin' how I'm winnin' with the cards that I was dealt. Man I worked hard for this seat and I ain't bucklin' my belt.
Some nice Spring colors for you on film! .
Great weekend with my crew!
Thanks for the awesome shot @jonnic97_ also, welcome to the 4HI crew!
Huge shout-out to @mrrwheels !
Behold, the ONLY chassis mount wing on an R8 Spyder.... in the world!
Worrying does not take away tomorrow's troubles, it takes away today's peace.


text:
A new chapter for Aldgate Library
Art and design collection joins Aldgate Library alongside major refurbishment and facilities upgrade.
Date: 11 October 2016
It was a busy summer for London Met's Library Services team, who have reconfigured Aldgate Library as part of a major improvement project.
The library has welcomed collections from The Sir John Cass School of Art, Architecure and Design which has moved to Calcutta House from its previous home in Commercial Road.
The Aldgate Library now encompasses 12 study rooms across 3 floors, along with a completely refurbished atrium.
There are library lounges on the ground and first floors, group zones where students can relax on comfortable seating, and computer desks.
Catherine Phillpotts, University Librarian (Library Services & Special Collections), said: "A great deal of work has gone into making the Aldgate Library a resourceful mine of information enabling students to delve deeply into their areas of interest. They'll be able to make the very most of their study time, especially in group work. We warmly welcome Cass students as well as Business & Law students to their new library.
Our aim is to achieve excellence in customer service across all our library services and we plan to run a satisfaction survey in December to receive the views of students and act on any highlighted areas."
Find out more about Library Services at London Met

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home Celebrity Doja Cat Admits that " Rave Culture" has Inspired her fourth Album.
Doja Cat Admits that " Rave Culture" has Inspired her fourth Album.
Following in the footsteps of Drake, Megan Thee Stallion, Beyoncé, and Big Sean, Doja Cat has turned to electronic music for inspiration.
Doja Cat is digging deep within her early exposure to rave culture for fresh creative fuel.
Doja Cat Reveals Her Fourth Album
The "Say So" singer recently told CR Fashion Book that not only will her forthcoming fourth studio album include more of her rapping talent, but the album's production approach would also be different from her past efforts.
Doja Cat is the latest famous hip-hop artist to find inspiration in dance music, joining the likes of Drake, Megan Thee Stallion, Beyoncé, and Big Sean. She has specifically said that '90s German rave music has recently been more her pace.
Strange New Worlds Season 2: Who Will Return in Its Second Part?
Currently, "I'm quite into this '90s German rave type of feeling, and it's very fun," Doja said. "I know it's kind of the vogue right now, but I liked that thing as a child and now that I can express it (obviously, I couldn't buzz my head, wear a furry bra, and get a belly button piercing back then), I'm kind of embracing that."
She went on to explain that this was really a clue about the album. "Dancehall music, not house"
No release date has been set for Doja Cat's next album, which will follow 2021's Platinum-selling Planet Her.
Previous articleTV This Weekend going to be busy, with premieres of GBBS, Heathers: The Musical, and Do Revenge.
Next articleConfess Fletch: Find Out Where and How to Stream, Jon Hamm's New Movie 2022!!


text:
Who said: "What really knocks me out is a book that, when you're all done reading, you wish the author that wrote it was a terrific friend of yours"
BookBrowse's Favorite Quotes
"What really knocks me out is a book that, when you're all done reading it, you wish the author that wrote it was a terrific friend of yours." - J.D. Salinger
Jerome David Salinger, author of Catcher in the Rye, was born on January 1, 1919 in New York City to a Jewish father and a half-Scottish, half-Irish mother. He graduated from Valley Forge Military Academy in 1936 and then studied at New York University for a year before dropping out to work as an entertainer on a cruise ship. The following year he joined the meat-importation business where his father worked, and was sent to Austria, which he left just one month before Hitler invaded in March 1938. On his return, he attended Ursinus College for a very short time where he was purportedly labeled "the worst English student in the history of the College" by a professor. In 1939 he took an evening class in writing at Columbia University; his teacher was Whit Burnett, editor of Story Magazine who published Salinger's debut story in Story Magazine in 1940.
Salinger was drafted into the 4th Infantry Division in 1942 and served until 1946. Fluent in French and German he saw action on Utah Beach on D-Day and at the Battle of the Bulge before being assigned to Counter-Intelligence where he interrogated prisoners of war. He was one of the first soldiers to enter a liberated concentration camp and much later told his daughter that "You never really get the smell of burning flesh out of your nose entirely, no matter how long you live." He stayed with the army in Germany for about six months after the war, and met and married a German woman who he met while interrogating her. She returned with him to the USA but the marriage broke up shortly afterwards.
During and after the war he published stories, some of which drew on his wartime experiences. The first collection of these, For Esme - With Love and Squalor, was published in 1953. All the stories in the collection had formerly appeared in the New Yorker which was where the majority of his stories after 1948 were first published following the success of "A Perfect Day For Bananafish" published in the New Yorker in 1948. Further collections followed in 1961 and 1963.
He is best known for his first and only published novel, The Catcher in the Rye, which was published in 1951 and remains extraordinarily popular even today (about 250,000 copies were sold in 2000). Catcher in the Rye was not the first time Salinger had written about Holden Caulfield, who had first appeared in a semi-autobiographical story titled "Slight Rebellion Off Madision" which the New Yorker accepted in 1942 but did not publish until 1946.
Following the publication of Catcher In The Rye, Salinger gradually withdrew from public life, moving from New York to Cornish, New Hampshire and keeping to himself. In 1955 he married a Radcliffe student, Claire Douglas, who dropped out of school four months before graduation at his request. They had two children, Margaret and Matthew, but due to Salinger's desire for isolation they rarely saw people. Margaret was sick much of the time but Salinger, a Christian Scientist at the time, refused to take her to a doctor. The marriage ended in divorce in 1965.
His last published story was "Hapworth 16, 1924" in The New Yorker in 1965. During the 1970s there were reports that he was due to publish another novel and in Salinger is said to have told a friend that he had recently finished "a long, romantic book set in World War II."
Salinger is currently married to his third wife, Colleen O'Neill, 40 years his junior. In 2000, his daughter, Margaret Salinger published Dream Catcher: A Memoir, in which she described her father as keeping her mother a "virtual prisoner", but also describes him as far from reclusive, traveling often and having friends all over the world - in short, a bon vivant in every sense except when it comes to his family and matters of publicity.
Apparently Mark David Chapman was carrying a copy of The Catcher in the Rye when he assassinated John Lennon on December 8, 1980; and John Hinckley, Jr., who attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan, was reported to be obsessed by the novel.
It is said that Salinger, now 88, still spends a few hours every morning writing and has several safes containing manuscripts.
Salinger's son, Matt, is a stage actor and director who starred in the 1991 movie, Captain America.
Common sense is genius dressed in its working clothes.


text:
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#else
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	mPhysicsManager = std::shared_ptr<PhysicsManager>( new PhysicsManager() );
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	// Register the engine to receive input events
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	// Register all the listening managers as listeners
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	mSelf = std::shared_ptr<Engine>(this,  [=](Engine*){});
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	mDebugDisplaySystem.reset( new DebugDisplaySystem( mCameraManager.get() ) );
	registerManager(mDebugDisplaySystem);
	mConsole->addCommand( "/net.connect", &Console_Net_Connect );
	mConsole->addCommand( "/player.setname", &Console_Set_Username);

	printm("RAKNET_PROTOCOL_VERSION_LOCAL:" + std::to_string( RAKNET_PROTOCOL_VERSION ));

	// Create box prototype
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	float mass = 4.0f;

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	MotionComponent* motion = entitysys::createComponent<MotionComponent>(box);
	entitysys::getByID(box)->addComponent(motion);

	RenderComponent* rend = entitysys::createComponent<RenderComponent>(box);
	mRenderManager->initComponent( rend );
	mRenderManager->setAsBox(rend, size);
	entitysys::getByID(box)->addComponent(rend);

	PhysicsComponent* phys = entitysys::createComponent<PhysicsComponent>(box);
	mPhysicsManager->initComponent( phys,new btBoxShape( size/2.0f ), mass );
	entitysys::getByID(box)->addComponent(phys);

	mPrototypes["box"] = new EntityPrototype( entitysys::getByID(box) );
	entitysys::destroyEntity( entitysys::getByID(box) );

}

Engine::~Engine()
{
	SDL_Quit();
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void Engine::update()
{
	// Calculate timestep
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	mTimeSinceLastUpdate.reset();

	eventsys::update();
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	input::update();
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	// Update systems and managers
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	{
		std::shared_ptr<Manager> ptr = i->lock();
		if( ptr )
			ptr->update(dt);
	}
		// render after everything is updated
		mTimeSinceLastRender.reset();
		render::update();

}

bool Engine::isShuttingDown()
{
    return m_EngineShutdown;
}

void Engine::handle( Event* e )
{
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				KeyboardEvent* ke = e->getData<KeyboardEvent>();
				switch (ke->mKeycode)
				{
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					   m_EngineShutdown = true;
					break;

					case SDL_SCANCODE_X:
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							if( network::getMode() == NET_HOST )
							{
								Entity* box = mPrototypes["box"]->spawn();

								assert( box->hasComponent<TransformComponent>() );
								ENT_SET_TRANSFORM( box->ID, float3(0,20,0), Quat(0,0,0,1) );

								NetworkComponent* net = entitysys::createComponent<NetworkComponent>(box->ID);
								net->eGUID = mNetworkManager->_find_free_guid();
								assert( net->eGUID != 0 );
								box->addComponent(net);

								Event* dyn = eventsys::get(EV_CLIENT_WORLD_CREATE_DYNAMIC_BOX, 0, this);
								dyn->eGUID = net->eGUID;
								eventsys::dispatch( dyn );

								printm( "Created box with GUID: " + std::to_string(net->eGUID ) + " and ID:" + std::to_string(box->ID));
							}
							break;
						}
				}
			}
        break;

		case EV_CLIENT_WORLD_CREATE_DYNAMIC_BOX:
			{
				Entity* box = mPrototypes["box"]->spawn();
				NetworkComponent* net = entitysys::createComponent<NetworkComponent>(box->ID);
				net->eGUID = e->eGUID;
				printm( "Created box with GUID: " + std::to_string(net->eGUID ) + " and ID:" + std::to_string(box->ID));
				box->addComponent( net );
			}
			break;

    }
}

void Engine::registerManager(std::weak_ptr<Manager> mgr)
{
	mManagers.push_back(mgr);
}

void Engine::removeManager(std::weak_ptr<Manager> mgr)
{
	mManagers.remove_if([mgr](std::weak_ptr<Manager> p){
			std::shared_ptr<Manager> p1 = p.lock();
			std::shared_ptr<Manager> p2 = mgr.lock();

			if( p1 && p2 )
				return p1 == p2;
			return false;
	});
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Coronavirus Information and Update: Fall 2021 Plans
Home/ Environmental, Natural Resources, & Energy Law/ Blog/ Product Liability Law – Another Weapon In The Arsenal Against Contamination - Paul Napoli
Environmental, Natural Resources, & Energy Law Blog
Product Liability Law – Another Weapon In The Arsenal Against Contamination - Paul Napoli
Relying on environmental laws often becomes an interminable process of administrative or judicial proceedings hinging on the partisan interpretation of various statutes. Environmental lawyers regularly find themselves arguing statutory construction or fighting ever-changing regulations under Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, known also as Superfund ("CERCLA"), The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA") or a State's equivalent statute. These statutes, as well as some common law nuisance claims, provide strong legal mandates for cleaning up hazardous chemical contamination. Nonetheless, these laws rarely apply responsibility to the manufacturers or distributors of chemicals because those responsible for making the hazardous chemicals seldom have any direct connection or ownership to the property. While Congress had the choice to include these parties in the definition of responsible parties under CERCLA, it chose not to.
Further, there are contaminants that are "emerging" such as PFAS, 1,4 Dioxane and potentially 80,000 other unregulated chemicals that neither CERCLA nor RCRA can provide a remedy for. This is because unregulated contaminants, including PFAS and 1,4 Dioxane, have yet to become listed as a hazardous substances under CERCLA, which could create a cause of action to recover for past remediation and response costs under 107(a)(4)(B) of CERCLA. Thus, there are many situations where States, neighbors, and individuals who live adjacent to these sites are left with economic costs associated with these sites because of polluters who outright abandoned the site.
Now, these victims of contamination can assert another cause of action—one that does not necessarily require proof of foreseeability, and that allows a recovery from this broader definition of responsible parties, the manufacturers and distributors of the chemicals. That cause of action is strict products liability. A manufacturer should be held liable for injuries from his product only when he ought reasonably to have foreseen such injury in an appreciable number of persons. Cudmore v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 398 S.W.2d 640 385 U.S. 1003 (1967); The determination of whether an allegedly defective product presents an unreasonable risk of harm involves the balancing of the foreseeability and gravity of the harm with the burden of preventing it. Anibal Del Cid v. Beloit Corp., 901 F. Supp. 539, 542, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14707, *1; In New York, "[i]t is well settled that a manufacturer of defective products … may be held strictly liable for injuries caused by its products, regardless of privity, foreseeability or due care." Finerty v. Abex Corp., 27 N.Y.3d 236, 241, 32 N.Y.S.3d 44, 51 N.E.3d 555 (2016).
There is no dispute in the scientific community that chemicals produced for industrial and other uses have contaminated many areas including much of the country's water supply and groundwater. See, "Toxic chemicals may contaminate drinking water of 200 million US people" https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/toxic-chemicals-may-contaminate-drinking-water-of-200-million-us-people. Many experts in the field believe that harmful chemicals have caused and will continue to produce a variety of serious health issues in those who drink contaminated water and are otherwise exposed to contamination through inhalation, dermal exposure, ingestion, or other routes. Lawsuits can be filed to stem contamination or force a cleanup under the aforementioned federal and state environmental laws. However, products liability theories are another important means for some cases to proceed. Indeed, property damage and personal injury lawsuits arising out of contamination filed under the products liability theory are mushrooming all over the United States.
Products liability theories are figuring prominently in current contamination litigation centering on unregulated chemicals. Since there is no federal product liability law, product liability claims are typically based on state laws and brought under the theories of negligence, strict liability, failure to warn or breach of warranty. The legal bases for product liability suits are expansive, comprising liability for manufacturing defect, design defect, and failure to warn.
A failure to provide an adequate warning is considered a product defect in strict liability cases. A defendant cannot escape liability for a failure to warn simply because it was unaware of the risk. A defendant is under a duty to stay knowledgeable about its product. To sustain a claim for strict liability based on a defective warning, a plaintiff must prove that (1) the manufacturer knew, or should have known of the risk inherent in the product; (2) there were no warnings or instructions, or those provided were inadequate, (3) the absence of warnings made the product inherently dangerous; and (4) the absence of adequate warnings or instructions was the proximate cause of plaintiff's injury. Thus, for plaintiffs to trigger the application of strict liability, a plaintiff must first show that the defendant owed a duty to warn of a known or foreseeable risk, which is based on a reasonableness standard. That is, whether a warning is feasible and reasonably necessary (See, Restatement (Third) § 2 cmt. i.), which is fact specific. (Olivo v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 895 A.2d 1143 (N.J. 2006) (premises owner owed duty to spouses handling workers' unprotected work clothing based on foreseeable risk of exposure from asbestos borne home on contaminated clothing).) Usually, there is no duty to warn of a risk that is obvious or "generally known and recognized." (See Humble Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. Gomez, 146 S.W.3d 170 (Tex. 2004); see also Restatement (Third) § 2 cmt. j.) If a duty to warn exists, the plaintiff must show that the defendant failed to exercise due care in warning users of the potential dangers associated with the intended and reasonably foreseeable uses of its product. (See, Huffman v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 908 F.2d 1470 (10th Cir. 1990); Santoro v. Donnelly, 340 F. Supp. 2d 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)). The plaintiff must also show that the risk was known or reasonably knowable to the defendant at the time the product was manufactured or sold. (See, Bailey v. Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc., No. 06-80702-CIV, 2006 WL 3665417, at *4 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 14, 2006) (pharmaceutical company must warn of prescription drug's risk known or knowable in light of generally recognized and prevailing best scientific and medical knowledge available at time of manufacture)). Lastly, a plaintiff must show that the defendant's failure to warn or provision of an inadequate warning proximately caused his injuries.
An example of this can be seen in the overwhelming evidence that 3M knew PFAS chemicals were unsafe but chose to hide it from the public as well as governmental agencies anyway. In fact, in April 2006, 3M agreed to pay a penalty of more than $1.5 million to EPA for its failure to disclose studies dating back decades that confirmed the potential hazards of these chemicals to public health and the environment, among other things. For years, starting in the 1950s, DuPont allowed large amounts of PFOA from its plant to contaminate the drinking water in Ohio and West Virginia. By 2003, DuPont allowed nearly 2.5 million pounds of PFOA from its plant into the Ohio River Valley harming residents across six water districts. The company also failed to report that some of its exposed female employees had passed PFOA to the bloodstream of their unborn children. Other residents of Ohio and West Virginia suffered from life threatening illnesses, including certain cancers, and even death after consuming the PFOA contaminated water. "Providing an inadequate warning is no better than providing no warning at all." See, American Law of Products Liability 3d, §33:1. If it was possible to discover the risk, such as the risk of causing serious illnesses from certain chemicals through reasonable research, testing and investigation, the defendant will be held liable for failing to warn about a risk it should have known about.
The public presumptively believes that the EPA or OSHA tests all chemicals on the market and assess their risk. However, this is not the case. Many chemicals are exempt from disclosure under exceptions since they may contain 'confidential business information" ("CBI") or are pre-1977 not requiring disclosure. Under the EPA, Chemical identities listed on the public portion of the Toxic Substances Control Act ("TSCA") Inventory are ineligible for CBI status, (40 CFR 711.30(a)(2)(i)). Yet, many emerging contaminants such as PFAS are not yet regulated under the TSCA. The result is often EPA, OSHA, and other governmental agencies need to rely on the manufacturers of the chemicals for human health and environmental information. Under the TSCA, chemical manufacturers are not mandated to generate toxicological data for use by the EPA in evaluating chemicals. Chemicals that existed on the market as of 1977 under TSCA do not face regulatory scrutiny unless the EPA can demonstrate that they meet threshold triggers for intervention. Therefore, there is widespread agreement among attorneys, government, and advocacy groups that TSCA is deeply flawed, leading to many weaknesses in the governance of chemicals and few incentives for industry to adopt a better method for safer chemicals. That is why plaintiff attorneys are paving the way in pursuing litigation in light of the federal government's shortcomings. Attorneys have adapted product liability theories in the absence of federal regulation to compensate those affected. As mentioned above, the U.S. regulates very few existing substances under the TSCA despite the scientific evidence that many chemicals might pose risks to human health and the environment. Further, harmful chemicals like PFAS have yet to be declared a hazardous substance under CERCLA. In this context, toxic tort litigation has emerged as a means of controlling chemical risks. Where legislatures and governments are unable or unwilling to reform the regulatory system, plaintiffs may seek to bring tort actions directly against companies producing or using chemicals on the grounds that they are suffering from toxic chemical impacts, or are being exposed to the chemicals through contaminated drinking water. Tort actions may compel industry to take voluntary steps to redesign chemical molecules or products to be less toxic. These actions may generate new accountability among the industry for their production and use of hazardous or toxic chemicals.
Generally, one who supplies a product directly or through a third party is subject to liability to those whom the manufacturer should expect to use the product or to be endangered by its probable use. Restatement (Second) of Torts §388 (1965). The duty extends to others aside from the purchaser or user. See, Hittle v. Scripto-Tokai Corp., 166 F. Supp. 2d 142, 158, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15200, *38, CCH Prod. Liab. Rep. P16,175. A manufacturer must take reasonable steps to warn those that may be affected by exposure to the chemicals. Thus, under the failure to warn doctrine, a manufacturer can be held liable if it failed to provide a reasonable warning about the riskiness of the product. Manufacturers of chemicals have a duty to warn the community of the known hazards associated with its chemicals' components, and the failure to warn can result in liability, among others, to clean up a site or community. Even if a manufacturer does not know or expect their chemicals for escaping their control, if it does, liability follows. Strict liability means that the manufacturer owes a duty of care to the public before releasing their products to the consumer market. By not ensuring their product was safe, they are liable. Strict liability is the imposition of liability on a party without a finding of fault. A claimant need only prove the occurrence of specified criteria. The reason underlying this liability determination is that the manufacturer is in the best position to discover and guard against defects in its products and to warn of their harmful effects.
Courts have repeatedly been confronted with situations in which manufacturers created products that posed unique, substantial harms to others or natural resources. The failure to warn theory resulting in contamination was analyzed by many courts. See Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Prods. Corp., 493 F.2d 1076, 1088-89, 1091 (5th Cir. 1973) (defining scope of strict liability action based upon failure to warn), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 869 (1974); Canifax v. Hercules Powder Co., 46 Cal. Rptr. 552, 557-58 (Cal. Ct. App. 1965); See Smith v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 612 P.2d 251, 254 (Okla. 1980) (holding that in strict liability failure to warn, manufacturer must warn of dangers inherent in "all foreseeable uses."). However, there is tension between the states on the extent of liability under this theory. In James v. Bessemer Processing Co. 714 A.2d 898 (N.J. 1998) the court held that, in a failure to warn of toxicity of chemicals, New Jersey would rely on the "'frequency, regularity and proximity' of exposure test" regarding failure to warn, stating that the industry should not be saddled with such open-ended exposure based upon "'a casual or minimum contact.'" Under a frequency, regularity and proximity test, in order to prove that exposure to a specific defendant's product was a substantial factor in causing or exacerbating the plaintiff's disease, the plaintiff is required to prove an exposure of sufficient frequency, with a regularity of contact, and with the product in close proximity to the plaintiff. Further, the Washington Supreme Court held in two cases that a product manufacturer has no duty to warn of dangers presented by products, manufactured by a third party, that may be used in conjunction with the manufacturer's product. Simonetta v. Viad Corp. 197 P.3d 127 (Wash. 2008); Braaten v. Saber Hagen Holdings, 38 37. 38. 198 P.3d 493 (Wash. 2008). The Fifth Circuit describes self-determination as one of the principles underlying strict liability for failure to warn. In Texas however, there is no cause of action "for a failure to warn about hazards discovered after a product has been manufactured and sold". Syrie v. Knoll Int'l, 748 F.2d 304, 311 (5th Cir. 1984)
In the In Re Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether ("MTBE") Multidistrict Litigation ("MDL"), Judge Shira A. Scheindlin delivered the opinion and applied the failure to warn theory. In Re ("Mtbe") Products Liability Litigation, 644 F. Supp. 2d 310 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). This MDL involved dozens of product liability cases, filed in nearly twenty states. The numerous plaintiffs, including states, cities, municipalities, and private entities, alleged that more than one hundred manufacturers and distributors of MTBE had contaminated groundwater through the sale of gasoline that contained MTBE. Judge Scheindlin concluded that defendants knew and expected that MTBE would cause widespread water contamination and failed to provide any warnings to the public. For example, adequate warning includes the duty of the manufacturer to make product warnings visible and understandable to their intended users. Warning labels should be placed in highly visible areas on the product's packaging or even on the product itself. Users of gasoline and operators of drinking water wells at issue were never warned about the dangers of MTBE. This failure to warn resulted in a holding that the manufacturers were strictly liable for the product given their failure to warn against these harmful chemicals.
Recently in 2019, Vermont Attorney General T.J. Donovan announced a settlement of $3.8 million in their case against more than two dozen of the nation's largest refiners of gasoline. The State's case, filed in June of 2014, alleged that these refiners caused widespread pollution of Vermont's groundwater with MTBE. Although at first glance that may seem to be an exorbitant amount of money, these companies make billions of dollars every year. $3.8 million is just a drop in the bucket for these refiners of gasoline. There have been much larger awards including an $816 Million Jury Verdict for New Hampshire Over MTBE Contamination of State's Drinking Water. See, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130409006722/en/816-Million-Jury-Verdict-for-New-Hampshire-Over-MTBE-Contamination-of-State%E2%80%99s-Drinking-Water. The use of these causes of action to obtain these awards will continue and expand. See, The growth of environmental product liability litigation worldwide to continue in 2019, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=b0b1b9bb-1295-4aed-bc07-eb9b6b02787e.
The shift from fault-based standards to strict liability has meant that manufacturers can be held liable even if a plaintiff does not prove negligence. When a defective product causes injury, the manufacturer of the product may be liable to the plaintiff. Certain defenses will be available to the defendant under certain legal theories while they will not be available under others. Failure to warn products liability law triggers liability holding the defendant liable for a product's defects regardless of whether the company or business acted negligently or had any connection to property that is contaminated from the use or release of products that contain contaminants made by the manufacturers. Thus, contaminants can be found defective even when they meet regulatory standards or conform to the state of knowledge at the time the contaminant was produced. The cumulative effect of this case is that it has become easier, in some cases, to bring product liability lawsuits against manufacturers.
Everyone in the chain of distribution is responsible. Judge Scheindlin acknowledged that courts favor liability for entities higher in the chain of distribution, given the fact that that manufacturers are in a better position to know when products are properly made, as well as to diffuse the cost of safety in design and production. In re MTBE, 591 F.Supp.2d 259, 276 [SDNY 2008). However, liability for a product could rest with any party in the product's chain of distribution. Brady v. Calsol, Inc. (2015), 241 Cal.App.4th 1212, 1218-1219 [194 Cal.Rptr.3d 243; Heller v. U.S. Suzuki Motor Corp., 64 N.Y.2d 407, 411, 477 N.E.2d 434, 488 N.Y.S.2d 132 (1985). For strict liability to apply, the sale of a product must be made in the regular course of the supplier's business. Gonzalez v. Rutherford Corp., 881 F. Supp. 829, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4423. It would be fundamentally wrong to permit a manufacturer to profit from the sale of a product it knows to be dangerous and fail to warn consumers of its dangers. Manufacturers and distributors are thus provided encouragement to "achieve optimal levels of safety in designing and marketing products." See, Third Restatement §2, comment a.
In strict products liability, a manufacturer, wholesaler, distributor, or retailer who sells a product in a defective condition is liable for injury which results from the use of the product regardless of privity, foreseeability, or the exercise of due care. Even if manufacturers give some type of warning, it may be inadequate. Manufacturers have used harmful PFAS in a variety of products, including in Aqueous Film Forming Foam ("AFFF"). For example, chemicals may work quite well as a fire retardant, such as AFFF. AFFF is used for fire suppression, particularly at municipal airports and Air Force bases for training purposes and to combat jet fuel spills. Yet, because AFFF contained PFAS, where manufacturers knew of the dangers and chose to hide it from the public, AFFF is now a major avenue for exposure to these harmful chemicals. Human exposure to these toxic substances, through use or contaminated drinking water, can lead to an increased risk of various health related cancers and illnesses. Although AFFF manufacturers agreed to phase-out PFAS-containing AFFF several years ago, legacy contamination continues to be found in drinking water systems in many states.
Virtually all the victims of environmental risk are strangers to the enterprise that creates the risk and can do little if anything to protect themselves without adequate warning from the producers. The manufacturer has the greatest ability to control the risk created by his product since it may initiate or adopt inspection and quality control measures thereby preventing defective products from reaching a community in the first place.
The strict products claim is needed to fill in the gaps for when environmental statutes and public nuisance fall short. This typically is the case when there is an unregulated chemical or the laws have not yet been updated to list a chemical as a hazardous substance. The liability of chemical manufacturers should be no different than that of a toy manufacturer who puts a lead toy in a baby's mouth. Product liability law is increasingly viewed as a weapon against the source of contamination in the first place. Products liability law can impose consequences to those companies who manufacture chemicals or products that are put into the stream of commerce. In invoking these laws, the community can extend responsibility for cleanup beyond the owner of the property or potentially responsible parties to those who manufactured, produced, distributed and sold the chemicals harming human health.
Environmental, Natural Resources, & Energy Law
Environmental, Natural Resources, and Energy Law is located in Wood Hall on the Law Campus.
email elaw@lclark.edu
Environmental, Natural Resources, and Energy Law


Adam, Raavi, Elisabeth, Leah. John noted that our crew poured out of the van at each site we visited, ready to engage. This was a remarkable group – there was many a thoughtful conversation about community, identity, being and becoming as we moved through experiences together.


text:
July 24th 2007 01:19:13 PM
The Not So Great Greater Albania: More Daily Evidence
Yesterday, after meeting with Condoleezza Rice, Kosovo "prime minister" Agim Ceku decided, and promised, that Kosovo would not declare independence unilaterally. However, a day earlier November 28th was the date announced for an independence declaration. Nov. 28th is Albania's day of independence:
Kosovo sets Nov 28 independence date
Kosovo Prime Minister Agim Ceku called on Parliament yesterday to declare unilateral independence from Serbia on November 28, faced with diplomatic stalemate between the West and Russia at the United Nations.
"November 28 is a day of celebration," he said when asked by reporters why he had chosen that day.
November 28 marks independence day in neighbouring Albania, a date also celebrated by Kosovo's 90-per cent Albanian majority.
"The United Nations has failed to act," Ceku said after meeting UN Kosovo governor Joachim Ruecker. "My idea is a way out of this situation. We are offering our partners a solution."
Technically, the UN mission would have to annul any unilateral declaration, and risk a violent backlash.
Serbia said the choice of November 28 pointed to the creation of a Greater Albania, something Kosovo and Albania have [denied].
And here we have Greater Albania preparing to fight for its Kosovo contingent:
Macedonian Albanian veterans prepared to fight for Kosovo
Text of report by Macedonian newspaper Dnevnik on 10 July - BBC Monitoring
I am prepared to lead 10,000 former ONA [National Liberation Army, NLA - UCK in Albanian] members from Macedonia to demonstrate solidarity by joining their brothers of the UCK [Kosovo Liberation Army] and, if necessary, using arms to gain Kosovo's independence, Fazli Veliu has told Dnevnik. He is the chairman of the ONA Veterans' Association and a DUI [Democratic Union for Integration - BDI in Albanian] deputy in the Macedonian Assembly.
Veliu's message follows the UCK veterans' demand that the negotiating team should not accept any postponement of the Kosovo status resolution, or else they would act as UCK soldiers. They also asked the international organizations not to obstruct the resolution.
Meanwhile, other Serbian parts of Greater Albania have been making moves to attach themselves to Kosovo in preparation for the province's independence and eventual merger with Albania:
Valley Albanians Push for Talks on Merging with Kosovo
The Movement for Democratic Progress on June 5 called on the Albanian parties from the southern Serbian municipalities of Bujanovac and Presevo to form a joint body, a national council, which, as a representative of the Albanian community, would start negotiations with the Serbian government about merging these municipalities with Kosovo.
This pushing for the next thing before you've gotten the first thing reminded me of this:
Gays Expand Battlefield
After a decade of fighting for same-sex 'marriage,' some homosexual activists are breaking their silence to say it's time to fight for benefits for all kinds of relationships.
Other kinds of relationships that they say deserve marriagelike benefits include senior citizens who aren't married but live together; single-parent families; blended families; 'committed, loving households in which there is more than one conjugal partner'; 'queer couples who decide to jointly create and raise a child with another queer person or couple, in two households'; and nonsexual cohabiters, such as friends or siblings, the statement said.
But some observers, both homosexual and heterosexual, are alarmed by the statement's sweeping agenda…Washington Blade executive editor Chris Crain wrote in a recent column [that] calling for benefits and recognition for any kind of family group "really is the radical redefinition of marriage and family that the conservatives have been braying about for so long. Realizing the Right's worst fears is the last thing that our movement needs to do at this critical juncture."
In other words, the jig was up and the move backfired.
Of course, in the Balkans the jig is never up. Meanwhile, here was my favorite comment in response to the Kosovo-Bujanovac-Presevo merging news item — by "Jack":
This is outrageous! Anyone that supports or promotes the creation of mono-ethnic states is a xenophobic racist. This is not only a racist plan, it is land grabbing. Thirty years from now the Republic of Kosova-Preshevo would still be so poor that many residents would be going across the [Serbian] border into Nis for work. Then when they had reached a significant majority in Nis they would claim it as ancestral Albanian land and demand independence.


text:
St. George of Troy, Michigan Triple Celebration
What a glorious weekend we were blessed with to celebrate His Eminence Metropolitan PHILIP Saliba's forty years in the episcopacy, V. Rev. Archpriest Joseph E. Antypas's thirty years in the priesthood, and the ninetieth anniversary of the founding of our St. George Antiochian Orthodox Church. It was very fitting that Sayidna's anniversary be celebrated with us, as he started his ministry at St. George as a Deacon and returned to us as a Beacon, a guiding light, guiding his God-protected Archdiocese.
It all began on a beautiful crisp fall day, Thursday, October 5, when Sayidna, His Grace Bishop Antoun, and Archdeacon Hans El Hayek were met at the airport by Fr. Joseph Antypas and Ayman Kfouf. Archdeacon David Nimer and some members of the Governing Council of St. Ignatius, Archdiocese Board of Trustees and the Village Council greeted him at the Troy Hilton, which was the hub of the meetings.
On Thursday evening, in honor of Metropolitan PHILIP and Father Joseph Antypas, a member of the Archdiocese Board, Nicola and his lovely wife Virginia Antakli, hosted the Hierarchs, visiting clergy and members of the Board of Trustees at a very elegant dinner at the Oakland Hills Country Club.
We were indeed honored to have Metropolitan PHILIP preside over all the activities of the weekend. The meetings at the Troy Hilton on Friday included the Governing Council of the Order of St. Ignatius, the Antiochian Village Council and the Archdiocese Board of Trustees, with various Hierarchs and clergy present.
Following the morning meetings, Sayidna PHILIP, Bishops Antoun and Thomas, with Father Joseph Antypas, Board members and clergy, visited the Arab American Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. The museum is renowned throughout the country for its historical significance in the culture and history of the Arab world. The group was received by Dr. Anan Amery, the Director, and lunch was served at the Museum after the tour. The purpose of the visit was to discuss the exchanging of artifacts and ideas pertaining to our Heritage Center at the Antiochian Village.
Later in the day, Labeeb and Karen Hajjar of the Beirut Restaurant in Toledo, Ohio, prepared and hosted a great dinner at Sayidna's suite at the Hilton. On Friday evening, St. George hosted a lovely program of entertainment, with an array of maza for all of our guests. Board meetings continued at the hotel with Sayidna, Bishops Antoun, Thomas, Basil, Mark and Alexander in attendance at the hotel until 11:00 p.m.
On Saturday, meetings of the Board of Trustees continued, followed by a wonderful luncheon hosted by our local Board of Trustees members, George and Dorothy Darany, Robert and Diane Koory, Nicola and Virginia Antakli and Walid and Cheryl Khalife. During the luncheon a beautiful engolpion was presented to each bishop, gifts from St. George Church on the occasion of our 90th anniversary. Also, all guests present at the luncheon received an elegant key chain. The key chain, donated by our Walid Khalife of Gold Corporation, represents Sayidna PHILIP's name in Arabic calligraphy. Walid, a member of the Archdiocese Board and Chairman of our St. George Parish Council, had this gift made for this blessed occasion.
On Saturday evening, Great Vespers took place at St. George Church, in the Byzantine style nave, with five diocesan bishops in attendance. Our Hierarchs, clergy and guests then proceeded to our banquet hall for an elegant evening. A cocktail hour was held, followed by our Grand Banquet, with Metropolitan PHILIP presiding.
The dinner began with the invocation by Sayidna PHILIP, followed by a welcome to all by George Darany, a member of our Archdiocese Board of Trustees, and our weekend Co- Chairman. His sincere and heartfelt welcome was endearing to all present. Master of Ceremonies was Robert Koory, Chancellor of the Archdiocese Board and member of our St. George Parish Council, who proceeded with a sense of dignity and humor. Our Walid Khalife welcomed Sayidna and all present to this wonderful celebration. He expressed his love and dedication and continued blessings to our dear Primate. This was followed by remarks from the Right Reverend Bishop Mark, Diocese of Toledo and the Midwest. His words were very moving and enjoyed by all present.
Following Bishop Mark, we were delighted to have Philip Saliba, nephew of Sayidna, give a reflection from a nephew's perspective. It was a delightful collage of humorous memories and anecdotes of growing up under the "stern and loving" guidance of his dear uncle, Sayidna PHILIP.
Dr. George Farha then followed with wonderful and sincere remarks, highly reminiscent of his days with Sayidna. He then presented to Sayidna, with the Right Reverend Bishop Antoun, a gift of $250,000.00 on behalf of the Board of Trustees and clergy of the Archdiocese. Thirty minutes later, this gift was donated by His Eminence to the clergy retirement fund. "What am I going to do with this?" His Eminence said.
Father Joseph Antypas, pastor of St. George Church of Troy and host of this celebration, followed with remarks. He welcomed Metropolitan PHILIP and all present with heartfelt love and sincerity. It has been under his loving pastorate and stewardship that our parish has been able to grow, steadfast, praying and working together, in the love of God.
A high point of the evening was a passionate speech by Fr. John Erickson, dean of St. Vladimir's Seminary, in which he paid tribute to Sayidna's courage and vision in pursuit of Orthodox unity over the past forty years.
In addition to the special presentation by Dr. George Farha and Bishop Antoun, presentations were made by His Eminence Metropolitan Nicholas of the Greek Archdiocese of Detroit, Ed Assile, Chairman of the Order of St. Ignatius of Antioch, Joan Farha, President of the Fellowship of St. John the Divine, Laila Rizk Ferris, President of the Antiochian Women NAB, George Sackllah, Teen SOYO President, Father Joseph Antypas, George Darany and Neal Norgrove, Co- Chairmen of the weekend. We were indeed privileged to receive a passionate message by Federal Judge Jack Zouhary, of the U.S. District Court of Ohio.
Last but not least was the main address by our Most Reverend Metropolitan PHILIP. As usual, Sayidna charmed and mesmerized our audience with his eloquent words, interspersed with humor and showing his love of his flock. He constantly inspires us all with his wisdom and grace.
A highlight of the evening was a "Special Surprise" presented to Sayidna PHILIP by Father Joseph Antypas. It was a beautiful hardbound book, entitled Ordained For Men In The Things Of God. It is a commemorative collection on the fortieth anniversary of Metropolitan PHILIP, co-edited by Fathers Joseph Allen and Joseph Antypas. Those who open the pages of this book will be impressed to find a narrative of loving voices trying to express the dynamic of Sayidna's charismatic leadership, his impact and inspiration on our many faithful Orthodox and his impact and inspiration to non-Orthodox, including world statesmen.
Fathers Joseph Allen and Joseph Antypas are to be commended for the hours and hours they spent compiling this memorable book. At the end of the program, a beautiful cake in the shape of the Bishop's miter was presented to Sayidna.
On Sunday morning Hierarchical Divine Liturgy was presided over by His Eminence, assisted by five of our diocesan bishops, Antoun, Basil, Thomas, Mark, and Alexander. Unfortunately, His Grace Bishop Joseph was absent as he was recovering from surgery. After the Gospel reading, Bishop Basil gave an eloquent sermon. Father Anthony Gabriel also gave remarks, saying that Sayidna PHILIP bears in his body and in his soul the scars of his immense love for this Archdiocese. From the dark day of 1966 to the brightness of 2006, we have seen the evolution of a man and the Archdiocese. The Archdiocese and the Church of Antioch are richer for his apostolic ministry.
At the conclusion of the Liturgy, four people were inducted into the Order of St. Ignatius, including Betty Bojrab, Dame Commander, Mary Saleh, Dame, Mark Saleh, Knight, and one anonymous lifetime member. At the end of Matins, Milad Selim, our young chanter at St. George, was made a Subdeacon by Metropolitan PHILIP. Following the dismissal, a luncheon was enjoyed by all in our banquet hall.
A great highlight of the evening was a special film documentary outlining the ninety years of growth of our St. George from its beginning to the present. It featured a collage of pictures of our founding parishioners to the present parishioners, all flashed consecutively on a screen in the banquet hall. A DVD was made of the screening for our parishioners to purchase and enjoy. This film project was a monumental undertaking of many days and hours. A very special thank you to Barbara and Jim McCoul for this project and for the special assistance of Ayman Kfouf, our Youth Director.
The Grand Finale was a very elegant dinner hosted by Walid and his lovely wife Cheryl Khalife, in honor of Metropolitan PHILIP and Father Joseph, at Forest Lake Country Club.
It is fitting to say that the real tributes to His Eminence and Father Joseph and to our host parish, were all the wonderful Hierarchs, clergy, and laity present. The collection of people spoke volumes to the lifetimes of the pastoral work of Sayidna and Fr. Joseph Antypas. There were also clergy from other Christian denominations, some in the process of being catechized into the Orthodox faith, who were very inspired by the faith of Orthodoxy.
Father Joseph Antypas and the Committee thank all those who came from far and near to be with our Primate. Many thanks to those who worked tirelessly to make this celebration one of elegance and success, our Executive Committee: Father Joseph Antypas, Pastor; the dynamic duo of George Darany, Chairman and Neal Norgrove, Co-Chairman; Kenneth Biedron, Treasurer; Mary Jane McCoul, Recording Secretary; Carolyn Bicsak, Corresponding Secretary. Special thanks also to our Committee heads: Walid Khalife, Nicola Antakli, Dorothy Darany, Anita Pollock, Linda Norgrove, Vivian Gabriel, Yvonne Gigliotti, Carolyn and John Bicsak, Robert Koory, Dolores Bsharah, Vickie Khoury, Elaina Antypas, Ayman Kfouf and Church office secretary, Randa Nasr.
May God Reward you all Heavenly Things for the Earthly


Benjamin Netanyahu's critics saw his political U-turn as a way of maintaining support amid three ongoing corruption investigations.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu carried out a political U-turn on Tuesday following heavy criticism from his party and conservative allies.
On Monday, Netanyahu announced he had signed a deal with the United Nations to resettle roughly 16,000 African asylum-seekers residing in Israel to Western countries. An equal number would be granted temporary residency status in Israel.
While many Israelis have welcomed the migrants, some conservatives and nationalists there are not happy that about 35,000-39,000 African asylum-seekers are in their country. Some say they want Israel to stay a Jewish state. Politicians have referred to migrants as "infiltrators."
Earlier this year, the Israeli government offered those migrants a choice: Take a $3,500 voucher and leave Israel, or go to prison. But many of the migrants are Sudanese and Eritrean nationals who risk persecution or worse if they return to their home countries.
The now-canceled deal with the U.N. would have replaced that policy. But shortly after its announcement, many Israelis on the political right came out strongly against it, saying the deal would make Israel an "infiltrator's paradise" and set a precedent for future immigration policy.
Analysts were also quick to point out Netanyahu's personal situation as a reason for his sudden about face: The prime minister is involved in three separate corruption investigations, and police have recommended he be charged with bribery. Netanyahu has denied any wrongdoing. But his critics saw the flip-flop as a way of maintaining support amid the ongoing investigations.


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Q: Freshly installed Ubuntu 20.04 stuck at boot screen I installed Ubuntu 20.04 and for half a day everything was running ok until I connected it to my external monitor and everything is stuck loading in the boot screen. Not even forcing in to shut down works. What should I do?

A: I had a similar issue on Ubuntu 20.04 after the upgrade from 19.10. In my case, I noticed I could boot by disconnecting one of my two monitors.
So I have disabled the splash screen in the grub configuration and rebooted (sudo edit the file /etc/default/grub, remove the "splash" word on the line that starts with GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT, save the file and quit the editor, and then "sudo update-grub" to regenerate the grub init config). And now it works fine when booting with the two screens plugged in.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The following items are tagged tablet penetration.
We still believe strongly in tablet content. Like any other part of a multiplatform publishing strategy, it's not something you should invest your entire portfolio in, but tablet usage statistics and sales are steady with some indications of improvement in the coming years, especially internationally.
Having apps people want along with well-designed digital magazines that read clearly, stylishly, and effectively with tablet content is a must for any modern media company. Don't heed the haters – tablet publishing isn't going anywhere. In fact, its best days may be ahead.
But, to paraphrase LeVar Burton, don't take our word for it. Digiday has the scoop on a publisher embracing tablet content and seeing results.
Sometimes, you just need the numbers, right? When it comes to making decisions that could be the difference between flourishing or folding, data is a commodity. Device usage, performance metrics, ROI: Publishing industry analysis on these factors and others will determine the direction digital magazines take in the coming years – which themselves will be crucial in the digital media evolution.
Few sites can provide the data that eMarketer does day in and day out, all for free. To start the week, let's see what they have to say about several areas of interest to publishers.
Worldwide publishing represents a daunting proposition for digital magazines: Audience development and digital advertising is tough enough domestically, and it's called the World Wide Web for a reason, so why invest resources in opening up international markets already occupied by homegrown media companies? Why hire native speakers or translators to serve up content to readers in Latin America or the Netherlands? Because there's plenty to go around as device usage continues to climb and advertising demand proliferates. eMarketer delivers the data that makes worldwide publishing a more compelling option for stateside digital magazines. Let's take a look some of their recent articles.
The Internet is swimming in articles and blogs in which pundits opine that the tablet revolution isn't that big a deal for the magazine industry. Nothing to see here, they say. Move along. One blogger even cites one of our very own tablet study statistics – that only 26% of tablet users prefer digital to print magazines – as proof that the tablet is merely a flash in the pan.
Tablet Ownership is Exploding – What's the Penetration in Your Market?
Now that we're clear on the explosive growth of tablets, it's time for publishers to determine the tablet usage specific to their audience.
Interweave, a major art and craft media company, has done just that. The Tablet Ownership Survey, conducted in October 2011, revealed a very clear picture about how Interweave's audiences own and interact with digital devices.


Many people come to Cornwall and Falmouth all year round partly because we are lucky to experience even the mildest winters, although it's hard to believe when you see us locals stomping across the beach with hoods pulled down over our eyes and mittens pulled up to our elbows, the point is though, we are still on the beach!
Of course Falmouth isn't just about the beach and we wouldn't expect everyone to head there particularly on wet and windy days. So we thought we would suggest 3 things to do on a wet & windy day in Falmouth!
1. Spend a couple of hours exploring the award winning National Maritime Museum on Events Square.
For a second year the museum won silver in the British Travel UK Heritage Attraction category 2014 and as someone who has visited this museum on many occasions it is not surprising. With a full calendar of events, exhibitions and fascinating talks that run alongside the regular maritime features, this is a museum you can come back to more than once during your stay. Explore and interact with the museum, climb to the top of the look out tower to take in the breath taking views and then continue enjoying these views at the Waterside cafe.
2. Visit The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 'The Poly', Falmouth, where you can enjoy movies, exhibitions, festivals, workshops and talks. One of our oldest buildings and societies established over 175 years ago continues to be a hub of innovation and culture. It's central location makes it a perfect stop off as part of your visit to the Town centre.
3. Spend an evening at the Princess Pavilion, dine in the popular garden room before enjoying the entertainment! The stunning backdrop of Falmouth bay, magical bandstand, long Victorian green house and children's play area make this a beautiful place to unwind at the end of busy day exploring the Town. If you visit during the day or early evening even if it's raining it is worth wandering down to the old shell grotto's, part of the beautiful Gyllngdune gardens that the Pavilion is nestled in.
Of course now I have written this the sun has come out and the sea and sand are calling me back to the beach. It is winter in Falmouth but still beautiful and still so many things to enjoy whatever the weather!
Where do you like to visit when it rains in Falmouth?


Highly factory and owner upgraded Hatteras 68 Convertible. SEE UPGRADE LIST.
Largest volume 68-foot sportfish made; 4 stateroom lay-out with full beam master; Cat C32 1800s with extended warranty; crew maintained in ready condition, seller is moving up. Currently lying in Treasure Cay and available for showings. A MUST SEE if shopping similar sportfish yachts.
Norma Jean will be ONE TO CONSIDER!
Warranty Info: Platinum Plus Advantage policies that expire February 3, 2020 or 15,000 hours, whichever comes first.
Fiberglass water tanks,constructed with bronze fittings and materials which comply with the requirements of Title 21 for food and drugs.


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La torre dei Giudi si trova in via delle Terme, nel centro storico di Firenze.

Storia e descrizione
La torre risale al XII secolo circa e sono evidenti i segni di numerose trasformazioni strutturali: al piano terra si notano aperture tamponate di varie dimensioni, sormontate da ghiere di varie fogge e dimensioni. Quella particolarmente ampia al centro probabilmente era in antico un vicoletto o un passaggio che si addentrava nella base della torre. Anche ai piani superiori si possono vedere aperture tamponate risalenti ad epoche diverse. L'altezza attuale è molto inferiore a quella originaria, probabilmente a causa del capitozzamento (parziale demolizione) inflitto alle costruzioni appartenenti alle famiglie ghibelline.

Le buche pontaie con mensole sono numerose e si aprono sul rivestimento esterno che presenta grosse bozze di pietra squadrate, insolitamente sporgenti. Uno stemma della famiglia un tempo proprietaria campeggia nella chiave di volta di un arco del portale principale.

La famiglia Giudi
La famiglia dei Giudi o Iudi era una famiglia ghibellina, che venne cacciata da Firenze attorno al 1200, per poi rientrare in città con la vittoria nella battaglia di Montaperti, conseguenza della quale fu un governo ghibellino della città, sia pure per soli sei anni, fino alla battaglia di Benevento.

Galleria d'immagini

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Giudi


Negate the sting of an overstuffed schedule with the always fun style of this Invicta Venom timepiece. It knocks over anything that gets in its way (including your to-do list) with an impressive 52mm stainless steel case in gold-tone. A sunray dial in your choice of color counters handsomely with luminous accents and chronograph features. All-the-while a unidirectional rotating bezel rounds out the look.