Human communication is an important phenomenon that entails using the human sense organs to transfer information in form of signs, symbols or voice to other people.
it is an extensive field that explores several interpretations of communication based on the modes with which the communication is done.
Communication is evident in how humans carry out their daily routines. It is in fact essential for information dissipation.
Innovations, societal developments and economic growth are hinged on communication processes since they depend on knowledge and meaningful information to occur. This then poses human communication as a major contributing factor for societal development.
Communication in itself has existed way before a name could be given to it. That is the explanation for how the people of the medieval age could survive.
Human communication is intricately linked to culture and time, as they represent factors that determine what communication modes are imbibed.
The media theorist, H. Marshall McLuhan asserted that societies are changed by the advances of technology, especially communication technologies.
There is a desperate need to have one's thoughts propagated without alteration. This is not only necessary for interactions between two people, or a few groups, but also for the communication existing between the government and the members of the public. Human communication is also linked to the nation's sustainable development.
Development Communication is the use of communication to enhance development in societies. It is the 5th theory of the Press. Development communication is able to transform an economy from poverty to a state of stability.
This paper explores the effects of human communication on societal development through major determinants such as evolving technology, time and culture.
It also discusses human communication models, as well as the implication of technology on development communication.
Human communication is both social and cognitive because it is a process by which individuals exchange information and influence one another through a common system of symbols and signs. (Higgins & Semin, 2001).
Human communication goes beyond just speaking, and in fact covers aspects of facial expressions and touch.
There are several perceptions that theorists have had with respect to human communication. These perceptions have shaped what human communication is defined to be. While some argue that human communication is only valid when it is intentionally sent, some think that if a meaning could be derived from an action, then communication indeed took place.
The idea that humans need to communicate is in no form a new ideology, and hence has existed from the time that man existed. Man, however, acquires new rules of communication as he begins to dwell in a particular environment. (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson).
Human communication cuts across a lot of theories and fields. Theorists is various fields view human communication from various perspectives. Nevertheless, human communication is concerned about messages, channel, senders, receivers and time.
Human Communication is a field that has been studied extensively by theorists from several discourses. As a result of the diverse areas of study, there are several concepts that envelop human communication.
Human communication was initially thought of as a linear process where the elements of communication were seen as dependent. While speaking, a receiver was thought of as being just be a listener, while the speaker was viewed just as the sender.
However, overtime and as a result of extensive study, human communication came to be seen as transactional, meaning that the communication elements were nested in one another.
This transactional process implied that the sender was also the receiver, and vice versa. It also implied the two communication processes – sending and receiving, occurred concurrently. (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson).
This model of human communication occurs in a loop that is then broken down into a trigger and an effect.
The sensory modalities for effective communication are visual, auditory and kinesthetic. These modalities play a large role in ensuring that the information is transmitted as whole as possible. It is however never a 100% utilized, as some modalities remain more dominant in some humans than in some others.
There are several aspects of Human Communication, and they are all based on perception and pertinence.
The approach to communication is usually dependent on the underlying necessity. It is also seen that environmental factors affect how humans communicate.
These approaches to human communication would be discussed in this paper.
intrapersonal communication largely refers to the idea of communicating with oneself. Humans occasionally participate in intrapersonal communication for several reasons.
Even though this means of communication contradicts the initial definition of communication, it cannot be ignored. Humans do not process things verbally, and hence, humans communicate within themselves some certain situation. This could be experienced on the verge of making a choice, in a situation when one needs to build confidence for a job role or for a speech rendition.
Interpersonal communication allows for irreversibility of communication, where a person can change the choice he had intended in his mind, without disrupting anything is his environment.
communication is not bordered around physical interactions but also encompasses communication through notes, either traditional or electronic.
Interpersonal communication allows for exchange of views, ideologies, knowledge, information and even criticism.
interpersonal communication is said to come in various forms which include Mass communication, group communication, public communication and even interviewing.
All these variants of interpersonal communication involves senders and receivers.
The intensity of interpersonal communication makes it possible to send messages and receive messages concurrently.
Many forms of human communication fall under the interpersonal category. More often than not, interpersonal communication is irreversible – that is – once a remark is made to the hearing of a person, it cannot be taken back, and this causes chaos especially if the remark was negative.
Computer Mediated Communication has to do with any form of communication that uses a form of computer device as its medium. It is fast becoming a very domineering medium of communication, as humans have come to accept it as a channel for sending and receiving information.
People have also come to accept social media networks as valid places to express themselves, send and receive information, and even keep tabs on other people.
They have also come to accept these platforms as being valid for items sales. Communication has metamorphosed into a digital era.
Through this medium, people now have a capacity to communicate with a large number of people from the comfort of their room.
Human communication is a cause and effect process, implying that it always has a consequence. For every time that communication takes place, an impression is made on the receiver. Knowledge is gained in the process of communication, information is transferred, body movements are learnt – if the process was physical, and intentions are made known.
Human communication is not just valuable for transferring information but is also necessary for meeting societal needs.
The bonds that exist among members of a society are strengthened by communication. For leaders to pass messages across to members of the public, communication is inevitable.
A lot of theorists claim that human communication is the primary essence of human existence.
Human Communication is intertwined with the society, because the society is where behaviours are adopted. This is one key reason why culture is a dominant determining factor for communication.
Verbal communication as the name implies, is concerned with communication that is audible through voice. This, of course, is one major way that we can identify. However, non-verbal communication is even more intense. Some researchers claim that during a communication process, more information is passed non-verbally, than verbally.
Good communication is the foundation of any successful relationship, be it personal or professional. Non-verbal communication uses signals such as smile, frowns, gesticulations etc. to propagate several messages. Nonverbal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages without using words, either spoken or written, and it is also called manual language.
7.	Chronemics or time. To this list we would add signs or emblems.
Non-verbal communication varies vary from the monosyllabic gesture of a hitchhiker's prominent thumb to such complex systems as the American Sign Language for the deaf where nonverbal signals have a direct and generally acceptable verbal translation. However, it should be emphasized that signs and signals are culture specific. Some gestures that are accepted is some countries, are seen as derogatory. For instance, the thumb and forefinger gesture used to represent 'A-Okay' in the United States assumes an offensive interpretation in some Latin American countries.
Nonverbal communication is so powerful, and hence has the following effects.
•	Repetition: As a message is being sent verbally, the non-verbal communication could be happening as well.
•	Contradiction: Non-verbal communication has the ability to contradict the message being verbally relayed. When asking 'How are you?', one expects a truthful answer, and this answer is made available nonverbally, notwithstanding whether the person's response was positive or negative.
•	Substitution: they can substitute for a verbal message. For example, a person's eyes can often convey a far more vivid message than words. Nonverbal communication can completely replace verbal communication in some cases.
•	Complementing: they may add to or complement a verbal message. A boss who pats a person on the back in addition to giving praise can increase the impact of the message.
•	Accenting: they may accent or underline a verbal message. Pounding the table, for example, can underline a message.
'Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behaviour acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiment in artefacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other, as conditional elements of future action.' (Kroeber ; Kluckhohn, 1952).
Culture comprises of behaviours and lifestyles that are peculiar to a certain sect. Culture is variable in every region, and only tend to intersect at few points.
The way of life of people living in a certain environment determine how they communicate. Communication – verbal and non-verbal, are deeply linked with culture.
In Nigeria, where diverse cultures are evident, the issue of salutation is easy to spot. Among the Yoruba folks, a younger lady or girl is expected to kneel down on seeing an elderly lady or man, and the younger boy or man, is expected to prostrate before the elders.
While this is common behaviour among the Yoruba's, it contradicts the Igbo culture. Young men are expected to bow down before their elders or shake the elderly men with both hands.
The diversity in the behaviours explain the implication of culture on human communication.
According to study co-author Dr. Beben Benyamin of the Queensland Brain Institute, Humans are made by the culture they find themselves in.
Culture is gender based, and it has affected communication is some way. As seen earlier, the salutation gestures differ for men and women. Also, until recently, political and leadership roles have had women excluded from them. Even in religious settings, culture at some point had excluded women from certain activities. However, in recent times, culture has again mutated to accommodate some of the ideologies it previously isolated.
Culture is largely involved in human communication and has evolved overtime due to certain circumstances. For instance, Lagos, Nigeria has a mix of Igbos, Yoruba's and Hausas even though it is a Yoruba state. As a result of this, a lot of adaptation is necessary.
Also not minding the cultural differences that exist among countries, communication is still inevitable due to economic interdependence.
With the improvements in technology, the cultural barriers are gradually giving way.
Notwithstanding these obvious differences in culture, there are some level grounds that cut across the spectra of culture. They include the need to express oneself, the desire to be loved and be respected, and the intention to be heard and understood.
Time is of essence when it comes to human communication. Over time, human communication formats have mutated. Time serves as the object of comparison between what mode of communication has existed before, and what is obtainable presently.
A lot of improvements have been made over time with respect to human communication. It is evident in the new technological advancements in the media.
Time is also necessary to experimentally propose what the future might hold.
Digital spatiality refers to the eras and time spans of digital evolution in the world.
Over the years, there have been visible advancements in technology, and this has also simultaneously affected human communication.
Human communication is no longer as linear as it used to be and has grown into being as transactional as possible.
Digital spatiality has bridged the gap of distance that once existed between parties in different geographical locations.
In the time when letter writing was a popular form of human communication, it took a long time for recipients to receive notes from their loved ones simply due to distance and the manual activities carried out in the post offices. However, in this present age, messages are seen almost immediately they are sent, making physically distant people feel closer. With the introduction of audio and video calls, it makes it much easier to communicate one's intentions to a party far away.
Digital spatiality is a key factor that influences human communication.
One key value of human communication is its effect on societal development. Communication is able to promote economic and societal growth and development.
Development processes are carried out majorly by policy makers, and communication is necessary for these processes to come to play.
Development communication is a concept that enables members of the society to be informed as well as provide information that enhance their existence. Development Communication targets societal development and facilitates meaningful discourses among members of the society.
Through information dissemination, development communication tries to help societies achieve her sustainable development goals.
Development communication has the ability to make available information that can be used in enhancing lives of people, through creating proper awareness, filling knowledge gaps, communicating meaningful policies and carrying the members of the public along in decision making processes.
Through communication, a decisive role can be channelled towards promoting human development in this present time. It is salient to create awareness, improve participation and capabilities of members of the public. Communication skills and technology are central to this task, but at present are not taken advantage of. To ensure the effectiveness of development communication, policies must be made to allow for development programmes.
In Nigeria, there are several core aspects that need development. The country has over time experienced some challenges in this regard. Proper development communication and proper policy making is essential for a forward moving nation.
In a study done by (Adebayo, 2015), it showed that communication channels could enhance agricultural production in Nigeria. The study was done in Delta state, and the sample set was female farmers in the several senatorial districts.
First, the data collection was done using properly prepared questionnaires. There were 1000 respondents for this sampling process.
At the end of the process, it was recorded that most of the female farmers possessed devices that had access to the internet, and that they were all made to form Agricultural Cooperative Societies. It was also seen that there was a knowledge gap that needed to be filled.
Part of the recommendations for the government were to fill up the knowledge gap that was realized through trainings, and to create awareness about proper farming principles. It was also recommended that the government provide veterinary doctors to curtail their poultry farming activities.
The Agricultural industry has the ability to sustain the nation if the right information are communicated to the farmers who are mostly not schooled.
The concept of Urban farming and E- Agriculture could be introduced to enhance farm practices through the use of information and communication Technologies (ICT).
Agriculture is a core part of the nation's economy, and the sampling done in Delta state is proof that the farmers need to be enlightened on various aspects of farming.
Communication is of essence in the aspect of agriculture seeing that an increased knowledge would increase productivity, and would in turn improve the standard of living.
Education is a key indicator for any Nation that hopes to improve herself. Communication is hence essential in this regard. Human communication affects how the mind of a child is developed at the early stages of schooling. Teachers need to have a proper grasp of how to relay information that have the ability to frame the minds of the individuals in question.
The term that is given to the relationship between teachers and students is Instructional communication. It is the use of both verbal and non-verbal means of communication to trigger meanings and ideologies in the minds.
(McCroskey, 1978) noted, "Communication is the crucial link between a knowledgeable teacher and a learning student". Teaching and learning cannot occur without communication.
Teachers, through a valid understanding of the intricacies of human communication, are able to determine when to apply active experimentation, abstract conceptualization, reflective observation or emotional involvement while earnestly trying to get information across to the students.
One large tool that has been aiding the education sector is the Computer.
ICT has a large capacity to improve the value of education. The computer is able to engage students even after the stipulated school-learning hours.
Computers are necessary as an object of study. It enhances the process of teaching and learning. It is also valid for achieving professionalism in various fields of study.
One of the most important features of educational multimedia is the interactivity (feedback) between material and user, and hence the stimulation to better learning.
School students are able to use computers as tools for instructional activities which include doing online assessments, reading from online sources, retrieve past course information, and for accessing course information. It allows for students who are physically absent from classes to still have access to the very course material in form of videos or transcriptions.
ICT also helps to manage the education sector as it has eradicated the need for manual computation of results and transcripts, manual course registration, and result collection.
Organizations need to imbibe a good communication culture to improve work productivity and to reduce employee turnover intension. Friction is usually seen to occur in organizations clearly because the ranking system and the inability of people to bridge the gaps that exist between ranks.
The adverse effect of continued discomfort experienced by staff in organizations momentarily cause them to be withdrawn, thereby making little or no effort towards promoting the company's brand or identity.
In a research done by (Nwagbara, Oruh, Ugorji, & Ennsra) with First Bank of Nigeria as case study, the impact of effective communication on employee turnover intension was examined. The objective was to determine the impact of manager's communication style low employee turnover intension. This research was conducted under the premise that employee turnover rate is directly proportional to ineffective communication.
Data collection was done using questionnaires and the sample set for the research was the First Bank of Nigeria.
It was proven that the people at the tills and the shop floors of the bank were not given opportunities to express their view in relation to how they deal with customers. Another major challenge that was pointed out was the inability of managers to be open to receiving feedback on issues raised on situations. Also observed was the existence of a hostile climate and unfriendliness existing among staff, as well as relationship building between management and subordinates.
The research also proved that there is a communication disconnection that exists between managers and the rest of the team members in organization.
Organizations thrive on feedback from team members. However, in the event of its absence, the effects are detrimental to the survival of the organizations.
Human communication is therefore a salient matter in relation to the increased productivity of organizations. Research has shown that companies that are concerned about the welfare of their team members, and where the leadership of the companies are very open to feedback and suggestions, there is always a high tendency to be productive.
Another research done by (Asamu, 2014) on some organizations in Nigeria revealed that effective communication creates mutual understanding between management and workers which helps in building genuine relationship among members of the organization, and also increasing productivity. The study also revealed that poor communication can affect workers performance. Therefore, organizations should regularly articulate it policies, goals and objectives to it workers in other to improve work performance.
Human communication is evident in the media and communications industry. Over the years, communication modes have rapidly evolved. From a time where there used to be only newspapers, the radio and the television as means of transmitting information, to our present age where the world has earnestly become a global village, with information scattered all over the internet, through various platforms. A recent development has been that network stations have something called 'online presence' where conversation is no longer linear, but transactional.
Mass communication used to be in a form where information is sent out to the public, but feedback is not received. However, with the newest developments of this present time, listeners and readers could send in their feedback, there by experiencing a full communication cycle.
The policies that are relayed to the masses through this means now cannot escape the reaction of the recipients.
Human communication, as a result of the present-day tools and platforms have largely metamorphosed.
Advertising is form of communication that is paid for. It entails entrusting a person or organization with the responsibility of persuade another person (reader, viewer, listener) to take some action on some product immediately, or in the future.
The advertising industry was earlier bordered around the platforms that the media previously made available. Platforms that included columns in the newspaper, time slices on the radio and Tv stations, sessions on Bill boards and distributed hand bills. However, with the advancement of media communication, advertising also took a great leap.
The industry has now also sought to thrive on the web, through the internet. Very recently, terms, like digital marketing and online ads have become very popular. Even the billboards are now mostly electronic; having a capacity to be dynamic in its advert placements as opposed to its previous static state.
This new switch has made a large impact on the advertising industry. Now, various people on their social media platforms can advertise their products to the persons in their circle. Platforms like Facebook and Instagram even make provisions for business pages where customers can directly relate with the seller or the person rendering a service.
This new development has also helped promote small scale businesses especially in a country like Nigeria where the concept of 'Side Hustle' has become a necessity.
The concept of buying items online has gradually become a lifestyle, imbibed into the culture of people. With the international E-commerce sites like Amazon, and the local ones like Jumia, Konga, AliExpress and the likes, purchasing items over the counter is gradually getting out of style.
Before the concept of online transactions, purchases were made in person on through physical third parties like friends, colleagues or family. However, in recent times, one could purchase an item just by visiting an online store, clicking on the desired item, and adding to cart. Usually, the items are delivered to the doorstep of the buyer.
This process has greatly changed the way things used to be, and amazingly, people have become more comfortable with the idea. In fact, a lot of people now do more than 30% of their purchases online.
In response to this new cultural addition, many physical stores have also created online platforms to reach online customers. This, of course broadens the scope of their sale, and increases their prospective market. Customers can now rely on and purchase items from sellers that are not in the same geographical location as them.
The responsibility of policy makers in a nation cannot be overemphasized. However, if policy makers cannot properly communicate the policies to the public, there is bound to be chaos. Effective communication is hence necessary for public administration since they interface directly with the general public. These public administrators usually need to organize debates with the public, hear their views, record them and relay them to the policy makers.
Public administrators need to develop good communication and persuasive skills to ensure that the desires expressed by the people are acknowledged by the policy makers.
Also, after these policies are enacted, public administrators liaise with the media to get the information out to the public.
In the event of any emergencies or cases of insecurity, public administrators are saddled with the responsibility of transmitting this information to the members of the public, informing them of any imminent dangers as well as assuring them of their safety. The ability to be subtle and yet, firm, is only possible when communication is properly accounted for.
Human communication is indeed an essential part of life, and its impact cannot be overemphasised. The concept of time, culture, and digital spatiality are all knit into the same cloak – human communication.
Human communication is at the very heart of development communication and has such a huge impact on the society.
Chaos is inevitable in a society that is not forward thinking, and the essence of human communication is to bridge the gap that exist among several sectors of a nation's economy.
Effective human communication would solve some of the problems identified in the areas of Agriculture, Education, Advertisement, Public Administration, Organizational structure among others.
It is necessary for the government of Nigeria to take advantage of the technologies available in the society today, especially with the media sector. If the proper steps are taken towards further fostering heathy communication, there is no doubt that the country will be a better place, having alleviated poverty and reduced illiteracy.
Adebayo, R. (2015). Communication channels that can sustain agricultural production in Nigeria. . ijur Journal of Information and Communication, 11(3): 78?88.
Asamu, F. F. (2014). The Impact of Communication on Workers' Performance in Selected Organisations in Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 75-82.
Borgoon, J. K. (1994). Journal of Language and Social Pyschology.
Higgins, E., ; Semin, G. (2001). International Encyclopedia of the Social ; Behavioral Sciences.
Kroeber, A., ; Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
McCroskey, J. C. (1978). Measuring Communication Apprehension. Journal of Communication, 104-111.
Nwagbara, U., Oruh, E. S., Ugorji, C., ; Ennsra, M. (n.d.). The Impact of Effective Communication on Employee Turnover Intension at First Bank of Nigeria . Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges, 13-21.
Obinne, C., Ndubilo, E., ; Ozowa, V. (2000). Mass media and agricultural innovations diffusion in Benue State, Nigeria. . J. Soc. Pol. Stud., 1: 54 – 62. .
Plomp, Tjeerd, Ed., ; al, e. (1996). Teaching and Learning for the Future. Committee on Multimedia in Teacher Training, Final Report.
Schmidt, W. V., ; al., e. (2007). Communicating Globally: Intercultural Communication and International Business. . Sage.
The Essentials of Human Communication. (n.d.). In Foundations of Human Communication.
Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., ; Jackson, D. D. (n.d.). Pragmatics of Human Communication.
Wertheim, E. G. (n.d.). The Importance of Effective Communication.


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Thomas W. Colbert–Mississippi
by Katie Nielsen - November 26, 2014
In Member Stories
Heritage member Thomas Colbert poses with a portrait honoring his generosity to the conservative cause.
It's The Heritage Foundation's commitment to free enterprise and limited government that motivated Thomas Colbert to make his first gift some 20 years ago.
"The more I found out about Heritage, the more impressed I became," recalls Colbert, one of the biggest names in Mississippi finance.
He has since become a Heritage Legacy Society member and a major supporter of our work, especially our facility on Pennsylvania Avenue. "I decided to make the foundation one of my major beneficiaries," he says, "and as I began making estate plans I set up a trust which includes The Heritage Foundation." Continue Reading »
Mark James–Lancaster, PA
by The Heritage Foundation - October 23, 2014
Heritage recently sat down with Heritage Legacy Society member and estate planning attorney Mark James of Lancaster, Pennsylvania for advice on estate planning as well as his thoughts on why he's chosen to remember Heritage in his own plans.
Heritage: Is there any advance homework a person can or should do before their first appointment with an estate planning attorney?
Mark: I give my clients a brief questionnaire to help them clarify what I call "The Three P's of Estate Planning": People, Property, and Plans. For "people," you'll need to determine who will receive the assets from your estate. It sounds simple, but there's often more than meets the eye. I've had clients who had originally planned to divide assets equally among all their children, but after some prompting, realized that special safeguards should be put in place due to a problematic or spendthrift child.
Similarly, it's helpful to take inventory of your "property" to estimate the value of your estate. Not only will it be helpful to your attorney in determining potential estate taxes, but it's also important to know how your assets are titled, whether you own real estate in a different state, and what portion of your estate's value is in real estate, retirement accounts, and financial assets for example. Continue Reading »
David Caldwell — St. Louis, MO
David Caldwell
Heritage Foundation member David Caldwell has been handing out candy to children in his St. Louis neighborhood for years. But this year, he decided to shake up the routine a bit.
The children in his neighborhood are getting older, and the media often reports that students are getting a poor education, especially in subjects like civics and history. So Caldwell decided to hand out copies of The Heritage Foundation's pocket-sized Declaration of Independence and Constitution in hopes the kids would get a quick lesson on our nation's Founding.
"Kids need a little historical foundation before the go to these liberal colleges," Caldwell explains. "They're getting brainwashed in the high schools with propaganda. It should be part of the conservative movement to give a better historical education." Continue Reading »
Member Story: Emilio Guerra—Coral Gables, FL
by Katie Nielsen - October 23, 2013
The Guerra family in 1961.
It was at an event in Seattle, Washington this summer that Emilio Guerra, a Patriot's Club member of The Heritage Foundation, ran into Heritage President Jim DeMint in a hotel lobby.
Guerra recognized DeMint and chatted briefly with him. "Jim is a person you immediately connect with because he's just a good human being," Guerra said. After they exchanged e-mails, Guerra shared his inspirational story that should make every American proud of our country.
Guerra was born in Cuba to a middle class family. Because of their experiences under dictator Fulgencio Batista, some Cubans were happy when Fidel Castro seized power in 1959. But Guerra's father, a banker, foresaw the dangers of the Castro dictatorship.
After the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961, Castro cracked down. He issued an edict demanding children attend government "reeducation" camps to defend and promote the revolution.
Guerra's father knew he had to get his children — Emilio and David — out of the country. Armed with the knowledge that the Archdiocese of Miami and other Catholic charities were receiving Cuban children and finding them foster homes, the elder Guerra used a ruse to send his children overseas. (Adults were forbidden to leave the country in a measure intended to combat the country's "brain drain," so his parents did not accompany their children at first.)
Here's how Guerra described what happened next in a letter sent this July to all his co-workers: Continue Reading »
Scott Erickson — San Jose, CA
by Katie Nielsen - July 12, 2013
Photo courtesy Scott Erickson
Young President's Club member Scott Erickson is one of the hundreds of thousands of Heritage Foundation members who have devoted their lives to the principles they espouse. On top of his work as a police officer, where he walks the streets to uphold the rule of law in his community, Erickson collaborates with Heritage experts to strengthen America as a whole.
A second-generation California police officer, Erickson was born to Jerry and Carroll Ann Erickson. Growing up in his grandmother's conservative household after his parents passed away, Erickson understood from an early age the importance of understanding both current events and history. He idolized Abraham Lincoln, Ronald Reagan, and George Washington. Today, he worries that our government is retreating ever further from our republic's founding principles. Continue Reading »
Remembering Our Heritage
by Katie Nielsen - January 8, 2013
The Heritage Foundation's George Kryvenka realized growing up that communism and oppression have real and dire consequences. As a child in Belarus, a former Soviet republic, propaganda from the Soviet and then the Belarusian government led him to believe the United States was the enemy. But his own country's harsh government and his knowledge of English led him to reconsider. Today he proudly lives in Maryland and works as Heritage's facilities manager.
Entrepreneur Bob Miller Inspires Graduating Heritage Interns
by Sondra Clark - December 10, 2012
Bob Miller addresses Heritage's fall 2012 intern class as Heritage Vice President Becky Norton Dunlop looks on.
Entrepreneur and Heritage Foundation member Bob Miller urged Heritage interns in a speech last week to "to keep the American Dream alive for those who come after us."
Miller, who built Better Baked Foods from the ground up, knows actions speak louder than words.
"My life demonstrates the positive effect of the American Dream. My 50 year story is really a love affair with freedom," he told the 60 interns assembled in Heritage's Allison Auditorium for their graduation ceremony.
Miller came from humble beginnings making donuts at his family's bakery. He eventually started a hot dog and pizza stand, which grew into one of the largest frozen food manufacturers in the United States. Continue Reading »
Member Story: Orit Sklar–Atlanta, Georgia
Orit Sklar
As a young conservative who grew up in New York and now resides in Atlanta, Heritage Foundation member Orit Sklar is no stranger to public policy and constitutional debates. Her love of country and conservative values run so deep that she never gets deterred by liberals. She knows she is fighting the good fight.
The 27-year-old Sklar is a champion of individual liberty, economic freedom, traditional values, and American exceptionalism. Her family faced persecution in Russia and Eastern Europe before they emigrated to the U.S., so she knows just how exceptional America is.
And she truly understands the devastating effects of big government. Continue Reading »
Member Story: The Importance of Fatherhood
by Sondra Clark - June 14, 2012
Allan Clark has never questioned the importance of hard work and effort. Allan and his seven siblings grew up in southern California on his single mother's salary. He recalls patching his shoes with playing cards and duct tape when money was tight.
Never taking things for granted, Allan began working full-time at a construction company driving forklifts and was quickly promoted to yard manager due to his hard work and diligence. At 19 years old, Allan saved up enough money to purchase his first house, a very counter-cultural act for a California teenager in the 70s.
Growing up with a distant father, Allan made fatherhood a priority in his own life. After marrying his wife, Silvana, they knew their lives were too good not to share with just each another. Allan and Silvana were active volunteers with local foster homes, volunteering their time to be a positive role model for children with less than perfect pasts. After seeing firsthand the frustration and bureaucracy of the foster system, Allan and his wife adopted an eight-year-old girl who had an abusive past. Allan dove into fatherhood, choosing a career as a school bus trainer so he could have the summers off, never missing his daughter's dance recitals, school plays or softball games.
Heritage research has shown that adolescents with strong relationships with their fathers have more positive psychological, behavioral and educational outcomes. Having a father present also drastically decreases the chance of an adolescent to be delinquent, and/or abuse drugs or alcohol. Allan knew the implications and took the responsibility of fatherhood seriously. Continue Reading »
G. L. Carter–Morristown, TN
by Michael Barvick - May 10, 2012
G.L. Carter
George Washington, Ronald Reagan, and even Elvis Presley left legacies that have permanently changed America. But you don't have to live a life in the spotlight to leave a legacy. Heritage member G.L. Carter is a prime example of someone who, like many of us, has worked hard and lived the American Dream. Today, he is committed to leaving a powerful legacy behind.
In fact, well over 1,700 Americans just like you have decided to leave a legacy of freedom by including The Heritage Foundation in their will or trust and joining the Heritage Legacy Society. The Heritage Legacy Society was created to help facilitate the estate planning process for members and can even provide a complimentary Wills Planner (see form below).
The story behind G.L.'s legacy began with a run-in at the tender age of 12 with the Tennessee Valley Authority. The TVA, one of the most controversial agencies created under Franklin Roosevelt's New deal, confiscated the land his family was farming. This was his first experience with the intrusive nature of government. Continue Reading »
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Lifting small objects at very low speed I'm working on project where I have to lift up/down an object about 5-7 kg heavy at speed of about 6.6 mm per second. Does anybody have an idea how to do that?
I was looking at asynchronous motor and reductors for them but reductors at very small speed are very expensive (1000 euros). Any suggestion will be appreciated :)

A: First, let's look at the power requirement.  7 kg on earth weighs about 70 N.  That times 6.6 mm/s is only half a Watt.  There will be friction and other effects to make things harder at the motor, so I'd get about a 2 W to motor.
You want a travel of 2 m from a cable.  That probably means the cable unwinding and winding onto a drum that is rotated by the motor.  If you can have a second cable on the same drum winding opposite with a 7 kg counterbalance on it, the power requirments and wear on parts of the system will go down dramatically.
You will need gearing no matter what, so start by looking for a suitable motor and add gearing to reduce its speed.  A lot of motors are available with "gear heads" already built on.  You have some flexibility on the diameter of the drum, so should be able to accomodate a wide enough range to find a gearhead motor that does what you want, or find or make a reduction gear train to add to a bare motor.

A: You can do this by using a DC motor with a gearbox attached to it. You can calculate the torque needed and then look for a motor that suites your need.
You can take a look at the following page for torque calculation:
All about torque
Or if you are planning to use a screw (I know you said a rope, but just in case you want to see other option including more mathematical calculation for it) then look at this page:
Leadscrew

A: I would look into using a system of pulleys might do the trick. It would provide the mechanical advantage and the speed reduction you seek plus it would use a rope.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Gala Price Prediction 2023, 2025, 2030
Gala is an Ethereum-based cryptocurrency that is used to power gala games. Using the Gala token, a user can spend countless hours playing games powered by Gala tokens. Here are some of the facts about the Gala token:
Gala Games was launched in the year 2018 by Eric Schiermeyer, Wright Thurston (crypto miner) and Michael McCarthy.
GALA is an ERC-20 utility token developed on the Ethereum network. It is the main digital asset within the Gala Games ecosystem for item purchases, peer-to-peer payments, rewarding nodes and more.
The Gala token powers the Gala games ecosystem. Users can play a variety of games on the platform. The games are 100% free and can be accessed via blockchain through a decentralized application (DApp).
The Gala token was founded by Eric Schiermeyer (Zynga's co-founder and gaming legend), Wright Thurston (one of the first major miners in the cryptocurrency space and holder of numerous patents on blockchain technology), and Michael McCarthy (the creative director behind viral gaming hits like Farmville 2).
The token was launched with the aim of targeting niche gaming sectors and giving users the opportunity to play for countless hours using the Gala token.
The gala token was built on the Ethereum network which helps users transfer Gala tokens once they have full control over the network.
The GALA cryptocurrency can also be used as a reward for the owners.
GALA tokens can also be used to purchase in-game items. It can also be used for updates and other game resources and is also used as a governance token.
Gala Price Prediction: Recent Performance
Is Gala Crypto a good investment?
Will Gala reach $10? Let's do some calculations
Can the GALA reach $10? Data analysis
Can Gala reach $10? Play to earn market overview
Gala Price Forecast 2023, 2025, 2030 and 2040
When will the Gala rise?
Gala Coin Price Prediction: Where to Buy Gala?
Last 5 days: -3.3%
Last 1 month: -9.4%
Gala Games Token had a difficult year until recently. With liquidity being squeezed, the price has fallen significantly lower. As a result, the earning potential on the platform has decreased. This in turn reduced the number of active players on the platform which reduced demand for the token.
With new games being tested and launched, interest in the Token has increased again pushing the price higher. Here's how trading volumes have changed over the past 7 days
November 8: $157 million
Here's how trading volumes changed over the year
Q1 Average: $850m
Q2 Media: $331 million
October (Q4): $112 million
These declines coincide with the Fed's rate hikes.
Gala games is a play-to-earn NFT gaming platform. Gala coins can be earned and spent on the blockchain games platform. One of the most popular games on Gala Games is Town Star, a browser-based simulation game.
Gala also launched a native blockchain for the power ecosystem. It also highlights its decentralized governance attribution, and most decentralized ledger technology also has governance tokens to give powers that can be used by users. The Gala network, like any blockchain, needs validators. Gala sells licenses to Gala Nodes which are also called Founders Nodes. Gala Games has about 1.3 million active players every month.
Like all other cryptocurrencies recently, Gala has failed to provide a good return to investors. Most of the investors who have invested in Gala Token are at a loss. According to data from IntoTheBlock, only 11% of Gala token investors are making a profit at a current price while 82% of investors are at a loss. However, it is highly recommended to have a Gala token in your wallet as a long-term investment. The reasons are:
The Gala coin was introduced to revolutionize the gaming industry. Players could use Gala Tokens and play different games for countless hours. With the gaming industry booming, it's clear that the Gala token has a future. Therefore, to get a good return on Gala investment, you need to make sure that your investment is a long-term investment.
Investing in cryptocurrencies is always a long game. Many investors enter the cryptocurrency market with the hope of making a quick profit and exiting the market. Due to this reason many times, the price of cryptocurrency collapses as there is a mass sell-off. However, to make a good profit you should have a plan to stick to the market for a longer period.
Over 80% of Gala's investors have held Gala tokens for less than a year. It was noted that even with a slight movement in the market, there was a mass sell-off. Mass sell-off occurs because of these sections of investors. Therefore, to make the Gala a good investment you need to hold Gala tokens for a longer period.
As of now, there are around 16000 different players who are actually powering the entire Gala Games environment. In order to make some improvements to the advancement of Gala Network, he managed to partner with Flare, Polygon, Brave, Mazer Gaming, and other companies. The Gala ecosystem is definitely increasing.
At $10, Gala's market cap would be 250 times higher than Gala's price in October 2022 or about $70 billion. Given how various cryptocurrencies – BTC, ETH, SOL, ADA, and numerous other cryptocurrencies have increased in recent years, it's not unusual for any cryptocurrency to increase 250-fold quite rapidly.
However, it is unrealistic to expect what happened in 2021 with most Altcoins or even Ethereum (2017 to 2021) or Bitcoin (2010 to 2020) to happen again. Such pumps are unlikely to repeat again, as we are unlikely to repeat the Fed-led liquidity pump from 2008 to 2021. Therefore, it makes sense to estimate the future Gala Price with a more "conservative" 30%. Now, even 30% seems to be quite high when you compare it to the stock market. Therefore, a super conservative estimate should not only be based on 30%, but also on the assumption that 50% of the coins will be burned.
Therefore, if Gala were to increase at the rate of 30% per annum (assuming that 50% of tokens are burned during the period), it would take $gala 22 years or the year 2044 to reach $10.
GALA managed to reach an ATH or all-time high price of $0.83 in 2021. It has since fallen, but is expected to reach $0.42 by the end of this year.
The current price of Gala ranges between 0.04 and 0.05 and has a market capitalization of around $300 million. If Gala were priced at $10, the market cap would be $7.1 billion. The Play to earn market is expected to increase 20-fold over the next 3 years. Even if estimates were supposed to be out of 2-3 years, Gala could be priced between $6 and $10 dollars by 2027. So the answer to the Can Gala Reach $10 question is Given the explosive growth of the game to earn games, Gala can easily reach $10 in the next 4-5 years.
Another interesting way to look at a Play to earn games is to look at each gaming platform as a small country and purchases and sales within the game are seen as game trade. When reformulated in this way, in-game tokens like Gala have a much brighter future than most Memes and Alt Coins.
Can Gala Coin reach $100?
If Gala $10 is a difficult endeavor, it would take even more effort to reach $100. In this case, let's make a more conservative assumption of 25% per year (assuming that 50% burn at the end of this period). The market cap would be $700 billion and it would take 35 years or 2057 to reach this level.
Can Gala coin reach $1?
Given the above scenarios, $1 is likely to be a walk in the park. In this case, let's assume a growth estimate of about 35%. It would take 11 years for Gala Coin to reach $1
The Play to earn market is expected to grow to $219 billion by 2024. It's probably less than $10 billion in 2021.
Search queries for the Play-to-earn market have exploded 6 times in the last 12 months. Interestingly, traditional games are still 60 times higher than the gaming market to make money. The gaming market was worth $180 billion in 2021.
The future looks pretty bright for Blockchain games and players like Gala Games.
Given the current slowdown in cryptocurrencies over the past 12 months, the forecast is rather pessimistic. The game is here to stay and Gala will be a prominent player if not number 1. So the odds of $10 are much higher than they currently seem.
GALA is a token native to the Gala Games gaming platform. It can be used to purchase games and make in-game purchases. The gala game is part of the GameFi industry and runs on the Play2Earn model. Gala runs on Ethereum and Binance Blockchains. Here are some price updates. Read on for detailed analysis and forecast scenarios.
Some analysts predict that Gala could rise to $0.07 in the current PUMP. Gala approached that level before retiring a bit. Gala announced a new partnership with Stick Figure to produce a new film ' Four Down '
Gala 2023 price prediction is $0.08
Gala 2025 price prediction is $0.116
Gala price forecast for 2030 is US$0.24
Gala turned out to be one of the biggest disappointments of this year. Gala has lost almost 89% of its value this year and is one of the worst performing cryptocurrencies. Its main rival Mana fell by about 78%.
The year was in favor of metaverse tokens. Almost all metaverse tokens have lost more than 60-70% of their values. But Gala has lost about 90% of its value this year.
The collapse in the price of the Gala began in April 2022, when the US Fed announced the reduction in the size of the Federal Reserve's balance sheet. In January 2022, news of the Fed's planned approach to reducing the size of the Federal Reserve's balance sheet began to fluctuate. The overall cryptocurrency market has been trading negatively ever since, but in April this was made official.
The cryptocurrency market collapsed completely and the price of the Gala fell below $0.10. With the collapse of prices, the level of interest or the number of gala game users also decreased. Townstar, the most popular Gala game, has seen a huge drop in users and the level of interest in Townstar has stalled.
However, there are chances that the Gala price will rise once again, but for Gala to rise again, however, for this to happen, the US Fed will have to make the decision to increase the overall crypto and stock market. In addition, gala games must make up for players who had lost since April.
GALA is gradually becoming one of the most popular cryptocurrencies. There has been a rapid increase in demand for GALA. Here are the steps to buy GALA:
Find a cryptocurrency exchange that sells GALA
Create an account with Exchange
Finance your portfolio
Make your purchase
Some of the important exchanges that GALA offer are:
Pancakeswap Price Prediction 2023, 2025 and 2030
Bitcoin price prediction on the rise?
Filecoin Price Prediction 2023, 2025 and 2030


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Author: Justin Tee
Silver In The Modern Home
Posted on May 16, 2018 October 3, 2018 by Justin Tee
Decorating with antique silver may intimidate the average person, especially if their tastes tend to be towards more modern or minimalist styles. There is the thought that something ornate and classic cannot fit into a modern and minimalist aesthetic. Vintage silver does not have to be set behind a glass door in a credenza display. It can be incorporated into your home and mixed in with modern pieces to breathe new life into the old and stand in striking comparison to more timely pieces.
Antique silver adds a casual elegance to any room. Silver has an essence of glamour that just cannot be found with other pieces. One aspect of silver that is also unique is that it can be displayed oxidized or polished.
Oxidized silver evokes feelings of times gone by, the reminder of how old the antique really is on full display. When placed in a home, especially a modern home, it pulls the timeline of the space back, provoking images of the past for everyone who glances at it. Oxidized silver is reminiscent, subdued, and often can appear more classic than polished silver, as it wears its age.
Polished silver is an incredibly elegant choice for a home and works very well in modern spaces. It acts as a juxtaposition between the old and the new, and actually helps to highlight the modernity and newness of the space, instead of leaving it bland and otherwise set outside of time. Establishing a timeline within your space is one way to set it aside from other modern homes. Silver is often ornate and features curves, delicate lines, and craftsmanship. Modern furniture and decor often feature clean lines and neutral palettes. Having a piece of antique silver to play against that will actually emphasize the stylistic elements of a modern home instead of having it fall into the background, as modern styling has a tendency to.
Minimalist homes often rely on just one single item as a feature for the entire space. One key thing to pull everything together is a lot of pressure to put on one item. Antique silver is the perfect thing to use as a unique, timeless focal point. Whether you go with something oxidized that appears older than time, or if you select something that is polished and exudes refinement and opulence, you are sure to make a profound statement. Choosing the individual piece will most definitely be the hardest part, but it will be worthwhile when it pulls your room together. Most minimalist spaces use modern decor or art as the focal point and inverting this by including one single piece that is intricate and exudes the definition of splendour and excess ends up working well against a backdrop of simplicity and functionality.
J.H. Tee Antiques has an incredible selection of silver antiques that you can browse through for your home. Antique silver has a place in the modern home and not just behind the doors of your china cabinet waiting to be taken out for a special occasion.
The English Hallmark System
Posted on March 13, 2018 by Justin Tee
The history of hallmarking in the United kingdom goes back over 700 years. In the year 1300, King Edward I of England enacted a statute that required all silver to be marked if it met the standard of sterling silver, which stipulated a millesimal fineness of 925 or, in layman's terms, achieving a level of 92.5% silver purity. Almost all pieces of silver coming out of the UK from the last 500 years have a hallmark, authenticating both its purity level and indicating many other factors regarding its origins, date, and maker.
Hallmarks are regulated by assay offices across England, Scotland, and Ireland. There are currently offices in five locations across the three countries: London, England; Sheffield, England; Birmingham, England; Edinburgh, Scotland; and, Dublin in the Republic of Ireland. The original assay headquarters were established in 1339, at Goldsmiths' Hall in London. The word hallmark was created in reference to these headquarters, hallmark originally meaning "marked in Goldsmiths' Hall"; by the mid-1800s the word had lost this meaning and was merely synonymous with the mark of quality.
There have been many hallmarks used throughout the years, and numerous guide books have been written on the subject. The standard, however, is the Bradbury's Book of Hallmarks, which was last updated in 2014. By using this book, anyone can easily decipher the hallmarks stamped into silver pieces from the UK. There are five steps in reading hallmarks:
Standard Mark
The standard mark indicates the fineness of the alloy used. There are five standard marks on silver from the UK:
The walking lion (lion passant) guarantees a fineness of 925/1000 (sterling silver) for pieces made in England
The standing lion (lion rampant) guarantees a fineness of 925/1000 (sterling silver) for pieces made in Glasgow
The thistle guarantees a fineness of 925/1000 (sterling silver) for pieces made in Edinburgh
The crowned harp guarantees a fineness of 925/1000 (sterling silver) for pieces made in Dublin
The Britannia symbol guarantees a fineness of 958/1000 (sterling silver) for pieces made in England. (this standard was primarily used between 1697 and 1720)
When there is no hallmark present on piece, it means that either it was not made in the UK or that it is not solid silver.
Town Mark
There is a mark for the town in which the silver was assayed, which comes after the standard mark. There are several towns where silver has been hallmarked, and each used a different symbol, the most common are London which uses the face of a leopard (with a crown, for silver hallmarked pre-1820) as its symbol, Birmingham uses and anchor, Sheffield used a crown (until 1975 and thereafter a rose) and a castle for silver hallmarked in Edinburgh.
It is worth noting that Dublin is unique in its hallmarking of silver. The symbol for silver hallmarked in Dublin is a crowned harp, the same symbol for silver made in Dublin. Instead of putting two crowned harps onto silver both made and hallmarked in Dublin they instead use one, single, crowned harp.
Duty Mark
A duty mark only appears on silver made between 1784-1890. The purpose of a duty mark was to denote that there was tax paid on the silver. The duty mark was a profile portrait of the current reigning monarch, and there are five duty marks which feature four monarchs:
King George III
King George IV
The practice of using duty marks ended eleven years before King Edward the VII succeeded Queen Victoria.
Date Mark
Date marks are made up of three elements: a letter, a font, and a shield. Only 20 letters are used in rotation, both in upper and lower case, making 40 different combinations of individual letters. The assay offices used different fonts and shields for each series of dates to create a nearly endless array of combinations.
Different towns use different date marks for each year, so the date mark used in London in 1900 will be different than the date mark used in Edinburgh in 1900. This means it is crucial to identify the town before you try to identify the date of a piece of silver.
A maker's mark denotes the maker of the piece. Initially, early maker's marks were typically symbols, but this later evolved into the use of the maker's initials.
Imported Silver
While it is less common to find a piece of silver with an import mark, silver imported into the UK between the years 1867-1904 was marked with an F inside of an oval shield. In cases of imported silver, the maker's mark would then be replaced with the mark of the British importing firm.
Using steps 1-6 and a recent copy of the Bradbury's Book of Hallmarks, even amateur antiquers should be able to take part in the identification of silver hallmarks.
The Different Types of Silver Engravings
Posted on October 25, 2017 October 3, 2018 by Justin Tee
Silver engraving is a timeless art that has produced beautiful designs over hundreds of years. The craft of engraving silverware has been mastered by many and still continues to this day as a popular method of personalizing silverware. Though modern methods such as lasers and pantographs are being used more and more to engrave these days, engraving by hand is still the absolute best way to get a truly breathtaking design that speaks volumes. Here's a quick look at some of the most popular and beautiful types of silverware engravings.
Personalized engravings
Personalized engravings are special in the sense that they are always unique and meaningful to the person who has requested them. Throughout history, personalized engravings on silverware have been used for a variety of reasons including security, and pride. Silverware pieces engraved with a personal design such as a monogram (the first letter of a family surname, usually), a family crest, or initials were not particularly easy to steal, seeing as the engraving would always indicate that they belonged to a certain family. Expensive silverware has always been and still is a luxury that many wealthy individuals treat themselves to, and those individuals have always wanted to further show it off by engraving it with their own designs, giving a boost to their pride.
Presentation engravings
These types of engravings are especially meant for commemorating special events and celebrations. Silver spoons with engravings have traditionally been given to children born into wealthy families as christening or baptismal gifts (this is where we get the expression "born with a silver spoon" when referring to those who were born into a rich family). Silverware with presentation engravings have also traditionally been given to newly-married couples as a gift. Some of the most popular types of presentation engravings include initials in a block or dot pricked style, two pairs of initials for a married couple, or simply a single letter, usually for the surname of the owner. Family crests are also a very popular presentation engraving, as they are often considered a family's strongest symbol.
Engravings and value
You may be wondering how much of an impact an engraving has on the value of a piece of silverware, and the truth is it depends. If you are selling to a collector with certain tastes, an engraved piece of silverware may be seen as more valuable because it means the piece holds an interesting history and tells a story of sorts. Other buyers may look at an engraved piece less favourably simply due to the fact that they do not want someone else's initials or family crest on their silverware. In the end it all comes down to a buyer's own personal preferences and how deep they are willing to reach into their pockets.
Silverware engravings are special and should be of interest to you if you are a collector or someone interested in delving into antiques; they are markings of history and family stories that should be cherished in every regard.
12 Paul Storr Silver Dinner Plates
A set of twelve fine quality Regency period silver dinner plates by Paul Storr, hallmarked London 1813. Circular with shaped edge...
USD $25,252.50 View Details


The quality or state of being sapid; taste; savor; savoriness.
Whether one kind of sapidity is more effective than another. M. S. Lamson.
SAP'IDNESS, noun Taste; tastefulness; savor; the quality of affecting the organs of taste; as the sapidness of water or fruit.
NUN, n. A woman devoted to a religious life, and who lives in a cloister or nunnery, secluded from the world, under a vow of perpetual chastity.
1. A web-footed fowl of the size of a duck, with a white head and neck.


Only the roughest people can live and lead in the brigandage life, the brigand leaders know just the right target and moment to strike.
Perfect as Shire Patrol for Operation Sea Lion!
Brigand Characters pack contains 4 figures.


This is a nice young lady, 28 years old from Scottsdale, Arizona, came in for consultation at my medical office near Phoenix, Arizona. She has 2 kids and feels that her body has never been the same since childbirth. Her goal is to enhance the size and shape of the breasts and to improve her figure with a tummy tuck. I designed a mommy makeover after reviewing her requests. She complained of having excessively loose skin, stretchmarks, with extra fat tissue. Her goal was to improve her figure by tightening the tummy as best as possible. She was a B cup before surgery and requested a small D cup after breast enhancement. She had tummy tuck surgery and breast augmentation performed at the same time as part of the mommy makeover. I also performed an anchor pattern breast lift. She had her cosmetic surgery performed at a local Arizona plastic surgery and recovery center. She had 1386 grams (3 pounds) of tissue removed from her tummy along with 1950 cc of fat tissue (4.29 pounds) from the tummy and love handles. She is shown 14 months after her surgery and is very pleased with her results. She stayed at the recovery center overnight and recovered nicely from her mommy makeover. Her confidence level is up since surgery, and she has enjoyed shopping for new clothes in a smaller dress size.