text:
Stephen F. Somerstein/Getty Images
When Was Martin Luther King Born?
Letter from Birmingham Jail
"I Have a Dream" Speech
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a social activist and Baptist minister who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. King sought equality and human rights for African Americans, the economically disadvantaged and all victims of injustice through peaceful protest. He was the driving force behind watershed events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the 1963 March on Washington, which helped bring about such landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and is remembered each year on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, a U.S. federal holiday since 1986.
WATCH: Black History Documentaries on HISTORY Vault
Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, the second child of Martin Luther King Sr., a pastor, and Alberta Williams King, a former schoolteacher.
Along with his older sister Christine and younger brother Alfred Daniel Williams, he grew up in the city's Sweet Auburn neighborhood, then home to some of the most prominent and prosperous African Americans in the country.
Did you know? The final section of Martin Luther King Jr.'s eloquent and iconic "I Have a Dream" speech is believed to have been largely improvised.
A gifted student, King attended segregated public schools and at the age of 15 was admitted to Morehouse College, the alma mater of both his father and maternal grandfather, where he studied medicine and law.
Although he had not intended to follow in his father's footsteps by joining the ministry, he changed his mind under the mentorship of Morehouse's president, Dr. Benjamin Mays, an influential theologian and outspoken advocate for racial equality. After graduating in 1948, King entered Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, where he earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree, won a prestigious fellowship and was elected president of his predominantly white senior class.
King then enrolled in a graduate program at Boston University, completing his coursework in 1953 and earning a doctorate in systematic theology two years later. While in Boston he met Coretta Scott, a young singer from Alabama who was studying at the New England Conservatory of Music. The couple wed in 1953 and settled in Montgomery, Alabama, where King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.
The Kings had four children: Yolanda Denise King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King and Bernice Albertine King.
The King family had been living in Montgomery for less than a year when the highly segregated city became the epicenter of the burgeoning struggle for civil rights in America, galvanized by the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954.
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery bus and was arrested. Activists coordinated a bus boycott that would continue for 381 days. The Montgomery Bus Boycott placed a severe economic strain on the public transit system and downtown business owners. They chose Martin Luther King Jr. as the protest's leader and official spokesman.
By the time the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional in November 1956, King—heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin—had entered the national spotlight as an inspirational proponent of organized, nonviolent resistance.
King had also become a target for white supremacists, who firebombed his family home that January.
On September 20, 1958, Izola Ware Curry walked into a Harlem department store where King was signing books and asked, "Are you Martin Luther King?" When he replied "yes," she stabbed him in the chest with a knife. King survived, and the attempted assassination only reinforced his dedication to nonviolence: "The experience of these last few days has deepened my faith in the relevance of the spirit of nonviolence if necessary social change is peacefully to take place."
READ MORE: Why MLK's Right-Hand Man, Bayard Rustin, Was Nearly Written Out of History
Emboldened by the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, in 1957 he and other civil rights activists—most of them fellow ministers—founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a group committed to achieving full equality for African Americans through nonviolent protest.
The SCLC motto was "Not one hair of one head of one person should be harmed." King would remain at the helm of this influential organization until his death.
In his role as SCLC president, Martin Luther King Jr. traveled across the country and around the world, giving lectures on nonviolent protest and civil rights as well as meeting with religious figures, activists and political leaders.
During a month-long trip to India in 1959, he had the opportunity to meet family members and followers of Gandhi, the man he described in his autobiography as "the guiding light of our technique of nonviolent social change." King also authored several books and articles during this time.
In 1960 King and his family moved to Atlanta, his native city, where he joined his father as co-pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church. This new position did not stop King and his SCLC colleagues from becoming key players in many of the most significant civil rights battles of the 1960s.
Their philosophy of nonviolence was put to a particularly severe test during the Birmingham campaign of 1963, in which activists used a boycott, sit-ins and marches to protest segregation, unfair hiring practices and other injustices in one of America's most racially divided cities.
Arrested for his involvement on April 12, King penned the civil rights manifesto known as the "Letter from Birmingham Jail," an eloquent defense of civil disobedience addressed to a group of white clergymen who had criticized his tactics.
Later that year, Martin Luther King Jr. worked with a number of civil rights and religious groups to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a peaceful political rally designed to shed light on the injustices Black Americans continued to face across the country.
Held on August 28 and attended by some 200,000 to 300,000 participants, the event is widely regarded as a watershed moment in the history of the American civil rights movement and a factor in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
READ MORE: For Martin Luther King Jr., Nonviolent Protest Never Meant 'Wait and See'
The March on Washington culminated in King's most famous address, known as the "I Have a Dream" speech, a spirited call for peace and equality that many consider a masterpiece of rhetoric.
Standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial—a monument to the president who a century earlier had brought down the institution of slavery in the United States—he shared his vision of a future in which "this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'"
The speech and march cemented King's reputation at home and abroad; later that year he was named "Man of the Year" by TIME magazine and in 1964 became, at the time, the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
In the spring of 1965, King's elevated profile drew international attention to the violence that erupted between white segregationists and peaceful demonstrators in Selma, Alabama, where the SCLC and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) had organized a voter registration campaign.
Captured on television, the brutal scene outraged many Americans and inspired supporters from across the country to gather in Alabama and take part in the Selma to Montgomery march led by King and supported by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who sent in federal troops to keep the peace.
That August, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act, which guaranteed the right to vote—first awarded by the 15th Amendment—to all African Americans.
READ MORE: 7 Things You May Not Know About MLK's 'I Have a Dream' Speech
The events in Selma deepened a growing rift between Martin Luther King Jr. and young radicals who repudiated his nonviolent methods and commitment to working within the established political framework.
As more militant Black leaders such as Stokely Carmichael rose to prominence, King broadened the scope of his activism to address issues such as the Vietnam War and poverty among Americans of all races. In 1967, King and the SCLC embarked on an ambitious program known as the Poor People's Campaign, which was to include a massive march on the capital.
On the evening of April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated. He was fatally shot while standing on the balcony of a motel in Memphis, where King had traveled to support a sanitation workers' strike. In the wake of his death, a wave of riots swept major cities across the country, while President Johnson declared a national day of mourning.
James Earl Ray, an escaped convict and known racist, pleaded guilty to the murder and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He later recanted his confession and gained some unlikely advocates, including members of the King family, before his death in 1998.
READ MORE: Why Martin Luther King's Family Believes James Earl Ray Was Not His Killer
After years of campaigning by activists, members of Congress and Coretta Scott King, among others, in 1983 President Ronald Reagan signed a bill creating a U.S. federal holiday in honor of King.
Observed on the third Monday of January, Martin Luther King Day was first celebrated in 1986.
While his "I Have a Dream" speech is the most well-known piece of his writing, Martin Luther King Jr. was the author of multiple books, include "Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story," "Why We Can't Wait," "Strength to Love," "Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?" and the posthumously published "Trumpet of Conscience" with a foreword by Coretta Scott King. Here are some of the most famous Martin Luther King Jr. quotes:
"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere."
"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that."
"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy."
"Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed."
"The time is always right to do what is right."
"True peace is not merely the absence of tension; it is the presence of justice."
"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter."
"Free at last, Free at last, Thank God almighty we are free at last."
"Faith is taking the first step even when you don't see the whole staircase."
"In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends."
"I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. This is why right, temporarily defeated, is stronger than evil triumphant."
"I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to bear."
"Be a bush if you can't be a tree. If you can't be a highway, just be a trail. If you can't be a sun, be a star. For it isn't by size that you win or fail. Be the best of whatever you are."
"Life's most persistent and urgent question is, 'What are you doing for others?'"
READ MORE: Quotes from 7 of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Most Notable Speeches
An Intimate View of MLK Through the Lens of a Friend
America in Mourning After MLK's Shocking Assassination
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jr
Martin Luther King Jr. – Pastor
Martin Luther King Jr. – House Bombing
The Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, an event that sent shock waves reverberating around the world. A Baptist minister and founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), King had led the civil rights movement since the ...read more
Why People Rioted After Martin Luther King Jr.'s Assassination
Every night in November 1968, National Guardsmen circled the streets in Wilmington, Delaware, armed with loaded rifles and ready to put down racial violence in the city's most impoverished neighborhoods. Every so often, they'd stop to hassle Black residents, using racial slurs to ...read more
The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. The Civil War had officially abolished slavery, but it didn't end discrimination against ...read more
America in Mourning After MLK's Shocking Assassination: Photos
Emmett Till. Medgar Evers. Harry and Harriette Moore. The civil rights movement had lost more than its fair share of heroes by 1968. But when Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was gunned down on the balcony of a Memphis hotel on April 4 of that year, it seemed like the death knell for ...read more
The Fight for Martin Luther King Jr. Day
On Martin Luther King Jr. Day, the entire nation pauses in remembrance of a civil rights hero. At least, that's the intention of the federal holiday that takes place on the third Monday of each January. MLK Day was designed to honor the activist and minister assassinated in 1968, ...read more
Quotes from 7 of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Most Notable Speeches
Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most influential figures of the American civil rights movement—and a gifted orator. His stirring speeches touched on everything from social and racial justice, to nonviolence, poverty, the Vietnam War and dismantling white supremacy. And ...read more
Martin Luther King Jr.'s Final Speech
It was a stormy night and the weather was bad, but the turnout was not. People had gathered to hear Martin Luther King Jr., who was back in Memphis to offer inspiration for an ongoing struggle that had celebrated recent victories. King knew that storms pass and that joy comes in ...read more
10 Things You May Not Know About Martin Luther King Jr.
Baptist minister and social activist Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) dedicated his life to the nonviolent struggle for justice in the United States. King's leadership played a pivotal role in ending entrenched segregation for Black Americans and to the creation of the ...read more
Why the FBI Saw Martin Luther King Jr. as a Communist Threat
In early 1962, Attorney General Robert Kennedy approved a request from FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to install wiretaps on the home and office of a New York City-based lawyer named Stanley David Levison. According to FBI informants, Levison had been an influential member of the ...read more


Senate Democrats ended a nearly 15-hour marathon of speeches on gun violence Thursday after they said Republican leaders agreed to hold votes on new gun limits in the wake of the Orlando massacre.
The effort led by Connecticut Democrat Christopher Murphy ended at 2:11 a.m. Thursday after he announced that Republicans had committed to scheduling votes on measures including expanded background checks and barring suspected terrorists from purchasing weapons.
"We have been given a commitment on a path forward to get votes on the floor of the Senate," Murphy said in a prepared statement. He earlier said he would stand "as long as I can" to force consideration of two gun-related amendments. One would bar purchases of weapons by anyone on the terrorist watch list and another would aim to extend background checks to cover weapons sold at gun shows.
Democrats are pressing Congress to act on those provisions after a gunman early last Sunday used an assault rifle and a pistol to kill 49 people at a gay nightclub in Orlando. The attack sparked renewed calls for gun-control measures, such as a ban on assault weapons, that Republicans have previously opposed.
The move by Democrats came after a few Republican senators in tough re-election fights — Rob Portman of Ohio, Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire and Ron Johnson of Wisconsin — indicated that the Senate should try to agree on a mechanism to keep guns out of the hands of suspected terrorists.
"Obviously no Republican wants a terrorist to get access to a firearm, but there has to be some due process," said Johnson.
Pennsylvania Republican Pat Toomey, who's also in a competitive race, briefly joined the Democrats on the floor Wednesday and called for a compromise between what Democrats have been demanding and what Republicans have offered in the past. Twoomey has held discussions on writing a measure to prevent terrorists from obtaining firearms with a gun control advocacy group backed by former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg, founder and majority owner of Bloomberg News parent Bloomberg LP.
"There's an opportunity here, guys, to work together and find the solution," he said. Later Wednesday, Toomey said he would introduce a new bill on Thursday that would allows the attorney general to create a list of "likely terrorists" who could be denied the ability to purchase a gun, with prior judicial review of the list.
A spokesman for Majority Leader Mitch McConnell criticized Democrats for their extended speeches. Murphy's effort "prevents the Senate from processing any amendments, including amendments he supports, as well as efforts proposed by Republicans to help prevent terrorist attacks here at home," David Popp said in an e-mailed statement.
Presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump and the National Rifle Association indicated Wednesday that a meeting may be in the works to discuss ways to bar suspected terrorists from buying firearms.
"We are happy to meet with Donald Trump. The NRA's position on this issue has not changed," said Chris Cox, a top lobbyist for the group.
Reid said Democrats will push a provision to empower the attorney general to block firearms sales if she has a reasonable belief the guns would be used in a terrorist attack.
Reid told reporters he intends force a vote on the proposal as an amendment to H.R. 2578, the legislative vehicle for the Senate's Commerce-Justice-Science appropriations bill that's being debated this week. He didn't specify how he would force consideration of the gun amendment, but Democrats could extend their speech-making session into a more formal filibuster to block advancement of the bill.
Portman, Ayotte and Johnson were among 53 Republicans who voted in December against a proposal by California Democrat Dianne Feinstein to bar suspected terrorists from purchasing guns.
North Dakota Senator Heidi Heitkamp was the lone Democrat who voted with Republicans to defeat that amendment. It was offered in the wake of the Dec. 2 San Bernardino, California, shooting in which a gunman who pledged allegiance to Islamic State terrorist group and his wife killed 14 people and injured 21 others. The FBI has treated it as an act of terror.
Illinois Senator Mark Kirk, perhaps the most vulnerable Republican seeking re-election in November, was the only member of his party to support that measure.
Portman and other Republicans supported an alternative by Cornyn that would delay the sale for 72 hours before requiring the Justice Department to obtain an injunction by convincing a court that there was probable cause to believe the would-be purchaser was a suspected or known terrorist.
The Ohio lawmaker said he still prefers Cornyn's approach because it affords more "due process" for people who may be erroneously on a watch list. Portman noted that the Orlando gunman, Omar Mateen, was not on the FBI's watch list when he purchased the guns he used for his slaughter at the nightclub.
Democrats argue that Cornyn's proposal would require the government to meet an unrealistic standard of proof and could compromise counter-terrorism investigations.
"The experts that have taken a look at this have determined that Senator Cornyn's bill would do very little" to stop people who are on the watch list from buying a gun, White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said Wednesday.
Feinstein and Cornyn have been discussing how to find a compromise between their approaches. "We want to do it in a way that's constitutional," Cornyn spokesman Drew Brandewie said.
Feinstein told reporters she has incorporated new language in her proposal that would cover anyone who had been under investigation for terrorism in the past five years before trying to purchase a gun. That change would cover Mateen's gun purchases, she told reporters.


Mix first 3 ingredients; press evenly onto meat. Place in freezer-weight resealable plastic bag. Add onions and barbecue sauce; seal bag. Freeze up to 3 months. Refrigerate overnight to thaw.
Empty contents of bag into slow cooker. Add potatoes, carrots and broth; cover with lid. Cook on LOW 7 to 8 hours (or on HIGH 5 to 6 hours).
Transfer meat to cutting board; cut across the grain into thin slices. Place on platter; surround with vegetables. Skim fat from sauce in slow cooker; discard fat. Serve sauce over meat and vegetables.
Prepare using your favourite flavour of Bull's-Eye Barbecue Sauce.


Take a moment to remember those who gave so that we may receive. Thanks for those who gave me my freedoms. Yes, freedom is worth these scarifies.
Freedom is all we need!
To all that gave all I salute you.
As do I. Thanks to all who served, are serving and especially to those who gave the ultimate sacrifice for our freedom and country!
My father was a ww2 vet and I have fond memories of his stories. To him and all who have in any way been a part of our liberty my sincere thanks.
From a veteran to all those that have served, I Salute you!
My wife and I attended a Memorial Day event at the cemetery where my mom and dad are buried. I placed a small flag on dad's grave. We'll attend a parade tomorrow. I hope all of my colleagues have a great memorial day and remember those who are now gone.


text:
Home / Bollywood / Bell Bottom first look: Akshay Kumar announces spy thriller based on true events, says it is not a remake
Bell Bottom first look: Akshay Kumar announces spy thriller based on true events, says it is not a remake
Akshay Kumar will now be seen in Bell Bottom, which he claims is an original screenplay, inspired by true events. The film will be set in the 80s.
bollywood Updated: Nov 11, 2019 10:12 IST
Bell Bottom: Akshay Kumar will be working in a spy thriller inspired by true events.
After announcing his next "roller-coaster spy ride" Bell Bottom on Sunday, Akshay Kumar revealed that the film is inspired by true events. The actor had on Sunday put out the very first look from his outing revealing the title and release date following which a fan commented on the post asking if it is the "remake of Kannada film?"
In no time, Akshay responded saying, "Bell Bottom is not a remake of any film, it is an original screenplay inspired by true events."
Get ready to go back to the 80's and hop onto a roller-coaster spy ride, #BELLBOTTOM! Releasing on 22nd January, 2021.@ranjit_tiwari @vashubhagnani @jackkybhagnani @honeybhagnani @monishaadvani @madhubhojwani @nikkhiladvani @EmmayEntertain @poojafilms pic.twitter.com/iQLR27uKo3
— Akshay Kumar (@akshaykumar) November 10, 2019
#BellBottom is not a remake of any film, it is an original screenplay inspired by true events. https://t.co/u4ADS8jf9N
Well, no doubt that the Housefull 4 stars' response will make the film all the more exciting for fans as it joined his list of films which are based on true incidents, including Rustom and Mission Mangal.
Set in the 80s, Akshay is most likely to essay the story of a spy in Bell Bottom. The gripping poster of the film featured the star wearing a coffee brown suit with dark shades and a big moustache - all the right ingredients which make for a suave secret agent.
The film is directed by Ranjit M Tewari and produced by Vashu Bhagnani, Jacky Bhagnani, Deepshikha Deshmukh, Monisha Advani, Madhu Bhojwani and Nikkhil Advani. It is set for a release on January 22, 2021.
Also read: Happy birthday Boney Kapoor: 10 pictures with Janhvi, Arjun, Anil and Sridevi to prove family means everything to him
Meanwhile, the actor is still basking in the success of his last multi-starrer film Housefull 4 which managed to hit century and rake in Rs 109 crores within five days of its release. Moreover, he has a number of films lined up throughout the year including Good Newwz starring Kareena Kapoor Khan, Diljit Dosanjh and Kiara Advani. Apart from this, he will also be seen in Laxmmi Bomb and Sooryavanshi.
Follow @htshowbiz for more
Vashu Bhagnani
'Don't understand why India did it': Bangladesh PM on citizenship law
IND vs AUS Live: Jadeja's double blow lifts Kohli & co.
'If Amit Shah wants...': Sanjay Raut on Maharashtra-Karnataka border issue
Happy birthday Boney Kapoor: 10 pictures with Janhvi, Arjun, Anil and Sridevi to prove family means everything to him
Kartik Aaryan seeks Karan Johar's blessings as he leaves to shoot for Dostana 2 in Chandigarh. See pics
CBSE admit card 2020 for class 10th board exam released at cbse.nic.in
2019 champion Novak Djokovic eyes 5th post-30 Slam title in Australia
Deepika Padukone slammed for Chhapaak 'look' TikTok challenge
https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bell-bottom-first-look-akshay-kumar-announces-spy-thriller-based-on-true-events-says-it-is-not-a-remake/story-tJVcTY7kWXYGekUheg6x0J.html
Akshay Kumar says spy thriller Bell Bottom is not a remake
https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-calls-altered-politics-of-tanhaji-a-dangerous-idea-this-is-not-history/story-Mdx9vCCHBzd0XCRNuI9b8H.html
https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/javed-akhtar-gives-update-on-shabana-azmi-s-health-she-is-in-icu-but-all-scan-reports-positive/story-scb3XsU641vdPtwo9UIsFJ.html
https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/good-newwz-box-office-akshay-kumar-s-third-consecutive-film-smashes-rs-200-crore-milestone/story-qH5pIh5lQ1aWzW3VrFIOMI.html
https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-attacked-for-tiktok-challenge-on-her-chhapaak-look-twitter-says-demeaning/story-snuZNagp99aV3dKSyezyYL.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Make sure you have adequate amounts of your favourite carbohydrate drink – put it in the fridge or freezer the night before. Decide what you will take to eat on the ride and pack it into easy-access bags. Put your helmet, cycling clothes (pin your race number to your shirt), gloves and sunglasses out. Make sure that your start and finish cards and your transponder are with your clothes. Check your bike – including pumps, spare tubes and puncture repair kits. And don't forget to pack plenty of sunblock.
Remember to save all emergency contact details on your phone – and make sure it's fully charged. Don't forget to pack your medical aid card so the medical staff can access your details.
Minimise any possible anxiety ahead of the race by making sure you know your starting time and when you need to be in your chute. If you're starting later, make a note of which roads are going to be closed and when, so that you can get to the start on time.
If you're feeling nervous or it's your first cycle tour, just keep to the left. Look in front of you at all times and watch out for any incidents. If you need to pull out for whatever reason, move to the side of the road and wait for the sweep vehicle, or stop at any of the official bail-out points.
You need to drink enough water (but not to the point that you overhydrate) on the route. You can stop at the water points along the way, but be water wise and don't waste any by pouring it over your head to cool down. Cape Town is currently experiencing level 3B water restrictions!
You'll be on your bicycle for a number of hours so apply plenty of sunblock before you start. Don't forget to slather up your neck, ears, arms, wrists and legs. Reapply regularly along the way – the only burn you should feel the next day is in your muscles, not on your skin.
It's a gruelling 109km ride along the Cape Town peninsula – but remember to enjoy yourself! Take in the scenery and appreciate the encouragement of the supporters along the route. When you reach the end, don't come to a dead stop – you'll cause a pile up. And don't forget, exercise releases your body's own painkillers called endorphins into your system.


text:
OverviewA new generation's passion to expandSome parting words from George…Read more useful stories and articlesFind out more about HSBC Business Banking
It's great doing business together when we have the brightest minds working together
Where the brightest minds make the biggest sparks
A new generation's passion to expand
It takes passion and foresight for a new generation of leaders to drive a family business forward. That's how George Youssef, CEO of Egypt-based New Mena Plast, and his brother achieved success: through sourcing new technologies, recruiting fresh talent, and working with the right partners, taking the business into the new millennium.
New Mena Plast was founded in the 1970s by George's father. By the 1990s, it was the largest manufacturer of PVC hoses for industrial use in Egypt. When George and his brother took over amid Egypt's infrastructure sector boom in 2005, they realised that they needed to look beyond Egypt's borders. "We are searching for new technologies, for new partners to try to deliver a value added to our market," George explains.
Creating innovative products
This led them to team up with German pipe production technology firm Krah. Being first to market with a new technology is no easy task, but the brothers were undaunted. George points out that they have "the exclusivity of know-how in Egypt" with Krah. This bold step into uncharted territory has paid off, with unrivalled demand for their products. "From 2009 until now, our … pipes are the most-wanted product in the area."
Sustainability is also a vital component of New Mena Plast's business strategy. George underscores the importance of finding environmentally friendly materials and manufacturing methods. "We are always in search for new products and new materials that can have less impact on our environment," he says.
The key to sustainability is finding a product with a long lifespan that can be recycled at the end of its usage period. "We use materials that have a 50-year lifespan, which can later on be reused, making them 100% recyclable."
Developing new talents
To keep the company young and dynamic, George expresses a strong conviction in the ability of new employees. "For talent, we always believe in youth." Most of his team are under 40 years old, he notes. "We acquire new talents and we give training." This, he says, is how they inject passion into the business.
George points out that beyond products and technologies, the key to success is finding people who can contribute to the business. "We believe in … not just the product, not just the technology, but persons that can add value to our business."
The search for the right partner
This philosophy extends beyond recruitment to other business areas. George describes his company's relationship with HSBC as a partnership, outlining three reasons he sees the bank as more than just a supplier of banking services.
"HSBC is a partner, not a service provider, this is certainly the mindset of the HSBC team. They are partners in our business, our success is part of their success."
The dedication of HSBC's Relationship Managers, who understand their clients' unique propositions, strengths, and weaknesses, is also key. "RMs in HSBC are always advocating our company, our success, and our future. They take their responsibility seriously."
Citing reliability and transparency as critical factors in choosing a banking partner, George recognises that HSBC's ability to deliver these is highly reassuring. "accuracy and transparency with every document secures our decisions and money."
For George, success is about waiting patiently for the right opportunity and seizing it when it comes. "My advice, it's always about timing. Be ready to take the opportunity when it comes, because letting it go is a big waste for the business."
George's passion for the future is clear in his hope that he will forge a path for those who come after him. "I wish my legacy to be that I paved the way to the next generation. Not only to transfer technology and do business, but also to be able to add a value to the technology and to introduce new technologies to business," he says.
And it is perhaps this belief in technology and willingness to seek out and try new products that sums up his world view. "I think innovation inspires me a lot, because it adds space to our world, it adds new horizons to our business, it adds a lot of hope for the future."
Some parting words from George…
"...that I paved the way for the next generation and introduced new technologies"
What advice do you have for future leaders?
"Be ready to take the opportunity when it comes"
"Innovation… it adds new horizons and a lot of hope for the future"
Read more useful stories and articles
Learn about HBC Partnership with C3 Social Impact Accelerator Program
Growth of Tourism in Egypt
Transforming a family business through innovation
Make a business account enquiry
It's not easy to do business alone in today's market. We'll connect you with the right people to help you go further
Leverage HSBC's network to grow across the region or globally to improve company performance.


Let us provide you with professional audio/visual services designed to meet the needs of your church or music ministry. Whether you are in need of an entire sound system or just a minor upgrade to an existing one, we can create the ideal system for you. We also provide audio training workshops to ensure proper usage.
Are you having a special event that requires a sound system and recording? We can provide a professional sound system for any size venue. Much care and detail goes into designing the right system for the job. We treat every event as if it were our own. NEW: We now offer microphone systems for panel discussion.
The audio department in the church is essential to the proclamation of the Word of God and the ministry of music. A basic understanding of audio equipment is necessary in order to experience sound that is articulate and comfortable. This down-to-earth workshop will equip you with the basics of audio, without any technical jargon!
Let us train your audio team to record and duplicate messages on CD, USB, and MP3 so that you can spread the Word of God abroad.


text:
1Taxonomy and systematics
1.1Fossil record
1.2Generic relationships
1.3Species in taxonomic order
2Description
2.1Plumage
2.2Voice
3Distribution and habitat
3.1Range
3.2Ecology
3.3Movements
4Behavior
4.1Flight
4.2Roosting
4.3Sociality
5Breeding
5.1Courtship
5.2Nesting
5.3Egg-laying
5.4Incubation
5.5Chicks
6Feeding
6.1Foods
6.2Feeding methods
6.3Drinking
7Health and mortality
7.1Hygiene
7.2Parasites
7.3Predators
8Relationship with humans
8.1Mythology
8.2Introduction and translocation
8.3Domestication and aviculture
8.4Pests
8.5Research
9Status and conservation
9.1Land clearance
9.2Hunting
11Notes
12Sources
Tinamou
Family of birds
Temporal range: Miocene – Recent 10–0 Ma
Elegant crested tinamou (Eudromia elegans)
Infraclass: Palaeognathae
Clade: Notopalaeognathae
Order: Tinamiformes
Huxley, 1872[1]
Family: Tinamidae
G. R. Gray, 1840[1]
Tinamus major
Gmelin, 1789
Subfamily Tinaminae
Nothocercus
Crypturellus
Tinamus
Subfamily Nothurinae
Tinamotis
Eudromia
Rhynchotus
Nothoprocta
Nothura
Taoniscus
2 subfamilies, 9 genera, 47 species, 127 subspecies
Range of the family
Crypturidae Bonaparte, 1831
Tinamotidae Bonaparte, 1854
Eudromiidae Bonaparte, 1854
Rhynchotidae von Boetticher, 1934
Tinamous (/ˈtɪnəmuːz/) form an order of birds called Tinamiformes (/ˌtɪnəməˈfɔːrmiːz/), comprising a single family called Tinamidae (/təˈnæmədiː/), divided into two distinct subfamilies, containing 46 species found in Mexico, Central America, and South America. The word "tinamou" comes from the Galibi term for these birds, tinamu.[2] Tinamous have traditionally been regarded as the sister group of the flightless ratites, but recent work places them well within the ratite radiation, implying basal ratites could fly.[3] Tinamous first appear in the fossil record in the Miocene epoch. They are generally sedentary, ground-dwelling and, though not flightless, when possible avoid flight in favour of hiding or running away from danger. They are found in a variety of habitats, ranging from semi-arid alpine grasslands to tropical rainforests. The two subfamilies are broadly divided by habitat, with the Nothurinae referred to as steppe or open country tinamous, and the Tinaminae known as forest tinamous.
Although some species are quite common, tinamous are shy and secretive birds.[4] They are active during the day, retiring to roosts at night. They generally have cryptic plumage, with males and females similar in appearance, though the females are usually larger. They are opportunistic and omnivorous feeders, consuming a wide variety of plant and animal food from fruits and seeds to worms, insects and small vertebrates. They will dust-bathe as well as wash themselves by standing in heavy rain. They are heard more often than seen, communicating with each other by a variety of frequently given, characteristic calls, especially during the breeding season.
With occasional exceptions, a male tinamou maintains a territory and a nesting site during the breeding season which a succession of females will visit, laying their eggs in the same nest. Females will wander through several territories mating with, and laying eggs in the nests of, the resident males. Nests are always on the ground, concealed in vegetation or among rocks. Eggs are relatively large and glossy, often brightly colored when laid, and are incubated by the males for a period of 2–3 weeks. The chicks can run soon after hatching and are largely self-sufficient at three weeks old.
Tinamous and their eggs have many natural predators, from falcons and vampire bats to jaguars. They have also been extensively hunted by humans and sometimes persecuted as agricultural pests. However, the main threat to their populations is from habitat destruction through land clearing and agricultural development. Seven species are listed as vulnerable and another seven as near-threatened. They feature in the mythology of the indigenous peoples of their range. Often translocated and easily bred in captivity, they have never been successfully domesticated.
Taxonomy and systematics[edit]
The moas Dinornis robustus and Pachyornis elephantopus, tinamous' extinct ratite cousins from New Zealand
The tinamou family consists of 46 extant species in nine genera. The two subfamilies are the Nothurinae (also known as the Rhyncotinae), the steppe tinamous, and the Tinaminae, the forest tinamous.[5] "Tinamidae" was defined as by Gauthier and de Queiroz (2001): "Tinamidae refers to the crown clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of Tetrao [Tinamus] major Gmelin 1789 and all extant birds sharing a more recent ancestor with that species than with Struthio camelus Linnaeus 1758 and Vultur gryphus Linnaeus 1758."[6] Their similarity to other ground-dwelling birds such as partridges and megapodes is a result of convergence and symplesiomorphy rather than shared evolutionary innovations.
Of Gondwanan origin, tinamous are allied to the flightless ratites, together comprising the Palaeognathae ("old jaws"), while all other living birds are members of Neognathae ("new jaws"). Unlike other palaeognaths, tinamous do have a keeled sternum, but like the other palaeognaths, they have a distinctive palate.[7] It was formerly believed that the Tinamiformes separated from the ratites early on due to their retention of a keeled sternum.[8] The tinamous' possession of powder-down feathers and preen glands, which the other ratites lack, was another source of confusion in evaluating their taxonomy. The tinamou family has been shown to be monophyletic.[9] Phylogenomic studies have placed it as the sister group to extant Australasian and Oceanian ratites (i.e. the cassowaries, emus, and kiwis), thus putting it well within the ratite phylogenetic tree, with the South American rheas and African ostriches as successive outgroups.[9][10] Research published starting in 2010 has found that tinamous are closest to the extinct moa of New Zealand; moa are more distantly related to the geographically proximate kiwis, emus and cassowaries than had been previously supposed.[3][11][12][13] These findings imply that flightlessness evolved independently multiple times in ratite evolution. Flight may have been maintained in the tinamou family due to the rhea colonizing South America before ancestral tinamous arrived. The ecological niche for large, flightless herbivores was thus already occupied, forcing tinamous to retain smaller-bodied, omnivorous, and volant lifestyles.[12]
Fossil record[edit]
Flight-capable lithornithids from the Paleocene and Eocene epochs appear to have been structurally the most similar precursors to the tinamous, and may have been ancestral to them as well as to the ratites, though their precise relationships are unclear.[3][14] The earliest unequivocally Tinamiforme fossil material dates from the Miocene,[15] but flightless ratite-like taxa from the Paleocene may belong to this group.[16]
Several tinamou fossils have been found in the 16–17 Mya Early-Middle Miocene Santa Cruz Formation and the contemporary, or slightly older, Pinturas Formation, in Santa Cruz Province of Argentinian Patagonia, including a tinaminid, Crypturellus reai.[17] Associated fossils indicate that the local palaeoenvironment at the beginning of this period was characterised by a humid, subtropical climate, with forest vegetation, becoming drier and more open with time. Some of the tinamou fossil material appears to be intermediate between the two subfamilies, suggesting that the period coincides with the origins of the radiation of the Nothurinae into the expanding open-country habitats.[15][18]
Nothurine fossils referrable to Eudromia and Nothura have been found in the Late Miocene Cerro Azul Formation from the Pampean region of central-southern Argentina.[18] Tinamous described from Pliocene material include Eudromia olsoni Tambussi & Tonni, 1985, Nothura parvulus Rovereto, 1914, and Nothura padulosa Mercerat, 1897.[14] The Pliocene fossil genera Cayetornis Brodkorb and Tinamisornis Rovereto have been synonymized with Nothura and Eudromia respectively.[19] Fossils having affinities with several extant genera have been found in Pleistocene deposits.[17]
Generic relationships[edit]
Cladogram of tinamou genera based on a combination of morphological and molecular data analysed by Bertelli & Porzecanski (2004)[20]
Tinamidae
Tinaminae
Nothurinae
Species in taxonomic order[edit]
Great tinamou
Hooded tinamou
Cinereous tinamou
Red-winged tinamou
Brushland tinamou
White-bellied nothura
Patagonian tinamou
Main article: List of Tinamidae
Conservation status key:[21]
VU – vulnerable
NT – near threatened
LC – least concern
Order Tinamiformes Huxley 1872 [Crypturi Goodchild 1891; Dromaeomorphae Huxley 1867]
Family Tinamidae[22][23][24]
Genus †Querandiornis Rusconi 1958
†Querandiornis romani Rusconi 1958
Genus Crypturellus
†Crypturellus reai Chandler 2012
Barred tinamou, Crypturellus casiquiare – LC
Bartlett's tinamou, Crypturellus bartletti – LC
Berlepsch's tinamou, Crypturellus berlepschi – LC
Black-capped tinamou, Crypturellus atrocapillus – NT
Brazilian tinamou, Crypturellus strigulosus – LC
Brown tinamou, Crypturellus obsoletus – LC
Choco tinamou, Crypturellus kerriae – VU
Cinereous tinamou, Crypturellus cinereus – LC
Grey-legged tinamou, Crypturellus duidae – NT
Little tinamou, Crypturellus soui – LC
Pale-browed tinamou, Crypturellus transfasciatus – NT
Red-legged tinamou, Crypturellus erythropus – LC
Colombian tinamou, C. (e.) columbianus (taxonomic status presently unclear) SACC in 2006 did not approve the split, BLI followed suit.[25]
Magdalena tinamou, C. (e.) saltuarius (taxonomic status presently unclear) SACC in 2006 did not approve the split, BLI followed suit.[25]
Santa Marta tinamou, C. (e.) idoneus (taxonomic status presently unclear) SACC in 2006 did not approve the split, BLI followed suit.[25]
Rusty tinamou, Crypturellus brevirostris, also known as short-billed tinamou – LC
Slaty-breasted tinamou, Crypturellus boucardi, also known as Boucard's tinamou – LC
Small-billed tinamou, Crypturellus parvirostris – LC
Tataupa tinamou, Crypturellus tataupa – LC
Tepui tinamou, Crypturellus ptaritepui – LC
Thicket tinamou, Crypturellus cinnamomeus – LC
Undulated tinamou, Crypturellus undulatus – LC
Variegated tinamou, Crypturellus variegatus – LC
Yellow-legged tinamou, Crypturellus noctivagus – NT
Genus Nothocercus
Highland tinamou, Nothocercus bonapartei – LC
Hooded tinamou, Nothocercus nigrocapillus – VU
Tawny-breasted tinamou, Nothocercus julius – LC
Genus Tinamus
Black tinamou, Tinamus osgoodi – VU
Great tinamou, Tinamus major – NT
Grey tinamou, Tinamus tao – VU
Solitary tinamou, Tinamus solitarius – NT
White-throated tinamou, Tinamus guttatus – NT
Genus Eudromia
†Eudromia intermedia (Rovereto 1914) [Tinamisornis intermedius Rovereto 1914 non Dabbene & Lillo 1913; Roveretornis intermedius (Rovereto 1914) Brodkorb 1961]
†Eudromia olsoni Tambussi & Tonni 1985 [Tinamisornis intermedius Dabbene & Lillo 1913 non Rovereto 1914; Eudromia elegans intermedia (Dabbene & Lillo 1913)]
Elegant crested tinamou, Eudromia elegans – LC
Quebracho crested tinamou, Eudromia formosa – LC
Genus Nothoprocta
Andean tinamou, Nothoprocta pentlandii – LC
Brushland tinamou, Nothoprocta cinerascens – LC
Chilean tinamou, Nothoprocta perdicaria – LC
Curve-billed tinamou, Nothoprocta curvirostris – LC
Ornate tinamou, Nothoprocta ornata – LC
Taczanowski's tinamou, Nothoprocta taczanowskii – VU
Genus Nothura
Chaco nothura, Nothura chacoensis – LC
Darwin's nothura, Nothura darwinii – LC
Lesser nothura, Nothura minor – VU
†Nothura paludosa Mercerat 1897
†Nothura parvula (Rovereto) Tambussi 1989 [Tinamisornis parvulus Rovereto; Cayetanornis parvulus (Rovereto) Brodkorb 1963]
Spotted nothura, Nothura maculosa – LC
White-bellied nothura, Nothura boraquira – LC
Genus Rhynchotus
Huayco tinamou, Rhynchotus maculicollis – LC
Red-winged tinamou, Rhynchotus rufescens – LC
Genus Taoniscus
Dwarf tinamou, Taoniscus nanus, also known as least tinamou – VU
Genus Tinamotis
Patagonian tinamou, Tinamotis ingoufi, also known as Ingouf's tinamou – LC
Puna tinamou, Tinamotis pentlandii, also known as Pentland's tinamou – LC
Ventral view of the cranium of a red-winged tinamou
Tinamous are plump, compact birds with slender necks, small heads and, usually, short, decurved bills, though a few have long bills. Females are usually larger than the males.[26] The smallest species, the dwarf tinamou, weighs about 43 g (1.5 oz) with a length of 14.5 cm (5.7 in).[8] Females of the largest, the grey tinamou, weigh up to 2 kg (4.4 lb) with a length of up to 49 cm (19 in).[26] Their feet have three forward-facing toes; a hind toe is either higher and retrogressed, or absent. The back of the tarsus is covered with scales, the color of which may aid in identification.[27]
Tinamous have a pneumaticized skeleton with a sternal keel, 16–18 cervical vertebrae, and fused thoracic vertebrae.[14] They have poor circulation, evidenced by a greenish tint to the skin. They also have relatively the smallest hearts and lungs of all birds, comprising only 1.6–3.1% of their body weight, whereas the equivalent in a domestic chicken is 12%.[8] Despite their poor flying ability, the percentage of their body mass that is muscle is 28.6–40%, which is similar to that of hummingbirds.[27] The preen gland is small and tufted.[14] The male has a corkscrew shaped penis, similar to those of the other ratites and to the hemipenis of some reptiles. The female has a small phallic organ in the cloaca which becomes larger during the breeding season.[8]
Plumage[edit]
Elegant crested tinamou – one of the crested species
The plumage of the family is cryptic, as is usual with ground birds, with typical colors ranging through dark brown, rufous, buff, yellow and grey. Plumage does not usually differ between sexes, but in a few species females are brighter.[7] The forest dwellers tend to be darker and more uniform, whereas the steppe species are paler with more barring, speckling, or streaking.[8] Tinamous have well-developed powder down feathers; these grow continuously and disintegrate at the tips into a powder that is spread through the rest of the feathers by preening. This gives the plumage a glossy appearance as well as waterproofing it. Their tails are short, sometimes hidden behind the coverts, and possibly indicative of an ability to sacrifice feathers to a predator in order to escape when grasped.[8] Some tinamous have crests. Members of Eudromia have the most developed crests and, when excited, will direct them forward.[8]
Voice[edit]
Andean tinamou (1m 16s)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Andean tinamou (16s)
Tinamous are rarely seen but often heard within their range and have a wide variety of calls.[7] They are among the most characteristic bird vocalizations of South America and Central America, often resembling sounds made by a flute or a whistle. Some calls are uniform and monotone, while others have multiple phrases. They vary in intensity and can often be heard from afar. Trying to locate a bird by its call is not easy.
Plains-dwelling tinamous have higher-pitched, more delicate voices. They can also be less melodic, sometimes resembling the chirps of crickets. Forest species tend to have deep, loud calls, suitable for penetrating the vegetation. The male highland tinamou can be heard several kilometres distant through dense forest. When calling, a tinamou extends its neck vertically, tilts its head at an angle, and opens its bill wide.[27] A bird, when flushed, will utter a sharp trill.
Identification of tinamous is not an easy task; utilizing their calls as a tool is integral. Each species has its own unique call or calls. The solitary tinamou has 11 different vocalizations.[8] In most species both sexes call; some have different calls for males and females. Females tend to have deeper voices. Some species, in particular members of Crypturellus, have regional dialects. Male slaty-breasted tinamous have calls unique enough to be individually recognized by humans.[8]
Calls are typically heard more frequently during the breeding season. However, the time of day can differ amongst species, as some are more vocal in the morning, others in the evening, and some are more vocal during the heat of midday. Some will call at night from their roosts.[27] Frequency can vary between species and between individuals. One male brushland tinamou called every few minutes from dawn until dusk (over 500 calls daily).[8] Some, in particular Crypturellus species, use regular call sites. Only a few possess an alarm call.[27]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Range[edit]
Tinamous are exclusively neotropical and all 47 species live in South America, Mexico, and Central America. The range of the northernmost species extends to Mexico but not much further north than the Tropic of Cancer. Chilean tinamous have been introduced to Easter Island.[28] The greatest concentration of species is in the tropics, and in particular the Amazon Basin.[8] In the north, they tend to be forest or woodland birds, while in the south they prefer open habitats. Tinamous form the dominant group of terrestrial birds in South America, where they largely replace the Galliformes ecologically, with no other bird family there having comparable diversity, distribution, or suite of habitat adaptations.[8] Rheas are only found in open country, curassows and guans are generally limited to forests, and the pheasant family is only represented by a few species in the north of the region.
They occur in a wide range of habitats. Members of the genera Tinamus, Nothocercus, and Crypturellus live in dense forests, with Nothocercus preferring high altitude, and members of most other genera in grassland, puna, montane forest, and savanna. Tinamotis and Nothoprocta prefer high altitude habitats,[7] up to 5,000 m (16,000 ft),[8] whereas the other steppe tinamous have a wide altitude range. Tinamous inhabit most parts of South and Central America, as well as the tropical regions of Mexico, with the exception of aquatic, snow-covered, and true desert habitats, and the southernmost tip of Patagonia.
Ecology[edit]
Darwin's nothura occupies high altitude grasslands
Behavioral and ecological separation of tinamou species is evident where their ranges overlap through the utilization of different food sources and occupation of limited micro-habitats. These micro-habitats are not always easy to identify, and are highly vulnerable to environmental changes. Some species, such as the red-winged tinamou, utilize multiple habitats such as the open savannas of Amazonia and the dry valleys of the Andes. Similarly, brown tinamous occur in both the Amazon basin and the humid montane forests on the Andean slope.[8]
Panama provides examples of ecological separation. The highland tinamou occupies the highlands throughout the country. The great tinamou prefers the rainforests on the slopes. The Choco tinamou also likes the rainforest, but is limited to the south-east of the country. Finally, the little tinamou is found in dense secondary forest on either the Pacific or Atlantic slope above 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Size difference allows the red-winged tinamou and the spotted nothura to coexist, as they both occupy the same habitat of Brazil, the tropical savanna. The former prefers long grass pastures, while the latter prefers short grass.[8]
Further examples of such diversity are found in the Andes, where a small subspecies of Darwin's nothura, Nothura darwinii boliviana, occurs in grassland at about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level. Here also are the red-winged tinamou which prefers open ground with some scrub, and the Andean tinamou which prefers dense vegetation beside streams. Their habitat extends upslope through the Polylepis woodlands into puna grassland. In the puna is another subspecies of Darwin's nothura, Nothura darwinii agassizii, which prefers tussock grassland. Also in the puna is the ornate tinamou which frequents the rocky slopes and cliffs of tola heath. Higher in the puna is the puna tinamou, living just below the snowline at 5,300 m (17,400 ft) as well as in the semi-deserts of the southern Altiplano.[8]
Movements[edit]
Slaty-breasted tinamous are found in tropical lowland forests
Tinamous are largely sedentary birds. Forest-dwelling tinamous will move short distances if climatic conditions, such as intense rain, flooding or drought force them to. Most Amazonian species will move between the varzea forests and dry land depending on water levels. The puna tinamou occupies high ridges in the Andes but, in bad weather, will move down to the valley floors.
Forest species, such as the slaty-breasted tinamou, maintain large home ranges through which they move in apparently random patterns. The male brushland tinamou maintains a home territory of 20 ha (49 acres), but will occasionally wander outside it into those of his neighbors. Females will wander throughout multiple males' territories. The ornate tinamou lives mainly upslope in hilly puna grassland but will move each morning to the bottom of the slopes to feed and drink. Granivorous species will move daily into grain fields with some, such as Darwin's nothura, remaining in the fields until there is no food left. Open country and southern species maintain territories only during the breeding season and at other times seem to wander at random.[8]
Behavior[edit]
Tinamous form one of the most terrestrial groups of flying birds, spending virtually all of their time on the ground. They walk silently, pausing frequently in mid-stride. When a potential threat is detected, a tinamou will typically freeze in one of two positions, either crouched or with its neck extended upwards.[8] As far as possible, they will avoid resorting to flight by stealthy walking or running away from danger as well as by concealment in dense vegetation. They may then pause to observe the cause of their alarm from cover.[8] They also hide in burrows.[8] Their cryptic behavior has allowed them to survive or even thrive in areas where guans have been extirpated.
Flight[edit]
Unlike the related ratites, tinamous can fly, though poorly and reluctantly, preferring to walk or run. When forced to take to the air, they do so only for short distances at high speed. Their small wings give them a high wing loading. They take off with rapid and noisy wing beats, until they have gained sufficient altitude, then glide while slipping sideways, with an occasional further burst of flapping.[7] Due to their near lack of a tail to serve as rudder or counterweight, tinamous are notoriously poor at steering. They regularly crash into objects on attempting to take off, sometimes with fatal consequences. They rarely fly more than 150 m (490 ft) and typically do so downslope where the terrain allows. They land in an upright position with upstretched neck.[8] Some species will land running. The brushland tinamou will perform a sharp 90° turn immediately before touching down.[8]
Roosting[edit]
Many of the larger tinamous, like this great tinamou roost in trees at night.
Although tinamous are diurnal, many species become less active in the middle of the day. They rest or feed during this period, while during the night they will cease all activity. They are wary of the dark; they roost at night and have been known to roost during solar eclipses. Roosting of the larger forest species, such as those in Tinamus, occurs in trees. They prefer horizontal branches approximately 2–5 m (6.6–16.4 ft) off the ground, choosing sites with good views and clear exits. In order to minimize the effort involved in ascending to their roosts, in hilly terrain they will access them from uphill and, when threatened, will fly downhill to gain more distance from the threat.
Tinamous prefer thick branches on which to roost as they do not clutch the branch with their toes, but rest on it with folded legs.[8] They will reuse the same locations and avoid defecating nearby to avoid advertising the roost site to predators. The smaller forest species, along with the steppe tinamous, will roost on the ground, sometimes in the shelter of a bush. They will also use the same location repeatedly; known examples are the elegant crested and ornate tinamous.
Sociality[edit]
Puna tinamou group
Tinamous, depending on the species, may be solitary or social and gather in groups. Gregariousness also varies by season. Forest species tend to be solitary and may only approach other birds during the breeding season. Some live as mated pairs throughout the year. Steppe or grassland species tend to live in groups, though with little obvious group interaction apart from an occasional contact call. Group size may vary by season; in winter, aggregations of elegant crested tinamous may approach 100 birds.[8]
Both steppe and forest species are territorial, though territoriality varies between species from being characteristic only during the breeding season, to being territorial throughout the year. When defending their territories from conspecifics, tinamous are highly vocal, creating a cacophony of sound. When an intruder is noticed, birds of the same sex will confront it. This may lead to conflict, with feet and wings being used in attack. Both males and females will defend their territories; however, in each species only one sex is fiercely territorial.
Breeding[edit]
The variegated tinamou has an asymmetrical sex ratio, with more females than males
In most tinamou species, the males practice simultaneous polygyny and the females sequential polyandry.[7] This is not invariable; ornate tinamous form stable pairs, and spotted nothuras are monogamous when young and polygamous when older.[8] There are larger numbers of females than males; for example, the variegated tinamou has a female to male ratio of 4:1.[8]
The breeding season varies from species to species; those that live in tropical forests, where there is little seasonal change, may breed at any time, though there is usually a preferred period. In areas with a marked seasonal fluctuation, tinamous generally breed when food is most abundant, which is usually summer.[8] Studies have shown that it is not day length that determines the onset of breeding, but the amount of light, through cloud cover.[27]
Courtship[edit]
The courtship process starts with the male vocally advertising his abilities with continuous calling. He will try to attract multiple females. In Tinamus species the male will lower his chest to the ground, stretch his neck forward, and fluff up his back to appear larger than normal. When observed head on, all of the bird's back is in view while the under-tail coverts are exposed, a pose similar to that used by the rhea.[8] The female will scratch her feet on the ground as part of the ritual.[27]
Nesting[edit]
Tinamous always nest on the ground; in open areas, near a bush; in scrub, in a dense patch of grass; in forest, at the base of a tree trunk between the buttresses. The highland tinamou is unique in that it sites its nest in a cavity or under an overhanging rock on a steep slope.[8] Many species do not build a nest, choosing to lay their eggs on a thin bed of leaves. Other species do construct nests and are meticulous in doing so. The nest of the ornate tinamou is circular and made of grass on a turf surface. The male brushland tinamou starts to scrape out a nest once copulation has occurred; several may be constructed though only one is used.[8]
Egg-laying[edit]
Egg colors
Eggs of the white-throated tinamou...
...and of the spotted nothura
A tinamou female lays several eggs which the male incubates while the female departs to seek another mate. Large species will lay one egg every 3–4 days, while the smaller ones lay on consecutive days. The females lay eggs in multiple nests throughout the nesting season.[8]
There may be as many as 16 eggs in a clutch, a consequence of several females laying in the same nest. The more mature male will attract more females and may have the eggs of up to four females under him. The variegated and ornate tinamous have single-female nests, and consequently only one or two eggs per nest. This may result from food shortage in their ranges and the consequent ability to care for only one or two chicks.
The eggs are fairly deeply colored, usually in a single color, and have a hard porcelain-like gloss. Colors vary with species, ranging through green, purple, violet, turquoise, steel grey, chocolate and lemon-yellow. White is rare, but does occur. Though the eggs are bright and colorful when laid, over time they fade and become duller. For example, the egg of the red-winged tinamou dulls from purple to leaden. Most tinamou eggs are solid colored, without spots or speckling; however, the eggs of Tinamotis species may exhibit small white speckles. The benefit of laying brightly colored eggs is unknown, but is not detrimental as most tinamou predators hunt at night.
Eggs are relatively large compared to the mass of the female, though even the largest birds produce eggs very similar in size to the smallest of species. Their shapes are either spherical or elliptical; the two ends are similar in shape, and difficult to distinguish. The shells are thin enough to see the embryos within.
Incubation[edit]
Incubation takes about 16 days in Crypturellus, which contains the smallest species, and 19–20 days in Tinamus and Eudromia.[8] During this period the male is typically silent; if he does call, he does so away from the nest. As he incubates, he will leave the nest to feed, and he may be gone from 45 minutes to five hours, covering the eggs when he leaves.[8] While incubating, he is mainly motionless and reluctant to move, even from potential danger. It is possible for a human observer to approach and touch the incubating male without eliciting an overt response. Some species will flatten themselves against the ground, stretch out their necks, and raise their backs to the air. This posture causes them to resemble a plant; however, if it is overdone, the eggs become visible from behind.[8]
If the male becomes alarmed enough to leave the nest, he will attempt a distraction display. This usually involves a fake injury display, similar to that of the killdeer. To do this, he will hop on one leg and attempt to fly, always falling down. He will perform this display if the eggs have not hatched or the chicks are still too young to fly. It is generally believed that tinamous are not as effective at distraction displays as other birds.[8]
Chicks[edit]
Juvenile undulated tinamou in captivity
Chicks hatch synchronously with a dense downy coat. The coloring is white, grey or yellow, with dark spots to aid in camouflage.[8] The young are precocial, and can run almost as soon as they hatch. Soon after hatching the eggs, the male will leave the nest and call the chicks to him with a soft contact call. If threatened, he will freeze and attempt to hide the chicks under his wings or belly. There have been documented cases of females caring for the young; it is thought that this occurs when the male has been killed.[27] Young chicks can feed themselves within the first few days, but the male will bring the food and drop it on the ground in front of them. The chicks have a high initial mortality rate. However, within a few days they are chasing insects on their own and, at 1–3 weeks, they can fly to branches a metre from the ground.[8] They are self-sufficient within 20 days.[7]
By 20 days, the young slaty-breasted tinamou has gained adult size, though not adult weight. The spotted nothura will go from 10% of adult weight to 90% within 85 days, and the red-winged tinamou will do so in 108 days. Sexual maturity comes at the age of one year, although some species may be physiologically mature by 57 days. However, some behavior may need to be learned before the birds can breed successfully.[8]
Once done with the brood the male, if still within the breeding season, will seek out another female and initiate the cycle again. Studies have shown that 54–62% of breeding female spotted nothura are first-year birds.
Feeding[edit]
Foods[edit]
Tinamous are opportunistic feeders and eat a wide range of foods, though each species varies in proportional dietary makeup. Tinamou genera can be roughly divided into three groups based on the vegetable component of their diets. Tinamus, Nothocercus and Crypturellus focus on fleshy fruit. Nothura, Nothoprocta and Eudromia, comprising open country birds, eat mainly seeds and other soft vegetative matter. High-altitude genera living in harsh environments, such as Tinamotis, will eat most of the plant, not just the succulent parts.[8]
Most species eat a mixture of plant and animal products, though some are mainly herbivorous and others predominantly insectivorous or carnivorous. Diet may also vary seasonally; red-winged tinamous eat mostly animal food in the summer and plant matter in the winter. Chicks eat more insects than their parents, probably for their growth needs.
Consumed plant material includes fruit (either fallen or on the tree), seeds, green shoots, tender leavers, buds, flowers, tender stems, roots, and tubers. Much of the animal food consists of insects, including ants, termites, beetles, grasshoppers, hemiptera, and lepidopteran larvae, as well as gastropods, mollusks, worms, and small vertebrates, such as amphibians and reptiles. Larger species will eat small mammals.[8]
Feeding methods[edit]
Food is taken mainly off the ground but also off the vine. The birds may jump for fruit or, as with the Crypturellus species, jump up to a metre in height for insects. The main foraging technique is a slow walk with head down, pecking at the ground and looking up occasionally.[8] Small animals are eaten whole, larger ones are beaten against the ground or pecked. Bills rather than feet are used to probe leaf litter[8] and sift through soil 2 to 3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) deep.[4][7]
The most frequent diggers are Rhynchotus, Nothura and Nothoprocta species, which are open country birds. They have their nostrils positioned at the base of the bills, a feature thought to be an adaptation to their digging. As with most birds, they swallow grit to aid their gizzards in digestion. Some species follow army ants, eating from the disturbance created. Others feed in the company of antbirds, formicariids, and ovenbirds. Nothura species, in particular, will follow livestock and eat the ticks that fall off them as well as the insects knocked off bushes as they pass.[8]
Drinking[edit]
Water is required by most tinamou species, with some needing a good source within their home territory. Solitary tinamous can withstand an extended period without water by eating more succulent plants. However, species that live in arid or semi-arid climates rarely need any water additional to that ingested with their diet. When tinamous drink, unlike most other birds, they do so by sucking and swallowing, instead of lifting their heads and letting gravity do the work.[8]
Health and mortality[edit]
Hygiene[edit]
Tinamous are avid bathers. During heavy rain they may stand erect with their bill pointing skyward allowing the rain to wash over them.[27] They will dust-bathe at regular intervals, and have been known to dust-bathe often enough to tint themselves the same color as the soil. They also sunbathe, and will do so while resting on one leg with an outstretched wing. Defecation for a tinamou is a slightly involved task as it must move aside the dense plumage that surrounds the cloaca to avoid soiling itself. Captive tinamous defecate once daily.[8]
Parasites[edit]
There are over 240 species of bird lice that infest tinamous, with one individual bird recorded as hosting nine species. Blood parasites include louse flies, leeches, nematodes, cestodes, armadillo ticks, mites, and trematodes. Darwin's nothura may carry a malarial plasmodium.[27]
Predators[edit]
Tayras prey on tropical forest tinamous.
Tinamou predators include cats, foxes, raccoons, skunks, weasels, tayras, rats, peccaries, and opossums. Legend speaks of jaguars that imitate the call to trick and catch them.[8][27] Nests are vulnerable to snakes, monkeys and opossums. Giant anteaters have been seen on Marajo Island breaking tinamou eggs. Forest falcons and orange-breasted falcons have been seen hunting them, and vampire bats lap their blood.[27]
Relationship with humans[edit]
Mythology[edit]
Tinamous have established themselves in the folklore and histories of the indigenous people of South America and Central America. Forest tribes of Brazil and Colombia believe the jaguar imitates the call of the great tinamou in order to track and eat it. A tale from the Guahibo Indians tells of a young man traveling by canoe who tried to locate a calling tinamou. As he approached the bank he became suspicious at the harshness of the call and backed away just as a jaguar burst out of the vegetation.
Panamanian tradition states that after the "Great Flood", the great tinamou grew frightened of the bright colors in the rainbow. He flew away from the rainbow, the ark, and the rest of the animals, heading for the darkest part of the forest, where he has remained ever since.
A Brazilian legend explains of the separation of the red-winged tinamou and the undulated tinamou. The story starts off with how inseparable the two birds were, as they did everything together. One day they got into an argument and split up. The undulated tinamou went into the deepest dark of the forest, and the red-winged tinamou wanting to be different went to the grassy plains. One day, the undulated tinamou was feeling sad and lonely, went to the forest's edge and called his old friend. "Shall we make up?" he cries. The red-winged tinamou responds with "What me, never again". This story is meant to show that they are often heard but seldom seen.
Introduction and translocation[edit]
Chilean tinamous have been introduced to Easter Island.
During the 20th century there were numerous attempts to introduce or reintroduce tinamous to various parts of the world. The red-winged tinamou has been reintroduced to the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where its wild population was hunted to extermination at the turn of the 20th century. France, Germany, and Hungary have all, unsuccessfully, attempted to introduce them into their countryside.
There have been several unsuccessful attempts to introduce tinamous to the United States. In Oregon, between 1966 and 1974, 473 ornate tinamous and 110 red-winged tinamou were brought in. In 1966 and 1971, Florida introduced 128 spotted nothura. In 1969, 47 and 136 spotted nothura were introduced to Alabama and Texas. 1970 saw Colorado and Oklahoma introducing 164 and 100 Darwin's nothura respectively. In 1971, Nebraska brought 256 elegant crested tinamou, and California introduced 217 in 1969, and 1200 between 1971 and 1977. The 1885 introduction of Chilean tinamou to Easter Island was successful, though the population has not prospered since Chimango caracaras were introduced in 1928.
Domestication and aviculture[edit]
The small-billed tinamou has been considered a suitable candidate for domestication
No tinamou species has been successfully domesticated so far, despite their ability to breed well in captivity. The red-winged tinamou has been bred on farms in France, Great Britain, Belgium, and Denmark. They, along with some of the Crypturellus species, are being bred in Rio Grande do Sul to boost numbers for hunting. Hybridization can occur.
Many South American zoos hold tinamous, as do some private estates. Examples of captive breeding are small-billed tinamou in Minas Gerais and red-winged tinamou in Rio Grande do Sul. The small-billed tinamou has looked promising for domestication as the birds can raise 3–4 broods per year and are resistant to diseases that affect domestic chickens.[27]
Pests[edit]
Several species have adapted to agricultural systems and will enter grain fields after the harvest to glean the ground; they will also enter the fields during the growing season, to the dismay of the farmers. Some, in particular the ornate and Andean tinamous, will dig up tubers such as potatoes, while red-winged tinamous create similar problems in peanut plantations. However, some members of Nothoprocta will prey on insect pests without damaging the crops. Spotted nothuras have been documented eating weeds and, of the 28 animals they were recorded as eating, 26 were considered to be pests.[8]
Research[edit]
The Tinamiformes are one of the least studied orders of birds despite tinamous exhibiting rare and little understood behavioral patterns. They have male parental care which is not always associated with polyandry or sex-role reversal. Their varied mating systems and diverse habitats have the potential, through comparative studies, to explain how ecological differences affect mating strategies. In some species, females cooperate in assembling clutches of eggs for different males. However, methodological difficulties have hampered behavioral research, especially on the forest dwelling species, because their secretive behavior and cryptic coloration make them difficult to follow for continuous observation.[29] It was not until 2003 that the first scientific symposium on tinamous was organized at the VIIth Neotropical Ornithological Congress, held at Termas de Puyehue, Chile.[26]
Status and conservation[edit]
The solitary tinamou is listed under CITES
See also: List of Tinamiformes by population
The status of the family is not easy to determine as many species live in the Amazon Basin or the far reaches of the Andes and attract little attention, even from ornithologists. Moreover, their cryptic coloration and behavior means that their presence often remains unnoticed. A large proportion of the species are Amazonian, with the majority of these decreasing in range. Most, however, are surviving well enough so far to avoid being classified as threatened.
Major threats are habitat fragmentation and destruction.[7] Although they are hunted throughout their range, it generally has little or only localized impact on the populations of the more widespread and common species.[7] Pesticides are a problem throughout the grasslands and farmlands.[27] The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies seven tinamou species as vulnerable and seven as near threatened.[30] The solitary tinamou is listed under Appendix I of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).[26]
Land clearance[edit]
Dwarf tinamous have been badly affected by pastoral management
The major threat for the forest tinamous is deforestation. Neotropical forests are badly affected, with large tracts being clearcut for cropping, pasture or timber plantations. Much of this land is poor in nutrients, so is abandoned after a few years for newly cleared land. Forest species are consequently forced to adapt, relocate, or die out.[8] As well as the forests, most types of habitat in Middle and South America, apart from the high Andes and Patagonia, are under threat. There is controversy over the vegetative history with speculation that what is now high-altitude grassland in the Andes was once elfin forest.[8]
The dwarf tinamou is a resident of the open plains of eastern Brazil, though there are fewer than 10,000 birds left. It appears to have disappeared from its former range on the grasslands of Argentina and Paraguay.[31] In the cerrado grasslands of Brazil the population of the lesser nothura has also decreased to fewer than 10,000 individuals because of agricultural and economic development.[32] The practice of burning the fields is particularly detrimental to grassland tinamous. For example, the dwarf tinamou becomes intoxicated with the smoke and vulnerable to predators.[8] Moreover, if the burning occurs during the nesting season, the eggs or chicks are roasted.[27]
The solitary tinamou, limited to the Atlantic forests of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, is threatened by habitat destruction and hunting.[8] In the cloud forests of northern South America, there are fewer than 10,000 black tinamous left. The tepui tinamou's range is limited to the tops of a handful of plateaus in the cloud forests of Venezuela, making it highly vulnerable to any threat.[8]
Hunting[edit]
Spotted nothuras are still extensively hunted.
Tinamous have been popular game birds for many years in South America and Central America, so much so that some species' numbers have dropped. The steppe birds are more popular to hunt because they can be flushed into flight, rather than the forest birds that run to cover and hide. In the late 19th and early 20th century hunting was responsible for mass killing within the family, with the elegant crested tinamou and spotted nothura popular targets. In 1921, Argentina urged the control of commercial hunting of several bird species, including tinamou.
Between 1890 and 1899, in Buenos Aires alone, 18 million tinamou were sold in meat markets.[8] They were also marketed in North America as "South American partridge". One shipment alone comprised 360,000 birds. Frank Chapman of the American Museum of Natural History helped raise awareness about the rate of exploitation and its potential impact on the populations of the species.[8] Eventually, the USA banned the importation of the birds.
Hunting pressures remain, though at a reduced level. For example, 25,000–40,000 spotted nothura are killed annually through legal hunting, not counting poaching. Although some grassland species have increased in both range and numbers, they remain vulnerable to hunting with the use of dogs to flush them. Native peoples also are involved in the killing tinamou for meat, catching them in nooses or traps after imitating their calls. A family of seven in Ceará will consume 60 nothura per year.[27] Tinamou species are among the most commonly harvested birds by subsistence hunting in the Americas.[26]
Some species are highly vulnerable to illegal hunting, or poaching. In Brazil, illegal hunts take place at night by torchlight. The use of flutes to imitate the calls during the breeding season to lure the birds into the open can result in local extermination. Overall, there is a lack of adequate controls in place to ensure sustainable hunting, as well as insufficient resources and determination to enforce existing regulations.[8]
Tinamou egg of Darwin's collection
^ a b Brands 2020
^ Gotch 1995, p. 182
^ a b c Phillips et al. 2010
^ a b Davies 1991, p. 48
^ Brown 2007
^ Gauthier & de Queiroz 2001
^ a b c d e f g h i j Davies 2003
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Cabot et al. 1992
^ a b Harshman et al. 2008
^ Hackett et al. 2008
^ Allentoft & Rawlence 2012
^ a b Mitchell et al. 2014
^ Baker et al. 2014
^ a b c d Howard 2003
^ a b Bertelli & Chiappe 2005
^ Agnolin; et al. (2016). "Unexpected diversity of ratites (Aves, Palaeognathae) in the early Cenozoic of South America: palaeobiogeographical implications". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 41: 1–11. doi:10.1080/03115518.2016.1184898. S2CID 132516050.
^ a b Chandler 2012
^ a b Cenizo, Tambussi & Montalvo 2012
^ Farmer 1985, p. 107
^ Bertelli & Porzecanski 2004
^ Birdlife International 2013
^ "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Paleofile.com (net, info). Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Çınar, Ümüt (November 2015). "01 → Pᴀʟᴇᴏɢɴᴀᴛʜᴀᴇ : Sᴛʀᴜᴛʜɪᴏɴɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Rʜᴇɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Cᴀsᴜᴀʀɪɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Aᴘᴛᴇʀʏɢɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Aᴇᴘʏᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Dɪɴᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Lɪᴛʜᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Tɪɴᴀᴍɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs & Rᴇfᴇʀᴇɴᴄᴇs". English Names of Birds. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Brodkob, Pierce (1963). "Catalogue of fossil birds 1- Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes". Biological Sciences, Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. 7 (4): 180–293. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ a b c Remsen & Donegan 2008
^ a b c d e University of Georgia 2008
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sick 1993
^ Jaramillo et al. 2008
^ Brennan 2004
^ IUCN (2012)
^ BirdLife International 2019.
Allentoft, M. E.; Rawlence, N. J. (2012-01-20). "Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 194 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002. PMID 21596537.
Baker, A. J.; Haddrath, O.; McPherson, J. D.; Cloutier, A. (2014). "Genomic Support for a Moa-Tinamou Clade and Adaptive Morphological Convergence in Flightless Ratites". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1686–1696. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu153. PMID 24825849.
Bertelli, Sara; Chiappe, Luis M. (2005). "Earliest tinamous (Aves: Palaeognathae) from the Miocene of Argentina and their phylogenetic position" (PDF). Contributions in Science. 502: 1–20. doi:10.5962/p.226787. ISSN 0459-8113. S2CID 195419766.
Bertelli, Sara; Porzecanski, Ana Luz (2004). "Tinamou (Tinamidae) systematics: a preliminary combined analysis of morphology and molecules" (PDF). Ornitologia Neotropical. 15 (Suppl.): 293–299.
Birdlife International, ed. (2013). "Species status: Tinamidae". BirdLife data zone. BirdLife International. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
BirdLife International (2018). "Lesser Nothura: Nothura minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22678280A131286087. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678280A131286087.en. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
BirdLife International (2019). "Dwarf Tinamou: Taoniscus nanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22678286A142255701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22678286A142255701.en. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
Brands, Sheila (2020). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Monotypic taxon: Order Tinamiformes". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
Brennan, Patricia L. R. (2004). "Techniques for studying the behavioural ecology of forest-dwelling tinamous (Tinamidae)". Orntitologia Neotropical. 15 (Suppl.): 329–337.
Brown, Joseph W. (June 2007). "Tinamidae: Tinamous". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 18 Mar 2009.
Cabot, J.; Carboneras, C.; Folch, A.; de Juanca, E.; Llimona, F.; Matheu, E. (1992). "Tinamiformes". In del Hoyo, J. (ed.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8487334108.
Cenizo, Marcus Martín; Tambussi, Claudia Patricia; Montalvo, Claudia Inés (2012). "Late Miocene continental birds from the Cerro Azul Formation in the Pampean region (central-southern Argentina)". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 36 (1): 47–68. doi:10.1080/03115518.2011.582806. S2CID 129767251.
Chandler, Robert M. (2012). "A New Species of Tinamou (Aves: Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) from the Early-Middle Miocene of Argentina" (PDF). PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 9 (2): 1–8. ISSN 1567-2158.
Davies, S. J. J. F. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London, UK: Merehurst Press. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6.
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003). "Tinamous". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8: Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-0-7876-5784-0.
Farmer, Donald, ed. (1985). Avian Biology. Vol. 8. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0323157995.
Gauthier, J.; de Queiroz, K. (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves"" (PDF). In Gauthier, J.; Gall, L. F. (eds.). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. The Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. pp. 7–41. ISBN 978-0-912532-57-8.
Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Tinamous". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. London, UK: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-3377-5.
Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history". Science. 320 (1763): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
Harshman, John; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Hackett, Shannon J.; Han, Kin-Lan; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Reddy, Sushma; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Steppan, Scott J.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008). "Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (36): 13462–13467. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10513462H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803242105. PMC 2533212. PMID 18765814.
Howard, Laura (2003). "Tinamiformes (on-line)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
IUCN, ed. (2012). "Table 4a: Red List Category summary for all animal classes and orders" (PDF). IUCN. Retrieved Feb 6, 2013.
Jaramillo, A.; Johnson, M. T. J.; Rothfels, C. R.; Johnson, R. A. (2008). "The native and exotic avifauna of Easter Island: then and now" (PDF). Boletin Chileno de Ornitologia. 14: 8–21.
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (2014-05-23). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution" (PDF). Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..898M. doi:10.1126/science.1251981. hdl:2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.
Phillips, Matthew J.; Gibb, Gillian C.; Crimp, Elizabeth A.; Penny, David (2010). "Tinamous and Moa Flock Together: Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Analysis Reveals Independent Losses of Flight among Ratites". Systematic Biology. 59 (1): 90–107. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp079. PMID 20525622.
Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Donegan, Thomas (2008). "Classification of birds of South America Part 01". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. p. Proposal 209–211. Retrieved 4 Feb 2009.
Sick, H. (1993). Birds in Brazil, a Natural History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691085692.
University of Georgia (2008). "Ecology". Tinamou Research Group. University of Georgia. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
Wikispecies has information related to Tinamiformes.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tinamidae.
Tinamou videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Birds (class: Aves)
Dactyly
Preen gland
Plumage
Sexual selection
Lek mating
Seabird breeding
Brood parasites
Origin of birds
Theropoda
Origin of flight
Evolution of birds
Darwin's finches
Fossil birds
Omnivoropterygiformes
Confuciusornithiformes
Enantiornithes
Chaoyangiformes
Patagopterygiformes
Ambiortiformes
Songlingornithiformes
Hongshanornithidae
Gansuiformes
Ichthyornithiformes
Hesperornithes
Lithornithiformes
Dinornithiformes
Aepyornithiformes
Gastornithiformes
Ornithomancy
Big year
Bird feeding
Cockfighting
Pheasantry
Egg collecting
Families and orders
Glossary of bird terms
List by population
Lists by region
Recently extinct birds
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Notable birds
Palaeognathae
Struthioniformes (ostriches)
Rheiformes (rheas)
Tinamiformes (tinamous)
Apterygiformes (kiwis)
Casuariiformes (emus and cassowaries)
Galloanserae
(fowls)
(waterfowls)
(ducks)
Anatinae
Aythyini
Mergini
Oxyurini
Anserinae
true geese
Dendrocygninae
Stictonettinae
Tadorninae
Anhimidae
Anhima
Chauna
Anseranatidae
Anseranas
(landfowls-
gamebirds)
Cracidae
Cracinae
Oreophasinae
Penelopinae
Megapodidae
Aepypodius
Alectura
Eulipoa
Leipoa
Macrocephalon
Megapodius
Talegalla
Numididae
Acryllium
Agelastes
Guttera
Numida
Odontophoridae
Callipepla
Colinus
Cyrtonyx
Dactylortyx
Dendrortyx
Odontophorus
Oreortyx
Philortyx
Rhynchortyx
Meleagridinae (turkeys)
Perdicinae
Phasianinae (pheasants and relatives)
Tetraoninae
Neoaves
Columbea
Columbimorphae
Columbiformes (doves and pigeons)
Mesitornithiformes (mesites)
Pterocliformes (sandgrouse)
Mirandornithes
Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)
Podicipediformes (grebes)
Passerea
Otidimorphae
Cuculiformes (cuckoos)
Musophagiformes (turacos)
Otidiformes (bustards)
Strisores
Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and relatives)
Steatornithiformes
Podargiformes
Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds)
Opisthocomiformes
Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)
Cursorimorphae
Charadriiformes (gulls and relatives)
Gruiformes (cranes and relatives)
Phaethontimorphae
Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds)
Eurypygiformes (kagu and sunbittern)
Aequornithes
Gaviiformes (loons or divers)
Sphenisciformes (penguins)
Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels)
Ciconiiformes (storks)
Suliformes (cormorants and relatives)
Pelecaniformes (pelicans and relatives)
Australaves
Cariamiformes (seriemas and relatives)
Falconiformes (falcons and relatives)
Psittaciformes (parrots)
Passeriformes (perching birds)
Afroaves
Cathartiformes (New World vultures and condors)
Accipitriformes (eagles and hawks)
Strigiformes (owls)
Coliiformes (mousebirds)
Trogoniformes (trogons and quetzals)
Leptosomiformes (cuckoo-roller)
Bucerotiformes (hornbills and hoopoes)
Coraciiformes (kingfishers and rollers)
Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives)
WikiProject
Tinamous (order: Tinamiformes · family: Tinamidae)
White-throated tinamou
Grey tinamou
Solitary tinamou
Black tinamou
Highland tinamou
Tawny-breasted tinamou
Berlepsch's tinamou
Little tinamou
Tepui tinamou
Brown tinamou
Undulated tinamou
Pale-browed tinamou
Brazilian tinamou
Grey-legged tinamou
Red-legged tinamou
Magdalena tinamou
Santa Marta tinamou
Colombian tinamou
Yellow-legged tinamou
Black-capped tinamou
Thicket tinamou
Slaty-breasted tinamou
Choco tinamou
Variegated tinamou
Rusty tinamou
Bartlett's tinamou
Small-billed tinamou
Barred tinamou
Tataupa tinamou
Huayco tinamou
Taczanowski's tinamou
Ornate tinamou
Chilean tinamou
Andean tinamou
Curve-billed tinamou
Lesser nothura
Darwin's nothura
Spotted nothura
Dwarf or least tinamou
Elegant crested tinamou
Quebracho crested tinamou
Puna or Pentland's tinamou
Patagonian or Ingouf's tinamou
Palaeognath genera
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
see Theropoda
Maniraptora
see Maniraptora
see below↓
†Asteriornis?
†Eremopezus?
†Limenavis?
†Lithornithidae
Calciavis
Fissuravis
Lithornis
Paracathartes
Pseudocrypturus
Struthioniformes
†Remiornis?
†Geranoididae?
Eogeranoides
Galligeranoides?
Geranodornis
Palaeophasianus
Paragrus
†Palaeotididae?
Palaeotis
†Eogruidae?
Eogrus
Sonogrus
†Ergilornithidae?
Amphipelargus
Ergilornis
Sinoergilornis
Urmiornis
Struthionidae
†Orientornis
†Pachystruthio?
Struthio
Notopalaeognathae
Rheiformes
†Opisthodactylidae
Diogenornis?
Opisthodactylus
Rheidae
†Heterorhea
†Hinasuri
†Protorhea
†Dinornithiformes
Dinornis
Megalapteryx
Emeidae
Anomalopteryx
Emeus
Euryapteryx
Pachyornis
†Querandiornis
†Roveretornis
Novaeratitae
Apterygidae
Apteryx
†Proapteryx
†Aepyornithidae
Aepyornis
Mullerornis
Vorombe
Casuariiformes
†Diogenornis?
Casuariidae
Casuarius
Dromaius
†Emuarius
Ootaxa
Diamantornis
Incognitoolithus
Medioolithus
Namornis
Psammornis
Tsondabornis
Wikidata: Q19172
Wikispecies: Tinamidae
ADW: Tinamiformes
BOLD: 1461
CoL: H9S
EoL: 8669
EPPO: 1TINAF
Fossilworks: 39268
GBIF: 9353
iNaturalist: 20531
IRMNG: 105100
NBN: NHMSYS0021247839
NCBI: 8803
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinamou&oldid=1134892363"
Birds of South America
Extant Tortonian first appearances
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Neotropics
Tinamiformes
Tinamous
Taxa named by George Robert Gray
Articles using diversity taxobox
CS1: long volume value


American cars always reflect the time of their production. Its style, interior, and mechanical features say something about the people and culture from that time. But in every period, no one hits the spot for value and meets the needs of the people better than Chevrolet.
The manufacturer embraces tradition and technology in a way that makes it appealing to people who like their cars to be kind of spaceships and people who want simple things. But more than anything, Chevrolet's cars provide everything Americans need in their cars. In every segment, as you can see in dealers such as Gastorf.com, the manufacturer prioritizes what people want to see and use. The result is purchase-worthy vehicles.
Every manufacturer changes the look of their cars every year; some automakers even make drastic design changes. Chevrolet opts to accommodate the tastes of its customers. Some of its best-sellers, like the Silverado, Suburban, and Corvette, have looked the same (more or less). But the manufacturer is capable of adopting modern tastes in a few of their models, such as the Bolt, Spark, and Cruze.
Pick any car in the Chevy line-up, and you can consider it a benchmark in its segment. The Bolt is an example, as one of few electric cars that's as easy and nice to drive as fuel-combustion cars. Featuring a front-wheel drive, an estimate of 238 miles per full charge, and all the sensibilities of a small car, it's a celebrated electric car because it brings the future to the masses.
The Suburban is another. One of Chevrolet's most popular models, its size and looks are big selling points. But the car also performs well in providing for your needs rather than spoiling owners with excesses (which almost always leads to higher prices). Its 355-horsepower engine, although smaller than other SUVs, produces superior fuel economy while churning out high-torque numbers for heavy-duty towing. Then there's the plush interior and intuitive technology, which is all any car owner could ever need.
Chevrolet has been producing cars that meet the needs of its buyers. This year's line-up is no different, even offering more for each car.