text:
La fabbrica dei mostri (Creepy Crawlers) è una serie televisiva a cartoni animati basata sui giocattoli Mattel. La serie è stata trasmessa per la prima volta in Italia il 14 settembre 1996 su Canale 5.

La proprietà della serie è passata alla Disney nel 2001, quando la Disney ha acquisito Fox Kids Worldwide, che include anche Saban Entertainment. La serie non è disponibile su Disney+.

Trama
La storia parla di Chris Carter, un ragazzo amante della magia che lavora al Magic Shop del Professor Occhioduro. La storia ha inizio quando Chris inventa la Macchina della Magia (The Magic Maker), all'apparenza non funzionante, fin quando non viene colpita da un fascio di energia generato da un allineamento di pianeti che non avveniva da mille anni. Da quel fatidico momento la Macchina della Magia riesce a generare strane creature, buone o malvagie. La prima sera la macchina genera Johnny Watt, Tuttotondo e Centonodi, tre essere pacifici che si schierarono dalla parte di Chris, seguiti più in là nella serie da Verde Molla e Commantis. Il professor Occhioduro riesce ad impossessarsi della macchina e tramite i suoi poteri fonda "La banda del crimine": in ogni puntata il perfido professor Occhioduro crea dei mostri terrificanti per dominare il pianeta, ma i nostri eroi riescono sempre a sventare ogni suo tentativo e salvare la città. A metà della serie gli appartenenti alla "Famiglia del raggio verde" otterranno tutti un upgrade.

Personaggi principali

Famiglia del raggio verde (Goop-mandos)
Chris Carter - Il protagonista della serie, amante della magia, creatore della Macchina della Magia. Doppiato da Patrizio Prata.
Centonodi (Hocus Locust) - Il burlone del gruppo; basato su una locusta, è stato creato da delle corde, il suo corpo è completamente avvolto nelle corde che usa come arma; dopo l'upgrade esse diventeranno dure come il nylon e molto taglienti. Doppiato da Marco Balzarotti.
Tuttotondo (T-3, abbreviazione di Tick Trick Tick) - Il bonaccione del gruppo; basato su una zecca, è stato creato da un mazzo di carte. È il più forte fisicamente di tutti, dalle braccia spara dardi che hanno la forma dei semi delle carte. Sulla sua spalla si nasconde un piccolo amico, T-Flea, basato su una pulce. Dopo l'upgrade ha 4 teste ed è molto più forte. Doppiato da Tony Fuochi.
Johnny Watt (Volt Jolt) - Creato da una lampadina, è basato su una lucciola. Ha poteri elettrici, può condurre elettricità e porta con sé degli occhiali a forma di fulmine. Doppiato da Gianluca Iacono.
Verde Molla (Sting Ring) - Creato dopo che degli anelli sono casualmente caduti nella Macchina della Magia, è basato su una vespa. All'inizio si pensava fosse un cattivo. Ha il potere di lanciare anelli che possono imprigionare o tagliare. Riesce anche a volare. Dopo l'upgrade i suoi anelli possono esplodere ed avere altre utilità. Doppiato da Andrea De Nisco.
Commantis (Commantis) - Creato casualmente da Mr. Osso, che fa cadere dei film sui samurai nella Macchina della Magia, è basato sulla mantide religiosa. Commantis è nobile come un samurai e porta due katane sulla sua schiena, può usare anche la sua voce come un'arma. Dopo l'upgrade è in grado di fondersi con l'ambiente circostante. Doppiato da Stefano Albertini.
Sandy - L'amica di Chris, una ragazza col carattere da maschiaccio e molto coraggiosa. Doppiata da Marina Thovez.
Tuttomondo (T-4) - Creato nella seconda stagione dal Professor Occhioduro nel tentativo di copiare T-3, risulta poi essere anch'egli positivo. Ha quattro teste ma è meno intelligente di T-3.
Occhi di fuoco (Fire Eyes) - Creato con dei peperoncini, peperoni, salsa piccante e varie altre cose calde, è basato anch'egli su una lucciola, la sua creazione è nata per contribuire a combattere un mostro di ghiaccio creato dal professor Occhioduro per congelare la città, essendo in grado di sparare raggi di calore dagli occhi.

Le banda del crimine
Professor Occhioduro (Professor Googengrime) - È uno scienziato pazzo e maligno, nonché il principale antagonista della serie. Doppiato da Maurizio Scattorin.
Mr. Osso (Spooky Goopy) - Lo scagnozzo di Occhioduro, una specie di scheletro verde con una chiave nel buco nello stomaco e delle manette al posto delle mani. Doppiato da Daniele Demma.
Cappello (Top Hat) - Il cappello a cilindro di Mr. Osso, non riesce mai a stare zitto. Doppiato da Oliviero Corbetta.
Squirminator (Squirminator) - Un mostro a forma di verme, la cui coda è a forma di mazza, in grado di moltiplicarsi.
Ape Tonante (Grumble Bee) - Un'ape gigantesca quanto forte.
Scarafaggio (Shockaroach) - Uno scarafaggio rosso dalla bocca larga.
Due facce (2-Ugly) - Un mostro con una lingua per testa e una maschera per faccia.
Bugzilla (Bugzilla)- Gigantesca Mantide nera, che spara raggi laser dagli occhi.
Mostro di ghiaccio (Ice Scream) - Mostro di ghiaccio creato per congelare la città.

Altri personaggi
Colonnello Kaboom - Devoto colonnello americano che al minimo pericolo ricorre a jeep, aerei, missili e quant'altro. Doppiato da Enrico Bertorelli.
Tom Lockjaw - Giornalista di canale 27. Doppiato da Gianfranco Gamba.
Todd Carter - Fratellastro di Chris.

Doppiaggio

Lista episodi

Stagione 1
 La notte del raggio verde (The Night Of The Creepy Crawlers)
 Super fiocchi alla glassa (Sugar Frosted Crawlers)
 Chi ha paura delle api? (Who's Afraid Of Bees?)
 Il mostro sdoppiabile (Chris Explains It All)
 La gara canora (Power Play)
 La sparizione (Vanishing Act)
 Uno strano fratello (One Creepy Brother)
 I Was A Teenage Crawler
 Mauler Amuck
 Il glob (The Glob)
 Tutte le strade portano in Cina (All The Way To China)
 Doppio guaio (Double Trouble)
 Attack Of the Fifty Foot Googengrime
 Il ritorno della banda del crimine (Return Of The Crime Grimes)

Stagione 2
 Dawn Of The Super Goop
 Deja Goop
 A Real Numb Skrull
 Camp Nightmare
 Bugzilla
 T-4-2
 Cold Snap
 Revenge Of The Mutant Stink Bugs
 The Incredible Shrinking Creepy Crawlers

Note

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Image Title: Basketball Comforter Sets Golden State Warriors 1 With Regard To Set Prepare 6. Post Title: Golden State Warriors Comforter Set. Filename: basketball-comforter-sets-golden-state-warriors-1-with-regard-to-set-prepare-6.jpg. Image Dimension: 463 x 386 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Unique Cremin. Uploaded Date: Thursday - October 18th. 2018 05:03:12 AM. Category: Bedroom. Image Source: decoist.com. Shop The Northwest Company NBA Golden State Warriors Reverse Slam With Regard To Comforter Set Idea 1. Buy Today Golden State Warriors Bedding Sets Comforter With Regard To Set Plans 8. Golden State Warriors Comforter Set Bedding Twin Curry In Prepare 18. Golden State Warriors Bed Set Two Piece With Comforter Plan 10. Golden State Warriors Comforter Bedding Sets With Set Plans 7. Northwest Golden State Warriors NBA Twin Comforter Set Reverse Slam Intended For Designs 13. Comforter Sets Bedding Kmart Within Golden State Warriors Set Decor 11. Decoration Nba Golden State Warriors Comforter Set Heat 7 Piece Intended For Plan 12. Golden State Warriors Bedding Sets Twin Queen Size 1 Bed Set For Comforter Plans 19. Buy NBA Golden State Warriors Bedding Comforter Set Up To 50 Off With Designs 4.


text:
Лу (Лу ґо 魯國, близько 1042—249 до н. е.) — країна у стародавньому Китаї, переважно на території сучасної провінції Шаньдун. Батьківщина Конфуція та, ймовірно, Мо-цзи. Відома як місце створення найдавнішої хроніки Китаю, літопису Чуньцю.

Географія
Князівство Лу займало центральну та південно-західну частини сучасного Шаньдуну, а також трохи земель, що зараз належать до провінцій Хенань, Цзянсу та Аньхой. На північному кордоні Лу знаходилася гора Тай 泰山, яка була важливим ритуальним центром ще за часів династії Шан, 1600—1046 до н. е.). Столицю Лу, Цюйфу, було засновано на місці шанського укріпленого поселення Янь :zh:商奄.

Опріч Цюйфу, славою у тодішньому Китаї користувався район Бянь 卞, де народжувалися сильні воїни. Одним з таких був учень Конфуція Цзи Лу.

Історія
Історія Лу нараховує близько 800 років, за які у державі змінилося 36 володарів (ґунів 公) з 25-и поколінь.

Князівство Лу виникло за часів регенства Чжоу-ґуна. Першим володарем князівства був його син, Бо Цінь 伯禽 (трад. 1115—1063 до н. е.), також відомий за іменем Ціньфу 禽父 (). Заснування Лу мало геополітичну рацію, оскільки князівство стало форпостом між політичною сферою Чжоу та державами Сюй 徐 (Xu) та Лай 萊 (Lai), населення яких складалося зі «східних варварів» дун'ї. Рання історія Лу була пов'язана із Сун 宋 (11 ст. — 286 до н. е.), куди володарі Чжоу поселили рештки нащадків попередньої династії. Початково Лу знаходилося на захід від Сун, але після невдалого повстання шанців в останньому () Лу було перенесено на схід від нього.

За часів Чуньцю (771—476 до н. е.) князівство Лу перетворилося на сильну державу, яка боролася за домінантне положення у регіоні із своїм північним сусідом, князівством Ці 齊 (1046—221 до н. е.). Найбільш відомим епізодом історії Лу цього періоду стала битва при Чаншао :zh:長勺之戰 (648 до н. е.), коли 16-й володар Лу, Чжуан-ґун :zh:魯莊公 спричинив поразку Ці та продемонстрував могутність своєї держави.

Згодом владу князів Лу було значно ослаблено через суперечки трьох кланів (), що виникли у наслідок спадкоємницької кризи після загибелі 15-го володаря Лу, Хуань-ґуна (:zh:鲁桓公, правл. 711—694 до н. е.). Через конфронтацію з трьома кланами 25-й володар Лу, Чжао-ґун (:zh:魯昭公, правл. 541—510 до н. е.) був вимушений утекти до Ці, де й помер. Свідками цього занепаду легітимної влади у Лу стали Конфуцій (551—479 до н. е.) та його учні. Вже після смерті Конфуція втечею з країни, з тієї ж причини протистояння з трьома кланами, закінчив своє правління 27-й володар, Ай-ґун (:zh:魯哀公 494—467 до н. е.).

Князівство було анексоване держави Чу (1010—223 до н. е.), але згодом увійшло до об'єднаної території імперії Цінь. У період боротьби із Цінь титул князя Лу було даровано імператором Чу () Сян Юєві (232—202 до н. е.). За часів імператора Хань Пін-ді (9 до н. е. — 6 н. е.) та Ван Мана нащадки останнього володаря Лу отримали титул Баолу-хоу (:zh:褒鲁侯).

Економіка
Вжиток заліза у Лу зафіксовано починаючи з 493 до н. е. Починаючи з 490 (?) розповсюджуються прямі податки.

Сучасний вжиток назви
Незважаючи на негативні коннотації («дурний, слабкий» ), «Лу» дотепер широко вживається як китайське прізвище, а також як скорочена назва провінції Шаньдун (напр., на автомобільних номерах).

Примітки

Література
 E. Bruce Brooks 白牧之, A. Taeko Brooks 白妙子. The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors, a New Translation and Commentary. Columbia University Press, New York, 1997.

1042 до н. е.
Епоха Чжоу
Стародавні держави Китаю
Історія Шаньдуну
249 до н. е.


Chances are if you're from the post-Google era with a business, a blog, a charity – an anything you've tried to promote online, then you've seen these three little frustrating letters.
In theory, search engine optimization makes sense: analyze the gaps online, plug in a few keywords, optimize your posts, your site – your life and voila! You should have increased traffic and more hits in say, the next year.
Oh…and that's only if Google doesn't get all feisty and whip up new algorithms, you know, just for fun.
For the business owner, SEO is the epitome of necessary evil. It ensures you don't get left behind – if you can only figure out what not getting left behind entails. Now with social media directly influencing SEO stats, some business owners are scrambling just to get their Facebook pages in workable, optimized shape.
At SMASH, we were no exception. A young tech company looking to gain some traction and visibility online, we were frustrated by how long the process was taking. Not that we're not patient – but we're software developers, so if something doesn't work for us – well, we just build what will!
And that's exactly how the Booster Bar was born.
You probably already know all about our magic SEO magic wand a.k.a the SMASH Booster Bar. It dramatically increases your traffic, Alexa and search engine page rankings and builds brand authority online in just a matter of weeks, leaving you only one thing to think about… getting some relevant content out there and SMASH helps with that too. The Booster Bar is the rare SEO diplomat that plays nice with both Google and user while accomplishing the kind of results that can take SEO experts years to achieve.
So why am I writing about it now?
What you might not know, is that the new white label, OEM Booster Bar is now available. That means your company can now offer the one-of-a-kind Booster Bar as your own revolutionary product or integrate it into your product or service! This white label is a game changer for web designers, social media firms, coders- anybody in web anything who wants to be among the elite few who can offer the only tool on the market that automatically dramatically improves SEO fast.
A true white label product, once it's yours – it's yours! SMASH's branding appears nowhere on the bar and our white label clients are free to set their own price. We have some clients charging $599 a month per bar! The Booster Bar is placed invisibly on your client's site and simply gets to work and you get to be the hero to your client! It's really that easy!
We'd love to hear some success stories from our Booster Bar and OEM users? So…what's your story? Tell us your success stories in the comments below – this is a product to chat about!
AND…If you haven't tried the Booster Bar, what's stopping you ?


text:
This U.S. Programmer Outsourced His Job to China and Spent Working Hours Surfing the Web
The Copper Scroll – An Ancient Treasure Map that Features 64 Undiscovered Locations Where Staggering Amounts of Silver and Gold are Buried
Exploring the Truth and Legends Behind the Mapimí Silent Zone, also Known as "Mexico's Bermuda Triangle"
Scientists Have Found Shipwrecks as Old as 2,400 Years at the Bottom of the Black Sea, and they Are so Well Preserved that it Is Possible to See Chisel Marks on the Wood
10 Facts That Make Japan Stand Out from Other Countries
The Super-Kamiokande Neutrino Observatory Contains Ultrapure Water that Can Dissolve Metal and Detect Supernovas
in crimes, Deaths, People, Psychology
David Reimer: The Boy Who Was Forced to Be a Girl in a Controversial Nature Vs. Nurture Experiment
by Unbelievable Facts Apr 21, 2017, 1:39 am 2k Views Comments Off on David Reimer: The Boy Who Was Forced to Be a Girl in a Controversial Nature Vs. Nurture Experiment
The story of David Reimer is a terribly sad one. Born to Janet and Ronald Reimer on August 22, 1965, he had to undergo a transformation that he had no say in when he was just a baby. For fourteen years since his birth, he was brought up as a girl and made to attend traumatic, therapy sessions for sex reassignment. It all came out when, in 1997, Milton Diamond, a sexologist, convinced David to tell his story to discourage doctors from doing the same to other children. After that, he went public about his predicament through Rolling Stone magazine, and later a book named As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl was published. Here is the story of David's life and how what he had to go through finally drove him to suicide.
When still a baby, David Reimer, born Bruce Reimer, was circumcised on April 27, 1966 to correct a condition called "phimosis". However, the surgery failed resulting in irreparable damage to his penis.
Image Source: taringa
Bruce Reimer and his identical twin Brian Reimer were taken to a urologist by his parents when they noticed something abnormal when the boys urinated. They were both diagnosed with phimosis and referred for circumcision at the age of just seven months. Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin of a penis cannot be pulled back resulting in balloon-like swelling during urination and pain during erection but otherwise is harmless. The surgery was first performed on Bruce using the unconventional method of cauterization. Bruce's penis was badly burnt during the operation and was beyond surgical repair. So, the doctors chose not to operate on his brother Brian whose phimosis corrected itself without any surgery.
In 1967, worried about his future, Bruce's parents consulted psychologist John Money who claimed that Bruce was more likely to have a successful and functional sexual life as a girl. He persuaded them to let Bruce undergo sex reassignment surgery.
Image Source: lifesitenews, flatrock
John Money was a psychologist at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland who was gaining fame as a pioneer in the field of sexual development and gender identity based on his research on intersex patients. Money was a supporter of the "Theory of Gender Neutrality" and believed that gender identity was a result of social learning and could be changed through behavioral intervention. After seeing his interview on TV in February 1967, the Reimers took Bruce to see Money. Money and his team persuaded the Reimers to believe that sex reassignment surgery was the best option for Bruce.
At twenty-two months of age, Bruce underwent surgery in which his testes were removed and a vulva was created. He was renamed "Brenda," and Money provided psychological support for the reassignment which also served as an opportunity to further his research.
Image Source: publishwall, cbc
After the reassignment and surgery, Money continued to see Bruce every year for consultations and assessments. For Money, Bruce was the perfect test case for gender identity as a socially learned aspect of a person's sense of self-identity. His brother Brian Raimer made an ideal control subject as the brothers shared genes, family environment, and womb. Also, Bruce was the first male infant with no prenatal or postnatal sexual abnormalities on whom sex reassignment and reconstruction surgery were performed.
According to Bruce, the twins were forced to enact sexual acts which Money reasoned was all part of healthy childhood sexual exploration that leads to adult gender identity. By the time he was thirteen, Bruce developed suicidal depression which led to discontinuation of therapy.
Image Source: showboxshowbox, emaze
Bruce said that Money forced him to assume the female role going on all fours while Brian had to make thrusting movements with his crotch against Bruce's buttocks, or have Bruce spread his legs with Brian on top. They were also made to take their clothes off to explore each other's genitals. On at least one occasion, Money took a photograph of them during these acts. Though Money wrote that Bruce exhibited clearly female behavior, according to the notes from a former student at his lab, his parents had lied about the success of these experiments.
Since the surgery and until his teenage years, Bruce had to urinate through a hole in his abdomen and was given estrogen to encourage breast development. His parents discontinued follow up visits when Money pressured them for another surgery to construct a vagina. At age thirteen, Bruce developed suicidal depression and threatened to kill himself if there were to be any more visits to Money. On March 14, 1980, his parents told him the truth about his gender after which he decided to reassume his male identity and changed his name to David.
On May 4, 2004, overwhelmed by the problems he was facing, David shot himself in the head with a sawed-off shotgun in a grocery store's parking lot.
Image Source: dontforgetthebubbles
David had undergone numerous surgeries to reconstruct his penis and have his breasts surgically removed by 1987. He also started taking testosterone injections. He married Jane Fontaine on September 22, 1990, and adopted her three children. However, his brother Brian suffered from schizophrenia after the experiments and died due to an overdose of antidepressants on July 1, 2002. Adding the difficult relationship with his family and his brother's death was his unemployment. On May 2, 2004, his wife told him she wanted to separate, and two days later David committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.
Also see: June and Jennifer Gibbons, the twins who only talked with each other; later one of them died so that the other could lead a normal life
Previous article 10 Most Horrifying Experiments Carried Out By The Government
Next article 10 Amazing Facts About Human Body That'll Make You Say "Wow!"
0 SharesComments Off on Rare Single-eyed Albino Shark Found By Mexican fishermen.
in Animals, Sea
Rare Single-eyed Albino Shark Found By Mexican fishermen.
14k SharesComments Off on This Man Is One Among The 10 People That Still Live Within The Confines Of An Iron Lung!
in Bizarre, Health, Humans
This Man Is One Among The 10 People That Still Live Within The Confines Of An Iron Lung!
0 SharesComments Off on Mesmerizing Morphing Technology changes human face into Digital Art
in Art, Entertainment, Featured, illusion, Technology, Videos
Mesmerizing Morphing Technology changes human face into Digital Art
0 SharesComments Off on This U.S. Programmer Outsourced His Job to China and Spent Working Hours Surfing the Web
in People, Technology
0 SharesComments Off on The Copper Scroll – An Ancient Treasure Map that Features 64 Undiscovered Locations Where Staggering Amounts of Silver and Gold are Buried
in Archaeology, Mysterious, Places
0 SharesComments Off on Exploring the Truth and Legends Behind the Mapimí Silent Zone, also Known as "Mexico's Bermuda Triangle"
in Mysterious, Myths, Places
More From: crimes
0 SharesComments Off on This Wrongfully Convicted Man Studied Law While in Prison, Proved His Innocence, and Became a Lawyer to Help Others in Similar Situations
This Wrongfully Convicted Man Studied Law While in Prison, Proved His Innocence, and Became a Lawyer to Help Others in Similar Situations
by Unbelievable Facts Oct 11, 2019, 4:46 pm
4 SharesComments Off on 10 Times Judges Ruled Interestingly
10 Times Judges Ruled Interestingly
by Heer Khant Nov 26, 2018, 6:17 am
463 SharesComments Off on Jerome Kerviel, the Poorest Man in the World Who Owes the French Bank Société Générale $6.7 billion
Jerome Kerviel, the Poorest Man in the World Who Owes the French Bank Société Générale $6.7 billion
by Unbelievable Facts Apr 14, 2018, 10:49 pm
912 SharesComments Off on Bonnie Lohman, a Rare Success Story of when a Child was Found via the Missing Children Milk Carton Campaign
Bonnie Lohman, a Rare Success Story of when a Child was Found via the Missing Children Milk Carton Campaign
by Unbelievable Facts Apr 14, 2018, 9:39 pm
992 SharesComments Off on Wanted Man, Christopher Wallace, Posts His Hideout on Snapchat in a Classic Act of Stupidity
Wanted Man, Christopher Wallace, Posts His Hideout on Snapchat in a Classic Act of Stupidity
1.7k SharesComments Off on Angola Prison, One of the Most Brutal Prisons in the US where even Hardened Criminals are Afraid To Go
Angola Prison, One of the Most Brutal Prisons in the US where even Hardened Criminals are Afraid To Go
by Unbelievable Facts Apr 9, 2018, 10:05 am
10 Most Horrifying Experiments Carried Out By The Government
10 Amazing Facts About Human Body That'll Make You Say "Wow!"
3.3k Shares347.8k ViewsComments Off on Hisashi Ouchi, the Victim of Beyond Fatal Radiation Kept Alive for 83 Days Against His Will
Hisashi Ouchi, the Victim of Beyond Fatal Radiation Kept Alive for 83 Days Against His Will
704 Shares32.2k ViewsComments Off on These 12 facts about music, and how they affect your brain, will astound you!
These 12 facts about music, and how they affect your brain, will astound you!
9.9k Shares28.5k ViewsComments Off on 10 Interesting Facts that You're too Lazy to Google
10 Interesting Facts that You're too Lazy to Google
5.3k Shares25.9k ViewsComments Off on 20 Strange and Unusual Facts That Sound Too Scary To Be True!
20 Strange and Unusual Facts That Sound Too Scary To Be True!
2.7k Shares25.8k ViewsComments Off on 10 "Black Mirror" Things that are Slowly Becoming a Reality
10 "Black Mirror" Things that are Slowly Becoming a Reality
19.2k Shares25.5k ViewsComments Off on 15 Less-known People with Extraordinary Superhuman Abilities
15 Less-known People with Extraordinary Superhuman Abilities
1.2k Shares25.3k ViewsComments Off on 24 Interesting Facts About "The Wolf of Wall Street" That You Probably Didn't Know
24 Interesting Facts About "The Wolf of Wall Street" That You Probably Didn't Know
7.2k Shares20k ViewsComments Off on 10 Times the Myths of the Mythbusters Did not Make it to the US TV Screens
10 Times the Myths of the Mythbusters Did not Make it to the US TV Screens
Amazing Gadgets Under $100
Wirelessly connects a PC/Laptop to your TV
Motorcycle Chariot Racing was a real sport in the 1920s and 1930s 573.34 views per day
Hisashi Ouchi, the Victim of Beyond Fatal Radiation Kept Alive for 83 Days Against His Will 389.55 views per day
20 Strange and Unusual Facts That Sound Too Scary To Be True! 86 views per day
15 Incredibly well-preserved bodies of the last 5000 years that have survived the ages spectacularly 52.07 views per day
© Copyright 2019, All Rights Reserved, unbelievable-facts.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
PRITS opens call for RFI to select tech, innovation, and communications providers
Contributor August 5, 2021
PRITS CEO Enrique A. Völckers-Nin.
The Puerto Rico Innovation and Technology Services (PRITS) office has opened a Request for Information process to review and evaluate entities that are interested in providing innovation and technology services to any local government agency.
The RFI will allow the agency to evaluate potential candidates that could later be added to the PRITS Registry of Technology Providers (RTP). To promote transparency, the registry will be required for any government contracting related to technology, PRITS CEO Enrique A. Völckers-Nin said.
"As part of our responsibility to steer the development of the island's technological and innovation infrastructure, we launched this request for information to learn about the available resources, their availability and the experience they can contribute to the government infrastructure," he said.
This is an open ended RFI. All parties interested in providing services to government agencies must respond to the RFI. Those that qualify will receive a notification from PRITS via email, and may use the certification badge on their websites and promotional materials, the agency explained.
The information provided should include, among other details, the company's specialty, the services to be subcontracted, the number of employees and certain key details about their duties, as well as details about the company's history.
Interested parties may send their information via email addressed to Völckers-Nin.
PRITS
PRITS bets on innovation, cybersecurity to streamline gov't processes
Contributor January 4, 2023
Gov't Fiscal '20 audited financial statements show $60B deficit
Study shows lack of controls exposes $3B in public funds to corruption
Puerto Rico gov't unveils recruitment platform for public sector jobs


text:
El clavicèmbal o clavecí és un instrument musical de teclat de cordes polsades (a diferència del piano o el clavicordi, que són de cordes percudides). La família del clavicèmbal també inclou els instruments més petits coneguts com a virginal i espineta. Aquesta família d'instruments possiblement s'originà quan es començà a adjuntar un teclat a l'extrem d'un saltiri.

Història
L'origen del clavicèmbal, tot i que poc clar, es pot situar a l'alta edat mitjana. Les primeres referències escrites daten del , una època en què es realitzaren avenços en maquinària i rellotgeria i, per tant, és possible que s'adaptés algun tipus de mecanisme als saltiris. Un manuscrit llatí de Henri Arnault de Zwolle (circa 1440) presenta alguns diagrames detallats d'un petit clavicèmbal.

Els primers clavicèmbals complets que es conserven són d'origen italià, el primer dels quals data de 1521. Malgrat tot, no ens aporten dades sobre l'origen de l'instrument, ja que es tracta de versions acabades i perfeccionades de l'instrument. Aquests primers clavicèmbals italians, d'un sol manual (un sol teclat), són de construcció força lleugera i amb una tensió de les cordes relativament baixa. Aquest estil es mantingué a Itàlia durant segles i per això, en general, els clavicèmbals italians tenen un so agradable però poc espectacular i són especialment adients per a l'acompanyament i el baix continu.

Cap a la fi del  a Flandes es produí una revolució en la construcció de clavicèmbals, amb el treball de Hans Ruckers i els seus successors. Els clavicèmbals flamencs eren més robustos que els italians. Com que utilitzaven cordes més llargues i amb una tensió superior, a més d'una carcassa més pesada i una taula harmònica prima d'avet amb una gran resposta, el to resultava més potent i establí el model de construcció de clavicèmbals a molts països durant els segles següents. Els constructors flamencs també introduïren el clavicèmbal de dos manuals, inicialment previst per permetre una transposició fàcil (en un interval de quarta) més que no pas per augmentar el ventall expressiu de l'instrument. Tot i així, durant el , el manual addicional es començà a utilitzar també per proporcionar un contrast de so i, a més, amb la possibilitat de combinar els registres dels dos manuals per donar un so més rodó.

Durant el  el tipus flamenc es desenvolupà especialment a França, on generalment els instruments s'ampliaren de quatre a cinc octaves. A més, en els models francesos de dos manuals aquests s'utilitzaven per variar les combinacions de registres (cordes) polsades més que no pas per a la transposició. Aquest tipus de clavicèmbal es considera el model més perfeccionat i acostuma a ser la base de la construcció de clavicèmbals moderns. A Anglaterra Jacob Kirckman (d'Alsàcia) i Burkat Shudi (de Suïssa), assoliren una justa fama pels seus excel·lents clavicèmbals, però la potència del seu so, considerada a vegades excessiva per a la mateixa música, feu que no creessin una escola com la derivada dels constructors francesos. Els clavicèmbals alemanys seguiren bàsicament el model francès, amb un interès especial per aconseguir una gran varietat de sonoritats, potser perquè la majoria també eren constructors d'orgues.

A mitjans del , quan el clavicèmbal es trobava en el seu moment de màxima esplendor, començà a perdre pes en favor perquè va sorgir el recentment desenvolupat pianoforte. La gran capacitat dinàmica del piano com a instrument solista i les noves modes musicals, que no afavorien la rica estructura harmònica i rítmica del baix continu, anaren relegant el clavicèmbal, considerat cada vegada més com un instrument poc expressiu. Com a resultat, durant el  es perdé el coneixement de la construcció de clavicèmbals i a la fi del era un instrument pràcticament desaparegut. A partir dels anys 1920, l'interès en la interpretació amb criteris històrics comportà una revifalla del clavicèmbal, inicialment amb resultats poc encoratjadors. Cap als anys 1950 i 1960 el nou impuls de la interpretació històrica feu que els nous constructors de clavicèmbals abandonessin definitivament les tècniques heretades de la construcció de pianos i retornessin als mètodes dels constructors barrocs, tal com es fa actualment. En els darrers trenta anys el clavicèmbal ha retrobat el seu lloc privilegiat en la interpretació de la música barroca, com a instrument solista, concertant o de baix continu.

Mecanisme

Al clavicèmbal la pulsació de la corda ve determinada per l'acció de les tecles. Sobre l'extrem de la tecla oposat al punt en què es prem (i en general ocult sota la caixa), reposa una peça de fusta anomenada martinet, en posició vertical. La tecla recolza, aproximadament al seu punt mitjà, sobre un pivot, de manera que fa de balancí i quan hom la prem, l'extrem posterior, sobre el qual reposa el martinet, s'aixeca. A la part superior del martinet hi ha una petita llengüeta que pot pivotar lleugerament al voltant d'un eix; sobre la llengüeta es col·loca perpendicularment el plectre (o pua) que serà l'encarregat de polsar la corda durant el moviment ascendent del martinet.

Després de polsar la corda el martinet cau pel seu propi pes fins a la posició inicial. Perquè en el moviment descendent el plectre no torni a polsar la corda, la llengüeta pivota cap enrere i el plectre passa per darrere de la corda sense tocar-la. Això s'aconsegueix amb un mecanisme de molla en el martinet. A més a més el martinet també disposa d'un esmorteïdor de feltre que apaga la nota una vegada ja s'ha tocat i així s'evita que el so es mantingui durant un temps excessiu, que provocaria una superposició amb els sons interpretats a continuació.

Música per a clavicèmbal
La primera música escrita especialment per a clavicèmbal solista es publicà cap a mitjan . El clavicèmbal esdevingué un instrument preferit durant l'època barroca, amb nombroses suites, fantasies i fugues. A banda del paper solista el clavicèmbal esdevingué indispensable en l'acompanyament de pràcticament totes les peces musicals, formant part dels instruments del baix continu.

Entre els compositors barrocs destacables per la seva música per a clavicèmbal cal anomenar Girolamo Frescobaldi, els virginalistes anglesos (com William Byrd o Orlando Gibbons), Jean-Philippe Rameau, François Couperin (els dos representants més destacats de l'escola francesa per a teclat), Georg Friedrich Händel, Johann Sebastian Bach i, ja en la transició cap al classicisme, Domenico Scarlatti (amb més de 500 sonates) i Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. A Catalunya destaquen les sonates escrites pels compositors de l'escola Montserratina, com Benet Julià, Anselm Viola, Narcís Casanoves i, especialment, Antoni Soler i Ramos, influït per les sonates de Domenico Scarlatti.

Durant el , l'oblit del clavicèmbal implicà la manca absoluta de composicions per a aquest instrument. Tanmateix, al , amb l'interès creixent per la música barroca, alguns compositors també decidiren escriure peces específiques per a clavecí. Francis Poulenc, Manuel de Falla, Henryk Górecki i Philip Glass hi han escrit concerts. Bohuslav Martinů escrigué un concert i una sonata per a clavicèmbal, mentre que György Ligeti també n'ha escrit peces solistes. Dmitri Xostakóvitx i Alfred Schnittke l'han utilitzat com a part de l'orquestra.

Vegeu també
 Clavicembalista
 Fortepiano
 Fleischer (constructors de clavicèmbals)

Referències

Enllaços externs

  Comparació del so de diferents clavicèmbals
  gran quantitat d'informació sobre clavicèmbals
  fotografies de clavicèmbals