Received 2018 March 21; Accepted 2018 April 26.
Human locomotion involves a complex interplay among multiple brain regions and depends on constant feedback from the visual system. We summarize here the current understanding of the relationship among fixations, saccades, and gait as observed in studies sampling eye movements during locomotion, through a review of the literature and a synthesis of the relevant knowledge on the topic. A significant overlap in locomotor and saccadic neural circuitry exists that may support this relationship. Several animal studies have identified potential integration nodes between these overlapping circuitries. Behavioral studies that explored the relationship of saccadic and gait-related impairments in normal conditions and in various disease states are also discussed. Eye movements and locomotion share many underlying neural circuits, and further studies can leverage this interplay for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Visual information from the environment is gathered through quick eye movements, which consist of a series of saccades and fixations. Saccades align the fovea with an object of interest . Once an object is foveated, it is held stationary during a fixation, allowing time for the visual information to be collected . Efficient locomotion is dependent upon visual information that is gathered by these quick eye movements. Understanding the relationship among fixations, saccades and locomotion may provide insight into how these seemingly parallel and potentially integrated systems work together.
When studied independently, saccadic and locomotor parameters (Table 1) can be measured precisely. It is difficult to reach the same level of precision when measuring both parameters simultaneously. To get around this, most studies in the literature have correlated saccadic eye movement or gait-related parameters [2,3] with a given disease state or functional impairment.
In this review, we explore the literature for correlations made between saccades and locomotion. We present the neural circuitry of saccadic and gait-related circuitry and the similarities between them. We highlight brain regions that have been found in animal studies that potentially integrate these two networks. Lastly, we review neurodegenerative diseases that manifest saccadic and gait-related impairments.
Fixation, saccades and locomotion are served by specific areas and networks of the brain. It is particularly interesting to compare the neural components of saccades and locomotion because there are many overlapping brain areas, suggesting a potential integrated neural network between them.
The most relevant areas that support neural integration between saccades and locomotion would likely be at the level of the brainstem and the cerebellum (Figure 1). Afferent inputs between these two parallel networks differ greatly, in that spinal cord pathways provide the majority of sensory information for locomotion, while the geniculate and extrageniculate pathways are important for saccades. On the other hand, modulating structures such as the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus are common to all sensorimotor networks and are nonspecific to locomotion and saccades. Saccades and locomotion are primitive functions, are well-developed in lower species [4,5], and are more likely to be preserved in primitive integrating brain areas, such as the brainstem and cerebellum, more specifically, the mesopontine tegmentum and the cerebellar vermis.
Brain areas involved in saccades/fixations and locomotor activities. Possible integration areas are shaded in orange. PFC: prefrontal cortex, PMA: premotor cortex, SMA: supplementary motor cortex, PMC: primary motor cortex, PPC: posterior parietal cortex, PT: putamen, CN: caudate nucleus, GP: globus pallidus, STN: subthalamic nucleus, SN: substantia nigra, SC: superior colliculus, MLR: mesencephalic locomotor region, PMRF: pontomedullary reticular formation, MRF: mesencephalic reticular formation, FN: fastigial nucleus, NPH: nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, MedRF: medullary reticular formation, PPRF: paramedian pontine reticular formation, VC: visual cortex, VA: ventral anterior, VL: ventrolateral nucleus, PPN: pedunculopontine nucleus.
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the cuneiform nucleus (CNF) make up the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) , also known as the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF). The MLR/MRF is involved in eye movement-related activity [7-9]. In addition, it promotes locomotion through the reticulospinal pathways  and influences postural tone and locomotor rhythmicity [11-13]. In animal studies, stimulation of the CNF has been found to be associated with locomotor initiation, while stimulation of the PPN was associated with locomotor suppression . The PPN contains cholinergic, glutaminergic and GABAergic neurons; the cholinergic neurons are those closely associated with locomotion . PPN cholinergic neurons are also associated with rapid eye movements in sleep . The PPN directly innervates the motor neurons involved in eye movements and receives direct projections from the frontal and supplementary eye fields in the cortex [16-20]. Neuronal recordings of the PPN in primates have shown different firing patterns during fixations and saccades [21,22]. The PPN receives input from the cerebral cortex and has reciprocal connections with components of the basal ganglia, namely, the substantia nigra [both the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)], globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus (STN) [23-28].
The superior colliculus (SC) receives inputs from the retina and visual cortex (VC) [29-32]. Neurons in the SC have projections to saccade generators in the brainstem . The SC has been reported to be associated with fixation- and saccade-related activity [34-36]. There is no evidence for locomotor function related to the SC; however, the SC does receive afferents from various subcortical structures common to the locomotor network, such as the SNr, pretectum, and other nuclei in the pons and medulla. SC efferents project to the thalamus, MLR/MRF, paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF), cerebellar locomotor region and cerebellar vermis . The PPRF is important for coordinating horizontal saccadic eye movements, but its role in locomotion has not yet been explored. The PPRF receives input from the frontal eye fields (FEF) through the contralateral SC  and contains burst neurons that generate horizontal saccades [39-41].
Reticulospinal neurons in the pontomesencephalic reticular formation are involved in controlling and maintaining head movements and in generating the quick phase of vestibular and optokinetic head nystagmus toward the same side . Omnidirectional pause neurons (OPNs) are inhibitory interneurons in the pontomesencephalic reticular formation that are thought to stabilize fixations and saccades in the horizontal, vertical and oblique directions. OPNs are tonically active during fixations and are silent (i.e., "paused") during saccades . Dysfunction in OPNs is thought to result in fixational instability, with reports of macrosaccadic oscillations, saccadic dysmetria, ocular flutter, and opsoclonus [44,45]. The pontomesencephalic reticular formation is also involved in transmitting locomotor signals to central pattern generators in the spinal cord  and in controlling balance, locomotion and posture [47,48].
The cerebellum is involved in both locomotion [49-54] and saccades [55-65]. The fastigial nucleus (FN) of the cerebellum receives input from the vermis, which in turn receives input from the SC through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis [55,66,67]. Brainstem saccade generators are driven by the FN and the vermis . Studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation directed toward the cerebellar vermis have demonstrated that this area coordinates saccades ipsilateral to the side of stimulation . Neuronal discharge in the FN, also known as the cerebellar locomotor region, is linked to coding of proximal movement during locomotion [55,69]. The FN is thought to act as a pacemaker during locomotion  and projects to the pontomedullary reticular formation in the brainstem.
The thalamus serves as the major relay between cortical and subcortical saccadic generators [71-73]. The internal medullary lamina, a myelinated area that divides the thalamus into the anterior, medial and lateral masses, contains nuclei that relay information among multiple areas that control saccades, namely, the frontal and parietal eye fields, SC, PPRF, striatum, cerebellum and the lateral geniculate nuclei .
The lateral geniculate nuclei and pulvinar are two thalamic nuclei in the ventrolateral area that specifically process visual input. The lateral geniculate nucleus projects information from the retina to the VC. Connections between the SC and the lateral geniculate nucleus contribute to saccades that are involved in foveating objects of interest with a high degree of resolution (e.g., facial recognition) . The pulvinar has connections between the SC and visual cortices and is involved in visuospatial attention to areas in the visual field . The pulvinar is an important relay for generating saccades toward visual targets or reflexive saccades toward or away from stimuli, and this nucleus influences visually guided behavior, including locomotion. It has been speculated that visual and motor information may be integrated in the pulvinar, allowing a distinction between changes in the visual environment caused by external sources versus self-generated visual motion (caused by eye movements or locomotion) .
The ventrolateral nucleus (VL) receives all major saccade-generating afferents in the brainstem and cerebellum and projects to the frontal eye field and the supplementary eye field . Similar to the pulvinar, the VL is closely involved in visually guided saccades . The VL is also a major afferent to the primary motor cortex, and it is not surprising that this region is important for locomotion [78,79].
The thalamic reticular nucleus is a thin capsule of inhibitory GABAergic neurons that surrounds the dorsolateral thalamus and functions to modulate thalamocortical and corticothalamic signals for a multitude of functions . In terms of saccadic and locomotor networks, this region functions as an inhibitory modulator. The thalamic reticular nucleus sends reciprocal inhibitory signals to the lateral geniculate nucleus in response to saccade-related visual perturbations to maintain a stable image . Recordings have revealed phasic bursts of activity in reticular neurons within the receptive field of distal limbs during walking tasks that are thought to fine tune ongoing locomotor activity .
The basal ganglia refers mainly to the caudate and the putamen, which consist of the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and STN. The nigrostriatal pathway modulates the striatum, affecting all motor output, and is not specific to saccadic or locomotor control, though its influence over these functions is considerable [83-87]. The STN receives inputs from the cortex via the striatum and the globus pallidus externa (GPe) through the indirect pathway and direct connections from the cortex through the hyperdirect pathway . The STN receives inputs from the brainstem, thalamus and cortex. Efferents from the STN travel mainly to the GPi and SNr [89-91]. There is evidence that patients with Parkinson disease (PD) who receive deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the STN experience a significant improvement in both saccadic performance [92,93] and locomotion [93-95] compared to patients that receive other DBS targets, such as the globus pallidus interna (GPi). GPi DBS has been shown to improve locomotion , but there is less evidence supporting an improvement in saccadic performance , though one study found improvement in antisaccades .
Thus far, we have identified brain areas that are common to both saccades and gait in humans. Animal studies have provided much of the direct evidence for the integration of networks controlling saccades and gait.
Semi-intact experiments in lampreys undergoing electrical stimulation of the optic tectum have demonstrated a stimulus-dependent coordination of eye movements with steering and goal-directed behavior. Saitoh et al.  showed that, with increasing stimulation of the lateral optic tectum, there is a stepwise recruitment of eye movements, followed by a coordinated lateral bending of the body, and then by coordinated locomotor movements. Stimulating other areas, such as the caudomedial tectum, elicits different behaviors, such as struggling behavior, characterized by undulating body movements with antiphasic eye movements. These experiments have lent support for the role of the optic tectum (SC in primates) as a stepwise integrating interface for patterned visuomotor and locomotor behavior .
The coordination between eye movements and spinal locomotor patterns is also preserved and adaptable at different stages of development. Uckerman et al.  demonstrated how the Xenopus laevis (XL) frog adapts visuomotor control to maintain image stabilization when swimming as it transitions from a tadpole to an adult frog. In the tadpole, propulsion is achieved with undulating tail movements, requiring conjugate left-right eye rotations to maintain a stable binocular image. In the frog, forward acceleration is achieved with rhythmic bilateral leg kicking that requires nonconjugate, convergent-divergent, eye movements. In fixed-head preparations, a strict 1:1 relationship was found between eye movements and spontaneous fictive swimming movements. Vestibular and visual input were controlled for by transecting the optic nerves and ablating the vestibular end organs. In tadpoles, the eyes rotate laterally, countering each lateral tail movement, while in frogs, the eyes converge or diverge in phase with the kick cycle. This experiment provided evidence for multimodal integration between spinal central pattern generators and eye movements during locomotion in XL. More importantly, the ability of visuomotor and locomotor networks to change in a coordinated fashion at different stages of development in XL suggested that they are integrated. This adaptability is probably evolutionarily preserved in other forms of locomotion, such as quadrupedal and bipedal ambulation. The OPN, as mentioned earlier, coordinates horizontal, vertical and oblique fixations and saccades. It is possible that the omnidirectional stabilizing capability of these interneurons provides a mechanism for the adaptability of reflexive saccades to different locomotive head perturbations across species.
Schwarz et al.  performed microelectrode recordings of nondopaminergic SNr neurons in cats as they received different sensory stimuli, such as mechanical skin stimulation, passive and active limb movement, and visual and vestibular stimuli. Neurons within the receptive field of each limb showed regular discharge patterns that were in phase with the step cycle during locomotion. Avoiding or navigating around an obstacle had the greatest effect on neuronal firing rates. Objects moving within the contralateral visual field modulated the firing rates of a small population of neurons related to saccades. Similar findings of saccades and neuronal discharge in the SNr have been found in monkeys . The authors concluded that the SNr functions as an output station that processes convergent multimodal sensory input (e.g., joint position, limb movement, direction and amplitude of saccades) and fine tunes spinal motor output to adequately address changing environments.
The PPN has also been suggested to serve as a multimodal integrative interface . Suppression of spontaneous locomotion and rhythmic eye movements was observed with stimulation of the ventral PPN in anesthetized and acutely decerebrated cats .
Saccade-related [104-106] and locomotion-related [107-109] neuronal activity has been reported in Purkinje cells in the cerebellar vermis in various studies using microstimulation and optogenetic techniques in nonhuman primates and other mammals.
The SC and PPRF [110,111] have been shown in rhesus monkeys to influence coordinated head-eye movements, an important component of steering during locomotion .
Saleem et al.  showed that, in order for mice to accurately gauge their speed when navigating their environment, visual speed, derived from optic input, and running speed, derived from proprioceptive input, are integrated and encoded with weighted sums within the neurons of the V1 area of the occipital cortex. While this does not pertain to eye movements per se, it at least provides more evidence linking visual sampling (which requires adequate saccades and fixations) and locomotion.
While numerous studies have suggested a multimodal integration between saccades and locomotion, the challenge of establishing a neural basis for this interaction, especially in humans, is hindered by the technical limitations related to studying the circuitry of eye movements during the act of walking. Therefore, the level at which these circuits interact with each other in real time and how activating or inactivating various nodes within one neural circuit may affect the functions of the other are not yet known.
During ambulation, the limbs, body, head and eyes move in a coordinated manner [112,114,115]. Saccadic eye movements allow the fovea to maintain fixations on relevant objects in the environment in a dynamic manner to allow guidance of locomotion. Any problems in this fixation-saccade strategy may lead to visual and gait impairments.
The visuomotor and locomotor systems influence each other via a continuous feedback loop, though the exact network is not well delineated [116-118]. Several studies have focused on gaze fixations and saccadic eye movements during stepping [119-125] to describe how eye movements influence gait parameters. In one study, visual information gathered during the latter half of the preceding step was shown to influence the step length of the following step . It has also been suggested that, while walking on uneven ground or terrain, visual information from two steps is required to direct foot placement .
Marigold and Patla  found that, when walking on a varying terrain, participants visually fixated on areas of the ground where they eventually stepped. Additionally, fixations were frequently guided to the transition zones between the varying surfaces (e.g., solid to compliant, rocky to slippery, tilted to irregular, etc). Hollands and Marple-Horvat  studied the eye movements of healthy participants who were made to walk in different conditions that varied in terms of the amount visual information available to the participants as they stepped onto stepping stones. The time interval between saccadic onset and footlift was similar in all conditions, but the interval between saccadic onset and footfall onto the stepping target differed significantly depending on the amount of visual information present. Patla and Vickers  found that healthy participants fixated on footfall targets that were an average of two steps ahead. Elderly participants with a history of falls tended not to look two steps ahead but instead fixated more on the imminent footfall target . This finding may be the result of impaired central processing of visually guided information in that group, as suggested in another study, in which elderly participants with a high risk of falling had longer latencies from saccadic initiation to foot-lift than elderly individuals with a low risk of falling .
Saccades were also studied in individuals during turning maneuvers. These studies supported a "topdown" model, in which saccadic initiation precedes, and possibly influences, turning of the head, trunk and legs [112,114]. Imai et al.  observed that when participants were asked to move in a straight line and turn 90 degrees, a saccade was made in the direction of the turn. A similar observation was made by Hollands et al. , in which healthy participants made saccades in order to position their gaze in line with the endpoint of the required travel path.
Anxiety can influence the interplay between gait and saccades. It has been suggested that early gaze transfer due to anxiety over impending obstacles is correlated with stepping inaccuracies. Investigators observed the visual and stepping behavior of an 87-year-old female when she was directed to walk along a stepping path before and after an obstacle. At the beginning of the experiment, she fixated on the stepping path before the obstacle. After falling twice, she stopped fixating on the stepping path, and instead fixated on the obstacle itself . In a similar study, elderly participants with a high risk of falling were more likely to transfer their gaze early from a stepping target along a path to an impending obstacle . One study indirectly showed a relationship between saccades and gait during an episode of anxiety/fear, in which participants with a fear of heights made more vertical than horizontal saccades when walking on a fire escape 20 meters above ground compared to the saccades of the controls . The amygdala plays an important role in anxiety and has been found to be involved in saliency coding when scanning a visual scene . States of increased anxiety may disrupt fixations and saccades through this pathway.
The relationship between saccades and gait was observed in healthy participants as they moved along a pathway with irregularly placed stepping stones, both with and without an alcohol dose. Gait impairments were observed in terms of increased step cycle durations and missed footfall targets. In terms of saccadic impairments, a large proportion of the saccades of the successive stepping stones were inaccurate and were accompanied by corrective saccades . Alcohol has been shown to cause saccadic dysmetria . The combination of impaired saccadic control and stepping accuracy implicates the cerebellum [See Supplementary Table 1 (in the online only Data Supplement) for summary of the studies of this section].
While saccadic and gait abnormalities have been studied separately in various neurodegenerative disorders (Table 2) [140-174], simultaneous recordings of eye movements and gait in these disorders have rarely been reported.
PD is well known as having both saccadic  and gait abnormalities . In PD, both saccades and step length can be hypometric. Side-to-side asymmetry, in terms of step length and saccadic amplitude, is often seen in PD. Nemanich and Earhart reported that, in PD, freezing of gait is associated with increased saccadic latency and variability . The researchers found that PD patients with freezing of gait were slower in initiating pro- and antisaccades. Saccadic velocity and gain variability were also increased in PD with freezing of gait. Performance of antisaccades was impaired in PD patients with freezing of gait compared to patients without freezing . In another study, saccadic frequency was found to increase in both patients with PD and their age-matched controls when approaching a turn, but the PD patients made fewer preparatory saccades than the controls before the turn [178,179]. During the turn, the PD patients made more saccades, and the saccadic velocity was slower than that of the controls .
The likely neural components affecting both saccades and locomotion in PD include the STN, the SNr, and the MLR/MFR . In PD, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc affects the direct and indirect pathways, resulting in bradykinetic movements that affect locomotion and saccades. More specifically, there is increased excitation of the STN, causing an increased inhibitory effect of the GPi and SNr through the indirect pathway. As mentioned earlier in the current review, DBS of the STN affects both saccadic and locomotor performance when compared to DBS of the GPi [92-95]. In terms of eye movements, the effect on these pathways in PD results in increased excitation of the SNr, which leads to abnormal saccade generation in the SC. There is also increased excitation of the PPN, which, as mentioned previously, has projections that are related to saccades and locomotion. In a recent imaging study, PPN alterations were suggested to be related to both saccadic and postural impairments in patients with PD . It was observed that functional connectivity involving the PPN and FEF correlated with antisaccadic latencies in healthy participants but not in PD patients with postural instability. Additionally, saccadic impairment correlated with gait initiation impairment in patients.
Additional examples of neurological disorders with abnormal saccades and postural instability other than PD [182,183] include progressive supranuclear palsy , cerebellar ataxia , essential tremor , and Huntington disease [187,188]. Some studies have reported that abnormalities in saccadic eye movements are correlated with body sway, even in healthy individuals [189,190]. These findings of these studies reflect an integration between postural dynamics and eye movements.
Patients with cerebellar ataxia have ataxic gait and dysmetric saccades. Dysmetric saccades consist of hypometric or hypermetric initial saccades, followed by a corrective saccade. TMS studies have implicated the ipsilateral cerebellar vermis in saccadic dysmetria . Studies of visual fixation in patients with cerebellar ataxia have discovered the presence of dysmetric saccades. During locomotor tasks with visually guided stepping, both dysmetric saccades and ataxic gait were detected [191,192]. Other studies have found correlations between efficient footfalls and oculomotor function [127,129,130] in healthy subjects.
Studies of saccadic performance in patients with gait impairment could provide insight into how eye movements affect motor abnormalities such as freezing of gait, imbalance, turning difficulties and falls. Beyond that, saccadic eye movement training as a gait rehabilitation strategy could be an important therapeutic option. Some studies have reported saccadic eye movement training as a strategy for alleviating gait abnormalities in terms of improvement in stance time and accuracy in stepping in patients (Table 3) [193-195].
Eye movements and locomotion share common neural substrates and potentially have interlinked neural circuitries. The mesopontine tegmentum and cerebellar vermis are the most likely areas to have specific neural connections between these parallel networks. Physiological studies in animals and behavioral studies in healthy individuals have supported the hypothesis that these connections are preserved and adaptable across species. Many neurodegenerative disorders demonstrate coexisting eye movement and gait abnormalities. Correlations have been made in these disease states, further providing evidence of interlinked neural circuitry. As the technology of mobile eye-tracking improves, future studies exploring eye movement abnormalities in real time with simultaneous gait recording will further elucidate the interplay between these two networks. In addition, such studies may potentially serve to develop new diagnostic or disease severity markers.
The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18018.
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Fixation duration Duration of time that the eyes remain fixated. Measured in milliseconds to seconds.
Saccadic duration Duration of time between saccadic initiation and the saccadic endpoint.
Saccadic latency Time taken for the eyes to move (saccade) after the target appears. Measured in milliseconds or seconds.
Saccadic amplitude Arc distance of rotational movement made during a saccade. Sometimes called saccadic size. Measured in degrees or minutes.
Saccadic peak velocity During a saccade, it is the highest velocity attained. Measured in degrees/seconds.
Saccadic intrusions Series of irregular interruptions by fast eye movements during primary fixation.
Saccadic gain Ratio of the actual saccadic amplitude over the intended saccadic amplitude.
Main sequence Relationship among saccadic peak velocity, duration and amplitude.
Step length Distance between initial ground contact of one foot and initial ground contact of the opposite foot.
Step time Time in seconds between initial ground contact of one foot and initial ground contact of the opposite foot.
Step width Lateral distance between the centers of the heels when both feet are on the ground (i.e., double stance).
Stride length Distance between initial ground contact of one foot and initial ground contact of the same foot, constituting the distance of one gait cycle.
Stride time Time between initial ground contact of one foot and initial ground contact of the same foot, constituting the time of one gait cycle.
Postural sway Horizontal movement of the center of gravity while standing still.
Swing phase Remaining 40% of the gait cycle, when the foot no longer is in contact with the ground, spanning from initial swing phase to initial contact.
Stance phase Initial 60% of the gait cycle, when the foot is in contact with the ground, spanning from initial contact to terminal double stance.


Increase the number of interrupts to match the HiFive Unleashed board.
of the SiFive UART device tree node (similar to virt machine).
core number to the actual hartid.
local variables to timecmp_hi and timecmp_lo.
value between the timecmp_lo and timecmp_hi update.
and writes acknowledgements back to the claim register.
resolved these failures so the second UARTs can be instantiated.
as the TX watermark level is greater than zero.
Let's say we have a 128KB PMP region with base address as 0x80000000.
Now, the PMPADDRx CSR value for this region will be 0x20003fff.
have decoded PMPADDRx CSR as t1=14, base=0x80000000, and range=0x1fff.
PMPADDRx CSR is not -1 (i.e. 0xffffffffffffffff).
There's at least two of us that are paid to work on this.
Fedora disk image on the virt machine.
# gpg: Good signature from "Palmer Dabbelt <address@hidden>"
# gpg:                 aka "Palmer Dabbelt <address@hidden>"


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Tissue, cells or virus corresponding to Mouse NKR-P1C.
Flow Cyt: Mouse spleen cells.
This antibody can be used for in vitro complement dependent cytotoxicity assays, in vivo depletion and in vitro activation of NKR-P1C cells and in vitro redirected lysis.
This antibody can be used for in vitro complement dependent cytotoxicity assays, in vivo depletion and in vitro activation of NK1.1 cells and in vitro redirected lysis.
Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab25027 in the following tested applications.
Plays a stimulatory role on natural killer (NK) cells cytotoxicity. Activation by cross-linking of the receptor induces Ca(2+) mobilization and interferon-gamma production.
Expressed in natural killer cells.
C57Bl/6 splenocytes stained with APC-conjugated anti-CD3e and 0.5µg ab25027 (right) or 0.5µg PE-conjugated mouse IgG2a isotype control (left).
ab25027 has not yet been referenced specifically in any publications.
Publishing research using ab25027? Please let us know so that we can cite the reference in this datasheet.
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text:
Long Weekend Coming Up? Take A Road Trip To Narnala, A Lesser-Known Destination In Maharashtra
Sanaa Nalwalla | Updated on Nov 02, 2020 17:52 IST
SR S R
To the point: Filled with beautiful landscapes, abandoned forts, wildlife and temples, Narnala is a hidden gem in Maharashtra that is fairly lesser-known but filled with an abundance of nature, history and fascinating finds. Keep reading to know more about all the things you should do on your next visit to Narnala (sounds like Narnia no, no? okay then!).
Narnala Fort
Narnala Fort also known as Shahnoor Fort is a hill fortress in Aloka was established around 10th Century A.D by Gond Kings but then other rulers like the Mughals, Marathas and the Rajputs took reign. The main fort has three small forts, Zafarabad in the East, Narnala in the centre and Teliaghar in the West. The fort is an easy trek and the remains of the fort can be marvelled for its stunning Islamic architecture. It has staggering 360 watchtowers, six large and twenty-one small gates. It also is fascinating as you can find temples and mosques on the same property. It just goes to show the rich history that this fort's rulers have left behind for us to uncover.
Gullarghat Lake
Pic Credit: Trel, Trips And Adventure
What we failed to mention is that the Narnala Fort has a lake located in the middle of it. This vast lake is a great place to sit and unwind after walking around and uncovering the fort. It's a great place for avid bird watchers and to watch sunsets. The lake was believed to have healing properties and according to legend contained a philosopher's stone, but after a famine, these claims were rubbished.
This tiger reserve is nestled in the Satpura-Maikal Ranges and it comes alive with the songs of the birds and the roar of a tiger. It is one of the largest tiger reserves in India and the reserve is a small part of the Gugamal National Park. The reserve has 80 species like bears, tigers, leopards, deers, birds and reptiles alike. The best way to make the most of this place is to book a safari and stand a chance to see tigers in all its glory. You can also prolong your stay here by checking in their huts, dorms or eco huts. The best time to visit is between October and April.
Visit A Cotton Plantation
Since Akola is the largest cotton-producing district in all of India, it's only befitting to make a pit stop at one of the cotton plantations in the area. Popularly known as the Cotton City of India, Akola is still famous for its textiles. You know what that means, return gifts for everyone! You can pull up at any farm and take a tour while learning about the plantation, crop and harvest methods. Learning is key!
Surya Nala Waterfall
With cascading milky white water, Surya Nala Waterfall in Akola. The waterfall falls from a great height and breaks up into smaller waterfalls that people can sit under and enjoy during the monsoon months. You'll find many people taking a dip and enjoying the chilled waters. So if. You're heading there during the rainy season, do take a dip!
Distance from Pune: 535 km
Distance from Mumbai: 666 km
Best Time To Visit: All year round
For the latest Hotels & Getaways stories, download the Whatshot app
Away From The Crowd, Have A Socially Distanced NYE At These Spots In Maharashtra
Bookmark This Postcard Perfect Resort In Wai If You're Bored Of The Same Old Hotels!
Enjoy A Romantic Vacay With Bae In The Private Villas Of Kaudia Estate, Uttarakhand!
Board Game Lovers, We Just Found A New Hot Spot In Town Where You Can Spend Hours Playing Games!
Kids Will Be Full Of Smiles With Traditional And Western Wear From Pune-Based Pika Pika Smiles!
We Found A Cute Little Hidden Bistro Dishing Out Authentic Italian Fare In The Heart Of Aundh
Heaven Meets Earth At Jumbo Farms, Located On The Banks Of Pawna Lake
Pinterest-y Tents, Fairy Lights & Bonfires: Glamp Everest Will Transport You To A Fairytale
16 Best Book Cafes In Pune That Are Perfect For Some Me-Time

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Topic: Matt Bryant
Matt Bryant News
NFL // 1 year ago
Falcons cut veteran kicker Matt Bryant
The Atlanta Falcons have released veteran kicker Matt Bryant.
Falcons' Matt Bryant misses game-tying extra point in loss to Cardinals
Veteran kicker Matt Bryant missed what would have been a game-tying extra point, resulting in the Atlanta Falcons' fifth loss of the season in Week 6 against the Arizona Cardinals.
Atlanta Falcons restructuring contracts to help with Julio Jones deal
The Atlanta Falcons are restructuring two contracts to free up additional salary-cap space for a potential contract extension with star wide receiver Julio Jones.
Fantasy football: Week 1 kicker and defense rankings
Wil Lutz is the No. 1 rated kicker and the Philadelphia Eagles are the top fantasy football defense/special teams unit for Week 1 of the 2019 NFL season, according to UPI senior sports writer Alex Butler.
Atlanta Falcons to try out, sign kicker Matt Bryant
With the Atlanta Falcons' kicking situation in flux, the team is bringing in veteran free-agent kicker Matt Bryant for a tryout.
Atlanta Falcons sign Ty Sambrailo to three-year extension
The Atlanta Falcons reached an agreement on a three-year contract extension with offensive lineman Ty Sambrailo, the team announced Tuesday.
Atlanta Falcons to let CB Brian Poole enter free agency
The Atlanta Falcons will not tender cornerback Brian Poole as a restricted free agent, meaning the nickel corner will enter free agency.
Atlanta Falcons cut K Matt Bryant, CB Robert Alford
The Atlanta Falcons have released longtime kicker Matt Bryant and cornerback Robert Alford.
Atlanta Falcons end season on high note; Tampa Bay Bucs fire Dirk Koetter
Atlanta kicker Matt Bryant drilled a 37-yard field goal as time expired to give the Falcons a 34-32 road win over Dirk Koetter and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
Atlanta Falcons' defense dominates Arizona Cardinals
Deion Jones came up with a 41-yard pick-six and the Atlanta Falcons scored 26 unanswered first-half points en route to a 40-14 win over the Arizona Cardinals.
Steven Matt Bryant (born May 29, 1975 in Orange, Texas) is an American football placekicker for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. He was signed by the Frankfurt Galaxy as a street free agent in 2002. He played college football at Baylor.
Bryant has also been a member of the New York Giants, Indianapolis Colts, Miami Dolphins, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Florida Tuskers.
After playing football and baseball at Bridge City High School in Bridge City, Texas, Bryant would go on to attend Trinity Valley Community College in Athens, Texas where he was a two time NJCAA All-American and a member of the 1994 national championship team. He then signed with Oregon State University, later transferring to Baylor University where he ranks seventh in all-time scoring list with 105 points (21 field goals and 42 extra points) also his 21 field goals place him fifth in Bears history and hit 42-42 extra points to set the school record with a 100 percent success rate. After graduating, he went undrafted and worked for several years at a pawn shop, and then as a personal trainer.
It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Matt Bryant."


"The itsy bitsy spider, climbed up the water spout," Lyra sang, walking her fingers up the chest of the baby in her arms. His name was Sam and he was, quite possibly, the cutest thing that Lyra had ever seen. She was babysitting for the day while a friend dealt with family issues that Lyra hadn't pried into.
Lyra - who had always adored children and babies - was enjoying the whole thing immensely. Sam seemed to be an extraordinarily happy baby as well.
There was a knock on the door and Lyra, smiling down at Sam, said, "shall we go answer the door? Yes, let's go answer the door and see who's come to visit us." With Sam cradled in the crook of her arm she peered through the peephole and smiled even more brightly when she saw that it was Thanatos. She unlocked the door and said, "this is a pleasant surprise."
He'd initially come to see Lyra for rather obvious reasons. He liked being close to her and waking up with her was just nicer. Especially because today he'd actually needed to do his duty. He needed her brightness.
He was taken aback by the child she was carrying and he turned down his thoughts. He was never too sure around children though (they always seemed to just know about him) and even less so around babies. "Hello," he gave the baby a look and titled his head. "I did not know you were busy."
"Babysitting," Lyra smiled and then jiggled the boy in her arms a little. "Isn't that right, little Sam? We're having the best time, aren't we?" Looking back up at her boyfriend she said, "come in though."
He was a bit confused, but he hadn't called ahead. He shouldn't assume she was always free. He gave the baby a look before stepping inside and removing his coat.
He didn't want the baby to cry at him so he stayed at a distance. But he still wanted to be around Lyra. "they know," he motioned to the child, "they can sense me I think."
"Well, maybe Sam is like me and doesn't mind death," Lyra said cheerfully. Sam had gone very quiet though, but he seemed more interested in who Thanatos was than afraid of him.
"What brings you my way?" Lyra asked, moving closer so that she could kiss Thanatos in greeting. Sam made a grab for Thanatos' coat. Sam, Lyra had discovered, was really enjoying his opposable thumbs. She could barely keep anything out of his hands. It was just lucky he couldn't walk yet.
He sat down and watched the child as he watched him. "All children mind death. Too much life in them." He had always felt it harder to take children then those who were older. He'd done it far too much in his opinion.
He returned the kiss but leaned out of the touch of the child. He half feared he'd claim the child, even if that would be impossible. "I wanted to see you. I was brought to someone's side today. I wanted to have some of your cheer. Selfishly."
"That's not selfish," Lyra told him. "Or if it is, it's the sort of selfish I'm okay with. I like making you smile." Sam reached up and tugged on her hair and Lyra made a face at him. He giggled and tugged harder, which hadn't been the reaction she was hoping for. She untangled his little fingers as she smiled at Thanatos. "Love you. You can come to me any time."
He did smile to that, "I know. It's a good thing. I did not know you were occupied." He frowned at the child tugging at her hair but didn't interfere. He wouldn't even know how to do all that anyway. "As I love you. Perhaps you should put him down?"
"He's alright," Lyra said, bouncing him in her arms. "Actually, could you watch him for a minute?" she asked hopefully. "I'm dying to go to the bathroom but you don't have to hold him or anything." She tilted her head curiously. "Unless you want to try holding him?"
He drew back against the couch at the mere mention of holding the child, "no. Just put him down. I'll watch him." He really, really, really didn't feel qualified to do this sort of thing, but he wouldn't leave Lyra to it. He would at least attempt to help her.
"I'm not great at this. I worry I'll hurt them."
"You won't hurt him," Lyra promised, putting Sam down on the couch beside Thanatos. "You can't take people unless it's their time, isn't that right? So unless it's Sam's time - which I really hope it isn't - then he's fine. Babies aren't as breakable as you think."
"No, I would see it," and he didn't. He stared at the child and inched a bit away. "I am not used to children. They have never factored into my existence very much." He glanced to the baby with a frown, "they are odd."
"Well, we were all babies ones," Lyra said and then frowned. "Except... I can't really use that reasoning with you." She crouched down, smiling brightly at Sam. "Some people in this room aren't normal human beanies like us," she told the baby in a sing-song voice and then blew a raspberry against his chubby arm, something which made the boy laugh in delight.
He shrugged, "you said you needed to go use the washroom," he tilted his head before looking to the child. "You know what I am I think, and I am not sure if I was ever like him. You'd have to ask my mother. I imagine I did not arrive the way I am now." He shrugged, "but you never know."
"Okay," Lyra said, standing up. "I promise not to run away to China and leave you with him." She grinned and headed off down the hall, hoping that Thanatos would survive.
He sighed and watched her leave, placing pillows near the child so it wouldn't go and get himself hurt. "I am not good at this," he sighed to the child. "But Lyra is nice. She'll be good while you're here. I'll just be useless and add to the scenery."
When Lyra returned she lingered in the doorway and watched for a few moments before coming back to sit down, putting the little boy on her lap again. "You lived," she told him, trying not to tease him too much. Being death around babies had to be - at the very least - weird.
"You know," Lyra told him, trying for casual. "One day I'm going to have kids. If you want to be part of my life you'll have to get slightly less afraid of them." This was probably a slightly heavy discussion for someone that she'd only been dating a few months, but she did love Thanatos and wanted to be with him and it was important he understand that, for Lyra, children wasn't an optional thing.
He watched her, wondering how she got so good at that. He gave her an odd look and half a smile, "well yes. I can't really die so," he shrugged and glanced to the child. It was harder then it looked to remain somewhat casual.
Her comment made him look to her and frown. "You know I want to be a part of your life. But I have very little to do with children." He sighed, "I cannot give you any of my blood, this you already know. And you haven't met most of my family so you do not know how much of a benefit that is. Regardless, I will calm down in due time. Give me some patience."
"A kid doesn't need to have your blood to be yours," Lyra said and attempted a shrug. "Just like a child doesn't need to have my blood for me to love it like it was my own." She cleared her throat. "But, uh, this is very early into 'us' to be even talking about this idea." She smiled at him warmly. "I have a lot of years before I'm ready for one of these of my own anyway. For now I'm happy with babysitting and feeling clucky."
He was a bit relieved when she said it was a bit early to discuss this, "oh, good. I'm not always sure on timelines. It get's fuzzy sometimes. I do want to discuss this with you Lyra, but once we've settled into us a bit more. I quite like having you to myself right now. And I will learn, in said time." Smiling he kissed the top of her head, "For what it's worth I am sorry I cannot give you your own."
"Timeline wise this is very early by anyone's standards," Lyra nodded with a smile, feeling awkward about this whole conversation. "Give it another five years and if we're still together then we can start talking about it. But," she added, "Sam's mom will be coming to collect him in an hour or so. After that I'll be completely yours."
"I plan to stay with you. I hope to have you then still," he was serious about that, but then again he planned to stay with her until he had to take her to Hades' realm. He was very determined to keep this. "But alright. IT can be an item to discuss. And good. Like I said today I am selfish and need you."


text:
Q: no module named disutils.core I have installed the 64 bit version of the Anaconda python distribution on my Windows 64 bit machine. I am trying to cythonize a python script and I get an error at the following line:
from disutils.core import setup
ImportError: No module named disutils.core

I tried
import disutils
ImportError: No module named disutils

Based on the information at the following link :
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools#windows-7-or-graphical-install
I downloaded and ran ez_setup.py
I still get the same error. Can anyone help me solve my problem ?

A: from disutils.core import setup

should be:
from distutils.core import setup
You have spelled it  disutils and distuils both missing a t
import distuils should be distutils

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


How could I NOT do a post about the monitor lizards in Guam! I first saw one while on the River Boat Cruise sitting up in a tree catching some rays. I wasn't too creeped out by it either! The next time time I saw two laying out in the sun on the road to Marbo Cave. These ones were about double the size of the first one I saw and they had bright yellow dots all over. At first I thought they were dead because they weren't moving, then suddenly they lifted their legs and walked into the jungle. I was so creeped out, they look so much like alligators!
Then on a walk down the steps at Oka viewpoint I heard something big jump into the bushes and Peter, who was ahead of me, said it was a huge monitor lizard that was about 5 feet long from nose to tail!!! It's a good thing I didn't see that one!! The one in the photos is from Chamorro Village where they have it sitting out for people to pet. For a small donation Peter held the creature, while I took a few photos while saying "Gross!" That's probably really rude of me. I did have the courage to touch it though, just once. The claws are pretty intimidating and the tail means serious business. These are harmless creatures, but I'm pretty sure they would eat me if they wanted to.


BLYTH, Ont. — A taste of the tropics is growing in Southwestern Ontario.
Canada Banana Farms, located in Blyth, Ont., is growing a variety of fruits usually reserved for cultivation closer to the equator.
"You can create your own climate anywhere on the planet," said Terry Brake, who works on the tropical fruit farm alongside owner Laurie Macpherson.
Today, the farm is successfully growing bananas, papayas, guavas, oranges, mangoes, pineapples, lemons and limes. Tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers are also grown year round.
"Bananas are the most popular and guavas are a close second. People are starting to get into the guava," Brake said.
The idea to produce tropical fruit in Ontario started about 11 years ago after Brake was seriously injured in a car accident and forced to end his career as a mechanical engineer. To help him relax, his doctor gifted him a banana plant, which he grew in his basement.
Macpherson purchased a 40-acre farm six years ago and began constructing the hoop houses (a greenhouse frame covered with plastic and heated with a wood stove).
Canada Banana Farm now has four hoop houses in production and 100 more in development.
"Within a year it should be up and running at full strength," Brake said.
When the outdoor temperature reaches -20 C, the hoop house is able to maintain a temperature of 30 C and 85 per cent humidity. Pressure generated from the stove maintains ground temperature at 18 C one foot away from the edge of the building.
"In Blyth, there's a lot of snow coverage, so the ground never goes below freezing," Brake said.
Within 18 months of constructing its first hoop houses, the farm began harvesting bananas.
To accelerate growth time, and produce a shorter plant, Brake explained they grafted the banana planted onto dragonroot.
"There's a lot of grafting stock you can buy, but we like dragonroot," he explained.
The banana trees are planted in a triangle formation, three feet apart.
Each triangle will produce 1,000 to 2,000 pounds of fruit per year, with each hoop house capable of housing 72 plots.
While the Blyth bananas are smaller than those found in a grocery store, they are not sprayed with ethylene to force ripening, a common practice for imported fruit.
"We've kept bananas on our counter for 14 days and they didn't rot," Brake said.
Their methods for growing tropical fruit in Canada are generating attention from other farmers, and Brake said they are happy to share. Canada Banana Farms are already talking to a farm near Trois-Riviere, Que. and First Nation reserves in Northern Canada.
"We want to share our technology. We're not going to be able to feed the provinces or cities ourselves, so we encourage people to plant. We want this to go not only across Canada, but everywhere," Brake said.
A ready-to-go hoop house costs about $100,000.
A great undertaking and wish them every success against all odds.