text:
Graham GUNDERSON
Transformer-Generator
grahamgunderson.com -- Overunity Disclosure by Graham Gunderson
US7830065 -- Solid state electric generator
US8093869 -- Apparatus for generating electricity utilizing nondestructive interference of energy
web.archive.org /www.magneticpowerinc.com -- Solid State Electrical Generator Patent Application
overunity.com --Forum Discussion
electropub.wordpress.com -- Spiral Transformer – related to Graham's patent
energyscienceconference.com -- Photos & Interview
energeticforum.com -- Graham Gunderson's Transformer
energeticforum.com -- Image of Gunderson's Transformer
Physics Review Board -- Chava Energy's ZPE GENERATOR Fraud
http://grahamgunderson.com/ou/
Overunity Disclosure by Graham Gunderson
"A REAL OVERUNITY TRANSFORMER DEMONSTRATED TO AN AUDIENCE AND DETAILS ON HOW TO REPLICATE IT! ALSO, REVEALING KEYS TO FLOYD SWEET'S VTA'S BARIUM FERRITE MAGNETS - CONCEPTS OF CONDITIONING THEM TO SELF-RESONATE AT SPECIFIC FREQUENCIES."
REVEALED: A simple overunity transformer that is easy for the average builder to demonstrate and rare information shared about Barium Ferrite magnets that you won't easily find anywhere else.
Solid state electric generator
US7830065
A solid-state electrical generator including at least one permanent magnet, magnetically coupled to a ferromagnetic core provided with at least one hole penetrating its volume; the hole(s) and magnet(s) being placed such that the hole(s) penetrating the ferromagnetic core's volume intercept flux from the permanent magnet(s) coupled into the ferromagnetic core. A first wire coil is wound around the ferromagnetic core for the purpose of moving the coupled permanent magnet flux within the ferromagnetic core. A second wire is routed through the hole(s) penetrating the volume of the ferromagnetic core, for the purpose of intercepting this moving magnetic flux, thereby inducing an output electromotive force.; A changing voltage applied to the first wire coil causes coupled permanent magnet flux to move within the core relative to the hole(s) penetrating the core volume, thus inducing electromotive force along wire(s) passing through the hole(s) in the ferromagnetic core. The mechanical action of an electrical generator is thereby synthesized without use of moving parts.
This invention relates to a method and device for generating electrical power using solid state means.
It has long been known that moving a magnetic field across a wire will generate an electromotive force (EMF), or voltage, along the wire. When this wire is connected in an electrical closed circuit, in order to perform work, an electric current is driven through this closed circuit by the induced electromotive force.
It has also long been known that this resulting electric current causes the closed circuit to become encircled with a secondary, induced magnetic field, whose polarity opposes the primary magnetic field that first induced the EMF. This magnetic opposition creates mutual repulsion as a moving magnet moves toward such a closed circuit and attraction as that moving magnet then moves away from the closed circuit. Both these actions tend to slow, or "drag" the progress of the moving magnet generating the EMF, causing the electric generator to act as a magnetic brake, in direct proportion to the amount of electric current produced.
Gas engines, hydroelectric dams and steam-fed turbines have historically been used to overcome this magnetic braking action occurring within mechanical electric generators. A large amount of mechanical power is ultimately required to produce a large amount of electrical power, since the magnetic braking interaction resulting from induced electrical current is generally proportional to the amount of power being generated.
There has been a long felt need for a generator which reduces this well-known magnetic braking interaction, while nevertheless generating useful electric power. When the magnetic fields within a generator are caused to move and interact efficiently electric power can be supplied with far greater economy. Improving power generating and conversion efficiencies also increases the power capability of a device thereby, inter alia, providing a mechanism to reduce the size and weight of the generating device. Smaller and higher power density devices are particularly useful in applications such as aviation, automotive, and portable electronics including hand held devices.
It has long been known that the source of the magnetism within a permanent magnet is a spinning electric current within ferromagnetic atoms of certain elements, persisting indefinitely in accord with well-defined quantum rules. This atomic current encircles each atom, thereby causing each atom to emit a magnetic field, as a miniature electromagnet.
This atomic current does not exist in magnets alone. It also exists in ordinary metallic iron, and in any element or metallic alloy that can be "magnetized", that is, exhibits ferromagnetism. All ferromagnetic atoms and "magnetic metals" contain such quantum atomic electromagnets.
In specific ferromagnetic materials, the orientation axis of each atomic electromagnet is flexible. The orientation of magnetic flux within, as well as external to the material, easily pivots. Such materials are referred to as magnetically "soft", due to this magnetic flexibility.
Permanent magnet materials are magnetically "hard". The orientation axis of each atomic electromagnet is fixed in place within a rigid crystal structure. The total magnetic field produced by these atoms cannot easily move. This constraint permanently aligns the field of ordinary magnets, hence the name "permanent".
The axis of circular current flow in one ferromagnetic atom can direct the axis of magnetism within another ferromagnetic atom, through a process known as spin exchange. This gives a soft magnetic material, like raw iron, the useful ability to aim, focus, and redirect the magnetic field emitted from a magnetically hard permanent magnet.
In the present invention, a permanent magnet's rigid field is sent into a magnetically flexible, "soft" magnetic material. The permanent magnet's apparent location, observed from points within the magnetically soft material, will effectively move, vibrate, and appear to shift position when the magnetization of the soft magnetic material is modulated by ancillary means (much like the sun, viewed while underwater, appears to move when the water is agitated). By this mechanism, the motion required for generation of electricity can be synthesized within a soft ferromagnetic material, without requiring physical movement or an applied mechanical force.
The present invention is believed to synthesize virtual motion of magnets and their magnetic fields thereby providing highly efficient energy conversion. The present invention describes an electrical generator wherein magnetic braking phenomena, known as expressions of Lenz's Law, do not oppose the means by which the magnetic field energy is caused to move. This synthesized magnetic motion is aided by forces generated in accordance with Lenz's Law, in order to aid the synthesized magnetic motion, instead of physical "magnetic braking". Because of this novel magnetic interaction, the solid-state static generator of the present invention provides a highly efficient energy conversion apparatus.
So that the above-recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to various embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
FIG. 1 is an exploded view of the generator of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a top plan cross sectional view of the generator of this invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional elevation showing the magnetic action occurring within the generator of FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram, illustrating one method of electrically operating the generator of this invention.
FIG. 1 depicts a partially exploded view of an embodiment of an electric generator of this invention. The parts have been numbered, with the numbering convention applied to FIGS. 1, 2, and 3.
Numeral 1 represents a permanent magnet with its North pole pointing inward toward the soft ferromagnetic core of the device. Similarly, numeral 2 indicates permanent magnets of preferably the same shape and composition, with their South poles aimed inward toward the opposite side, or opposite surface of the device. The letters "S" and "N" denote these respective magnetic poles in the drawing. Other magnetic polarities and configurations may be used with success; the pattern shown merely illustrative of one efficient mode of adding magnets to the core.
The magnets may be formed of any polarized magnetic material. In order of descending effectiveness, the most desirable permanent-magnet materials are Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NIB) magnets, Samarium Cobalt magnets, AlNiCo alloy magnets, or "ceramic" strontium-, barium- or lead-ferrite magnets. A primary factor determining permanent magnet material composition is the magnetic flux strength of the particular material type. In an embodiment of the invention, these magnets may also be substituted with one or more electromagnets producing the required magnetic flux. In another embodiment of the invention, a superimposed DC current bias can be applied to the output wire to generate the required magnetic flux, in substitution of, or in conjunction with said permanent magnets.
Numeral 3 indicates the magnetic core. This core is a critical member of the generator, determining the characteristics of output power capacity, optimal magnet type, electrical impedance, and operating frequency range. This core may be any shape, composed of any ferromagnetic substance, formed by any process (sintering, casting, adhesive bonding, tape winding, etc). A wide spectrum of geometries, materials, and processes are known in the art of magnetic cores. Effective common materials include, but are not limited to, amorphous metal alloys (such as that sold under the trademark designation "Metglas" by Metglas Inc., Conway S.C.), nanocrystalline alloys, manganese and zinc ferrites as well as ferrites of any suitable element including any combination of magnetically "hard" and "soft" ferrites, powdered metals and ferromagnetic alloys, laminations of cobalt and/or iron, and silicon-iron "electrical steel". This invention successfully utilizes any ferromagnetic material, while functioning as claimed. In an embodiment of the invention, and for the purpose of illustration, a circular "toroid" core is illustrated. In an embodiment of the invention, the composition may be bonded iron powder, commonly available from many manufacturers.
Regardless of core type, the core is prepared with holes, through which wires may pass, which have been drilled or formed to penetrate the core's ferromagnetic volume. The toroidal core 3 shown includes radial holes pointing toward a common center. If, for example stiff wire rods were to be inserted through each of these holes, these wires would meet at the center point of the core, producing an appearance similar to a spoke wheel. If a square or rectangular core (not illustrated) is used instead, these holes are preferably oriented parallel to the core's flat sides, causing stiff rods passed through the holes to form a square grid pattern, as the rods cross each other in the interior "window" area framed by the core. While in other embodiments of the invention, these holes may take any possible orientation or patterns of orientation within the scope of the present generator, a simple row of radial holes is illustrated herein as one example.
Numeral 4 depicts a wire or bundle of wires, i.e. output wire 4, that pick-up and carry the generator's output power. Typically this wire is composed of insulated copper, though other output mediums such as aluminum, iron, dielectric material, polymers, and semiconducting materials may be substituted. It may be seen in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 that wire 4, which serves as an output medium, passes alternately through neighboring holes formed in core 3. The path taken by wire 4 undulates, passing in an opposite direction through each adjacent hole. If an even number of holes is used, the wire will emerge on the same side of the core it first entered on, once all holes are filled. The resulting pair of trailing leads may be twisted together or similarly terminated, forming the output terminals of the generator shown at Numeral 5. Output wire 4 may also make multiple passes through each hole in the core. Though the winding pattern is not necessarily undulatory; this basic form is shown by way of example. Many effective connection styles exist; this illustration shows the simplest. All successful connection methods pass wire 4 at some point through the holes in the core.
Numeral 6 in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 points to a partial illustration of the input winding, or inductive coil used to shift the permanent magnets' fields within the core. Typically, this wire coil encircles the core, wrapping around it. For the toroidal core presented, input coil 6 resembles the outer windings of a typical toroidal inductor, a common electrical component. For the sake of clarity, only a few turns of coil 6 are shown in each of drawing FIGS. 1, 2, and 3. In practice, this coil may cover the entire core, or specific sections of the core, including or not including the magnets, while remaining within scope of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows the same representative generator of FIG. 1, looking transparently "down" through it from above, so the relative positions of the core holes (dotted lines), the path of the output wire, and magnet positions (as shaded areas) are made clear.
The generator shown uses a core with 8 radially drilled holes. The spacing between these illustrative holes is equal. As shown, each hole is displaced 45 degrees from the next. All holes' centers lay along a common plane; this imaginary plane is centered half-way along the core's vertical thickness. Cores of any shape and size may include as few as two, or as many as hundreds of holes, and a similar number of magnets. Other variations exist, such as generators with multiple rows of holes, zigzag and diagonal patterns, or output wire 4 molded directly into the core material. In any case, the basic magnetic interaction shown in FIG. 3 occurs for each hole in the core, as detailed below.
FIG. 3 shows the same design, viewed broadside. The curvature of the core has been flattened to the page for the purpose of illustration. The magnets are represented schematically, protruding from core top and bottom, with arrows indicating the direction of magnetic flux—arrow heads pointing north, tails south.
In practice, the free, unattached polar ends of the generator's magnets may be left as-is, in open air, or provided with a common ferromagnetic path linking unused North and South poles together, as a magnetic "ground". This common return path is typically made of steel, iron or similar material, taking the form of a ferrous enclosure housing the device. It may serve the additional purpose of a protecting chassis. The magnetic return may also be another ferromagnetic core in repetition of the present invention, forming a stack or layered series of generators, sharing common magnets between generator cores. Any such additions are without direct bearing on the functional principle of the generator itself, and have therefore been omitted from these illustrations.
Two example flux diagrams are given in FIG. 3. Each example is shown in a space between schematically depicted partial input coils 6. A positive or negative polarity marker indicates the direction of input current, applied through the input coil. This applied current produces "modulating" magnetic flux, which is used to synthesize motion of the permanent magnets, and is shown as a double-tailed horizontal arrow (a) along the core 3. Each example shows this double-tailed arrow (a) pointing to the right or the left depending on the polarity of applied current.
In either case, vertical flux entering the core (b, 3) from the external permanent magnets (1, 2) is swept along, within the core, by the direction of the double-tailed arrow representing the input coil's magnetic flux (a). These curved arrows (b) in the space between the magnets and holes can be seen to shift or bend (a->b), as if they were streams or jets of air subject to a changing wind (a).
The resulting sweeping motion of the permanent magnets' fields causes their flux (b) to brush back and forth over the holes and wire 4 passing through these holes. Just as in a mechanical generator, when magnetic flux brushes or "cuts" sideways across a conductor in this way, EMF or voltage is induced. By connecting an electrical load across the ends of this wire conductor (Numeral 5, in FIGS. 1, 2) a current is allowed to flow through the load in a closed circuit, delivering electrical power able to perform work. Input of an alternating current across the input coil 6 generates an alternating magnetic field (a) causing the fields of permanent magnets 1, and 2 to shift (b) within the core 3, inducing electrical power through a load (attached to terminals 5), as if the fixed magnets (1,2) themselves were physically moving. However, no mechanical motion is present.
In a mechanical generator, induced current powering an electrical load returns back through output wire 4 creating a secondary induced magnetic field, exerting forces which substantially oppose the original magnetic field inducing the original EMF. Since load currents induce their own, secondary magnetic fields opposing the original act of induction in this way, the source of the original induction requires additional energy to restore itself and continue generating electricity. In mechanical generators, the energy-inducing motion of the generator's magnetic fields is being physically actuated, requiring a strong prime mover (such as a steam turbine) to restore the EMF-generating magnetic fields' motion, against the braking effect of the output-induced magnetic fields (the induced field (c), and the inducing field (b)), destructively in mutual opposition. It is this inductive opposition which ultimately must be overcome by physical force, which is commonly produced by consumption of other energy resources.
The generator of the present invention makes use of the induced, secondary magnetic field in such a way as to not cause opposition, resulting in efficient magnetic field motion. Because the magnetic fields do not act to destroy one another in mutual opposition, the present invention is a highly efficient energy conversion apparatus.
The present generator's induced magnetic field, resulting from electric current flowing through the load and returning through output wire 4, is that of a closed loop encircling each hole in the core admitting the output conductor or conductive medium (4, c). The present generator's induced magnetic fields create magnetic flux in the form of closed loops within the ferromagnetic core. The magnetic field "encircles" each hole in the core carrying output wire 4, similar to the threads of a screw "encircling" the shaft of the screw.
Within this generator, the magnetic field from output medium or wire 4 immediately encircles each hole formed in the core (c) carrying this medium or wire 4. Since wire 4 may take an opposing direction through each neighboring hole, the direction of the resulting magnetic field will likewise be opposite. The directions of arrows (b) and (c) are, at each hole, opposing, headed in opposite directions, since (b) is the inducing flux and (c) is the induced flux, each opposing one another while generating electricity.
However, this magnetic opposition is effectively directed against the permanent magnets that are injecting their flux into the core, but not the source of the alternating magnetic input field 6. In the present solid state generator, induced output flux (4, c) is directed to oppose the permanent magnets (1, 2) not the input flux source (6, a) that is synthesizing the virtual motion of those magnets (1, 2) by its magnetizing action on core 3.
The present generator employs magnets as the source of motive pressure driving the generator, since they are the entity being opposed or "pushed against" by the opposing reaction induced by output current which is powering a load. Experiments show that high-quality permanent magnets can be magnetically "pushed against" in this way for very long periods of time, before becoming demagnetized or "spent".
FIG. 3 illustrates inducing representative flux arrows (b) directed oppositely against induced representative flux (c). In materials typically used to form core 3, fields flowing in mutually opposite directions tend to cancel each other, just as positive and negative numbers of equal magnitude sum to zero.
On the remaining side of each hole, opposite the permanent magnet, no mutual opposition takes place. Induced flux (c) caused by the generator load currents remains present; however, inducing flux from the permanent magnets (b) is not present since no magnet is present, on this side, to source the necessary flux. This leaves the induced flux (c) encircling the hole, as well as input flux (a) from the input coils 6, continuing its path along the core, on either side of each hole.
On the side of each core hole where a magnet is present, action (b) and reaction (c) magnetic flux substantially cancel and annihilate, being oppositely directed within the core. On the other side of each hole, where no magnet is present, input flux (a) and reaction flux (c) share a common direction. Magnetic flux thereby adds together in these zones, where induced magnetic flux (c) aids the input flux (a). This is the reverse of typical generator action, where induced flux (c) is typically opposing the "input" flux originating the induction.
Since the magnetic interaction herein is a combination of magnetic flux opposition and magnetic flux acceleration, there is no longer an overall magnetic braking, or total opposition effect. The braking and opposition is counterbalanced by a simultaneous magnetic acceleration within the core. Since mechanical motion is absent, the equivalent electrical effect ranges from idling, or absence of opposition, to a strengthening and overall acceleration of the electrical input signal (within coils 6). Proper selection of the permanent magnet (1, 2) material and flux density, core 3 material magnetic characteristics, core hole pattern and spacing, and output medium connection technique create embodiments wherein the present generator will display an absence of electrical loading at the input and/or an overall amplification of the input signal. This ultimately causes less input energy to be required in order to work the generator. Therefore, as increasing amounts of energy are withdrawn from the generator as output power performing useful work, decreasing amounts of energy are generally required to operate it. This process endures, working against the permanent magnets (1, 2) until they are demagnetized.
In an embodiment of this invention, FIG. 4 illustrates a typical operating circuit employing the generator of this invention. A square-wave input signal, furnished by appropriate transistorized switching means, is applied at the input terminals (S), to the primary (a) of a step-down transformer 11. The secondary winding (b) of the input transformer may be a single turn, in series with a capacitor 12 and the generator 13 input coil (c), forming a series resonant circuit. The frequency of the applied square wave (S) must either match, or be an integral sub-harmonic of the resonant frequency of this 3-element transformer-capacitor-inductor input circuit.
Generator 13 output winding (d) is connected to resistive load L through switch 14. When switch 14 is closed, generated power is dissipated at L, which is any resistive load, for example, an incandescent lamp or resistive heater.
Once input resonance is achieved, and the square wave input frequency applied at S is such that the combined reactive impedance of total inductance (b+c) is equal in magnitude to the opposing reactive impedance of capacitance 12, the electrical phases of current through, and voltage across, generator 13 input coil (c) will flow 90 degrees apart in resonant quadrature. Power drawn from the square wave input-energy source applying power to S will now be at a minimum.
In this condition, the resonant energy present at the generator input may be measured by connecting a voltage probe across the test points (v), situated across the generator input coil, together with a current probe around point (i), situated in series with the generator input coil (c). The instantaneous vector product of these two measurements indicates the energy circulating at the generator's input, ultimately shifting the permanent magnets' fields.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that a square (or other) wave may be applied directly to the generator input terminals (c) without use of other components. Use of a resonant circuit, particularly with inclusion of a capacitor 12 as suggested, facilitates recirculation of energy within the input circuit, generally producing efficient excitation as loads are applied.
Apparatus for generating electricity utilizing nondestructive interference of energy
A ferromagnetic material having non-zero magnetoelasticity, and/or nonzero magnetostriction is driven with vibratory mechanical energy at a frequency producing at least one resonant vibratory mode, by coupling a source of vibratory energy to the ferromagnetic structure. The ferromagnetic material threads at least one conductive wire or wire coil, and couples to at least one source of magnetic induction, and provides an electrical power output driven by the magnetic induction. The origin of vibratory energy and the site or sites of magnetic induction are situated at distinct locations, separated by a specific distance not less than [1/8] the fundamental acoustic wavelength. Various combinations of acoustic wavelength, ferromagnetic material type, and source of vibration produce independent transfer coefficients between acoustic and electromagnetic energy which are either positive, zero, or negative.
Magnetoelasticity is defined as the sensitivity of a ferromagnetic material's magnetic characteristics to mechanical stress. Stress exerted on the ferromagnetic material produces a corresponding mechanical strain within the material. A ferromagnetic material having nonzero magnetoelastic coefficient is herein referred to as a magnetoelastic material. When a magnetoelastic material is subjected to alternating mechanical pressures, an alternation of its magnetic properties is correspondingly produced. When a magnetoelastic material subject to mechanical stress carries nonzero magnetic flux, the magnetic flux correspondingly changes with pressure applied to the ferromagnetic material. A changing magnetic flux is able to induce electrical signals and power by the mechanism of electromagnetic induction.
Magnetostriction is defined as a ferromagnetic material's ability to produce mechanical stress and strain causing changes in shape or volume, in a manner that corresponds to the magnetic polarization of the ferromagnetic material. A ferromagnetic material having non-zero magnetostriction is herein referred to as a magnetostrictive material. When a magnetostrictive material carries alternating magnetic flux, its internal stresses and physical dimensions vary corresponding to the magnetic field. All ferromagnetic materials have some degree of magnetostriction, and some degree of magnetoelasticity.
Vibration or alternating pressure within a medium is acoustic energy. Magnetoelastic materials are able to convert acoustic energy into magnetic energy. Conversely, magnetostrictive materials are able to convert magnetic energy into acoustic energy. Electromagnetic induction is able to exchange electrical energy with magnetic energy. The combination of electromagnetic induction, and magnetostriction and/or magnetoelasticity, provides a bridge between electrical and acoustic energy.
Ferromagnetic materials are often both magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive. However, some magnetic materials exhibit magnetostriction and magnetoelasticity which are not equal in magnitude.
Ferro-magnetic materials consist of magnetic dipoles which can be polarized magnetically. A complimentary class of ferro-electric materials consists of electric dipoles which can be polarized electrically. Piezoelectric materials contain ferroelectric dipoles capable of permanent polarization. Piezoelectric materials are generally well known as materials able to convert electrical energy to acoustic energy.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
A small body of prior art exists exploiting the above relationships between material types. Due to the complimentary properties of electric charge and magnetic flux, physical vibratory interaction between magnetostrictive materials and electrostrictive or piezoelectric materials produces likewise complimentary energy relationships which presently are regarded as novel. Among the well-known family of reactive electrical components such as inductors, capacitors and transformers, a lesser-known component called the gyrator is produced by mechanically interfacing magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials within the same component. Energy exchange between the magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials produces a circuit component with unique properties among the more familiar reactive components, as detailed in the teachings of Viehland et al, US 2006/0279171, as a representative example of the art. Hybrid energy converters bearing similarity to magnetic or piezoelectric transformers are constructed by similar means, as illustrated again by Viehland et al, US 2005/0194863.
Several prior art devices exist which incorporate magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials in intimate, physically coupled contact such that vibration of one material translates to vibration of the other; thus of their assembly as a whole. However, the immediate, co-located physical contact between different materials in these devices demands both vibrate and respond as a single entity, where the timing of the vibrations in each material are generally simultaneous. The present invention represents a novel departure from this approach.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a method and device for generating and transferring electrical power using a acoustic or vibratory means, in combination with an electromagnetic coupling means, capable of providing highly efficient energy transfer, thereby substantially obviating one or more of the problems due to the limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
The present invention is a energy generating apparatus essentially comprising an energy transfer and multiplier element being constructed of a ferromagnetic substance possessing magnetostrictive characteristics, magnetoelastic characteristics, or both; and having a natural resonance, due to a physical structure whose dimensions are directly proportional to the wavelength of the resonance frequency, an electromagnetic coupling element comprising a winding of at least one turn of conductive wire encircling the energy transfer and multiplier element, a magnetic field induced along the linear dimension of the energy transfer and multiplier element, and a exciter means capable of inducing an acoustic wave within the energy transfer and multiplier element, such as a piezoelectric device or linear motor. When energized by the exciter element, a current is generated in the coupling element.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the features, advantages, and principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates propagation of mechanical wave energy between atoms constituting an elastic solid, such as the ferromagnetic material utilized in the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an illustration of the nodal and anti-nodal points in a linear section of resonating material in longitudinal resonance at successive harmonics.
FIG. 3 is an example of magnetic flux distribution within the ferromagnetic material of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a depiction of acoustic energy reflection and interference at fundamental longitudinal resonance.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of nondestructive wave interference between acoustic energy and magnetostrictive force, as an extension of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 shows mutual magnetic opposition between plural inductive take-off points, for purposes of increasing the energy-density of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a detailed illustration of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a detailed illustration of the present invention incorporating a piezoelectric element as the source of acoustic energy.
Description of the Physics of the Invention:
Vibratory energy, as acoustic energy within a solid material, propagates at a speed that is generally unique to that material. Ferromagnetic solids have an acoustic velocity, or speed of sound, in the range of 5000 meters/second. Acoustic energy applied at a given point propagates outward very slowly, relative to electromagnetic energy such as light, whose speed in vacuum is standardized at 299,792,458 meters/second. Acoustic energy in ferromagnetic solids propagates at about 0.0016% the speed at which electromagnetic energy propagates in free space.
Owing to this relatively slow propagation velocity, acoustic waves traveling through solids experience substantial phase shifts over relatively small distances, relative to frequency. A 125 kHz acoustic wave propagating through a ferromagnetic solid having 5000 m/s acoustic velocity experiences a 90 degree phase shift over a distance of 1 cm. An electromagnetic wave of 125 kHz propagating through free space only achieves a 90 degree phase shift at a distance of 600 meters. Due to the substantial delays incurred by slow acoustic propagation velocity in ferromagnetic solids, a source of coherent acoustic wave energy in the sub-megahertz band may be exerting a compressive stress at a specific instant, while the acoustic pressure a few centimeters away is tensile, nil, or of intermediate value. Because acoustic waves can translate to electrical energy by the means disclosed herein, thereby determining the phase of the electrical waves, and because the phase of electrical waves determines the type and content of the electrical energy, acoustical phase-shifting produces electro-acoustic power transformations novel among prior art.
Magnetic materials including iron, nickel, silicon iron and other iron alloys, amorphous metal (such as Metglas, Metglas Inc., Conway, S.C.), nanocrystalline alloys (such as Finemet, Hitachi Metals Inc., Tokyo, Japan); magnetic ferrites (such as Re—Fe2O4 where Re=Mn, Zn, Co, Ni, Li; and Re—Fe12O19 where Re=La, Ba, Sr, Pb) and the mineral hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) exhibit magnetoelasticity. The magnetic properties of each material are, to various extents, dependent on stress applied to the material. Generally, compressive stress will decrease the magnetic susceptibility to polarization, and decrease the saturation magnetization, while increasing the coercive force of the material along the stress axis; while tensile stress produces the opposite changes, increasing the magnetic susceptibility and saturation magnetization, and decreasing the coercive force along the stress axis.
A cylindrical rod of solid material with an axial length greater than its diameter will support longitudinal acoustic resonance along its cylindrical axis. When an acoustic or vibratory impulse is applied at the proximate rod end, acoustic energy propagates down the rod axis at the acoustic velocity of the rod material. Upon reaching the distal end of the rod, the acoustic energy is reflected, retracing its course toward the proximate rod end. The round-trip duration of acoustic wave travel down the rod axis and back is the acoustic reflection period. The reciprocal of the acoustic reflection period is the rod's fundamental longitudinal acoustic resonant frequency. This frequency is defined mathematically as
V/(2*L)=F
V is the acoustic velocity of a material in meters/second,
L is the acoustic length of the material in meters; and,
F is the fundamental resonant frequency in Hertz.
The factor of 2 in the above formula accounts for the reflection of the acoustic wave, which travels distance L, reflects off the boundary at the end of length L, then retraces its path, traveling distance L a second time before returning to its point of origin, thus completing one resonant wave cycle.
In this resonant condition, the rod material functions as a tuned waveguide, or longitudinal resonator, for acoustic energy. When axial vibratory energy is applied to the rod at the rod's fundamental axial resonant frequency, or integer multiples of this resonant frequency, standing acoustic waves are produced along the rod axis. A standing longitudinal acoustic wave in a rod consists of neighboring regions of a) maximum axially reciprocating displacement of the rod material at the vibratory frequency, termed antinodes, and b) regions of axially-directed alternating stress within the rod material, also at the vibratory frequency, termed nodal points. At the rod's fundamental half-wave longitudinal resonant frequency, wave antinodes appear at the ends of the rod, while a nodal point is at the center of the rod.
When the rod is mechanically driven at frequencies which are integer multiples of this fundamental axial resonant frequency, the number of nodal points and antinodes increases, as illustrated in FIG. 2. Where more than one anti-node exists, each anti-node will exhibit axial displacement of direction opposite to the closest adjacent antinodes. Where more than one nodal point exists, each nodal point will contain axial stress that is opposite the sign of axial stress in the closest adjacent nodal points.
When a rod such as illustrated is formed of a solid, magnetoelastically active ferromagnetic material, the oscillating stress at the nodal point or points produces an oscillating change in the magnetic properties of the rod in the nodal regions, via the magnetoelastic activity of the rod material.
At least one permanent magnet, electromagnet, or other source of magnetic flux, termed "bias magnet", may be provided which magnetically biases the rod along its length, or portions of its length. The ferromagnetic rod becomes magnetically polarized along its axis, in response to the magnetic field applied to it by the bias magnet. Resonant longitudinal vibration along the rod axis produces at least one nodal point along this axis. The alternating stress at a nodal point produces a corresponding cyclic variation of the magnetic coercive force and magnetic susceptibility via the magnetoelastic effect. The periodically changing magnetic properties vary the degree of effective magnetic polarization within the rod, thereby producing a time-varying magnetic field. This time-varying magnetic field will induce electrical current by means well known in the art, most simply by winding a coil of conductive wire encircling the rod at its nodal point or points.
The time varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force, or EMF, in the electrical conductor, such as wire or wire coil, wound around the rod at or near the nodal point or points. When an electrical circuit including this wire coil is closed, electrical current will flow. This circuit may include an electrical load of any type, such that the device disclosed herein functions as an electrical generator, powering that load. At least three novel situations appear in this utilization, departing significantly from prior generator art, and which also depart significantly from the prior teachings in works utilizing energy exchange between magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials, as typified in the related art listed above. These novel interactions further exemplify the novelty of the disclosed invention.
[A]: Lenz Field Addition. A changing magnetic field induces electrical current. Any current thus induced produces a secondary, induced magnetic field. This secondary magnetic field acts to oppose the first, causative magnetic field, such that the primary and secondary magnetic fields are of opposite sign, and exhibit opposing changes with respect to time. The secondary magnetic field will tend to cancel the primary magnetic field. This tendency is known as Lenz's Law, an electromagnetic rule governing induction of electrical currents by a changing magnetic field. In the disclosed invention, the changing magnetic field produced at a nodal point within a magnetoelastically active material induces electrical current in a coil of conductive wire wound around it; this coil of conductive wire then produces a secondary magnetic field due to passage of induced current within it, which tends to oppose the primary changing magnetic field produced magnetoelastically. This mutually opposing interaction limits the electrical power generated by a single nodal point.
Harmonic resonance causes multiple nodal points to exist, as illustrated in FIG. 2. When more than one nodal point exists, each nodal point will contain mechanical stress of a sign opposite to stresses within the nearest adjacent nodal point or nodes. Since the mechanical stress in neighboring nodes is opposite, the magnetoelastic changes produced by the stresses are also opposite. Therefore the changing magnetic fields produced at the nodal points change oppositely to one another, and the current induced within individual wire coils wound around respectively individual nodal points is of mutually opposite sign. For example, a rod of magnetoelastic material acoustically excited at a frequency creating two nodal points will induce oppositely-directed currents in the two wire coils, one wound around each nodal point, as schematically depicted in FIG. 6.
Harmonic resonance produces a structural mechanism enforcing additional magnetic opposition among the oppositely directed currents flowing in neighboring co-located wire coils, apparent as additional magnetic opposition between the two or more wire coils neighboring each other along the same magnetic path. The further magnetic opposition between neighboring coils having opposing induced currents thereby adds to the total amount of magnetic opposition present at each nodal point and wire coil, and in the apparatus as a whole. Because electric power is generated via magnetic opposition, this additional magnetic opposition increases the total electrical energy delivered by each coil, hence the total electrical energy delivered by the device as a whole. In addition, the proximity of counter-flowing currents in neighboring coils tends to decrease the self-inductance of each wire coil, allowing greater amounts of electrical current to flow from the device and power an electrical load.
Since operation at different acoustic frequencies results in a different number of nodal points, the above situation may include, and benefit from practically any number of nodal points and related wire coils. The scope of this invention includes at least one "bias magnet" producing magnetic polarization of the magnetoelastically active ferromagnetic material undergoing acoustic vibration, but is not limited to a single bias magnet; numerous combinations of nodal structure, bias magnet structure, and magnetoelastic material structure exist, which will be exemplified by illustration below, but whose description is not intended to limit the number of combinations achievable within the scope of the invention.
[B]. Magnetostrictive Positive Feedback. In the present invention, acoustic waves produce time-varying mechanical stress in a magnetoelastic material which is magnetically polarized. A time-varying magnetic field is thus produced, which induces electric current in wire coils or other means of receiving an electromotive force, located near the nodal wave points within the ferromagnetic material. These induced currents produce opposing magnetic reaction, to which the ferromagnetic material is also exposed. Many magnetoelastic materials also exhibit magnetostrictive action, whereby a changing magnetic field is able to produce further stress, sourcing additional acoustic energy, in the ferromagnetic material in addition to the acoustic energy already present. In a ferromagnetic material having nonzero magnetostriction, the time-varying reaction magnetic field produced by induced current produces its own time-varying stress wave in the material, creating a second acoustic wave component proportional to the load current, and whose origin is nearest the wire coil carrying this current.
Thus the ferromagnetic material itself may be acoustically actuated by piezoelectric, electromagnet, or other means of vibratory activity, producing acoustic resonance in the ferromagnetic material; while the magnetic material itself may itself produce a second set of acoustic waves owing to its magnetostrictive action under the influence of induced current. The source of originating vibratory activity, such as a piezoelectric material, and the additional source of vibratory stress energy due to magnetostriction and induced current do not share an identical location. Typically, within the scope of this invention, these two sites will be separated by at least 1⁄8 of an acoustic wavelength, and more preferably 1⁄4 of an acoustic wavelength.
Due to this physical separation, propagation of acoustic waves from both sources includes time delays which shift the phase of the acoustic energy. The extent of this propagation delay determines the relative phase angle of the acoustic energy at different points along the resonator structure considered as an acoustic transmission line. At some points, due to the wave delay and phase shift, the acoustic energy from all sources adds constructively, producing a net acoustic wave of greater intensity than any source considered alone. At other points the sum acoustic energy may be small and tend toward zero, where acoustic waves produce destructive interference. The locations where acoustic energy adds or annihilates depend on the resonator geometry, relative spacing between the sources of acoustic wave energy, the phase of magnetically induced current relative to the phase of incident acoustic waves, and fine frequency tuning of the applied vibratory or acoustic energy. Judicious adjustment of these factors causes acoustic energy to accumulate where it is most desired, for the purpose of generating electrical power.
Constructive wave interference exemplary of this definition is illustrated in FIG. 5. A bar of ferromagnetic material is provided, having nonzero magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive activity. One end of this bar is provided with a source of vibratory energy, which in FIG. 5 is a wafer of piezoelectric ceramic. An alternating-current voltage signal is applied between the pole electrodes of the piezoelectric ceramic, at a frequency producing a fundamental standing wave within the ferromagnetic bar. Acoustic energy originates at the end of the bar to which the piezoelectric ceramic is attached, and which propagates outward along the bar axis away from the piezoelectric ceramic.
At resonance, a nodal point appears in the center of the ferromagnetic bar. A bias magnet structure is provided for magnetically polarizing the ferromagnetic bar, as well as a wire coil shown for purposes of inducing electrical power from the changing magnetic flux which results. When an electrical circuit containing this wire coil is closed, allowing electrical current to flow, the resulting reaction magnetic field acts magnetostrictively within the ferromagnetic bar, producing a secondary acoustic wave originating from the nodal point in the center of the bar. This secondary acoustic wave originating from magnetostrictive action propagates to both ends of the bar including the end with the piezoelectric ceramic attached.
The acoustic distance between the piezoelectric vibration source and the nodal point in the center of the ferromagnetic bar is approximately 1⁄4 of an acoustic wavelength, at the fundamental resonance frequency of the bar. Therefore the phase of an acoustic wave traveling this distance is delayed by 90 degrees. The vibration source exerts a forward-thrusting acoustic wavefront which propagates along the axis of the bar. Upon reaching the nodal point the wave has been phase shifted 90 degrees with respect to the source due to propagation delay. The nodal point produces a time varying magnetic field by the means described above. This time varying magnetic field is opposed by the reaction magnetic field arising from induced current flowing in the wire coil; this magnetic opposition creates an additional 180 degree phase shift between action and reaction. The reaction magnetic field acts on the ferromagnetic bar's magnetostriction, producing a secondary source of acoustic energy originating from the coil's location at the nodal point, and propagating axially outward. The reaction wave which propagates back toward the vibration source must travel another 1⁄4 acoustic wavelength, incurring an additional 90 degree phase delay, before returning to the site of the original vibration source and exerting its force.
When the sum of the above phase delays is taken, the total delay is 360 degrees, and is mathematically equivalent to zero degrees of total phase delay. Damping or opposition to the mechanical vibration would be approximated as a reaction wave shifted 180 degrees with respect to the source wave, or inverted with respect to the source wave, thus opposing the source and destructively interfering with the source. Since the total phase delay of the reaction wave in this example is 360 or 0 degrees of phase, destructive interference is replaced by constructive interference. Thus the piezoelectric ceramic, illustrated here as the originating source for mechanical vibration, experiences secondary mechanical reaction forces augmenting its own forces, rather than opposing these forces, when induced current is allowed to flow through the nodal-point wire coil of FIG. 5 in a closed circuit.
[C]: Harmonic Addition: The representative piezoelectric ceramic wafer of FIG. 5 may be provided with harmonic energy, or connected to a source of time-varying voltage which includes a harmonic series. An electrical "square wave", commonly known in the art, may be applied to the piezoelectric ceramic, thereby applying harmonic energy to the piezoelectric ceramic with a Fourier frequency spectrum including a fundamental frequency, plus odd-order higher harmonics of decreasing amplitude that are phase-locked to its fundamental frequency. The mechanical oscillation of the ferromagnetic bar will thus be a superposition of the odd-numbered states illustrated in FIG. 2, present simultaneously, and by various degrees, as determined by the relative intensity of the odd-order harmonic series present in the square wave signal electrically applied.
In this condition, the ferromagnetic bar will exhibit a multiplicity of nodal points, each with a specific amplitude and harmonic content. Major nodal points also exist, which include energy at all harmonics including the fundamental. FIG. 2 illustrates how, in this condition, the nodal point in the center of the ferromagnetic bar will become a major nodal point, since this central node is common to all odd-numbered harmonic vibratory modes.
Therefore, current induced in a wire coil placed around this central major node will include energy at several frequencies, which are summed into a single current wave rich in harmonic energy. At a particular frequency of the applied wave, the nodal point for each harmonic mode physically overlaps the others exactly, and their instantaneous amplitudes add together, producing a peak current in the wire coil in significant excess of the average current. Electrical power may be given as
P=I^2*R
P is power, in Watts,
I is current, in Amperes; and,
R is resistance, in Ohms.
The high-amplitude peaks in the current developed under harmonic excitation produce electrical power as the square of their instantaneous value. The instantaneous electrical power developed in this manner is the square of the sum of the energy induced by each acoustic frequency.
The above three functions are exemplary as novelties of the invention disclosed herein. It will be understood these conditions arise due to magnetoelastic induction in a ferromagnetic material whose physical shape, including rods, is generally amenable to mechanical resonance; wherein the location of the source of vibratory energy initiating that resonance, and the locations where reduction of that resonance to electrical energy occur, are physically separated by a specific and non-zero fraction of the fundamental acoustic wavelength not less than 1⁄8 of the acoustic wavelength.
Such novel conditions tend to arise regardless of the ferromagnetic resonator's physical configuration, the exact material type of the resonator, or the particular technology utilized in generation of the originating vibratory energy. Examples of sources of originating vibratory energy include, but are not limited to, piezoelectric materials or electrostrictive materials, including their utilization within Langevin-style bolted transducers; electrostatic actuators, magnetostrictive materials, percussive combustion, rotary vibration induced by cams, pendulums, rotary hammers, or eccentric weights; vibrating strings or membranes, or electromagnetic actuators including linear motors, buzzers, or vibrators incorporating any of the following: inductive wire coils, permanent magnets, and ferromagnetic materials including magnetostrictive materials.
A related field known as power harvesting incorporates magnetostrictive and/or magnetoelastic materials and physical vibrations with the object of reducing ambient, often byproduct, vibrations to electrical energy. Power harvesting techniques are typically utilized aboard moving vehicles or engines, or in micro-power applications within personal or structural devices. The present invention differs significantly from the class of power harvesting devices, recognizing the following distinctions.
1) Power harvesting generators utilize ambient mechanical vibrations of arbitrary frequency; either utilizing such variegated, ambient or random vibratory energy in bulk, or by using it to drive an internal resonance at a particular frequency; the source of vibratory energy is often of unknown or non-specific frequency or amplitude, and is located external to the device. The present invention locates the source of vibratory energy within the device as an integral facet of its structure, with the aim of securing coherent mechanical resonance within the source of acoustic vibration and within the ferromagnetic material to be vibrated. In the present invention, ambient vibrations of external origin are not utilized, and the device has no connection to its external environment for physically conveying such vibration.
2) Power harvesting techniques incorporate a free weight, back-weight, or other moving mass in conjunction with the active ferromagnetic material such that vibratory energy is passed from an external source and through the active material, en route to disturb the inertia of the moving mass and thereby induce mechanical stress within the intervening ferromagnetic material utilized as a generator. In the present invention, vibratory mechanical energy resonates within the elasticity and the inertia of the active ferromagnetic material itself; no free weights are present.
3) Power harvesting devices typically utilize mechanical vibrations in the low-audible, or sub-audible, frequency range between about 10 Hz and 1,000 Hz; the typical target frequencies of interest fall within 20 Hz-200 Hz. Typical sources of vibration include engine noise, or the periodic motion of shoes, wristwatches or pocket devices. The present invention utilizes a frequency range that is generally above 1,000 Hz, with most preferred embodiments establishing mechanical resonance at frequencies of 5,000 Hz and above, up to acoustic frequencies of 5 MHz and beyond. An exception may be made for very large devices, of acoustic length sufficient to establish fundamental resonance at international power frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz. Regardless of preferred operating frequency, the aforementioned distinctions establish a clear boundary between the novel aspects of this invention including its own vibratory source, and the prior art harvesting mechanical power from external, ambient vibrations.
4) Power harvesting depends on ambient vibrations over which the power harvesting generator has no control. A power harvesting generator does not actively control the frequency, the amplitude, or the presence or absence of incoming vibrations, and is subject to them as a passive entity. The present invention typically includes self-contained means of controlling the amplitude, wave-shape, phase and frequency of its vibratory source, via a feedback circuit, microprocessor control, or via self-resonance between the magnetoelastic induction and the originating vibratory energy source connected by a mutual circuit. The present invention does not present a passive load to externally occurring vibrations, but generates acoustic energy internally, intended for internal use, by preferably incorporating a self-contained mechanism of controlling and/or modulating its internal vibratory source.
Because the present invention utilizes a definite and specific frequency, or harmonically related set of frequencies, its physical structure may necessitate acoustic waveguide sections, acoustic horns or focusing devices, acoustic tuning stubs, or acoustic-impedance matching networks required to efficiently sustain acoustic resonance. These elements of design are acoustic sections dimensioned to specific acoustic lengths, generally as integer multiples of 1⁄4 the acoustic wavelength of the fundamental acoustic wave or its higher harmonics. Such acoustic sections produce acoustical impedance matching between the vibratory source and ferromagnetic material within the device. These impedance matching sections are the acoustic equivalents of electromagnetic impedance matching networks common to the arts of electrical power transmission, radio wave antennas, and radio transmitters and receivers.
DETAILS OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the process of wave propagation in elastic media. Since no physical material is infinitely rigid, all physical materials are to some degree elastic, or deformable under stress. The relationship between applied stress and resulting deformation or strain may be modeled by a lattice of masses connected by elastic springs. Both inertial and elastic restoring forces act upon each mass and connecting elastic spring. When stress and strain vary with time, acoustic wavefronts propagate through the elastic mass as illustrated by this model, wherein the vibration or oscillatory motion of the masses represents the acoustic wave.
A mass on a spring has a single resonant frequency determined by its spring constant K and its mass M. The spring constant is the restoring force of a spring per unit of length. Within the elastic limit of any material, there is a linear relationship between the displacement of a mass and the force attempting to restore the mass to its equilibrium position. This linear dependency is described by Hooke's Law:
F=(−K)*X
F is the force,
K is the spring constant; and,
X is the amount of particle displacement.
Forces applied to a mass are equal to the magnitude of the mass, times the acceleration applied. From Newton's Second Law,
F=M*A
M is the mass; and,
A is the acceleration.
The force F, as common to both equations above, represents the nature of the equilibrium between acceleration A and displacement X in an elastic material. With the applied and restoring forces F in the above formulae, taken as equal,
M*A=(−K)*X
Where the displacement of the mass, on the left hand side of the equality, and the restoring force of the spring on the right hand side of the equality, are in opposition.
The mass M, and spring constant K, are constants for physical materials at a constant temperature. The acceleration A and resulting displacement X are the variable quantities describing the mechanical energy. From the above equation, these two variables A and X are directly proportional. The time for displacement of a mass and its return to a position of mechanical equilibrium are independent of applied force.
Mechanical energy in the form of acoustic waves propagates at different speeds in different materials. The mass of the atomic particles and the spring constants are specific to material composition and, to a lesser extent, by factors such as temperature. The mass of the particles is related to the density of the material, and the spring constant is related to the elastic constants of a material. The general relationship between the velocity of mechanical waves in a solid and its density and elastic constants is given by the following equation:
V=sqrt(C/P)
V is the velocity of longitudinal mechanical waves in the material,
C is the elastic constant for longitudinal stress,
P is the material density, and
sqrt denotes a square root function.
In the representative physical model of FIG. 1, circular objects 100, 101, 102, 103, represent solid masses having negligible elasticity and significant inertia. Elastic springs 110, 111, 112 signify the coupling between masses, having the complimentary properties of negligible inertia, and significant elasticity. The masses are taken to represent atomic nucleus masses or other inertially significant units, such as molecules, in a physical substance. The elastic springs are taken as the electronic or atomic-level bonds between these inertial masses. For solids, these elastic bonds are atomic electron shell bonds such as covalent bonds.
Labels T1-1, at top, through T2-3, at bottom represent progressive instants of time during which the ongoing state of longitudinal wave propagation is analyzed. At time T1-1, the system of masses and their elastic connections is at rest, where non-equilibrium mechanical energy is not present in kinetic, or potential, form.
At instant T1-2, an accelerating force 120 is applied to mass 100 causing longitudinal displacement and acceleration of the mass 100, as indicated by the rightward diagram arrow within mass 100. Accelerating force 120 thereby places the system of FIG. 1 in a non-equilibrium state. The resulting displacement of mass 100 elastically compresses spring 110, causing it to contract as illustrated. At this instant T1-2, laterally adjacent mass 101 has not moved, owing to its inertia. The kinetic energy of acceleration 120 is converted first to kinetic energy of mass 100, and subsequently into potential energy as elastic compression in spring 110. The complete transfer of kinetic energy of mass 100 to potential energy in elastic spring 110 causes mass 100 to come to rest, after accelerating force 120 is withdrawn. At this time, the kinetic energy of acceleration 120 has been stored as potential energy, or tension, in elastic spring 110.
At the time where the potential energy of tension in spring 110 reaches a maximum, the kinetic energy of mass 100 approaches zero, or rest, while the kinetic energy of rightward adjacent mass 101 begins its rise from zero, into motion.
At subsequent instant T1-3, the potential energy of compression in spring 110 is converted back to kinetic energy of acceleration of the next mass 101, causing rising acceleration of mass 101 as previous mass 100 approaches a state of rest. The kinetic energy of mass 100 has been transferred to the kinetic energy of next mass 101, through connecting elastic spring 110. The transfer of kinetic energy between adjacent masses has required conversion of this kinetic energy into potential energy and back again, a process which occurs over a finite period of time, or a delay between the displacements of mass 100 and 101. This delay in the transfer of kinetic energy between adjacent masses is commonly known as the acoustic velocity, or speed of sound, in the material, as illustrated by the equations above.
At subsequent instant T1-3, the above process repeats at a new location, between mass 101 (containing rightward diagram arrow indicating its state of motion) coming to rest by progressively compressing elastic spring 111, whose ensuing relaxation initiates acceleration of mass 102.
Subsequent instant T1-4 repeats this process further, now between mass 102, elastic spring 112, and into final mass 103.
Subsequent instant T1-5 illustrates the limit of longitudinal acoustic wave propagation in the right-hand direction of FIG. 1. At this time, the kinetic accelerating force originally applied to first mass 100 at time T1-2 has propagated to final mass 103, indicated by the rightward diagram arrow within mass 103. At this instant, the state of the model is similar to the initial state T1-1, with the exceptions of mass 103 retaining kinetic energy, and transposition of the model, assumed to be free in space, to the right due to the initial rightward acceleration 120 having propagated through the model. Without any further elastic spring to the right, mass 103 continues in rightward motion.
Instant T1-6 illustrates the continuation of rightward longitudinal displacement of final rightward mass 103. This continued motion ultimately expands elastic spring 112, causing a conversion of kinetic energy from mass 103 into potential energy in the form of tension within elastic spring 112.
In the preceding instants T1-2 through T1-4 the potential energy within elastic springs in the propagation model was compressive, while the direction of wave propagation was to the right hand side. In subsequent instants T1-6 through T1-8, the potential energy within successive elastic springs in the propagation model is tensile, while the direction of wave return, or reflection, is toward the left hand side of FIG. 1. The sign of the potential energy sequentially stored in elastic springs 112, 111, 110, and the direction of mechanical wave propagation resulting from sequential restoration of kinetic energy of masses 103, 102, 101, 100, have each reversed. The transfer between kinetic energy of the masses and potential energy in the elastic springs is identical to the process described above, with the vector of wave propagation and the sign of elastic potential energy now being opposite.
Instant T1-7 illustrates the reflective propagation due to the restoration of tensile potential energy stored in elastic spring 112, into acceleration of mass 102. The kinetic energy of rightmost mass 103 has been absorbed by elastic spring 112 and transferred to kinetic energy on mass 102 via elastic spring 112.
Instant T1-8 illustrates propagation of the above sequence to interaction between mass 101, converting its kinetic energy to potential energy of tension in spring 110, whose relaxation will initiate acceleration of leftward mass 100.
Instant T2-1 depicts the acceleration of mass 100 due to relaxation of tensile force in spring 110. At this instant, the state of the model is once again similar to the initial state T1-1, this time with the exceptions of mass 100 retaining kinetic energy, and further transposition of the model, assumed to be free in space, to the right due to the initially applied rightward acceleration 120 having continued to propagate throughout the model. Without any further elastic spring to the left, mass 100 continues in rightward motion.
Instant T2-2 illustrates the continuation of rightward longitudinal displacement of the leftmost mass 100, ultimately compressing elastic spring 110. At this instant T2-2, the action in the model is completely identical to the originating instant T1-2, with the single exception that the initial kinetic acceleration 120 has never been dissipated or relieved, and reappears in the model as if applied for a second time. The initial energy of acceleration 102 has been propagated by the model, and continues to propagate as the above processes indefinitely repeat. Since this model is assumed to act in free space, the net action is an inchworm motion successively toward the right. Final absorption of the original kinetic energy 120 requires intervention beyond the scope of this model.
In actual mechanical resonators to be described below, the above action occurs between atoms constituting the resonator material and the elastic electron-shell bonds between these atoms. These physical resonators are assumed fixed in space, being supported by means attaching them to some fixed reference frame, such as an enclosure within an electronic device. The accelerating force 120 is a periodocally alternating force, both rightward and leftward; thus net motion of the resonator in any direction is restrained and in balance. The above process of propagation and reflection, with the reversal in sign of the forces in springs between compressive and tensile, remain as illustrated.
It should be noted that the states T1-2 and T2-2 are effectively identical, but separated in time by a specific interval. Intermediary states (denoted by the number after the hyphen, such as -2, etc) cumulate as full propagation cycles as denoted by the transition of the major number, such as T1-T2. The cycle time between states T1-T2, which can likewise be stated as the cycle time between matching states T1-2 and T2-2, T1-3 and T2-3 etc., is the time per full cycle of the resonating structure. The reciprocal of this amount defines the resonant frequency at which this repetition occurs:
F=1/P
F is frequency, in Hertz or cycles-per-second, and
P is the period, in seconds per cycle.
The velocity of mechanical wave propagation in the figurative material may be defined equivalently to its first definition by dividing twice the mean length of the material, by the cycle repetition period. From FIG. 1, the mean length of the material is the length at rest illustrated by T1-1:
V=(2*L)/P
V is the velocity of longitudinal mechanical waves in the model or material, in meters per second;
P is the cycle period, in seconds per full cycle,
L is the mean length of the model or physical material in which the mechanical wave propagates, in meters; and,
the factor of 2 represents the total propagation of the wave during a full cycle, along length L and returning back along same length L a second time to restore its initial state, thereby completing a full cycle.
FIG. 2 depicts the results of resonant mechanical wave interference in macroscopic samples of elastic material driven into longitudinal resonance at successive integer harmonic frequencies. It may be noted, from examining FIG. 1 that the length of the model as a whole elongates and contracts at rhythmic intervals related to the resonant frequency. FIG. 1 illustrates this behavior in response to a single acceleration event 120. Under repetitive acceleration, or application of force 120 in alternating longitudinal directions at an interval identical to the cycle time, driven resonance is established which rhythmically expands and contracts the model, or the elastic material. FIG. 4 depicts the relevant wave mechanics in expanded detail, in preparation for description of a fundamental novelty of the disclosed invention.
In FIG. 2, a physical elastic material 200 undergoing resonant longitudinal expansion and contraction is driven into mechanical resonance by a repetitive alternating longitudinal force, illustrated as physical acceleration source 201. Acceleration source 201 may be any source of rhythmically alternating kinetic acceleration, including an electromagnetic motor, piezoelectric element, or incident pressure wave.
The resonant frequency of elastic material 200 may be determined by its mechanical wave velocity (or acoustic velocity) divided by twice the physical length:
F=V/(2*L)
F is the fundamental resonant frequency in Hertz or cycles-per-second,
V is the acoustic velocity of the resonator material, in meters per second,
L is the physical length of the resonator material, in meters; and,
the factor of 2 represents the completion of a full resonant cycle by wave propagation along length L, and subsequent reflection along length L retuning to the initial state.
This defines the fundamental resonant frequency of the structure. Since the full acoustic wave must travel along length L twice in a full cycle, physical resonator length L may be taken as equal to half of the acoustic wavelength. Therefore, the structure of a standing acoustic wave in the resonating material at this fundamental frequency takes the form one half of an acoustic wave.
A longitudinally propagating acoustic wave, as depicted in FIG. 1 consists of two distinct components: firstly the longitudinal displacement of material and secondly the longitudinal elastic stress among the material's interatomic forces. The cyclic repetition of a resonant acoustic wave creates cyclical displacements and cyclical elastic stresses, both of which oscillate or vary at finite amplitude between positive and negative signs, at the frequency of oscillation. Since a single frequency without harmonic overtones is a sinusoidal wave, the above illustrated cyclical oscillations of longitudinal displacement and elastic stress are taken to alternate sinusoidally.
The acoustic wave in the resonator structure produces maxima of either quantity, located one quarter wavelength apart. An identical phenomenon is well known for electromagnetic waves within resonators and waveguides, wherein the maxima of electric and magnetic fields are located one quarter wavelength apart. Longitudinal acoustic waves in acoustic resonators obey the same generality, as a feature central to the disclosed invention.
In FIG. 2, condition 1F illustrates the structure of the standing wave at the fundamental resonant frequency, corresponding to one-half an acoustic wave distributed along the resonator length 200. Acceleration source 201 is, in this case, producing sinusoidally alternating physical acceleration at the fundamental resonant frequency of the resonator 200, as defined by the above equation.
In this condition, the acoustic wave structure along the resonator's length is one-half of a full wave, or two quarter-wavelengths. The maxima of longitudinal displacement and the maxima of longitudinal elastic stress are spaced one quarter wavelength apart. The maxima of longitudinal displacement, termed antinodes, are marked by diagram arrows at positions A. Maxima of longitudinal elastic stress, termed nodes or nodal points, are marked by diagram arrows at positions N. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the locations of peak displacement lay at the ends of the resonator model, placing the antinodes in FIG. 2: F1 at both ends of the resonator, and the nodal point of maximal elastic stress at the center of the resonator, one quarter wavelength from each end, at N.
In diagram F1, the two antinodal points are marked A+ and A−, respectively. Nodal point A+ indicates the longitudinal displacement is in-phase, or acting with, the sinusoidal acceleration introduced to the resonator by acceleration source 201. Nodal point A−, one half-wavelength distant, is 180 degrees out of phase, or opposite in sign with respect to the former. Being of oppositely signed longitudinal displacement, this more distant antinodal point is labeled A−. Since antinodal points A+ and A− signify opposing longitudinal displacement, the total instantaneous length of resonator 200 is oscillating, the resonator 200 becoming physically longer and shorter at fundamental resonant frequency F. This alternation of length produces alternating compression and tension in the material of resonator 200, whose maxima of elastic stress is any nodal point N. The single nodal point in diagram F1 is given the sign N+, signifying the convention that compressive (positive) elastic stress is taken as being in-phase with the phase of acceleration source 201, while a negative, tensile elastic stress, or N−, is 180 degrees out of phase with 201, having equal intensity while opposite in sign.
Since elastic stress N is the direct product of displacement A; stress N and displacement A are in phase, each quantity reaching maximal or zero values simultaneously. A+ is taken as longitudinal displacement in phase with the displacement of longitudinal acceleration source 201 while displacement A− is out of phase, or opposite in direction; stress N+ is taken as compressive elastic stress in phase with acceleration source 201 while opposite stress N− is an opposing tensile elastic stress, in phase with acceleration source 201, this condition being identical to compressive elastic stress that is 180 degrees out of phase with acceleration source 201.
As previously noted, the phenomenon of magnetoelasticity is the relationship between elastic stress in a ferromagnetic material and a change in the ferromagnetic material's magnetic properties, a useful feature for generating electrical power. Therefore, at nodal point N where the intensity of alternating elastic stress reaches a maximum, an alternation of ferromagnetic properties in resonator 200 has also reached a maximum, if resonator 200 is constructed of ferromagnetic material having nonzero magnetoelasticity. Therefore, a magnetic condition conducive for the magnetoelastic generation of electrical power is present at each nodal point N.
Resonator 200 will also support standing acoustic waves, producing longitudinal mechanical resonance, at harmonics or overtones of this fundamental frequency. Mathematically this is equivalent to multiplying frequency F in the above equation by integers greater than 1.
2F depicts the behavior of the identical resonator system, resonating at the second harmonic or resonant frequency F multiplied by 2 (2F). In this case a total of 4 quarter wavelengths are spaced along the length of resonator 200. The structure of the acoustic energy along the length of resonator 200 is a full acoustic wave. As previously described, the transit of this acoustic wave down the length of resonator 200 and reflecting back along this same length to source 201 occupies two full wave cycles, at the frequency 2F, producing a singe full wave along the length of resonator 200.
Antinodal points again exist at each end of resonator 200. A positive in-phase antinode is present at the location of acceleration source 201. One quarter-wavelength distant, a positive, or compressive-in-phase nodal point N+ is present. One further quarter wavelength along the length of resonator 200, an antinodal point of opposite sign A− is present, indicating an opposing longitudinal displacement occurs here. A further quarter wave distant from acceleration source 201, a negative or tensile-in-phase nodal point N− exists, followed by a final antinodal point A+ that is in-phase with acceleration source 201.
It may be noted that each antinodal point A takes a sign opposing its immediately neighboring antinodal points A, and each nodal point N is of a sign opposing its immediately neighboring nodal points N.
This situation is further repeated for integer harmonics 3F through 6F, inclusive. Each of these diagrams of FIG. 2 represent longitudinal acoustic resonance at the fundamental resonant frequency F multiplied by the number of the diagram. Diagram F6 depicts the acoustic wave structure for resonance at six times the fundamental frequency, or overtone 6F. This overtone, or harmonic frequency, can be any integer number. If the harmonic overtone is taken as variable X, harmonic resonance occurs at X times F. The number of antinodes for a straight longitudinal acoustic resonator is always X+1 while the number of nodal points is always X.
In diagram F6, six nodal points N exist with adjacently opposing polarities. At each successive nodal point N, magnetic conditions conducive for the magnetoelastic generation of electrical power exist. Since the polarities of elastic stresses N are opposite at each successive nodal point, the magnetoelastically induced changes in ferromagnetic properties are likewise opposite in sign at each successive nodal point N. The number of locations N which are conducive for magnetoelastic generation of electrical power is equal to the harmonic overtone number X, and increase as X increases.
In practice material characteristics set a limit to the maximum number of X, while theoretically there is no limit to the overtone at which resonance will occur.
FIG. 3 depicts the resonator structure shown in FIG. 2 with a magnetic bias applied. Acoustic resonator structure 200 is given as a ferromagnetic material, which can be magnetically polarized and is therefore able to conduct magnetic flux. Flux sources 300 and 301 illustrate pole pieces of an external magnet, or magnetic flux source, which may be a permanent magnet or electromagnet. Any such source of magnetic flux will produce at least one North magnetic pole, illustrated by North-polarized pole piece 300, and at least one South magnetic pole, illustrated by South-polarized pole piece 301. The material of pole pieces 300 and 301 may be a common ferromagnetic material such as iron, suitably connected to a permanent magnet or electromagnet, or a common permanent magnet material such as neodymium-iron-boron, Alnico, or a ceramic ferrite such as strontium ferrite, or ceramic ferrites well known in the art.
Magnetic flux emerging from the ends of pole pieces 300 and 301 enters the ferromagnetic material of acoustic resonator 200 and this flux is carried along the length of resonator 200 toward the pole of opposite polarity. By convention, magnetic flux is considered to travel from North to South poles, as indicated by the simple arrows following diagrammatic magnetic flux lines 302, indicating the flux and its course through resonator 200 made of a ferromagnetic material. It may be seen that, in such a condition, the magnetic polarization is substantially uniform along the length of resonator 200, particularly at its center.
If acceleration source 201 produces longitudinal acoustic resonance in resonator 200 as shown in FIG. 2: F1, resulting nodal point N+ will be situated at the center of resonator 200 where uniform magnetization now exists. Nodal point N+ will produce a time-varying elastic stress within the ferromagnetic material of acoustic resonator 200. If the ferromagnetic material of resonator 200 exhibits nonzero magnetoelasticity, the time-varying elastic stress N+ produces a time-varying alternation in the ferromagnetic properties of resonator 200. Resonator 200 is carrying a magnetic flux 302 along its length at the location of the acoustic node N+. This magnetic flux causes generally magnetic polarization of the ferromagnetic material of resonator 200. The specific degree of this polarization is dependent on the magnetic intensity of flux sources 300 and 301, as well as the instantaneous magnetic properties of ferromagnetic material 200, which now vary with time due to nonzero magnetoelasticity and time-varying elastic stress at nodal point N+.
Therefore, a time-varying magnetic flux will be present at nodal points N which may coexist in FIG. 3, due to the sinusoidally alternating acceleration of acceleration source 201. When the frequency of this acceleration at 201 is equal to an integer harmonic of the resonant acoustic frequency of resonator 200, as generally illustrated in FIG. 2, all resulting nodal points N produce a time-varying magnetic flux proportional to the product of the intensity and sign of bias flux 302, and the intensity and sign of elastic stress |N|. As is well known in the art of electrical generators, a time-varying magnetic flux is able to induce EMF and electric power, in electrical conductors suitably exposed to the time-varying magnetic flux. Typical electrical generators, well known in the art, produce such time-varying magnetic flux by moving flux sources, or pole pieces, such as 300 and 301 past electrical conductors suitably arranged. The present invention discloses means by which a time-varying magnetic flux is produced not by motion of magnetic sources or pole pieces, but instead by time-varying elastic stress within ferromagnetic materials polarized by a source of bias magnetic flux.
Additionally, the ferromagnetic material of acoustic resonator 200 may be a permanent magnetic material, which produces magnetic flux internally, and in which case pole pieces 300 and 301 are not necessary, the source of bias magnetic flux being internal to the material of resonator 200 rather than external to it.
FIG. 4 illustrates the wave mechanics outlined in FIG. 2: F1 in timeline detail, in further preparation for understanding a fundamental novelty of the disclosed invention.
Time instant T1 depicts acceleration source 201 at its peak acceleration in the rightward direction, indicated by the rightward arrow within the pictorial volume of acceleration source 201. This peak accelerating force propagates as a mechanical acoustic wave into acoustic resonator 200. The propagating momentum 400 is schematically depicted as a force accelerating toward the right hand side, by concentric hemicircles extending toward the right; while the propagation of this rightward force also toward the right is indicated by the diagram arrow pointing rightward. Two components exist: the direction of momentum in the acoustic wave (represented by the direction of the concentric circles, illustrating the wavefront) and, the direction of propagation of the momentum itself, indicated by the diagram arrow, representing the direction of wavefront travel. At time instant T1 the acoustic wave carrying rightward momentum propagates toward the right, its location at the left hand end of resonator 200.
At instant T2, a time equal to one quarter the resonant acoustic period (see FIG. 2: F1) has elapsed, and the emitted wavefront has propagated halfway down resonator 200. As this time instant is a quarter cycle after the peak rightward accelerative force of acceleration source 201, acceleration source at this instant one quarter-cycle later has reached zero, indicated by the dash line within the volume of acceleration source 201. While acceleration source 201 is at this time producing zero acceleration, the peak rightward-bearing acceleration has propagated as a wavefront along half the length of resonator 200.
Instant T3 illustrates conditions one further quarter-cycle later. Acceleration source 201 has now reached its peak leftward acceleration, denoted by the leftward arrow within the pictorial volume of 201. The resulting acoustic wave 410 is schematically represented by concentric hemicircles pointing leftward, while the direction of propagation of this energy is rightward, as indicated by the diagram arrow in the wavefront symbol at 410. At this same time, the original wavefront 400 has reached the end of resonator 200 and is reflected backward, taking the new designation 401 to reflect the change. As FIG. 1 illustrates, the reflection of this wave energy continues as a rightward momentum indicated by the direction of concentric hemicircles in wavefront symbol 401, but with the reversed direction of wavefront propagation, now indicated by a leftward arrow within wavefront symbol 401. Therefore, reflected original wavefront 401, produced at time instant T1, and subsequent wavefront 410, produced at time instant T3, are now propagating toward each other as time progresses.
At instant T4, wavefronts 401 and 410 have propagated toward one another and mutually approach at the center of resonator 200. The direction of wave propagation in each wavefront is opposite, causing their approach. As the wavefronts approach, the rightward momentum of T1's wavefront 401, on the right hand side, and the leftward momentum of T3's wavefront 410, on the left hand side, produce by their mutual action an elastic tensile stress at the center of resonator 200. This corresponds to the nodal point N+ in FIG. 2: F1, of which wavefront propagation diagram FIG. 4 is a more detailed model. In FIG. 1: F1, point N+, indicating the nodal region of maximal elastic stress corresponds to the center point of resonator 200 at FIG. 4: T4 where the wavefront energy produces the nodal point.
Instant T5 indicates wavefront activity one quarter cycle further in time. Acceleration source 201 has now reached its positive peak acceleration, as in instant T1, the difference between T1 and T5 being four units, representing four quarter-cycles, which are equal to one full cycle in time. At instant T5, leftward-propagating wavefront 401 has continued leftward, reaching the left end of resonator 200, and reflects at this end, the direction of wavefront propagation now becomes rightward. At this same instant T5, the peak rightward acceleration 201 strengthens the rightward momentum already present in wavefront 401 at the same location. The resulting wavefront of increased intensity takes the new designation 402, to reflect these changes: the reflection of the incoming wave energy 401 and an increase in total momentum carried by the wavefront due to further acceleration from acceleration source 201, in the same direction as the original momentum in prior wavefront 401. Meanwhile, wavefront 410 has reflected at the rightmost end of resonator 200, reversing direction of propagation, carrying the leftward momentum in this wavefront also leftward. The reversed direction of propagation of wavefront 410 is indicated by the successive designation of this wavefront 411, now in a leftward propagating direction.
Instant T6 is conceptually equivalent to time instant T4, the difference between T4 and T6 being two units, or two quarter cycles, equal to one half cycle. T6 represents the activity at T4 in the opposite polarity, producing a nodal point again at the center of resonator 200 and with the opposite, now compressive, elastic stress at this nodal point. This compressive stress is due to the rightward momentum in wavefront 402, approaching from left, with the leftward momentum of wavefront 411, approaching from the right. This produces a nodal point at the center of resonator 200 which is one-half cycle, or 180 degrees of the wave, later, thus being of opposite sign but equal intensity.
T7 illustrates the wavefront activity one quarter cycle subsequent to T6, where wavefront 411 has reflected at the left end of resonator 200 with further increase in intensity from the leftward acceleration of acceleration source 201, and taking successive designation as wavefront 412 to reflect the increase in total momentum of this wavefront, and the reversal of propagation direction due to reflection. Wavefront 402 has likewise reflected at the right hand end of resonator 200, its reversal in direction due to reflection giving it the successive designation 403. As the unit difference between T7 and T3 is also four units, or four quarter cycles equaling one full cycle or 360 degrees of the wave, the illustrated activity at T7 may be taken as equal to the action at instant T3 and progress further onward to T4, etc., progressing onward by quarter cycles to T7 and repeating indefinitely. The momentum of the two counter-propagating wavefronts 400+n and 410+n continues (where n represents successive continuation of the process illustrated), until the increasing momentum in each wavefront reaches equilibrium against practical acoustic losses and the finite accelerating force, or finite mechanical compliance, of a practical acceleration source 201.
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a fundamental novelty of the disclosed invention, originally described above under "Summary of the Invention", section [B]: Magnetostrictive Positive Feedback. The schematic illustration of this activity in FIG. 5 may be taken as an extension of the wave mechanics described in FIG. 1: F1, as illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 4.
FIG. 5: T1 begins at the same point illustrated in FIG. 4: T3, where original propagating wavefront 400 has reflected at the rightmost end of resonator 200 becoming wavefront 401 with reversed propagation direction, and where subsequent wavefront 410 has been established also. As in FIG. 4: T3, FIG. 5: T1 depicts the same instant where these two counter-propagating wavefronts are both present and propagating toward each other, to meet at the center of resonator 200.
As shown in FIG. 3, a bias magnetic flux is provided along the length of resonator 200 which is made of a ferromagnetic material having, for purposes of discussion, both a positive magnetoelasticicity, and positive magnetostriction, such as Metglas alloy 2605SA1 or 2605SC (Metglas Inc., Conway, S.C.). Since ferromagnetic resonator 200 material exhibits positive magnetoelasticity, compressive stress in the material produces a decrease in magnetic susceptibility while tensile stress produces an increase in magnetic susceptibility. Since ferromagnetic resonator 200 material exhibits positive magnetostriction, the material expands with increasing magnetic fields; increasing flux densities produce elongation of the material in the direction of the magnetic flux.
The magnetic bias shown in FIG. 3 is again present, due to flux sources or pole-pieces 300 and 301, but with the illustrative magnetic polarization lines omitted from the present diagram for clarity.
At instant T2A, acoustic wavefronts 401 and 410 have reached the center of resonator 200, producing a nodal point of tensile elastic stress. This tensile stress increases the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnetic material of resonator 200, causing the flux density at the nodal point to increase via magnetoelastically increased magnetic susceptibility. A single turn of conductive material, such as copper, is shown wrapped in a loop enclosing this nodal point. 500 and 501 indicate this conductive single turn, cut in cross section, where 500 indicates the upper portion of the loop and 501 indicates its lower portion in the viewing plane. The changing magnetic field creates an electric field 510 indicated by the diagram arrow between 500 and 501 in diagram T2A. Thus, the action of acoustic waves in ferromagnetic resonator 200 have resulted in the production of an electric field 510 in conductive loop 500-501 due to the bias magnetic flux within the ferromagnetic material being modulated by magnetoelastic sensitivity to stresses resulting from resonant acoustic waves.
When an electrical current 511 is allowed to flow through conductive loop 500-501, the direction of the electric current flows in a direction opposing and neutralizing the causative electric field indicated in diagram T2A, as depicted by the diagram arrow of current flow 511. A flow of electric current always generates a magnetic field. Since the current 511 flows in a direction which tends to neutralize the electric field 510 generated by the changing magnetic flux, the current flow 511 also generates a magnetic field which tends to oppose and neutralize the originally changing magnetic field, opposing its change. This activity is commonly referred to in the art as Lenz's Law.
The original change in magnetic field at instant T2A is an increase in magnetic flux due to tensile stress at the nodal point, increasing the magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnetic material of resonator 200. Induced current flow 511 will act to oppose this increase in magnetic flux represented by induced electric field 510; therefore the magnetic field generated by the induced current 511 flowing within conductive loop 500-501 will attempt to create a field decreasing the total magnetic flux, at least partially canceling the original increase. This induced magnetic field also acts on the ferromagnetic material of resonator 200, which has positive magnetostriction. Since positive magnetostriction implies an elongation of the material with increasing flux density, the induced current is decreasing the flux density to restore equilibrium and therefore produces a contraction of, and thus a compressive reaction force within, the ferromagnetic material of resonator 200.
While the "A" in T2A stands for "action" at time T2, the "R" in T2R represents a depiction of the opposing reaction forces at this identical time instant T2. Whereas incoming acoustic wavefronts 401 and 410 create tensile stress at the nodal point in T4A, the new acoustic wavefronts 420 and 421 indicate the compressive reaction stress caused by magnetic induction acting on a magnetostrictive material in T2R.
Incoming acoustic wavefronts 401 and 410 in action diagram T2A contain diagram arrows indicating a mutually inbound propagation direction, where both wavefronts are converging at the nodal point at the center of resonator 200. Wavefronts 401 and 410 are approaching the central nodal point at instant T2A, having traveled inward from the ends of resonator 200.
In reaction diagram T2R, reaction wavefronts 420 and 421 share a mutual origin at the nodal point, where ferromagnetic magnetostriction has newly created these wavefronts due to magnetic induction, as Lenz's Law acting on a magnetostrictive material. Therefore the reaction wavefronts 420 and 421 each have propagation-direction arrows indicating outbound propagation from the nodal point at the center of resonator 200, toward respective ends of resonator 200.
Since reaction wavefronts 420 and 421 constitute acoustic pressure opposite to that of incoming acoustic wavefronts 401 and 410, the phase of the reaction wavefronts may be considered to be 180 degrees out of phase, or opposite of, the phase of the incoming wavefronts 401 and 410. The reaction wavefronts constitute additional acoustic energy which is 180 degrees out of phase with the original acoustic energy.
The nodal point where this reaction occurs is one-quarter acoustic wavelength distant from the acceleration source 201 driving the interaction. Thus, the phase of the wave activity at the nodal point is already shifted 90 degrees, or one-quarter cycle, behind the phase of the sinusoidally varying acceleration of source 201. The wave energy at the nodal point lags by 90 degrees of a cycle, and the reaction wavefronts produced by current flow in conductive coil 500-501 constitute an additional 180 degree phase shift, since the reaction wavefronts constitute opposition to incoming wavefronts. Therefore, the net phase of the reaction wavefronts emerging from the nodal point lags a total of 270 degrees, or three-quarters of a cycle, behind the phase of acceleration source 201. It should be remembered that the wavefronts in this description are not single events, but indicate the peaks of a sinusoidal wave in all cases.
Reaction wavefront 421 propagates leftward after its creation, toward acceleration source 201, over a distance equal to one-quarter the acoustic wavelength. Due to the finite acoustic propagation velocity, reaction wavefront 421 is delayed a further 90 degrees, or one-quarter cycle, by the time it reaches the leftmost end of resonator 200 and attached acceleration source 201. Upon arrival, the additional 90 degree phase shift adds to the previous shift, or cycle delay, of 270 degrees, producing a total phase shift of 360 degrees, or one full cycle, which is mathematically equal to a phase shift of 0 degrees, or no phase shift at all.
Therefore, reaction wavefront 421 arrives at the acceleration source 201 with a phase that is identical to the phase of the acceleration source 201. Whereas a 180 degree phase shift would constitute opposition of the acceleration, or destructive wave interference, a 360 degree or 0 degree phase shift constitutes addition to the acceleration, or constructive wave interference. Although destructive wave interference occurs at the nodal point due to the nature of magnetic opposition expressed in Lenz's Law, having translated to mechanical opposition via the properties of magnetoelasticity and magnetostriction, the additional phase delay of 90 degrees for acoustic wavefronts incoming and outbound from the nodal region constitutes an additional total phase shift of 180 degrees, the sum being 360 degrees, one full cycle, therefore zero phase difference between action and reaction at the site of acceleration source 201. The in-phase nature of action and reaction constitute constructive wave interference and addition of forces, rather than destructive wave interference or opposition of forces.
Therefore, when current is allowed to flow through conductive single turn 500-501, additional wavefront energy is ultimately present at acceleration source 201, aiding the acceleration and longitudinal displacement at the leftmost end of resonator 200 where acceleration source 201 is located. Since the accelerating force is now being aided, or has a secondary wavefront present which is in-phase with the phase of the acceleration itself, the resonant wave in resonator 200 may be maintained with less acceleration input from source 201 than was necessary before current was allowed to flow in conductive loop 500-501.
In practice, conductive loop 500-501 will have many turns of conductive metal wire, such as copper wire, functioning as a generator coil supplying electrical energy to a device requiring a power source. To the extent which electrical current flows in this closed circuit, acceleration source 201 will be aided by the actions described above, thereby requiring less energy to produce said acceleration as a source, since some of the accelerating activity is now self-produced by the inventive process hereby disclosed.
At this same instant T3, complimentary reaction wavefront 420 has propagated to the rightmost end of resonator 200, reflecting at this rightmost end with successive designation 430 indicating the reflection.
A further quarter-cycle later, at instant T4A, the conditions described above for instant T2A are again present, but with reversed momentum. At instant T4A, the incoming acoustic energy produces compressive stress at the nodal point. The resonator material defined in this illustration has positive magnetoelasticity, such that compressive stress causes a decrease in magnetic susceptibility, thereby causing a decrease in total magnetic bias polarization, or a decreasing magnetic flux.
The reaction T4R indicates the opposition to this set of conditions. The decreasing magnetic flux in T4A is opposed by magnetic induction, or current flow in conductive turn 500-501, causing a secondary magnetic field which opposes the change in magnetic flux, or a secondary induced magnetic flux which tends to cause an increase in total magnetic flux, by attempting to oppose the magnetoelastically generated decrease. The action of attempting to increase the total magnetic flux will elongate the ferromagnetic material of resonator 200, since the magnetostriction is positive. This elongation is indicated by the reaction wavefronts 440 and 441, whose outward-going momentum is consistent with elongation of the material.
As illustrated beforehand by time instant T3, the time instant T5 which is one-quarter cycle subsequent to instants T4, depicts propagation of reaction wavefront 440 back toward acceleration source 201, again with an additional 90 degree or quarter-cycle delay due to the finite acoustic propagation velocity during this time. At instant T5, the leftward momentum of wavefront 440 has reached acceleration source 201 which is now in its peak of leftward acceleration; the two accelerations once again assist each other mutually. The reflection of this acoustic wavefront at the leftward boundary of resonator 200 reverses the propagation direction of wavefront 440 causing the wavefront to take the successive designation 450 in diagram T5.
Meanwhile at time instant T5, complimentary reaction acoustic wavefront, generated by magnetostrictive activity, has reached the rightmost end of resonator 200 and reflects, reversing propagation direction, and taking the successive designation 451. Time instant T5 is effectively identical to time instant T1, as the difference between T1 and T5 is 4 units, or 4 quarter-cycles, or a full cycle. The cycle thus repeats with T1 being equal to T5, and so on.
Each time a nodal point is created, at instants T2 or T4, reaction forces are produced which create reaction acoustic wavefronts in the magnetostrictive material of resonator 200. Owing to the finite propagation velocity of the acoustic energy, the arrival of all such reaction wavefronts at acceleration source 201 consistently results in wave energy that is substantially in-phase with the acceleration source itself, effectively providing an independent source of mechanical acceleration or acoustic wave energy identical to that produced by acceleration source 201 which provides such energy by external means. When conductive turn 500-501 is allowed to support a current flow in a closed circuit, this second source of acoustic energy is caused to exist.
This self-reinforcing magneto-acoustic wave interaction is strongly dependent on the phase of the electrical current allowed to flow through conductive turn, or turns 500-501. The phase of electrical current flow may be adjusted by connecting a capacitor in series or in parallel with conductive turn(s) 500-501, producing capacitive reactive impedance which cancels or offsets the inductive impedance of conductive turn or turns 500-501. By use of appropriate tuning, where necessary, the phase of induced electrical current may be adjusted to produce the constructive interference of acoustic energy described above.
This constructive wave interference is also dependent on the magnetoelastic properties of the magnetic material constituting resonator 200. In the above description, both magnetoelasticity and magnetostriction are positive in sign. Certain elements such as Nickel, or alloys such as samarium ferrite (SmFe2) exhibit negative magnetostriction but also exhibit negative magnetoelasticity. In either case, the sign of magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive action are identical, and the wave interaction described above will continue to occur. If the sign of magnetoelastic and magnetostrictive properties were opposite, the above interaction could not occur, but materials having oppositely signed magnetostriction and magnetoelasticity are not presently thought to exist.
The above illustration concerns operation at the fundamental resonant frequency F1 described and depicted in FIG. 2. It may be understood the same overall reaction continues to manifest at higher harmonic overtones, although illustration and description of this activity becomes increasingly complex. The essential mechanics of such interaction are given by the above discussion, and apply to operation at higher harmonic overtones shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 illustrates an additional benefit gained by operating the disclosed invention at F2, the second harmonic overtone, or twice the fundamental resonant frequency. The conditions illustrated in FIG. 5 continue to apply, such that the acoustic wave interference may become constructively self-reinforcing. FIG. 6 constitutes an illustration of the summary description given above in "Summary of the Invention", section [A]: Lenz Field Addition.
As shown in FIG. 2: F2, operation at a second harmonic overtone creates dual nodal points in resonator 200, both of which are spaced one-quarter acoustic wavelength from respective ends of resonator 200, while being one-half acoustic wavelength distant from each other, within the resonator. The polarity of elastic stress at each nodal point is opposite the other: while nodal point N+ in FIG. 2: F2 may be at a particular instant produce compressive stress, the opposite nodal point N− will exhibit a complimentarily tensile stress.
In a material having positive magnetoelasticity and a bias flux from flux sources or pole pieces 300 and 301, these dual nodal points cause opposing changes in magnetic flux density at their respective locations. Nodal point N+ may produce compressive stress, reducing the total flux density local to this node, while complimentary nodal point N− will, at the same time produce tensile stress, increasing the total flux density local to this complimentary, opposing node. It may be recognized the same opposition will occur in ferromagnetic materials having negative magnetoelasticity, although the relationship between the sign of stress and the sign of flux density change will reverse.
Since the two nodal points produce opposing changes in the magnetic flux local to each node, magnetically induced electric fields 510 and 512 will likewise oppose. Since there are two nodal points, two conductive turns 500-501 and 502-503 are provided, again shown in cross section, each carrying diagrammatical arrows indicating the opposing current flow within either conductive turn.
Since the secondary reaction magnetic field produced by current flow in a conductive turn has a magnetic polarity determined by the direction of current flow, the reaction magnetic field from each conductive turn, 500-501 and 502-503, oppose and mutually annihilate, over the length of ferromagnetic resonator 200. The material of resonator 200 immediately within the bore of the conductive turns continues to respond to the flux produced by the conductive turn wrapped around its immediate vicinity. If such material has magnetostriction equal to the sign of its magnetoelasticity, the constructive wave interference depicted in FIG. 5 remains present.
The electrical power available from the disclosed invention may be limited by the inductive reactance of conductive turns, particularly when the turns are multiple, as in a generator in accordance with the invention being reduced to practice, or designed to generate high voltages necessitating many conductive turns wound in place of a single turn. The resulting electrical inductance can upset the phase relationships necessary to produce constructive wave interference, as well as limiting the total current deliverable by the conductive turns, to an electrical load.
When two or more conductive turns are wound around opposing nodal points, the opposing currents in each tend to cancel the inductive reactance of each conductive turn and their total inductive reactance within the generator as a whole. The cancellation of inductive reactance results in a greater power available from the disclosed invention.
Furthermore, the mutually opposing current flows may be recognized as identical to those which occur in a single-phase power transformer of conventional design, where current in a secondary coil that is powering an electrical load opposes the direction of, and thereby increases the current flow within, the primary coil initiating the magnetic activity of the transformer. Each mutually opposing current flow 511 and 513, depicted in FIG. 6 acts as a transformer primary to the opposite conductive turn, causing the total electrical power generated in each conductive turn to increase when both turns are conducting induced currents. By this mechanism, an electrical load drawing an increasing amount of electrical energy from induced current flow in conductive turn 500-501, for example, causes an automatic increase in the electrical power delivered simultaneously by conductive turn 502-503. This mutually-reinforcing magnetic interaction, due to the destructive interference of Lenz's Law magnetic opposition, is produced additionally to the mutually reinforcing acoustic wave interference previously described in the sections above, further increasing the electrical power generated by the invention disclosed.
The mechanism by which this occurs is illustrated by long diagram arrows 313 and 323 which represent the direction of reaction magnetic flux from each conductive turn, conducting the induced electrical current. The opposing current flows create magnetic fields which also oppose, as shown by the opposite directions of magnetic field vector arrows 313 and 323. These fields tend to annihilate to zero net magnetic flux at location 330, neutralizing any net magnetic reaction flux along the total length of resonator 200, thereby reducing the parasitic inductive reactance to small value. The reaction magnetic field 313, for example due to current flow in conductive turn 500-501, acts as a generator field to the conductive turn 502-503, while the reaction magnetic field 323 due to current flow in conductive turn 502-503 acts as a magnetic field generating additional electric current in conductive turn 500-501. The reaction magnetic field in each conductive turn causes a generating action in the other conductive turn.
The wave interaction simultaneously utilizing more than one harmonic overtone, described at "Summary of the Invention", section [C]: Harmonic Addition, may be applied to the interactions illustrated in either FIG. 5 or FIG. 6. Whereas the illustrations as shown rely on a single frequency and single set of nodal stress points, for the sake of a simple illustration, a combination of harmonic overtone frequencies may also be used, which result in nodal points superimposed at the various locations shown in FIG. 2 for each harmonic overtone that is simultaneously present. By such means the total electrical power generated by the disclosed invention may be substantially increased. This method requires that the energy in each overtone produce constructive wave interference or simultaneous addition of wave peaks, at each nodal point rather than subtraction of peaks as is typical of destructive wave interference. Constructive harmonic interference is achieved when the phase of each overtone frequency is aligned such that the peaks of each harmonic wave simultaneously coincide with the like-sign peaks of all other harmonics simultaneously present in the expanded series.
For purposes of example, the single-node fundamental resonance utilized in FIG. 4 or FIG. 5 may be expanded to a harmonic series including harmonic overtones 1, 3, 5, and odd higher integers as is practical; it will be seen that the combination of odd overtones in this case results in a central node as the sum of all overtones, with the addition of minor nodal points at positions to the right and left of center. This view is created by superimposing the nodal structures of F1, F3, and F5 of FIG. 2 in a single common resonator 200, depicting the wave structure that results when these harmonics are simultaneously present. When the relative phase of each harmonic is appropriately aligned, wave peaks of all harmonic overtones will occur synchronously with the lowest harmonic overtone, causing addition of the total wave energy present at the peaks of the lowest overtone, creating a substantial increase of available generated electricity as described in the Summary section [C], above.
In a likewise manner, the dual node topology shown by FIG. 6 may be harmonically expanded to include overtone frequency multiples 2, 4, 6, and higher even-order integer multiples as is practical; it will be seen the combination of even overtones by superposition results in two major nodes, whose position is defined by the lowest harmonic overtone, and which contain energy across the entire harmonic series. Minor nodal points may exist which do not include the total harmonic energy; these minor nodes may also be enclosed by conductive turns in order to contribute to the total output of the disclosed invention as a generator, or provide additional electrical outputs. Such minor nodes may also be left free without negatively impacting operation of the invention. There is no theoretical limit on this expansion of the harmonic series, which may include very high order overtones that are substantial multiples of the fundamental resonant frequency. In practice, extremely high frequency overtones are often undesirable as they contribute successively less energy to the generated electrical output, and the extent of the harmonic series to be used in practice is determined by the point of diminishing returns.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT
FIG. 7 shows an embodiment designed to harvest power from a source 710 of vibratory energy. Ferrite rod 700 is coupled to the vibratory energy source 710 at one end, the other end being unconstrained except for support. The length of the rod is trimmed to resonate at the vibratory frequency or a harmonic multiple thereof; alternately, the driven frequency of vibratory energy source 710 is adjusted to match the resonant frequency of the rod 700. If resonating at the fundamental frequency, a standing pressure wave will develop within the rod, creating a node, or maximum of pressure at the center. If resonance is at a harmonic multiple of the fundamental frequency, two or more nodal points will develop having maximum pressure.
Bridging this nodal point is a permanent magnet or array of magnets 701, shown here for clarity as a single U-shaped magnet having North and South poles. Lines of magnetic flux 702 are shown completing the magnetic circuit axially through ferrite rod 700. An electrical conductor, such as the coil of wire 720, is wound around the core centered at the nodal point and connected to electrical load 730, shown here as a resistor.
Through magnetoelastic action the magnetic flux in the rod is modulated by the pressure variation and results in an induced current in coil 720 through Faraday's Law. The resulting EMF at the coil terminals is converted to current through load resistor 730 according to Ohm's Law and results in the delivery of power in the form of heat. Resistor 730 may be replaced with any electronic or electric circuit, including rectifiers, power converters, and voltage regulators.
Coil 720 must be sized so that its inductance, together with the load resistance, does not present excessive electrical impedance to the induced power at the vibratory frequency. The inductance of the coil may be compensated for by a capacitance 731 sufficient to resonate the coil at the vibratory frequency. The strength of the magnetic field must be adjusted to produce maximum response through the magnetoelastic effect.
FIG. 8 shows the magnetoelastic generator of FIG. 7 resonating at the second harmonic of the fundamental longitudinal resonant frequency, thereby producing two nodal points having opposing acoustic pressure. The rod is coupled to a piezoelectric element 810 capable of developing pressure at its faces 813a and 813b under control of an alternating electric field between electrode plates 814a and 814b, driven from external oscillator and driver circuit 815. Acoustic horn 811 is trimmed to one quarter the vibratory wavelength and produces maximum displacement at the vibratory frequency at the driven end of the rod 800, in response to the alternating pressure developed by piezoelectric element 810. Piezoelectric element 810 is terminated with a back mass 812 whose density and acoustic length have been chosen to develop maximal longitudinal displacement at the junction between horn 811 and rod 800 while maximizing electrical efficiency of piezoelectric element 810 at the operating frequency.
Ferrite rod 800 is driven to acoustic resonance at the second harmonic of its fundamental resonant frequency by acoustic horn 811, resulting in acoustic wave 816 within the rod having two nodal points. Each nodal point exhibits instantaneous acoustic pressure opposite the other nodal point. Bias magnet 801 produces magnetic flux 802 extending axially through both nodal points developed within rod 800. Since both nodal points within the rod develop oppositely signed instantaneous acoustic pressure, the electromotive force developed via the magnetoelastic effect at each nodal point is oppositely directed. Coils 820 and 821 are wound oppositely and connected in electrical series, such that their developed electromotive forces add. The sum electromotive force of coils 820 and 821 develops electrical current and power in resistive load 830. The reactive impedance of coils 820 and 821 is reduced by their mutually opposite inductive polarities, and is further corrected to unity power factor by capacitor 831, such that maximum electrical power is developed across resistive load 830.
https://web.archive.org/web/20060828213139/http://www.magneticpowerinc.com/mpi-patentapplication.pdf
Solid State Electrical Generator
[ Application for the above patent ]
http://overunity.com/1297/graham-gundersons-dragless-generator-patent-lenz-law-violation/
Hello, for those of you being a few years already in the free energy scene and being
on my old Yahoogroups list, you probably remember Graham Gunderson,
who did a lot of research in strange coils setups and who claimed to have
invented a dragless generator..
..it is no a mechanical generator, but a solid state overunity type transformer...!
It seems it is required that all 3 fields,
input coil field , Permanent magnet field and output coil
field must be in 90 degrees orthogonal relationship to each other,
so 2 of them can cancel out, which is the output coil field with the
permanent magnet field, so the input coil?s
field is not much affected and thus no drag is put onto the input coil?s field.
Is this correct ?
It is pretty complicated to grasp.
Regards, Stefan.
Reply #2 on: July 28, 2006
Comment: It appears to me that the magnets are on top of the ring and also in attract on the bottom of the ring. (Flux flowing vertically through the ring from Permanent magnet to Permanent magnet). Then the coil that weaves in and out horizontally through the center of the ring between flux flow points collects the magnetic flux change caused by the input 'push coil' of the other vertically wound coil around the ring. The collector coil receives the "pushed/deflected" magnetic flux, causing an induced current in the horizontal looped winding for output. Apparently more power is able to be collected in the output coil than is expended in the excite 'push' coil. It also appears that one can stack these devices, making better use of the magnet
I think, as the counter field from the output current will stay inside the core, the permanent magnets from Graham's patent will not demagnetize as the field will never
go to the level of -Hc which would be required to weaken the magnets...
So I guess this is a very safe unit which will not demagnetize the magnets in our live-time.
I think this is the smartest design of a solid state free energy device I have seen so far and indeed I always trusted Graham to be a genuine inventor with all his very clever
ideas and smart thinking and experiments.
He also had a real mechanical dragless generator already a few years back, which was a mechanical design, but had too many losses in the gears he was using, he told me at this time..
Read this page describing the patent posted above by hartiberlin: http://magneticpowerinc.com/patent.html
Mark Goldes says " Following construction of a successful prototype, a U.S. patent application was filed covering this advanced electrical generator."
To me that means that the device indeed works, and if the device does indeed work, then this is IT.
My ONLY QUESTION for Mark Goldes would be:
The patent states that the magnets can become demagnetized, was this a necessary addition for trying to get the Patent office to pass the Patent, or do the magnets really become demagnetized?
If the magnets become demagnetized, how long, or, how much energy could be used from a given setup before the magnets lost thier magnetization?
It would be interesting to see output figures per module (to know how many modules are needed to produce a given amount of power) and approx. cost per module. Also Tao's question about magnet life would be nice to know the answer to.
Quote from: tao on July 28, 2006
I'd say the easiest way would be to buy a nice toroidal transformer core and drill holes in it.
Place the proper amount of NdFeb magnets on the core above the proper holes.
Wind the output wire(magnet wire) through the holes and wind the input wire(magnet wire) around the whole unit, magnets and all(as the patent suggests).
Power the thing with a series resonant circuit like the patent suggests and power a load indefinitely...
Yes, Tao, this is the same, what I also just thought, how to do it. The question is, how big in diameter the holes should be maximum and if it is better to have many output coil windings going through the holes with very small diameter wire or just lower turns with bigger diameter wire, so if it is much better to go for more output voltage or more output current.
Normally you get the maximum output power out of a power supply or device, if you use the same load resistance as the inner resistance of the device, so if you want to get 100 Watts out, you would also heat the output windings with 100 Watts too, if the impedances match !
So this is why normally you don?t match the inner resistance with the load resistance,
so less output power is drawn but then also the wasted inner resistance power is also much less.
But for the input coils I would use very big diameter wire and only use about 10 to 100 Windings or so, to have a very low ohmic resistance and also low inductance, so the frequency could be put into the Khz range.
If you use a higher frequency you will also get more voltage and thus more power out.
Thus with a matched capacitance at the resonance frequency of the input LC circuit you would need very low input power and due to low ohmic resistance of the coil would
have low ohmic losses at the resonance frequency for the input current.
The question I still have, is, if it is better to
1. use many holes in short distances and thus have more voltage at lower turn windingsnumbers and use only smaller sized magnets ontop and onbottom of the core
2. have less holes in the core with bigger hole diameters and have thus more winding-turn-numbers through them for higher output voltage and have less and bigger magnets on them ?
What is better, 1. or 2. ?
Reply #12 on: July 29, 2006
As with most patents (applications) you don't have to give away the secret and it appears from reading the application that they do not. Why is this so different from the MEG? Special core material, yes they say soft iron, but I doubt its what you get at the scrap yard. The timing appears to be critical, you will not be able to just throw it together and get power, you will have to work out the math so it works as proposed.
My question is, was it on purpose that they did not indicate that the loop can be closed? They do say that Lenz did not apply, but so why not go all the way and say once it starts is self powers? Did not see mention in the application.
Additionally they are saying in the app that they are covering all forms (shapes) and methods, would this not if granted stop any one else from using perm magnets in a device?
Reply #13 on: July 30, 2006, 07:15:37 AM »
About a month ago I won on Ebay three current transformers. Stated that they had 800:5 current ratio. I thought that they were a toroidal transformer with 800 turns primary and 5 turns secondary. I opened one up and was disappointed that all they were was a ferrite core about 4 inches ID and only one coil about 18 guage wound around the core. This explained why there were only two leads instead of 4.
I was disappointed and said to myself "well there goes $20 for something I will probably never use."
And now comes this thread and these ferrite cores and wire are exactly what I need to build this device!
I don't know what a ferrite core with a diameter of 4 to 5 inches would normally cost, but I got three of these current transformers for $20. There might be others available?
Does anyone know how to drill a hole through a ferrite core? They are probably very brittle and fragile?
I am thinking of getting diamond drills and starting with small holes first.
Reply #15 on: July 31, 2006, 02:02:31 PM »
I opened one up and was disappointed that all they were was a ferrite core about 4 inches ID and only one coil about 18 guage wound around the core. This explained why there were only two leads instead of 4.
Don't throw 'em away yet!
Current transformers require the primary to be looped through the hole in the core. If yours is 800:5, you take your primary wire and loop it through the hole 5 times. You can effectively get different ratios by changing the number of times you loop your primary through the coil.
Note that to put one turn on the primary, you must stick the wire through the hole two times. If you put the wire through only once you don't have a complete "turn" on the primary. You must have one loop through the device to have one turn. So, to get 5 turns you have to go through the hole 6 times with the primary lead.
I have only ever seen this type of transformer used to sense motor current in large ac motors. The motor lead is directly wound through the device to form the primary.
Reply #17 on: October 08, 2006, 05:53:22 AM »
This my first post here at Overunity.com, I have been developing a version of the Gunderson solid state generator for personal research purposes. I'm very excited about this generator, and yes Tao, I feel that THIS IS IT! too.
I have built a linear 'proof of principal' of the Gunderon generator. Consisting of a linear silicon steel laminate core containing 5 magnets and 2 input coils the output wire is a single pass of insulated braided copper wire. The magnets are 7mm x 3mm neo's I had. The core is a stack of 21 11mm laminates from a 12v 4amp charger transfromer and the input coils are wound from the primary windings of that same tranformer. I only ha to drill 3 holes in the laminates since they already had one at each end. I used cyanoacrylate glue and a vice to make the stack, solid.
(http://timeisart.net/free_energy/multi_dimensioanl_gunderson_linear_test.JPG)
The purple and green wires are for input. Only the two copper coils nearest the center of the device are hooked up, I wound all 4 input coils then I realised that the 2 outer ones would heat up because they were just pushing against the end magnets which are unable to shift there flux because they lack a "balancing magnet" because this is a linear device not a ring . Sure enough when I powered it up the outer coils got hot quite quickly while the inner two remained cool. So I disconnected them. The use of 5 magnets is nessesary to allow the device to have a functioning middle section with magnets that have their flux divided equally in two.
(http://timeisart.net/free_energy/multi_dimensioanl_gunderson_linear_test1.JPG)
I have meassured 184mV RMS from the output of this device when excited with .6v AC 50Hz. Small output I know. However I could make consistant voltage spikes of 3 to 4v when I rapidly connected and desconnected the input power and occasionally higher spikes in the 14v range. Despite what may seem like a tiny output I am encoaraged. I made these measurments on a quality digital ossciloscope at a freinds house using only a AC/AC transformer at 50Hz to excite the input coils.
Since then I have used a small audio amp to power the coils. Connected to the soundcard on my PC and a tone generator to generate a square wave at different frequencies. Unfortunatly my multimeter is not accurate enough to get a reading. But I have had a alot of fun testing the resonant frequencies of the device. I am able to feel the magnetic field occilations by holding a magnet near the device. Or sticking a laminate to the magnets to get a audiable feedback of the vibation. The qualitative sence of vibration strength of the magnet I was holding seemed to peak around 200hz, at least on the level I could feel. Then there were overtones at heaps of frequences up to over 64 0000Hz that seemed to peak the vibration and or sound output. All I can do without proper equipment is make qualitative observations and work on instinct ;)
My linear proof of principal device has many inheirent flaws, Yet I am seeing an output. I used magnets that are far too small based on the ratios I could determine from the patent diagrams and the silicon steel laminates that make up the core seem to block the field so much that the flux is barely noticeable when I place an iron nail in the holes that carry the output wire. Also the linear configuration means that only the middle 3 holes and magnets are functioning as they would in the toroidal device as the magnets at the ends have no balance magnet and thus their flux dose not so easily shift.
The vibrating magnetic field that can be felt when one holds a magnet near the operating device is very large for such small input coils. In fact, if the input coils are excited without the magnets in place. The field that can be felt by holding a magnet near them is miniscule. Demonstrating to me that this configeration is very efficient for shifting a large perminant magnet flux with small input.
I think that a critial aspect of this design is in the way that the magnets are posistioned relative to each other. Each magnets flux is equally divided between 2 other magnets on the other side of the core, so that the 2 rings of magnets are effectivly balancing against each other and only a small nudge from the input field makes one flux path FAR MORE favorable so the flux is effectivly on a see saw that can be actuated with a small input.
Given this reasoning the Torroidal configeration is nessesary to allow all magnets to be balanced.
Hartiberlin; my inital feeling and answer to your earlier question is number 2 One big hole for output, diameter of 1/3 the height of the core. but with an output wire that makes many passes around the core untill the hole is filled. I am not skilled in transformer coil calculations. Perhaps someone can help. I want to make input coils of 4 to 8 Ohms so that they can be driven through an audio amp for inital testing untill the resonant circuit can be implemented. I figure that multiple passes or turns in the output coil will improve power out as more copper and or turns is present to collect EMF. The permiabilty of the core seeems to be a major factor. I belive the patent talks about resin bonded iron cores because the core needs to be less dense then solid iron to allow the magnetic flux to extend into the output coil holes and not be effectivlly shielded.
I intend to build a actual torroidal device with 25mm neo cubes and an epoxy resin/iron powder core. With 8 ohm input coils to be excited with an audio amp with sound frequencies from a tone generator on my PC.
I have some questions, perhaps someone can help.
1 I want the input coils to be efficient at creating a magnetic field. I want them to be 8 Ohms and operate at power levels from a 50 watt RMS audio amp at full volume. What thickness and length of wire should I use.
2 Is it true that a coil with fewer turns will be able to operate at a faster frequency then a coil with more turns? / if so why?
3 Where can I get Iron powder in Australia. I have purchased Iron Oxide powder for coloring concrete, it is very magnetic, am I correct that ferrite cores are made from iron oxide?
4 Dose ferrite saturate at 20 000 gauss? / or dose saturation relate to mass of material ect.
Thanks very much in advance, I'm so glad I have found this forum. Good work Overyunity.com
Reply #18 on: October 09, 2006
Please be aware that this device will not be Over Unity unless a key factor is present. Since we are filing a Continuation in Part on the pending patent application, I cannot reveal it.
It will not be Over Unity with ferrites.
It requires a very special component. That is all I can say about these issues until the patent process is further along.
A working device was constructed prior to filing the patent application. It far exceeded unity.
More than two dozen prototypes are part of our present laboratory development program.
The published photographs are of a different invention.
Reply #21 on: January 19, 2007
Here is my prototype of Gunderson's device.
Many magnets shapes and sizes have been tested.
One outpout loop or several turns change nothing.
Frequency input from 1Khz to 100Khz.
Input coil up to 12v square, sinus.
No usable power to output coil. Only EMF kicks.
Does anyone have an idea to make it functionnal?
Reply #22 on: January 25, 2007, 09:48:46 PM »
Congratulations to Marcel for his excellent and obviously time consuming attempt at replication. The key as I see it is having a resonant circuit at the input, and keeping its frequency to say,50 to 100 hertz. higher frequencies would demand a fancy core composition. Instead of trying to match the frequency of the square wave generator to that of the resonant cicuit, why not build an oscillator with a feedback coil wound on the core over the input winding. My computor skills are limited so I cant do a diagram . Circuit is as follows. Use a 9 volt battery. Use a npn transistor eg a BFY51. Connect battery to a pos and neg rail. Emitter to neg rail. Connect a potential devider accross pos and neg rails,say a10k and a 1k resistor, with the 10k to the pos rail. wher the 2 resistors join, connect one end of the feedback coil.[2to5 turn] the other end of this coil goes to transistor base. connect the input coil of the input transformer [ see US patent application number 20060163971] between the transistor collector and the pos rail . connect the output side of transformer via a cap [10mfd?] to the input coil of the device. Use a frequency counter if available to check output frequency at device input coil. If its too high, increase value of cap . If it wont oscillate, try reversing ends of feedback coil. Well worth trying ifyou have come this far. Why can we not have more details, Overtone? We cant steel your invention now, and everyone incluiding you would benefit by its duplication.
user Neptune is right, you must use resonance to couple the most power out of it and into it.
What kind of core are you using ?
If it is just iron you should stay below 100 Hz because of eddy current losses.
If it is ferrite, it could be, that it just does not work with ferrites..
It probably also depends a lot of the core material !
Please keep us updated and try to use at the input an LC circuit
in resonance, so you need less input power.
The L is the driver coil for your device and the C must be added
to get the right resonance for a frequency below 100 Hz.
Just guessing here, but I would think that it would be important in this design to not magnetically saturate the core of the ring by using too many or too strong of a type of magnet. Perhaps weaker ceramic magnets would be useful towards leaving some room for a rotating magnetic field to possibly have an effect. Limited amount of output power might be an issue too, due to core saturation/magnetic strength issues within the toroid core? As I recall, wasn't it reported that this device worked with gain at low power levels?
You guys seem to forget that the "open ends" of the magnets will "dive directly down" into the core. Which you do not want. So you need to close loop them back to a opposit polarity. See the crappy drawings I made. Also I think that there is only one imput coil needed not one for every magnet. The output coil though needs to be many more turns.
Maybe It's of use to some.
Hi Nali,
Yes, I agree with that, the magnetic circuit needs to be closed to allow more flux to flow into the core.
Although if you look at my simulations, even a weak magnet may suffice without closing the circuit.
Another suggestion is to put the holes through where the centre of the input coils are. This is where the flux density is at its greatest and lowest.
Or have two holes, one either side of the magnet and use two output windings.
Check the output windings have not shorted out on the sharp corners of the core holes.
You may need to countersink the holes slightly and paint some varnish on the metal around the hole to protect the copper wire enamel from being damaged.
Hi there Rob, Nice femm simulations you have. Altough I must point out that simulations are so rough that they only act as generals idea's of what the flux will do in reality. This has been said before. But it's true. Other thing is, when you are drilling the holes too near the imput coil's field, and so plan to put the output coils there you are in a sence going to power the output coils dicectly with the imput coils and have not much more than a regular transformer. And so the imput draw will increase accordingly with the output load. Coupling between input and output must be minimal. Imput coil should only act as a mean to push or pull the field of the magnets to a certain direction. And so the magnets will do the 'cutting of the coils'
Yes point taken, OK that just leaves putting two holes either side of the magnet, to pick up on that "sweet spot".
The input coils would need to be wound as many layers in a smaller area too, as drawn in the simulation.
One more point, are you doing a push-pull on each pair of coils, so at any one time, one coil is energized and one is not?
I am not sure if it mentions how to pulse the input windings in the patent but this would seem the logical way of switching the flux.
You can use a TL494 IC and a couple of mosfets to perform this, and if you really want to get a nice clean square pulse use a power mosfet driver IC between the TL494 and mosfets like the UCC37324:
UCC37324P
Hello again. Whilst I respect other peoples opinions, I disagree with Kingrs, About filling the holes with iron filings, or using iron wire. The patent states that the flux flows around the holes like the thread flowing around a bolt. Overtone says this device will not be overunity with a ferrite core. This is puzzling because the patent is for a GENERATOR. If it is not overunity, it becomes an inverter, converter, or transformer. Yet the patent actually calls for a ferite core!
Also, why use a square wave input. If you apply a square wave to a tuned or resonant circuit, the net result is a sine wave . Sometimes I feel that patents are not worth the paper they are written on. The patent has little or nothing to say about input /output ratios. If this device has any merit , we are now reduced to "wait and see " just like the 10 million other ideas. Sadly, wishing doesnt make it so. Sorry, feeling cynical tonight, neptune.
Hi Neptune,
The iron filings was just an idea to try. I saw on page 2 another replication that look promising using a linear example. Good proof of concept.
I think generator windings are an odd thing, the flux does not really cut through them as such, its almost as if it has its own inverse field that reaches out into core and pulls in electrical energy.
But I stand by my square pulses, I have seen what odd shaped traces you get as output without a clean drive into the mosfet.
You need to start off with square waves and then allow the inductor to turn it into a nice curve.
If you think you can get a sine wave out of a mosfet then be my guest.
Its not efficient,i.e.wasted volts drop across the device to get the curve and serves no purpose.
The core material is highly likely a crystalline type core material like metglass suitable for high frequency and high permeability. Laminates have a permeability that might be suitable, but don't handle high frequencies (above 300hz or so) very well. So ferrite is good for the high frequencies but than again the permeability is lowww. Metglass takes the bests from both. High permeability and (very)high frequency. But you guessed it, very expensive. Maybe soma alloy is suitable. But expensive also because they probably have to custom make it for you.
Patents when fully open are actually quite handy. They are a worldwide free to get instruction Manuel. Unless they hide stuff.... But still patents give us many ideas to work on.
Power conversion and generation is a curious thing if you think of it. Lots of time magnetism does not really 'cut' any wire and still it generates of transforms good power. Look at the attached picture. Here you see a toroid transformer and a 3phase transformer. These are proven devices. And keep in mind that the flux will stay 99% inside the core material, never comes out to cut the wires of the secondary (?output?) coil. And of course the works like 80% efficient. How? The flux never ?comes out? of the core material. So there are many devices where the flux does not really 'cut' the coils and yet work?
I posted back last October that the application has been superseded. A new patent application will cover factors we discovered are necessary for this invention to exceed unity.
Cores that will work are, as some have suggested, expensive. They must have little known characteristics. They must be processed using very costly equipment. This invention cannot exceed unity otherwise.
Therefore, sad to say, it is extremely likely that any attempt to build the device by individuals is almost certain to fail. (Error posted previously in this line is now corrected.)
To repeat, the first prototype worked and exceeded unity.
Commercial variations are under development.
For reasons of international patent law, such as Taiwan and South Korea, where publication instantly negates patentability, we will not reveal the critical additional information until the second patent application is published.
Mark Goldes
Magnetic Power Inc.
Whoops. Error.
I meant to say that given what we have learned since the original patent application was filed, any attempt to build this device, by an individual, is extremely unlikely to succeed!
Should have had more coffee before previewing my earlier post :).
Could be the inventors are getting twitchy about people replicating their baby?
I have just done the simulation again in Femm to check my comments I made previous to you and it looks like I gave you the wrong info or not all the info.
The coils can indeed be connected in series, but the pulse does need to be AC.
To achieve this requires a "H" bridge of mosfets to allow the coil supply to be AC.
This will give the greatest flux change.
Saying that though, to simplify things you can do as I suggested before and use a push-pull DC pulse applied to the two sets of coils to the right and left of each magnet.
I think what Mark is trying to say is that the balance of current, magnet choice and core material are all critical to this working at over unity.
From my simulations, it can be seen that only a very tiny current and voltage is required to get the field to switch (20mA @ 0.5V) and anything greater will saturate the core.
Using a magnet too powerful for the core material, will yes, saturate the core.
Also try using ceramic 5 or ceramic 8 magnets to start with.
I suspect Neo magnets are too powerful for the core material.
The good thing is that Mark's company will be buying off the shelf cores just like you and I. Metglass make them, we use them.
Reply #44 on: February 10, 2007
Hard as it may be for folks here to believe, I hardly ever see this forum. We are extremely busy.
Sorry. No technical information will be released except in patent applications.
If all goes well, we will provide potential licensees with pre-manufacturing prototypes later this year.
We have no control over the time it takes them to gear up for production.
There are also parts required which are not presently mass produced as they have no existing market. That factor is also one over which we have no control and it may well slow up production, although I would think small quantities of self-powered generators might be in the market by the end of this year.
Since development is still much slower than it might be with additional funding, all estimates are subject to change. Adequate funds might be en-route. If, and when, they arrive we will be able to accelerate development.
At this point it is all engineering...
Reply #47 on: December 01, 2007
If they are indeed real & independently verifiable, MPI's claimed developments are exciting.
But I do wonder if MPI's patent application is valid, since in my understanding to get a patent one must disclose sufficient information to enable one skilled in the relevant art to practice (i.e., make) the invention, but it appears that a lot of skilled engineers on this forum have been unable to reproduce the device and/or are uncertain how to do so based on the patent.
A patent is a type of quid pro quo: the inventor discloses to the public how to make the invention in return for the government's grant to the inventor of a time-limited monopoly on the invention. In the U.S., unless the inventor satisfies his part of the bargain by meeting numerous statutory (i.e., legal) requirements, the patent won't issue or will be revoked on challenge:
"In order for a patent to be valid, the requirements of 35 USC section 112 of written description, enablement, and best mode have to be met. . . . The written description requires that the inventors show full 'possession' of their inventions by describing them in words, structures, figures, diagrams, and formulas that fully set forth the claimed invention. . . . To satisfy the enablement requirement, the description also has to teach how to make and use the invention without undue experimentation." ((Biotechnology Law Report, October, 2003, p. 473-74.) So, if skilled artisans can't create follow the MPI patent to create a working MPI device, I wonder if the inventor has satisfied the written description and enablement requirments? (That's a question for an attorney to answer.)
In short, the MPI patent application must claim that the device does something. The question is: given the amount of apparently unsuccessful experimentation documented by those posting in this forum who have apparently tried but failed to create the device disclosed in the MPI patent, is the MPI patent valid.? As one noted author said, "there's the rub!"
Hal, all,
The core is a special type of Metglas. The holes MUST be drilled electrically and the core then reprocessed by the manufacturer.
This first Patent Application on this invention will be followed by a second in the future. As shown, even when done correctly, it will only go to 99% efficiency. To exceed unity (the first prototype had an output more than 100 times the input at an extremely low power level < 1 watt) other, not yet disclosed, information is necessary.
Seeking a solution to the complexity of manufacturing this design happily led to the breakthrough family of generators that we now call GENIE (Generating Electricity by Nondestructive Interference of Energy). GENIE is now patent pending. It so far appears much easier to manufacture various GENIE designs and therefore the design in the published Patent Application is on hold.
Sorry, beyond what appears on our website: magneticpowerinc.com [ defunct ]no further details or information can be made available, except to qualified parties who sign a NonDisclosure Agreement.
https://electropub.wordpress.com/2011/07/28/spiral-transformer-related-to-grahams-patent/
Spiral Transformer – related to Graham's patent
http://energyscienceconference.com/2016/01/05/graham-gunderson-overunity-disclosure-photos/
http://energyscienceconference.com/2015/04/25/overunity-disclosure-by-graham-gunderson/
Here is a recent video interview with Graham Gunderson reviewing what he will be sharing at the 2015 Energy Science & Technology Conference.
He will be presenting on a special transformer he designed that is overunity and you'll get to learn enough of the details to be able to replicate it!
http://energyscienceconference.com/2014/12/11/graham-gunderson-to-present/
Graham Gunderson is a brilliant, long time researcher and developer in the "overunity" field. One of his jobs as a funded researcher was to verify free energy claims by many different inventors. Graham is listed as the inventor on multiple patented inventions and by doing a simple search online, you will find that he has possibly researched Floyd Sweet's Vacuum Triode Amplifier (VTA) more than anyone else in this field with the exception of maybe John Bedini and only a couple others.
http://www.energeticforum.com/energy-conference/20200-graham-gunderson-transformer.html
Graham Gunderson's Transformer
He had a table full of equipment, most of it being testing and measuring equipment. The actual core is the miniscule picture above. It was not as flashy as Bedini's toys, but his focus was on measuring and understanding the concepts at work.
COP of 1.03 if I remember correctly (and it did fluctuate over the course of presentation). Not enough to self-run by any means, but it was intended to prove the concept
Source is plain sinewave signal fed through an amplifier.
The top and bottom coils are input, with the center coil being output
Cores are generic ferrites, and there is a small airgap between both halves.
I believe the coils were in attraction but with a 45-90deg phase offset.
At least the source is in resonance to conserve and recycle energy
I am not sure on circuit, but I do know there is a phase delay between the two coils. This phase delay causes a magnetic field along the center gap that teeter-totters back and forth. The pickup coil harvests energy off this flux flipping and everything is spit out to carefully calibrated scopes and probes.
It's not fancy and not even a self-runner, but Graham wanted to build a Wright Bros aircraft to show the principles of flight instead of building a 747 that nobody would understand.
The core part as far as I understand, is that he's using phase to rotate flux along the gap under resonance and harnessing power from this virtual rotation rather than regular transformer induction.
Image of Gunderson Transformer
Couple more bits to add : It was driven by 1 AC amplifier plugged into a function gen... Probably tuned capacitance to maintain resonance and minimize input.
From the presentation was there an indication that the effect is frequency dependent or specifically what frequency is being used here? kHz, MHz?
He actually talked more about concepts than the actual device and numbers. That said, kHz range, I don't think more than 1mhz. Wherever ferrite starts getting lossy, it was definitely below that..
Ballpark, somewhere between 20-200khz.
I wish I had taken a clip of the FEMM model he showed.. There wasn't any magic, or at least anything that didn't conform to normal models. It showed a model of the resonant transformer where the fields would resonate, and interact so at a certain period they would form these fast rotating pinches that would reach far off to each side.
If I'm understanding was correct, his output coil is getting energy from this second-order interaction rather than one coil simply charging another.
Quote: Also, did he mention the B-H magnetization curve shape as being a factor? Magnetization and hysteresis were mentioned, not exactly sure how it fits in his setup. We'll have to ask him.
I don't think any of us is going to have much luck duplicating this exact device (trying to match his hardware and measuring equipment). Even if we did, it's only COP 1.03. If we can understand these nonlinear one-way interactions, then maybe we'll be in the right ballpark.
https://physicsreviewboard.wordpress.com/chava-energy-llc-s-zpe-generator-fraud/
Physics Review Board
Chava Energy's ZPE GENERATOR Fraud
Abstract.
Chava Energy's ZPE GENERATOR fraud consists of soliciting and obtaining investments and grants in a blatantly fraudulent manner, making use in particular of the elaborate set of false pretenses, false statements, false claims and empty promises to be found in Chava Energy's "Zero Point Energy Generator" fraudcraft, involving their so-called "MagGen" concepts.
Chava Energy for five years referred to two devices proposed by Graham Gunderson as "MagGen" magnetic generators, falsely and fraudulently claiming that they would provide electric power by "tapping Zero Point Energy," and that Chava Energy would create "MagGen" prototypes "to provide power for automobiles" "within three years."
To avoid confusion, we will refer to the first "MagGen" as Gunderson-20060163971, and the second "MagGen" as Gunderson-8093869.
Chava Energy's First And Second "MagGen" ZPE Generator Fraudcraft
Let's look at some excerpts from the pack of fraudcraft Chava Energy previously posted on their website regarding the "MagGen" devices, until its very recent removal:
"Our MagGen™ magnetic generators convert abundant, ambient and renewable energy sources that exist everywhere in the universe. Power Units can be small and lightweight, and made from non-toxic materials."
"MagGen™: The Chava Magnetic Generator (MagGen™) breakthroughs offer several alternate routes to tapping the energy of quantum noise (Zero Point Energy) via the magnetic spin moment."
"Chava has two U.S. Patents patents aimed at commercialization under the trademark of MagGen™. Patents #7,830,065 and #8,093,869 cover solid-state (no moving parts) magnetic generators. An early prototype produced an output, at a very low power level, of more than 100 times the input.
"The first patent titled 'Solid State Electric Generator,' was issued Nov 9,2010. The second titled 'Apparatus for Generating Electricity…' issued January 10,2012. Several prototypes of more advanced devices have been built and an additional, very broad, patent application has also been filed. All power generation modules can be combined, in a manner similar to solar cells, to provide larger amounts of power. We expect to file an additional thirty (30) patents over the next three (3) years for various magnetic power device designs."
"Chava expects, within three years, of creating prototype Chava Energy™ conversion systems to provide power for automobiles."
"Several prototypes of more advanced devices have been built and thirty (30) additional patents are expected to be filed over the next thirty-six (36) months for various families of magnetic power devices."
"RESIDENTIAL GENERATORS for off-grid customers will be an early market product. Today, generators are typically powered by gasoline. In the aftermath of disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and typhoons, power is often unavailable; such early devices, without requiring fuel, will make a crucial difference. Mobile power generators will be a key resource for government emergency agencies and rural communities.
"Chava expects, within three years, of creating prototype Chava Energy™ conversion systems to provide power for automobiles. This eliminates the need for large batteries and for electrical recharging stations. That goal may be reached faster if our engineering development teams work on a 24/7 basis. The conversion systems will open a path to mass production of entirely new varieties of automotive power plants. Other industries will follow soon after the key markets of residential and automotive power."
In fact, neither of the two patents referenced above involve devices that could ever "tap Zero Point Energy" at all. Neither of the patents even mention Zero Point Energy. Neither of the patents describe devices that ever serve as useful "energy conversions systems" as claimed by Chava. As in every case of pretense by Chava, Chava has merely repeated the same empty claims year after year, without ever producing or presenting any device or any evidence of development.
<< USA / Canada : $13 Postpaid / Foreign : $18 Postpaid >>
Rex Research, POB 19250, Jean, NV 89019 USA