For nearly 30 years, D & D has set the standard in customer service and quality guarantees. When you choose us for your project, you're assured of excellence in support and craftsmanship before, during and after the project. From the best in materials and workmanship to service after the sale, we stand behind each and every project and don't rest until you're completely satisfied.
Here are just a few examples of how we've "gone the extra mile" for our customers.
Customer Wade Congdon came to us looking for all curved cabinets. Every shop he visited resulted in disappointment - either the shop couldn't do the work or they told him that his request couldn't be done. We made exactly what he wanted and turned him into believer in D & D!
More than once we've been called in to repair furniture that was abused by our customer's children. Handles pulled off, cabinet doors swung from like Tarzan, drawers leaned on just a little too hard - we've seen it all! We've replaced hinges, handles, slides and other hardware for nothing more than a friendly handshake.
Many customers have come to us with tight deadlines for graduation gifts, wedding gifts, parties and other special occasions. We've often worked late into the night to meet the time demands of our projects. We stake our family's reputation on meeting your timeline.
We've been asked to come to customers' homes to fix mistakes and problems left behind by our competitors. Some woodworking companies just won't take the extra time to do the job right. That's OK by us - we're happy to fix those problems and show you how true customer service and support is supposed to be done.
Like all our past customers, you deserve the very best in customer satisfaction. Call the true professionals - D & D Millwork - for your next project. We know you won't be disappointed!


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Waste Not, Want Not: Kelp, Cans and MAP: Packaging as Food Preservation
By Anne Murcott
Starting work on a history of food packaging some years ago, rapidly led to the realisation that it is also a history of a very long list of other things, including food preservation. But preparing a contribution for a conference called 'Waste Not Want Not' prompted looking at both the preservation and packaging of food from a slightly different angle. The two are intimately linked in a way that other relevant histories – such as of transport or the cold chain, the invention of plastic films or the very idea of convenience – associated with the development of food packaging are less so. For most food preservation techniques involve a wrapping, receptacle or package for storage – exceptions include meats or fruits that are dried solid, biltong or jerky, apple or pear.
Here are three illustrations which all happen to exploit the significance of oxygen when preserving foodstuffs. The first two involve drastically reducing atmospheric oxygen pretty much to create a vacuum. The third entails changing the proportion of oxygen in relation to the other main gases in the air we all breathe, modifying the atmosphere in the package.
The first example dates from prehistoric New Zealand. It is a Māori technique for preserving tītī commonly known in English as mutton bird – a fish-eating sooty sheerwater found in Australasia. A bag, pōhā, is made of split bull kelp which is then inflated then filled with cooked birds sealed with their own fat. Bags are then placed in woven flax baskets and can be secured with strips of bark for safe handling and transport.
Nereocystis or 'bull kelp'. A prehistoric algae used by The Māori to preserve tītī (mutton bird). Image credit: Wikimedia Commons.
Next is the history of the ubiquitous tin can. Nicolas Appert, a French confectioner (1749-1841) is often called the 'father of canning'. He published details of his invention – translated as a way 'of conserving all kinds of food substances in containers' in 1810. Within a few months, an Englishman, Peter Durand, was granted a patent by George III that is virtually identical to Appert's method. Duran sold the patent to Bryan Donkin, an engineer who already owned the Dartford Iron Works near London and who in 1813 opened a 'preservatory' i.e. canning factory in Blue Anchor Road, Bermondsey, London. The 'great man' solo inventor version of the history does not seem to be disturbed by the fact that only a few months separate Appert's treatise being published in French in France and Durand's being granted the patent published in English in England. It is important to remember, this is a time when confectioners, merchants and engineers may not have spoken a second language and a period when both countries were politically extremely wary of one another, if not actually at war.
One interpretation depends on suggestions of industrial espionage – casting Donkin as a spy. Not so well known, however, is a 1994 PhD by Norman Cowell, a retired food scientist who has worked through the archives of the Royal Society and the National Archives. He has identified a second Frenchman, an inventor called Philippe de Girard, who came to London and used Durand as an agent to patent what was apparently his own idea. Cowell finds strong circumstantial evidence that Appert and Girard were in contact. Thus he is led to propose that Durand can no longer 'be seen as a naked opportunist pirating Appert's invention: instead he appears as a London agent facilitating the exploitation by Girard (and probably Appert) of their inventions in the more technologically advanced world of British industry.'
Portrait of Nicolas Appert, inventor of food canning in 1795, tiré de Les Artisans illustres de Foucaud, anonymous woodcut, circa 1841. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons.
Where the first two examples involved eliminating oxygen, the third postpones the food's spoiling, by altering the percentage of this gas relative to carbon dioxide and nitrogen surrounding the foodstuff in proportions that differ from the air everyone breathes. One history identifies a turning point in the spread of Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) technology when, in 1981 Marks and Spencer (in the UK) introduced a wide range of fresh meat products packaged under a modified atmosphere. The use in the UK of MAP is labelled on the pack. But the wording avoids the word modified, using 'Packaged in a protective atmosphere' instead.
These three examples illustrate the following among other features. While it is very well known that food preservation is found worldwide and is very old indeed, so too can be what nowadays is called packaging. The second example illustrates how a history of an invention is not necessarily best written as solely springing from the efforts of a 'great man' and the socio-political context should not, of course, be ignored. And the third once again demonstrates that there are some food preservation technologies that cannot work without a package.
Waste Not, Want Not: Interpreting Thrift through Victorian Food Writing
By Lindsay Middleton
When you use 'thrift' in conversations today, the word carries connotations of frugality and, perhaps, tightfistedness. In the mid- to late-nineteenth century, however, the meaning of 'thrift' was being reinvigorated. Cookbooks and etiquette guides such as Samuel Smiles's Thrift (1875) told their middle- and working-class readers to return to thriftier ways of living. By doing so, people would supposedly be morally superior, living without wastefulness and making society more efficient. Food was one of the ways readers could adopt thrift into their lifestyles, and as Smiles said: '[h]ealth, morals, and family enjoyments are all connected with the question of cookery. Above all, it is the handmaid of Thrift' (Smiles 1876: 370). Speaking at the 'Waste Not, Want Not' conference, my paper explored how thrift and food preservation were framed within Victorian food texts. Looking at three recipes from cookbooks and three from periodicals – published between 1866 and 1895 – I structurally analysed recipes to examine how they use words, space on the page, different textual forms and food technologies. Changes between these characteristics can be compared to reach wider conclusions: for instance, the way innovations in food preservation influenced cooking times.
C19th silver soup tureen. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons.
What my paper showed, was that recipes were engaging with thrift and preservation and attempting to bring them into the Victorian home. Furthermore, both of these topics were intertwined in the debates of the time. The recipe for 'Gravy Soup' found in Charles Buckmaster's Buckmaster's Cookery (1874) uses a tin of preserved meat, boiling it to make soup. Tinned meat circulated in Britain from 1813, when Donkin and Hall supplied it to the Navy, and it was slowly adopted as a domestic ingredient from that point. A scandal in 1852, however, concerning 264 rotten cans destined for the Navy, meant the public were suspicious of canned meat when Buckmaster was writing. Despite public concern, tinned meat was fast becoming a valuable food resource, as British livestock quantities were failing to feed an ever-growing population. Buckmaster's way of convincing readers to try the soup is to appeal to the middle-classes, who could have afforded his book and were involved in setting trends. He declares that 'prejudice against preserved meat can only be gradually overcome by the middle and upper classes eating it' (1874: 106) and suggests serving the soup in a decorative tureen. This elevates ideas of thrift and preservation away from the notion that people who were thrifty had to be, because they were poor. By making thrift a fashionable thing that appeals to the middle-classes, Buckmaster implicates it in the class relations of the time as well as discussions of food supply, demonstrating that thrift and food preservation were integrated into Victorian current affairs.
Other recipes demonstrate that thrift was framed using nutrition, economy and self-sufficiency. A satirical story published in All the Year Round in 1874, the periodical edited by Charles Dickens and then Charles Dickens Jr., shows that thrifty foods were so ubiquitous they were being used for entertainment. In the story, the female narrator describes her cooking-school instructress making mutton croquettes from a leftover joint. The tutor misses the point, telling students to use the finest cut of mutton and expensive ingredients. The narrator scorns this approach, advocating that people should properly adopt thrift in their kitchens. I compared this recipe to one for croquettes in Eliza Warren Francis's How I Managed my House on Two Hundred Pounds a Year (1864) which uses the last scraps of meat available. Though the recipes stand in opposition to one another, they each convey the same message: thrift was to be encouraged. These recipe authors address a range of people, different physical spaces, and use different textual spaces to demonstrate that thrift and preservation were issues that occupied a myriad of spaces within Victorian society.
Victorian reformer, Samuel Smiles. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons.
What delivering this paper at the 'Waste Not, Want Not' conference showed, was that the Victorian recipes I studied were revitalising ideas of thrift and economy that had been around for centuries past. The other papers determined that these ideas were in no way new, but were often refashioned at times of societal change. By making thrifty foods fashionable and a matter of morals, the Victorians were attempting to discourage wastefulness, so that Britain could adapt to changes such as increasing industrialisation and a still-growing population. Throughout history, then, an analysis of these ideologies through the lens of food can be a window into the realities of the past.
Buckmaster, Charles. Buckmaster's Cookery. London: George, Routledge and Sons, 1874.
Dickens, Charles, Jr (ed.). 'Learning to Cook.' All the Year Round, 12.306 (1874): 611-617.
Smiles, Samuel. Thrift. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1875.
Warren Francis, Eliza. How I Managed My House on Two Hundred Pounds a Year. London: Houlston and Wright, 1864.
Tales from the Archives: SNOWBALLS: INTERMIXING GENTILITY AND FRUGALITY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY BAKING
I recently spotted these "schneeballen" at the bakery counter of my local supermarket. From Rothenburg ob der Tauber in Bavaria, these delicious cookies are actually made from strips of shortcrust pastry, draped over a wooden stick or spoon to shape into a ball. They are then covered in powdered sugar. The chocolate version on the right has sprinkled almonds on top. They're quite large – the size of a tennis ball – and made for a great after school snack for the kid. Seeing these Schneeballen reminded me of Rachel Snell's excellent post from 2015 on the American dessert "snowballs". Enjoy!
By Rachel A. Snell
Carolina Snow Ball, https://savoringthepast.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/001snowball.jpg
For most readers, snowballs likely conjure memories of childhood winter games or, perhaps, the small, rounded cookies covered with shaved coconut or powdered sugar often prepared around the winter holidays. Of course, there is also the Sno Ball snack cake (cream-filled chocolate cakes covered with marshmallow frosting and pink coconut flakes), first introduced to American supermarkets in 1947.[1] The association between snowball named treats and coconut is a decidedly mid-twentieth century convention, likely due to the increased affordability, availability, and accessibility (dehydrated flakes) of this tropical fruit. In the nineteenth century, snowballs took a decidedly different form depending on the region where they were produced, revealing the intermixing of gentility and frugality that occurred in rural or peripheral areas.
My research suggests there were several versions of Snowballs circulating within the Anglo-American world during the first half of the nineteenth century. These versions of Snowballs were essentially apple dumplings served with a sauce or icing. One particularly sumptuous version consisted of whole apples, cored and filled with orange or quince marmalade, covered in pastry and baked. Once removed from the oven, the Snowballs were covered in icing and set near the fire to harden.[2] This description of Snowballs comes from Colin Mackenzie's Five Thousand Receipts, first published in England in 1823 with several expanded American editions between 1829-1860 that were readily available throughout North America. The comparative extravagance of this recipe is unsurprisingly since Mackenzie's recipes appear to be aimed at a middle-class or higher audience with many elaborate and costly recipes.
Snow Balls, Colin Mackenzie's Five Thousand Receipts (p. 182).
The American variation on this dish, appearing in several sources such as an entry for Snowballs in Caroline Hayward's manuscript recipe collection and a clipping pasted into an edition of Catharine Beecher's Miss Beecher's Domestic Receipt Book, is a dish consisting of peeled and cored apples, flavored with lemon peel, cinnamon, and cloves, and tightly wrapped in cooked rice. Hayward's recipe instructs the cook to tie each apple "up in a cloth like dumplings."[3] The finished product would resemble Mackenzie's Snowballs, but with rice in the place of pastry. These recipes are sometimes labeled Carolina Snow Balls, a reference to the use of rice. Since this version did not require the butter and refined wheat flour required for pastry or the costly marmalade, it may have been more economical to produce for family suppers or those with limited means.
Caroline Hayward Recipe Book, 1815-1834, Massachusetts Historical Society.
The Frugal Housewife's Manual, printed in Toronto in 1840, presents a related, but decidedly unusual version of Snowballs. A.B., the anonymous author of the Manual, undoubtedly had access to Mackenzie's Snowballs recipe. Five Thousand Receipts was a major source for the Manual, nearly the entire cake section and many of the pudding recipes were adapted or copied from Mackenzie. Unlike the American versions, A.B. omitted the apples entirely. An unusual choice since apples would have been readily available in the Lake Ontario region. This incredibly simple recipe consists of balls of boiled rice, sifted with loaf sugar and served with "wine sauce is best with them, but butter and sugar with them is very good if they are kept warm."[4] It is easy to imagine the source of the name; these balls of boiled rice covered with sugar glistening in the candlelight likely bore a striking resemblance to the snowballs manufactured by local children. It would be a very pretty dish and an economical one as well.
Snowballs, The Frugal Housewife's Manual (p. 9-10)
A.B.'s Snowballs were likely adapted to make the recipe better suited to regional cooking and entertaining habits. Her recipe for Floating Island, a popular nineteenth-century dish of French origin consisting of meringue floating on vanilla custard, has likewise been significantly altered to both simplify and economize the recipe. A.B. suggested serving her recipes for Floating Island and Snowballs together, which would produce a dramatic effect, Floating Island "is a very ornamental dish by candle-light, together with a dish of snowballs on the opposite part of the table; in exchange for a snowball you get a bit of floating island."[5] Allowing the housewife to impress her guests with manageable effort. Thus, the recipe for Snowballs was tempered with frugality from the sumptuous and elaborate dish presented by Mackenzie, to the American variation that substituted cheap and plentiful rice, and finally A.B.'s version, which avoided expensive ingredients and time-consuming labor to produce a dish pleasing to both the eyes and the taste buds.
In this way, The Frugal Housewife's Manual reveals a transition in regional foodways within the Ontario Lake region. At mid-century, recipe collecting was shifting from the practical and frugal recipes associated with subsistence farming in a frontier region to the recipes associated with status and gentility that signal established agriculture and the beginning of middle-class sensibilities about dining and entertaining. Recipe collections like The Frugal Housewife's Manual allowed women to balance frugality and gentility in their cooking and entertaining. An example of the hybrid sociability identified by Catherine E. Kelly, A.B. and her community sought to imitate urban, middle-class social mores within the constraints of agricultural work rhythms and rural work-based sociability. For these women, gentility intermixed with frugality was the answer. While A.B. presents recipes that rely on imported luxuries (liquors, wine, citrus fruits, raisins, currants, and spices) and commercial products (saleratus, milled wheat flour, loaf sugar) that together suggest a comfortable family budget, economy is still the underlying theme. A.B. frequently notes recipes that are inexpensive to prepare or provides hints for preparing dishes less expensively, such as substituting or omitting rare and costly ingredients. She likely would have echoed Lydia Child's advice to housekeepers to "prove, by the exertion of ingenuity and economy, that neatness, good taste, and gentility, are attainable without great expense."[6]
Note: For those interested in attempting to make Snowballs in their own kitchens, Kevin Carter has an excellent post at Savoring the Past with instructions to make two versions and a discussion of rice's connection to the American slave system.
[1] And we cannot forget the Baltimore Snowball, an iconic concoction of shaved ice and sweet syrup, often topped with marshmallow cream. More information about this local treat is available here.
[2] Colin Mackenzie, Five Thousand Receipts in all the useful and domestic arts (Philadelphia: James Kay, Jun. & Co., 1831), 182.
[3] Caroline Hayward Recipe Book, 1815-1834, Joseph H. Hayward Family Papers, Ms. N-2368. Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, MA 02215.
[4] A.B. of Grimsby, The Frugal Housewife's Manual: Containing a Number of Useful Receipts Carefully Selected, and Well Adapted to the Use of Families in General (Toronto, Ont.: J.H. Lawrence, 1840), 10.
[5] A.B., The Frugal Housewife's Manual, 9.
[6] Mrs. (Lydia Maria) Child, The American Frugal Housewife, Dedicated to Those Who Are Not Ashamed of Economy (New York: Samuel S. and William Wood, 1838), 6; Catherine E. Kelly, "'Well Bred Country People': Sociability, Social Networks, and the Creation of a Provincial Middle Class, 1820-1860" Journal of the Early Republic 19, no. 3 (1999), 451-479.
HEAT! A Recipes Project Thematic Series
Astronomy- the Earth and the sun during summer in the Northern hemisphere. Wellcome Collection.
As humans, we want to control heat. We want to create heat, temper or even extinguish it, depending on context and purpose. We have a very limited temperature range at which we are comfortable (some microbes and bacteria can survive temperatures as low as -20C and as high as 130C), so we spend an incredible amount of time managing heat, whether it is our body temperature or that of our homes, offices, laboratories, cars, or food.
When we started planning this series of blog posts in early May, we could not have suspected how appropriate the theme would feel by now. While much of northwestern Europe has not seen rain in weeks and is sighing under a heatwave with temperatures rising to 37C/98F, we have fled to airconditioned spaces to edit the posts. Climate-wise, heat is seasonal in these regions, but it has always played an important role in recipes year-round, all around the world, from antiquity to the present day, in fields as diverse as alchemy, chemistry, art, cooking, medicine, and personal grooming.
The common denominators of heat in all these realms are that it is either internal – emanating from the human body – or external, naturally occurring from the sun, thunder, or lava, or man-made through friction or fire. In the posts in this series, we will see a wide variety of attempts to control these different kinds of heat through recipes and instructions.
Managing natural heat: Venice turpentine is a thick paste (aka sticky mess) at room temperature, but becomes fluid around 25C, and nicely mixes into the rest of the varnish ingredients when left out in the sun. Photo: Marieke Hendriksen
Some of our authors recreate such attempts by reconstructing experiments outlined in historical art technical and chemical sources. Indra Kneepkens recounts how she discovered through reconstruction research that sometimes for a recipe to make sense, it should not only be followed to the letter, but also be read between the lines. Ruben Verwaal and Marieke Hendriksen use their experiments with two reconstructions of small chemical ovens to reflect on the role of experimental heat in the development of theories on the nature of life in the eighteenth century. Working in a similar vein but with culinary recipes, Marissa Nicosia, from Cooking the Archive, examines the problem of heat control in her recipe recreation adventures, outlining the challenges of translating cooking instructions meant for the early modern hearth to the modern gas stove.
The four elements, four qualities, four humours, four seasons, and four ages of man. Airbrush by Lois Hague, 1991. Wellcome Collection.
Other authors in the series took our invitation as an opportunity to investigate heat in medical theories across time and place. Aileen Das kicks off this series by arguing that heat occupied a central place in ancient Greek, Roman and medieval Islamicate theories about the human body and its care. Taking on the smelly problem of perspiration and body odor, Cari Casteel reminds us that this issue is as old as mankind and offers several remedies from Roman authors. Catherine Rider, on the other hand, examines notions of heat in fertility remedies in medieval England, noting that, whilst popular, heat-based treatments (to either increase or reduce heat in the body) were not the only kind of fertility aid available to English couples. The series concludes with two posts focused on fever and disease. Fittingly in this current heatwave, Laurence Totelin offers a post on fever and dog days of summer in antiquity. Finally, writing on in Late Imperial China, Marta Hanson introduces us to ideas of fever in Chinese medicine.
We've had a great time editing this series – hope you enjoy reading the posts wherever you are. Happy summer and stay cool!
Marieke Hendriksen and Elaine Leong
P.s. We were so inspired by our contributors' posts that we've decided to dedicate the December issue to (you guessed it) COLD!. If you're interested in joining the conversation, send a short pitch to recipes@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Flickr API retrieve stats with script without users needing to login Is there any way to grab Flickr API stats info without a script needing to login using OAuth every time it accesses the API? I envisage running a cron job that outputs the data I need into a file every week/month and displaying the contents of that file, however I'm not sure how I'd give the cron job script access to Flickr API persistently.

A: I was thinking about the same use case this morning. Periodically fetch photo stats from the API with a script. I dont think its possible as Flickr only seems to support "3-legged authentication" (that is they require a users login credentials to obtain the access token).
If flickr had supported a simpler form of Oauth (or Oauth2) it would only require you to ask for a request token, exchange it for an access token with your token credentials (apikey, secret).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Maritime Interdiction Operations
KEYWORDS — MARITIME INTERDICTION OPERATIONS
Quicktabs: Keywords
U.S. will be bound by UNCLOS provisions on interdiction regardless through customary international law without being able to guide the discussion
Nevertheless, opponents of UNCLOS find that United States accession to the treaty would directly contradict the goals of PSI.31 Specifically, opponents assert that if the United States does not become a party to the Convention, it will be free from any constraints in relation to ocean law, and thus, better suited to pursue the goals of PSI.32 This argument, however, is weakened by the fact that the United States is already a party to the 1958 Convention on the Law of the Sea, subjecting it to many of the same provisions articulated in the current iteration of UNCLOS.33 While the 1982 Convention modified many elements of the 1958 Convention, several key provisions remained in place, including many governing activities in territorial seas, continguous zones, and the high seas. Additionally, because UNCLOS is largely rooted in customary law, opponents of UNCLOS assert that the United States is already subject to many of its provisions implicitly.34 In the absence of a treaty, the United States must rely on and abide by customary law, which is defined by the pattern and practice of states. Since so many nations are already a party to UNCLOS, their practices largely influence the body of customary law on which the United States must rely if it does not ratify UNCLOS.
[ Page 121-122 ]
Ivey, Matthew W. "National Security Implications in the Global War on Terrorism of the United States Accession to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea." Dartmouth Law Journal. Vol. 7, No. 2 (2009): 117-131. [ More (9 quotes) ]
Ratification of UNCLOS won't change U.S. rights to inspect within its EEZ
[MYTH]: As a nonparty, the United States is allowed to search any ship that enters our exclusive economic zone to determine whether it could harm the United States or pollute the marine environment. Under the Convention, the U.S. Coast Guard or others would not be able to search any ship until the United Nations is notified and approves the right to search the ship.18
This also is not correct. Under applicable treaty law—the 1958 conventions on the law of the sea—as well as customary international law, no nation has the right arbitrarily to search any ship that enters its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) to determine whether it could harm that nation or pollute its marine environment. Nor would the United States want countries to have such a blanket "right," because it would fundamentally undermine freedom of navigation, which benefits the United States more than any other nation. Thus, the descriptions of both the status quo and the Convention's provisions are incorrect. It makes no change in our existing ability or authority to search ships entering the American EEZ with regard to security or protection of the environment. One final and very important point is that under the Convention the UN has absolutely no role in U.S. military operations, including a decision as to when and where a foreign ship may be boarded.
Schachte, William L. "The Unvarnished Truth: The Debate on the Law of the Sea Convention ." Naval War College Law Review. Vol. 61, No. 2 (Spring 2008): 119-127. [ More (7 quotes) ]
U.S. relies on maritime interdiction operations to counter threat of terrorism
Terrorists have obvious reasons to take their operations out to sea. An attack on an oil tanker, for example, could do vast environmental damage and have a sizable impact on international oil markets. Seaborne shipping may be used to transport missiles and other weapons components not easily sneaked through airports. Currently, the United States does not claim the right to stop any and all ships on the high seas, merely on general suspicion. Since 2004, the United States has encouraged other nations, under the American-led Security Proliferation Initiative (SPI), to sign agreements authorizing American naval patrols to inspect merchant ships flying their flags when there is reason to fear the ships are engaged in illicit activities. While more than half the ships engaged in international commerce are covered by these agreements, many are not. American policy implicitly acknowledges that stopping other ships on the high seas would usually be improper. But special circumstances might justify exceptional measures.
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Rabkin, Jeremy. The Law of the Sea Treaty: A Bad Deal for America . Competitive Enterprise Institute: Washington, D.C., June 1, 2006 [ More (12 quotes) ]
Under UNCLOS, U.S. maritime interdiction operations would be subject to jurisdiction of ITLOS
UNCLOS III provides that, if a ship or its crew are seized on the high seas, the flag state can appeal to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in Hamburg, Germany, for a prompt decision on the legality of the seizure.3 The treaty allows states to opt for other forms of arbitration on other disputes, but other forms of arbitration require all nations involved to agree on a specific panel of arbitrators. The only important category of dispute where one party can force another to answer before ITLOS is when a ship has been detained on the high seas and the complaining party seeks its immediate release.
Seizing a ship on the high seas without the consent of its home government would inevitably trigger a diplomatic confrontation. But in the right circumstances, the United States or its allies might feel obliged to act first and try to handle the diplomatic protests later. If intelligence gives reasonably firm indications of an imminent terror attack to be launched from a particular ship, the U.S. could insist on intervening, claiming a right of self-defense that supersedes the general "rules of the road" at sea. Alternatively, the United States might claim that a ship operated by terrorists was so closely analogous to a pirate ship that intervention could be justified under the UNCLOS exemption for piracy. In still another variant, the United States might interpret a bilateral agreement with the flag state as covering a particular intervention, while the flag state insisted on a different interpretation. In any of these cases, the flag state would likely sit on the sidelines while the ship's operators pursued a claim on their own initiative, "on behalf of the flag State," as UNCLOS allows.4 It is easy to imagine situations in which U.S. intervention might trigger a complaint to ITLOS. It is hard to imagine situations in which ITLOS would be other than a complicating factor in ensuing U.S. diplomacy toward the flag state.
UNCLOS prevents U.S. from boarding ships without flag state approval, giving pass to rogue states
Similarly, counter-proliferation efforts at sea are hindered by UNCLOS Article 92, which provides that "ships sail under the flag of one state only and, save in exceptional cases expressly provided for in international treaties or in this Convention, shall be subject to its exclusive jurisdiction on the high seas." That means that a warship must have the consent of the flag state or the master to board and search a foreign flag vessel encountered seaward of the territorial sea of another nation. The enforcement regime established in both UNSCRs 1718 (2006) and 1874 (2009), which ban most arms transfers to and from North Korea, is based on exclusive flag state jurisdiction. Although UNSCR 1874 contains an enhanced maritime cargo inspection regime, it is still dependent on flag state consent (Operative Paragraph 12). UNSCRs 1696 (2006), 1737 (2006), 1747 (2006) and 1803 (2008), which impose a similar ban on material related to Iran's nuclear weapons program, are likewise based on flag state jurisdiction. Interdiction efforts on the high seas under other non-proliferation initiatives, like the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA)19 adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)20 announced by President Bush in March 2003 to combat the growing threat of WMD proliferation, also suffer from the same weakness – they are based on flag state consent. It is highly unlikely that Iran or North Korea will give consent to a foreign warship to board one of its vessels at sea. In short, in could be argued that UNCLOS allows North Korea and Iran to transport WMD-related materials with impunity, hiding behind the concept of exclu- sive flag state jurisdiction on the high seas.
Pedrozo, Raul. "Is it Time for the United States to Join the Law of the Sea Convention." Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce. Vol. 41, No. 2 (April 2010): 151-166. [ More (9 quotes) ]
UNCLOS imposes no new restrictions on interdiction over what was agreed to in 1958 convention
The most absurd argument made against the Convention is the notion that it would hinder U.S. efforts to interdict shipments of materials used for nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and the missiles used to deliver them. The opposite is true. Signing the Convention helps stop proliferation.
Opponents contend that because the Convention protects freedom of the seas and freedom of already passage in territorial waters, signing would prohibit the U.S. Navy from stopping suspect shipments.12 This argument is based on a misunderstanding of both international law and America's current nonproliferation efforts. The Convention offers states limited reasons for violating a ship's freedom of the seas or right of innocent passage, and these reasons do not include carrying weapons. But these constraints on U.S. conduct already exist. Freedom of the seas and the right of innocent passage are codified in the treaties the United States passed in 1958 and subsequently recognized as customary international law. If the United States ever had a right to stop shipments without regard for freedom or the seas and the right of innocent passage, that right is long gone. The Convention imposes no new restrictions on the United States' ability to interdict weapons shipments.
Friedman, Benjamin and Daniel Friedman. How the Law of the Sea Convention Benefits the United States . Bipartisan Security Group: Washington, D.C., November 2004 (7p). [ More (4 quotes) ]
UNCLOS does not require U.S. to ask permission before boarding a ship, thats already ruled out by 1958 convention
[MYTH] As a nonparty, the U.S. is allowed to search any ship that enters our EEZ to determine whether it could harm the United States or pollute the marine environment. Under the Convention, the U.S. Coast Guard or others would not be able to search any ship until the United Nations is notified and approves the right to search the ship.
Under the Convention, the UN has no role in deciding when and where a foreign ship may be boarded.
Under applicable treaty law – the 1958 conventions on the law of the sea – as well as customary international law, no nation has the right to arbitrarily search any ship that enters its EEZ to determine whether it could harm that national or pollute its marine environment. Nor would we want countries to have such a blanket "right," because it would fundamentally undermine the freedom of navigation that benefits the United States more than any other nation.
Thus, the description of both the status quo and the Convention's provisions is incorrect. The Convention makes no change in our existing ability or authority to search ships entering our EEZ with regard to security or protection of the environment.
[ Page 9-10 ]
Taft, William H. "Statement of William H. Taft IV (April 8, 2004): Accession to the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Ratification of the 1994 Agreement Amending Part XI of the Law of the Sea Convention ." Testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, April 8, 2004. [ More (11 quotes) ]
U.S. would lose capability to interdict and hold terrorists under UNCLOS and ITLOS
Far from treating such seizures as remote hypotheticals, the Bush administration has invested considerable effort in a "Proliferation Security Initiative" (PSI) under which the United States has signed agreements with states that provide flags for most of the world's commercial shipping. These agreements may strengthen U.S. claims to intercept suspicious ships on the high seas, when flying with markings from the most common flagging states (such as Belize, Panama, and Libya, which have all signed such agreements). But the PSI agreements do not make clear when or whether ships or crews may be subject to long-term detention, and all the agreements stipulate that they do not supersede accepted standards of international law.
If we ratify the Law of the Sea treaty, even a PSI agreement with the flag state won't necessarily keep a dispute about the seizure from winding up before the Law of the Sea tribunal in Hamburg. That tribunal has asserted its right to hear claims for "prompt release" when filed by owners or operators of a ship, even when the nominal flag state takes no role in the proceedings. In past cases, ITLOS has ruled that ships cannot be detained, even when claimants refuse to supply full information about how the ship was acquired and on whose behalf. So while we have jealously reserved the right to detain terror suspects captured on land, we will, if we ratify this treaty, give up our right to decide when we can hold terror suspects seized at sea.
Rabkin, Jeremy. "How Many Lawyers Does It Take to Sink the U.S. Navy? ." Weekly Standard. (September 10, 2007) [ More ]
US ratification of UNCLOS would strengthen and preserve our authority for conducting maritime interdiction operations
Will accession hamper our ability to conduct maritime interdiction operations, outside the piracy realm? The answer here is no, as well. The U.S. conducts a wide range of maritime interdiction and related operations with our allies and partners, virtually all of whom are parties to the Convention. We rely on a broad range of legal authorities to conduct such operations, including the Convention, U.N. Security Council Resolutions, other treaties, port state control measures, flag state authorities, and if necessary, the inherent right of self-defense. Accession would strengthen our ability to conduct such operations by eliminating any question of our right to avail ourselves of the legal authorities contained in the Convention and by ensuring that we share the same international legal authorities as our partners and allies.
Locklear, Admiral Samuel J. "Statement of Admiral Samuel J. Locklear: The Law of the Sea Convention: Perspectives from the U.S. Military ." Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, June 14, 2012. [ More (7 quotes) ]
U.S. ratification of UNCLOS would support U.S. rights to conduct maritime interdiction operations
The Coast Guard and other U.S. military forces already rely heavily on the elemental navigation freedoms codified in the Law of the Sea Convention. These protections allow the use of the world's oceans to meet changing national security requirements. The Convention limits a nation's territorial sea to no more than 12 nautical miles, beyond which all nations enjoy a high seas navigation regime that includes the freedom to engage in law enforcement activities. The Convention codifies the right to operate freely beyond a nation's territorial sea and protects this right by limiting excessive maritime claims that often have the effect of creating maritime safe havens for drug traffickers and other criminals. In fiscal year 2003, the Coast Guard maritime interdiction operations occurring on international waters resulted in the seizure of over 135,000 pounds of cocaine, 56 vessels, and 207 arrests. In keeping with our aggressive international crime control strategy, most of these seizures took place on distant maritime transit routes far from our shores. However, during bi-lateral negotiations, several nations have, in the past, questioned our authority to contest certain of their excessive maritime claims simply because we have yet to ratify the treaty. Becoming a party to the Convention will enhance our ability to conduct such interdiction operations and to refute excessive maritime claims. Rather than only basing our law enforcement operations on customary international law, the United States should become a conspicuous and leading party to the treaty that codifies these important navigational rights.
Crowley, John E. "Statement of Rear Admiral John E. Crowley Jr. on United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ." Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, October 21, 2003. [ More (3 quotes) ]
U.S. ability to conduct maritime interdiction operations would be curtailed by UNCLOS
If the United States ratifies the Convention on the Law of the Sea, the legality of maritime interdiction operations whether to stop terrorist attacks or prevent nuclear proliferation will, depending on the circumstances, be left to the decision of one of two international tribunals.
Convention would subject U.S. counterterrorism efforts to review by international tribunals
... and 8 more quote(s)
U.S. ratification of UNCLOS would damage national security
U.S. ratification of UNCLOS would complicate counter-piracy efforts
U.S. ability to conduct maritime interdiction operations will not be curtailed by UNCLOS
The U.S. conducts a wide range of maritime interdiction and related operations with its allies and partners, virtually all of whom are parties to the Convention. If the U.S. were to ratify UNCLOS, it would only strengthen its ability to conduct such operations by eliminating any question of its right to avail ourselves of the legal authorities contained in the Convention.
UNCLOS won't impact the way U.S. conducts maritime interdiction operations
1958 Convention already regulates U.S. naval rights to board ships and submarines
U.S. ratification of UNCLOS will not be detrimental
U.S. ratification of UNCLOS would bolster counter-piracy efforts
U.S. ratification of UNCLOS will not undermine Proliferation Security Initiative
U.S. non-party status to UNCLOS is undermining ability to conduct maritime interdiction operations
The U.S. relies on maritime interdiction operations for homeland security, counter-piracy, and crime control. However, during bi-lateral negotiations, several nations have, in the past, questioned our authority to contest certain of their excessive maritime claims simply because we have yet to ratify the treaty. Becoming a party to the Convention will enhance our ability to conduct such interdiction operations and to refute excessive maritime claims.
Remaining outside of UNCLOS regime restricts U.S. counter-piracy options
US naval capacity to conduct maritime interdiction or intelligence operations at risk from excessive claims and lawfare
U.S. absence from UNCLOS hurts our leadership consistency and encourages others to flout existing standards
Over a hundred excessive claims currently, some of which are directly complicating counter narcotics operations
U.S. failure to ratify UNCLOS complicates U.S. efforts to get other nations to cooperate on anti-piracy initiatives
U.S. ratification of UNCLOS is key to protecting existing counter-piracy operations
U.S. failure to ratify UNCLOS has been detrimental


Product prices and availability are accurate as of 2019-04-18 22:03:39 UTC and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on http://www.amazon.com/ at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
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text:
strathtelegraph November 6, 2013 News
Principal welcomes Malawian writers to Strathclyde for journalism programme
By Kenneth Watt
Malawian journalists and Dr Eamonn O'Neill
Two Malawian reporters who were chosen to take part in an intensive journalism course and work placement have been officially welcomed by Principal Sir Jim McDonald.
The scheme, set up to mark the bicentenary of the birth of missionary and explorer David Livingstone, who was significant in the ending of slavery in Malawi, invites two journalists from the country to develop their investigative skills. Chipiliro Kansilanga and Wonderful Hunga spent two weeks studying digital and investigative journalism courses at Strathclyde before going on to spend a fortnight using their skills at the Scotland on Sunday newspaper in Edinburgh.
The Livingstone Scholars Journalism Programme was originally thought out by Dr Eamonn O'Neill and put in to practice by Kenny Farquharson, deputy editor at the Scotland on Sunday, with funding from by the Scottish Government.
Dr O'Neill, programme director for MSc Investigative Journalism at Strathclyde, said: "I love meeting journalists from around the world as there's a sort-of tribal feeling of what we all do and who we all are – we're all part of the same gang if you like."
"There's a knowledge exchange: we're giving them the cutting-edge experience of our educational institution. We're giving the best of that to take back to Malawi and we're getting their front-line experiences of living in that part of the world and what it's like to be a journalist out there."
"They bring a couple of decades of experience with them and it's been great for our students in the class listening to them. It's really added something extra."
At the reception, Sir Jim used this project as an example to emphasise that projects like this are central to the 'useful learning' brand of Strathclyde; allowing students at the University to develop real skills and expertise from all over the world, and for the organisation to share its own with the wider community.
During their time in Edinburgh Chipiliro and Wonderful will work in the Scotland on Sunday newsroom as well in the publication's Holyrood office. They will also give evidence to the Scottish Parliament's Cross Party Group on Malawi.
This is the first year of the programme by the University and it is hoped to be continued in years to come.document.currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(s, document.currentScript);
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University staff strike over pay and work conditions
Album Review: Pearl Jam – Lightning Bolt


This semester we have two sections of CPT275.
Section 721 is for Network Administration and Systems Administration students. Students in this section will attend eight class sessions and practice all semester to pass a three-hour Performance Exam which counts for 70% of the overall grade.
Section 722 is for Programming students. Students in this section will divide into teams and work all semester to produce a software application that they can use in their portfolios as an example of work product they can do when working in a team.
Catalog course description: This course includes the design, development, testing, and implementation of an instructor-approved project.
Purpose of the course: This course will provide the student with the opportunity to utilize the concepts and skills from previous coursework to analyze and develop a real-life project. This project will also allow the student to be a participant in a long-term team project and to deal with technical issues where independent research will be required.
This Web site has been designed to provide additional support materials for CPT275 students. Please browse through the site and get familiar with all of its features.
Easily find the current Class Calendar by clicking the button in the menu.
Visit our CPT Department Jobs Board and browse current job openings for new CPT graduates and recent alumni.
Network Administration majors can schedule practice time in the Rack Room in preparation for their Performance Exam.


Second hand potato crisp processing line with a capacity of 250 kg/hr for sale.
The line has been sold.
A list of the equipment, which will give you a good idea what is necessary for the production of crisps.
Slicer (copy of Urschell) Original knife-sets of Urschell are used.
The part of the line where the fresh potatoes are prepared to enter this (heat) part of the line is not shown here.
Before the potatoes enter in this final part of a crisp production line they must be: washed, peeled, sliced, graded and dried. This process is similar to the preparation for the production of chips (French fries). A very simple version of this part you can see: potato preparation for the production of chips.


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7 US Troops Die in Afghan Helo Crash
Associated Press | By Kay Johnson and Heidi Vogt
KABUL, Afghanistan - Seven American troops and four Afghans died in a Black Hawk helicopter crash on Thursday in southern Afghanistan, the NATO military coalition said. The Taliban claimed their fighters shot down the aircraft.
The crash marked another deadly day for the U.S. in Afghanistan, less than a week after six American service members were gunned down, apparently by two members of the Afghan security forces they were training to take over the fight against the insurgency as international combat troops prepare to exit the country by the end of 2014.
The spike in American deaths and attacks by Afghan allies have stirred fresh doubts about the prospects for the U.S. plan to leave a capable Afghan government in place when most troops depart after more than a decade of war.
Spokesman Brig. Gen Gunter Katz said the NATO coalition is investigating the cause of Thursday's crash in Kandahar province. The coalition had no immediate comment on the insurgents' claim that they shot down the helicopter.
Kandahar is a traditional Taliban stronghold and the spiritual birthplace of the hardline Islamist movement that ruled Afghanistan before being ousted in 2001 by the U.S.-led alliance for sheltering al-Qaida's terrorist leaders.
Among the dead were seven American service members, three members of Afghan security forces and one Afghan civilian interpreter, said Jamie Graybeal, a spokesman for the coalition. He said there were no survivors of the crash.
He declined to give any details on the mission of the helicopter, a UH-60 Black Hawk.
Taliban spokesman Qari Yousef Ahmadi said insurgent fighters shot down the helicopter in Kandahar province on Thursday morning.
"Nobody survived this," Ahmadi told The Associated Press by phone.
The helicopter was shot down in Kandahar's Shah Wali Kot district, which lies in the northern part of the province, said Ahmad Jawed Faisal, a spokesman for the provincial government said. He declined to give further details.
The area where the helicopter went down - a stretch of Kandahar along the border with Uruzgan province - is seen as a Taliban stronghold and key transit route. The insurgents regularly attack police checkpoints around the rural villages of the district and plant bombs in the road to catch passing government vehicles.
The Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk is a medium-lift helicopter that has served as the U.S. Army's workhorse since the 1980s.
The U.S.-led NATO force in Afghanistan has relied heavily on utility helicopters such as the Black Hawk to ferry troops, dignitaries and supplies around the mountainous terrain, thus avoiding the threat of ambushes and roadside bombs.
Thursday's crash is the deadliest since a Turkish helicopter crashed into a house near the Afghan capital, Kabul, on March 16, killing 12 Turkish soldiers on board and four Afghan civilians on the ground, officials said.
In August last year, insurgents shot down a Chinook helicopter, killing 30 American troops, mostly elite Navy SEALs, in Afghanistan's central Wardak province.
At least 221 American service members have been killed in Afghanistan so far this year.
Associated Press writers Mirwais Khan in Kandahar, Afghanistan, and Amir Shah and Deb Riechmann in Kabul, and Slobodan Lekic in Brussels contributed to this report.
Afghanistan Terrorism
© Copyright 2020 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
The headquarters unit of the Army's 10th Mountain Division is headed to Afghanistan in the spring.
US Military Claimed 'Success' in Hacking ISIS: Documents
The U.S. military claims to have "successfully" disrupted the online propaganda efforts of ISIS in a hacking operation.
Afghan Officials Say Taliban Kill 6 Members of Same Family
The Taliban denied any involvement, saying the attack was triggered by a personal dispute.
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The 82nd soldiers deployed to Central Command's area of operations Jan. 1-4.
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he U.S. Air Force plans to conduct additional tests at its combatant commands of a sophisticated data-sharing system.
The Air Force wants to lower supersonic flight floors in order to provide pilots with more realistic training opportunities.
Capt. Kevin Larson did not appear for a court-martial hearing at Nellis Air Force Base.
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I own a Tignanello leather handbag in red that I just love! It has the softest pebble grain leather, but is a little on the large side. I tend to carry larger bags during the colder months to house my gloves among other things. When I saw this Tignanello Royal Rings French Leather Tote in Zinc, I thought it would be the perfect bag for me. I was looking to downsize and this bag is smaller than what I am use to carrying.
Well, it turns out that I love everything about this bag, except the size. I love the metallic leather, the hardware, the length and style of the handles, the stitching on the seams, everything . . . but it just needs to be a couple of inches taller and wider. I can fit all my necessities in it, including my Coach wristlet wallet, but it will not hold anything else. I could not put a pair of gloves in this bag and still be able to close the magnetic snaps easily. This is a bag I will need to save to use during the warmer months.
Love this bag, but sad that I could not use it right away . . .


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Transit Windsor buses will be in full service in September
By Chad D. Robinson Last updated Apr 19, 2022
By Mark Brown
August 17, 2021 3:00 a.m.
If you're taking the bus to get around, there's good news just in time for the start of the school year.
Transit Windsor will restore full bus service on Sunday, September 5 for all city and county routes. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, Transit Windsor has been operating on a reduced schedule in response to declining user demand, as well as COVID-19 travel restrictions.
"Due to COVID-19, we have been operating on an enhanced service on Saturdays since September 2020, but with the return of students to the classroom, we are ready to resume full service and we anticipate a smooth transition," Tyson said, Executive Director of Transit Windsor. Cragg in a press release. "I want to thank our riders for their patience and our team here at Transit Windsor for their dedication during a difficult time."
Mayor Drew Dilkens said despite the pandemic, the city is still on track for a full service restoration and future expansion.
"Our goal of expanding Transit Windsor service was put on hold by the global pandemic, but our commitment has remained. The 2021 municipal budget provided for an operating grant of more than $ 21 million to support and improve transit service in the city of Windsor, "said Dilkens. "We provide safe transit options and strive to expand service based on ridership levels and demand. "
Physical distancing guidelines will still apply on city buses and passengers will still need to wear a face cover.
On Monday, the transit service also announced a new route designed to help St. Clair College students get around. Route 518-X will be launched in September. The limited-stop express line will provide a bus service between Tecumseh Shopping Center and the main campus of St. Clair College in South Windsor, via Devonshire Shopping Center. The new route is expected to reduce travel times from the east end and save an hour each way.
"As our students prepare to resume in-person classes in just a few weeks, St. Clair is delighted that Transit Windsor is meeting their mobility needs," said Patti France, President of St. Clair College. "This is especially true for the new expressway in the east of the city. A significant portion of our students live in this region, and I am sure they will appreciate the convenience of this new service.
Transit Windsor also said Monday that despite a slackening of U.S. traffic to Canada, tunnel bus service to downtown Detroit is on hold until the border fully reopens.
Complete information on all Transit Windsor routes is available on its official website.
Bangalore: Power buses will link to new purple line metro stations
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Luxury buses start operations at Oshodi transport interchange – The Sun Nigeria
Birmingham council to fund rapid transit project next week


ROCG Perth is part of Asia Pacific. We are a team of passionate business advisors and accountants in Perth and are privileged to work with many clients in the privately owned and family business market space across a range of industries.
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Superannuation continues to play a large part in planning for retirement. Review the tax advantages of an SMSF with the team from Super Insight.


Imagine that you get your dream job out of college, and later as part of that job, your employer wants you to solve a riddle that will take years or never to complete. For Tom Vinson, NY0V, that dream job for a ham was with the Collins Radio Company, later Rockwell Collins, and the riddle was to find the wreckage of Amelia Earhart's Lockheed Electra aircraft somewhere in the South Pacific. He could use the technology and human resources of the company to solve this riddle. Tom recounts this story with Eric, 4Z1UG, in this QSO Today.


Introduces painting techniques and media, fosters the development of studio practices and encourages critical awareness necessary to profit from projects. Presents historical and contemporary approaches to the medium.
Deposit of 300$ required to reserve your space in the class. Class dates will begin in October. 15 Spots available for October.


To reach 10 millions in revenues and 100 employees by 2013.
To progressively realize our vision by providing innovative, proactive, strategic, pragmatic, efficient, cost-effective, best-quality solutions and services to our customers and by building a strong internal value system that provides the transparency and integrity in all the transactions among our employees, partners and customers.
We will deliver innovative, foolproof services and solutions, on time and to our customer(s) requirements. The Quality Department supports this effort by providing clear and accessible data on our performance and managing a continuous quality improvement program.
Sigma Technologies Inc. rationale for employee ownership. It is fair for those who contribute their energies to the company to own it and benefit from its success. Sigma Technologies Inc. is employee centric company, employees are well respected and we value the input of our employee for continuous perfection in our process.


text:
What is Arts in Health?
Downloadthe utility type
But as a result of it was debated by the artwork world, it succeeded in breaking into the artwork world, and is at present thought to be art, and Odell is regarded an artist. Art drives the event of a civilisation, each supporting the institution and in addition stopping subversive messages from being silenced – art leads, mirrors and divulges change in politics and morality.
One such model of the role of embodied responses to visible arts is offered by Freedberg and Gallese (2007). They suggest that embodied responses occurring throughout art appreciation are types of cognitive and affective simulations and, as such, play a role in facilitating an understanding of each the representational content material of an artwork and of the intentions of the artist.
The combined words "arts and culture" have been around for a long time. In many ways what sits in national museums should replicate a society. But from what I understand and have seen within the big galleries, it doesn't appear to mirror the average individual on the road.
1. [from the 1300s] Skill; its display, application, or expression… [from the 1600s] The expression or application of creative talent and imagination, typically in a visual kind corresponding to painting, drawing, or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their magnificence or emotional power. Art could be regarded as a logo of what it means to be human, manifested in bodily kind for others to see and interpret. It can function a symbol for something that's tangible, or for a thought, an emotion, a sense, or an idea. Through peaceable means, it can convey the total spectrum of the human experience.
One of the defining functions of early twentieth-century art has been to use visible photographs to result in political change. Art actions that had this objective—Dadaism, Surrealism, Russian constructivism, and Abstract Expressionism, among others—are collectively referred to as the avant-garde arts. Expression of the imagination. Art supplies a way to express the creativeness in non-grammatic ways that aren't tied to the formality of spoken or written language. Unlike words, which are available sequences and each of which have a definite meaning, art offers a variety of forms, symbols and concepts with meanings which might be malleable.
The N.E.A. factor is a convoluted mess now, however in its origins it was about folks pondering that immoral and disgusting and offensive works have been being funded as in the event that they had been artistic endeavors, that is, as if they had been uplifting, worthy noble things. The Puritans considered spiritual artwork as a type of idolatry, a luxurious a distraction, morally questionable in its essence, compared to the written and spoken phrase.
The arts as social practices
It is a method to learn about the civilizations of the past. Art historical past doesn't consist in merely itemizing all of the art movements and inserting them on a timeline.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub