The articles and writings here are about mindfulness, meditation, inner peace, spiritual psychology and enlightenment. Also here are writings about dealing with depression and other emotional issues.
I have created this website/blog for you. I felt that it was time that I shared my many years of experiences and insights with you so that you might benefit. Maybe you will find answers, learn something new or maybe you will be able to reinforce your own insights by realizing that someone else has had the same experiences as you have.
I have been deeply involved in this field since the mid 1970's. First as a seeker and then as a teacher, psychotherapist, researcher and author. If you are looking for more information on these topics please look through the articles and posts here. You may find some of the answers you have been seeking. If there is something you wish to know that is not discussed here please feel free to contact me.
There is also a great deal of information here about depression and how to get out of it using a non-religious spiritual approach. All of this information comes from my own, my students' and my clients' experiences. All of the suggestions and tasks have been tested hundreds of times and been proven to work. I am more than happy to answer your questions and to discuss depression with you in more depth.
Many years ago a wonderful teacher instructed me to never teach what I had not experienced myself and proven to be true again and again and again. I have done my very best to live by that rule. It has served me well. So everything I have written here is from my personal experience. If it is something I have heard from others or theory I will note that.
It is truly my joy to answer questions and to write articles to help as many people as possible. While I will continue doing this and provide all of this material for free it would be really great, if you need any, to download meditations, music, nature recordings or books from my website to support my efforts.
I am also available for workshops and lectures about Experiencing Enlightenment, Meditation, Mindfulness, Inner Peace, Innovation, Empathy, Dealing with Emotions and Self Awareness as well as applications for this in business and personal life. Feel free to contact me if you would like to have me involved in such an event.
Feel free to ask questions here as well. I will do my best to answer them as soon as possible. Remember, your questions will be public for all to see and to learn from so it you are asking something very personal you might want to contact me directly. Also, please do not insert any URL's into your posts. They will be deleted.
I have created 2 YouTube Channels for you. I will be creating and publishing new videos as often as possible so please subscribe if you would like to know when new videos are posted.
Follow me on Instagram: @enlight10ment. I look forward to seeing you there.
All photographs are by me and are available for license or sale at www.jonshorephotography.com. They are all copyrighted and cannot be used without permission.
If you feel inspired, you are welcome to donate to support work on this site and to helping those in emotional, psychological and spiritual need.
Very happy to see your website, I admire your perspective. I want to ask you about my own issue. I had always problematic love relationships so far, it was a vicious circle. I was used to abandoned a lot, or felt unworthy bla bla… When I was first fed up with this situation, it was 6 years ago. I started yoga & meditation, they helped me a lot about my emotions. But didn't satisfy at all. I have tried regression therapy this year, like 3 sessions. I can see that, it also helped, but again things didn't go well with my relationships at all. And I started seeing a life couch in my country, we are practicing to look at my childhood decisions & ego decisions. I had beautiful awareness, like my little self decided that "I am not loved by mom, and so nobody will love me, and I also don't love myself…" I am practicing self love for just a few days. But I just don't know how to do that. Am I in a healthy way? How can I support myself about self love? Affirmations, ego talking meditations or what… Could you advice me some practices? Lots of loves.
It is great that you have had some awareness on this issue. Now it is time to do something about the character that tells you that you are not lovable or worthy. I have addressed this in my book, Freedom From Suffering, which you can read right here at this website. There you might find some insights into exactly how to deal with this 'negative' inner voice and feeling. It will take some work and practice on your part but you will be able to resolve this.
Please contact me directly using email for this if you would like more support.
It is your favorite quote, and is likely to become mine as well.
I found this at a number of websites including Goodreads. I am glad you like it. I thought it was inspirational.
Hello. Take heart friends and know that you absolutely can recover from depression in a safe way. Listen to wise spiritual teachers like Jon. We live in a time when all these wonderful teachings and support to help us change our inner person into a calm contented soul are being made available to us all. Take heart and listen! Bless you, there is a way out of the depressive swamp and into the light of beautiful reality where you can make friends with life again.
Continued awareness of the present moment and not believing what the negativity bias of the human mind can fool you with. Start a gratitude book and write down all the wonderful things that can lift you, even the simplest of things like walking to the shops and buying a pint of milk, making a cup of tea and stroking the cat. Breathing air and listening to sound. Finding deep tolerance, kindness and compassion for yourself. Be kind to yourself, push yourself to be kind to and nurture yourself. Listen to free loving kindness meditation practices and mindfulness guides. Don't give up!!! Listen to wonderful Jon and souls like him who offer free advice to help you along the way. You are not alone.
I went from a place of mental confusion, emotional distress, turmoil and official secure mental treatment including medication to a renewed lifelong existence of calm contentment, joy and laughter. Look to spiritual practices like Bhuddism that have immensely helpful teachings on how to calm the soul – and you don't have to wear orange robes and shave your head to benefit from the teachings!! They are freely available to everyone.
We are all Buddhists already. You are perfect. Love! Smile at yourself in the mirror and see the beautiful soul smiling back. If you cannot see, say out loud "I love you". If you cannot speak, put your hand on your heart and feel the amazing life within you. Love!
Hi John! Is there soul in body, if yes then what is that soul and how it take rebirth.
The Soul is being the body like light is being the images you see on the movie screen. Soul is not inside a body or mind. It is being the body and mind. It just feels as if it is inside you.
The Soul is Infinite, Immortal Consciousness. Consciousness is God's Awareness of Itself. You and I are God's experiencing of Itself.
The Soul is experiencing all lifetimes simultaneously in all times and all worlds. Rebirth requires the illusion of time. In fact, you exist beyond time and space and are being billions of creatures in billions of universes right now at this moment. Contemplate this and when it becomes overwhelming to the mind, surrender to it. It is extremely difficult for the intellect to understand simultaneous lifetimes but you can experience this during meditation or during dreams and lucid dreaming.
I hope this is understandable. It is difficult to describe.
Right now I don't trust anyone, let alone my psychiatrist.
Hi Jon, I liked a lot of what I read on your site and your approach to ending depression. This same realization of Enlightenment helped me work through my anxiety because the experience "conceptually" changed my mental paradigm. However I was still left with depression as a residue. I've been trying CBT, surrendering the heart, and affirmations. As much truth as some of those practices contain, the problem is becoming increasingly difficult as its becoming very hard to feel or remember what pleasure or joy or energy feels like when trying to put myself in that state during meditation. My brain swims, I can't concentrate, and I loose my train of thought or focus, and I end up feeling like falling asleep during meditations as a result. Is this normal? I think it might be a result of anhedonia but I don't know. Its really sapping my motivation and energy keeping me in the vicious cycle leaving me feeling with no hope of escape. I don't want to see it this way but the experiential evidence of my condition is proving otherwise despite my proactive efforts to integrally heal this depression. I just find it hard to stay with a method when I can't "hold on" to some bit of hope from a pleasurable feeling contained somewhere in my efforts because the feeling quickly fades away and seems as though my breakthrough was a lie. I can't stand the emotional rollercoaster of "yes! A breakthrough!" To "oh no, my state is still the same. That breakthrough was a hoax." What should I do. I really don't want to see a therapist because I can't afford it but I do have severe depression. I'd rather find a way to heal myself and your approach to use Enlightenment really inspired me. Can you help me? Thank you and God bless you.
Oh, I know your situation so very well. I know exactly what you are feeling. I have been there.
Seeing and working with a good therapist who really understands depression could be very helpful. I know that there are some who will work on a sliding scale depending upon your financial situation. You might check around.
In the meantime, I am glad to help as I can.
Are you meditating? Have you tried some of the meditations I have provided and recommended? This is the first step.
The depression is going to tell you that you cannot escape. You can have a few moments of pleasure and then the pain must return.
In truth, the depression is lying to you. It always lies to you. Anything you hear or feel from depression is a lie.
Do you believe that a cause of depression could be possession by a demon, or a curse?
I am not one to disavow or to dismiss any possibility usually. From my experience this is possible. Tibetans call most demons Hungry Ghosts. They have particular methods for dealing with them. Some of these are beings who have died but still want to be involved in human earthly life. They may have had various psychological problems as human beings and these have increased after death. They often feed on the negative emotions of human beings and also do what they can to instill these emotions in people as well. Some are those who died in depression or in some traumatic way. Then there are beings who are so twisted by darkness that they become 'demons'. They too feed on the pain and suffering of people.
As far as curses are concerned. I am not an expert on this. I believe it is possible at a certain level and can certainly have an effect if allowed to.
For all of this I have found that following the practices in my Freedom From Suffering book are the best way to deal with all of this.
Ultimately, the only real and lasting solution is to be the Self, the Infinite Awareness that you really are. To live that on a daily basis as best we can. This places us above all of the shadows and dissolves them.
Read the book I posted here and try the practices and meditations. Work with this every day and see how it works for you.
Whether you consider the demons, shadows, Hungry Ghosts or curses real or not does not matter at the end of the day. The solution is always the same. Rise above them and they will dissolve into the nothingness that they really are.
Feel free to contact me further about this. I am glad to help if possible.
Contact me via my website at http://www.lightunlimitedpublishing.com/session_lectures.html. Or send me an email from there. I am happy to help.
Many thanks for this but how long should the above last? Normally my meditations about 15mins. Should your meditation last just as long?
15 minutes is just fine. Most important is to really feel the peace or comfort. Sometimes I just commit myself to feeling my Self and I meditate until that happens and then continue the meditation until it feels like time to move on with the day or go to sleep no matter how long it takes. I do my best to continue that mindfulness throughout the day or night then.
Wonder if you could help? I've been doing Mindfulness (6 week CD by Mark Williams) for more than a year. I stopped for a few weeks around the 7th month as I was not able to sleep and began to experience a high pitched noise in my hearing. I started up again telling myself that on the nights I could not sleep, to take sleeping tablets (Valerian) and as for the high pitched noises, just to accept, which I have. But now, the problem is that although while meditating I experience a peacefulness, to the point of not 'feeling' my hands or feet, I am left irritable and at times angry when I come out of it. I affirm to myself while meditating that I am a peaceful soul and towards the end, I visualize myself wrapped in a white cloth or cloud and imagine the crucifix being placed on my forehead. But I'm wondering if I'm doing something wrong or perhaps to stop meditating for a while. What do you think?
You do not need to stop meditating. It may be that you need to change your meditation. I would suggest trying the one here, http://1ness4u.wordpress.com/meditation/relaxation-stillness-and-awareness-the-beginning/. Then do the next one and the one after that. Work with each meditation for about a week before moving on to the next.
By doing this you will learn to watch your emotions and physical sensations without them affecting you.
It may also be that you need to change the imagery that you use during your meditations. It may be that these images are conflicting with other beliefs you may have.
Let me know if you need any further suggestions. I am glad to help.
i Have had depression for almost two or three years. I have started taking anti-depressant medication before six months , and i really feel better. however my doctor have told me latly to start reducing them, but another doctor told me its still early since i had depression for along time. whats you advice for me?
I am not a physician and am not aware of the details of your case. But if you are open to a spiritual approach to getting rid of the depression then I would suggest you begin doing the program outlined in the Freedom From Suffering Book. Begin today. Then, as you feel better you can discuss with your doctor lowering your medications and eventually going off medication.
For your existing situation, I would suggest you have both doctors speak with each other and then make a recommendation to you. The more information they have the better their advice should be. It is very important that you do not just stop taking anti-depressants.
When you do come off the anti-depressants it is very important that you have a good way of dealing with the depression and are able to get rid of it. Anti-depressants do not cure depression. Sometimes they help you feel better though and that can be helpful for a while. Use this time to become really good at dissolving shadows and feeling better about yourself. Then, when you come off the medications, you will still feel fine and be free of depression.
I hope this is helpful. Let me know if you have further questions or need support.
I usually do not recommend anti-depressant medication to my clients. My 40 years of experience has taught me that anti-depressants only cover up the depression. It still takes dealing properly with the depression through therapy to get rid of it. I certainly cannot diagnose or recommend medications to you one way or another since I have not seen you as a client. But if you are willing to try a psychological/spiritual approach to dealing with depression then the tools are here at this website to begin that process. I would suggest starting with some of the articles on depression and then reading the Freedom From Suffering book at this site. You could also work every day with the guided meditation, Leaving Behind the Darkness at http://www.lightunlimitedpublishing.com.
From what you have said in your post I strongly recommend you, at least, read the book online here and see if those insights are not helpful for you. Try it. It cannot hurt and you may find answers to your questions and those overwhelming thoughts in your mind.
Hi Jon, thank for sharing your previous suggestions for others and now Im thinking of doing meditation! There's some other problem that I hope you can help me solve. It's about self-blame maybe that linked with my depression several years ago. I cured my depression myself from pills and try to build positive thinking habbits, I thought I cured that several years ago but maybe not so completely. Now I find it became my habbit that I always blame myself about the past experience, no matter it's really necessary to blame or not, I just can't control it. And I find myself unconciously repeat that: I don't know either. I always repeat it, sometimes several times a day.
I just wonder if you can give me some suggestions how to cure that?
It is really great that you are aware of that statement repeating itself in your mind. This is a good step forward.
Please tell me exactly what you are being told in your mind.
Examine the statements carefully. Who or what is making those statements in your mind?
Give it a form. What does it look like? What does it want from you?
These are the questions to ask and the answers to seek.
Tell me what answers you can now.
hi I suffer from depression.I take my meds like im suppost too. Im working with a countsler.Im at wites end .I have a job, car,home two boys I love more that life itself really more than LIFE. Im tired like i've never been before I like to think im the freind i would like to have.I have skills far and above some.I've been a mental ward Im nonvilent i feel like im just breathing and eating working to keep from from being homeless.I so wanted god to be the answer but to no prevale the pastor seems to think people should dust youself off and get back at it.I dont know how to meditate.If anyone can help I would be so greatful.
I am so sorry to hear that you are suffering with this depression. I know it very well and I am sure you can get out of it.
It is good that you are working with a counselor.
Please read the book I have posted here at this website. http://1ness4u.wordpress.com/books/freedom-from-suffering-a-spiritual-approach/.
Read it carefully and practice every exercise, meditation and life style change.
You can get rid of the depression but it will take a lot of work on your part.
I know you feel tired and without resources. The depression tells you that you are worthless and that you do not have the energy to get beyond it. But these are lies. It tells you many things that are not true. You have everything you need to get beyond the depression. Maybe it will be worthwhile to show your therapist this website and ask him/her to help you use these methods.
You can learn to meditate easily. It is not complicated. You can try some of the meditations here at this site or you can work with some guided meditation trainings. Begin with Meditation 1 and Meditation 2. Then work with these mp3s for dealing with depression.
You can do this Bill. One day you will look back on this time in your life and laugh. But you will be much more sensitive and understanding when others come to you and tell you that they are depressed. You will know what to say to them and how to help them get out of it.
i really need your help, i have been doing meditation daily before i sleep for almost 2 months. i can feel tingling sensation on my nose bridge between my eyebrows, i can control that feeling by focusing on it. after 2 months of meditating this feeling became normal and easy for me to control, i sometimes feel this sensation while driving in the morning to collage. but i don't know why am feeling it while not meditating.
i also focus on a candle's flame for 2 min and then i see a small red circle in my mind but it fades too fast.
You seem to be focused on some small distractions. It is fine to experience these sensations and visions and fine to explore them. But it is best not to be distracted by them.
Watch these events. Watch the tingling sensation. Watch the red circle come and then fade. Watch the hands become heavy.
Little by little feel who is watching? The more you relax in your meditations the easier it will be to feel and to step back from what you are observing.
At first you will experience yourself as an objective observer. This may last for a while. Eventually you will experience yourself as the observing itself. This will last for a while as well. Finally you will experience something much greater and more wonderful. You will know it when you experience it.
Be patient with yourself. This process can take days or years. Try some of the meditations I have posted here. They will help you a great deal.
Oh, Jon Shore, I finally found you again!!!! My spirit has been calling your name. How happy I am to know that you are back at your true work…the blessings you left with me continue. I look forward with joy to a deepened spiritual connection.


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Birthday boy John Maloney
Well, here I am again! By the time this is published, I will have celebrated my 90th birthday. That's right, on February 19, the Spectator hit that magic 90th! It's just a number! I don't feel any older than when I was 89!
I was born in Harlem across the street from Hook and Ladder 40, which by the way is still in the general area. Hancock Place is around the corner from that most famous street, 125th, the street that runs right through the heart of Harlem.
When I was a youngster, a 60-year-old man was ancient and there were not that many to be found. By the time I was 6-years-old, he had moved around the corner to 125th Street.
From my window, I could see the great Apollo Theater, the show place for some of the great black entertainers.
I grew up in the Depression days. Everyone was poor but they didn't know it.
Let me recall what it was like growing up at that time. We walked to school. There was no bus transportation. We went home for lunch and had to be back within the hour.
After school, we rushed home, changed our clothes and ran off to play with our friends.
There was no television, no electronic games, no computers, no Ipads. There was nothing to distract us. There was so much to do before we had to be home for supper at 6 o'clock.
We played tag, Red Rover, Johnny on a Pony, stickball, box-ball, punch ball, association football, roller hockey, marbles, hide and seek, cops and robbers, soldiers. We spun tops, flew kites, traded baseball cards and Indian cards and War Bird cards. We bought comic books for a dime and traded them with one another.
I remember the first Superman comic when it came out and I had it and traded it…I think an original copy recently sold for almost a $1 million. We played scully, cards, dominos, pick-up sticks. The girls jumped rope and sometime the guys did too!
Of course, we played baseball if you could find a field.You could buy a cheap baseball called a rochet for a dime and when it fell apart you taped it with black tape.
We built wagons and skateboards. We rode bikes and we roller-skated a lot with Union Skates. You wore them until the wheels were almost flat!
We made model planes and flew them. We were never bored. For the more daring youngster, there was always the thrill of hitching a ride on the back of a trolley. The trolley car was the main way to travel. Buses came much later.
The cop on the beat was a familiar figure and he knew everyone in the neighborhood. He carried a nightstick or club and he wasn't afraid to use it if you gave him any back talk.
Candy was a penny and Mounds, Hershey, Baby Ruth, Nestles, and Mr. Goodbar all could be had for 5 cents or three for a dime!
Pepsi, Coke and Mission soda could be had for 5 cents. On a hot day you could buy a 2-cent seltzer. The best ice cream was a Melo-roll, shaped like a cylinder! What a treat. Good Humor was a dime!
A hot dog off the pushcart with the umbrella was 5 cents and at the time you got free lemonade.
There would be a celebration along 125th street every time Joe Louis won a fight. I saw the great "Sugar" Ray Robinson drive by in his pink Cadillac convertible many times.
We listened to the radio with such programs as Orphan Annie, Bobby Benson, Buck Rogers, Chandu the Magician, the Lone Ranger, Gang Buster and course Uncle Don.
In 1938, I remember listening to the famous broadcast by Orson Welles about Martians landing in Jersey and how we were all terrified because it was so real!
I remember standing in Riverside Park across from the famous Riverside Church, near Grant's Tomb. It was almost 4 o'clock or so and above us flying towards Lyndhurst, New Jersey was the huge, magnificent, awesome zeppelin the "Hindenberg." It was flying low as it crossed the Hudson that May afternoon to land.
A few hours later, we heard on the radio that it had exploded on landing!
I remember the West Side Highway being built in the late 30s. It was some sight to see.
I remember looking out my window on 125th Street and watching all the officials heading east for the grand opening of the Triboro Bridge.
Mayor LaGuardia read the Sunday comics to us when the news went on strike.
A big thrill was going to the movies on a Saturday. Would you believe it cost a dime? You saw two main features, a western, three cartoons, a Laurel and Hardy and a chapter movie. It was almost four hours before you got out.
In 1935 or so gas at the pump was 6 gallons for 98 cents. If you drove around it was six for 95 cents. We went to Palisades Amusement Park, taking the ferry from 125th Street on the Hudson across to Jersey. In the summer the more daring kids swam in the Hudson. My cousin Eddie drowned when he was 11-years-old!
The grocer had a pencil behind his ear and added up what you bought on the brown paper bag. It was better than the computer. Credit cards were unheard of!
There were gangs in those days but not the fighting gangs of years later. There were the Hancocks, the La Sulla Street Boys, and the Mohawks. Kids had nicknames like Harpo, Chuckles, Buster, Cowboy, Gussie, Dappo, Jon-Jon, Whitey, Pinky the whale, Skippy, Uncle Benny. Those were the days my friend. I wouldn't trade them for the world.
I thank God for giving me 90 wonderful years. I'm still active, writing, performing in plays (two coming up in April and May).
My advice: Hang in there and take each day as it comes.
Memories added by dskriloff on February 27, 2014

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


(1) How many leaves does a chrysanthemum grow? If any particular chrysanthemum cultivar is not pinched, it will grow a fixed number of leaves (called the LDL count) on the main stem before it forms a break bud. For example, the Cream Duke of Kent has an LDL count of 52. If the growing plant tip is pinched (stopped) at any time during its growth, it grows one or more new branches (called laterals) and starts counting again, growing 52 leaves on each of these laterals. It then grows a break bud at the end of each lateral. If the tip of any of these laterals is subsequently also pinched, the plant starts counting from scratch again and starts growing another 52 leaves above that last stop. Of course, the growing of these leaves may be interrupted by onset of 10-hour nights (which occur in mid August), which triggers the development of a flower bud, and the LDL count will not be reached. This accounts for why the last stop of a given cultivar is timed so that there is just enough time for that plant to grow its LDL count of leaves.


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Movie Genre
I Am Number Four is an American teen science fiction film, directed by D. J. Caruso, starring Alex Pettyfer, Timothy Olyphant, Teresa Palmer, Dianna Agron, Kevin Durand, and Callan McAuliffe. The film is based on the novel I Am Number Four, written by Jobie Hughes and James Frey, with an adapted screenplay by Al Gough, Miles Millar, and Marti Noxon.
In I Am Number Four, John is an extraordinary teen, masking his true identity and passing as a typical high school student to elude a deadly enemy seeking to destroy him.
The film is being produced by Michael Bay and Steven Spielberg through DreamWorks; The Hollywood Reporter projected the budget to be between $50 and $60 million.
Nine infant aliens, who closely resemble humans, flee their home planet, Lorien, to hide on Earth. An invading species, the Mogadorians, have destroyed their planet, and followed them to Earth to hunt them down. Each of the nine aliens is given a guardian and will develop superhuman powers on becoming an adult. Each is assigned a number. These last children of Lorien can be killed only in the sequence of their numbers. Numbers One, Two, and Three have been killed so far.
Number Four (Alex Pettyfer), also named John Smith, moves to Paradise, Ohio, disguised as an American high school student. He makes a friend, Sarah Hart (Dianna Agron), a sweet Midwestern girl who is a photographer. After being on the run his whole life, Number Four falls in love and now has something to stand up and fight for. According to special inside previews, Number Four is conflicted between fighting along Number Six, or staying with a comfortable life with Sarah.
In March 2010, Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film, Number Four. It was later confirmed that the 20-year-old English actor will play the lead. Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri, Number Four's guardian and mentor, but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film The A-Team. Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant. Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film, Commander, an alien who leads the hunt of the escaped aliens on Earth.
DreamWorks went through multiple rounds of tests to find the right actress for the female romantic lead. Dianna Agron, a star in the Fox television series Glee, won the highly sought-after role. She plays Sarah, a girl who dates a high school football player, but falls for Number Four and keeps his secret. Jake Abel plays the football player, Mark James, an antagonist in the film who doesn't like someone moving in on his girlfriend. Teresa Palmer plays another alien, Number Six, and 16-year-old Australian actor Callan McAuliffe plays Sam, Number Four's best friend.
Film producer and director Michael Bay brought the manuscript of the teen book, I Am Number Four, to Stacey Snider and Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks. A bidding war developed for the film rights between DreamWorks and J.J. Abrams, with DreamWorks winning the rights in June 2009, with the intention of having Bay produce and possibly direct the project. The rights were purchased with the hope of attracting teenage fans of the Twilight saga films, and the potential of establishing a film franchise, with at least six more installments planned by the book's publisher.
James Frey is the co-author of the book, along with Jobie Hughes, a graduate of Columbia University's creative writing program. Al Gough and Miles Millar, the creators of the television series Smallville, were hired to write the screenplay in August 2009. Marti Noxon, writer and producer for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, also contributed to the screenplay. D. J. Caruso was brought on to direct in early 2010, after Bay opted to focus on directing the third film of the Transformers series. Caruso had been selected by Spielberg to direct Disturbia and Eagle Eye for DreamWorks, and had success with both films. Caruso had less than a year to prepare, shoot and edit the film, due to a worldwide release date set for Presidents Day weekend.
Chris Bender, J.C. Spink and David Valdes are executive producing the film. Steven Spielberg contributed to the film's characters, but is not expected to take a credit on the film. It will be the first DreamWorks film to be released by Disney's Touchstone film label, as part of the new 30-picture distribution deal between DreamWorks and the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group. The film is also the first release for DreamWorks after the studio's financial restructuring in 2008.
Cinematographer Guillermo Navarro shot the film on 35 mm, using a format known as Super 1:85. Beaver, the former Conley Inn in Homewood, and nearby Buttermilk Falls were used as locations in the film; interior and exterior scenes were shot near a boat launch in Monaca. A spring fair scene was filmed in Deer Lakes Park in West Deer; Port Vue, North Park, New Kensington and Hyde Park were also used as locations. The setting of the film's fictional town of Paradise, Ohio is Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, where filming took place from June to July 2010. Producers chose Vandergrift as the "hero town" of the film because of its unique look and curved streets, laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park.
Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville was chosen over 50 other schools in the area, due to its proximity to nearby woods, a part of the film's plot, and its surrounding hills. The school was also selected for its one floor layout, wide hallways, and its football stadium in front. Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film, and a set that replicates the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes. In the last few weeks of production, scenes were filmed at the 200-year-old St. John's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township. Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys.
I Am Number Four was edited by Jim Page, with Industrial Light & Magic developing the visual effects for the alien creatures. It is director D. J. Caruso's first extensive use of computer-enhanced special effects. The film was scored by former Yes guitarist Trevor Rabin.
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Veterans seeking admission to either home must meet these eligibility criteria:
The veteran must be a current Georgia resident and meet one of the following conditions:
Resided in Georgia two years immediately preceding the date of application
Resided in Georgia five or more of the past 15 years
The veteran must have served on active duty in the U.S. armed forces during one of the following wartime periods:
World War II: December 7, 1941 - December 31, 1946
Korea: June 27, 1950 - January 31, 1955
Cold War: January 31, 1955 - August 1, 1990
Vietnam: July 1, 1964 - May 7, 1975
Persian Gulf: August 2, 1990 - present
The veteran must have a discharge under other than dishonorable conditions.
The veteran must be approved as eligible for skilled nursing care by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).
The veteran must be free of contagious infectious disease and behavioral and psychiatric problems.
The veteran must not need to be sustained by line-operated mechanical means.
To apply for admission, contact the appropriate Admissions Office or any GDVS Veterans Field Service Office.
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Contact Admissions Director, Augusta War Veterans Nursing Home
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text:
Liverpool City Region Film & TV Development Fund is currently closed to new applications
UPDATE: 5th January 2021.
If you have any queries regarding the Fund, please email us at developmentfund@liverpool.gov.uk
The scouse soundtrack behind Tin Star: Liverpool
Liverpool's Head of UNESCO City of Music, Kevin McManus, writes a guest blog to showcase the established and new Liverpool artists that helped the producers of Tin Star: Liverpool get under the skin of the city – in what's an essential part of the culture of Liverpool; music.
Liverpool Innovation Park (Production Office)
Direct access from on-site, convenient option for productions of all size.
100 – 77,000 sq ft high spec offices, industrial units & standalone refurbishment opportunities.
WORK BEGINS ON LIVERPOOL'S FIRST PURPOSE-BUILT FILM STUDIOS
Work has begun on Liverpool's first purpose built film and high-end TV stages.
Liverpool continues to make a scene in the film and TV industry
Despite the Covid-19 pandemic bringing the film and TV sector to a standstill, Liverpool still proved a screen hit in 2020 – and took centre stage for one of the UK's biggest productions of the year.
Tin Star: Liverpool – Sky Atlantic/Kudos TV
Tim Roth crime drama Tin Star, produced by Kudos TV (Utopia, Broadchurch, Humans, Life On Mars) swapped the Canadian Rockies for the River Mersey for an explosive third and final series of Sky Atlantic's critically acclaimed drama, with an improved title; Tin Star: Liverpool.
Film Office spends Time with acclaimed trio of talent
Liverpool Film Office is supporting celebrated local writer Jimmy McGovern's return to primetime series drama with an investment in BBC One's major new production Time, using funding from Liverpool City Region Combined Authority's Strategic Investment Fund.
Liverpool's first and only purpose-built sound stages, on the edge of the city centre.
Stage 1: 20,000 sq ft, height: 37.73 ft
Stage 2: 20,000 sq ft, height 37.73 ft
"as big as Pinewood's Bond stage," an old Mobil building in Wirral has been used for high-end TV.
Height: 80 ft
Graylaw
Croxteth Coll.
2 x 15,000 sq ft
The Black-E
Film Office supports Liverpool homecoming for stars Jodie Comer and Stephen Graham in Channel 4 Drama 'Help' (w/t)
Help (w/t), reunites two of Liverpool's famed screen talents; Jodie Comer (Killing Eve, Free Guy) and Stephen Graham (Line Of Duty, The Virtues) in their professional homecoming for a one-off, state-of-the-nation drama, to begin filming in Liverpool City Region in early 2021.
Planning Approved for Liverpool's Pop-Up Film Studios
Liverpool City Council has received planning approval to create the city's first purpose built film and high-end TV stages.
FilmLiverpool RT @stratusimagery: Morning has broken @YOLiverpool @realrobinjmac65 @angiesliverpool @CBRE_Liv @stjohnsbeacon https://t.co/n17588ILxn #l…


text:
\section{Introduction}

First order phase transitions are very familiar only in one-component
substances such as water. As is well known, on an isotherm the pressure
remains constant as do all internal properties such as density  and chemical
potential,  for all proportions of the two phases, gas and liquid,
in equilibrium. These  characteristic  properties of {\sl all}
single-component
substances are unique to them, and are not
at all general. What is not familiar is that
the precise converse of the above
properties holds when the
substance has more than one independent component. This has unique consequences in certain situations,
such as in the presence of a gravitational field.
More than that, when one of the independent components is electrically
charged, the two phases in equilibrium may form a Coulomb lattice
of the rare phase immersed in the dominant one. We have proven these
properties in great detail  and generality elsewhere \cite{glen91:a}.
Our aim here is to briefly recapitulate the physical reason
for the different behavior of  a first order
phase transition in single- and multi-component substances,
and then to compute the varying geometry of the crystalline
structure as a function of proportion of the phases in equilibrium.
We shall do this in the context of the confined-deconfined
phase transition in neutron star matter, --  matter that
is charge neutral and in equilibrium with respect to all baryon
and quark species. The results would be qualitatively similar for the
liquid-vapor transition in sub-saturated nuclear matter.

\section{Degrees of Freedom in  Multi-component
System}

We stated above that in the mixed phase of a multi-component substance
all internal properties of each phase and their common pressure vary
as the proportion of the phases.
Let us see why this is so, first by considering the physics rather than
the mathematics.
 Consider a substance composed of
 two  conserved `charges' or independent
 components, -- Q of one kind, B of the other.
 In the case of a neutron star, these could denote the net electric charge
 number (in units of e) and baryon charge number.
 Let the substance be closed and in a heat bath.
  Define their concentration,
 \begin{eqnarray}
 r=Q/B \,.
 \end{eqnarray}
Is this ratio fixed? One would certainly think so since $Q$ and $B$
are fixed.
But the ratio
is fixed {\sl only} as long as the system remains in one pure phase or the
other! When in the mixed phase the concentration in each of the
regions of one phase or the other may be different and they are restricted
{\sl only} by the conservation on the total numbers,
\begin{eqnarray} r_1 =Q_1/B_1,~~~
r_2=Q_2/B_2,~~~~~~
(Q_1+Q_2=Q,~~~ B_1+B_2=B) \,.
\end{eqnarray}
{\sl If the internal forces can lower the energy} of the system
 by rearranging the concentration, they will do so.
 The essential point is that conservation laws in chemical
 thermodynamics are global, not local.

The above observations allow us to prove easily that all properties of
each phase in equilibrium with the other will vary according to the
proportion of the phases.
Consider the system at the density or pressure
where the neutron star matter has just begun to condense some quark matter.
There is little scope for the internal forces to optimize the
concentrations, $r_1,r_2$, in the two phases,
since the small quantity of quark matter
can neither receive nor donate much of either charge. However,
at higher density or pressure, the proportion of the two phases will become
more comparable, and the internal forces now have more scope to
optimize the concentrations in the two phases, always consistent with
overall conservation of the two charges. From this observation, we learn:
  {\sl For a first order phase
  transition in a multi-component system, the nature
  of each phase in equilibrium changes with the
proportion of the phases and since the total energy is now the volume
proportion of the energy density of the two phases, each of which varies
with the proportion, the derivative with respect to volume is no longer
a constant. Therefore
the pressure also varies as the proportion of phases!}

The mathematical proof of the above properties is not nearly so illuminating
as the physical verbal proof above, but we give it for completeness.

The Gibbs condition for phase equilibrium is that the chemical potentials
$\mu_b,~\mu_q$ corresponding to
$B$ and $Q$, temperature T and the pressures in the two phases
be equal,
\begin{eqnarray}
p_1(\mu_b,\mu_q,T)=p_2(\mu_b,\mu_q,T)
\label{pres}
\end{eqnarray}
As discussed,  the condition of {\sl local}  conservation
is stronger than required.
We apply the weaker condition of {\sl global}
  conservation,
\begin{eqnarray}
& &<\rho>\equiv (1-\chi) \rho_1(\mu_b,\mu_q,T)+ \chi \rho_2(\mu_b,\mu_q,T)=
 B/V\, , \label{dens} \\
& & (1-\chi) q_1(\mu_b,\mu_q,T)+ \chi q_2(\mu_b,\mu_q,T)=Q/V\, ,
~~~~\chi=V_2/V\,.
\label {neut}
\end{eqnarray}
Given a temperature,
  the above three equations serve to
determine the two independent chemical potentials and $V$
 for a {\sl specified}
volume fraction $\chi$ of phase `2' in equilibrium with phase `1'.
We note that the condition of global conservation expressed by
(\ref{dens}) and
(\ref{neut})
is compatible, together with (\ref{pres}),
with the number of unknowns
to be determined. It would {\sl not} be possible to satisfy Gibbs conditions
if {\sl local} conservation were demanded, for that would replace (\ref{neut})
by  {\sl two} equations, such as
$q_1(\mu_b,\mu_q,T)=Q_1/V_1,~~q_2(\mu_b,\mu_q,T)=
Q_2/V_2$,
and the problem would be over determined.

In systems possessing only one conserved charge,
the pressure equation defines uniquely the corresponding  chemical potential
for phase equilibrium.
 In that case the energy densities of each phase
are also determined as  unique
values and like the pressure are {\sl independent} of the
proportion of the phases in equilibrium. In contrast with this,
for two or more
conserved charges and corresponding chemical potentials, the situation
is quite different. Through (\ref{pres},\ref{dens},\ref{neut})
the chemical potentials
obviously depend on the proportion, $\chi$,
of the phases in equilibrium, and hence so
also all properties that depend on them, the  energy densities, baryon and
charge densities
of each phase. and the {\sl common} pressure.
This remarkable and little known property of first order
phase transitions with more than one conserved charge
and the role played by the microphysics or internal forces
is discussed in detail elsewhere
\cite{glen91:a,glent94:e}.
It will be observed that the above discussion is completely general,
and must apply to many systems, in particular, to the confined-deconfined
phase transition at high density and equally to the so-called
liquid-vapor transition in nuclear matter at sub-saturation density.
For both systems the symmetry energy  is the driving force, and
clearly the results here for two component systems hold when $Z \neq N$.
For the {\sl special} case of equality however, the driving force is
absent, -- both phases are already symmetric, -- and the pressure
would be constant throughout the mixed phase. But only when $N=Z$!

\section{Internal Forces}

By the above discussion we understand that the internal force(s)
can exploit the degree(s) of freedom available in rearranging
concentrations of conserved quantities while conserving them globally
and lowering the energy. Let us look now at a specific example,
neutron star matter which is charge neutral and in chemical equilibrium.
Stars must be neutral because they are bound by gravity and net charge
would reduce their binding, it being also long-ranged.
Since pure neutron matter is beta unstable, neutron star matter
will be composed of various particles of different
charges, --  neutrons, protons, leptons,
perhaps
hyperons and quarks.  The star is born with a definite number of baryons,
and soon becomes neutral. There are two conserved charges, therefore, --
electric charge and baryon number, -- and two corresponding independent
chemical potentials.

The internal force that can exploit the degree of freedom made available
by allowing neutrality to be achieved
{\sl globally}
and which is  closed to one   in which  {\sl local} neutrality
is artificially enforced,
is the isospin restoring
force experienced by the confined phase of hadronic matter.
It is embodied in the isospin symmetry energy in the empirical
mass formula of nuclei and nuclear matter.
The hadronic regions of the mixed phase  can arrange to be
more isospin symmetric
  (closer equality in proton and neutron number) than in the pure phase
  by transferring
charge to the
 quark phase in equilibrium with it.
 Symmetry energy will be lowered thereby at only a small cost in rearranging
 the quark Fermi surfaces.
 Electrons play
only a minor role when neutrality can be realized among baryon charge
carrying particles. Thus the mixed phase region of the star
will have {\sl positively} charged regions of nuclear matter and
{\sl negatively}
charged regions of quark matter.

 \section{Structure in the Mixed Phase\label{structure}}

The Coulomb interaction
will tend to break the regions of like charge into smaller ones, while
this is opposed by the surface interface energy.
Their competition will be resolved by {\sl  forming
a lattice of the rare phase immersed in the dominant
one whose  form, size and spacing
will minimize the
sum of surface and Coulomb
energies}. In other words, a crystalline lattice
will be formed. Since all internal properties
of the two phases in equilibrium with each other vary with their
proportion, so will the geometrical structure.
When quark matter is the rare phase immersed in
confined hadronic matter, it will form droplets. At higher proportion
of quark matter, the droplets will merge to from strings and then sheets,
and then the role  in the geometric structure
of confined and deconfined phases will interchange \cite{glen91:a}.

We consider  a Wigner-Seitz cell of radius $R$ containing the rare phase object
of radius $r$
and an amount of the dominant phase that makes the cell charge neutral.
The whole medium can be considered as made of such non-interacting cells,
under the usual approximation of neglecting the interstitial material.
As we shall see, the size of these cells is is of the order of tens
of fermis or less.  The variation of the metric over such small regions
is completely negligible (see ref. \cite{glen85:b} for the radial
behavior of the metric in typical neutron star
models), so they are locally inertial
regions and our discussion of them as if gravity is absent is justified
by the equivalence principle.
The solution to problems involving a competition between Coulomb and surface
interface energies is universal.
We may adapt  the results of
\cite{ravenhall83:a} to write for the radius
 of the rare phase immersed in the other
and the minimum of the sum
of Coulomb and surface energies, in the case of  three geometries,
slabs, rods and drops,
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{r^3} &=& \frac{4\pi [q_H(\chi)-q_Q(\chi)]^2 e^2
f_d(x)}{\sigma d}\,,~~~~~d=1,2,3\,,\\
\frac{E_C+E_S}{V} &=& 6\pi x
\Bigl( \frac{[\sigma d \bigl(q_H(\chi)-q_Q(\chi)
\bigr)e]^2
 f_d(x)}
{16\pi^2}\Bigr)^{1/3} \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where, $q_H,~q_Q$ are the charge densities of hadronic and quark matter
(in units of $e$)
at whatever proportion $\chi$ being considered.
We have denoted the
volume fraction of quark matter $V_Q/V$ by $\chi$.
The ratio of droplet (rod, slab)    to cell volume is called,
\begin{eqnarray}
x= (r/R)^d\,.
\end{eqnarray}
It is related to $\chi$ by,
\begin{eqnarray}
\chi = (r/R)^d\equiv x~~~~({\rm hadronic~matter~background})\,,
\end{eqnarray}
when hadronic matter is the background (ie. dominant)
phase. The quark droplets (rods, slabs)
have radius $r$ and the spacing between centers is $R$,
with $d=1,2,3$ corresponding
to slabs, rods and drops, respectively. In the case
of drops or
rods, $r$ is their radius and $R$ the half distance between centers while for
slabs, $r$ is the half thickness.
In the opposite
situation where quark matter is the background,
\begin{eqnarray}
1-\chi = (r/R)^d\equiv x~~~~({\rm quark~matter~background})\,,
\end{eqnarray}
is the fraction of hadronic matter which assumes the above geometric
forms.

The function $f_d(x)$ is given in all three cases by,
\begin{eqnarray}
f_d(x) =\frac{1}{d+2}
\Bigl[\frac{1}{(d-2)}(2-d x^{1-2/d}) + x \Bigr]\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where the
apparent singularity for $d=2$ is well behaved and has the
correct value,
\begin{eqnarray}
 \stackrel{ {\textstyle {\rm limit} } } { _{d\rightarrow 2} }
 \frac{1}{(d-2)}(2-d x^{1-2/d})\longrightarrow -[1+\ln x ]\,.
 \end{eqnarray}
We have supposed that the electrons are uniformly distributed
throughout the
mixed phase
whether quark or hadronic regions, and hence they do not appear in the
above.
In fact, we shall find that electrons are almost totally absent
from the mixed phase.

 What can we say of the surface tension? This is a very difficult
 problem to solve. Obviously it should be self-consistent with the two
 models of matter, quark and hadronic, in equilibrium with each other.
 This latter feature arises because of the fact that, unlike simple
 substances like water and vapor, the densities of each phase change as their
 proportion does \cite{glen91:a,glen91:d}.
 So the surface energy is not a constant.
 Following our deduction that a Coulomb lattice should exist in the
 mixed hadron-quark phase \cite{glen91:a,glen91:d}, Heiselberg,
 Pethick and Staubo have investigated the dependence
 of the geometrical structure
 on the surface tension
  \cite{heiselberg93:a}.
 They adopted a selection of values from various sources, none of them computed
  self-consistently, for this is an extremely hard problem.

 Gibbs studied the problem of surface energies,
 and as a gross approximation, one can deduce that it is
 given by the difference in energy densities
 of the substances in contact times a length scale typical
 of the surface thickness \cite{myers85:a}, in this case of the
 order of the strong interaction range, $L= 1$ fm.
 In other words, the surface interface energy should depend on the
 proportion of phases in phase equilibrium, just as everything else does.
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \sigma =  {\rm const} \times[\epsilon_Q(\chi) -\epsilon_H(\chi)]\times L\,,
 \label{avenergy}
 \end{eqnarray}
 where $\chi$ is the volume proportion of quark phase.
 The constant should be chosen so that the structured phase lies below the
 unstructured one. Heiselberg et al found this energy difference to be
 about 10 MeV. We choose the constant accordingly.

 It will be understood
 from the formulae written above that the structure size, whether
 drops, rods or slabs, and the sum of surface and Coulomb energies
 scale with the surface energy coefficient as
 $\sigma^{1/3}$ independent of geometry.
 Therefore the location in the star where the geometry changes from one form
 to another is independent of $\sigma$.

\section{Bulk Description of the Phases\label{bulk}}

The geometrical structure of the mixed phase occurs against the background
of the bulk structure, at least to good approximation. The energy
and pressure are of course dominated by the bulk properties of matter.
We outline briefly how to handle this part of the problem.
It has been discussed in detail elsewhere.

For the confined hadronic phase we use
the covariant
Lagrangian,
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal L} & = &
\sum_{B} \overline{\psi}_{B} (i\gamma_{\mu} \partial^{\mu} - m_{B}
+g_{\sigma B} \sigma  - g_{\omega B} \gamma_{\mu} \omega^{\mu}
- \fraca g_{\rho B} \gamma_{\mu} \bftau \cdot \bfrho^{\mu} )
{\psi}_{B} \nonumber  \\
&   &+\:  \lsigma
  \lomega  \nonumber\\[2ex]
&   &  \lrho
  \:\Um  \nonumber\\[2ex]
&   &  + \sum_{e^{-},\mu^{-}}
\overline{\psi}_{\lambda} \bigl(i\gamma_{\mu}
  \partial^{\mu} - m_{\lambda} \bigr) \psi_{\lambda}\,.
  \label{lagrangian}
\end{eqnarray}
We regard it as an effective theory to be solved at the
mean field level, and with coupling constants adjusted,
as described below, to nuclear matter properties.
The baryons, $B$ are coupled to the $\sigma, \omega, \bfrho$
mesons.
The sum on $B$ is over all the charge states of the lowest baryon
octet, ($p,n,\Lambda,\Sigma^{+},\Sigma^{-}, \Sigma^{0},
\Xi^{-}, \Xi^{0}$) as well as the $\Delta$ quartet. However
the latter are not populated up to the highest density in neutron
stars, nor are any other baryon states save those of the lowest
octet for reasons given elsewhere \cite{glen85:b}.
The last term represents the free lepton Lagrangians.
How the theory can be solved in the mean field
approximation for the ground state of charge neutral
matter in general beta equilibrium (neutron star matter)
is described fully in
ref. \cite{glen85:b}.

There are five  constants here that are determined
by the properties of nuclear matter,
three that determine the nucleon couplings to the
scalar, vector and vector, iso-vector mesons, $g_\sigma/m_\sigma,
g_\omega/m_\omega, g_\rho/m_\rho$,
and two that determine the scalar self-interactions, b,c.
The nuclear properties that define their values
are the saturation values of the binding energy, baryon density,
symmetry energy coefficient, compression modulus and
nucleon effective mass.
The hyperon couplings are not relevant to the ground state
properties of nuclear matter but information about them
can be gathered from levels in hypernuclei, the binding of the $\Lambda$
in nuclear matter, and from neutron star masses \cite{glen91:c}.
We shall assume that
all hyperons in the octet have the same coupling
as the $\Lambda$.
They are expressed as a ratio to the above mentioned
nucleon couplings,
\begin{eqnarray}
x_\sigma=g_{H\sigma}/g_{\sigma},~~~~
x_\omega=g_{H\omega}/g_{\omega},~~~~
x_\rho=g_{H\rho}/g_{\rho}.
\label{ratio}
\end{eqnarray}
The first two are related to the $\Lambda$ binding by a relation derived
in \cite{glen91:c} and the third can be taken equal to the second
by invoking vector dominance.
We adopt the value of $x_\sigma=0.6$ and corresponding $x_\omega$
taken from
 \cite{glen91:c}.

The chemical potentials of all hadrons are given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu_B  =b_B \mu_n-e_B\mu_e \,,
\label{equil}
\end{eqnarray}
where $b_B$ and $e_B$ are the baryon and electric charge numbers of the
baryon state B, and $\mu_n$ and $\mu_e$ are independent
chemical potentials for unit baryon number and unit negative electric charge
number
(neutron and electron respectively).

The  values of nuclear matter properties
are the binding, $B/A=-16.3$ MeV, saturation density, $\rho_0=0.153$ fm$^{-3}$,
and symmetry energy coefficient, $a_{{\rm sym}}=32.5$ MeV,
$K=240$ MeV, $\mstar{{\rm sat}}/m=0.78$.

To describe quark matter
we use a simple version of the bag model for finite quark masses
and
 $T=0$ \cite{glen91:a}.
Because of the long time-scale, strangeness is not conserved in
a star. The quark chemical potentials  for a system in chemical
equilibrium are therefore related to those
for baryon number and electron by
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu_u=\mu_c=
    \frac{1}{3} (\mu_n-2 \mu_e),~~~~~~~\mu_d=\mu_s=
    \frac{1}{3} (\mu_n+\mu_e).
    \end{eqnarray}

Solving the models of confined and deconfined phases, in both pure phases and
in the mixed phase, we can compute the composition of charge-neutral,
beta-stable neutron star matter. It is shown in Fig.\ \ref{pops240}.
Note the saturation of the leptons as soon as quark matter appears.
At this stage, charge neutrality is achieved more economically on baryon charge
carrying particles, since the star has a definite baryon number.
We note the transition from pure hadronic to mixed phase occurs at
the rather low density of about $2\rho_0$, as was found also by several
other authors \cite{heiselberg93:a,pandharipande94:a}.

\begin{figure}[tbh]
\vspace{-.5in}
\begin{center}
\leavevmode
\centerline{ \hbox{
\psfig{figure=ps.wigner1,width=2.5in,height=3in}
\hspace{.6in}
\psfig{figure=ps.wigner2,width=2.5in,height=3in}
}}
\begin{flushright}
\parbox[t]{2.7in} { \caption{ \label{pops240} Baryon, lepton
and quark populations
in charge neutral, beta-stable neutron star matter,
as a function baryon density $<\rho>$.
In the mixed phase region, the quark densities refer to the their values
averaged over the volume of a Wigner-Seitz cell
 and similarly for the baryons.
}} \ \hspace{.4in} \
\parbox[t]{2.7in} { \caption { \label{cry} The bulk energy density of the
hadronic and quark
phases in equilibrium as a function of local volume proportion of the
quark phase, $\chi=V_Q/V$, the surface energy coefficient,
$\sigma(\chi)$, proportional
to the difference of the above, and the sum of Coulomb and surface energies.
}}
\end{flushright}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Varying Crystalline Structure}

We are now in a position to compute the geometrical structures,
their sizes and spacings as they vary from one radial point to another
throughout the mixed phase region.
Our purpose is to demonstrate the extreme dependence
of the structure
of the crystalline region as a function of
proportion of phases or equivalently density or  pressure.

In Fig.\ \ref{cry} we show some of the ingredients from the bulk
calculation that enter the computation of the structure as laid down
in section \ref{structure}.
It is noteworthy how the energy density,
of each phase varies
 throughout
the mixed phase region
as a function of the volume fraction of quark matter, just as
we showed above must be the case in general.
Therefore the total energy density,
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon(\chi)= (1-\chi)\epsilon_H(\chi)+ \chi \epsilon_Q(\chi)\,,
\end{eqnarray}
is a {\sl non-linear} function of proportion (or volume).
As a consequence, the
pressure varies throughout the mixed phase.
This is in contrast to a simple substance, one with only one conserved charge,
in which the density of each phase in equilibrium  remains constant
as well as the pressure.
It is also worth noting that the bulk energy densities of the
confined and deconfined phase are about two orders of magnitude greater than
the sum of the energy densities of the Coulomb and surface interface energy.
This justifies the two part approach to the problem, of computing the
bulk properties and then against this background, the geometrical structure
imposed by the surface and Coulomb energies. As already noted, the total
charge
in a Wigner-Seitz cell is zero, so  the Coulomb force is shielded by the
lattice arrangement of the rare phase immersed in the dominant.
To illustrate the rearrangement of the electric charge concentration
between the quark and baryonic regions of the mixed phase, we show the
charge density in each region, and the electron charge density, assumed to
be uniform throughout the Wigner-Seitz cell, as functions of the
proportion of quark matter in Fig.\ \ref{chiq}. It is interesting to see that
quark matter, which in the absence of baryonic matter ($\chi=1$) is
charge neutral, carries a high negative charge density when there is little
of it and it is in equilibrium with baryonic matter. The latter
acquires an ever increasing density as the quantity of quark matter,
with which it can balance electric charge, grows. This illustrates how
effectively the symmetry driving force acts to optimally rearrange
charge.
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\vspace{-.5in}
\begin{center}
\leavevmode
\centerline{ \hbox{
\psfig{figure=ps.wigner3,width=2.5in,height=3in}
\hspace{.6in}
\psfig{figure=ps.wigner4,width=2.5in,height=3in}
}}
\begin{flushright}
\parbox[t]{2.7in} { \caption {\label{chiq} The charge densities in the
mixed phase carried by regions of quark and hadronic matter, as well as leptons
which permeate all regions in our approximation. Multiplied by the
respective volumes occupied, the total charge
adds to zero.
}} \ \hspace{.4in} \
\parbox[t]{2.7in} { \caption { \label{chi1} Diameter (lower curves) and Spacing
(upper curves) of rare phase immersed in the dominant as a function
of the proportion of quark phase. Geometries are identified as drops, rods,
slabs, and composition as q (quark) or h (hadronic). Dots are
a continuous dimensionality interpolation of the discrete shapes.
}}
\end{flushright}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As shown above, because one of the conserved quantities is the  electric
charge, having long range, an  order will be established
in the mixed phase, the size of the objects of the rare phase
and their spacing in the dominant one, being determined by the
condition for a minimum sum of Coulomb and surface energy.
In Fig.\ \ref{chi1} the diameter D and spacing S is shown by the lower
and upper curves as a function of proportion of quark phase.
The discrete geometries are labeled and their content as quark or hadronic
by `q' or `h'. The dotted line shows a continuous dimensionality
interpolation. It is noteworthy that at the limit of the pure phases
corresponding to $\chi = 0 {~\rm or~} 1$, the spheres of rare
phase are of finite diameter, but spaced far apart.
The size of the objects is between 7 and 15 fm. As noted previously
the location in $\chi$ of the geometries is independent of
$\sigma$, but the size and spacings scale as $\sigma^{1/3}$.

We have exhibited the crystalline structure of the mixed phase of
confined and deconfined neutron star matter. What is of crucial
importance is that the mixed phase, if it had a constant pressure
for all proportions, would be absent from the star, or any gravitational field.
This is because a constant pressure region cannot support any overlaying
material, and the pressure is monotonic in a star as it is in our
atmosphere.
This squeezing out of the mixed phase
was an inadvertent feature of idealizations of all treatments
of the phase transition in neutron stars until our work. The idealizations
were either an assumption of {\sl purely} neutron star
\cite{quark00}, or an
assumption of {\sl local} charge neutrality
\cite{quark2}. Neither is a  valid
constraint.

It is almost certain that a solid region in a pulsar will play a role
in the period glitch phenomenon, which is highly individualistic
from one pulsar to another. We have  suggested that this
high degree of individual behavior may be due to the extreme
sensitivity on stellar mass of the radial extent of the solid region
and the particular geometrical forms and sizes of the objects at the
lattice sites
\cite{glen95:c}. The sensitivity arises because of the rather flat
radial profile of the pressure and energy density in neutron stars,
so that a small change in central density and therefore a small
change in stellar mass, moves a transition pressure a considerable distance
in the radial direction in the star.

As remarked earlier, we have illustrated very general phenomena
associated with first order phase transitions in multi-component
systems. Whether geometric structures can develop on the time scale of
collisions between nuclei is problematic, but the non-constant
pressure in the mixed phase is likely to have consequences that
may be observable. In particular the so called plateau behavior
ascribed to phase transitions in nuclear collisions can be
present only for N=Z symmetric systems, since otherwise the
symmetry energy will have scope to act in the mixed phase.

{\bf Acknowledgements}:
       \doe.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: opencart 2.0 SyntaxError: JSON.parse: unexpected end of data at line 1 column 1 of the JSON data OK I looked all over the internet and found no answer.
Basically my problem is whenever I try to edit orders and change stores I get the  SyntaxError: JSON.parse: unexpected end of data at line 1 column 1 of the JSON data OK in firefox and in chrome I get SyntaxError: Unexpected end of input OK.
Has anyone found a "real" solution for this because I tried all that was suggested but they don't work. From changing the api_id to making a secondary API. And even the .htaccess method.

A: I got the same error and found away to fix it:

*

*Login in the backend as admin and go to System > Users > Api

*Create a new api with a generated password and make sure it's
enabled

*Go to your store settings (system > settings > Edit) and open the
Option tab

*Scroll down till you find the 'checkout'

*Where it says 'API User' select the API User you just created

*Save the changes and your done!

You'll be able to edit the order status now!

A: I happened to have the same update order issue.
If you tried every possible solution found on the Internet, but no one worked, maybe the bug is from your server provider.
In my case, the problem comes from $curl function, which used frequently on opencart 2.0.
You may paste this php file in your admin/controller/sale/ and then type your url :http://YOURDOMAIN.com/admin/controller/sale/test.php
    <?PHP
            echo "a
";
            $curl = curl_init();
      //http://YOURDOMAIN.com testing"

            $aa='Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.89 Safari/537.36 OPR/28.0.1750.48';
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HEADER, false);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLINFO_HEADER_OUT, true);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $aa);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, false);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_FORBID_REUSE, false);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL,  'http://YOURDOMAIN.com/index.php?route=api/login');

            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POST, true);

            $json = curl_exec($curl);
            echo "server link to http://YOURDOMAIN.com/index.php?route=api/login
";
            echo "Error Message:
";
            print_r(curl_error($curl));
            echo "
";
            echo "Response:";
            echo "
";
            print_r($json);
            echo "
";
            echo "
";
            echo "
";
            echo "
";
            curl_close($curl);
            $curl = curl_init();
        //http://google.com"

            $aa='Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.89 Safari/537.36 OPR/28.0.1750.48';
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HEADER, false);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLINFO_HEADER_OUT, true);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $aa);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, false);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_FORBID_REUSE, false);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL,  'http://google.com');

            curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POST, true);

            $json = curl_exec($curl);
            echo "server lint to http://google.com
";
            echo "Error Message:
";
            print_r(curl_error($curl));
            echo "
";
            echo "Response:";
            echo "
";
            print_r($json);
            curl_close($curl);
       ?>

If your browser message doesn't show this

a server link to http://YOURDOMAIN.com/index.php?route=api/login Error
  Message:
Response:
  {"error":"\u8b66\u544a\uff1a\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u7684\u7528\u6236\u540d\u6216\u5bc6\u78bc\u3002"}

Then you may ask your server provider to help you setting the server, because this means your $curl could not link to your localhost and could not retrieve data from your localhost.
Hope this will help you !!

A: I was able to solve this problem in 3 steps. In my case, i did upgrade my opencart database from 1.5x to 2.x with the standard (out of the box Opencart upgrade). I also had a multistore configuration. I was able to Edit orders once I run the following steps:

*

*Install OC2 (out of the box, no configuration) with the same admin credential as the one used in your legacy database. Export your database and find the place in the dump file (sql) where you have INSERT INTO api values (... line. This is the first command you need to run in you legacy database.

*UPDATE setting set value=1 where key = 'config_api_id';

*UPDATE store set ssl=url; However, this may not work if you are working on localhost. So for testing, I had to change it to UPDATE store set ssl = 'http://localhost/'; Do not forget the last backslash.
Please notice that you can also perform those operation on the admin user interface.

A: I assume you are working with opencart 2.x version.please follow below step
1) check your oc_api (oc is opencart database prefix).there should be one record
if not please run below query
INSERT INTO oc_api (api_id, username, firstname, lastname, password, status, date_added, date_modified) VALUES
(1, '2uVCDrqPBaq52KKCModEFFc7ILdMbKWulvbEsLkJVJHbm334HGQC5BDxoWlnXUwi', '', '', 'so49tj04Cv6yteAoZaZ3IzAfhYG7qWkOLavvIyejHPHEO7eQEn7mtgUFxT9JXQvwCD9b46gFjlrMGSWvHs1NrECiaHPOaCTNRjk8E64eY0nNVflHgpJrCgH3bw1K1rOf28iXkyquk76F8lNWUexCuzjGzU29pOhq1O3peiy4K6n07jMeeL0QzAZLkuPq0nMuNXmzvLV5GxreUZidCvPXSEmItDAPZ4Pp6Ys2aqOzbgJ9EISV6NCVIAM8ONIrVEqd', 1, '2015-01-27 16:38:49', '2015-01-27 16:38:49');
2) search config_api_id field into  oc_setting table and enter its value 1  or run below query
UPDATE oc_setting SET value = '1' WHERE oc_setting.setting_id = 437;
Now check you admin and edit order. your problem will solve.
Thanks

A: Ive had a lot of issues upgrading from opencart 1.5.1 to 2.0.1
Exactly the same symptoms as yours
SyntaxError: JSON.parse: unexpected end of data at line 1 column 1 of the JSON data
So I created a fresh database and a fresh install of opencart 2.0.1
Initially I had no issues with new orders but as more orders where added and history ammended I got the same eror intermittently.
The only way around this was to clear cookies, close browser , reboot the laptop i was using, use an alternative browser. or login to another computer to change the history status.
this message seems to just seem to come up randomly when opencart feels like it
Really I should have just stayed with old version i would have saved 3 days mucking about fixing 'issues' in a version thats obviously not ready for production yet.

A: I had the issue, simple solution that works, try this:
Open Admin/Config.php
define('HTTPS_SERVER', 'http://yourdomain.com/admin/');
define('HTTPS_CATALOG', 'http://yourdomain.com/');

Change to the following:
define('HTTPS_SERVER', 'https://yourdomain.com/admin/');
define('HTTPS_CATALOG', 'https://yourdomain.com/');

A: Try disabling maintenance mode. That worked for me!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What Is The Future Of Human Evolution?
What Did Early Humans Really Look Like?
Could You Hack Your Brain to Have Unlimited Senses?
This week on TestTube Plus, Trace explores human evolution. In the first episode, he looked back on the evolution of our species and how we became human, then he discussed how race fits into all of this, why Europeans and Asians evolved differently, and the amazing story of the Otzi Ice Man. In this final episode of the series, Trace wonders where evolution might be taking us.
Humans have been evolving over the last 30,000 years and today--even though we understand the process of natural selection and evolution--it doesn't mean we're going to stop evolving. It's just going to be happening differently. If humans start living in space, being able to survive the radioactive cosmic rays would provide a huge evolutionary advantage. Some futurists predict humans will need to start living underwater, which will mean we won't have as much exposure to the sun. It's possible that future underwater-dwelling humans would be more pale and maybe grow bigger eyes to adapt to the low-light environment.
Most likely, future human evolution will not be fueled by random mutations, but though genetic engineering. (Check out last week's episodes of TestTube Plus on genetics if you haven't already). As humans struggle to address issues like global warming and overpopulation, maybe "hacking" our genes will give us the ability to deal with them in ways we couldn't imagine. Where do you think human evolution will take us in the next thousand years ... ten thousand years ... million years? Let us know in the comments down below.
TestTube Plus is built for enthusiastic science fans seeking out comprehensive conversations on the geeky topics they love. Host Trace Dominguez digs beyond the usual scope to deliver details, developments and opinions on advanced topics like genetics, AI, and Mars exploration. TestTube Plus will also be available as a podcast-stay tuned for more info!
"The late-18th century philosopher Thomas Malthus wrote these ominous words in an essay on what he saw as the dire future of humanity. Humans' unquenchable urge to reproduce, Malthus argued, would ultimately lead us to overpopulate the planet, eat up all its resources and die in a mass famine."
"An artist has partnered with a computational geneticist to illustrate what our faces might look like in the far future. Apparently we're all going to become anime characters."
"Many people argue that our technological advancement-our ability to defy and control nature-has made humans exempt from natural selection and that human evolution has effectively ceased. There is no "survival of the fittest," the argument goes, if just about everyone survives into old age. This notion is more than just a stray thought in the public consciousness."


It's shaping up to be a busy work week for me, so I'm not playing a lot of games. I did get to watch an episode of Archer with my wife while I was taking a meal break yesterday and I realized I haven't written anything about it even though I've been watching through the entire series.
Archer is a really funny show. I know everyone's humor is different, but something about it strikes a chord with me. I usually laugh out loud at least once every episode. That's super rare for me. Most popular comedy shows don't do much for me and rely heavily on dumb humor that I don't appreciate. Something about this one just clicks with my sense of humor.
When I first looked into Archer I was turned off by the fact that it's an animated show. I didn't realize how adult it actually is. Looking at stills don't do the show justice.
I would recommend checking out the show if you already have a Netflix subscription, since there are 4 seasons sitting there just waiting to be streamed. I really like it.


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