text:
37 Most Common Trees in Texas
Category: Trees In: Texas
Houston Texas Skyline with modern skyscapers and trees image by Yay
Texas is located in the Southernmost region of the United States and is bordered by New Mexico and other Mexican states, Arkansas and Louisiana. The Lone Star State is the second-largest state in the country by region size and population. It also has a variety of trees.
1. Pecan (Carya Illinoinensis)
2. Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum Camphora)
3. Red Maple (Acer Rubrum)
4. Bonita Ash (Fraxinus Velutina 'Bonita')
5. Italian Cypress/Mediterranean Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens)
6. Cottonwood (Populus)
7. Sycamore (Platanus Occidentalis)
8. Tipu Tree (Tipuana Tipu)
9. Carrotwood Tree (Cupaniopsis Anacardioides)
10. Sissoo Tree (Dalbergia Sissoo)
11. Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo Biloba)
12. Mexican Pinyon Pine (Pinus Cembroides)
13. Ashe Juniper (Juniperus Ashei)
14. Pond Cypress (Taxodium Ascendens)
15. Soaptree Yucca (Yucca Elata)
16. American Smoke Tree (Cotinus Obovatus)
17. Chinese Pistache (Pistacia Chinensis)
18. Winged Sumac (Rhus copallinum)
19. Pawpaw (Asimina Triloba)
20. Possumhaw (Ilex Decidua)
21. Devil's Walking Stick (Aralia Spinosa)
22. Mexican Palmetto (Sabal Mexicana)
23. American Hornbeam (Carpinus Caroliniana)
24. Southern Catalpa (Catalpa Bignonioides)
25. Sugarberry (Celtis Laevigata)
26. American Elder (Sambucus Canadensis)
27. Rough leaf Dogwood (Cornus Drummondii)
28. Titi (Cyrilla Racemiflora)
29. Texas Persimmon (Diospyros Texana)
30. Texas Madrone (Arbutus Xalapensis)
31. Sourwood (Oxydendrum Arboreum)
32. Farkleberry (Vaccinium Arboreum)
33. Chinese Tallow Tree (Sapium Sebiferum)
34. Texas Ebony (Ebenopsis Ebano)
35. Texas Mountain Laurel (Dermatophyllum Secundiflorum)
36. Honeylocust (Gleditsia Triacanthos)
37. Kentucky Coffeetree (Gymnocladus Dioicus)
Less than ten percent of the entire state is a desert because the population in Texas was built on former prairies, grasslands, forests, and along the coastline. Perhaps this is why a plethora of trees, some of the oldest in the country, are found here. As you travel across Texas, you will observe a wide range of terrains, including coastal swamps, barren deserts, piney woods, rolling hills, and mountains. Throughout this, one thing will remain constant: the trees.
These trees have been a significant source of shade for all Texans amidst the humid and hot summers when the sun would shine bright. As a result, the cities in the state have planted a myriad of these trees everywhere to help cool down the Texas heat. This article will dive deeper into some of these common trees and share their unique characteristics, features, history, and more with you.
James St. John Pecan Tree.
These are the proud State trees of Texas that come from the Hickory family. They grow to become quite large, about 130 feet in height. This is why they are the perfect trees for Texas since they help provide a lot of shade. However, the best part about these trees is that they provide sweet, rich, and buttery pecans that are used to make a pecan pie and various other delicious recipes.
Forest and Kim Starr Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor tree)
This is a medium-sized tree commonly found in Texas. It provides a ton of shade since its evergreen leaves provide a vast canopy. The tree is also considered to be a natural mosquito repellant. It also bears a black fruit. However, both the fruit and the leaves of the Camphor tree are toxic for humans.
Doc Searls Red maple
The Red Maple is one of the best options for growing a tree in your yard. It displays crimson leaves throughout the year, but you should expect an even brighter red during the fall. Moreover, the Red Maple is easy to grow and requires little trimming and maintenance. These medium to large trees, however, only thrive in wetter regions.
This is an excellent shade tree that is evergreen and beautiful. The display of the green leaves turning into a bright yellow shade from this tree throughout the fall will likely leave you breathless. The Bonita Ash tree is perfect for summer and dry regions, but it can also withstand high winds.
Ettore Balocchi Cupressus sempervirens
These medium-sized trees grow up to a height of 40 feet. They are extremely drought-resistant, making them perfect for central and southern Texas, where the height and humidity become too high. They are also low maintenance since they don't require too much watering. But they might require a bit more attention from you if you want them to reach their iconic and slender shape.
USFWS Midwest Region Cottonwood
The Cottonwood tree is popular throughout the United States, but especially in Texas. It is not just one of the fastest-growing trees but also one that provides considerable shade. Since the Cottonwood trees require little maintenance and trimming, they are a popular choice for planting at homes in Texas.
This is one of the most common and tallest trees in Texas. It is also the tallest deciduous tree in North America. The Sycamore can grow to reach heights of 100 feet. If you live in Texas, you can consider planting the Sycamore since it is also easy to maintain and will provide your house with tremendous shade.
Daniel Ventura Tipuana tipu
The Tipu tree is one of the most popular trees in Texas and a well-known tree throughout the country. The world-famous tree is known for its wide canopy that provides a lot of shade and its attractive display of golden foliage during the springtime. These South American native trees can be popularly found in warmer climates, especially in Houston.
Forest and Kim Starr Cupaniopsis anacardioides (Carrot wood)
The carrotwood Tree is a small to medium-sized tree that grows up to a height of 30 feet. It has green leaves, white to yellowish flowers, and a large yellow-colored fruit splits open to expose black seeds, which birds widely consume. While this tree is quite popular in Florida, it is also slowly becoming common in Texas.
Suyash Dwivedi Dalbergia sissoo
The Sissoo Tree is native to South Asia but is also a common tree in Texas because it is well suited for its hot and humid climate. This fast-growing tree also has sturdy wood, which is used to make a wide range of furniture and marine-grade plywood. The tree is mainly planted throughout the state for ornamental purposes because of its gorgeous green leaves and foliage display.
Jim Linwood Maidenhair Tree
Also known as the Gingko tree, one of the oldest and most famous trees found in Texas. It is undoubtedly one of the oldest trees in the world, dating back to Jurassic times. Today, they are not found in the wild but are still planted throughout Texas as landscape trees because of their attractive display of colors. Although it is a slow-growing tree, it can withstand attacks from disease and insects very well.
Homer Edward Price Mexican Pinyon
This is a small, bushy, and evergreen tree that grows up to a height of 30 feet. It also features blue-green needles on its branches that grow in three clusters. They also have hard seeds, which are known as pinyon nuts in Mexico. These trees are pretty popular in Mexico, but in the United States, you can only find them in Texas.
John Hayes Ashes juniper (Juniperus ashei)
Ashe Junipers are large, fragrant, and beautiful trees found commonly in Central Texas. However, these trees can be quite irritating for people with cedar allergies. The wood from the tree is used to make a variety of things, but most commonly fenceposts. The sweet-tasting berries from the Ashe Junipers are also a popular source of food for animals.
Matt Borden Taxodium ascendens
The Pond Cypress tree comes from a family of deciduous conifer trees. This tree adapts to a wide range of soils, including wet, dry, salty, or swampy. This is why they are popular throughout public areas of the state. These are relatively large trees that grow up to a height of 100 feet.
Judy Gallagher Soaptree Yucca (Yucca elata)
The Soaptree Yucca is certainly a small, slow-growing, ornamental, and attractive tree found in western Texas. It has dense, small, narrow blue-green leaves and woody seed capsules. These trees reach a maximum height of 20 feet and can quickly be grown in dry, well-drained soil under bright sunlight. You can plant them with flower beds, in gardens, or in walkways.
Related: Are Yucca Plants Poisonous?
Jim Linwood American Smoketree
The American Smoke Tree is a Texas native tree that is found on limestone hills and river bluffs. They have showy pink or purple leaves that, from a distance, look like smoke or haze, which is where they get their name from. These trees are heat and drought-resistant and highly tolerable to limestone soils, which is why they are so popular in Texas.
Mark Mauno Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistache)
The Chinese Pistachio is a medium-sized tree that reaches a height of 40 feet. During the fall, it has a brilliant and bright crimson color. Throughout the year, it displays a beautiful shade of green. This is why this landscape tree is primarily planted in gardens or public areas. As the name might suggest, it is a Chinese native tree, but now it is commonly found in Texas as well.
Wendy Cutler Rhus copallinum
This deciduous is a large shrub or a small tree that reaches a maximum height of 40 feet. It has short, crooked shrubs and open branches. The leaves on the Winged Sumac are dark green that turns reddish-purple during the fall time. You can easily distinguish this tree from other Sumac trees due to its winged leaf axis and watery sap.
James St. John Asimina triloba
The Pawpaw trees are a popular species of tree found in America, but they are also widely found in Texas. This is a small tree that reaches the height of 30 feet and has light green leaves. You can find Pawpaw along streams in Eastern Texas and mainly along the Red River. They don't grow in clusters but as single trees or small groves.
Robert Nunnally Possumhaw
The Possumhaw is a small tree or shrub that grows to a height of 30 feet. It has twiggy and pale-colored branches and gorgeous green leaves. However, what makes Possumhaw so unique are the bright red berries on the female trees that thrive during the wintertime. Opossums, raccoons, songbirds, and various other animals consume this fruit.
F. D. Richards Aralia spinosa (Devils Walkingstick)
These are unique but large shrubs with few spiny stems and branches. They grow up to a height of 20 feet. Each winter, the Devil's Walking Stick shoots up to become a long stem with a few small orange prickles. This is where it also gets its unique name from. It is also sometimes called Hercules' club.
Whitney Cranshaw Sabal mexicana
The Mexican Palmetto is a fragrant and winter-resistant tree that grows up to a maximum height of 50 feet and features large, blue-green, fan-shaped, and vibrant leaves. Dark purple fruits also hang in clusters on this tree that animals consume. Since they also have fragrant flowers, you can easily plant them in your garden.
Daderot American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana).
The American Hornbeam is a medium-sized tree that is extremely slow-growing and found generally in forests in East Texas. It is typically 20 to 30 feet high and suitable for acidic and alkaline soils. You can quickly identify this tree through its clusters of sandpapery leaves as well as nuts encased in bladder-like sacks.
Malcolm Manners Catalpa bignonioides
This is a large deciduous tree that features crooked branches and light green, heart-shaped leaves glossy on top and unusually hairy underneath. During springtime, the tree also has white flowers. The Southern Catalpa grows to a height of 60 feet and is completely pest and disease-free that also does not require regular pruning, which makes it an excellent option for planting in gardens.
Frederick County Forestry Board Sugarberry tree (Celtis laevigata)
Also known as the Southern Huckleberry, the Sugarberry is a medium-sized tree with broad and drooping branches. It also has a round fruit with a dull red color that various birds consume. You can find the Sugarberry along main streets in Texas. And the wood of the tree is used to make various kinds of furniture, plywood, and athletic goods.
Frank Richards Sambucus canadensis
The American elder is a popular shrub or small tree commonly grown in damp soils, mostly along rivers or on swamps. It has several stems and, under the right conditions, can grow up to a height of 30 feet. It has bright green leaflets with white flowers grown during the springtime. The fruit flowers of the American elder are used to make creams, pies, beverages, and candies.
Frank Richards Cornus drummondii
This is a shrub or a small deciduous tree commonly found in Texas. Though it has rough textured green leaves all year round, it forms beautiful clusters of creamy yellow flowers during the springtime. These flowers provide nectar to various butterfly species. Moreover, during the summers, the fragrant flowers give way to the formation of white berries consumed by wildlife.
peganum Cyrilla racemiflora
The Titi is a small deciduous tree that does not grow bigger than 30 feet. It is a slender tree with a smooth, cinnamon-colored trunk and branches. The Titi tree is commonly found in North America, South America, and Central America. The leaves of the tree turn into a bright crimson shade during fall and fall by springtime to reveal bright green ones.
Homer Edward Price Texas Persimmon
The Texas Persimmon is a very small tree or shrub with multiple trunks. Though it normally has a height of 15 feet, it can grow up to a height of 35 feet as well. It is widespread in central Texas, and you can easily find this tree in bushes in Houston and Bryan. It has whitish branches, and the female tree also has striking fruits normally consumed by birds and other animals.
Clinton Steeds Texas Madrone
This is another multi-trunked small tree that grows up to a height of 30 feet. It has a red and shiny trunk underneath. Even the dark green leaves on the Texas Madrone have a red tinge. Moreover, it also has white, small, and urn-shaped flowers in clusters on the branches. During the springtime, it also has a red or orange-colored fruit that is edible.
Msact Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum)
The Sourwood is a small deciduous tree that can grow up to a height of 20 or 30 feet. The tree has delicate and alternative leaves that are sharp and sour to taste, where it gets its name. The trunk is a reddish-brown color, and the foliage during the fall also turns into a bright crimson color. The plant blooms white urn-shaped flowers during the summertime.
sonnia hill Vaccinium arboreum
The Farkleberry is a small, evergreen, stiff-branched small tree or large shrub found in forests, hillsides, and wet bottomlands of Texas. It has small, bell-shaped flowers that are white or pink. During the fall time, the Farkleberry tree also has black edible fruit. The autumn is when the green leaves turn to a bright red color.
Tatters:) TatianaGerus Chinese tallow tree
The Chinese Tallow tree is a deciduous tree that reaches the height of 60 feet with oval-shaped bright green leaves. It also has a three-lobed fruit that can be opened to reveal a seed during fall time that is similar to the shape of popcorn. The tree is native to China and Japan but can also be found in Texas, where it thrives in areas abundant with freshwater.
Mpinedag Texas Ebony
The Texas Ebony is an attractive small tree with a maximum height of 30 feet. It has a dense dark canopy of dark green colored leaves with creamy yellow flower puffs. The tree thrives and blooms during the spring and summertime with these flowers, which is why it is one of the most popular trees planted in various houses and gardens throughout the state.
John Hayes Texas mountain laurel
This is a small tree or large shrub with a height of 15 feet when it matures. It has evergreen and leathery leaves and produces dense clusters of flowers at the end of the branches. These flowers don a beautiful shade of purple. The tree's fruit is a swollen, hanging pod with seed in between.
Plant Image Library Gleditsia triacanthos (Honeylocust)
The Honeylocust is a large tree that reaches a height of 80 feet or even more under the right conditions. It can be found commonly in East and Central Texas, where moist-soil exists where it exists as a landscape tree. Some of these honeylocust trees also yield good honey often used in beverages.
Bruce Marlin Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus dioicus)
The Kentucky Coffeetree is a large, tall, and slender tree that grows up to a height of 100 feet. It also features a short trunk. It has greenish-white flowers in clusters, and the fruit is a purplish brown pod. The seeds of the Kentucky Coffeetree were often roasted and used as a substitute for coffee. However, the raw seeds from the tree are actually poisonous.
Categories Trees States Texas Post navigation
19 Evergreen Trees In Connecticut
Are Garden Spiders Poisonous?
More from Texas:
5 Common Types Of Maple Trees in Texas
27 Terrific Flowering Trees For Texas Yards
The Best Shade Trees for North Texas
The Best Fruit Trees for North Texas
8 Best Palm Trees for North Texas
5 Terrific Types of Oak Trees in Texas
6 Prevalent Types of Pine Trees in Texas
10 Magnificent Flowering Trees for Maine
12 Evergreen Trees in Tennessee
32 Most Common Trees in Hawaii
30 Most Common Trees in Arkansas
16 Evergreen Trees in Georgia
17 Most Common Trees in Massachusetts


In Egypt, crowdfunding objectives is to provide with funds for Egyptian entrepreneurs or social projects who want to implement a project by attracting and convincing investors through rewarded or non rewarded capital injection.
Egypt's Crowdfunding is becoming an increasingly popular instrument to collect money from supporters, capital injectors as it is an excellent alternative to avoid classical banks which are risk averse and conversative and slow when processing with a borrower credit application.
Crowdfunding in Egypt is also used to finance social projects to help people who have no access to the bank system. Egypt's crowdfunders help implementing school projects as well as but funds also films and creative projects.


The theme for EHA 2019 is "Markets and Governments in Economic History." The interactions between markets and governments are central issues in the organization of economies. From the beginning of time, groups of people had to decide whether to let their members trade resources and the fruits of their efforts freely or whether to distribute them in alternative ways in which the group set up rules for use and distribution of resources and output. Governments ranged from contractual states to predatory states based on the extent to which the participants negotiated the rules or a subset imposed their rules on others. As societies grew larger, the debates about capitalism, socialism, communism, manorialism, and other "isms" centered on the nexus between markets and governments. Within the last 250 years more governments have loosened the reins and given people more economic freedom to produce and trade more freely in markets. Even in those countries the interactions between markets and governments have been fluid as the interest groups in society have worked through the political process to provide more social insurance to protect against risk, established regulations, adjusted defense spending, solve new problems, or establish new rules that favor their position. The theme offers scholars a broad range of options for proposals. Papers on markets alone, governments alone, or other topics are also welcome.
The Program Committee, consisting of Taylor Jaworski (University of Colorado) (chair), together with Kenneth Snowden (University of North Carolina, Greensboro), Steve Nafziger (Williams University), and Doug Irwin (Dartmouth University), welcomes submissions on all subjects in economic history, though some preference will be given to papers that fit the theme of the conference. Papers should be submitted individually, but authors may suggest to the Committee that three particular papers fit well together in a panel. Papers should in all cases be works in progress rather than accepted or published work. Submitters should let the program committee know at the time of application if the paper they are proposing has already been submitted for publication. Individuals who presented or co-authored a paper presented at the 2018 meeting are not eligible for inclusion in the 2019 program. Paper proposals should include a 3-5 page proposal and a 150 –word abstract suitable for publication in the Journal of Economic History. Please note that at least one of the authors needs to be a member of EHA. The submission system is now closed and no further proposals will be accepted at this stage.
Graduate students are encouraged to attend the meeting. The association offers subsidies for travel, hotel, registration, and meals, including a special graduate student dinner. A poster session welcomes work from dissertations in progress. Applications for the poster session are due no later than May 21, 2019 online on the meetings website. The poster submission system will open on March 1, 2019. The dissertation session, convened by Richard Hornbeck (University of Chicago) and Debin Ma (London School of Economics) will honor six dissertations completed during the 2018-2019 academic year. The submission deadline is June 1, 2019. The Allan Nevins and Alexander Gerschenkron prizes will be awarded to the best dissertations on North American and non-North American topics respectively. Dissertations must be submitted as a single PDF file. Files of less than 5 MB in size may be sent directly to the conveners as an email attachment. To submit a file over 5 MB, please supply a download link in an email message. The Nevins prize submissions should be sent to: Richard.Hornbeck@chicagobooth.edu and the Gerschenkron prize submissions to: d.ma1@lse.ac.uk.. All submissions will be acknowledged by return email.
The Economic History Association announced the 2018 prize winners at the Annual Meeting held recently in Montreal.
Howard Bodenhorn, Clemson University, was awarded the annual Jonathan Hughes Prize honoring excellence in teaching economic history.
Mohamed Saleh, Toulouse School of Economics, was awarded the Cole Prize for his article "On the Road to Heaven: Taxation, Conversion, and the Coptic-Muslim Socioeconomic Gap in Medieval Egypt", published in the June 2018 issue of the Journal of Economic History.
There was a tie for the Alice Hansen Jones Prize this year. Leah Platt Boustan was awarded for her book "Competition in the Promised Land: Black Migrants in Northern Cities and Labor Markets" published by Princeton University Press and Douglas Irwin was awarded for his book "Clashing over Commerce: A History of U.S. Trade Policy" published by University of Chicago Press.
Jeremy Atack, Vanderbilt University, was awarded the inaugural Engerman-Goldin Prize for creating, compiling, and sharing data and information with scholars.
The EHA Board approved two new awards this year to be awarded to up to two people annually at the discretion of the JEH Editors. The award for Excellence in Refereeing for the Journal of Economic History went to Laura Salisbury, York University, and Walker Hanlon, New York University. The award for Exceptional Service to the Journal of Economic History Editorial Board went to Sumner La Croix, University of Hawaii.
Each year the Economic History Association awards numerous grants and fellowships to deserving young scholars. Additionally, Cambridge University Press has made a generous donation to help the EHA endow one of the Dissertation Fellowships and two of the Pre-Dissertation Exploratory Grants.
The Economic History Association is a proud member of the National Coalition for History. NCH is a consortium of more than 50 organizations that advocates on federal legislative and regulatory issues affecting historians, archivists, researchers, teachers, students, preservationists, political scientists, museum professionals, genealogists, and other stakeholders. Priority issues include maximizing researcher access to government records and information, support for history education, and funding for agencies like the National Archives, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Park Service, and Institute of Museum and Library Services. NCH is also a driving force behind the Congressional History Caucus.
The Economic History Association prides itself on its openness to all, regardless of gender, sexuality, race or religion. The EHA embraces a spirit of respect and tolerance to foster collegiality and to encourage and develop graduate students and faculty.
The values exhibited on the internet message board, Economics Job Market Rumors, are antithetical to those we embrace. The Board of Trustees condemns unequivocally the abusive language on the EJMR site, including but not limited to the sexist, racist, homophobic and anti-Semitic statements. This type of language has no place in academic debate and discourse.
EHA members wishing to have their name added to this list can send an email to lsooter@eh.net.
The Economic History Association announced the 2017 prize winners at the Annual Meeting held recently in San Jose, CA.
Nicholas Crafts, University of Warwick, was awarded the annual Jonathan Hughes Prize honoring excellence in teaching economic history.
Trevon Logan and John Parman were awarded the Cole Prize for their article "The National Rise in Segregation", published in the March 2017 issue of the Journal of Economic History.
Bruce Campbell, Queen's University_Belfast, was awarded the Gyorgi Ranki Prize for his book, The Great Transition: Climate, Disease and Society in the Late-Medieval World, Cambridge University Press 2016.
Michael Haines, Colgate University, was awarded the inaugural Robert Gallman/William Parker Award for Lifetime Achievement in Data Preservation.
Cambridge University Press and the Economic History Association (EHA) are delighted to announce the creation of an endowment to support three new EHA awards–the Cambridge University Press Dissertation Fellowship and two Cambridge University Press Pre-Dissertation Exploratory Grants.
The first awards were made this year.
The Dissertation Fellowship was awarded to Eduardo Montero of Harvard University.
The Exploratory Grants were awarded to Cathrin Mohr of the University of Munich and to Erin McGuire of the University of Arizona.
Both Cambridge University Press and the EHA are proud to support these awards, signalling a commitment to the development of the future leaders of the field, whose research will direct the study of economic history throughout the world.
A new EHA endowment fund will be created specifically for these two awards composed of financial sponsorship from Cambridge University Press and funds EHA will contribute itself.
The $10,000 dissertation fellowship will be awarded each year to a Ph.D. student who is completing his or her dissertation with plans to enter the job market. It can be used as income and/or to cover research expenses.
Each of the two pre-dissertation grants will provide $2,500 to students for research expenses related to developing a dissertation in economic history, including travel to libraries and archives, data entry, and other non-income expenses related to performing the research.
Students must be members of the EHA to qualify, and the recipients of the fellowship and grants will be chosen by the EHA's Committee on Research in Economic History from students who apply by January each year, commencing in 2016.


text:
Q: Swift - Alamofire - upload file from photolibrary I'm trying to implement an upload from my photo-library with Alamofire:
func imagePickerController(_ picker: UIImagePickerController, didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo info: [String : Any]) {
    guard let image = info[UIImagePickerControllerOriginalImage] as? UIImage else {
        return
    }

    let documentDirectory: NSString = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(.documentDirectory, .userDomainMask, true).first! as NSString

    let imageName = "temp"
    let imagePath = documentDirectory.appendingPathComponent(imageName)

    if let data = UIImageJPEGRepresentation(image, 80) {
        do {
            try data.write(to: URL(fileURLWithPath: imagePath), options: .atomic)
        } catch let error {
            print(error)
        }
    }

    Alamofire.upload(.POST, "\(self.app_url)/user/upload", multipartFormData: { formData in
        let filePath = NSURL(fileURLWithPath: image)
        formData.appendBodyPart(fileURL: filePath, name: "upload")
        formData.appendBodyPart(data: "Alamofire".dataUsingEncoding(NSUTF8StringEncoding, allowLossyConversion: false)!, name: "test")
    }, encodingCompletion: { encodingResult in
        switch encodingResult {
        case .Success:
            print("SUCCESS")
        case .Failure(let error):
            print(error)
        }
    })

    self.dismiss(animated: true, completion: nil)
}

And it prints:
Ambiguous reference to member 'upload(_:to:method:headers:)'

Can anybody explain me how to resolve this issue?
Thanks and Greetings!

A: In Swift 3 and Alamofire 4
Here is the Full Implementation of how to upload using Alamofire

*

*Add the Following to your ViewController Class:
UIImagePickerControllerDelegate and UINavigationControllerDelegate

*Create A Button:
First Create a button and implement the Following method in it for picker view
@IBAction func btnSelectProfileImageClicked(_ sender: Any) {

    let ImagePicker = UIImagePickerController()
    ImagePicker.delegate = self
    ImagePicker.sourceType = UIImagePickerControllerSourceType.photoLibrary

    self.present(ImagePicker, animated: true, completion: nil)

}

*Then Implement the following UIPicker Methods:
func imagePickerController( _ picker: UIImagePickerController,didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo info:[String : Any] )
{Imgprofile.image = info[UIImagePickerControllerOriginalImage] as? UIImage
self.dismiss(animated: true, completion: nil)}

*Make Another Button Which Passes the data to URL using Alamofire and Give an @IBAction outlet to it to it :
Enter Following Data to it
 @IBAction func btnUpdateProfileSelected(_ sender: Any) {

    Alamofire.upload(multipartFormData: { (multipartFormData) in
        multipartFormData.append(UIImageJPEGRepresentation(self.Imgprofile.image!, 1)!, withName: "Prescription", fileName: "Profile_Image.jpeg", mimeType: "image/jpeg")
    }, to:" Your URL Here where You want to Upload")
    { (result) in
        switch result {
        case .success(let upload, _, _):
            print(result)

            upload.uploadProgress(closure: { (progress) in
                print(progress)
            })

            upload.responseJSON { response in
                //print response.result
                print(response);
            }

        case .failure(let encodingError):
            print(encodingError);
        }
    }
}

Thats all
Hope This helps

For Full sample code or any doubts please comment. I will provide you
the sample code for this. Which Includes the Fetching as well as
upload data using Alamofire.

Thanks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
(return and exchange address is different!)
Paul Valentine GmbH
Glücksteinallee 7
Email: hello@paul-valentine.com
B2B retail enquiries: b2b@paul-valentine.com
Managing Director: Paul Franzreb, Marlene Franzreb
Entry in the register court Mannheim
HRB No. 732583
VAT ID: DE322085189
Contact: +44 808 164 1009
Paul Valentine GmbH takes your orders on base of our terms and conditions. At the time of your order the existing conditions apply. We don't recognise conditions deviating from these rules, unless they are confirmed in writing.
Platform of the EU Commission for Online Dispute Resolution: https://www.ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr
Our page's content was created with greatest care. Nevertheless we can not take responsibility for the correctness, completeness and up-to-dateness of our content. As service providers we are responsible under §7 subsection 1 TMG for our own contents on these sites according to general laws. Pursuant to §§ 8 through 10 TMG however we are not responsible as service providers to monitor transferred or stored information or to research circumstances that suggest an illegal activity. Obligations for the removal or barring of the use of information in accordance with legal regulations remain unaffected. Any liability in this respect is, however, only incurred from the moment that knowledge of the specific breach of law is obtained. As soon as we become aware of corresponding infringement of law we shall remove this content immediately.
Our website contains links to external websites of third parties, over whose content we have no influence. Therefore, we cannot accept any liability for this third-party content. The relevant provider or operator of the pages remains responsible for the content of linked pages at all times. The linked pages were checked at the time the link was created for potential statutory violations. No illegal content could be identified at the time of generating the link. However, it is not reasonable to expect the content of the linked pages to be inspected on an ongoing basis without specific indicators of a violation of the law. We will remove relevant links immediately as soon as we become aware of violations of the law.
The contents and works on these websites prepared by the operator of the websites shall be subject to German copyright law. The reproduction, adaption, distribution, or any kind of exploitation outside the limits of copyright shall require the prior written permission of its respective author or creator. Copies and downloads are only allowed to be used in a private and non-commercial way. As far as the content of this page was not created by the publisher and/or operator of this website, the third party copyrights are respected. In particular will third-party contents be indicated as such. Should you still have reason to believe that a copyright violation has occurred despite the precautionary measures taken, we kindly request you to give us a hint. As soon as we become aware of a legal violation we will remove such contents immediately.
Last update: Jan 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


These Credit Unions have numerous branches in Metro St. Louis and surrounding counties and are full-service financial institutions. We encourage all union members, their families and friends, to utilize these Credit Unions for their financial need. For more information, go to their web sites by clicking below.


Experienced basketball coach with excellent basketball playing and coaching experience. Strong sportsmanship and managerial skills. In-depth knowledge of the sport and skills in teaching and mentoring. Analyze and execute game strategies. Assess player strengths and weaknesses to foster skill development. Excellent communication and interpersonal skills adaptable to any type of organization.
Improve the agility, speed, and sports-specific performance of team members by delivering systematic training programs.
Teach proper lifting techniques and motivate athletes as they work out, assessing performance during the program.
Contribute to reduction of injuries by designing regimens that strengthen body parts prone to injury.
Mentor and counsel student-athletes about life beyond the basketball court.
Recruited qualified student-athletes and coordinated on-campus prospect visits.
Conducted on the floor coaching in practice and game situations.
Demonstrated commitment to player development both in strength and skill.
Monitored student-athletes academic development and well-being.
Assisted with organizing and directing camps and clinics.
Ensured compliance with NCAA rules and regulations.
Coordinated and achieved the number one field goal defense in the nation and managed the second defense overall in the country.
Specialized in long range and three-point shooting.
Coached, engaged and motivated middle and high school athletes, improving basketball fundamentals.
Created and executed individualized practice regimens based on the strengths, weaknesses, and goals for the team.
Led View Park High School to Los Angeles City Title and California State finals.
Taught players the importance of conditioning to prevent injury, and the proper use of the weight room.
Coached semi-professional basketball team in the American Basketball Association.
Planned and organized practices to promote strategy and athletic development.
Taught basic and advanced skills during individual skill and practice sessions.
Developed comprehensive and strategic game plans.
Where can I find a Cal State Northridge Assistant Strength and Conditioning Coach resume example in Los Angeles, California ?
This is an actual resume example of a Assistant Strength and Conditioning Coach. LiveCareer's Resume Directory contains real resumes created by subscribers using LiveCareer's Resume Builder.


If you are a proud wearer of a dental crown, you know the value it holds for your healthy smile. When you were first fitted for your dental crown, you know that it is designed to last a very long time. But what should you do if the unforeseen happens and the crown falls out?
If your crown seems loose, breaks off or falls out, you will want to call our dental office as quickly as possible to find the best course of action. We will recommend treatment or replacement of the crown depending on the cause of the crown failure.
What should you do if your crown falls out? Don't try to clean or brush the exposed abutment or the crown. Inspect the abutment in the mirror to see what is going on. If the cement failed the crown, you will notice a dull metal or small nub of tooth standing out from your gums. Check your crown to see if it is hollow. Should this happen, your dentist will clean the crown and abutment and cement your crown back to where it was.
Another cause might be gum disease. If gum disease forces your gums to recede, bacteria can infiltrate the edge of the root where the abutment meets the crown. The bacteria can also attach to the abutment, weakening it, and can also infect the pulp and root of your tooth. If this happens you will be able to see a fracture in the abutment at or near the gum line. You will also see part of it inside the crown. If this is the case you may require a root canal to place the tooth structure.
If your crown does unexpectedly fall out, keep calm and contact your dentist as soon as possible. We will help you to remedy the situation as conveniently and quickly as we can. We are here to keep you smiling for many years to come! 810.653.4100.


Hosetract DC motor driven hose reels eliminate the chore of winding in your high pressure hose by hand. And they ARE AWESOME!!!
Please note: These units are scheduled for production at the time of order. Production time is currently 14-21 days.


can't stream video - is it path problem?
get server stream recording status?
Streaming Server, Interactive Server, Development Server- can I get some clarification please?
FMS is it working on my server ?
Installing Apache after the initial install?
Can FMS coexist on a Windows IIS webserver?
MP3 - getStreamLength - using a virtual path help needed!
Normalize Audio levels on record???
FMIS on Linux without root access?
Can FMS coexist with an IIS web server?
FMS' system requirements seem high. Why?
Would ATI new 48xx Avivo works for FME2.x?
How do i get FMS to listen on port 80?
Is FMS 3.5 can provide 2 service (VOD & Live ) ?
Access Admin Panel Outside Server?
Where could i find tutorials on making a Flash MediaServer?
I've done SSAS,Disable RTMP, swf verification hashtimeout..
Flash: Video-- Flvplayback--using SWF file indreamweaver.
Spurious characters in FMS responses?
How many concurrent users on a FMS?
Any ways to maximize throughtput for video delivery?
Tivo-like live stream handling possible?
Serve 500 users per minute?
Can Fash Media Server stream live IP video?
Can I insert an extra audio stream into the live stream?
Advise me the Adobe software that I need, please?
Is Flash CS4 incompatible with FMS3?
Remote shared object directory under applicationdirectory.
Flash Media Encoder with multiple cameras?
Check if a stream is live via PHP?
Flash Media server for dummies, help on basic setup!
how to get camera from DVR Card?
Live Stream status - is it ever "stopped"
is it possible to show live and vod in one stream?
Stream video to MANY clients?
Is FMS right for my needs?
flash media interactive server with redhatenterprise linux ?
flash media interactive server with redhat enterpriselinux ?
How do I increase size of trace output?
Why so big the delay in FMS3?


This one is almost repeating myself from Facebook. Just to have it here and to show nice shots the people who don't use FB.
When you are willing to move you get rewarded as they taught me and they were right.
I came to Europe for 8 days and there were 7 flying ones out of them! The best week for the whole season, of course the thermaling window is rather short at this time of the year but the flying is not less scenic. Gerolf and I passed by Tolmin and Lijak, flying there with Matjaz. Then we went to Lienz to get a great flight into a bit higher area there and to slope land to get the car down since nobody would drive it for us. So now we know this option around Greifenburg when you want to utilize the conditions and to get to for instance Grossglockner quicker, or when you want to get your car down 🙂 Though with certain wind you also can slope land Emberger Alm.
The fourth spot was Dolomites. For me it was the first time there. Speechless about the beauty of this place.
Pointless to express how breathtaking it is to fly through this cleft between Grohmannspitze and Langkofel!
The last flight was from Speikboden in Ahrntal, Gerolf managed to jump over 3200 m Main Chain with cloudbase around 2900 and the wind from the other side of the chain… Well, I didn't manage 🙂 Though also got some interesting flying along the wall, snow and bits of glaciers.
Next PostPassing by Kremlin on V10 Epic Sport surf ski!
That´s mega super awesome!! I too have gotten to fly the Dolomites last year and it was the most memorable flying scenery ever, though your pics put me to shame!! Well done!!


Don't just give. Solve. Today and forever.
The Next President Is A New Yorker. What Should They Focus On?
Amid the conflict and chaos of this election campaign, one thing is certain: The next president will be a New Yorker. His or her perspective will shape policies affecting the well-being of all Americans, while drawing on lessons learned in our city.
Here we are at the end of a seemingly endless campaign that mostly ignored the issues Americans care about.
The debates and media coverage have largely ignored pressing challenges ranging from hunger and homelessness to public education and climate change. As the leader of New York's community foundation, the New York Community Trust, I urge the new president to pay attention to these key issues, and so many more: Job training; better medical services for the poor; antiquated mass transit; you get the picture.
Problem: We need to prepare young people with disabilities to graduate high school, figure out college or job options, and be independent.
Disabled New Yorkers are less likely to become and stay employed than their peers, in part due to a lack of adequate preparation. Only 17.5 percent of disabled people were employed last year, compared to 65 percent of people without disabilities. Under-employing people who could otherwise viably support themselves doesn't just hurt them—it hurts our whole economy.
Solution: The next president must help improve special education and training to prepare students for the workforce. The New York City public school system is responsible for more than 175,000 students with disabilities. Many—especially low-income kids—are not getting the support they need to enter the workforce.
Plenty of successful organizations are trying to solve this issue, and the New Yorker in Chief can look to them for guidance. For example, IncludeNYC teaches disabled middle-schoolers not only how to identify services they need, but to speak up. A disabled student's ability to self-advocate is a great predictor of finishing school, getting a job, and living independently.
Problem: In New York State, 6 out of 10 deaths are due to chronic and preventable conditions, such as heart disease and Type 2 Diabetes.
Solution: We will treat these diseases, of course. But, the next president can win over bipartisan support by emphasizing prevention. How we live matters. That means supporting better food, active lifestyles, and healthier environments. By helping people afford and eat local produce and helping them lead healthier lives, we can have tremendous impact on both public health and the economy. With an investment of just $10 per person per year, the nation can save $16 billion in medical costs within five years.
Hundreds of New York nonprofits are already leading the way to close the gap between citizens and real food; Green City Force and City Harvest support urban farms and set up mobile produce markets and nutrition workshops at schools. Their efforts can be replicated in cities across the nation.
Problem: Low-income communities need affordable, efficient energy designed for the future.
Solution: Bring more renewable energy and energy efficiency projects to lower-income neighborhoods, where the average family spends 17 percent of its income on home energy expenses, compared to the national average of 4 percent.
We can provide needed relief for working-class Americans and an aging energy grid that struggles to keep up with urban growth. Upfront costs of retrofitting our housing stock can be more than offset over several years by energy savings, while we reduce emissions in communities with high asthma rates. For example, "community net metering" allows multiple customers to get their power from local renewable energy installations, and save money on utility bills—leaving more money for food, medical bills, and rent. The Revitalize Coalition features groups from Buffalo to Brooklyn working together to help low-income residents make the most of New York's clean energy investments.
To meet these challenges, we need to make bold investments and seek lessons from innovative groups. We all can push the next president—the first from New York since Franklin Roosevelt—to recognize that our city can be a model for solving America's challenges.
Lorie A. Slutsky is president of the New York Community Trust, the community foundation for New York City, Long Island, and Westchester counties.


text:
Audrey Helene Woods
Recommend Audrey's obituary to your friends
Plant A Tree for Audrey Woods
Obituary of Audrey Helene Woods
With great sadness the family announces the peaceful passing of Audrey Woods on October 30, 2020 in her 100th year. She was the loving mother to Barbara (Robert Parker), Donna (Larry Roy) and Ken (Heather). Grandmother to Jamie Roy (Sarah), Charlene, Ken Jr. (Jessica), Kyle (Ainsley) and Katrina (John Monson) Woods. Great grandmother to Bella and Sean Roy, Audrey and Nathan Woods and Parker Woods. Also survived by her sister Ruth Powers (Ken-deceased) and her many nieces and nephews. Predeceased by her husband Donald (April 1986) and her parents Ernest and Grace Smith. Audrey was born August 12, 1921 on Brady Sideroad, south of Dorchester. She attended public school in Mossley, high school in Dorchester and then Wells Academy in London. She was employed at Empire Brass (EMCO) until her marriage. She met her future husband, Donald Woods, at a dance at Wonderland Gardens. They married October 17, 1945 at the United Church manse in Dorchester and settled on the Woods family farm north of Dorchester. They moved to the village in 1983 and she lived there the rest of her life. She attended Dorchester Presbyterian Church for many years and belonged to the Ladies' Aid. She was always ready to lend a hand whether it was helping at bazaars, making meat pies or riding on the church floats in parades. Always active all her life, the children and grandchildren have great memories. Over the years, she could be found singing and chording on the piano, skating, tobogganing, riding a bike or ATV. She also rode a pony on her 80th birthday and played croquet on her 97th birthday. She was a great fan of the London Knights, the Maple Leafs and Blue Jays barely missing a game on TV. The family wish to thank everyone involved in her care during the last few days at Alexandra Hospital in Ingersoll. They were dedicated, thoughtful and kind. According to Audrey's wishes, there will be no visitation or funeral home service. A private family burial will take place. If desired, donations to the Alexandra Hospital Foundation, 29 Noxon Street, Ingersoll, ON N5C 1B8 or to VON - Dorchester, 2066 Dorchester Road, Dorchester, ON N0L 1G2 would be appreciated. Online condolences may be made at www.biemanfuneralhome.com (Bieman Funeral Home, 3970 Hamilton Road, Dorchester, ON N0L 1G2 - (519)-268-7672 - in charge of arrangements)
To plant a tree in memory of Audrey Woods, please visit Tribute Store
Private Family Burial Service
According to Audrey's wishes, there will be no visitation of funeral home service.


As we celebrate the work of China's most popular film director, here's the lowdown on his five key steps to the top.
Buy Feng Xiaogang's Back to 1942 now on BFI DVD and Blu-ray.
This award-winning comedy drama is the story of a TV talkshow host, Yan (You Ge), whose life is turned upside down after his marital infidelity is traced via his mobile phone. It's a look at how lies and affairs are magnified in the new technological world, with the mobile phone becoming the catalyst of the character's undoing, as well as the symbol of all the pressures that Yan experiences in life.
Though Cell Phone is a comedy full of hilarious moments, it also probes into the deepest and darkest parts of the human heart. Despite all the laughter (and many of the lines are often quoted in China), many people find its message terrifying and it has provoked wide debate about the mistrust engendered by technology.
What's special about it? Poking fun at men's embarrassing secrets, this film took Chinese satire to a new level.
Moving from China's 1948 civil war to the Korean War and beyond, this is the most moving Chinese war film to date. There are no heroes, only victims. For the first time, the cruelty and absurdity of war is truly reflected in a Chinese film. Before this film Feng was known for his genius in provoking laughter from the audience; after this film, he has become recognised for his ability to provoke tears.
What's special about it? Gritty, raw and emotional, this is China's answer to Saving Private Ryan (1998).
Matchmaking is a new social phenomenon in 21st century China. It has become an integral and essential part of the life of Chinese singletons. Hence Feng made a film to satirise it, but he still made a genuinely romantic, wonderfully observed film. Starring Ge You, who features in all of Feng's comedies, If You Are the One sustains the laugher from beginning to end. It's perfect viewing for Chinese New Year or Valentine's Day, because the story is all about how to overcome the fear of letting yourself fall in love.
What's special about it? A typical Feng comedy, this overtook Titanic (1997) to become the all-time biggest film at the Chinese box office.
When Feng announced that he was going to make a film about the earthquake that shook China in 1976, claiming 243,000 lives, no one was impressed with prospect of a comedy director handling this serious topic. But Feng handles the subject with complete sensitivity and, against all the odds, made it the highest grossing film of the year in China. This is not a disaster film, but the story of a family whose lives are shaken by the disaster.
What's special about it? The terrific performance by Xu Fan, Feng's wife, who starred in many of his comedy films.
In 1942, severe drought and a plague of locusts savaged Henan province, China, where three million people died of starvation. Feng's film quotes these words from its source novel by Liu Zhenyun: "At the same time something else happened. The wife of the Chinese president visited the United States to rally the senators for their support against the Japanese invasion; Gandhi of India started his hunger strike; the battle of Stalingrad killed hundreds of thousands; Churchill caught a cold." Against such a backdrop, the natural disaster seemed merely an inconvenience to people in high places, but it was the darkest moment in China's 3,500 years of history. Most Chinese people today are offspring of the survivors.
After an 18-year gestation period, Feng completed Back to 1942 to help ensure that this history is not forgotten. Marking another radical departure from the comedies that he's famous for, Feng's film is so brutally honest about China's suffering during this period that most Chinese people find it difficult to watch.
What's special about it? After his background in film comedies, Feng always wanted to make a film that would be his crowning achievement. This is it. Watch out also for supporting roles for Adrien Brody and Tim Robbins.
A selection of films from the most popular filmmaker in China.


Description: Alabama Public Television is seeking a full-time APT Assistant Broadcast Director to handle the operation and maintenance of technical facilities. APT operates 9 transmitter sites with 18 transmitters, over 2200 miles of two-way digital microwave and a satellite distribution network.
Responsibilities include but are not limited to: Overseeing technical broadcast equipment functions and day-to-day operations and maintenance of designated facilities throughout the state, maintenance and repair of broadcast equipment and automated control systems, examination & interpretation of technical data for installation, repair and/or modification of equipment, analysis & diagnosis of equipment problems and working toward appropriate timely resolutions, assist in writing equipment and service specifications for use in bidding process and serves as liaison for APT in consulting manufacturers regarding equipment problems and/or operating procedures.
Requirements: Qualifications include graduation from an accredited junior college or technical school with a two-year degree in Electronics, RF (Radio Frequency) Broadcasting, Telecommunications, or a related field. Three (3) years' experience in maintenance, operation and repair of broadcast equipment. Qualifying experience above the minimum may be substituted for the required education on a year-for-year basis. A valid Alabama Driver License is required.
This is a State of Alabama Merit System position. Class Code: 30651, Pay Grade: 77. Salary Range: ($46,867.20 - $71,172.00). To apply, use an Application for Examination form. Application forms can be obtained at the Office of State Personnel, an Alabama Employment Service office or by internet at http://www.personnel.alabama.gov.


text:
Q: Passing Razor MVC Form to Controller I have a table  in which each row has a jQuery datepicker in the last cell. Along with a submit button labeled 'Update'. The last cell also contains the Issue.ID in a hidden textbox. I am trying to retrieve these values in my controller but I get a System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException.
Here is part of my view:
@foreach (Issue issue in Model.IssueSet.IssueList)
        {

            @issue.Zone.ToString()
            @issue.Station.ToString()
            @issue.WhenOpened.Date.ToShortDateString()
            @issue.What.ToString()
            @issue.Why.ToString()
            @issue.How.ToString()
            @issue.Who.ToString()

            @using (Html.BeginForm()) {
                <fieldset>
                    <input type="text" style="width: 100px; display: none" value="@issue.ID" name="stringID"/>
                    <input class="datepicker" type='text' style="width: 100px" id="@issue.DateID" />
                    <input class="updateButtons" type="submit" value="Update" /></fieldset>
            }

        }

My controller for POST is as follows:
[HttpPost]
    public ActionResult Index(string stringID)
    {
        var ID = Request.Form[0].ToString();
        var date = Convert.ToDateTime(Request.Form[1]);

        string strSQL = "UPDATE bp_open_issues SET WhenFixed = '" + date + "' WHERE ID = '" + ID + "' ";
        SqlConnection con =
                new SqlConnection("Data Source=10.67.XX.XXX;Initial Catalog=XXX111; User Id=XXXXXX; Password=XXXXXX;");
        SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(strSQL, con);
        con.Open();
        cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
        TempData["msg"] = "";
        return Redirect("/");
    }


text:
Are you attending the Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo today? Don't miss out on the excellent panels sponsored by Reading with Pictures! Full schedule and descriptions: https://tinyurl.com/hm4kb7z3 #C2E2 #educomix #ReadingWithPix
Connie Elder
Connie Elder has spent 29 years working for the Carmi-White County School District in a variety of roles, During that same time, she has also been privileged to serve on governing boards and fundraising committees for various worthy causes with a special focus on literacy owing to her lengthy tenure as a middle school librarian.
Connie was a founding Board member of Friends of the Carmi Public Library, serving as President for 7 consecutive years and remaining an active member to this day. After serving several years on the Board of Directors of the Shawnee Library System (a large regional library system within the IL State Library), Connie was eventually elected President there as well. In that role, she was responsible for approving multi-million dollar budgets, maintaining physical assets, managing relationships with employees and union reps as well as overseeing the merger of the Shawnee system with two neighboring library systems. She also continues to serve as a judge for the annual "Illinois Letters for Literature" contest for the Illinois State Library.
Katharine Kan
Kat Kan has been reading comics for more than 50 years (she started VERY young!), and has been working with comics in libraries since 1983. She's worked in public libraries in Hawaii and Indiana, and currently works (from home in Florida) for Brodart Books & Library Services as the Collection Development Librarian/Graphic Novel Specialist and as a part-time school librarian for St. John Catholic School in Panama City, Florida. She has been writing the "Graphically Speaking" column for Voice of Youth Advocates since 1994, and she reviews children's graphic novels for Booklist, the review journal for the American Library Association. She's also the wife of a Lutheran pastor, mother of two comics-reading sons, and grandmother to a boy who is doomed to read comics.
Professor David Rapp
David N. Rapp is Professor at Northwestern University in the Learning Sciences in the School of Education and Social Policy, and in Cognitive Psychology in the Department of Psychology. His research focuses on the cognitive mechanisms underlying successful and unsuccessful learning. This work investigates the ways in which prior knowledge, unfolding text and spatial experiences, and learner goals interactively influence the processes and products of comprehension. Recent projects funded by the National Science Foundation and National Institute of Aging examine how visualizations can support STEM learning. He is associate editor at the Journal of Educational Psychology and Discourse Processes.
Chris Wilson is the Editor-in-Geek of The Graphic Classroom, a nationally eMINTS certified instructor, a K-6 computer science instructor and a national speaker on comics. He is certified to teach both early childhood (birth to grade 3) and elementary (grades 1-6).
Wilson's work in comics-in-education has been published in several literacy textbooks including: Teaching New Literacies in Grades K-3: Resources for 21st Century Students, Teaching New Literacies in Grades 4-6: Resources for 21st Century Students, as well as Rationales for Teaching Graphic Novels. Wilson also co-sponsors the Hall of Heroes comic book club at his school.
Wilson donned his RWP cape in December 2011 and is the Educator Liaison.
Jeff Barbanell, M.Ed.
Jeff Barbanell, M.Ed., CLU, CLTC, LUTCF brings his professional working advisory board, business, and academic experience to CAPE (Comics Association of Professionals and Educators) and RWP (Reading with Pictures). A regular presenter at New York Comic Con, WonderCon and San Diego Comic-Con International, he continues to refine his work on "Comics as a Transitional Medium to Teach English Language Learners" to develop a range of lesson plans addressing content areas that integrate sequential art. Jeff also contributed "Shooter's Marvelesque" to Teenagers from the Future: Essays on the Legion of Super-Heroes published by Sequart Literacy & Research Organization. In pursuit of his Masters for Arizona State University, Jeff was embedded with 2nd – 8th grade students and student teachers in Osborn and Scottsdale school districts where he demonstrated the value of comics in the field. James Barbanell (a well-respected sports writer for Newsday) told Jeff he received comps from Marvel & DC from his friend, Al Plastino, which were passed on to Jeff, sparking this life-long interest.
David Culter
David Cutler attended Brandeis University, where he went on to earn a masters in history. He taught history and journalism for six years at Palmer Trinity School in Miami, Florida, before returning to teach at his alma mater. David also serves as a Teacher of the Future for the National Association of Independent Schools, as well as writes education stories for The Atlantic and Edutopia. David is also passionate about promoting the use of comics in the classroom to enhance learning. He blogs at spinedu.com.
Kerry Freedman
Kerry Freedman is Professor of Art and Education at Northern Illinois University and Coordinator of Doctoral Programs in Art Education. She is past Head of the Art + Design Education Division. Professor Freedman's research focuses on questions concerning the relationship of curriculum to art, culture, and technology. Recently, she has particularly focused on inquiries into student engagement with visual culture, creativity, and community.
Dr. Freedman is author of the book Teaching Visual Culture. She co-authored the books Postmodern Art Education: An Approach to Curriculum and Transforming Computer Technology. She edited the book Looking Back and co-edited the book Curriculum, Culture, and Art Education, which is made up of cultural histories of art education from different countries. She has published over 100 articles and book chapters and her work has been translated into multiple languages. She has done over 200 national and international presentations and has been a Visiting Professor and Fulbright Scholar at several overseas universities.
Professor Freedman has provided significant leadership through various service roles. She is a past Senior Editor of Studies in Art Education, the research journal of the US National Art Education Association and a World Councilor of the International Society for Education through Art, a UNESCO affiliate. Dr. Freedman has won numerous grants and awards. She is a past National Higher Art Educator of the Year and won the Australian Leon Jackman Award for distinguished research in art education. Dr. Freedman is also honored to be a Distinguished Fellow of the National Art Education Association, and in 2012, won the Manual Barkan Memorial Award for excellence in publication. In 2014, she was named Higher Educator of the Year by the Illinois Art Education Association.


A breach between Earth and the netherworlds has opened up over the city of New York, trapping New Yorkers and creatures from other dimensions in an impenetrable bubble. They've lived together for years, in a world of crazy crime sci-fi sensibilities. Now someone is threatening to sever the bubble, and a group of stylish super-humans is working to keep it from happening.


text:
Olympic Skater Blames Positive Drug Test on Heart Medication Mix-Up
Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva said her positive drug test was caused by a mix-up with her grandfather's heart medication, according to Reuters.
Denis Oswald, the permanent chair of the International Olympic Committee's disciplinary commission, said Valieva discussed the mix-up at a Court of Arbitration for Sport hearing, which was convened to determine whether she should be allowed to continue competition.
"Her argument was this contamination happened with a product her grandfather was taking," Oswald told reporters.
Valieva, a 15-year-old skater for the Russian Olympic Committee, was cleared to compete in the women's single event after a panel of three judges agreed with the Russian anti-doping agency's decision to lift a ban on her.
However, the court didn't address the merits of the drug case, Reuters reported. The Russian anti-doping agency, known as RUSADA, will hold a hearing after the Winter Games end.
Valieva was tested at her national championship on Dec. 25. The positive result for the banned angina drug trimetazidine wasn't revealed until Feb. 8, after she had already competed at the Beijing Games in the team event.
Valieva's sample included two other substances that are sometimes used to help the heart but aren't on the banned list, according to The New York Times. The two substances — hypoxen and L-carnitine — also were listed on her doping control form.
The discovery of several similar substances in an elite athlete, especially one so young, has been cited as unusual, the newspaper reported.
"It's a trifecta of substances — two of which are allowed, and one that is not allowed," Travis Tygart, the chief executive of the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, told the newspaper.
The benefits of that combination "seem to be aimed at increasing endurance, reducing fatigue and promoting greater efficiency," he said.
The World Anti-Doping Agency has questioned why RUSADA didn't respond to the positive result sooner, Reuters reported.
Oswald also said that Valieva's "B" sample hadn't yet been analyzed, Reuters reported. Under anti-doping rules, an athlete's urine is tested twice. If the "A" sample is positive, the testing lab must inform the responsible authority, such as RUSADA in this case.
The athlete can then waive the right to have a "B" sample taken but concede to the drug charge. Otherwise, disciplinary procedures can't start until both the "A" and "B" samples are tested.
RUSADA also hasn't responded to inquiries about why Valieva's "B" sample hasn't been tested, Reuters reported.
Prev Summer Survival Tips | Mark's Daily Apple
Next Fresh Versus Frozen Food: Which Is More Nutritious?


Double Dragon – A proper version of a classic game coming to the C64!
PREVIOUS POST Previous post: Let's Play Shining in the Darkness, Part 30 of 47: Dark Sol Revealed!
NEXT POST Next post: Amiga Power: The Album With Attitude – A tune banging retro remix Kickstarter launching this Friday!


All of your information is protected by a GeoTrust SSL with 256-bit encryption (same as online banks), 2048-bit root authentication, and business identification.
I also use SITELOCK, which makes sure your browser is secure (and everyone else's).
We take your privacy very seriously. Click here to view our full policy.


Call us right now at 1-844-285-0094 to work with the top rated Reverse Mortgage Lenders in Oceano California. The top reverse mortgage lenders in California. If you're interested in learning additional information in regards to reverse mortgage brokers or need assistance in getting one in Oceano California, contact us right now so you can receive a No Cost No Obligation Instructional Guide. Look, we take pride in serving our clients with top of the line. Call us today! Check out what Bill Medley from the Righteous Brothers has said about reverse mortgage loans. Our licensed specialists are reverse mortgage experts, and they're with you throughout the whole €" from start to finish. Over the last few years, reverse mortgages have been given a bad rep due to false information being spread around about the risks involved. But if done the correct way, reverse mortgages are able to help with financial boundaries from homeowners who want only to be able to stay in their home. When reverse mortgage loans were created, they assisted to let a widow the ability to stay in her home, even though her husband had passed on. As reverse mortgages continue to evolve with the changing of the markets, what they are used for stays the same; to give senior citizens the ability to reach financial freedom during their retirement years. Federally insured, hundreds of thousands of seniors have taken advantage of reverse mortgages. Over the years, a lot of the same questions seem to pop up. We've taken the liberty of answering these questions in a convenient location. If you still have questions after reading this, or if you wish to speak with an specialist, call us today 1-844-285-0094. For decades, reverse mortgage loans have been helping homeowners like you to remain in their own home while allowing them to pay unexpected expenses, such as medical bills or renovations. Making the equity in your house to work for you is what we do best. Give us a call today and see how your home can work for you. Our reverse mortgage specialists are standing by to answer any questions you may have and decide if a reverse mortgage is right for you. We would love to make you our next satisfied client.
A reverse mortgage is a loan that can help you to access a portion of the equity to get tax-free cash and not make monthly loan payments. Unless you decide to voluntarily make the payments to the outstanding balance, no payment is required until the last surviving homeowner leaves permanently, passes away, or decides to sell the house.
Since 1989 the HECM – (Home Equity Conversion Mortgage) has been insured by the federal government through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), a division of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Since its creation, the reverse mortgage program has helped countless homeowners in similar situations as you to safely gain access to the equity in their home to better enjoy your retirement years.
The borrower isn't required to pay back the loan amount until the house is sold or vacated. As long as the borrower remains in the home he or she is not required to make any monthly payments towards the loan balance. The borrower must remain current on property taxes, homeowners insurance and homeowners association dues (if applicable).
Call us at 1-844-285-0094 to get information on a loan with the top Reverse Mortgage Lenders in Oceano California. The top reverse mortgage lender company in California. If you are in need of receiving more information about reverse mortgage lenders or need assistance in getting a loan in Oceano California, contact us to get a No Cost No Obligation Instructional Guide. Listen, we pride ourselves in offering our clients with the best quality service. Contact us today! Check out what Bill Medley from the Righteous Brothers has said about reverse mortgages. Our licensed specialists are reverse mortgage experts, and they're with you throughout the whole €" from start to finish. Over the last few years, reverse mortgages have been given a bad rep due to false info being spread around about the risks involved. But if done the correct way, reverse mortgages are able to clear away financial burdens off of homeowners who want only to be able to stay in their home. When reverse mortgage loans were first created, they helped to let a widow the choice to stay in her home, even though her husband had passed away. As reverse mortgage loans evolve with the changing of the markets, what they are used for stays the same; to allow senior citizens the ability to see financial freedom during their retirement years. Federally insured, hundreds of thousands of seniors have taken advantage of reverse mortgage loans. Over the years, many of the same questions seem to pop up. We've answered these questions in one convenient location. If you still have questions after reading this info, or if you wish to speak with an specialist, give us a call 1-844-285-0094. For years, reverse mortgages have been helping homeowners like you to remain in their home while allowing them to pay unexpected expenses, such as medical bills or renovations. Putting the equity in your home to work for you is what we do best. Give us a call today and see how your home can work for you. Our reverse mortgage lenders are standing by to answer any questions you have and decide if a reverse mortgage is right for your situation. We would love to make you our next satisfied client.
A reverse mortgage is a loan that will allow you to access a portion of your equity to receive tax-free cash without having to make monthly loan payments. Unless you decide to voluntarily make the payments to the remaining balance, no payment is required until the last surviving homeowner leaves permanently, passes away, or decides to sell the home.
Since 1989 the HECM – (Home Equity Conversion Mortgage) has been insured by the federal government through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), a division of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Since its creation, the reverse mortgage program has helped thousands of homeowners just like you to safely gain access to the equity in their home to better live out your retirement years.


Label: solid color runner rugs. octagon solid color rugs. ilve range reviews. oval solid color rugs. corner makeup table. 8x10 solid color rugs. glass base lamps. solid color rugs with border.
Label: modern wall sconces for dining room. modern wall sconces living room. beverage dispenser with ice chamber. modern wall sconces. 36 inch bar stool. modern wall sconces for bathrooms. junior loft beds. industrial modern wall sconces.
Label: overmount double farmhouse sink. overmount stainless farmhouse sink. home sauna kits. overmount farmhouse sinks. king white duvet cover. farmhouse sink overmount. kitchen cabinet island. over mount farmhouse sink.
Label: thick glass top writing desk. bedeau paris glass top writing desk. mid century modern dining tables. compact glass top writing desks. unique bath mats. glass top writing desk. undermount keyboard tray. writing desk with glass top.
Label: red microfiber sofa. red microfiber reclining sofa & loveseat. rustic table runner. red microfiber sectional sofa. wood tool boxes. red microfiber sofa set. small soaking tub. red microfiber sofa bed.
Label: modern led chandeliers uk. modern led chandelier light fixtures. wooden drapery rods. modern led chandelier flying fish wireing. 3 piece sofa set. modern led chandeliers. blinds for large windows. best looking modern led chandeliers.
Label: all clad butter warmer with pour spout. all clad butter warmer lid. grey leather sectional sofa. all clad .5 butter warmer. console tables furniture. all clad stainless steel butter warmer. craftsman exterior door. all clad d5 butter warmer.


text:
New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan (ISBN 978-0804744621) es un libro académico editado por Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, James A. Hirabayashi, y Akemi Kikumura-Yano, y publicado por la editorial Stanford University Press en el 2002. El volumen —editado por tres antropologistas japoneses americanos— fue producido por el Proyecto Internacional de Investigación del Museo Nacional Japonés Americano.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Efird, Robert (Seattle University). "New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan" (book review). Pacific Affairs, ISSN 0030-851X, 10/2004, Volume 77, Issue 3, pp. 585 - 587. Available at Gale Group Academic OneFile, GALE|A128977571.
 Hirabayashi, Lane Ryo, Akemi Kikumura-Yano, and James A. Hirabayashi. New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan. Stanford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0804744629, 9780804744621. -- Book's chapter list cited to put information on the content in the proper order
 Igarashi, Yoshikuni (Vanderbilt University). "New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan" (review). Journal of Asian American Studies, ISSN 1097-2129, 07/2004, Volume 6, Issue 3, pp. 326 - 329. - DOI 10.1353/jaas.2004.0018
 Masterson, Daniel M. (U.S. Naval Academy). "New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America to Japan" (book review). American Anthropologist, ISSN 0002-7294, 09/2005, Volume 107, Issue 3, pp. 530 - 531. - DOI 10.1525/aa.2005.107.3.530.2
 Moya, Jose C. (University of California, Los Angeles). "New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan" (book review). The Hispanic American Historical Review, ISSN 0018-2168, 05/2004, Volume 84, Issue 2, pp. 388 - 390. - DOI 10.1215/00182168-84-2-388
 Takenaka, Ayumi (University of Oxford). "New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and From Latin America in Japan" (book review). Amerasia Journal, ISSN 0044-7471, 2002, Volume 28, Issue 2, p. 249.
 Yamanaka, Keiko (University of California-Berkeley). "New Worlds, New Lives: Globalization and People of Japanese Descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan" (book review). The Journal of Asian Studies, ISSN 0021-9118, 11/2004, Volume 63, Issue 4, pp. 1080 - 1082. - DOI 10.1017/S0021911804002487
 Yoshida, Yoko. "New worlds, new lives: globalization and people of Japanese descent in the Americas and from Latin America in Japan" (book review). Journal of International Migration and Integration, ISSN 1488-3473, 09/2003, Volume 4, Issue 3, p. 445-447.

Enlaces externos
 ''New Worlds, New Lives - Stanford University Press

Libros sobre Japón

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


UNITED NATIONS, March 28 -- The UN's Budget Committee was supposed to finish its work last Friday but did not, pushing its deadline back to today March 28. Now it's been delayed again.
Among with opposition to a US proposal that the audit of the Capital Master Plan cost overruns be conducted not by the UN Office of Internal Oversight Services but by an outside party, another major dispute is the issue of Secretary General Ban Ki-moon's so-called Change Plan.
This document, consisting of "proposals to the Secretary-General" prepared by the Change Management Team which had been led by India's Atul Khare but has now been taken over by Ban's senior adviser Kim Won-soo, has run into opposition by the Group of 77 and China.
The chairman of the Budget or Fifth Committee told Inner City Press on Tuesday night that "there is a fundamental disagreement on the vision. G-77 are saying in the letter of March 14 he already says he can do things under his 'own purview.' They are inclined to put a resolution saying you have to recognize the General Assembly is the oversight body, come up quickly with a proposal to the Fifth Committee."
According to a well placed G-77 source, Ban's Secretariat has been extremely cagey about which recommendations would require GA approval and which ones can be implemented 'within the authority of the SG.' While there is broad agreement by all parties that the document contains both types of recommendations, the G-77 is very concerned that the Secretariat is taking the broadest possible interpretation of the Secretary General's authority and is attempting to make important changes to the functioning of the Organization that will impact on intergovernmental mandates, without consulting Member States.
The members of the Western European and Other Group (WEOG) have been adamant in refusing to take up the Change Plan in the Fifth Committee, under the allegation that it is 'an internal document' – though these countries have never been shy about pushing through intergovernmental consideration of internal documents when it is in their interest to do so.
The G-77 has argued that as a number of the recommendations will impact on Fifth Committee mandates, as the Secretary-General has formally sent the document with a cover letter to all Member States, as the Secretariat has informed Member States that 50% of the recommendations will be 'fully implemented' by July, consideration by the Fifth Committee is not only appropriate, but urgent.
The G-77 has submitted language that does not seek to prejudge the recommendations, but to ensure that those which would require intergovernmental approval are brought to the consideration of the General Assembly.
The issue has reached an impasse; the atmosphere has been further poisoned by nitty gritty issues such as the facts that language that was proposed by the WEOG last year for Fifth Committee resolutions and subsequently rejected subsequently made their way into the Change Plan, as 'independent recommendations' by the Change Management Team.
At its root, Inner City Press views it as a separation of powers question, a question of principle that will go down to the wire -- or beyond. Watch this site.


text:
Wassing bezeichnet

 Wassing (Aham), einen Ort in der Gemeinde Aham, Landkreis Landshut

Wassing ist der Nachname von
 Åke Wassing (1919–1972), schwedischer Schriftsteller
 Hildegard Wassing († 1956), deutsches Mordopfer
 René Wassing, niederländischer Anthropologe


How much home can you reasonably afford? Use our "Free" home mortgage affordability calculator and find out today. Simply input your information into each of the sections provided. You can adjust your numbers and create as many "What If" scenarios as you like.


text:
7. 7. 15 by Elise Bailey
/Sci-Fi Visions
Half of Europe's Electricity Set to Be from Renewables by 2030
/ Sci-Fi Visions/ Energy
"Reaching the European Union 2030 energy and climate objectives means the share of renewables is likely to reach 50% of installed electricity capacity," says the consultation paper, due to be published on 15 July.
The EU has set itself a goal of cutting emissions 40% on 1990 levels by 2030, and an aspiration for a 27% share for renewables across Europe's full energy mix, which includes sectors such as transport, agriculture and buildings that do not necessarily rely on electricity. Around a quarter of Europe's electricity currently comes from renewable sources.
Oliver Joy, a spokesman for the European Wind Energy Association welcomed the draft text but noted the 27% goal for 2030 was non-binding, and some countries were looking likely to even miss an earlier goal, for 2020, that is binding.
These 'Superhuman' Supplements Are Designed to Boost Men's Energy, Immunity, and Focus
Gain Focus, Energy And Clarity Naturally With MindHoney
Could Humanity Ever Really Build a Dyson Sphere?
This New Quantum Computer Takes Advantage of a Loophole in Causality
New Report Outlines How 139 Countries Could Go 100% Green
More on Sci-Fi Visions
The Best Humidifiers of 2023
Human v. Giraffe
Chaotic Italian Fashion Line Baffles Facial Recognition Software
World's Third Richest Person Says He's Developed "Addiction" to ChatGPT
READ MORE STORIES ABOUT / Sci-Fi Visions


Plaques and awards are the types of token of appreciation any organization confers on the deserving employees. Out of all these three, plaques are the one that holds a lot of emotional value. These are actually beautifully carved plates with a special message related to appreciation for work embossed on it. Some plaques carry achievements or posts achieved all through the term of job or assignment; also, these can also be used for felicitating a player who has won multiple awards in a tournament. These are known as perpetual plaques.
Listed here are some of the specially designed plaques or custom plaques that speak louder than a mere trophy or award.
You can get the plaque designed to felicitate a person who has achieved something for the country. Mostly, it will carry an impression of the national flag on the top followed by the quote of appreciation. The appreciation may be related to services rendered for representing the country on a global platform, for serving on important posts in defense forces and so on.
One can get a globe design strategically included on the edge of the plaque to mark a global achievement. By bringing such simple nuances, the plaque can be differentiated from others and to make the person stand out among other achievers who were at different levels of achievements.
If a person has done outstanding work in the field of literature, the publishing company can recognize the writer's talent by presenting to the achiever a book shaped plaque. This can be further made more special by adding the name of the achiever above the message imprinted onto it. Similarly, the achievers in the corporate world mostly referred to as 'star employee of the month', 'star employee of the year', and so on can be presented a plaque with star forming a part of a design. It is up to the imagination of the plaque maker and availability of template that these customized plaques can have as many personalities as required by the buyers.
If you message is long, you can keep the design simple and have more space allotted for the appreciation quote in the plaque. It is possible to achieve in a circle or square plaque.
So, when achievements make big difference and your appreciating the efforts is not merely a formality, you can express your emotions better with a plaque that enables recognizing the efforts in touchier manner.


text:
Puerta de la Misericordia
Inscripción Peregrinos
Señala iniciativa
Jubileo
Bula de Indicción
Carta Apostólica Misericordia et misera
Subsidios Pastorales
Jubileo en el mundo
Señala la Puerta de la Misericordia
Calendario del Jubileo en el Mundo
Documentos útiles
Jubileo en Roma
Inscripción a los Grandes Eventos
Los Viernes de la Misericordia
Visado para peregrinos
Jubileo de la Misericordia - Home » Jubileo en el mundo » Puerta de la Misericordia
Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament
Archdiocese of Detroit
http://cathedral.aod.org/ Facebook Twitter
cathedral@aod.org +13138656300
In 1905, Bishop Foley authorized the construction of a new parish, named Most Blessed Sacrament.
The Norman Gothic design for the church building was drawn by architect Henry A. Walsh, of Cleveland, Ohio. Construction on the church building began in 1913 and was completed in 1915. However, the interior of the church would not be complete until 1930. The church was dedicated on Thanksgiving Day 1930 at a solemn Mass celebrated by Bishop Gallagher.
Detroit was elevated to an archdiocese in 1938 and on February 20, 1938, Most Blessed Sacrament Parish became the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament by decree of Pope Pius XI. The Vatican representative who came to Detroit to inspect the proposed cathedral on Woodward Avenue was Giovanni Battista Montini, later Blessed Pope Paul VI.
St. Pope John Paul II visited the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament on September 18, 1987.
Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire
Papau New Guinea
First Friday of every month: 9:00 AM - 11:00 PM
Sundays: 1:00 PM - 3:00 PM
By appointment for groups larger than 15.
Times of Liturgical Celebrations
Holy Mass: Sunday 9:00 AM; Monday - Saturday 8:00 AM
Hours for Confession
Saturday: 2:30 PM or by appointment
When arriving at the Cathedral, there will be a pilgrimage experience for everyone. There will be several stations for the pilgrim to meditate on, each preparing them to recieve & give Christ's Mercy. The pilgrim will enter the Holy Door & end their pilgrimage in front of the tabernacle. They will leave prayers for mercy & make a lifelong commitment of accepting/giving mercy in their own lives.
9844 Woodward Ave, Detroit, Estados Unidos de América
© Copyright - Pontificio Consejo para la Promoción de la Nueva Evangelización


Home Local News WATCH! KRIS AQUINO NAGULAT AT PINAGTANGGOL ANG PAMILYA LABAN SA DOKUMENTONG INILABAS NI FIDEL RAMOS.
WATCH! KRIS AQUINO NAGULAT AT PINAGTANGGOL ANG PAMILYA LABAN SA DOKUMENTONG INILABAS NI FIDEL RAMOS.
KRIS AQUINO NAGULAT AT PINAGTANGGOL ANG PAMILYA LABAN SA DOKUMENTONG INILABAS NI FIDEL RAMOS.


text:
Gore's Privileged Gun Class
Government employees aren't superior to the governed.
By Dave Kopel of the Independence Institute
National Review Online. 10/31/00 12:40 p.m. More by Kopel on the gun issue in the 2000 election.
EDITOR'S NOTE: Most, but not all, of this text is based on an article done by Dave Kopel for the September issue of Chronicles.
The Clinton/Gore White House Interdepartmental Working Group proposed a massive new plan to turn the right to bear arms into a government-granted privilege to own a limited selection of sporting guns, as I detailed in a previous NRO column. During the Democratic presidential primaries, Gore ran television commercials which flashed an article I wrote ("Gun Shows Under Attack") while Gore bragged about "standing up to the gun lobby." Yet now that gun owners in swing states are turning against Gore, his union allies are telling their rank-and-file that Gore is really and truly pro-gun.
But that all depends on what the meaning of "pro-gun" is. If "pro-gun" means respecting the fundamental human right to self-defense, Gore is an energetic opponent. Gore may claim that he won't confiscate hunting rifles, but he certainly does want to make it illegal for people who don't work for the government to protect themselves in public places.
Speaking in Atlanta this May, Al Gore joined the National Rifle Association and numerous police unions in supporting federal legislation to override state laws regulating the concealed carrying of handguns. Many states do not allow out-of-state, off-duty police officers to carry handguns. The vice president wants to force communities to allow non-resident, off-duty visitors, who happen to be police officers in their home state, to carry a concealed weapon.
In contrast, Gore's position paper on "Gun Violence" claims that "Al Gore will oppose efforts to loosen existing limits on concealed weapons." Presumably, this means that a future President Gore would sign Sen. Frank Lautenberg's bill to eliminate the laws in 31 states that allow law-abiding citizens to obtain permits to carry handguns for lawful protection, provided they pass a background check.
States would lose decision-making power under both proposals: Gore wants to stop states from allowing ordinary citizens to carry guns, and to compel states to allow non-resident, off-duty police officers to carry guns.
Gore's double standard prevails throughout the anti-gun movement. It's virtually impossible to find a gun-control law or proposal that doesn't have a police exemption. Gore and others claim that "assault weapons" are useful only for killing a lot of innocent people quickly, but the police can possess them. "Junk guns" are called unreliable and worthless for protection, but the police can use them. Gun locks and other technology mandates are not supposed to impede defensive gun use, but police guns are exempt.
One justification for all these exemptions is that the police have special obligations to protect society and are, therefore, entitled to possess superior force. But no one would suggest that police officers should be allowed to carry nerve gas, surface-to-air missiles, grenades, or mortars. Even if we assume that police officers are the only legitimate protectors of society, they should not necessarily be entitled to possess firearms which are forbidden to other citizens, especially those which are forbidden because they supposedly have no protective value.
Arguably, police officers, as defenders of law and order, are uniquely at risk and, hence, have a higher need for defensive weapons. Officers on street patrol in high-crime neighborhoods, for example, face substantially higher risks than most people do. Yet officers who process paper, direct traffic, and who do not routinely engage in dangerous missions or patrol violent neighborhoods are all allowed, under the proposals favored by anti-gun groups, to possess any weapon they want. These officers face no risk of attack greater than, and sometimes substantially less than, the risks faced by people whom Gore and anti-gun lobbyists would disarm, including the owners of gas stations or grocery stores in crime-ridden neighborhoods, women who are being threatened by ex-boyfriends, crime witnesses and jurors who are at risk of retaliation from violent criminals, and elderly people who have to walk through dangerous areas. A police sergeant who sits in a building where every entrance is protected by several heavily armed officers has much less personal risk of attack than a clerk who works the night shift at a convenience store on the wrong side of town.
Another argument for police exemption from gun-control laws is that officers are trained and disciplined and, therefore, less likely to abuse guns than regular citizens. It would be interesting to try that argument on people in the Rampart neighborhood of Los Angeles, or the many innocent people killed in no-knock drug raids, or the Branch Davidians, or the New York City family of the late Patrick Dorismond.
As reported in the Police Foundation's book Deadly Force: What We Know, one study of 1,500 incidents concluded that police use of deadly force was not justified in 40 percent of the cases and was questionable in another 20 percent.
Whenever a New York City police officer fires a gun (outside of a target range), police officials review the incident. About 20 percent of discharges are accidental, and another 10 percent are intentional violations of force policy. That means that only 70 percent of firearms discharges by New York City police are intentional and in compliance with force policy. In Philadelphia, accidents made up 27 percent of police firearms discharges; in Dade County, Florida, 31 percent were accidental.
According to research by criminologist Don Kates, when police shoot at criminals, they are 5.5 times more likely to hit an innocent person than are civilian shooters. This is partly because the police are more likely to intervene in situations where they do not know the parties, while defensive civilian shooters often know who the criminal is.
Not only are police misuses of firearms in the line of duty common, but their off-duty misuse of guns is disturbingly frequent. When an off-duty New York City policeman fires a gun, one time out of four the shooting will be an accident, a suicide, or an act of frustration.
Finally, police officers do not necessarily receive extensive training in the use of firearms. Some do, but many receive only a few dozen hours at the police academy and may only be required to recertify their ability to hit a target once every few years. A large number of gun-carrying officers have not practiced marksmanship since they received their firearms certification as a recruit.
The amount of training in defensive-gun use that police officers undergo rarely exceeds that which a civilian could learn at a good firearms-instruction academy. With the advent of inexpensive indoor laser-target systems and high-technology video trainers for "shoot-don't shoot" programs, and the proliferation of civilian firearms schools, citizens can be educated in defensive firearms use to at least the same level of competence as that required of police officers in many jurisdictions.
The real basis for the double standard of Gore and the anti-gun groups is neither logic nor sensible policy: It is the belief that government employees are superior to the governed and, hence, deserve special privileges. Yet the very purpose of the Second Amendment, as well as the rest of the Constitution, is to prevent the emergence of the privileged class that Gore wants to create.