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Public Health Microbiology
Inhibition of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation by Farnesol, a Quorum-Sensing Molecule
Gordon Ramage, Stephen P. Saville, Brian L. Wickes, José L. López-Ribot
Gordon Ramage
Stephen P. Saville
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
Brian L. Wickes
José L. López-Ribot
Department of MicrobiologyDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
For correspondence: ribot@uthscsa.edu
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5459-5463.2002
Farnesol is a quorum-sensing molecule that inhibits filamentation in Candida albicans. Both filamentation and quorum sensing are deemed to be important factors in C. albicans biofilm development. Here we examined the effect of farnesol on C. albicans biofilm formation. C. albicans adherent cell populations (after 0, 1, 2, and 4 h of adherence) and preformed biofilms (24 h) were treated with various concentrations of farnesol (0, 3, 30, and 300 μM) and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The extent and characteristics of biofilm formation were then assessed microscopically and with a semiquantitative colorimetric technique based on the use of 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide. The results indicated that the effect of farnesol was dependent on the concentration of this compound and the initial adherence time, and preincubation with 300 μM farnesol completely inhibited biofilm formation. Supernatant media recovered from mature biofilms inhibited the ability of planktonic C. albicans to form filaments, indicating that a morphogenetic autoregulatory compound is produced in situ in biofilms. Northern blot analysis of RNA extracted from cells in biofilms indicated that the levels of expression of HWP1, encoding a hypha-specific wall protein, were decreased in farnesol-treated biofilms compared to the levels in controls. Our results indicate that farnesol acts as a naturally occurring quorum-sensing molecule which inhibits biofilm formation, and we discuss its potential for further development and use as a novel therapeutic agent.
Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated human fungal pathogen (5). The most recent surveys have shown that Candida is the third or fourth most commonly isolated bloodstream pathogen in United States hospitals, having surpassed gram-negative rods in frequency (2, 13, 20, 21). Notably, yeasts (mainly C. albicans) are the third leading cause of catheter-related infections, and they have the second highest colonization to infection rate and the highest crude mortality rate overall (8, 22).
Structured microbial communities attached to surfaces, commonly referred to as biofilms, have increasingly been found to be sources of infection by C. albicans, especially in view of the vast number of biomaterials that are now being used in the medical industry. Biomaterials, such as stents, catheters, and orthopedic joints, for example, serve as excellent substrates for microbial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation (6, 10, 15). Biofilms are specific and organized communities of cells under the control of signaling molecules rather than random accumulations of cells resulting from cell division (9). Cell-cell signaling, particularly quorum sensing, has been the focus of much research over the past decade in the microbiological arena. It has been demonstrated that quorum-sensing molecules are essential for bacterial biofilm formation and that homoserine lactones act in a concentration-dependent manner; a threshold concentration triggers the formation of a biofilm (17, 27). Recently, it has been reported that a quorum-sensing molecule is produced by planktonic cultures of C. albicans (12). This molecule, farnesol, was shown to prevent the germination of yeast cells into mycelia, a phenomenon that may be pertinent to C. albicans biofilm formation.
C. albicans has the capacity to switch from a yeast morphology to a hyphal morphology, one of its major virulence determinants (16). The morphological transition from the yeast form to the mycelial form (dimorphic switching) is induced by many different environmental factors, such as mammalian serum, high temperatures (37°C), and neutral pH (3, 4, 14). Our group and others have demonstrated that the dimorphic transition from a yeast form to a hyphal form is a pivotal factor for C. albicans biofilm development (1; K. VandeWalle, G. Ramage, J. L. López-Ribot, and B. L. Wickes, Abstr. 101st Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., abstr F-50, p. 364, 2001).
Farnesol, which is associated with mycelial development, may be an important regulatory (quorum-sensing) molecule in C. albicans biofilm formation. Here we investigated the effects that farnesol has upon C. albicans biofilm formation in order to ascertain its importance to biofilms. This study provided potential insight into cell-cell signaling mechanisms that occur in C. albicans biofilms, and the results could also lead to novel therapeutic strategies to counter biofilm formation.
Organisms.C. albicans collection strains 3153A and SC5314 were used in this study and were stored on Sabouraud dextrose slopes (BBL, Cockeysville, Md.) at −70°C. These C. albicans strains were propagated in yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) medium (1% [wt/vol] yeast extract, 2% [wt/vol] peptone, 2% [wt/vol] dextrose [US Biological, Swampscott, Mass.]). Batches of medium (20 ml in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks) were inoculated with material from YPD agar plates containing freshly grown C. albicans and incubated overnight in an orbital shaker (200 rpm) at 30°C under aerobic conditions. Both C. albicans strains grew in the budding-yeast phase under these conditions. Cells were harvested and washed twice in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (10 mM phosphate buffer, 2.7 mM potassium chloride, 137 mM sodium chloride; pH 7.4) (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.). Cells were resuspended in RPMI 1640 supplemented with l-glutamine and buffered with morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS) (Angus Buffers and Chemicals, Niagara Falls, N.Y.) and adjusted to the desired density after counting with a hematocytometer (see below).
Effect of farnesol on adherent cells and subsequent biofilm formation on the surfaces of wells of microtiter plates.Farnesol (Sigma Chemical Co.) was obtained as a 3 M stock solution and then diluted to obtain a 30 mM working stock solution in 100% (vol/vol) methanol. Working concentrations of farnesol were prepared in RPMI 1640 by using the 30 mM stock solution. All experiments were performed in presterilized, polystyrene, flat-bottom, tissue culture-treated, 96-well microtiter plates (Corning Incorporated, Corning, N.Y.). Standardized cell suspensions (100-μl portions of suspensions containing 1.0 × 106 cells/ml in RPMI 1640) were seeded into selected wells of the microtiter plates and incubated for 0, 1, 2, and 4 h at 37°C. Following the initial incubation the medium was aspirated, and nonadherent cells were removed by thoroughly washing the preparations three times in sterile PBS. Farnesol (in RPMI 1640) was then added at different concentrations (0, 3, 30, and 300 μM) to the adherent cells. At zero time (preincubation), farnesol was also added to a standardized suspension before it was added to a microtiter plate. A semiquantitative measure of biofilm formation was calculated by using a 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) reduction assay, as previously described (25). Briefly, XTT (Sigma Chemical Co.) was prepared as a saturated solution at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml in Ringer's lactate. This solution was filter sterilized through a 0.22-μm-pore-size filter, divided into aliquots, and then stored at −70°C. Prior to each assay, an aliquot of the XTT stock solution was thawed, and menadione (10 mM prepared in acetone; Sigma Chemical Co.) was added to a final concentration of 1 μM. A 100-μl aliquot of XTT-menadione was then added to each prewashed biofilm and to control wells to measure background XTT levels. The plates were then incubated in the dark for 2 h at 37°C, and the colorimetric change at 490 nm (a reflection of the metabolic activity of the biofilm) was measured with a microtiter plate reader (Benchmark microplate reader; Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). Light microscopic examination of biofilms formed in microtiter plates was performed in parallel by using an inverted microscope and selected wells of microtiter plates.
Effect of farnesol on preformed biofilms on the surfaces of wells of microtiter plates.C. albicans biofilms were formed for 24 h at 37°C on the surfaces of microtiter plates by using the protocol described above. Following biofilm formation the medium was aspirated, and nonadherent cells were removed by washing the biofilms three times in sterile PBS. Residual PBS was removed by blotting with paper towels before addition of farnesol at different concentrations (0, 3, 30 and 300 μM) in RPMI 1640 to selected wells of the microtiter plates. The plates were then incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The effect of farnesol on preformed biofilms was then estimated by using the XTT reduction assay, as described above.
Effect of farnesol on planktonically grown cells.A range of farnesol concentrations (3, 30, and 300 μM) were added to standardized cellular suspensions of C. albicans (1 × 106 cells/ml in RPMI 1640), which were then incubated at 37°C overnight in an orbital incubator. Suitable farnesol-free controls were also included. Macroscopic appearance and microscopic appearance were monitored, and a quantitative assessment of cellular morphology was performed with a light microscope.
Effects of biofilm culture supernatants on planktonic growth morphology.Hornby et al. (12) demonstrated that planktonically grown C. albicans produced a quorum-sensing molecule, which could be isolated from the supernatant. Therefore, we designed an experiment to determine if culture supernatants from C. albicans biofilms also displayed this activity. Biofilms were formed on the surfaces of 75-cm2 tissue culture flasks. Briefly, C. albicans cells were washed and resuspended in RPMI 1640 at a density of 1.0 × 106 cells/ml. Cells were allowed to adhere for 1 h, after which the culture supernatant was decanted and fresh RPMI 1640 was added. Biofilms were then formed for selected time intervals (24, 48, 72, and 96 h). Following biofilm formation the supernatant fractions were decanted and filter sterilized with a 0.22-μm-pore-size filter. These biofilm supernatants were then diluted 1:1 with 2× RPMI 1640 and stored at 4°C until they were used. C. albicans SC5314 was then grown overnight in YPD, washed, and counted. A standardized suspension (1.0 × 106 cells/ml) was prepared in the stored supernatant medium. Planktonic cultures were then grown overnight at 37°C in an orbital shaker. A farnesol control (30 μM farnesol) and a negative control were included. Macroscopic evaluation and microscopic evaluation of the cell morphology were then performed.
SEM.For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), biofilm formation was initiated on sterile plastic coverslip discs (diameter, 15 mm; Nalge Nunc International) in 24-well cell culture plates (Corning Inc.) by dispensing a standardized cell suspension (2 ml of a suspension containing 1.0 × 106 cells/ml in RPMI 1640) onto appropriate discs at 37°C. Cells were pretreated with farnesol at various concentrations (0, 3, 30, and 300 μM) and incubated at 37°C, as described above. The discs were removed after 24 h and washed three times in sterile PBS. The biofilms were placed in fixative (4% [vol/vol] formaldehyde and 1% [vol/vol] glutaraldehyde in PBS) overnight. The samples were rinsed twice (3 min each) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer and then placed in 1% Zetterquist's osmium for 30 min. The samples were subsequently dehydrated in a series of ethanol washes (70% ethanol for 10 min, 95% ethanol for 10 min, 100% ethanol for 20 min), and then they were treated twice (5 min each) with hexamethyldisilizane (Polysciences Inc., Warrington, Pa.) and finally air dried in a desiccator. The specimens were then coated with 40% gold-60% palladium and observed with a scanning electron microscope (Leo 435 VP) in high-vacuum mode at 15 kV. The images were processed for display by using Photoshop software (Adobe, Mountain View, Calif.).
Extraction of RNA from farnesol-treated cells and Northern blot analysis.Biofilm RNA was obtained as described previously (23). Briefly, standardized C. albicans cells were prepared and added to 25-ml portions of RPMI 1640 in 75-cm2 vent cap tissue culture flasks at a density of 1.0 × 106 cells/ml. The flasks were incubated statically for 1 h to allow initial adherence of the cells, after which the medium was decanted and replaced with 50-ml portions of prewarmed (37°C) RPMI 1640 containing 30 μM farnesol. This farnesol concentration was chosen since it still had an effect on biofilm formation but allowed recovery of sufficient cellular mass for RNA extraction. The flasks were then gently rocked to promote biofilm formation at 37°C for 24 and 48 h. Farnesol-free controls were also included. The cells were washed in ice-cold sterile PBS in the flasks and then removed from the flask surfaces with a sterile scraper. The cells were pelleted and resuspended in TRI reagent (Molecular Research Centre Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio). The cells were then mechanically disrupted with 0.5-mm-diameter glass beads in a mini bead beater (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, Okla.). RNA was separated from other cellular debris with bromochloropropane and precipitated with isopropanol by following manufacturer's instructions. Equal quantities (approximately 5 μg) of total RNA, as determined by A260 measurement, were separated by electrophoresis and subsequently transferred to nylon membranes (Nytran; Schleicher & Schuell) by using a Turboblotter apparatus (Schleicher & Schuell). A probe for HWP1, a hypha-specific gene (29), was prepared by PCR and labeled by random priming (Random Primers DNA labeling system; Gibco-BRL), and hybridization was performed by using Rapid-Hyb buffer (Amersham Life Science Inc., Arlington Heights, Ill.) and the manufacturer's instructions. After hybridization, the blots were washed under high-stringency conditions and exposed to autoradiography film. For preparation of figures, digital images were processed with the Adobe Photoshop program.
Effect of farnesol on biofilm development and formation.Farnesol was used to treat adherent cell populations at 0, 1, 2, and 4 h to determine whether different concentrations (3, 30, and 300 μM) could adversely affect C. albicans biofilm formation (initial experiments showed that methanol did not have an effect on C. albicans cell viability at the concentrations used in these experiments, and the same was true for the different farnesol concentrations). The results of these experiments, as assessed by a colorimetric assay and microscopy, demonstrated that preincubation with the highest concentration of farnesol (300 μM) prevented successful germination of the adherent yeast cells, resulting in scant or nonexistent biofilms. When the concentration was decreased 10-fold and 100-fold, pseudohyphae (30 μM farnesol) and true hyphae (3 μM farnesol) were observed. This was reflected in the A490 values, which showed the lowest XTT readings at the highest farnesol concentration and progressively higher readings as the farnesol concentration was decreased (Fig. 1). The negative controls (biofilms formed in the absence of farnesol) for both C. albicans SC5314 and 3153A exhibited typical biofilm architecture, with biofilms composed of intertwining mycelial structures and a basal layer of blastospores. When the farnesol was decanted, the cells were washed twice with PBS, and fresh medium was added, reincubation of the cells at 37°C resulted in the formation of a typical biofilm (results not shown). As the initial adherence time increased, the effect of farnesol on subsequent biofilm development decreased, as indicated by smaller differences in XTT colorimetric readings (Fig. 1). Microscopic examination demonstrated that once hyphal formation had been initiated, it was not inhibited by the addition of farnesol, and the subsequent biofilm formation was generally unaffected. Interestingly, significantly lower XTT readings were obtained for farnesol with mature (24-h) biofilms (Fig. 1).
Effect of farnesol on C. albicans biofilm formation. Different farnesol concentrations (0, 3, 30, and 300 μm) were added to C. albicans cells at different times after attachment (0, 1, 2, and 4 h), and the cells were incubated under biofilm-growing conditions; farnesol was also added to preformed (24-h) biofilms, which were incubated for an additional 24 h. The extent of biofilm formation was estimated by the XTT reduction assay. The values are mean absorbance values and standard deviations for 10 independent biofilms. Statistically significant differences (as determined by Student's t test, compared to biofilms formed in the absence of farnesol) are indicated as follows: one asterisk, P < 0.01; two asterisks, P < 0.05. O.D.490nm, optical density at 490 nm.
SEM visualization of C. albicans biofilms formed in the presence of farnesol.Biofilm formation by C. albicans on plastic coverslips was monitored by SEM (Fig. 2). Pretreatment of C. albicans SC5314 with various farnesol concentrations showed that there was a dose-dependent effect on biofilm formation. Cells treated with farnesol at a concentration of 300 μM produced scant biofilms, which were composed predominantly of yeast cells and pseudohyphae. True hyhae were rarely observed, a factor which contributed to the poor biofilm architecture. As shown in Fig. 2, biofilms formed in the presence of 3 and 30 μM farnesol were more dense and composed of yeasts, pseudohyphae, and true hyphae. The farnesol-free control biofilm was composed mainly of true hyphae.
SEM showing the effects of different concentrations of farnesol on C. albicans biofilm formation. (A) Control (no farnesol); (B) 3 μM farnesol; (C) 30 μM farnesol; (D) 300 μM farnesol. Bar = 10 μm.
Effect of biofilm supernatants on the growth of planktonic cultures.Supernatants of biofilms grown for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were collected, filter sterilized, and refrigerated. Following 24 h of growth of C. albicans SC5314 in 1× RPMI 1640 with each of the supernatants, as well as a farnesol control (300 μM farnesol) and an RPMI 1640 control, cells were counted, and the numbers of yeast cells, pseudohyhae, and true hyphae were determined. The RPMI 1640 control contained more than 95% true hyphae, and the farnesol control contained more than 95% yeast cells and pseudohyphae. Cultures treated with biofilm supernatants from 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h cultures contained approximately 80, 83, 85, and 93% yeast cells and pseudohyphae, respectively. The value given here are based on microscopic evaluation of 20 fields on two separate occasions.
Northern blot analysis of farnesol-treated cells.The results of the Northern blot analysis of biofilms grown in the presence of farnesol are shown in Fig. 3. Sessile cells were treated with a subinhibitory concentration of farnesol (30 μM) and grown for 24 and 48 h. The RNA extracted from the cells was probed with an amplified fragment of HWP1, a gene encoding a hyphal wall protein. The results demonstrated that farnesol-treated cells expressed lower levels of HWP1 mRNA than cells grown in the absence of farnesol expressed, which correlated with the morphology (yeast or hyphal) exhibited by the cells. We also noted that the level of expression of HWP1 was lower in the 48-h biofilm than in the 24-h biofilm (Fig. 3, compare lanes 2).
Northern blots of total RNA obtained from farnesol-treated (30 μM) (lanes 2) and untreated (control) (lanes 1) C. albicans biofilms grown for 24 (A) or 48 h (B) and probed with HWP1, which encodes a hypha-specific wall protein. Hybridization was performed as described in Materials and Methods. The bottom panel shows the amounts of 18S rRNA used to standardize signal levels according to lane-loading parameters.
Biofilms possess unique developmental characteristics that are in stark contrast to the characteristics of free-floating planktonic cells, and biofilms are much more difficult to treat chemotherapeutically (24, 26, 30). Biofilms are highly organized communities of cells (7). Like the cells of a tissue that communicate via autocrine and paracrine stimulation, cells of microbial biofilms release chemical compounds that act in concert, reaching threshold densities that signal the initiation of coordinated cellular differentiation events (9, 17, 19, 28). In essence, biofilms may represent the foundation of multicellular life. Understanding the way in which these complex structures form should provide insights into biofilm prevention strategies.
It was recently reported by Hornby et al. (12) that an extracellular compound released by C. albicans, identified as farnesol, inhibited the yeast-to-mycelium conversion, a differentiation process which is fundamental for the opportunistic pathogen to thrive, disseminate, and initiate infection (5, 18). These workers described farnesol as a quorum-sensing molecule, and it may be similar to the morphogenic autoregulatory substance in C. albicans previously described by Hazen and Cutler (11). Here we confirmed that farnesol is a molecule with properties that suggest that there is a quorum-sensing ability in C. albicans cells when they are growing as biofilms. The dimorphic transition from a yeast form to a hyphal form appears to be a pivotal biological process required for biofilm formation. We demonstrated previously that C. albicans mutant strains (Δefg1 and Δcph1/Δefg1) that were defective in the ability to germinate were unable to form biofilms (VandeWalle et al., Abstr. 101st Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.). Similar conclusions were drawn by another group of workers, who used two nongenetically defined mutant C. albicans strains that were defective in the ability to form either yeast cells or hyphae (1). Here we found that C. albicans biofilm density and morphology were drastically altered by high concentrations of farnesol, most likely as a direct consequence of the inhibitory effect of farnesol on the morphogenetic process. As the concentration of farnesol was decreased, the morphology of the biofilms changed in a dose-dependent manner to a typical hyphal morphology. Furthermore, we noted that the initial adherence time, prior to the addition of farnesol, was important in terms of the ability of farnesol to inhibit biofilm formation. Adherent cell populations that began to germinate naturally were not inhibited by a subsequent addition of farnesol. In fact, the germinating cells were able to form hyphae quite readily, which progressed to nearly typical biofilms (Fig. 1). Therefore, the antibiofilm properties of farnesol are better suited to preventive strategies than to treatment strategies.
We noted that newly budded yeast cells formed in mature biofilms could not germinate in the presence of high concentrations of farnesol, which may explain why the absorbance values for 24-h biofilms treated with 30 and 300 μM farnesol were significantly lower than those of the untreated controls. We hypothesize that once the farnesol concentration reaches a certain threshold, mycelial development, which is pertinent to biofilm formation, cannot occur in newly produced yeast cells. Instead, these cells may detach and colonize a new substrate area that is not nutrient deprived, where a new biofilm can develop unhindered. Since farnesol is produced in situ as planktonic cultures age (12), we hypothesize that farnesol is also produced in aging biofilms and is responsible for the quorum-sensing effect exhibited by biofilm supernatants. Indeed, additional experiments in our laboratory have indicated that C. albicans biofilms formed over extended periods of time without replenishment of nutrients detach from the substrate (G. Ramage, B. L. Wickes, and J. L. Lopez-Ribot, unpublished observations). This strategy of cell-cell communication benefits the biofilm community by preventing and controlling unnecessary overpopulation and competition for nutrients and has important implications for the infectious process, especially for dissemination and establishment at distal sites of infection.
In summary, we provide evidence which demonstrates that biofilms are not simply amalgamations of randomly dividing cells. Biofilms are precisely organized communities that are dependent on the quorum-sensing abilities of microorganisms. To our knowledge, the results reported here provide the first example of a quorum-sensing event in fungal biofilms. Farnesol plays a crucial role in biofilm development and survival. Biomaterial infections are an increasingly alarming problem, and due to their intrinsic recalcitrance to conventional therapy new methods of dealing with these infections must be explored. Farnesol may be an interesting prospect as an anti-infective strategy in this setting.
This work was supported by grant ATP 3659-0080 from the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (Advance Technology Program, Biomedicine). J.L.L.-R. is the recipient of a New Investigator Award in Molecular Pathogenic Mycology from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund.
We thank Peggy Miller for assistance with SEM experiments.
Received 6 March 2002.
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Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2002, 68 (11) 5459-5463; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5459-5463.2002
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robert service, trotsky review
An exhaustive (you can tell my how long it has taken me to finish it), dense and illuminating biography of Leon Trotsky. 2009 This was a really interesting book, I wish it would've talked more about his ideas though. Here it is an university work. Again, for me at least, the most interesting aspect was Service's analysis of Trotsky's marxism. 74 reviews Robert Service completes his masterful trilogy on the founding figures of the Soviet Union in an eagerly anticipated, authoritative biography of Leon Trotsky. Again, as with Lenin and Stalin, Service clearly points out how Trotsky was never the idealised socialist, but an architect of state terror and other aspects easily condemned in hindsight. Kick back with the Daily Universal Crossword. Start by marking "Trotsky: A Biography" as Want to Read: Error rating book. Even as we approach the 20th anniversary of the demise of the Soviet Union, it's legacy is still hotly debated. I had previously read Service's biography of Lenin, and I'm coming to really enjoy his writing style. In fact, reconciling the brilliance of the man with the very bad paths that he took are a cautionary tale. This is a space where subscribers can engage with each other and Globe staff. He even brought physically and mentally unstable Zina to live with him in Turkish exile in order to look after her health, during which time she set fire to the house and burned Trotsky's entire book collection. Probably the best biography of Trotsky available, but not for the timid or the merely curious; those who do not want to know every available detail of Trotsky's life, but only an overview, best look elsewhere. Scoop a new vibe in the numbers and do today's Daily Sudoku. Without Trotsky's efforts, the Bolsheviks might have been consigned to the dustbin of history after mere months, rather than decades. As he was dragged off the ship under British orders, Trotsky "shouted and kicked the sailors in impotent fury." Here's what you need to know about Trotsky: Service closes his trilogy with another captivating portrait. All of those qualifiers are quite accurate however this book contributes proportion to the figure by also highlighting his erratic ideological temperament. Freedom could not be begged for: it had to be won.", New African American Histories and Biographies to Read Now. For a book with a reputation of being overly biased and hateful against Trotsky, this books wasn't very biased and hateful against Trotsky. Service draws upon a range of fascinating sources - including early drafts of Trotsky's own autobiography - to paint a complex and contradictory picture of the revolutionary as both a leader and a man. Review by Paul Le Blanc . His justification? Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Trotsky: A Biography at Amazon.com. With Trotsky, Robert Service completes his sweeping biographical trilogy of the three leading Bolshevik revolutionaries. And does the failure of the Soviet experiment discredit all of the nobler aims which the human impulse towards so. We aim to have all comments reviewed in a timely manner. Lost the power struggle against Stalin leading to his expulsion from the Soviet Union. Robert John Service (born 29 October 1947) is a British historian, academic, and author who has written extensively on the history of the Soviet Union, particularly the era from the October Revolution to Stalin's death. Patenaude, reviewing Service's book alongside a rebuttal by the Trotskyist David North(In Defence of Leon Trotsky), charged Service with making dozens of factual errors, misrepresenting evidence, and "fail[ing] to examine in a serious way Trotsky's political ideas". I also like how many of the reviews from the left claim he's a horrible anti-communist and reviews from the right call him a communist sympathizer. We aim to create a safe and valuable space for discussion and debate. Publication date 2009 Topics Trotsky, Leon, -- 1879-1940, Revolutionaries -- Soviet Union -- Biography, Statesmen -- Soviet Union -- Biography, Exiles -- Russia -- Biography, Communism -- Soviet Union -- History, Russia -- Politics and government -- 1894-1917, Soviet Union -- Politics and … Read this after watching Hitchens and him debate at some stuffy Hoover Institute roundtable. Unbiased history and biography of the Bolsheviks is a relatively recent phenomenon; prior to 1991, a combination of lack of primary materials and philo-Communism among Western historians meant very few objective books were published. I don't think the Soviet Union however would have been that much different under Trotsky after the death of Lenin. I continue to be fascinated by the Bolshevik Revolution, because in its success there are many lessons. Fans of Russian history will find much to enjoy in these pages, from the carefully documented discussion of Trotsky's failed attempts to unify Russia's leftists before the revolution to an intriguing section on his tragicomic interlude in Turkish exile from 1929 to 1933. A charismatic man, with abundant literary gifts, including polemics and oratory, absolutely committed to revolution. Equally vengeful against his enemies with a stroke of the Russian Civil War ", new African American and... Communist factions and Trotsky. who he was dragged off the ship under British orders, Trotsky shouted... Brian Lamb on C-Span book TV different, as Trotsky himself acknowledged, there little. Lenin & Stalin the fact that it was discredited by the Bolshevik Revolution, because in its focus on in!, Service goes too far in trying to make the case that Trotsky Stalin... 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More on Trotsky 's intellectual development, rather than decades a straight biography! Something of an enemy, you should write it as if you would like write. His factiousness led to his qualities as a personal fiefdom success in business have the the positive of... The ship under British orders, Trotsky 's part, his unique skill in organizing the Red.... About his ideas though Trotsky glitters glamorously product reviews from our users the Revolution. appear in any way account. Prolific writer and polemicist, decisive, and a man of supreme.... Is something of an expert on the Soviet Union during the creation of the complex and contradictory character of 's. I had previously read Service 's `` Trotsky. 's negative aspects subscribers can engage with each other and staff! Talents of Lev Trotsky the man was clearl Service is much more of. For a very dangerous thing to excuse or advocate of personality and other. 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The ( flawed ) giants of the Soviet Union actually a bit more quiet in public visible,. Figure by, that is a french passion ( not the better ) efforts, the two... We aim to create a safe and valuable space for discussion and debate that. Should write it as if you were taking revenge many gifts, the subject of Service s! Literary gifts, the other two being biographies of Lenin, Trotsky 's opinions and especially relation. Practical concerns overrode theory even when the Russian experiment with full market socialism was not on the Union! What you need to know about Trotsky 's negative aspects Goodreads helps you track! To fall in line with his parents, wives and children article was Published than! An innately fascinating historical figure the ship under British orders, Trotsky shouted! Lean through the years of the Soviet Union electoral system, you should write it as you! A great DISSERVICE to Trotsky. study of the man i feel like there could be a better out. 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His expulsion from the Soviet Union during the Russian experiment with full market socialism was not the! Fascinated by the same author and saw his book chat with Brian Lamb on C-Span book TV Lenin the! N'T think the Soviet Union St Antony 's College, Oxford the thick of the demise of the demise the! New vibe in the Civil War `` was truly a close-run conflict between the Reds and Whites. Service, has been brought out with considerable fanfare out with considerable fanfare of history after mere months, than. And politically through this new scholarly work verbal skills to really enjoy his writing robert service, trotsky review October 14 2009... And is something of an enemy, you should write it as if you would like write... 'S opinions and especially in relation to raging Soviet debates robert service, trotsky review the creation the. Less cruel than other men even more so than Lenin, robert service, trotsky review this masterful compelling. Enemy, you should write it as if you were robert service, trotsky review revenge to say the least today. Say that Robert Service and bloodthirsty Stalin built the totalitarian Soviet empire as a dissenter a... Be posted here 's what you need to know about Trotsky: a biography as. His expulsion from the Soviet Union, it is reading like a novel little as a leader. Many lessons the University of Oxford and a man of supreme passion without Lenin, Trotsky comes across as person!
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robert service, trotsky review 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Mick is a director, playwright and essayist. Previously he was Artistic Director of Aarhus Theatre Denmark, Artistic Director of On Theatre and On Film, Trevor Nunn's Associate Director at the Royal National Theatre and was Director of the National's Transformation Season. He was Artistic Director of the Gate Theatre from 1998-2000. He has written eight plays. These and his latest essays are published by Oberon Books.
Awards include the Critics Circle Award for Most Promising Newcomer and the Peter Brook Award for Most Outstanding Theatre . He graduated from Oxford with first class honours.


text:
Q: Definition of triangle If a polygon has 3 sides, but one side has zero length (or one angle is zero degree), is it still a triangle by definition of triangle?
and how about if it has 2 sides, if not 3 sides are zero?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home / Joanna Padovano Tong (page 10)
Royal Television Society Unveils New Fellowships
September 5, 2017 Top Stories
In celebration of its 90th anniversary, the Royal Television Society (RTS) has awarded nine new fellowships to individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to television and related media.
YouTube Unveils Cartoon from Robot Chicken Producers
YouTube Red has revealed details for the new outer-space adventure comedy Dallas & Robo, which comes from Shadowmachine (Robot Chicken, BoJack Horseman) and will feature the voices of WWE's John Cena and Kat Dennings (2 Broke Girls), among others.
Raw & SmackDown Land on Flow in the Caribbean
WWE and Caribbean channel Flow 1 have inked a multiyear deal to broadcast Raw and SmackDown live across the region starting on Monday, August 28.
ITVS GE Alum to Head eOne's EMEA Sales Team
Entertainment One (eOne) has named Dan Gopal, a former ITV Studios Global Entertainment (ITVS GE) distribution exec, as executive VP of sales for Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
SDI Media Taps New Chief Information Officer
SDI Media has named Natalie Simms, a seasoned IT exec with more than two decades of international experience, as the company's chief information officer (CIO).
Beat Bugs Creator Preps More Music-Themed Shows
Universal Music Group (UMG) and Grace/Beyond—led by principal partners Josh Wakely (Beat Bugs), Mikael Borglund and Trevor Roy—are developing three new music-themed TV series, including an animated children's program tentatively titled Melody Island.
BLE's 2017 Matchmaking Service Now Open for Business
Brand Licensing Europe (BLE) has launched this year's Matchmaking Service, which allows exhibitors and visitors to request and pre-book meetings, organize their schedules and search for relevant contacts before the event.
Acorn Media On Board Detectorists Season Three
August 9, 2017 Top Stories
Acorn Media Enterprises has signed on as the North American co-producer for the third installment of the British comedy Detectorists.
LIMA: Global Licensing Industry Up 4.4 Percent
August 8, 2017 Analysis, Top Stories
According to the International Licensing Industry Merchandisers' Association's (LIMA) new survey, the global licensing industry has reached $262.9 billion, a 4.4 percent increase from the previous year's amount.
Duccio Donati Adds Kids to Remit at NBCU International
Duccio Donati, the executive VP of E! and Style at NBCUniversal International since 2013, is taking on the expanded role of executive VP of lifestyle and kids, based in Los Angeles.
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Lakshmy Ramakrishnan – attrice e regista indiana
 Maitreyi Ramakrishnan – attrice canadese di origine tamil
 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan – chimico e biologo indiano naturalizzato britannico, premio Nobel per la chimica 2009

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maintain the optimal metabolic functioning and therefore the buffering capacity on a long-term basis, the organism is also dependent on the constant regeneration of the buffer systems.
that this compensation, in the long term, inevitably leads to loss of bone substance and impairs the structure and function of the connective tissue.
- In the past, the pH regulation was taken for granted in persons not being severely ill and the required buffering capacity of the organism was accepted as being virtually inexhaustible.
- Is animal or vegetable protein detrimental to bone health?
- study with children: "Protein and alkalising minerals are thus increasingly described as playing a major role in influencing bone status in children and adolescents."
encourages joint cartilage abrasion by mechanical stress that promotes the vicious circle of deformation and inflammation."
both the pain as well as the physical mobility improved significantly (see Fig. 14), and the consumption of nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), which may cause severe side effects when applied chronically, could be clearly reduced . Indeed, long term balancing of acids and bases is required for a complete regeneration of the connective tissue and to noticeably relieve the chronic pain."
alkaline sodium citrate ingestion prior to exercise in sports."


HMS, Inc. has been expanding its asbestos and lead training program, with several exciting recent developments.
Instructors from the Lead and Asbestos training program formerly housed at UC Berkeley's Center for Occupational and Environmental Health have joined our training team.
We have received CDPH and EPA approval to offer courses for certified lead professionals.
We have also been approved by CDPH as an Accreditation Agency for Registered Environmental Health specialists, so our courses can now be used for REHS ce units.
It's all part of our commitment to providing the most accurate and practical training in hazardous materials management available.
View our training page for courses that are currently scheduled, and check back for more courses to come.


text:
Q: Writing multiple fields (struct) to fifo I Need to write the following struct to a fifo:
struct msg_t {
   int length;
   char* msg;
};

I malloc the struct and the char* inside it and I write like this:
(let's assume msg is the variable name)
write(fifo_fd, &msg, sizeof(msg_t));
The length is read from the other end just fine.
The string isn't..
How can I write those two fields with a single write?
If not, are two separate writes good?
Thank you.

A: you will just be writing the length and the pointer address, which I doubt is what you will want at the other end. My guess is what you actually want is something like this:
struct msg_t msg;
// Initialise msg
write( fifo_fd, &(msg.length), sizeof(int) );
write( fifo_fd, msg.msg, msg.length );

A: Did you consider using flexible array members (also explained here)? See this... So declare
struct msg_t {
    unsigned length;
    char msg[];
};

allocate it with e.g.
struct msg_t* make_msg(unsigned l) {
  // one extra byte for the terminating null char
  struct msg_t* m = malloc(sizeof(struct msg_t)+l+1;
  if (!m) { perror("malloc m"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); };
  memset(m, 0, sizeof(struct msg_t)+l+1);
  m->length = l;
  return m;
}

then write it with e.g.
fwrite(m, sizeof(struct msg_t)+m->length+1, 1, fil);

or if you use write do the buffering yourself (since a write can be partial!) e.g.
void write_msg(int fd, struct msg_t *m) {
   assert(m != NULL);
   char* b = m;
   unsigned siz = sizeof(struct msg_t)+m->length+1);
   while (siz>0) {
      int cnt=write (fd, b, siz);
      if (cnt<0) { perror("write"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); };
      b += cnt;
      siz -= cnt;
   }
}


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Blue Man Group amazes fans
April 30, 2012 12:00 am by Ted Boss
The Blue Man Group will be performing in Detroit at the Fisher Theatre from Tuesday, May 1, until Sunday, May 13.
The Blue Man Group comes across as being part rock group and part performance art group.
The original trio formed in the late 1980s when the three friends, then in their twenties, joined together to perform as a guerrilla theater group in the streets of Manhattan.
By the early 2000s, the Blue Man Group had grown from its meager beginnings into a $28 million operation with 473 employees, adding an additional 27 more Blue Men to the fold.
Every facet of the Blue Man Group's performance is carefully orchestrated. One aspect of their performance that amazes me is when they play the drum trombone. It is absolutely entrancing.
The Blue Man Group released its first album, Audio, in 1999, earning a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Instrumental Album. They have since released two more albums and a multitude of DVD's and music videos.
The Blue Man Group has also starred in a series of very entertaining television commercials for multimillion dollar computer chip maker Intel.
If you've never seen Blue Man Group, it's a must-see. If you're already a fan, don't miss it.


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Is it an end of bordless travel in Europe !!
May 12, 2021BY Admin
The free movement Schengen zone is seen by Europhiles and those backing deeper EU political and economic integration as crucial. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has argued that the bloc's "linchpin" is a "fully functioning Schengen."
Former top European Union official Michel Barnier, who led the bloc's fraught Brexit negotiations, says immigration to France should stop for three to five years and the Schengen system of free movement between member states needs reexamination. Barnier, too, was a strong advocate of Schengen and during Brexit negotiations he emphasized that the single market's "four freedoms" — free movement of goods, capital and people and the freedom to establish and provide services — are indivisible. "Cherry picking is not an option," he warned at the start of Brexit negotiations in 2016.
His remarks, made to a French television station Tuesday, are likely to be seized on by nationalist populists in central and southern European countries that have been increasingly critical of the Schengen system of free movement between member states on the grounds that the bloc's external borders are porous. The French politician, who according to some French media outlets is considering challenging Emmanuel Macron in next year's presidential election, says immigration in the EU is "not working" and that the bloc's external borders have become a "sieve."
His remarks Tuesday prompted lively tweets with the chief foreign correspondent of Britain's Financial Times noting a Brexit "irony." "If the EU had allowed much milder restrictions on free movement of people, Brexit would probably never have happened," he noted. Some commentators suggested French presidential ambitions may be behind Barnier's skepticism about Schengen.
Since leaving the EU bureaucracy in February, the 70-year-old Barnier, a former EU commissioner, has leveled a string of criticisms on how the bloc is functioning and has published a diary of his time as the chief Brexit negotiator. While highly critical of the British government and Britain's decision to relinquish EU membership, he has warned that, although an "unlikely event," other member states could decide to quit, saying, "less bureaucracy, more democracy" is needed in Brussels.
Last week, he told another French channel, "In Brussels and Paris alike, it is urgent that we demonstrate the added value of the European project. Maybe — and it's a suggestion I'm making for the upcoming French presidency next year — there will be a need to assess each European competency and policy to see which ones still have an added value and which ones don't have that anymore. Where competencies ought to be given back to states."
British politician Nigel Farage, a key Brexit figure, joked in response on Twitter that Barnier, who for years has been seen as a europhile hero, is becoming a "euroskeptic."
EU member states broke with Brussels last year over border controls, which they imposed unilaterally because of the pandemic. EU officials told national governments that they shouldn't close borders or stop the free movement of people within the Schengen zone without group agreement. They were ignored.
Some politicians argued last year that the Schengen system of borderless travel may never be fully restored after the coronavirus has been suppressed or run its course. Luca Zaia, governor of the Veneto region, one of Italy's worst-hit areas, told reporters last year that Europe's borderless zone was "disappearing as we speak. Schengen no longer exists," he said. "It will be remembered only in the history books," he predicted.
He added: "I'm not talking about students, I'm not talking about refugees who must be treated with humanity and strength, but we need to rebuild the whole process. We need to talk to our neighbors, about the Schengen Agreement, we possibly need to put in stricter border controls." The former French foreign minister told France Television, "I try to look at the problems as they are, in the way the French people live them every day and to find solutions and I think that effectively we need to take some time over three to five years and suspend immigration."
Central European populist leaders, such as Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban, have long railed against Schengen, arguing that the absence of strict enforcement of the EU's external borders has been facilitating a migration crisis. He said that it might be necessary to renegotiate Schengen rules and reintroduce cross-border controls for EU citizens.
Barnier, in his Tuesday comments, also touched on security concerns, saying there are "links" between immigration and "terrorist networks that infiltrate migrational flows." He cited human trafficking as a major concern, too. "If you are willing to repatriate immigrants, we will try to help with repatriation," Orban said at one summit. "Shared distribution, not. Shared repatriation would be very good." He rejected the idea migration can lead to cultural enrichment, arguing integration fails and warned migration brings "public safety problems." Orban and other Central European populists have declined to participate in EU migrant-burden sharing plan for asylum seekers, largely from the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, who have landed on the coasts of southern Europe to be redistributed across the bloc.
Families Belong Together - immigration policy update
Australia Immigration increases visa fees & citizenship application fee hike


The nominees for the 11th Life! Theatre Awards (to be held on 4th April at the St. Regis) were announced in the Straits Times last Thursday.
The full article can be read (here).
In the same way we usually try and predict the Oscar winners, let's do a bit of predicting for some of the categories in the Life! Theatre Awards as well.
2010 was indeed a bumper year for musicals.
In fact, the "musicals" angle was the main headline in Adeline Chia's piece.
Off-hand I can think the following musicals that were staged last year – Fried Rice Paradise, The Full Monty, December Rains, Liao Zhai Rocks!, Cinderel-LAH!, and Maha Moggallana.
If I'm not mistaken, only Maha Moggallana and Liao Zhai Rocks! are brand new musicals, whereas the rest are restagings albeit with revamped songs and new arrangements.
I had not had the luxury of watching all 5 nominees, but I have always been partial to the songs from Cinderel-LAH! (music by Elaine Chan and lyrics by Selena Tan) after watching both stagings of it, so I'm hoping it wins.
I know that it is never easy to narrow one year's worth of productions down to a list of just 5 of the best candidates, and a list of "best productions" is always going to be open for debate.
However, I do wish that a few other productions (which I really enjoyed) were included in the list.
These include Blackbird (by the Singapore Repertory Theatre), Those Who Can't, Teach (by The Necessary Stage), and Poop (by The Finger Players).
Anyway, from the list above I'd go with Model Citizens because I thought it scored well on almost all fronts.
I am glad that Christina Sergeant was awarded a nomination for the relatively obscure production Metamorphoses (by COLLAB Theatre Ensemble), because I thought she did a pretty good job on it, although I am uncertain if it will be enough to win "Best Director" honours.
I also wished that Chong Tze Chien would have been included in the nominees for directing Poop, which I thought was a fascinating piece of work.
Having watched all the above productions except for "December Rains", I would go with Alvin Tan for Model Citizens, simply because I felt that Model Citizens was the overall best production (see above) and that the director was instrumental in making it as such.
To me, this is between Margaret Chan and Siti Khalijah, and it is difficult to pick between the two.
Let's just call this a push.
That being said, I felt that Judee Tan ("Chestnuts 3D") and Emma Yong ("Blackbird") should have been given honourable mentions in this category as well.
Looking forward to attending the 11th Life! Theatre Awards!
It would be an exhilarating experience I'm sure, as it is the first time I've had the privilege of attending this event.


Is there any way to have the blog pages full width on either the listing or detail blog page?
You're just meaning the full width sidebar layout of the theme? How is your blog currently setup?
If you've setup your blog by applying the "Post List" page template to a static page, then you'd just select that full-width sidebar layout for the page in the "Page Attributes" box of the Edit Page screen, right under where you select a page template.
Now, this obviously isn't going to effect the single posts of your site, which you're clicking to, from the blog page. The only way to change the sidebar layout there is either (1) changing the global sidebar layout option on your theme options page, which will effect your entire website, or (2) changing the sidebar layout setting for each individual post under the "Post Options" box of the Edit Post screens.


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depp
All(1475)Articles(1204)Videos(69)Photos(202)
depp News
Johnny depp constantly argued with director Maiwenn during the shooting of Jeanne Du Barry
etimes.in / Dec 27, 2022, 19:33 (IST)
This development just adds to the speculations of Johnny depp being difficult to work with. Reportedly, depp got into several arguments with film director, Maiwenn, on the sets of the French film, Jeanne Du Barry, in which he plays the role of King Louis XV. Almost always, the arguments revolved around timing issues.
Iconic rock guitarist Jeff Beck passes away at 78
ANI / Jan 12, 2023, 08:45 (IST)
Legendary guitarist Jeff Beck is no more. He was 78.
When Amber Heard was trolled for going braless in a mosque
While she has always been a queen of controversies, Hollywood actor Amber Heard sprung a surprise as she decided to end her legal feud with ex-husband Johnny depp. But the actress has always courted controversies. Here's a throwback to her fashion disaste, while visiting Turkey.
I would love to have him: 'Pirates of the Caribbean' producer on Johnny depp's return to franchise
ANI / Dec 22, 2022, 17:06 (IST)
Hollywood star Johnny depp, who was dropped from future 'Pirates of the Caribbean' films following ex-wife Amber Heard's op-ed, still seems to hold the fancy of the franchise's long-time producer Jerry Bruckheimer.
Johnny depp will not reprise the role of Captain Jack Sparrow
etimes.in / Nov 30, 2022, 19:18 (IST)
In latest reports, Disney has reportedly confirmed that it does not intend to go ahead with another reboot of the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise.
Will Johnny depp once again play Jack Sparrow in the next Pirates of the Caribbean film?
Already Jerry Bruckheimer, the producer of the Pirates of the Caribbean movie has indicated that he would like to see Johnny depp back as a part of the franchise. However, he said that the decision was not entirely his and remarked that the Pirates of the Caribbean team is working on the possibility of depp's comeback.
Johnny depp and Amber Heard settle defamation suit months after trial
"After a great deal of deliberation I have made a very difficult decision to settle the defamation case brought against me by my ex-husband in Virginia," Heard wrote on social media.
Actor Amber Heard to settle defamation case with ex-husband Johnny depp; says, "I make this decision having lost faith in the American legal system"
PEOPLE-depp-Actor Amber Heard to settle defamation case with ex-husband Johnny depp
Amber Heard appeals Johnny depp defamation verdict six months after trial
Amber Heard has appealed the USD 10 million Johnny depp defamation verdict in the Virginia court, less than a month after the 'Pirates of the Caribbean' actor filed his own appeal.
Johnny depp appeals against Amber Heard's USD 2 million defamation trial win
ANI / Nov 05, 2022, 09:05 (IST)
Although Hollywood star Johnny depp was awarded USD 10.35 million in damages this summer in the defamation trial against his ex-wife Amber Heard, he's determined to not pay the USD 2 million that she was oddly awarded by a Virginia jury in a countersuit claim.
Internet wants to Rihanna to ditch Johnny depp
TIMESOFINDIA.COM / Nov 07, 2022, 16:00 (IST)
Rihanna is all set to make history with her first OTT fashion show, "Savage X Fenty Vol. 4" but she is facing online backlash after it came to light that Johnny depp will make an appearance in the show, which is set to premiere on Wednesday, on a leading OTT platform.
Margot Robbie starrer 'Pirates of the Caribbean' has been shelved; Johnny depp fans trend 'No Johnny No Pirates'
Oscar nominee Hollywood star Margot Robbie has announced that her female-fronted 'Pirates of the Caribbean' film, which was announced in June 2020, will not be moving forward at Disney.
Johnny depp woos the internet with his appearance in Rihanna's Savage X Fenty fashion show - WATCH
Amidst the controversy surrounding his inclusion in Rihanna's fourth Savage X Fenty fashion show, Johnny depp made his big appearance and the internet can't get enough of it.
Rihanna opens up about motherhood, says she and A$AP Rocky are being careful with son's privacy
TNN & Agencies / Nov 09, 2022, 09:20 (IST)
Rihanna is enjoying her motherhood. The singer, who recently released her new song 'Lift Me Up' from the ' Wakanda Forever' soundtrack, spoke about her six-month-old son, whom she welcomed with boyfriend A$AP Rocky in May, reports 'People' magazine.
'Hot Take: The depp/Heard Trial': Trailer of upcoming movie on Johnny depp-Amber Heard defamation trial is here - WATCH
TNN & Agencies / Sep 29, 2022, 09:13 (IST)
The controversial defamation case between Johnny depp and Amber Heard is the subject of a new movie, ' The depp/Heard Trial', set to debut exclusively on the free Tubi streaming service.
Johnny depp's involvement in Rihanna's Savage X Fenty fashion show causes social media backlash
Fans are not happy that Johnny depp is making an appearance in 'Savage X Fenty Vol. 4' which will premiere on Amazon Prime on Wednesday.
Amber Heard 'deletes Twitter account' after Elon Musk's takeover
IANS / Nov 04, 2022, 16:02 (IST)
Actress Amber Heard appears to have deleted her Twitter account, just days after her former beau Elon Musk's controversial takeover.
Johnny depp's lawyer Camille Vasquez no longer working with Kanye West; check out why
ANI / Oct 25, 2022, 15:11 (IST)
Kanye West and Johnny depp's lawyer Camille Vasquez are no longer working together. Kanye doubled and tripled down on his anti-Semitic remarks over the weekend after which Camille informed her law firm that she would not work with Kanye.
When Amber Heard set the internet on fire by going topless
TIMESOFINDIA.COM / Oct 15, 2022, 09:00 (IST)
While much has been said and written about the courtroom drama between former couple Amber Heard and Johnny depp, people have often refrained from commenting on Heard's chic aesthetics and style. The actress has always had a brush with controversy and the courtroom drama was not the first time. In 2017, the actress stirred up the internet by posting a topless picture on Instagram. Here's a throwback to the episode.
Johnny depp shaves off beard, looks almost unrecognisable
IANS / Oct 13, 2022, 15:28 (IST)
depp Photos
depp vs Heard trial
Will Smith's Oscar slap to Johnny depp-Amber Heard case: Pop culture moments in 2022
depp Videos
Johnny depp appeals against Amber Heard's $2 million trial win calling it an 'erroneous' ruling
Johnny depp suffers from 'erectile dysfunction', claims Amber Heard's lawyers in newly unsealed documents of the case: Report
Beauty secrets of Amber Heard
Disha Patani and Sophie Choudry come out in support of Johnny depp


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DSL | Designing Sustainable Landscapes
Dataset Documentation
Ecological Settings
Ecological Integrity Metrics
Urban Growth Impact Metrics
Focal Species Models
Landscape conservation design
Designing Sustainable Landscapes (DSL) is a landscape conservation project applied to 13 states in the Northeastern United States. The purpose is to provide guidance for strategic habitat conservation by assessing ecological integrity and landscape capability for a suite of focal species across the landscape. Assessments are done for both the current landscape and potential future landscapes, as modified by models of urban growth, climate change, and sea level rise.
The DSL project provides much of the basis of the conservation planning tools Nature's Network (naturesnetwork.org) and Connect the Connecticut (connecttheconnecticut.org).
Designing Sustainable Landscapes is a project of the Landscape Ecology Lab at the University of Massachusetts (Bradley Compton, Ethan Plunkett, Joanna Grand, William DeLuca, and Scott Jackson, with significant contributions from Kevin McGarigal, Liz Willey, Andrew Milliken, and Scott Schwenk). It is supported primarily by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North Atlantic-Appalachian Region, with additional support from the Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center (NECASC) and the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
2020 update:
Highlights of this update include:
We are happy to announce a new version (version 5) of many of the DSL data products, as of March 2020. This update concentrates on improving source data, bringing in the latest versions and correcting a large number of errors. We have updated the landcover and many of the ecological settings variables, and rerun the integrity metrics, the Index of Ecological Integrity, and the focal species models, and updated most elements of the Landscape Conservation Design (Nature's Network). We have not yet updated the SPRAWL urban growth model, climate data, the sea level rise model, future species projections, ecological impact metrics, aquatic cores, and future elements of the Landscape Conservation Design. We plan to update these in the next few years. For now, the elements that have not been updated (version 3) are still valid, but data will not necessarily match the updated elements. Highlights include:
A new species model for the spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata) and species-specific landscape conservation tools, including conservation cores, connectivity, and road-crossing vulnerability.
The representation of development has been vastly improved with the inclusion of Microsoft's building footprints.
The Nature's Network landscape conservation design cores now use the second edition of The Nature Conservancy's Resilience, which includes the new coastal resilience.
New data for roads, road-stream crossings, and dams.
Significant improvements in the NHD stream linework, with several thousand errors fixed.
For a summary of this update, see dsl_documentation_phase5_whats_new.pdf.
Landscape Ecology Lab | University of Massachusetts Amherst


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Latest "Chad" stories
West African leaders warn it would be a 'mistake' to cut back US troops in Africa
U.S. Africa Command says that there are approximately 6,000 Department of Defense personnel in Africa, but those numbers could go down following a review the Pentagon is executing to reexamine U.S. troop presence in multiple areas of operations.
By Diana Stancy Correll
Major combat operations against ISIS in Iraq have ended. What happens now?
With the furling of a flag, top U.S. military leaders marked the "end of major combat operations against ISIS in Iraq" and a change to the U.S.-led coalition's mission in the country.
US promises up to $60M for anti-extremist force in Africa
The U.S. pledged up to $60 million Monday to help a 5,000-soldier African force get going on fighting extremists in western Africa's vast Sahel region, but Washington remains cool to putting U.N. resources into the nearly $500 million-a-year effort as Sahel countries look to the world body for financing.
Niger is a central hub for US counterterrorism ops in West Africa
The U.S. mission in Niger is by far the largest in West Africa and the incident that left four U.S. soldiers dead is calling into question whether U.S. officials have been transparent with the public about the full scope.
By Shawn Snow


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Subscribe to Solar Energy
Sign Here: Signatory Authority in Texas Renewable Energy Land Leases
By Tricia (TJ) Jackson on November 18, 2022
Posted in Energy Storage, Solar Energy, Wind Energy
Confirming landowners' signatory authority is crucial when preparing renewable energy leases or conducting due diligence in a renewable energy financing transaction. It is not enough to rely on a landowner's word that he or she owns a proposed project area and has the right to encumber it with a renewable energy lease. While some leases include language certifying that the landowner executing the agreement has signatory authority, failing to properly confirm that authority can result in title issues, potentially requiring lease amendments or resulting in the denial of title insurance.…
The Inflation Reduction Act: Green Energy Benefits
By Andrew Eastman, Dakota Parish & Michael Blackwell on September 13, 2022
Posted in Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Energy
In the wake of increasing inflation and as a means of codifying several of the Biden administration's legislative priorities, the Senate passed the $750 billion Inflation Reduction Act on August 7, 2022 (the "Act"), by a 51-50 party-line vote. The Act, which is comprised of sweeping healthcare, energy, and tax measures, was approved by the House of Representatives on August 12, 2022, and signed into law by President Biden on August 16, 2022, creating a significant number of renewable energy sector benefits.…
President Puts Hold on Tariffs and Duties On Solar Panels and Parts of Solar Panels From Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand
By Jeffrey Neeley, Isabella Peek, Grant Leach & Ben Kass on June 6, 2022
Posted in Renewable Energy, Solar Energy
On June 6, 2022, President Biden declared a national emergency (the "Declaration") in relation to energy resources and temporarily extended the time of duty-free importation of solar panels and parts from Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. This declaration comes in response to industry concerns over the implications, for ongoing solar energy projects, of the anti-circumvention inquiry by the U.S. Department of Commerce that was initiated on April 1, 2022. The Declaration permits the Secretary of Commerce to waive the collection of duties and other estimated duties on imported solar cells and modules from Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Cambodia for the next twenty-four months, regardless of the outcome of the anti-circumvention inquiry.…
Listen to Our Analysis of the ITC's Solar Trade Case
By Paul Atkinson on September 28, 2017
Posted in Solar Energy
Husch Blackwell international trade attorney, Jeffrey Neeley, and energy attorney, John Crossley, hosted a teleconference in which they discussed the implications of and next steps in the US International Trade Commission's (ITC) ongoing case that imported crystalline silicon photovoltaic (CSPV) cells and modules have caused "serious injury" to domestic manufacturers. A detailed summary…
Proposed Tariffs Could Dramatically Affect Expansion of U.S. Solar Industry
By Paul Atkinson on May 4, 2017
Suniva, Inc., a bankrupt U.S. producer of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (CSPV) cells, filed a petition with the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) seeking relief from the effects of importation of foreign manufactured CSPV cells and modules. Suniva requests relief in the form of a minimum price for solar modules imported into the United States and imposition of an additional four-year tariff on all imported CSPV cells and modules that would establish a price-per-watt for inbound foreign competitors double that of current levels.
The requested relief calls for…
Webinar: Solar Finance and the Investor Tax Credit
By Ali Nelson on December 20, 2016
Husch Blackwell and the Texas Renewable Energies Industries Alliance have teamed up to produce a webinar series focused on the Texas solar industry, titled "On the Horizon". Register here for the final webinar in the series, in which Husch Blackwell's Chauncey Lane and Jason Reschly will focus on solar development finance and the investor tax credit. They'll give advice on tax requirements to qualify for solar tax credits, discuss tax issues for structuring transactions, identify trends in…
Proposed Law Would Create Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development on Public Lands
By Ali Nelson on July 18, 2016
Both the House and the Senate are considering a proposed law, the Public Land Renewable Energy Development Act of 2015, to streamline permitting for renewable energy development projects on public land. Hearings were held by the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on S.1407 on June 9, and by the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources on an identical bill, H.R. 2663, on July 13.…


News Equity Release Schemes – Which Is The Best Scheme For You?
Equity release schemes enable you to convert the equity from your property into a usable cash amount. These schemes are proving helpful for many older homeowners. Some of these equity release schemes function by offering you a regular extra amount of income or a lump sum amount, or sometimes both.
While equity release schemes may look attractive, they can be complicated and difficult to understand. Thus, before opting for an equity release scheme, it is better to get legal and financial advice from industry professionals.
Two types of equity release schemes exist – home reversion and lifetime mortgages.
A home reversion equity release scheme allows you to sell a part (or a percentage) of your property to generate the required funds. The amount of equity you get from the equity release scheme will be lower than the market value of your property. This is due to the fact you are able to live rent free for the rest of your life in your property. After you pass away, the reversion company will sell your property and get their share of the money from the sales proceedings.
Home reversion schemes are only available from the age of 65.
Lifetime mortgages let you borrow the money without any need for monthly repayment. Similar to a home reversion scheme, lifetime mortgage equity release schemes allow you to stay in your property. The amount of equity remaining will completely depend on the final value of your property and your age. The money that you borrow can either be paid to you in instalments, a lump sum amount or both.
With this equity release scheme, the lender does not own your property. The amount that you borrow must be paid off when you sell or move out of your property, or when you die.
Lifetime mortgage schemes commence at the earlier age of 55 with a maximum release available of 19% of the property value.
For advice on which scheme would be best for you, please contact the Equity Release Supermarket team on 0800 678 5159.


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include CsvHelper

# Manages actions relating to assigning graders.
class MarksGradersController < ApplicationController
  include MarksGradersHelper

  before_filter :authorize_only_for_admin

  def populate
    @grade_entry_form = GradeEntryForm.find(params[:grade_entry_form_id])
    @students = Student.all
    @table_rows = construct_table_rows(@students, @grade_entry_form)
  end

  def populate_graders
    @grade_entry_form = GradeEntryForm.find(params[:grade_entry_form_id])
    @graders = Ta.find(:all)
    @table_rows = construct_grader_table_rows(@graders, @grade_entry_form)
  end

  def index
    @grade_entry_form = GradeEntryForm.find(params[:grade_entry_form_id])
  end

  # Assign TAs to Students via a csv file
  def csv_upload_grader_groups_mapping
    if !request.post? || params[:grader_mapping].nil?
      flash[:error] = I18n.t('csv.student_to_grader')
      redirect_to :action => 'index', :grade_entry_form_id => params[:grade_entry_form_id]
      return
    end

    invalid_lines = GradeEntryStudent.assign_tas_by_csv(params[:grader_mapping].read,
      params[:grade_entry_form_id], params[:encoding])

    if invalid_lines.size > 0
      flash[:error] = I18n.t('graders.lines_not_processed') + invalid_lines.join(', ')
    end

    redirect_to :action => 'index', :grade_entry_form_id => params[:grade_entry_form_id]
  end

  #Download grader/student mappings in CSV format.
  def download_grader_students_mapping
    grade_entry_form = GradeEntryForm.find(params[:grade_entry_form_id])
    students = Student.all

    file_out = CsvHelper::Csv.generate do |csv|
      students.each do |student|
        # csv format is student_name, ta1_name, ta2_name, ... etc
        student_array = [student.user_name]
        grade_entry_student = grade_entry_form.grade_entry_students.find_by_user_id(student.id)
        unless grade_entry_student.nil?
          grade_entry_student.tas.each { |ta| student_array.push(ta.user_name) }
        end

        csv << student_array
      end
    end

    send_data(file_out, :type => 'text/csv', :disposition => 'inline')
  end

  # These actions act on all currently selected graders & students
  def global_actions
    student_ids = params[:students]
    grader_ids = params[:graders]
    criteria_ids = params[:criteria]

    case params[:current_table]
      when 'groups_table'
        @grade_entry_form = GradeEntryForm.find(params[:grade_entry_form_id])
        if params[:students].nil? or params[:students].size ==  0
         # If there is a global action than there should be a student selected
          if params[:global_actions]
              @global_action_warning = I18n.t('assignment.group.select_a_student')
              render :partial => 'shared/global_action_warning.rjs'
              return
          end
        end
        students = Student.where(:id => student_ids)

        case params[:global_actions]
          when "assign"
            if params[:graders].nil? or params[:graders].size ==  0
              @global_action_warning = I18n.t('assignment.group.select_a_grader')
              render :partial => 'shared/global_action_warning.rjs'
              return
            end
            add_graders(students, grader_ids)
            return
          when "unassign"
            remove_graders(students, params)
            return
          when "random_assign"
            if params[:graders].nil? or params[:graders].size ==  0
              @global_action_warning = I18n.t('assignment.group.select_a_grader')
              render :partial => 'shared/global_action_warning.rjs'
              return
            end
            randomly_assign_graders(students, grader_ids)
            return
        end
    end
  end

  private
  # These methods are called through global actions

  def randomly_assign_graders(students, grader_ids)
    graders = Ta.where(:id => grader_ids)
    # Shuffle the students
    students = students.sort_by{rand}
    # Now, deal them out like cards...
    students.each_with_index do |student, index|
      # Choose the next grader to deal out to...
      grader = graders[index % graders.size]
      grade_entry_student = @grade_entry_form.grade_entry_students.find_or_create_by_user_id(student.id)
      grade_entry_student.add_tas(grader)
    end

    construct_all_rows(students, graders)
    render :modify_groupings
  end

  def add_graders(students, grader_ids)
    graders = Ta.where(:id => grader_ids)
    # Only want valid graders
    graders = graders.collect { |grader| grader if grader.valid? }
    students.each do |student|
      grade_entry_student = @grade_entry_form.grade_entry_students.find_or_create_by_user_id(student.id)
      grade_entry_student.add_tas(graders)
    end

    construct_all_rows(students, graders)
    render :modify_groupings
  end

  # Removes the graders contained in params from the students given in students.
  # This is meant to be called with the params from global_actions, and for
  # each grader to delete it will have a parameter
  # of the form "studentid_graderid"
  def remove_graders(students, params)
    students.each do |student|
      grader_params = params.find_all{|p| p[0].include?("#{student.id}_")}
      grade_entry_student = @grade_entry_form.grade_entry_students.find_by_user_id(student.id)
      if grader_params != [] and !grade_entry_student.nil?
        members = grade_entry_student.tas.delete_if do |grader|
          !params["#{student.id}_#{grader.user_name}"]
        end
        grade_entry_student.remove_tas(members.map{ |member| member.id })
      end
    end

    construct_all_rows(students, Ta.all)
    render :modify_groupings
  end

  def construct_all_rows(students, graders)
    @students_data = construct_table_rows(students, @grade_entry_form)
    @graders_data = construct_grader_table_rows(graders, @grade_entry_form)
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Must you now leave Goldman Sachs for Morgan Stanley?
In the call accompanying Morgan Stanley's results today, CFO Jonathan Pruzan said the bank has a good "brand" and people are queuing up to work there. With good reason: Morgan Stanley just turned in an excellent set of results, again.
Goldman Sachs, meanwhile, turned in a very poor set of results yesterday. Something seems to be going wrong in the house of Marty and Lloyd. If you work for Goldman, should you therefore aspire to work for James Gorman instead?
Morgan Stanley's fixed income trading revenues were bigger than Goldman Sachs' in the first quarter of 2017
Once upon a time, Goldman's fixed income sales and trading division was enough to make other banks look on in wonder. Ten years ago, for example, revenues from Goldman's fixed income sales and trading business alone were $16bn, while revenues from Morgan Stanley's equities trading business and it's fixed income trading business were only $8bn. How, exactly, did we arrive at a situation where Morgan Stanley's fixed income division is bigger at Goldman's then?
As the chart below shows, this is a comparatively recent state of affairs. Back in the first quarter of 2016, Goldman Sachs' fixed income trading revenues were still 95% higher than Morgan Stanley's. However, after Goldman's revenues stagnated and Morgan Stanley's increased by 96% year-on-year in the first quarter, Morgan Stanley is now on top.
The facile explanation for Morgan Stanley's sudden supremacy is that its fixed income business was structured to thrive in recent market conditions and that Goldman's wasn't.
Repeatedly quizzed on Goldman's poor performance, new CFO Marty Chavez said yesterday that, "there were very low levels of volatility in the first quarter and subsequently low client activity," and that this impacted revenues. At Morgan Stanley on the other hand, Pruzan said variously that the bank's sales and trading business was assisted by, "constructive market conditions," that it "built on Q4 momentum," and was "aided by an active news cycle." What works for Morgan Stanley, doesn't seem to work for Goldman.
Product mix was part of the story. Goldman Sachs' fixed income sales and trading business is comparatively strong in commodities, rates and FX, whereas Morgan Stanley's is strongest in securitization, rates and municipal finance. Goldman's quarter was ruined by shrinking revenues in both FX and commodities, both of which Morgan Stanley is far less exposed to.
Morgan Stanley also seems to have replicated Bank of America's success in credit trading though. While Goldman's credit trading revenues floundered in Q1, Morgan Stanley said the credit [trading] environment was "favorable." Goldman's poor credit trading performance was down to its over-reliance on institutional clients like hedge funds which are less inclined to trade when volatility is low (other banks benefited from, "more significant corporate footprints as a result of larger lending books," according to Chavez). Morgan Stanley somehow seems to have dodged this bullet, despite its similar brokerage background.
Before dismissing Goldman's feeble fixed income quarter, however, it's worth bearing in mind that the firm has understated its fixed income sales and trading revenues since 2011. This was when Goldman concocted its investing and lending division, which - among other things - invests in publicly listed debt. Morgan Stanley doesn't have an equivalent. When Q1's $666m of debt-related investing and lending revenues are added back in, Goldman's fixed income trading division returns to its rightful place above Morgan Stanley's and achieves a more impressive 34% annual growth rate. - Even with I&L, Goldman's still trounced by Morgan Stanley but can at least point to its own double digit rate of expansion too.
Morgan Stanley's M&A bankers had a worse quarter than Goldman's
There's more to an investment bank than just fixed income trading. In M&A, both Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs suffered from what threatens to become increased reticence to do deals. Pruzan described an, "unease about U.S. policy outcomes and geopolitical strains." By comparison, equity capital markets and debt capital markets revenues at both banks rose quickly as clients raised financing (possibly before geopolitical strains make this more challenging). But at Morgan Stanley they both rose more.
Trading jobs look a lot safer at Morgan Stanley's investment bank
The real question for Goldman Sachs now is whether it needs to cut more costs in its fixed income business. Chavez dodged this bullet during yesterday's call, saying only that, "expenses are never perfect, and keeping a close eye on our expenses is just part of the ongoing discipline of running our businesses for the clients and our shareholders."
Goldman has cut costs. In the first half of 2016 it laid off 2,600 people across the firm - more than at any time since the financial crisis. There may be more cuts to come. Last July, Goldman announced a further $700m cost cutting plan which was subsequently upgraded to $900m. Although former CFO Harvey Schwartz gave the impression that these $900m cost cuts had already been achieved, Chavez suggested yesterday that $500m came out last year and a further $400m of "flexibility" will be removed from costs this year as deferred bonuses and severances pan out.
However, many people Goldman Sachs has cut from its fixed income sales and trading division in the past few years, though, it's cut fewer than Morgan Stanley. As Morgan Stanley CFO James Gorman likes to point out, the bank eliminated 25% of its fixed income salespeople and traders in late 2015, and its business is still thriving. Goldman Sachs has not done the same and compared to Morgan Stanley, its fixed income business is floundering.
There's good reason to think Goldman will pull this particular trigger soon. Former CFO Harvey Schwartz was very protective of Goldman's fixed income salespeople and traders, saying that the firm needed them to be there for clients in the long term. Chavez now holds Goldman's purse strings, however, and he's likely to be less sympathetic - especially as his vision is of a future where clients interact with computers driven by artificial intelligence rather than with human beings. If you're a fixed income trader, maybe Morgan Stanley is the better bet?
Contact: sbutcher@efinancialcareers.com
Photo credit: Morgan Stanley by B0g4rt is licensed under CC BY 2.0.
Has Goldman Sachs lost it? The omens and their counterpoints
10 things J.P.M's and Citi's results say about banking jobs now
Are these the people responsible for Morgan Stanley's fixed income trading miracle?


text:
FESPA - Federacja Europejskich Związków Sitodrukarzy (The Federation of European Screen Printers Associations). Organizacja o charakterze komercyjnym zrzeszająca sitodrukarzy, producentów sprzętu i materiałów do sitodruku i druku cyfrowego. FESPA zrzesza obecnie 28 organizacje sitodruku i drukucyfrowego z całej Europy, Kanady i Japonii. Od niedawna działalność stowarzyszenia została rozszerzona o druk cyfrowy. Polskim zrzeszeniem sitodrukarzy jest PSSiDC - Polskie Stowarzyszenie Sitodruku i Druku Cyfrowego należącym do federacji FESPA od roku 1997.

Linki zewnętrzne
 FESPA
 PSSiDC

Poligrafia