When you have decided that you want to do a Cambridge English exam, the next step is to decide which of the many exams for English that they have is the right one for you to do.
To help you decide this, read this article. In it, I'll first explain what the different English exams are that Cambridge offers for non-native English language speakers. You'll then learn what you should do to know which one of the exams would be best for you to do.
It also has some other exams for lower levels of general English and some that test specific forms of English (like legal English, business English etc...), but I won't talk about these here.
Of the four exams, the IELTS exam is different to the rest.
The FCE, CAE and CPE exams are English level specific exams. What this means is that each of these exams is focused on a specific level of English and this is reflected in the type of vocabulary and grammatical structures used in the exams.
If you pass these exams (get 60% or over) then your level of English is judged to be at the above levels.
Although there are differences in some of the parts in the FCE, CAE and CPE exams, the type of questions, what you have to do and what you are assessed on is more than less the same between the 3 exams.
IELTS is different in that it is a non-level specific exam. This means that the exam is created for and done by students of very different levels of English abilities (normally from B1 (intermediate) to C2 (proficiency)).
Unlike in the other three exams, in the IELTS exam the vocabulary and grammatical structures used are from all levels of English (from elementary to proficiency level).
Also in IELTS, there is no pass or fail. The higher your final score, the higher your level of English is judged to be (the lowest you can get is A1/Beginner and the highest is C2/Proficiency).
In addition, the format of the exam questions, what you have to do and the types of things that you are assessed on is different between IELTS and the 3 other exams. IELTS, is different especially in the type of questions and what you have to do.
With IELTS, there are also two different versions of the exam that you can take: IELTS Academic and IELTS General Training. The IELTS Academic exam is aimed at people wanting to study or work in a university and the IELTS General Training for most other situations.
All four of these exams are internationally recognised and accepted by governments, companies, organisations and schools/universities as a way for non-native speakers to demonstrate what their level of English is.
As long as you have money there is nothing stopping you from doing any four of the exams (they are not going to check your level of English when you are paying for your place on the exam).
However, which one of the four exams you should choose depends (or can depend) on two things: What you are doing it for and what your current level of English is.
Although this is not going to be a factor for most people (because all the exams are widely accepted), if you are having to do an English exam for a specific purpose (e.g. to get a visa to live or study in a country or attend a university) I strongly recommend that that you check what English language qualification they require you to have to do before deciding which of the four Cambridge exams to do.
Sometimes they can be very specific about which exam you need to have done. And even though you may have the level of English they require through another exam, they can say the exam you have done is not recognised by them and that you have to take the exam they require.
Although it isn't necessary to know what your level of English is to do the IELTS exam (if you can understand the majority of this article, you should be fine) it does if you want to do the FCE, CAE or CPE and pass them.
As I said earlier, the type of vocabulary and grammatical structures used (and what you are expected to use) in these three exams differs (FCE being the easiest and CPE being the most difficult). So before deciding which of these to do, you need to know what your overall current level of English is.
By knowing this, you'll know which of these three exams you should study for and do.
Cambridge has some online versions of the exams which you can do. However, doing these is not going to show you what your level of English is or what exam you are suitable for.
Doing well at these exam has as much to do with knowing how to do the parts of the exams quickly and effectively as your level of English. And learning how to do these well takes months and months of study and practise.
Although there are some online ways to test your level of English (Cambridge has a free online grammar and vocabulary test which recommends at the end which exam you should do), I wouldn't trust too much in any of these.
None of the Cambridge exams just test your knowledge of vocabulary and grammar, all four also test your speaking and listening abilities as well. And to know which of the exams you are right for, you need these evaluating as well.
By far the best way to know which of the exams you are suitable for is to do a level test at a language school/academy.
In the test they give, they'll normally get you to do a test to evaluate your grammar and/or vocabulary level, but they'll also evaluate your speaking and listening abilities by having a conversation with you.
After you have done it, they will tell you what your English level is and which Cambridge exam your level is suitable for.
This test will be free and you will be under no obligation to do classes with them after you have done it.
If you choose to do this, make sure that you do it in a language school/academy with a good reputation. Also make sure that they do classes/courses in the different Cambridge exams (you will be able to find this out on their website). The best language schools/academies to do level tests in are those which are Cambridge Preparation or Cambridge Exam Centres. If they are either, they will say this on their website.
You may think that your level is higher than what they say and think you should do a higher level exam than what they suggest, but I would generally trust what they say.
If you think they have got it wrong, I would recommend that you try doing a level test at another language school/academy and see what they say. But if you do, don't tell them what happened at the other place you did it in. This will make sure they will give you their honest opinion what your level and what exam is right for you.
Having taught all four of the exams to students, if you have the choice, I would personally recommend doing the level specific exams (FCE, CAE or CPE). With these it is a lot easier to know what level and type of vocabulary and grammar you need to learn to do well in them.
Unfortunately because IELTS is a non-level specific, you don't. And it is this which makes it more difficult for most people to both study for and do the exam.
I hope this article has helped you know what the difference in the Cambridge English exams and know what to do to choose the best one for yourself.


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Die Stählemühle ist eine seit 1976 stillgelegte wasserbetriebene Getreidemühle im Eigeltinger Ortsteil Münchhöf und wurde bis Ende 2018 als Destillerie für Edelobstbrände geführt.

Lage
Eingebettet in die Vulkanhügel des Oberen Hegaus liegt die Stählemühle am Münchhöfer Mühlenbach, einem Zufluss der Stockacher Aach. Das Anwesen findet seine erste Erwähnung um 1753/54 in den Büchern des Klosters Salem als "Mittlere Mühle". Die heutige Bezeichnung "Stählemühle" stammt von der Müllerfamilie Anton Stähle, welche die Mühle ein Jahrhundert lang, von 1876 bis zu ihrer Stilllegung im Jahr 1976, als wasserbetriebene Getreidemühle für die Bauernschaft der Region betrieben hat.

Geschichte
Seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde in der Stählemühle nachweislich unter Abfindung Schnaps gebrannt. Das zu dieser Zeit eigens erbaute "Brennhäusle", in dem sich auch der Holzbackofen und die Gesellenwohnung des Lehrlings befindet, zeugt heute immer noch vom klassischen Ensemble eines Mühlenanwesens.

Brennerei
Seit dem Jahr 2004 wird das Anwesen von Christiane Schoeller und Christoph Keller bewirtschaftet. Seit 2005 wurden unter dem Markennamen "Stählemühle" hier Destillate aus regionalen Obstsorten sowie internationalen Obst-Spezialitäten in individuell gebrannten Kleinstauflagen von 10 bis maximal 200 Flaschen produziert. Die Brände der Stählemühle wurden mit diversen internationalen Preisen (Destillata, Preis der Besten der DLG, Goldenes Stamperl, Ehrenpreise u. a.) ausgezeichnet.

Die Edelobstbrennerei Stählemühle stellte auch eine exklusive Serie von Schnaps-Editionen mit international renommierten Künstlern (u. a. Jonathan Meese, Jonathan Monk, Tim Lee) in limitierten Auflagen her.

Im November 2017 gab Christoph Keller bekannt, dass er die Brennerei schließen will. Auf seiner Homepage spricht er über die Gründe, warum die Brennerei seit 31. Dezember 2018 geschlossen ist.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 stählemühle.de

Wassermühle in Baden-Württemberg
Bauwerk in Eigeltingen
Brennerei
Mühle in Europa
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Landkreis Konstanz)
Lebensmittelhersteller (Baden-Württemberg)
Mühle im Landkreis Konstanz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


LIVERPOOL, September 11 – Liverpool manager Rafael Benitez is backing his side to embarrass those who have written off the team's title chances just four games into the new season.
Last season's runners-up lost two of their opening three matches before a late Steven Gerrard goal secured victory in a five-goal thriller against Bolton in the final match before the international break.
Liverpool entertain promoted Burnley on Saturday trailing joint leaders Chelsea and Tottenham by six points while title favourites Manchester United are three points ahead.
Despite a stuttering start, Benitez insists that it was far too early to dismiss his side's chances of winning the title for the first time in 20 years.
"You cannot win titles in September, so you have to go to January and see where you are, and then April and May is when you will fight," said the Spaniard.
"The team as a team has not played at the level we can, but hopefully the win against Bolton will be a lift for us.
"When you are not doing well you always need character – and the players showed character against Bolton.
"We controlled the game and although we conceded two goals, we scored three and came from behind to win. That is very positive and hopefully it will be a different situation for us now.
"The message is always the same – we have to think about one game at a time, try to get three points and then see what our position is each week."
Benitez believes the expectations have increased since Liverpool finished last season on 86 points – four behind champions Manchester United.
With United already having lost a match, Benitez thinks Chelsea's unbeaten start to the campaign will soon be over.
"You don't want to lose two games, especially early in the season, but clearly this year will be different," he added.
"The teams at the top fighting can beat anyone, so I think you will see some top teams lose games."
Despite being labelled favourites for relegation, Burnley have already claimed the scalps of Manchester United and Everton, who finished fifth last season, since winning promotion.
And Benitez knows they will provide a stern test for his players at Anfield.
"Burnley are a good team and have a very good group of players who know each other very well," he said.
"They have beaten Manchester United and Everton and that shows they are doing well."
Benitez revealed Brazilian full-back Fabio Aurelio could come into contention while Gerrard and Glen Johnson, fresh from helping England qualify for next summer's World Cup following Wednesday's 5-1 victory over Croatia, will also start.
Gerrard scored twice against Croatia from his makeshift position on the left on midfield – but Benitez believes his captain is good enough to operate in any role.
"I have been for talking about Steven's best position for years, but he is a very good player who can play in any position," added the Liverpool manager.
"He is doing well for England on the left and if he plays in the middle or as a second striker he will be good too.
"In playing Gerrard on the left, I think Steven knows he has freedom and can go inside."
Burnley famously beat Liverpool in the FA Cup four months before Benitez led the Merseyside club to Champions League glory in 2005.
But the east Lancashire club have not won a top-flight game at Anfield since September 1974.
"We have to remain focused from start to finish. If we can do that then we've always got a chance of taking some points," said manager Owen Coyle.
"We cannot afford to switch off at any given time and we have to take care of the ball. These are the top teams in the world you are talking about, not just the Premier League.
"We have to be at our very best and anything short of that will not be good enough."


Design Takes on Human Survival is the current exhibition showcased at Triennale XXII in Milan. It consists of a deep exploration of the bonds that connect humans to the natural environment that have been severely compromised over the years. The aim of the exhibition is to explore what design can do to alleviate the devastating damage caused by the human race to the environment and society. Broken Nature is curated by Paola Antonelli, senior curator of the Department of Architecture and Design at New York's MoMA.
The XXII Triennale comprises a selection of around 100 projects, examples of restorative design, architecture and art from all over the world. Even to those who believe that the human species will inevitably be extinct at some point in the future, design presents the opportunity to plan a more elegant ending; the wish is that the next dominant species will remember us with respect.
The exhibition starts with The Room of Change by Accurat, a room of information with "before and after" NASA images of change of different territories around the world on big screens and a 30 meters long data tapestry illustrating how multiple aspects of our environment have changed over the centuries.
Beyond drifting: imperfectly known animals by Mandy Baker shows the intake of plastic of plankton, compared to past scientific studies, when organisms where free from plastic.
Kelly's Jazvac's Plasticglomerate is a new type of stone that consists of a mix of molten plastic debris and beach sediment, including sand, wood, and rock.
Kiku-Ichi (Ammonite) by Aki Inomata, proposes new perspectives on the evolutional lives of octopi as seen through the transparency of a digitally scanned and printed shell.
Water is an intensely highlighted keyword trough all the exhibition, as seen in Ice Stupa, stunning pictures of artificial glaciers created in the Himalayan mountains to help villages facing acute water shortage.
Designers are collaborating to explore the potential of advanced bio printing in Tissue Printing by Nervous System in collaboration with Miller Lab, to help restore kidney, liver and pancreatic cells. This fascinating operation can save lives based on the idea that organs are not designed but rather "grown".
Transitory Yarn by Alexandra Fruhstorfer and Acoustic Fur by Christien Meindertsma are two projects focusing on the increasingly typical problem of fast fashion and waste. Alexandra Fruhstorfer invented a system of a yarn that makes it possible di dismantle and re-yarn endlessly. Christien Meindertsma created a wall piece made of thin strips of acoustic felt that can be arranged depending on their density.
Malfunctions, Fallacy of the Closed System by Roberto Feo and Rosario Hurtado of El Último Grito shows a utopian city of glass, where everything is closed and limiting new horizons, pointing at how human survival lays in open systems and governments.
The selection of designs displayed at Broken Nature makes the visitor think deeper and feel stimulated, in empathy with such admirable ideas.
Inexorable change is an inherent feature of life. Although inevitable it is not always evident, especially at a planetary scale. Translating abstract events in objects and concept works like this succeed in translating abstract events in objects encouraging people to adopt alternative and more informed attitudes.
Even if design by itself cannot solve our existential problems, it is an essential component of a well-conceived strategy of reparations.
Broken Nature highlights how connections between designers, engineers, scientists and politicians have changed; they now interact when a project demands it, building a strand between all disciplines. Neri Oxman defines this interaction as 'Krebs Cycle of Creativity'.
In the past, imitation of nature by designers was more focused on shape, while recently they try to learn from processes and knowledge, empathy and circularity, using the elegance of nature as an example. We are part of nature, not its masters.


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State Street Corp Grows Position in Crispr Therapeutics AG (NASDAQ:CRSP)
Comments Off on State Street Corp Grows Position in Crispr Therapeutics AG (NASDAQ:CRSP)
State Street Corp increased its stake in Crispr Therapeutics AG (NASDAQ:CRSP) by 2.1% during the third quarter, according to its most recent filing with the SEC. The fund owned 37,103 shares of the company's stock after buying an additional 758 shares during the quarter. State Street Corp owned 0.07% of Crispr Therapeutics worth $1,521,000 at the end of the most recent quarter.
A number of other institutional investors have also recently made changes to their positions in CRSP. Nikko Asset Management Americas Inc. boosted its position in shares of Crispr Therapeutics by 48.4% during the 3rd quarter. Nikko Asset Management Americas Inc. now owns 2,777,414 shares of the company's stock valued at $113,846,000 after acquiring an additional 906,006 shares during the last quarter. Price T Rowe Associates Inc. MD lifted its holdings in shares of Crispr Therapeutics by 19.6% during the 2nd quarter. Price T Rowe Associates Inc. MD now owns 738,869 shares of the company's stock worth $34,801,000 after acquiring an additional 121,176 shares during the last quarter. Balyasny Asset Management LLC purchased a new position in Crispr Therapeutics in the second quarter worth $5,165,000. River & Mercantile Asset Management LLP purchased a new position in Crispr Therapeutics in the second quarter worth $4,032,000. Finally, OZ Management LP bought a new position in Crispr Therapeutics in the second quarter valued at $3,876,000. Institutional investors and hedge funds own 49.82% of the company's stock.
In other news, President Rodger Novak sold 33,618 shares of the firm's stock in a transaction that occurred on Tuesday, November 19th. The stock was sold at an average price of $70.00, for a total value of $2,353,260.00. Following the completion of the transaction, the president now owns 33,618 shares in the company, valued at approximately $2,353,260. The transaction was disclosed in a document filed with the SEC, which is available at the SEC website. Also, Director Pablo J. Cagnoni sold 7,500 shares of the firm's stock in a transaction that occurred on Tuesday, November 12th. The shares were sold at an average price of $55.00, for a total value of $412,500.00. Following the completion of the transaction, the director now owns 7,500 shares of the company's stock, valued at approximately $412,500. The disclosure for this sale can be found here. In the last quarter, insiders sold 56,118 shares of company stock valued at $3,620,760. Company insiders own 21.40% of the company's stock.
CRSP opened at $59.90 on Friday. Crispr Therapeutics AG has a 1 year low of $29.34 and a 1 year high of $74.00. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.06, a current ratio of 8.32 and a quick ratio of 8.32. The stock's 50 day simple moving average is $65.94 and its 200 day simple moving average is $51.65. The firm has a market cap of $3.31 billion, a price-to-earnings ratio of -17.41 and a beta of 3.20.
Crispr Therapeutics (NASDAQ:CRSP) last released its quarterly earnings data on Monday, October 28th. The company reported $2.40 earnings per share for the quarter, topping the consensus estimate of ($0.95) by $3.35. Crispr Therapeutics had a negative return on equity of 2.60% and a negative net margin of 5.30%. The business had revenue of $211.93 million during the quarter, compared to analysts' expectations of $6.32 million. As a group, sell-side analysts anticipate that Crispr Therapeutics AG will post 0.65 EPS for the current year.
A number of equities research analysts have weighed in on the company. Canaccord Genuity raised their price target on Crispr Therapeutics from $72.00 to $80.00 and gave the company a "positive" rating in a research report on Wednesday, November 20th. Chardan Capital reissued a "buy" rating and set a $72.50 price target on shares of Crispr Therapeutics in a research note on Monday, November 18th. Wells Fargo & Co restated a "buy" rating on shares of Crispr Therapeutics in a report on Friday, December 6th. Goldman Sachs Group increased their target price on shares of Crispr Therapeutics from $52.00 to $75.00 and gave the company a "neutral" rating in a report on Tuesday, November 19th. Finally, TheStreet raised shares of Crispr Therapeutics from a "d" rating to a "c" rating in a research note on Monday, October 28th. Three investment analysts have rated the stock with a sell rating, two have assigned a hold rating and twelve have assigned a buy rating to the company. Crispr Therapeutics has an average rating of "Buy" and a consensus target price of $71.38.
Crispr Therapeutics Profile
CRISPR Therapeutics AG, a gene editing company, focuses on developing transformative gene-based medicines for the treatment of serious human diseases using its regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein-9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene-editing platform in Switzerland. Its lead product candidate is CTX001, an ex vivo CRISPR gene-edited therapy for treating patients suffering from dependent beta thalassemia or severe sickle cell disease in which a patient's hematopoietic stem cells are engineered to produce high levels of fetal hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Recommended Story: Profit Margin
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Encyclopedia of Stepdads
by Maddy Zauss
An unabridged guide to every stepdad that has ever been or will be standing ominously at the sidelines of your soccer game. From A to Z (Alan – Zebediah), whoever your mom brings home next, you'll be prepared. Ain't that right, buddy? Now run along while I take your mother to Palm Springs.
Alan: Smokes three packs a day. Shits with the door open. Tells you constantly he never wanted kids.
Bill: Washes his feet in the sink and drinks all of your chocolate milk. When you complain, your mom says, "He's also a growing boy."
Carl: Loves Family Feud. Wears horizontal stripes. "Accidentally" runs over the family cat with his 2004 Toyota Corolla.
David: A hot shot in the community theater circuit. Serenades your mother in public places. Forgets you on family vacations.
Eric: Shrink by day, youth preacher by night. Kisses you and your mother on the head before bed.
Frank: Walks around in his boxers. Smells like gasoline. He'll promise to take you to Raging Waters but he never, ever will.
Giovanni: Plays the lute and gives your friends free weed. Openly talks about pleasuring your mother at the dinner table.
Harold: Before he proposes to your mom, he'll propose to you. With a flash mob. He gives you a ring. He cries. It's weird.
Ira: Calls you "champ" and "sport" and "little man," mostly because he keeps forgetting your name.
Jeremiah: Offers to coach your middle school basketball team… so he can try to convert all your friends to Scientology.
Kris: Asks you to lock him up in chains and seal him in a water tank. He escapes every time. But you'll never escape a life on the road with your new papa.
Leon: Replaces all the light bulbs in your house with smaller light bulbs. Runs for PTA treasurer and wins — by a landslide. Replaces all the light bulbs in your school with smaller light bulbs.
Mandy: Manages a Forever 21. Doesn't manage to make it to your graduation.
Nico: Only speaks in Sopranos quotes.
Oscar: Only speaks in folksy riddles.
Patrick: Sleeps at the foot of your mother's bed. Afraid of your friends.
Quincy: Probably gay. Definitely running a cult out of your basement.
Ronaldo: Took your mother to Ibiza. You haven't seen her in 23 days.
Saul: Spends the entirety of your college fund on a rare breed of snake. The snake kills him three weeks later. Your mother reads his will and weeps — he left everything to the snake.
Travis: Dogs don't trust him, but your mom does. He moves you into his condo in Miami. Kids at school start to call you "The Man." Life is looking up… until he gets arrested for dog fighting. You're not surprised. It was all too good to be true. You move back to Seattle. The kids call you "Dump Truck." You never truly trust again.
Ulysses: A plumber moonlighting as an erotic dancer. You're not a fan of his artistry, but you respect his resolve. Maybe a little too much. You give it a try for the summer. You're not bad. He gives your lessons. He works you to the bone. But it's too tough. You don't have what it takes, and you never will. You retire. You stand backstage watching him perform from the wings. You cry a single tear. He dazzles.
Vick: Calls weed "devil juice" and decorates your house entirely in beige. Are you in your living room — or an endless prison of tan upholstery? You slowly but surely lose your mind. You lose your in-state lacrosse scholarship. You fall on hard times. You open a puppet shop. The shop's walls are blue. You paint them over with beige.
Walter: Takes your mother on long weekends to the Catskills. Leaves you nothing but a bowl of water and an acoustic guitar. You survive off the music. It launches your career. You buy 9 islands, 10 NFL teams, and 22 wives. But nothing — not even the music — is enough to make up for the fact that Walter still forgets your birthday. Every. Single. Year.
Xavier: Professional skee ball player. He tries to get you into the sport. You don't care much for it — you have weak shoulder blades — but he's making an effort to bond, so you try. He lets you join the team, monograms your cap, even pays Sherri the local arcade urchin to take you to prom — she's 47, but she still has all her teeth, so you're thrilled. It's the championship match. All eyes on you. You just need a 20 to win it all… and… you gutter it. You gutter the goddamn final ball. Xavier can't handle the shame. He packs up, leaves town. You and Sherri will have 14 beautiful babies together. You'll name them all Xavier. Each and every one will become a skee-ball legend.
Yael: A conceptual cum artist your mother picked up in the back of an abandoned Albertsons. He'll teach you about manhood — laminating meat, dancing with street cats, shitting into manila envelopes. You develop strong feelings for him… maybe too strong. You beg him to run away with you, but he refuses. He loves your mother's cooking too damn much. You're enraged. Something comes over you. You poison the tuna casserole. You poison the mashed potatoes. You poison the lemonade. You poison the strawberry lemonade. But… Yael is running late. Traffic on the I-5. Your mother is starving. She says she can't wait any longer. You lunge across the table and knock the fork full of tuna out of her mouth — but it's too late. She's already downed her lemonade. And her strawberry lemonade. She dies in your arms. You cry. But not for long, because Yael is knocking on the door. And he's back on the market!
Zebediah: The second coming of Christ himself. The perfect father, the perfect man. He takes you to Clippers games. He picks the mushrooms off your pizza. He gives you "the talk," but in a cool way. He walks on water to impress your friends. But at the end of the day, as much as you love and worship him, it doesn't matter… he's not your real dad — and he NEVER WILL BE!!!!
Stepdads
Poorly Researched Men's Fiction
How to Stay Likable While Reporting Sexual Misconduct
The Brocyclopedia
by Matthew Young
Selected Entries From The Encyclopedia of the 21st-Century American
by Chuck Adams
The Candy Encyclopedia of American Literature
by Katie Pappageorge
Classic Stepdad Jokes
by Kathleen Chen and Brian Polk


KERNERSVILLE, NC—Historic Körner's Folly, 413 South Main Street, will host the 5th Annual Home Grown Arts Festival Sat., Aug. 25, 2018, from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. on the North Lawn. The festival will feature a variety of handmade pieces—from crafts to fine art—that will be available for purchase from over 40 local artisans and members of the Kernersville Arts and Crafts Guild.
The house's architect, Jule Körner, was born and raised in Kernersville. It was here that he began his development as an artist, and later was able to fully express himself in designing and decorating the Folly. The Körner's Folly Foundation is pleased to continue his legacy by promoting local artistry and craftsmanship in Kernersville. Tickets to tour the house will be available the day of the event, so visitors can see Körner's Victorian masterpiece.
The Home Grown Arts Festival has something for the whole family. Tours are fun for all ages, and scavenger hunts are available for the kids. During the event, the Körner's Folly Family Puppet Show is being performed at 10:30am in Cupid's Park Theatre. Puppet Show tickets are $2.
The festival is coordinated by the Kernersville Arts and Crafts Guild, a nonprofit, community-based organization dedicated to helping artists and craftspeople exhibit and sell their work, promote the development of arts and crafts in the community, and support artistic educational activities.
The festival is free to attend, however regular tour admission applies to tours inside Körner's Folly and the Puppet Show.
Körner's Folly is open for self-guided tours Wednesdays-Saturdays 10 a.m. – 4 p.m. and on Sundays 1 – 4 p.m. The last tickets are sold at 3 p.m. to allow visitors adequate time to explore and enjoy the museum. Tour admission is $10 for adults, $6 for children, children under 6 are free. Guided group tours are available by appointment Monday-Wednesday.


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Very nice blog…how often do you have other bloggers guest post?
It depends how many posts I get. Right now, it probably averages once a month. You can email me if you have an idea for a post!


Yes, I'm talking to you. Say this out loud to yourself, right now!
1. Today I will only eat when I'm hungry. Not because I'm bored, stressed, or just because it tastes good.
2. Today I will accept myself exactly where I am because in order to get where I'm going, I have to appreciate where I've been and where I am.
3. Today I will stop making excuses. I will not wait for tomorrow. I will not wait until my schedule clears, I graduate, I get my dream job, my kids are out of school, my kids are in school….whatever excuse I can think of. Stop it now! There will always be an excuse. There may not be a tomorrow.
4. Today I will stop being hard on myself for not working out like an Olympian. I will push past my own comfort zone and applaud myself for that hard work.
5. Today I will look in the mirror and say "you're AWESOME!". And mean it.
This entry was posted in Body Image, Finding Balance, Fitness as a Priority, Goal Setting, Tuning in to your body and tagged balance, body image, chaos, fitness, friends, goals, Health, kids, self love, wellness, women. Bookmark the permalink.
I love this, LOVE LOVE LOVE THIS!


By their very nature, universities are perfectly equipped for research and teaching, and as institutions they are tasked with training the world's future leaders. So how can they help in the fight against climate change?
Recently, there has been a crescendo in the number of university-related sustainability news, suggesting that the academic sector is aligning itself with the environmental sector more so than ever before.
In October, 10 of the world's top universities published a 'Green Guide' to help universities worldwide become more sustainable. And just last week, more than 360 sustainability leaders attended the 10th annual Green Gown Awards at the University of Manchester's Whitworth Hall to witness the announcement of 15 of the UK's most sustainable higher education institutions.
From teaching future engineers about renewable energy to finding innovative ways to reduce carbon emissions, universities can clearly play a huge part in the development of strategies for tackling global warming.
Focusing on three categories - educating; research and development (R&D); and own environmental best practice - edie has assembled some of the courses and initiatives that highlight the growing relationship between education and sustainability.
It is important to cast the minds of the future in the right mould. Those who are currently studying at university could soon be environmental professionals and sustainability leaders.
National Union of Students (NUS) senior project officer Jesse Scharf said that students want to leave university with "high levels of sustainability literacy" and to join companies that are actively embracing sustainability.
Courses such as the following can help them achieve the sustainability skills they will need to find careers in the renewable energy and environmental sectors.
The course involves three core modules, electives, fieldtrips and workshops which provide specialist environmental training.
The aims of the programme are to: examine the nature, causes and impacts of major types of environmental change; examine the economic, legal, cultural, and ethical underpinnings of environmental responsibility and systemic solutions; and empower the world's environmental leaders to address the most pressing environmental threats.
The course is comprised of eight compulsory modules including the structural integrity of renewable energy systems, and renewable energy technologies, policy and markets.
In 2013, Bradford University launched the world's first circular economy professional business degree in partnership with the Ellen MacArthur Foundation.
Core modules include the fundamental principles and concepts of a circular economy, alongside business models, enterprise and innovation, and materials, resources, energy and competitiveness.
Universities often collaborate with external organisations and are ideal 'research and development hubs' from which projects can be tested and improved.
Last month saw the commencement of the 'TLDWIND' initiative, an R&D project which will use a budget allocation of €1m provided by Innovate UK to support the installation of offshore wind farms in areas of the UK where the water depth has previously made it infeasible.
Strathclyde University will lend the use of its hydrodynamic testing tank facilities which will be of key importance in ensuring the success of the project.
In September a new £1m HIVE building was opened in the University of Bath's Building Research Park to test low-carbon sustainable building materials in realistic open-air conditions before being incorporated into buildings.
The building aims to tackle the fact that 50% of all UK emissions come from the construction industry, by offering a 'plug and play' facility to test and evaluate facades, walls and panels on their energy efficiency, flood resilience and structural capability.
Nottingham Trent, in collaboration with Spanish SME, Ona Product SL, developed a new lighting system which is housed in a recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) casing, a material commonly used to contain soft drinks.
The design uses ultra-low watt light emitting diodes (LEDs) which consume about seven times less energy than traditional incandescent lights.
Universities must practice what they preach in terms of energy efficiency and sustainability.
There are many examples of institutions improving their own energy efficiency and ending support for non-renewables.
The Fossil Free campaign is an international divestment movement started in 2012 by 350.org to encourage universities, as well as other institutions, organisations and individuals, to end their financial support for the fossil fuel industry.
In October, the University of Glasgow became Europe's first academic institution to pledge to divest from the fossil fuel industry following a year of campaigning by more than 1,300 students led by the Glasgow Climate Action Society.
Decisions from other universities, including the Edinburgh and Oxford, are imminent.
Having undertaken a major energy efficiency overhaul of fume cupboards in its two largest teaching laboratories with an energy payback of 2.8 years, Reading University has achieved annual savings of £90,500 and 343 total CO2 emissions.
As part of its annual Green Week, the university ran a competition to design an interactive display indicating how efficiently the cupboards are running. The winning design has now been custom-built and installed, providing a long term visual indication of energy use for the fume cupboards.
An estate-wide energy efficiency review of its entire 300+ fume cupboard stock is now underway.
Lancaster University won the Green Gown Carbon Reduction Award for its 2012 wind turbine project which is projected to reduce carbon emissions by 40,000 tonnes over its 20 year lifetime.
Between August 2013 and July 2014, the turbine generated 5,042,328 kWh, which is 15% of the University's electricity consumption.


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lesblicious
We're All Just Pawns to the Tories
in Extracts, Opinion
Originally published at Lesbilicious at the time of the Second Reading on the same sex marriage bill in the House of Commons.
For the most part, there has never been a better time in history to be LGBT on this earth. But every so often, in my Western middle class world, the march towards full equality halts for a breather, or there's a skirmish by the baggage train, and you get brutally woken up to the fact that, actually, the reason there's a campaign for equality is because there's people in the world that actually don't see you as human and deserving of respect.
I am referring, of course, to the Tories, of whom many appear to think gays are just a hippy newfangled case of political correctness gone mad and can be easily cast aside in pursuit of cheap political potshots at their party apparatus. Tim Loughton MP, egged on by sneaky right-wingers and what passes for the religious right in this country, tabled an amendment this evening to the Same Sex Marriage Bill that would open up civil partnerships to opposite sex couples. Now, I don't think that there's actually that many people that think that when same sex marriage comes in, gays should just keep civil partnerships all to ourselves in some sort of amusing gay privilege scenario, but for some reason this amendment would require the entire bill to be overhauled and put it back by several years, possibly cost £4 billion (claimed Cameron, Labour disputes this). The entire situation was less "free the straighties!" than "annoy David Cameron!" Labour, wanting to embarrass the government but also for teh gays, has been umming and ahhing all day over what to do in response.
Order the Confetti! But is Homophobia a Vote-Winner Anymore?
Religious People can be Gay – Get Over it!
Why I'm not in Tahrir, I mean, Albert Square
In defence of Johann Hari: A Response to a Conservative
Tagged as: gay marriages, lesblicious, tories
in Articles, Opinion
Talking about gay marriage is all the rage at the moment, as one of the last legal barriers towards full equality. There's other things that we need to talk about, like hate crime, and homophobia in schools, but same sex marriage being the very last form of obvious legal inequality between LGBT people and heterosexuals, it's important. And it's about to topple.
It is a fact rarely acknowledged, but the Conservative Party policy is to support civil, and not religious, same sex marriage.
Read the rest of the article here.
Religious gay marriage ban will only cover Anglicans now. Woo.
To LGBT Tories, with (Religious Same Sex) Love
When It's OK to Oppose Same Sex Marriage
"Polarised is important because… of Homophobia."
There will be no equal pride as long as we are not equal.
Tagged as: gay marriage, lesblicious, lgbt, marriage law, religious marriage


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/ 452598 jurgen klopp on title race gomez display and watford win
NEXT ARTICLE Jürgen Klopp: Diogo Jota is what we thought he'd be... and a bit better!
Jürgen Klopp on title race, Gomez display and Watford win
Jürgen Klopp says Liverpool want to enjoy the situation they are in after beginning the season's run-in with a hard-fought 2-0 win over Watford.
The Reds moved to the summit of the Premier League, at least temporarily, on Saturday afternoon as goals from Diogo Jota and Fabinho gained three points at Anfield.
Post-match, Klopp analysed the key elements of the victory against the Hornets and the intensity being handled by his team as they compete for the title with Manchester City.
Read a summary of the manager's press conference below…
On today being as much about the result as the performance…
Yeah, of course, no doubt about that. These games can go either way; if you score early, really early, then just get in kind of a flow, it can go in one direction. But it's not very likely, it's really unlikely that after the international break you see the best game of the season. So we had to work through this game against a very well-organised Watford side. Roy is doing a really incredible job. After [going] 1-0 down, nothing changed, going for counter-attacks. When the players came on, going for counter-attacks. It makes it uncomfortable. We had in the first half obviously the one scary moment when Ali had this incredible save. But we scored our goal, nice, and kept it controlled, which is the most important thing. Scoring the second was obviously kind of a relief. Winning the game is all we wanted, the boys delivered and so now we can carry on.
On his post-match celebrations and not being able to 'give an inch' in the title race…
No, you can't give an inch. But it's nothing to do with being on top of the table, I didn't think about that in the moment, I was just happy to win the game and having now 72 points. Hopefully. To keep it a title race we have to win our football games, otherwise it will be really tricky. And the next Premier League game obviously is a big one, we do not hide from that. It's all good. But now we have a Champions League game to play, which is as important, and three days' time to prepare that. Then we go from there.
On an intense couple of weeks ahead…
It is but I really appreciate the situation we are in. I told the boys yesterday, the first time when we were all together, if somebody would have told us in the summer, in the really good pre-season which we had, that end of March, early April in the situation we are in – in all competitions, won one trophy and a full squad available, and hopefully this will stay forever – we all would have taken it, absolutely. The only better situation would have been – because in the cup competitions we couldn't be further – is if we are 20 points ahead of City, but that's not possible actually. It's all fine like it is, so now enjoy the situation. We are not favourite in one of the competitions we are in, but who cares? We will give it a try.
On managing the situation by being relaxed and enjoying it…
Nothing to do with managing, it's just I feel like this. It's not that I pretend to be in the mood, I cannot change it. And the boys hopefully see it similar. It's not managing the situation or the pressure or whatever. If people see the situation like pressure, not sure I can change that. If they see it as an opportunity, I think it's the right way to do [it]. We created a basis, which we could use, but nobody knows. Because the opponents have their own targets and they really go for it. I know people said Watford is pretty much an easy game; we knew before, and we saw today, it's not easy. Then probably people waved us already through to the semi-finals of the Champions League because Benfica are Benfica. I cannot see situations like this. Benfica are extremely strong, especially when you let them be. That's what we have to think about now: how we can deny that. That's it.
On where Liverpool's belief came from when they were 14 points behind Man City…
We didn't have a lot of opportunities or alternatives to do it differently. Because we are 14 points behind City, that means you are in trouble with qualifying for the Champions League if the others are not 15 points away as well, or 20 points. That was the reason. If you cannot become champions, we have to qualify for the Champions League and that's why there was no reason to think about anything different. And the rest came then. We had no influence in that, we had no chance to influence City's games since then. I saw some of them; even when they didn't win, the performance level was incredible. So we didn't really think about it.
We wanted to qualify for the Champions League, we wanted to come in the cup competitions as far as possible and if possible win it, of course. The rest just happened while we were trying to play the best football possible. Today we didn't obviously play the best football possible but it was good enough to be a deserved win of a football game and that must be sometimes just enough. I was really happy today with the whole stuff, we came through. I didn't expect for one second we will be flying today but we had good moments, lesser-good moments, once where we needed Ali, two nice goals and all good.
On the decision to award Liverpool a late penalty…
I didn't see the situation back. I asked and somebody said it was around the corner in the second-post area. So, I can now say I didn't see it yet but I can tell you how often I've watched football games in my life and how often I said, 'That must be a penalty' because it should not be allowed. If the ball is going there or not, why wrestle in the 18-yard box? I think we all want to see goals and you can see more goals if we just say you have to defend set-pieces legally. If you take somebody and bring him down, it is a penalty for me – even when the ball is not around. It was always like this, I always saw it like this, but it never happened. Again, I didn't see it back, I don't know exactly how this situation was, but yes, I was surprised he went to the screen.
On Joe Gomez's performance and his mentality...
Not only this today, but this as well when we had now really from the bench a lot of game-changers in the games. Even when we rotated and the boys started, they never disappointed and Joey was the opposite of disappointing today. It was pretty clear Joey could, unfortunately, train with us the full week because he was not on international duty, but then we already knew it would be tight for Trent. At the beginning of the week we didn't even know there was a chance, but obviously there was a chance, but because we saw Joey the whole week in training it was clear he would start there.
He did really well and he could have set up a second goal in the second half, the cross was an incredible one as well. Defensively we don't have to talk, offensively some really good moments and some not-so-good moments because you see the positioning against a deep-sitting opponent, it is not so easy to find the right position in these moments and we are usually a bit more flexible, but it's all fine. Joe is an outstanding football player and he will play a lot of games during his career, 100 per cent, he will play here a lot of games definitely. This season was tricky so far for him, but who knows how these things can change. He is obviously ready to use the opportunity when he gets it.
On whether Curtis Jones picked up an injury...
I'm not sure it's a concern yet, he just wanted a strapping; he twisted his ankle and wanted a strapping, but we wanted to change anyway. He got the strapping but after he came off. He obviously could walk normally but I didn't see him yet. I think that should be the only one [injury concern]. Joel Matip had a proper [knock], it looked like a golf ball here [on his head] but it was nothing serious, it was just a bruise and had swollen up a little bit. He said he was completely fine, that's why we had the strapping there. That's it, I'm pretty sure.
Jürgen Klopp's fitness update on seven Liverpool players
Premier League fixtures: Two changes for Liverpool in March
Match Centre: Liverpool v Chelsea - follow live updates
Jürgen Klopp on 1,000-game landmark: 'I feel blessed'
Jürgen Klopp on Wolves win: 'That was the reaction we needed'


KITAI performs the song "FUEGO EN LA RADIO" for BalconyTV.
El mundo necesita fuego y Kitai están en el instante idóneo de ignición.
The world needs fire and Kitai is the perfect ignition.
This is the very heart of their new album "Pirómanos" (Entrebotones, 2017). "Fuego en la radio" represents their declaration of intent. Is this a threat? A warning perhaps? Not at all, it is rather a very much needed self-affirmation with a strong smell of gasoline. Tyler Durden says in his movie "The Fight Club": "This is your life and it's ending one minute at a time" and for Kitai this means now is already yesterday.
their day to day as a succession of repeted charges.
setting off the alarms with their EPs "Viral" (2014) and "Origen" (2013).
Thanks to this steady course, they now return with "Pirómanos" with which they continue moving forward and make a great stunt. Juanma Latorre (Vetusta Morla) has been their artistic producer and has undoubtedly condensed all the wrath of Kitai in his first work as a producer for a band.


Ireland has some of the most restrictive abortion laws in the world. Abortion has been criminalised since 1861, and the passage of the 8th Amendment in 1983 introduced 'the right to life of the unborn' into the Constitution. The effects of the 8th Amendment are felt on a daily basis by women leaving Ireland for abortion, by pregnant women receiving maternal care, by doctors caring for pregnant women, and by lawyers working for the health service. As predicted by the then-Attorney General Peter Sutherland at the time of the referendum, the 8th Amendment has introduced an uncertain and practically unusable position to Irish law. It has, simply put, become "unliveable".
In late 2014 Labour Women, a branch of the Irish Labour Party, established a Commission for Repeal of the 8th Amendment. That Commission comprised three groups: a political group, a medical group, and a group of legal experts. The authors of this Draft Bill are those legal experts. In the accompanying paper, we first outline the legal status quo as regards abortion in Ireland before making a case for constitutional reform. Having established the desirability of, and need for, constitutional reform we then outline the working principles that informed our drafting of the Access to Abortion Bill 2015, bearing in mind our intention to craft a model for reform that would be workable from the perspective of women's lives, medical practice, and politics. Although drafted as part of the Labour Women Commission, and with some (limited) input from the other Commission groups, the proposed draft is that of the authors (working within the confines of our remit as 'legal experts' to the Commission) and not of the Labour Party or of Labour Women. It is made available here for discussion, debate and development by all interested parties.


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Chapter 524 Divine-grade Technique
"Even if all of you choose the second option, I will still let you know of the third option, which would be for you to switch over to the other side and practice cultivation normally." Su Yang said a moment later.
"However, before I let any of you girls decide, I shall give the men an entire week to find their partner first."
The male disciples turned to look at the hundred beauties standing before them and swallowed nervously. There were simply too many choices, and even if they picked someone, it was not guaranteed that the female disciple would be willing to become their partner.
Furthermore, because the female disciples know that if they pick a partner, their chances of cultivating with Su Yang, one of their main reasons for becoming a dual cultivator, would be significantly reduced.
Indeed, this is why there are so many more female disciples than male disciples, as most of not all of the females there came to the Profound Blossom Sect because of Su Yang, hoping to cultivate with him.
Of course, Su Yang was aware of this problem. However, it was not as though he could force these female disciples to choose a partner. Even if there's a lack of male disciples, if the female disciples refused to cultivate with the male disciples, there was truly nothing he could do.
"As for the female disciples, I want you to give these men at least a chance. Life is not always as fair, since there will be times when you have no choices. Of course, I am not telling you to pick a partner whom you do not even like, but if you are attracted to them, do not be afraid to become their partner, as dual cultivation is much more than just pleasure and sex."
"Starting today, and for the next seven days, I want the male disciples to knock on the door of every female disciple here and have a chat with them. As men, especially as a dual cultivator that's new to the scene, if you do not take the initiative, you will most likely never find a partner, and you cannot blame anyone else but yourself for being spineless."
Sometime later, Su Yang dismissed the disciples, and the male disciples began talking to the female disciples immediately.
"Su Yang… do you really think these female disciples will be willing to accept another partner that's not you? I can confidently say that most if not all of these female disciples came to the Sect for you." Liu Lanzhi said to him afterward, as she was also aware of the problem.
"And to be completely honest, if I were amongst those female disciples, I would refuse the male disciples just to be your partner, even if it's temporary. What will you do if that were the case for all of the female disciples? There would be no point for dual cultivation disciples to exist if there are only female disciples who are only willing to cultivate with you."
After a moment of silence, Su Yang spoke, "Even if that were the case, there is truly nothing I can do at the moment. The only possible way to fix this problem is for me to leave the Sect, which will only happen two years from now."
"However, I have already expected this to happen before even the disciple examination, hence why I limited the number of disciples we accepted this year."
"Eh? What do you have planned?" Liu Lanzhi tilted her head.
Su Yang then responded in a calm voice, "In seven days, whether the male disciples have a partner or not, I will be cultivating with the female disciples that have no partners, and then I will train all of them to become either Core Disciples or Sect Elders before next year's disciple examination, where I will be reducing the qualification standards and increasing the limit of disciples we accept. Once that happens, we will have plenty of male and female disciples. Even if the ratio is not completely balanced, at least it won't be as problematic as currently."
"And then in two years, when it's time for me to leave, these disciples will have to either find new partners from the Sect or from the outside world."
Hearing his plan, Liu Lanzhi sighed, "That's quite cruel, you know? Once they get a taste of your abilities, their standards for pleasure will become a shackle that severely limits their choices, making it incredibly hard for them to find partners who will be able to satisfy them."
"I know… but they will grow out of it eventually. Also, don't underestimate the future of dual cultivation in this world. I will definitely increase the world's standard for pleasure before I leave, and it will continue to grow even when I am gone because the Profound Blossom Sect will still be here."
"Let's hope that is that case…"
"Anyway, I will be away from the Sect tomorrow, as I have some business at the Burning Lotus Sect," said Su Yang.
"Okay." Liu Lanzhi nodded.
Sometime later, once everyone beside Su Yang and Yan Yan was gone, Yan Yan asked him, "Master, what should I do now?"
He looked at her and said, "Since you cannot dual cultivate until you are of age, we will have to strengthen your foundation until you can cultivate, and by strengthening your foundation, I mean you should cultivate normally for now."
"Follow me."
Yan Yan nodded and followed him back to his living quarters.
Once they were inside, Su Yang began writing on a piece of scroll.
"Here you go." He handed the scroll to her after it was completed, and he continued, "This is a Divine-grade cultivation technique that was once used by a very close friend of mine who also has the same talents as you. It's a grade higher than Immortal-grade techniques."
He then handed a storage ring to her and said, "There are 10 million spirit stones inside. Use it for your cultivation. It should last you until you are 16 years old."
Yan Yan stared at the storage ring and the cultivation technique in each of her hands with a dazed face, seemingly in disbelief.


To pursue her passion for education Mamata travelled about 18 Km from Talvampara, her uncle's house, to write her BA first-year examination.
Mamata says: "Initially I found writing difficult because of my disability, then got used to it. Every day I faced a lot of trouble in completing my daily tasks but because of the affection of people and my aspiration I am continuing my education."
"I want to be educated. I want to do work so that I can earn money to support my parents financially as well as mentally. I never blame God for my disability as I believe that there are some children, who even with both hands are not studying properly and spoiling their future," says Mamata.
She adds: "My younger and the elder brother used to take care of me. Last year, I passed 12th board exams and got enrolled into the prestigious Degree College of Chhatarpur.


A couple weeks ago, I heard a National Public Radio feature about game theory. No, the story had nothing to do with teenagers immersed in online video exploits. Rather, game theory is a remarkably complex academic subject.
Game theory, which was pioneered in the mid-20th century by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann and Austrian economist Oskar Morgenstern, offers a conceptual framework for studying strategic decision making. It includes analysis and application of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between rational decision makers. It first emerged as a way to understand a large collection of economic behaviors, including those of business firms, financial markets, and consumers. Over time, it has been extended to analyses of political, sociological, and psychological phenomena.
Game theory ordinarily is divided into two branches: cooperative and noncooperative. Cooperative game theory studies how people work together as members of a coalition to create and capture something of value. In contrast, noncooperative game theory explores the actions of people when coalitions are not permitted and people make decisions independently, without sharing knowledge for their respective benefit.
In the language of game theory, social workers tend to favor cooperative efforts. After all, clinical social workers do their best to help clients prevent and manage conflict. Agency administrators work hard to promote teamwork and minimize adversarial relationships. Social workers in policy positions build coalitions to formulate policies that benefit the commonweal. In short, social workers generally are conflict averse.
That said, some social workers recognize that conflict has its place. Those who serve as community organizers and activists argue that vigorous protest against entrenched and self-serving interests sometimes is necessary in the name of social justice. Social workers who serve in political campaigns for candidates who embrace the profession's values sometimes engage in competitive tactics to defeat an ideological opponent.
A clinical social worker provided counseling services to a married couple who had considerable difficulty getting along. After four months of weekly counseling, the husband stormed out of the office one afternoon proclaiming that he'd "had enough" and refused to return for additional sessions. The social worker continued to provide counseling to the wife.
Several weeks later, the husband sued his wife for divorce and custody of their two children. The husband alleged that his wife was emotionally unstable and unfit to parent their children.
Shortly thereafter, the husband's lawyer subpoenaed the social worker's clinical records. The lawyer was eager to see whether the social worker's notes included clinical observations about the wife's mental health struggles that the lawyer could use against the wife during the divorce and custody proceedings.
Three weeks later, the husband filed a licensing board complaint against the social worker alleging that her decision to provide individual counseling to his wife, without the husband's consent, constituted an unethical conflict of interest.
Unfortunately, the social worker had not anticipated the possibility that her clinical notes might be subpoenaed and her ethical judgment questioned. In fact, the clinical notes included some detailed observations about the wife that did not reflect well on her emotional status. The social worker was eager to protect this confidential information and, as well, defend against the husband's allegation that the social worker engaged in a conflict of interest.
Akin to cooperative game theory, some ethical challenges in social work can be resolved collaboratively in an effort to protect everyone's interests. For example, when a clinical social worker receives a gift from a client, the social worker must make an ethical decision about how to manage this boundary issue. The social worker can talk with the client about the gift's meaning and its implications for their professional-client relationship. Their mutual, cooperative effort can resolve the issue in a manner that protects both parties and their relationship; no conflict is necessary and usually is avoidable.
Similarly, a social work administrator who must make a difficult ethical decision about allocating scarce agency funds can approach the task with a spirit of cooperation. She can bring together colleagues to review all reasonable options and promote shared decision making in a sincere effort to promote what ethicists call distributive justice.
Unfortunately, some ethical matters, as in the case involving the social worker whose former client subpoenaed her records and filed a licensing board complaint against her, entail conflict and adversarial exchanges. When this occurs, social workers sometimes feel the need to make ethical decisions defensively in anticipation of conflict. Such ethical decisions, as in noncooperative game theory, may be driven primarily by self-interest and self-protection rather than clients' best interest.
Over the years, I have discovered there are two ways to think about social work ethics. One view—as in cooperative game theory—involves constructive collaboration at its core. Social workers make many ethical decisions in the spirit of collaboration. An example involves social workers who do their best to manage complex boundary and dual relationship issues when they live and work in small, rural communities. Social workers in these situations typically must work hard to manage client confidentiality and inevitable nonprofessional encounters with clients in the community. Their children may be playmates; the client may be the social worker's auto mechanic; and the social worker and client may share the same physician's waiting room as patients.
In sharp contrast, the second view of social work ethics is more defensive and often adversarial. Social workers whose former clients subpoena their clinical records and file licensing board complaints against them—as in the case example above—may feel caught in an adversarial vortex, where opposing parties strategize in a competitive effort. When adversaries challenge social workers' judgments, social workers understandably respond defensively. In such instances, ethics-related conversations are less about doing the right thing and more about social workers' efforts to protect themselves against allegations that they violated clients' rights and mishandled ethical judgments. When this occurs, ethics becomes a contest driven by self-interest rather than a virtue-driven endeavor inspired by professional duty.
Ethics is not a game. Ethical judgments require earnest, deliberate, and principled reflection on matters of moral right and wrong and on professional duty and obligation.
Game theory has much to teach social workers about ethics. In a perfect world, ethical judgments would be limited to cooperative attempts to act morally. Sadly, ethical challenges in social work sometimes entail adversarial proceedings that force social workers to react defensively, much like the focus of noncooperative game theory. Social workers would do well to understand this distinction.


"You must be miserable, being so far from your book room." Elizabeth teased. Her father was well known for his hunger for a good book and remaining home, in his study, to enjoy his books. Elizabeth, his second eldest of five daughters, was very much like her father in her thirst for knowledge, and they had spent many hours debating the many books they had read. At the age of nineteen, she was extremely well read on many topics that were not considered appropriate for young ladies, but her father rarely curtailed her choices in reading material. To Thomas Bennet, Elizabeth was the son he never had, so she was taught the same as a son would have been.
"Jane was happy to remain home with Mamma and our younger sisters. She did not enjoy visiting the sea when she went with Uncle Edwin and Aunt Helen two years ago. She told me that even watching the waves coming in made her queasy." Elizabeth related her elder sister's words.
"You know Jane, Papa. She prefers to enjoy the great outdoors in a nice garden. Anything more, she is uncomfortable." Elizabeth chuckled.
Mr Bennet smiled. The difference in his two eldest daughters was extreme. Jane was fair haired, blue eyes, sweet disposition which did not allow her to think ill of anyone, where Elizabeth had dark chocolate curls, brown eyes with golden flecks, and very outgoing personality. Elizabeth was also an avid admirer of nature, spending as much time outside as possible.
The other three Bennet daughters were considered, by Mr Bennet, to be the silliest in all of Hertfordshire, where his estate, Longbourn, was located near the village of Meryton, and was the second largest estate in the area. The middle daughter, Mary, was extremely pious. If she had taken the time, she could look just as pretty as her other sisters, but Mary felt that vanity was a sin and therefore did nothing to make her appearance better.
Next came Katherine, or Kitty, as her family referred to her. Kitty was a sweet natured girl, not as extreme as Jane, but still kind hearted. But she was often forgotten, so she soon learned to follow her youngest sister about, her way of garnering attention from others.
The youngest of the Bennet daughters was Lydia. Lydia was much like her mother, high spirited, crass, and an extreme flirt. She was not reprimanded for her inappropriate behavior, allowed to run free at the age of fifteen. Mr Bennet had long given up hope of his wife ever curtailing her favorite daughter's antics.
"Did I tell you about the letter I received on Tuesday of last week?" Mr Bennet asked.
"You said that you had received a letter, though not what it contained." Elizabeth replied.
"Especially when your mother learns that the young man is betrothed to a young lady from his current parish. Your mother would dearly love to have one of you girls married to the heir, so she would not have to give up her home when I am gone." Mr Bennet smiled at his daughter.
"That will only mean Mamma will double her methods of trying to marry all of us off quickly." Elizabeth shook her head. Mrs Bennet had taken matchmaking to the extreme when it came to her daughters, causing her eldest daughters many instances of embarrassment.
Fitzwilliam Darcy had returned to his carriage immediately after learning of his sister's disappearance from the house he had leased for her in Ramsgate. As his carriage quickly made its way through the streets of the seaside town, Darcy returned to the conversation he had just had with the housekeeper, Mrs Lowe.
"Departed? Where was she heading to?" Darcy was shocked, as his sister, Georgiana, was to remain at Ramsgate for another fortnight, when he was to come to collect her.
"Yes, it is. Who was the gentleman they were traveling with?" Darcy asked, confused with what was being said.
"Mr Walker…no, that is not correct. Wilson? No, Wilkens, I think." The housekeeper had not been introduced to the man, only heard Miss Darcy and her companion, Mrs Younge, speak of the young man.
"Could it be Wickham?" Darcy felt an icy chill take hold of his heart.
Darcy looked at the pocket watch he had pulled from his vest pocket. It was now almost four in the afternoon. "Have my carriage ready to leave as soon as possible. I need to check my sister's rooms and then I will be leaving." He shouted his orders as he headed up the stairs to the rooms Georgiana had used while she stayed in Ramsgate.
Darcy was well acquainted with George Wickham. And he knew of what his former friend was capable.
George Wickham was the son of Darcy's father's steward. Mr Gerald Darcy had been pleased with his steward's years of dedicated service to Pemberley, and had been named the god father George when he was born. Mr Darcy was saddened when the steward had died suddenly from what was later learned to be a heart condition he had refused to be treated for. The physician had insisted that Mr Wickham take medication to treat the condition, but the steward stated that he did not wish to appear weak. He died when George was only ten years old.
Mr Darcy had been fond of George, and paid for the boy to be educated alongside his son. By the time George was in school, his true nature was clear to young Darcy.
George had a passion for gambling, and it did not matter to him that he did not have the finances to live the lifestyle he desired. George was also fond of the ladies. He had ruined many a lady, no matter if she were young or old, servant or wealthy, rich or poor. The man had an insatiable hunger for bedding the ladies. Mr Darcy was kept in the dark of his godson's behavior, as his son wished to protect the Master of Pemberley from the pain which would be inflicted.
When Mr Darcy died, only five years previously, he had left an inheritance of one thousand pounds and the living at Kympton parish, should George take orders to become a parson. Fortunately, George declined to take orders, stating a preference for the law. Darcy was pleased to see George's decision, as he did not believe the reprobate to be a proper candidate to lead a parish. Darcy agreed to pay George three thousand pound in addition to the one thousand bequeathed him, after George signed papers releasing Darcy from any further claims.
With the papers signed and the funds given to Wickham, Darcy prayed that there would never be a reason to cross paths with the man again. Unfortunately, only a year previous, Wickham darkened Darcy's doorstep again. He declared himself a changed man and was ready to take orders, wishing the living he had signed away claim to. At first, Wickham put on a mask of sincerity, though it quickly dissolved. When Darcy stated he would not give the living to Wickham, the scoundrel began making all sorts of threats against him. After Wickham was dragged from Darcy House by servants, Darcy hired a man from Bow Street Runners to investigate Wickham. It was learned that Wickham had accumulated extensive debts, totaling over five thousand pounds. He was on the run from some of the men he owed money to, as they had placed a price on his head. It appeared that Wickham wished to have the living so he would have somewhere to lay low from his creditors.
Again, Darcy prayed it would be the last time their paths would cross. But it was not to be. Now, Wickham had abducted Georgiana. Darcy cursed to himself for leaving Georgiana with only her companion, and for not telling Georgiana the truth of George Wickham's nature.
Darcy knew his cousin, Colonel Richard Fitzwilliam, was currently staying in London, so he would go there first. Richard shared guardianship over Georgiana with Darcy, and the military man despised Wickham. With Richard's skills, they should be able to locate Georgiana quickly. At least, that it was what Darcy hoped.
The weather was matching Darcy's mood, as the rainstorm grew in intensity. The wind began to blow, rocking the carriage, and the rain was making the road difficult for the wheels, sliding in the mud.
There was a loud shout from the top of the carriage, just before the carriage turned sharply. Then there was a crash, as if something had struck the carriage. Darcy was thrown across the carriage, before it began to tip over. Over and over it went, flipping more times than Darcy could count. Then the carriage came to an abrupt stop, flinging Darcy head first into one of its corners. The world turned black and cold as Darcy slipped into a world of unconsciousness.
"Papa." Elizabeth screamed as their carriage lost control, sliding until it struck something hard. It continued to slide, as Elizabeth attempted to hold on to her father.
"Hold tight my dear girl." Mr Bennet said, attempting, but failing, to keep his voice calm.
It seemed like the carriage slide forever, before it slid into another hard object, bringing the carriage to a complete halt as it broke into pieces. All Elizabeth could remember was her hand being pulled from her father's, as she was thrown from the splintered side of what had been their carriage. She was lying on her back in mud, as the rain pummeled her.
"Miss Elizabeth." The voice came from several feet to her right. She was dazed at first, but realized it was the voice of their driver.
"Where is my father?" Elizabeth asked frantically.
The driver went to the carriage's remains and looked inside. He could see Mr Bennet, and it was obvious that his employer was no longer living.
"Miss Elizabeth, I found your father." Matthew stated as he returned to her.
The look on the driver's face spoke volumes. Elizabeth knew what he was telling her, but she refused to accept it. "Help me go to him, please." She begged.
Elizabeth nodded her head. Matthew assisted her to the other side of the carriage, lowering her to the ground, so that he could check the other carriage. She dearly wished to see her father, see for herself that the driver was correct, but she determined it was not wise for her to do so. Matthew was the son of Longbourn's housekeeper and butler, and had lived all his life at the estate. He knew how dear Elizabeth was to her father, and how Elizabeth loved her father in return. If Matthew stated it was not a sight for her, it was obvious to Elizabeth that her father's body was horrible.
Time seemed to stand still, taking an eternity before Matthew returned. The rain continued to pour down from the sky, making it difficult for her to see far ahead. When Matthew returned, he startled Elizabeth.
"Are we near anywhere that could give us shelter?" Elizabeth asked.
She realized the truth in Matthew's words. Reluctant as she was to leave her father's body, and leave the unconscious man in the other carriage, there was nothing she could do for them in her condition. Carefully, Matthew assisted her up from the ground, and they made their way towards the light.
The mud on the road, the pouring rain and their injuries made the journey seem to take forever. Finally, they arrived at what appeared to be an inn. They opened the door and entered, finding a roaring fire burning in the fireplace.
"T…T…Thank you." Elizabeth said, her teeth chattering as she was bitterly cold in her sopping wet clothes.
The father and son made their way to the inn. Mr Carridan was much like his wife, in their late forties, greying hair, and a bit of a paunch about the middle. Mr Carridan had held a coat above his head, attempting to protect himself from the rain. Their son, Jonathon, was in his mid-twenties, tall and thin. He had light brown hair when he lifted his cap from his head.
"Forgive me Miss, you have my sympathies for your loss." Mr Carridan stated. Turning his attention to the driver, he inquired as to how far away the accident had occurred.
"I will be fine, Miss Elizabeth." Matthew replied. He had always known Elizabeth to be the dearest of the Bennet sisters, and his parents felt the same. He would do anything to protect her from harm. The deepest pain Matthew felt was knowing he was unable to protect her from experiencing the loss of her father.
Once Elizabeth was in the room, Mr Carridan set a fire in the fireplace, then moved to the other rooms to prepare them for occupancy. Alone, Mrs Carridan began assisting Elizabeth from her sopping wet clothes.
"Tis nothing, dear girl. I am grateful we are able to do what we can." Mrs Carridan left the room with a promise that she would soon return.
Elizabeth sat on the chair near the fireplace. She felt a numbness that was far beyond being wet and cold. She felt a numbness which had gripped her heart. Tears began to openly flow. She had been able to control them when in the presence of others, but being alone, there was no holding back the flood.
Elizabeth nodded her head. "He…he…was very…dear…to me. He…loved me…and…" She could not speak any longer.
Elizabeth agreed to allow the motherly lady to check her leg. Near halfway between her ankle and knee, Elizabeth hissed at the stab of pain which struck her.
"Thank you, Mrs Carridan." Elizabeth laid her head back on the pillows, exhaustion beginning to take hold of her.
"Where could your brother be?" George Wickham had arrived in London, with Georgiana Darcy and her companion, Mrs Younge. Upon their arrival, Wickham had left Georgiana with her companion at a rundown boarding house, while he made his way across town to Darcy House. Once there, he learned that Darcy was not only not home, but was away from London as well.
"Stop your blubbering about, or I will give you something to cry about." Wickham said, pull his arm back in a manner which was threatening to strike the girl.
"George, let her be. She is just a foolish child. So we have to wait a day or two to get the money from Mr Darcy." Mrs Younge said. She had been Wickham's lover for several years, since the death of her husband left her penniless and forced her to a life of service. She had worked in a tavern when she met George Wickham.
The young Miss Darcy was distraught. She had thought Wickham loved her and that Mrs Younge was her dear and trusted friend. Georgiana had left Ramsgate with the duo as she believed she was eloping with Wickham. How romantic it had all sounded, Wickham professed his ardent love for her and begged her to elope with him. He had claimed they needed to keep everything secret, as he was the son of her father's steward and many would frown on such an attachment. And Wickham had claimed their need to stop in Town on their way to Gretna Green was to collect some funds from a man who owed Wickham.
Little did she realize at the time that it was all a sham? Wickham had only brought Georgiana with him as a hostage, to ransom her to her brother. All he wished for was wealth, and he had been spouting lies to her since their supposed chance meeting on the beach at Ramsgate.
"Richard has no authority over my dowry." Georgiana said softly, afraid of receiving another blow from her captor's hand.
Since their arrival in Town, Wickham had been completely different from before. Georgiana had a difficult time realizing that the man who stood before her was the same man who had made her fall in love with him. At least, she thought she was in love with him. But she was young, and the notions of romance were in her mind. Making the journey to Gretna Green to elope had been such a romantic idea, something she had read of in one of her novels.
Wickham left the room for a short time, returning with writing supplies. He sat in the chair beside a small table and began to write. It did not take long for him to finish his letter, and soon he left again, making his way down the stairs of the boarding house.
"Where are you going?" Mrs Younge inquired as she took the rope and wrapped it around Georgiana's wrists.
"What if he were to harm you, or worse yet, kill you?" Mrs Young wore a horrified look.
Elizabeth woke with a start. The room was unfamiliar to her and she felt pain shooting up her leg. It took her several moments before she realized where she was and what had happened.
Hearing a commotion outside her room, Elizabeth called out.
Mr Carridan lifted Elizabeth carefully, noting how she winced in pain.
To take her mind off of the pain, she asked him if her father and the other men had been brought to the barn.
"It will be another day at least. The rain still be coming down. We had a difficult time bringing the wagon back the second time." Mr Carridan stated as he opened the door to Mr Darcy's room.
Seeing the need in Elizabeth's eyes, pleading to have something to do to keep her mind from dwelling on the death of her father, Mrs Carridan nodded her head.
"I can do that. And perhaps, I could read to him. Are there any books? I know, when my sister was ill, she stated hearing my voice reading to her brought her comfort." Elizabeth said as she settled herself on the bed. Though she was uncomfortable sitting on a bed with a young man she did not know, and who was most likely dressed in only a nightshirt, she tried not to think of it. This would be like the time she assisted her friend Charlotte Lucas, when the entire Lucas family took ill. Elizabeth tended her friend's brother and father, along with the ladies of the family.