LIVE Music- Every Friday and Saturday featuring local central oregon artists such as Sugar Mountain and Tony Lompa.
Lounge opens daily at 4:30 with a casual menu. Dining Room opens at 5 with a contemporary american bistro setting. Reservations encouraged; dress code not enforced. Live music in the lounge Friday, Saturday & Sunday nights!
Beautiful setting, exceptional food and service.
Best dinner fit for my after engagement in town. Service was over the top. I all ready ask my girlfriend to marry me but they were so careful not to ruin the evening. Top notch all the way around!!
We were very disappointed. I cannot recommend this place. I thought this would be a great place to celebrate my daughter's birthday (party of four) while we were traveling down to the area from Portland, OR. The restaurant area was not that busy and we were seated at the time of our reservation. However, sadly the night went down hill from there: the waiter took 20 minutes to get back to us to check on us and take our order after getting our drinks; the food took over an hour to get out to us while some other people -who came in 30 minutes after us- got their food promptly; the waiter came back twice to tell us they "miscounted and ran out" of two dishes we ordered; they advertised fettuccine Alfredo as the special but served my wife linguine; and they charged us for the soup that they said they ran out of. I know sometimes places have an off-night but this was ridiculous - the waiter never even apologized for any of it.
Should have had a none alcoholic choice for the toast, such as a Martinelli's.
We've dined at Chop's on numerous occasions. Every time we experienced an excellent atmosphere, outstanding food, and superior service. For anyone wanting to experience true fine dining in the Central Oregon area Chop's is a must.
You are two of the most loyal and enjoyable guests here at Chops! Always a pleasure. Thank you for your support through all the continued changes of making Chops a better place to dine.
Great service and food. We had the bone-in pork chop and ribeye. Both were delicious. Ask for table 14, right in front of the fireplace. Great for a winter dinner.
My wife and I celebrated our 44th wedding anniversary at Chops Bistro in Sisters, OR. The food and service were great, and the atmosphere and ambiance were charming. We had a great time, and wish Chops Bistro the best of luck in the future. We will be back!
This a New Years Eve dinner and the ambiance food and service was perfect! This is hands down my favorite restaurant in Central Oregon.
Awful. Took over an hour to get our food even though there was only one other table occupied. The food finally arrived cold. Further, the elk was absolutely raw. Two filets were at best undercooked. Our server was nowhere to be seen, as she was most of the night. When I waved to the manager she started towards us then turned away. I got up to seek assistance; this time she saw me coming and turned her back on me. Finally got a rude acknowledgment that the food was not acceptable. Comped a lousy beef tip in lieu of the raw elk but still charged us for the rest of the terrible meal. Avoid this until a new operator takes over this attractive space. A shame because it was so good as Latigo.
A disappointment on every level. We had a friend in town and decided to finally try Chops. We live in the Sisters area so it's been on our radar for awhile. The dining room was cold, literally and figuratively. The service was disinterested; our waitress didn't seem to know much about the food, the wine or anything. A couple of the meals we ordered were ok but some were just bad. The swordfish was cold, badly cooked and the preparation was changed at the last minute. All of this and very overpriced, especially for Central Oregon. Keep driving.
Food was not cooked properly and was not worth the money we paid!!
Excellent restaurant, romantic, and wonderful food and service. Great location in Sisters, Oregon. We will return again.
The service was fantastic but the food wasn't anything super special. It was definitely good but just didn't wow me.
A really lovely experience with excellent service and absolutely delicious food. Our new favorite place!
Food was delicious but did not care for the old fashioned drink. Service was not great - they obviously wanted to close and we felt rushed which is unfortunate when you're spending $150 on a meal for two. I understand wanting to close up, but then please don't offer reservations that will cause guests to be there later than you plan to be open.
The food had great flavor but came cold. We sent it back and when we got it back the Turkey portion was much nicer than the first portion which was 2 small odd chunks of Turkey. It was not a lot warmer though. The room was cold too. We thought it would warm up but didn't. The service was a bit slow but on Thanksgiving so maybe they only had a couple people working.
We enjoy Chops. It's the nicest place in Sisters and food is very good. Great atmosphere. Music in the bar and very helpful wait staff.
Small and cozy, with a unique, creative menu with some new items each time we have been there over the last year. Have had the filet three times and always great. Soup and sides are unique but have always been very good. Rolls are very tasty. Dessert selection is always interesting and very good. Meal price is on high side but has always been worth the money.
Service was great but food missed a bit. Fish over cooked and pork chop a little under done. Our server was very good-did it all with efficiency and graciousness. Dining room was beautiful.
Great food and very interesting choices.
Still need a little help with the service. Only one person in the dinning room handling all tables. She needed a helper.
didnt enjoy food or wait staff at all and will not be returning.
A very nice place with great food but limited menu.
I had a filet mignon, my date had squash ravioli - both were outstanding - so good we shared. The filet was one of the top two or three I have had in my 70 plus years. The service was just as outstanding; the perfect choice for the perfect occasion.
Wanted to take local friends out for a treat. Prices high, food average, so not worth the money. Glad we brought our own wine.
Nice room, friendly service. Food was fair at best.
TAAAAASTY courses of which we had 5 + great cocktails and wine that fit the meal...Elk anyone? The Best!!!
It was my year to plan our anniversary plans, and I decided to check out Sisters instead of always hanging in Bend. I'm so glad we did. The staff was friendly, and did not hover. The food was fantastic! I had the Tortelli, and my husband had the Sea Bass. Both were fabulous dishes. Check it out, it's worth the dollar you pay.
Great food in Sisters. Service was exceptional. Restaurant has high quality beef.
We were hungry for lamb chops. Website advertised them. With a name of Chops Bistro and a rating 4+ we couldn't wait. Upon arrival the menu not only did not have lamb chops, there were not chops of any kind. Go figure. When inquiring with manager were told Duck replaced lamb in April, this is September. And website isn't updated. We stayed and what we did order was excellently prepared, albeit very slow. We waited an hour for the entrees.
our water glasses & take our drink order I asked if she was the only one attending the dining room & her reply was "there was a bartender"....no comment about how long we had been waiting. By 730p when we did not have our drink order, we left.
Just what we needed- good food albeit on the higher price end, wonderful service, nice presentation and superb setting.
Our food choices were some of the best things we've ever tasted. They definitely know how not to overcook seafood. I would have given an all-around 5 Stars had it not been for the smoke from the kitchen that hovered throughout the dining room. They weren't able to open the windows to let it escape as there were no screens on the windows. Everything else was top notch, and we will keep Chops Bistro near the top on our list of favorites.
Service was good and friendly. The food was good with the exception of the duck breast, which was under-cooked. I would go there again, but just order something else.
Very enjoyable dinner at the Chops Bistro! Great food and a great setting. Will highly recommend to our friends~!
Great meal. Food was excellent as was the service.
We have always enjoyed Chops, but it was a real pleasure to go back with a new menu solidly in place. Our group of six shared the scallops and ahi appetizers and both were outstanding. This was the first time in a long time at any restaurant that every single person absolutely loved their entree. My duck was delicious and cooked perfectly. One couple in our group loved their dinner so much, they immediately booked a table for two nights later with another set of friends.
We've eaten there twice now, about a year between visits, and have been delighted each time. Both times we were there late...8 o'clock or so...so it was very quiet. Wonderful menu. The duck is excellent! I had braised beef ribs this time and they were perfect. We go to Sisters fairly frequently (live two hours away in Eugene) and this is the best fine dining we've found there. Highly recommended!


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Thelin, W.H. How the American Working Class Views the "Working Class". Humanities 2019, 8, 53.
Thelin WH. How the American Working Class Views the "Working Class". Humanities. 2019; 8(1):53.
Thelin, William H. 2019. "How the American Working Class Views the "Working Class"." Humanities 8, no. 1: 53.


text:
Fristaden Danzig (Gdańsk) (, ) var en fristat i Centraleuropa mellem den polske provins Pommerellen og den tyske provins Østpreussen. Fristaden blev skabt af Versaillestraktaten i 1920, men efter den tyske invasion af Polen i september 1939 blev den indlemmet i Det Tyske rige. Byen Danzig (Gdańsk) blev hovedstad i provinsen Danzig-Vestpreussen (1939-1945). I 1945 blev den tidligere Fristad indlemmet i Polen.

Statsvåbnet er to over hinanden stående sølvkors under en guldkrone.

Stats- og handelsflaget var rødt med statsvåbnet i første tredjedel fra stangen.

Historie

Under den Tyske Orden
Danzig var allerede i slutningen af 10. århundrede en blomstrende handelsby cg hovedstad i Pommerellen. Hertug Subislav omgav 1185 Danzig (dengang Gidanie) med mure. 1295 tilfaldt Danzig Przemysl 2. af Polen, men allerede 1309 kom Danzig under den Tyske Orden. I 14. århundrede voksede Danzig stærkt: Rechtstadt anlagdes 1330-53 og Vorstadt 1393. 1356 sluttede Danzig sig til Hansaforbundet. I slutningen af 14. århundrede førte Danzig krig mod Dronning Margrete af Danmark. 1454 sagde Danzig sig løs fra den Tyske Ordens overherredømme og stillede sig under den polske konges beskyttelse, hvorved Danzig i virkeligheden blev en uafhængig republik.

Uafhængig fristad
Stridigheder med den polske konge om besættelsen af Bispedømmet Ermland førte til en for Danzig heldig krig (1472-1480). Reformationen begyndte i Danzig 1523. Svenskerne belejrede byen 1656, men blev fordrevne af polske hjælpetropper og en hollandsk flåde. 1734 blev Danzig, der havde taget parti for Stanislaw Leszczynski 1. af Polen, belejret og indtaget af russiske og sachsiske tropper.

Under Preussen
Polens undergang medførte ødelæggelse af Danzigs handel. Ved Polens første deling 1772 forblev Danzig selvstændig, men var rundt om indesluttet af Preussen, der også ejede udhavnen Neufahrwasser (:pl:Nowy Port); ved Polens anden deling 1793 kom Danzig under Preussen. 24. maj 1807 blev Danzig indtaget af franskmændene under Lefebvre og ved Freden i Tilsit (9. juli 1807) gjort til fristat under fransk beskyttelse.

29. november blev Danzig erobret fra franskmændene af russiske og preussiske tropper, og 3. februar 1814 kom byen atter under Preussen. Napoleonskrigene og fastlandsspærringen havde næsten helt tilintetgjort Danzigs handel, hvis genopblomstring hindredes derved, at Weichselprovinserne, Danzigs bedste opland, kom under Rusland og blev omgivet med toldskranker. Desuden sandede Weichsels gamle munding mere og mere til, og 1840 brød floden igennem klitterne ved Neufahr, hvorved strømmen ledtes bort fra flodens vestlige arm (Danzig Weichsel, Tote Weichsel), der der efter kun havde betydning som havn. Danzig var i begyndelsen af 17. århundrede større end i midten af 19. århundrede (1625: 75.000 indbyggere, 1855: 55.076); endnu frem til 1. verdenskrig var Danzig, næst efter Königsberg, den af Tysklands havnestæder, der udviklede sig langsomst.

Danzig op til 1. verdenskrig

Danzig var indtil og under 1. verdenskrig et regeringsdistrikt i Vestpreussen, syd for Danzig-bugten, bestående af det frugtbare marsklandskab mod øst mellem Wisła og Nogat og en del af det bakkede, sørige Pommerellen mod vest (Thurmberg, 331 m). Det omfattede et areal på 7.959 km2 med i 1910 742.619 indbyggere, hvoraf halvdelen var katolikker, halvdelen protestanter. Det inddeltes i 12 kredse. Hovedstaden Danzig (polsk: Gdańsk) ved venstre bred af Wisłas vestlige arm, 6 km syd for dennes udløb i Østersøen, var en betydelig havnestad, jernbaneknudepunkt og fæstning. I selve staden var i 1910 170.337 indbyggere, hvoraf 110.253 protestanter, 55.513 katolikker og 2.390 jøder. 1914 beregnedes indbyggerantallet til 180.000; 1871 var det 90.000.

Mellemkrigstiden
Efter Versaillestraktatens artikler 100—108 blev Danzig 10. januar 1920 afstået af Tyskland. 8. februar 1920 besattes Danzig af engelske tropper under general R. Haking, og forvaltningen overtoges af den af Folkeforbundet udpegede overkommissær Sir Reginald Tower. Valg til en forfatningsgivende forsamling skete 16. maj 1920. Resultatet blev, at Volkstag sammensattes af 34 tysknationale, 21 uafhængige socialister, 19 flertalssocialister, 17 af Partiet Centrum, 12 af de Frie Erhvervs Parti, 10 demokrater og 7 polakker. 14. juni 1920 havde den forfatningsgivende forsamling sin første samling, og den tysknationale generalsuperintendent Reinhard valgtes til dens præsident. 11. august 1920 vedtoges forfatningen, og den trådte lovformelig i kraft 11. maj 1922 efter at være blevet anerkendt af Folkeforbundet, som forlangte visse ændringer. 6. december 1920 erklærede den forfatningsgivende forsamling sig som Volkstag og valgte et senat, som 1. maj 1921 overtog Danzigs forvaltning. 27. november 1921 blev de engelske tropper trukket bort. General Haking blev overkommissær til 1923 og efterfulgtes af M. S. Macdonnel, der februar 1926 fulgtes af den tyske jurist Dr. von Hamel og 1932-34 danskeren Helmer Rosting.

Topografi og forsvar

Byens areal var 3.667 ha. Byen gennemstrømmedes af den lille flod Mottlau (polsk: Motława), der var uddybet (5 m) så store skibe kunne nå byens indre havn. Voldene og gravene, der tidligere helt havde omsluttet byen, blev 1895-1896 fjernede på nord- og vestsiden, men resten af den gamle befæstning stod endnu og omfattede 20 bastioner. Mod øst kunne omegnen sættes under vand, mod nord var byen beskyttet af Wisła, og mod vest var den forsvaret af en række forter, der lå på højderne Hagelsberg, Bischofsberg og andre. Nord for byen strakte sig en række udenværker langs Wisła, helt ud til mundingen, hvor havnekanalen Neufahrwasser og Danzigs udhavn forsvaredes af flere batterier og af fæstningen Weichselmünde (polsk: Wisłoujście).

Bydele

Danzig bestod af kvartererne Altstadt, Rechtstadt, Vorstadt, Niederstadt og Langgarten. De to arme af floden Mottlau omsluttede øen Speicher, som mest var opfyldt af lagerbygninger. Mod vest, syd og nord var Danzig omgivet af flere forstæder, deriblandt Skt Albrecht, Altschottland, Schidlitz, Langfuhr, Neuschottland og Neufahrwasser, af hvilke den sidste var Danzigs udhavn. Mere end de fleste andre større tyske byer havde Danzig bevaret sit gammeldags middelalderlige udseende. Om hansetiden mindede endnu de smukke patricierhuse med de smalle gavle mod gaden. Af de gamle byporte var den smukkeste Hohe Tor (16. århundrede), der lignede en romersk triumfbue. Herfra førte Langgasse til torvet, Lange Markt, med Altstadts rådhus (renæssancestil, 16. århundrede) og den nu som børs benyttede Artushof, hvis indre var en prægtig hal, rigt prydet med træskulptur og malerier, en gang de rige købmænds festsal. Rechtstadts rådhus var en smuk gotisk bygning (15. århundrede) med et 82 m højt tårn. Af Danzigs kirker (12 protestantiske, 7 katolske, 2 synagoger) var Skt Maria en af de største protestantiske kirker i verden (opført 1343-1503); den indeholdt et berømt maleri af Memling (»Dommedag«) og flere andre kunstværker.

Næringsliv

Danzigs industri var den gang meget betydelig. Særlig må fremhæves det kejserlige værft og Schichaus værftet, der byggede store handelsdampere og krigsskibe, samt de kongelige artilleri- og geværfabrikker. Endvidere fandtes sukkerraffinaderier, kornmøller, ølbryggerier og spritbrænderier, tobaksfabrikker, kemiske fabrikker, maskinværksteder, jernstøberier, glasværker, fabrikation af farver, lak, ravarbejde med mere.

Sin betydning som handelsby skyldte Danzig oprindeligt sin udmærkede beliggenhed, der gjorde Danzig til havnestad for Polen og de tilgrænsende områder af Preussen og Rusland; i nyere tid mistede Danzig noget af sit opland, selv om handelen endnu var betydelig, især i tømmer og sukker. Også skibsfarten var i relativ tilbagegang, skønt der 1899 åbnedes en frihavn ved Neufahrwasser ved mundingen af Wisła.

Hjemmehørende i Danzig var i 1914 35 dampskibe med i alt 21.346 t og 1 sejlskib (57 t). Til Neufahrwasser ankom i 1913 3.182 skibe med i alt 937.590 t, og der afgik 3.176 skibe med 935.136 t. Der udførtes især sukker, tømmer, korn, mel og spiritus og indførtes sild, råjern, stenkul, kolonialvarer, vin og petroleum. Danzig stod i forbindelse med sine forstæder ved elektriske sporveje. Byen havde offentligt vandværk, slagtehus og torvehal.

Undervisningsvæsen
Af undervisningsanstalter havde Danzig en stor teknisk højskole (1913: 62 lærere og 722 studenter), to gymnasier, et realgymnasium, et lærerseminarium, en krigsskole, et handelsakademi og en navigationsskole.

Andre institutioner
Der fandtes to astronomiske observatorier, et stadbibliotek (grundet 1591, 167.000 bind og 3.600 håndskrifter), et statsarkiv, et bymuseum og flere andre museer, et døvstummeinstitut, 2 vajsenhuse, 2 sygehuse og ca. 130 velgørende stiftelser. Embedsstanden var meget fremtrædende i Danzigs befolkning, da Danzig var sæde for en overpræsident og de øvrige højeste myndigheder i regeringsdistriktet samt generalkommandoen for 17. armékorps.

Danzig i mellemkrigstiden

Regeringsdistriktet Danzig var ophørt at eksistere, efter at Tyskland havde opfyldt Versaillestraktatens krav. De dele, som forblev hos Tyskland, indgik under regeringsdistriktet Vestpreussen under preussisk provins Østpreussen. Resten blev dels afgivet til Polen, dels til fristaten Danzig, der tillige omfattede Weichseldeltaet med Danziger og Marienburger Werder, den inderste del af Frisches Haff i øst og Danziger Höhe i vest. Østgrænsen var en linje fra Pröbbernau på Frische Nehrung over fyret i Frisches Haff til mundingen af Weichselarmen Nogat. Grænsen mellem Østpreussen og Dazig gik langs denne flod op til Montau, hvorfra grænsen mod Polen gik nord på langs Weichsel til Güttland, bøjede så mod vest til Strippau, hvor efter den med retning mod nordøst og nord gik nord om Zoppot ud til Danziger Bugt, som dannede fristatens nordgrænse. Arealet var 1.892 km2. Langs kysten løb en næsten ubrudt klitbræmme. Hovedparten af landet udgjordes af Weichseldeltaets (Das Werder) frugtbare alluviale aflejringer, mens Danziger Höhe i vest var et morænebakkeland, en del af det baltiske søplateau. Landet gennemstrømmedes af nedre Weichsel, Nogat, Mottlau og Radaune.

Befolkningsforhold

Befolkningen udgjorde i 1924 383.995 indbyggere, 203 pr. km2. 4,4 % var polakker og kasjubere, resten tyskere. 58,7 % var protestanter, 36,7 % katolikker, 2,4 % jøder og 2,9 % andre. Over 2/3 af befolkningen boede i byen Danzig.

Fordelt efter næringsveje sysselsatte landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri 18,2 % af befolkningen, industri, handel og bygningsvæsen 30,7 %, handel, samfærdsel og hotelvirksomhed 27,9 % huslig tjeneste 4,5 %, offentlig tjeneste og frie erhverv 8,6 %, uden angivet erhverv 10,1 %.

Staden Danzig var hovedstad i fristaten. Staden havde i 1924 206.458 indbyggere, hvoraf 33 % katolikker. Som forstæder til Danzig kunne med tiden også medregnes Ohra syd for Altschottland og Oliva (13.927 indbyggere) mellem Danzig og Zoppot. Oliva indlemmedes i byområdet 1. juli 1925. Foruden hovedstaden Danzig var de vigtigste byer Zoppot, Ohra (12.447 indbyggere), Tiegenhof (3.087 indbyggere) og Neuteich (2.857 indbyggere).

Næringsliv

Jorden var gennemgående frugtbar, men kunne langt fra producere tilstrækkelige mængder af næringsmidler til den store bybefolkning. Det dyrkede areal udgjorde i 1924 131.049 ha, heraf var 7.859 ha besået med hvede, 7.556 ha rug, 9.276 ha byg, 15.594 ha havre, 9.515 ha blandsæd, 7.172 ha bælgsæd, 7.269 ha kartofler, 5.005 ha sukkerroer, 5.060 ha foderroer, 11.790 ha kløver, 1.487 ha luzerne, 5.933 ha græsmark, 3.452 ha brakjord, 23.883 ha eng. Der fandtes i 1924 32.252 heste, 64.959 stk hornkvæg, 12.380 får, 65.249 svin, 17.989 geder, 5.430 kaniner, 275.971 stk fjerkræ og 7.954 bistader. Den store kvægbestand bevirkede, at der i dårlige høstår let indtrådte fodermangel.

8,7 % af landet eller 16.510 ha var dækket af skov, hvoraf dog en stor del udgjordes af dårlige klitplantager. 12.313 ha var statsskov, 751 ha i kommunal eje og 3.346 ha i privateje. Årsproduktionen var 10.000 m3 tømmer eller kun 10 % af landets eget årsforbrug.

Det tidligere Kaiserliche Werft hed efter krigen Danziger Werft og omdannedes 1921—22, lige som jernbaneværkstederne, til et internationalt aktieselskab. Danzig fik efter 1. verdenskrig forøget betydning som Polens eneste havneby samt støttepunkt for engelske interesser i Østersøen, men efter at Polen havde taget sin nye havn Gdynia (Gdingen) nord for Zoppot i brug, gik Danzig atter noget tilbage. Havnen strakte sig stadig længere ud mod Neufahrwasser og var nu op til Mottlaus munding 8 km lang og 9—9 1/2 m dyb. Oven for Mottlau-Mundingen strakte havnen sig endnu 3 km med 6 m dybde. Hele havnearealet udgjorde 880 ha, hvoraf 220 ha tilgængelige for søgående skibe. 1924 ankom 3312 søskibe på 1.634.970 reg.tons og 3.722 flodfartøjer. Indførslen bestod særlig af stenkul fra England og Øvre Schlesien, råjern, jernmalm og stål fra Sverige, koks, korn og tømmer fra Tyskland og Polen. Udførslen omfattede særlig tømmer (til England), sukker, mineralolie, cement og sprit.

Samfærdsel

Jernbanenettets store gennemgangslinje var Zoppot — Danzig — Dirschau (polsk: Tczew)— Marienburg. Der fandtes 278,5 km småbaner, som mest anvendtes til godstrafik, idet persontrafikken mest foregik med ruteautomobiler ad de 669 km veje. Der fandtes 37,75 km elektriske sporveje. 1926 fandtes 44 postkontorer, 128 telegrafkontorer (834 km linje, 8682 km tråde), og der ekspederedes 522.530 telegrammer. 12 radiostationer ekspederede 52.219 radiotelegrammer.

Telefonvæsenet omfattede 146 stationer, 38.883 km linje, 77.766 km tråd, og der førtes 15.117.166 samtaler.

Handelsflåden bestod i 1925 af 44 dampskibe, 6 motor-sejlskibe, 2 olietankskibe, 10 sølægtere (med over 250 t bæreevne) og 5 motorsejlbåde med i alt 128.673 t. 1926 ankom 5.967 skibe med 3.432.480 t og afgik 5.963 skibe med 3.395.840 t. Havnene anløbedes mest af tyske, danske, svenske og engelske fartøjer efter antal i den nævnte rækkefølge.

Staden Danzig havde en lufthavn og stod siden 1921 i flyveforbindelse med Berlin, Königsberg, Riga, Warszawa og Lwów. Endvidere fandtes en radiostation.

Undervisning

Danzig havde i 1927 18 højere skoler (9 drenge-, 8 pige- og 1 fællesskole) med 6.346 elever, hvoraf 3.017 piger. 11 mellemskoler havde 3.594 elever, hvoraf 1.453 piger. 293 elementarskoler havde 41.237 elever, hvoraf 20.111 piger. De højere skoler havde 329 lærere, mellemskolerne 139 og elementarskolerne 1.001 lærere. Det tekniske institut i Danzig havde i 1927 1.548 studerende og 65 lærere.

Presse

1925 udkom 16 aviser, hvoraf 12 tysk- og 4 polsksprogede.

Vægt og mål

Man anvendte metersystemet.

Mønt

Fra 1923 anvendtes møntenheden, Danzig-gylden, 1 gulden à 100 pfennig — 1/25 £.

Forfatning og forvaltning

Forfatningen af 11. august 1920 trådte først i kraft den 11. maj 1922. Danzig havde status af en fristat under Folkeforbundets beskyttelse. Regeringssproget var tysk. Den lovgivende forsamling, Volkstag, bestod af 120 medlemmer, valgte på 4 år. Senatet bestod af præsidenten og 20 senatorer, der valgtes af Volkstag. Valgret havde alle borgere over 20 år, og valgbare var alle borgere over 25 år. Danzig var ikke nogen fuldstændig suveræn stat, idet den siden 1922 udgjorde eet toldområde sammen med Polen. Alle samfærdselsmidler var underlagt polsk forvaltning, og funktionærerne var polakker. Havnen og vandvejene administreredes af en havnekommission bestående af 10 medlemmer, hvoraf 5 fra Danzig og 5 polakker under forsæde af en schweizisk præsident, valgt af Folkeforbundet.

Danzig måtte ikke afslutte traktater med fremmede magter og måtte ikke benyttes som militær- eller marinebasis, have fæstningsværker eller fremstille krigsmateriel. Forsvaret var af Folkeforbundet overladt til Polen.

Retsvæsenet omfattede 4 amtsgerichte, 1 landgericht og en obergericht. Danzig var delt i 5 regeringskredse.

En karantæneanstalt og emigrantlejr blev oprettet i forbindelse med den slaviske emigrantstrøm over Danzig til Amerika.

Alle fæstningsværkerne omkring staden blev demolerede og til dels omdannede til industriområder. 1924—25 byggede Polen med Folkeforbundets tilladelse et ammunitionsdepot på Westerplatte ved Neufahrwasser. Herved udslettedes søbadet Westerplatte, men genoprettedes længere mod sydøst ved Weichselmünde.

Byen var i toldunion med Polen og underlagt polske love på det økonomiske område. Samarbejdet med Polen var ikke desto mindre konfliktfyldt. Særlig var bestemmelsen om, at Polen skulle have et militært transitdeponi på Westerplatte konfliktfyldt. Efter, at nationalsocialisterne var kommet til magten i Tyskland i 1933, skete der en opblusning af anti-polske stemninger i Danzig på nationalsocialisternes initiativ. Samme år fik det tyske nationalsocialistiske parti NSDAP 38 % af stemmerne i Danzigs Volkstag. Byens polakker (i første række polske tjenestemænd) og polske organisationer blev forfulgt, og «Zurück zum Reich» («Tilbage til riget») blev det dominerende slagord, som blev anvendt i propagandaen blandt byens tyske indbyggere. Størstedelen af byens befolkning ønskede, at Danzig skulle (gen)forenes med Tyskland.

Det valgte parlamentet Volkstag, særlig under ledelse senatspræsidenten fra 23. november 1934, Arthur Greiser, og regeringen i fristaden gik ligeledes ind for genforening med Tyskland, hvilket dog først skete i forbindelse med felttoget i Polen i 1939, som blandt andet blev indledt med slaget om Westerplatte, og fristadens historie endte med den tyske besættelse af det vestlige Polen.

Området blev af det nationalsocialistiske Tyskland fra 2. november 1939 indlemmet i det administrative område Danzig-Westpreussen og var hovedstad for dette.

Folkeforbundets højkommissærer

Modsat andre af Folkeforbundets mandatområder, hvor andre af forbundets medlemmer blev overdraget forvaltningen, blev Fristaden Danzig stående under direkte forvaltning af Folkeforbundet selv. Den daglig ledelse blev varetaget af en dertil udnævnt højkommissær fra skiftende lande:

Eksterne henvisninger

 Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, 2. udgave, bind V (1916), s. 812-813; opslag: Danzig
 Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, 2. udgave, bind XXVI (1930), s. 265-266; opslag: Danzig

Polens historie
Danzig
Kortlivede stater
Forhenværende statssamfund i mellemkrigstiden
Gdańsk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Non-financial companies are increasingly offering consumer-friendly payment options.
You no longer have to identify as "male" or "female" on Facebook. Beginning today, you can choose from 50 56 different gender identities including asexual, androgynous, transgender, genderqueer, and more.
According to the company's official announcement, Facebook worked with its "Network of Support, a group of leading LGBT advocacy organizations" in order to select the 50 new gender identity options. Aside from identity, you can now also choose the pronouns Facebook uses when referring to you—male, female or neutral (they/their).
Updated at 12:29pm PT: Added list of the gender identities and updated the count to 56.


text:
Robert Maxwell Deans (born 4 September 1959) is a New Zealand rugby union coach and former player, currently the head coach of Japanese club Panasonic Wild Knights. He was head coach of the Australian national team between 2008 and 2013. Deans had previously coached the Crusaders for eight seasons and was an assistant coach of New Zealand between late 2001 and 2003. As the coach of the Crusaders, Deans has won more Super rugby titles than any other (three Super 12 titles and two Super 14). He has also coached Canterbury in the National Provincial Championship, winning the title in 1997. As a player, Deans represented Canterbury, first playing at fly half, and later fullback. He also played nineteen matches for the All Blacks, including five tests.

Playing career
Deans attended Christ's College, Christchurch as a boarder where he played rugby mainly at first five-eighth. He made his provincial debut for Canterbury in 1979 and played mainly at fullback, as the team already had future All Black coach Wayne Smith playing at first-five. Deans was the first-choice goal-kicker for the team and scored 1,641 points for the union. He was a member of the Canterbury team during the Ranfurly Shield era of the early 1980s. This included kicking eight of Canterbury's 16 points in its 16–12 challenge win over Wellington in 1982. In 1983-1984, he played for Grenoble french side club FC Grenoble . The shield reign ended in 1985 against Auckland in "the match of the century" where Deans also played. This reign is the longest in Canterbury rugby union history. He went on to represent Canterbury 146 times, with his career ending in 1990.

Deans also played for New Zealand's national rugby team, the All Blacks. His first game for the All Blacks was against Edinburgh on 26 October 1983. Deans played five tests for the All Blacks, scoring 50 points. He played an additional 14 games for the All Blacks scoring 202 points. His All Black career lasted less than two years, playing his last game against a Mar del Plata selection on 29 October 1985. He did however participate in the controversial Cavaliers tour of South Africa in 1986. Deans also played cricket for Canterbury Country in the Hawke Cup.

Coaching career

Canterbury and Crusaders
Deans was appointed as coach of the Canterbury team for the 1997 National Provincial Championship (NPC) season. He was assisted by Steve Hansen (former All Black coach). Deans' first season was a success, with Canterbury beating Auckland for the first time in 14 years, then going on to win the title. The following year he managed the Canterbury Crusaders (since renamed Crusaders) Super Rugby franchise who were coached by Wayne Smith. The Crusaders won the title, beating the Auckland Blues (since renamed the Blues) in the final at Eden Park. The Crusaders repeated this feat the following year, with Deans again manager.

In 2000 Deans took over as Crusaders coach after Wayne Smith became All Blacks coach. He coached the Crusaders to their third successive Super 12 title that year, beating the Brumbies in Canberra. He continued to coach the Canterbury team in the NPC in 2000 which led to a Ranfurly Shield win over Waikato; the shield was held until 2003 (totalling 23 challenges). Canterbury's success in the 2000 season saw them host the NPC final at Jade Stadium against Wellington. A victory would have seen Deans coach teams to Super 12, Ranfurly Shield and NPC titles in the same year; however eventually Wellington won 34–29.

From 2001 Deans concentrated solely on the Crusaders. The 2001 Super 12 season was his least successful in charge – the Crusaders finished tenth. But the following season, the Crusaders went through the entire season undefeated and won their fourth title overall, and their second with Deans as coach. In the following two seasons the Crusaders finished runners-up to the Blues in 2003, and then the Brumbies in 2004. The Crusaders won their third title under Deans in 2005. The Crusaders won their sixth title (the first of the expanded Super 14) in 2006, and their fourth win with Deans in charge, making him the most successful coach in Super Rugby history so far. In 2008, Deans' last season in charge of the Crusaders, he coached them to a seventh super rugby title after they beat the NSW Waratahs at Jade Stadium. In honour of the Deans family, Jade Stadium (now AMI Stadium) erected a new stand called the "Deans Stand".  Following 22 February earthquake, there remains doubt as to whether AMI Stadium will ever be used again, after some of the ground, including parts of the Deans stand, suffered structural damage. As a result, the new stand was not showcased during the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

John Mitchell appointed Deans as his assistant when he became All Blacks coach in late 2001. Deans held the position until Mitchell was replaced after the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Under Mitchell and Deans, the All Blacks won the 2002 and 2003 Tri-Nations titles, as well as the Bledisloe Cup in 2003.

Australia
On 14 December 2007, it was announced that Deans had been appointed the new Australia coach. The contract was for four years – leading into the 2011 Rugby World Cup – as Deans became the first ever foreigner to coach Australia. His contract with the Crusaders finished after the 2008 season and the New Zealand Rugby Union agreed to allow Deans to continue as Crusaders coach through the 2008 Super 14 season.

Shortly after the details were made official, Deans released a personal statement on the Crusader's official website:
[...]
The decision to leave Christchurch after the end of the 2008 Crusaders season and coach overseas has undoubtedly been one of the most difficult of my professional sporting career.
While the rugby marketplace has been global ever since rugby went professional 12 years ago, it is probably only now that I truly appreciate the thought process and the 'what ifs?' that so many others have gone through before reaching this point.
To go (off shore) is a big decision. It is not one that is entered into lightly.
[...]
I am ready to coach internationally.
After serving for eleven years as a Super rugby manager and coach here, I feel I can not afford to forgo the position offered to me in Australia.
It is both flattering and humbling that the Australian Rugby Union has afforded me this opportunity.
While it will no doubt be an interesting position to be in, coaching against New Zealand; it is not without precedent, and will add to my personal development as a coach – as it has done for others before me.
I always aspired to leave the Crusaders in good shape when the time came.
I believe I will be doing that.
Not only do we have a good level of depth among our player base, there are some quality people in place around the team, and some highly promising coaches coming through.
Their time is coming. It would not have been right to delay their potential development by hanging on for too long.
I'm proud of my association with Canterbury rugby, the Crusaders, Christchurch and the wider Crusaders franchise community.
[...]
Although the move to Australia opens a new chapter in our lives, it's not a case of closing the book here.
Our thoughts will always be with Canterbury and the Crusaders.
[...]

Robbie Deans

Deans started well as coach of Australia by winning his first five tests, including the largest win over the All Blacks by the Wallabies in nine years. He ended his debut year of 2008 with mixed results. Australia under Deans lost the following three tests against the All Blacks, coached by arch-rival Graham Henry, but secured home and away wins over reigning the Rugby World Cup champion Springboks – Australia's win in South Africa was its first there in eight years. The Wallabies lost the third match to the Springboks by a record 53–8 score. There were also narrow wins over limited opposition in Italy and against a weakened Irish team.

In 2010 Deans also became the first Wallabies coach to win on the South African highveldt in 47 years after the team won 41–39 in Bloemfontein, thanks to a penalty goal from Kurtley Beale with no time left. While coaching the Wallabies in 2011 they had a mixed year - losing to Samoa before another loss to the All Blacks in Auckland, and defeating South Africa both home and away. In the 2011 Rugby World Cup, Australia suffered a surprise loss to Ireland in pool play, finishing second in their pool and going on to defeat South Africa 11-9 before another loss to the All Blacks (20-6) in the semi final.

In the final two seasons of Deans' time as the coach of Australia, he became unpopular with the Australian media and public and was referred to as "Dingo" Deans, although the nickname had actually originated in New Zealand after Deans was recruited to leave his native country to coach Australia.

Dissatisfaction amongst players and supporters with the conservative game plan employed by the Wallabies during and after the World Cup, a win rate hovering around 60%, and a poor 3–15 record against the All Blacks led to Deans came under increasing pressure to keep his coaching position. According to rugby writer Gregor Paul, there was also "widespread frustration at Deans' refusal to make peace with Quade Cooper and welcome him back into the set-up after proving himself the best first-five in Australia during Super Rugby" in 2013.

Following the Wallabies 2–1 series defeat to the British & Irish Lions on their 2013 tour and a record 41–16 defeat in the decider, Deans handed his resignation into the ARU thus ending his role as head coach of the Wallabies. During his six-year tenure, Deans coached the Wallabies on 74 occasions, winning 43 times, losing 29 and drawing twice. He won just three times against their main rivals, the All Blacks, and drew once in 2012. He holds a good record against the Springboks, 9 wins from 14, and led the Wallabies to a Tri Nations championship in 2011 and to 3rd place in the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

Panasonic Wild Knights
On 21 April 2014, Deans was announced as the Panasonic Wild Knights new head coach, succeeding Norifumi Nakajima.

Barbarians
On 23 June 2017 it was announced that Deans is to coach the Barbarians FC for their match against New Zealand at Twickenham on 4 November 2017

Notable family members
His brother, Bruce, was an All Black and member of the Canterbury team. His great-uncle, Bob Deans, was an All Black and also captained Canterbury.

Notes

References

Bibliography and references

External links
Crusaders profile
Deans calls expansion
Deans warned after close shave
Deans interviewed about his french experience in : The Australian
Robbie Deans at Cricket Archive

1959 births
Australia national rugby union team coaches
Canterbury rugby union players
Living people
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand rugby union coaches
New Zealand rugby union players
People educated at Christ's College, Christchurch
People from Cheviot, New Zealand
Rugby union fullbacks
Lincoln University (New Zealand) alumni
Robbie
Harper family


As believers in Jesus, we are called to "walk in a manner worthy of the calling". But how exactly do we do that? Steph Nickel looks at Paul's teachings, and provides an insight on how we can walk worthy in a manner that is pleasing to God.
You may see the similarities between the list in this passage and the fruit of the Spirit listed in Galatians 5:22-23: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control.
I talked about the contrast between this list and the list in Galatians 5:19-21 in my last devotional. This list included "sensuality, strife, fits of anger," etc.
Paul's approach in Ephesians 4 is slightly different, but the list of godly traits is very similar.
While we can't produce these traits, this fruit, in our own lives, there are things we can do to nurture them. Just as a farmer doesn't create the seed nor can he make it grow, he does have an important role to play.
Because God chose to include the book of Ephesians in the Scriptures, we can conclude that it speaks to all believers in Jesus Christ. Plus, as we read further in Ephesians 4, it is clear to see that the apostle is speaking to all who come to saving faith, to all who make up the body of Christ.
If you are a believer in Jesus, you, too, are called. Together, we must seek to walk in a manner worthy of that calling. So just what can we do?
I don't believe humility means moping around with "a woe is me, I can't do anything good" attitude. After all, God has given us talents, abilities, and resources to accomplish His plans and purposes. I believe it's remembering where these things came from and seeking to give Him honour and glory that marks a humble life.
The Scriptures refer to gentleness in numerous passages, but I think we often get the wrong idea of what it means. Jesus was gentle. Paul was gentle. But that doesn't mean they never spoke words of correction and admonition. It isn't easy, but we can speak the truth in love as it says further in the chapter, in Ephesians 4:15. We can be kind, loving, and gentle while still saying what needs to be said.
I have often referred to the Old English interpretation of this word. I think there would be great benefit from going back to referring to patience as long-suffering. We think of patience as not allowing road rage to take control when we have to wait at a stoplight or not getting irritated when our spouse or our child is running behind schedule and will make us late. This requires a form of patience, but it can't be defined as long-suffering.
And speaking of being patient with our family members, we often find they have traits that irritate and annoy us. The truth is we all have traits that rub someone the wrong way. God calls us to not only put up with one another but to go beyond that. Our behaviour should be marked by love. And just as there are far more serious situations that require long-suffering, there are serious situations that require us to bear with another for a long time: chronic illnesses, unresolved crises, fractured relationships, etc.
I love the fact that the adverb eagerly is used here. It is such a positive and active word. We don't just sit around and keep our concerns to ourselves so as not to stir up division and cause hurt feelings. I see it as a proactive pursuit.
There are so many things we can do to bring about unity within the family of God. We need not get involved with unimportant issues. When there is something that must be addressed, we must first pray for a right attitude and the right words, then speak the truth in love, as I mentioned earlier. We must be more concerned about the other person's wellbeing than proving ourselves right.
And perhaps the most difficult thing of all is that we must lovingly and kindly address the issue when another person or group of people is deliberately being hurtful and causing division and disunity. Easy? Definitely not. But it's essential.
How Do We Walk Worthy?
So how can we walk worthy of our calling? By asking God to have His way in us. By worshipping with other believers. By digging deeply into His Word in order to equip ourselves to face what comes our way day by day. By prayerfully putting into practice the truths we find in the Scriptures. By taking our thoughts captive to Christ as it says in 2 Corinthians 10:5 and learning to see things from His perspective.
Let's seek to do so in the days ahead.


text:
The Monolith Conspiracy
Mysterious monoliths have been popping up all over the world, leaving citizens questioning why it's there.
Emily Eigenbrode
Are aliens out to get us? Are time travelers doing this? These are all questions the world has been asking these past few weeks. Monoliths have been discovered all over the world breaking the internet. Memes, TikTok videos, and tweets have all been pondering this mysterious statue. These statues are monoliths. A monolith is a great stone often in the form of a column, essentially it's a metal triangular prism. Generally, it is assumed that monoliths are put there by people in ancient times. Some scientists also think that it might be extraterrestrial, or is it just a prank done by influencers?
What's With All The Monoliths Popping Up?
The first unexplained monolith was discovered in a remote area in Utah's Red Rock Country on November 18. But the discovery wasn't announced to the public until November 23 by Utah's Department of Public Safety. The strange structure was found by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources while on a mission to count the number of Bighorn Sheep in southeastern Utah. A range of theories arose on where the monolith came from including everything from aliens placing it to someone just randomly built it. The government spoke out telling people to not come visit the monolith because they didn't know if it was safe. But that didn't stop several influencers from going out there and seeing it for themselves.
On November 27, the Utah monolith disappeared. Travel Photographer Ross Bernard came forward and told the media four men showed up and removed the monolith. The men that removed it, were actually environmentalists and they didn't want this structure to ruin the land. Two of the men Andy Lewis and Sylan Christensen came forward in a YouTube video as part of the team who removed the monolith.
A few days later on December 2 another monolith appeared on a hiking trail in Atascadero, California. The 10ft, 200 pound monolith disappeared a day later. Then on December 5 a second monolith appeared in California according to The Most Famous Artist Instagram page, that shared photos of monoliths. The same page has also been selling some of these structures, but it's unclear whether they are behind this monolith. A couple days later, California would see two more monoliths popup and disappear.
The Nation would then start to see them popup in other places such as North Carolina, Pittsburg, Texas, and even in Boulder.
In Boulder, the structure appeared in front of McDevitt Taco Supply. Owner Clayton McDevitt insisted he had no idea how it got there. In an interview from Denver7 he said, "I'm not sure where this one came from….But it attracts a lot of people. It's a nice thing in this era of the pandemic." A few other monoliths would appear in Colorado days following but the overall reaction from people seems welcoming.
They also started to pop up around the world in places like Romania, the United Kingdom, Finland, Poland, Ukraine, and Australia. Romania took a different approach in handling the monolith. Their mayor Piatra Neamt welcomed the discovery, while the United States feared its welcome. The mayor also spoke out saying "I'm honored that they chose our city."
We know a little bit about who has been taking some of them away, but who's behind all of this, or is it truly aliens?
Who's Behind All of This?
An anonymous group called The Most Famous Artist took credit for the ones in Utah and California. They were even selling them for 45,000 dollars each, if you too also want to prank the world. Several people on TikTok were also claiming that they were the person that made all of these. Another designer from West Sussex claimed responsibility for the Isle of Wight monolith, saying he created it "just for fun." Some conspiracy theorists may continue to believe it's the aliens controlling these monoliths, but as of now it seems like just a fun prank to pull on the world during these harsh times.
Emily Eigenbrode,
Emily is a Sophomore at Horizon High School. She is addicted to watching The Big Bang Theory and The Office. She is on a club volleyball team at Prime...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
A Monte Carlo study of upper tropospheric reactive nitrogen during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B)
Anne M. Thompson, Hanwant B. Singh, Richard W. Stewart, Tom L. Kucsera, Yutaka Kondo
Meteorology and Atmospheric Science
A subset of Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B) data (northwestern Pacific, March 1994), selected to represent upper troposphere (UT) midlatitude conditions, is analyzed to answer the following questions: (1) Is there a shortfall in total reactive nitrogen (NOy) as measured during PEM-West B in this region? (2) If so, what are the likely contributions of interfering constituents like HCN or of other reactive nitrogen species? For question 1 our analyses show that 87% of total reactive nitrogen measured in the UT is accounted for by NOx + HNO3 + PAN (similar to Kondo et al. [this issue (a, b)], Talbot et al. [this issue], and Singh et al. [1997a, b]). For question 2 we find that less than 20 pptv (<5% of mean NOy) is possibly HCN. A one-dimensional model that simulates mean mixing ratios of this PEM-West B data is used with a Monte Carlo approach to explore other candidates for unmeasured nitrogen species and NOy partitioning. Using standard gas-phase reactions with varying rate coefficients [Thompson and Stewart, 1991; Stewart and Thompson, 1996], it is found, on average, that NOx + HNO3 + PAN = 399 pptv (observed mean equal to 432 ± 97 pptv). A more complete inventory for total reactive nitrogen (Σ NOi = NOx + HNO3 + PAN + HNO4 + CH3O2NO2 + alkyl nitrates + C2H5O2NO2) is 494 ± 91 pptv, with 19% consisting of HNO4 + CH3O2NO2 + alkyl nitrates. Thus, whether unmeasured forms of reactive nitrogen are present or not, total reactive nitrogen as measured at midlatitude UT during PEM-West B is accounted for within the measurement uncertainty. The greatest kinetics uncertainties are in thermolytic losses for HNO4, PAN, and CH3O2NO2 (120-150% by the method of Stewart and Thompson [1996]). Nonetheless, comparison with PEM-West B data shows that panel-recommended kinetics expressions [Demore et al., 1994] can explain reactive nitrogen observations without invoking extreme rates or heterogeneous processes. In summary, large concentrations of unmeasured reactive nitrogen species were not prevalent during midlatitude UT PEM-West B sampling although the observed shortfall (13%) can be explained by HNO4 + alkyl nitrates + CH3O2NO2. Agreement between theory and observations may also reflect improved instrument capabilities for measuring reactive nitrogen.
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres
https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd02555
10.1029/97jd02555
Dive into the research topics of 'A Monte Carlo study of upper tropospheric reactive nitrogen during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B)'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Pacific Ocean Physics & Astronomy 100%
Monte Carlo method Agriculture & Biology 88%
troposphere Agriculture & Biology 51%
Troposphere Chemical Compounds 44%
nitrogen Physics & Astronomy 44%
Nitrogen Chemical Compounds 36%
ocean Earth & Environmental Sciences 34%
polyacrylonitrile Physics & Astronomy 32%
Thompson, A. M., Singh, H. B., Stewart, R. W., Kucsera, T. L., & Kondo, Y. (1997). A Monte Carlo study of upper tropospheric reactive nitrogen during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B). Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 102(23), 28437-28446. https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd02555
Thompson, Anne M. ; Singh, Hanwant B. ; Stewart, Richard W. et al. / A Monte Carlo study of upper tropospheric reactive nitrogen during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B). In: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 1997 ; Vol. 102, No. 23. pp. 28437-28446.
@article{678daeb2c213419eb633e4779ef5a980,
title = "A Monte Carlo study of upper tropospheric reactive nitrogen during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B)",
abstract = "A subset of Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B) data (northwestern Pacific, March 1994), selected to represent upper troposphere (UT) midlatitude conditions, is analyzed to answer the following questions: (1) Is there a shortfall in total reactive nitrogen (NOy) as measured during PEM-West B in this region? (2) If so, what are the likely contributions of interfering constituents like HCN or of other reactive nitrogen species? For question 1 our analyses show that 87% of total reactive nitrogen measured in the UT is accounted for by NOx + HNO3 + PAN (similar to Kondo et al. [this issue (a, b)], Talbot et al. [this issue], and Singh et al. [1997a, b]). For question 2 we find that less than 20 pptv (<5% of mean NOy) is possibly HCN. A one-dimensional model that simulates mean mixing ratios of this PEM-West B data is used with a Monte Carlo approach to explore other candidates for unmeasured nitrogen species and NOy partitioning. Using standard gas-phase reactions with varying rate coefficients [Thompson and Stewart, 1991; Stewart and Thompson, 1996], it is found, on average, that NOx + HNO3 + PAN = 399 pptv (observed mean equal to 432 ± 97 pptv). A more complete inventory for total reactive nitrogen (Σ NOi = NOx + HNO3 + PAN + HNO4 + CH3O2NO2 + alkyl nitrates + C2H5O2NO2) is 494 ± 91 pptv, with 19% consisting of HNO4 + CH3O2NO2 + alkyl nitrates. Thus, whether unmeasured forms of reactive nitrogen are present or not, total reactive nitrogen as measured at midlatitude UT during PEM-West B is accounted for within the measurement uncertainty. The greatest kinetics uncertainties are in thermolytic losses for HNO4, PAN, and CH3O2NO2 (120-150% by the method of Stewart and Thompson [1996]). Nonetheless, comparison with PEM-West B data shows that panel-recommended kinetics expressions [Demore et al., 1994] can explain reactive nitrogen observations without invoking extreme rates or heterogeneous processes. In summary, large concentrations of unmeasured reactive nitrogen species were not prevalent during midlatitude UT PEM-West B sampling although the observed shortfall (13%) can be explained by HNO4 + alkyl nitrates + CH3O2NO2. Agreement between theory and observations may also reflect improved instrument capabilities for measuring reactive nitrogen.",
author = "Thompson, {Anne M.} and Singh, {Hanwant B.} and Stewart, {Richard W.} and Kucsera, {Tom L.} and Yutaka Kondo",
doi = "10.1029/97jd02555",
journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres",
Thompson, AM, Singh, HB, Stewart, RW, Kucsera, TL & Kondo, Y 1997, 'A Monte Carlo study of upper tropospheric reactive nitrogen during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B)', Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, vol. 102, no. 23, pp. 28437-28446. https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd02555
A Monte Carlo study of upper tropospheric reactive nitrogen during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B). / Thompson, Anne M.; Singh, Hanwant B.; Stewart, Richard W. et al.
In: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Vol. 102, No. 23, 20.12.1997, p. 28437-28446.
T1 - A Monte Carlo study of upper tropospheric reactive nitrogen during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B)
AU - Thompson, Anne M.
AU - Singh, Hanwant B.
AU - Stewart, Richard W.
AU - Kucsera, Tom L.
AU - Kondo, Yutaka
N2 - A subset of Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B) data (northwestern Pacific, March 1994), selected to represent upper troposphere (UT) midlatitude conditions, is analyzed to answer the following questions: (1) Is there a shortfall in total reactive nitrogen (NOy) as measured during PEM-West B in this region? (2) If so, what are the likely contributions of interfering constituents like HCN or of other reactive nitrogen species? For question 1 our analyses show that 87% of total reactive nitrogen measured in the UT is accounted for by NOx + HNO3 + PAN (similar to Kondo et al. [this issue (a, b)], Talbot et al. [this issue], and Singh et al. [1997a, b]). For question 2 we find that less than 20 pptv (<5% of mean NOy) is possibly HCN. A one-dimensional model that simulates mean mixing ratios of this PEM-West B data is used with a Monte Carlo approach to explore other candidates for unmeasured nitrogen species and NOy partitioning. Using standard gas-phase reactions with varying rate coefficients [Thompson and Stewart, 1991; Stewart and Thompson, 1996], it is found, on average, that NOx + HNO3 + PAN = 399 pptv (observed mean equal to 432 ± 97 pptv). A more complete inventory for total reactive nitrogen (Σ NOi = NOx + HNO3 + PAN + HNO4 + CH3O2NO2 + alkyl nitrates + C2H5O2NO2) is 494 ± 91 pptv, with 19% consisting of HNO4 + CH3O2NO2 + alkyl nitrates. Thus, whether unmeasured forms of reactive nitrogen are present or not, total reactive nitrogen as measured at midlatitude UT during PEM-West B is accounted for within the measurement uncertainty. The greatest kinetics uncertainties are in thermolytic losses for HNO4, PAN, and CH3O2NO2 (120-150% by the method of Stewart and Thompson [1996]). Nonetheless, comparison with PEM-West B data shows that panel-recommended kinetics expressions [Demore et al., 1994] can explain reactive nitrogen observations without invoking extreme rates or heterogeneous processes. In summary, large concentrations of unmeasured reactive nitrogen species were not prevalent during midlatitude UT PEM-West B sampling although the observed shortfall (13%) can be explained by HNO4 + alkyl nitrates + CH3O2NO2. Agreement between theory and observations may also reflect improved instrument capabilities for measuring reactive nitrogen.
AB - A subset of Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B) data (northwestern Pacific, March 1994), selected to represent upper troposphere (UT) midlatitude conditions, is analyzed to answer the following questions: (1) Is there a shortfall in total reactive nitrogen (NOy) as measured during PEM-West B in this region? (2) If so, what are the likely contributions of interfering constituents like HCN or of other reactive nitrogen species? For question 1 our analyses show that 87% of total reactive nitrogen measured in the UT is accounted for by NOx + HNO3 + PAN (similar to Kondo et al. [this issue (a, b)], Talbot et al. [this issue], and Singh et al. [1997a, b]). For question 2 we find that less than 20 pptv (<5% of mean NOy) is possibly HCN. A one-dimensional model that simulates mean mixing ratios of this PEM-West B data is used with a Monte Carlo approach to explore other candidates for unmeasured nitrogen species and NOy partitioning. Using standard gas-phase reactions with varying rate coefficients [Thompson and Stewart, 1991; Stewart and Thompson, 1996], it is found, on average, that NOx + HNO3 + PAN = 399 pptv (observed mean equal to 432 ± 97 pptv). A more complete inventory for total reactive nitrogen (Σ NOi = NOx + HNO3 + PAN + HNO4 + CH3O2NO2 + alkyl nitrates + C2H5O2NO2) is 494 ± 91 pptv, with 19% consisting of HNO4 + CH3O2NO2 + alkyl nitrates. Thus, whether unmeasured forms of reactive nitrogen are present or not, total reactive nitrogen as measured at midlatitude UT during PEM-West B is accounted for within the measurement uncertainty. The greatest kinetics uncertainties are in thermolytic losses for HNO4, PAN, and CH3O2NO2 (120-150% by the method of Stewart and Thompson [1996]). Nonetheless, comparison with PEM-West B data shows that panel-recommended kinetics expressions [Demore et al., 1994] can explain reactive nitrogen observations without invoking extreme rates or heterogeneous processes. In summary, large concentrations of unmeasured reactive nitrogen species were not prevalent during midlatitude UT PEM-West B sampling although the observed shortfall (13%) can be explained by HNO4 + alkyl nitrates + CH3O2NO2. Agreement between theory and observations may also reflect improved instrument capabilities for measuring reactive nitrogen.
U2 - 10.1029/97jd02555
DO - 10.1029/97jd02555
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
Thompson AM, Singh HB, Stewart RW, Kucsera TL, Kondo Y. A Monte Carlo study of upper tropospheric reactive nitrogen during the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific Ocean (PEM-West B). Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. 1997 Dec 20;102(23):28437-28446. doi: 10.1029/97jd02555


ESAB India Limited is an equal employment opportunity company and is committed to creating a healthy working environment that enables employees to work without fear of prejudice, gender bias and sexual harassment. The Company also believes that all employees of the Company have the right to be treated with dignity. Sexual harassment at the work place or other than work place if involving employees is a grave offence and is, therefore, punishable.
The term employee refers to a person employed at a workplace for any work on regular, temporary ad hoc or daily wage basis, either directly or through an agent, including a contractor with or without the knowledge of the principal employer, whether for remuneration or not, or working on a voluntary basis or otherwise whether the terms of employment are express or implied and includes a co-worker, contract worker, probationer, trainee, apprentice or called by any other such name.
Any aggrieved employee shall make in, in writing, a complaint of sexual harassment at workplace to the Internal Complaints Committee within a period of three months from the date of the incident and in case of a series of incidents, within a period of three months from the date of the last incident.
Complaints made under this Policy will be promptly and thoroughly investigated, and all information disclosed during the course of the investigation will remain confidential, except as necessary to conduct the investigation and take any remedial action, in accordance with applicable law.
If, at the conclusion of its investigation, the Internal Complaints Committee determines that a violation of policy has occurred, the Company will take effective remedial action commensurate with the severity of the offense. This action may include disciplinary action against the accused party, up to and including termination. Reasonable and necessary steps will also be taken to prevent any further violations of policy.


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AEC Files Scope Clarification and Circumvention Case against China Zhongwang Holdings Ltd.
October 23, 2015; Wauconda, Illinois - The Aluminum Extruders Council (AEC) has filed a petition against China Zhongwang Holdings Ltd. alleging the company has systematically and illegally evaded duties on aluminum extrusions imported into the United States. The alleged scheme involves hundreds of millions of pounds aluminum extrusions that are simply cut and welded into aluminum slabs. Upon entering the U.S. these extrusions are being identified as 'pallets' even though the testimony the Council has gathered makes it clear the sole purpose of these extrusions is to re-melt them back into billets. Billet is the starting stock for the aluminum extrusion operation. Extrusion billet may be a solid or hollow form, commonly cylindrical, and is the length charged into the extrusion press container that then is pushed through the die to form extruded profiles that are often cut to length and further processed into final products.
"In late July, the AEC released a statement to the press calling on the United States Government, as well as others identified in the Dupre Analytics report, to investigate issues of transshipment and circumvention by Zhongwang. We have made our case to U.S. Customs regarding the transshipment allegations, and now we are filing our circumvention case with the Department of Commerce," said Jeff Henderson, Director of Operations at the AEC.
The circumvention and scope clarification case also alleges that China Zhongwang has been exporting 5xxx series alloy extrusions into the U.S. in order to avoid U.S. antidumping and countervailing duties.
Once filed, the Department of Commerce has forty-five days to review and decide whether or not to launch a full investigation. "Given the severity of this case to our domestic industry, we call on the Department of Commerce to investigate this case," said Henderson.
Nancy Molenda
AEC/ET Foundation
nmolenda@tso.net


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Katharine McPhee to Play Jenna for Final Stretch of Broadway's Waitress
Mark A. Robinson | October 31, 2019
As we regrettably prepare to say goodbye to the hit musical Waitress on January 5, 2020, some exciting news has come along to buoy our spirits during this fond farewell. Katharine McPhee, who has played Jenna on Broadway during the show's run, and who originated the role in the London production, will return to Broadway for the show's final weeks. McPhee will start her new shift at the diner on November 25, 2019, and will stay until the curtain comes down on the production that is currently playing at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre.
Katharine McPhee first came to international attention when she performed on Season 5 of American Idol. A successful recording artist and a frequent name on the Billboard pop, jazz, adult contemporary, and holiday charts, McPhee's most recent album "I Fall in Love Too Easily" was a celebration of American Song Standards. She drew additional acclaim for her work on the 2013 NBC TV musical drama Smash, where she played one of the two actresses vying for the role of Marilyn Monroe in a Broadway-bound musical. She also starred in CBS drama Scorpion.
"Waitress tells the story of Jenna, a waitress and expert pie-maker who dreams of a way out of her small town and rocky marriage. Pouring her heart into her pies, she crafts desserts that mirror her topsy-turvy life such as "The Key (Lime) to Happiness Pie" and "Betrayed by My Eggs Pie." When a baking contest in a nearby county — and a satisfying run-in with someone new — show Jenna a chance at a fresh start, she must find the courage to seize it. Change is on the menu, as long as Jenna can write her own perfectly personal recipe for happiness."
Based on the 2007 motion picture of the same name, Waitress features a score by pop music sensation Sara Bareilles and a book by Jessie Nelson, inspired by the Adrienne Shelly screenplay. With choreography by Lorin Latarro, Waitress is directed by Diane Paulus (Pippin). Waitress currently stars Jordin Sparks, Natasha Yvette Williams, Caitlin Houlahan, Mark Evans, Ben Thompson, Larry Marshall, Benny Elledge, Christopher Fitzgerald, Dayna Jarae Dantzler, Tyrone Davis Jr., Law Terrell Dunford, Andrew Fitch, Molly Hager, Jessie Hooker-Bailey, Arica Jackson, Molly Jobe, Brandon Kalm, Raigan Olivia Saunders-Newton, Sophia Rodriguez, Stephanie Torns and Dan Tracy. Al Roker joins the company on November 1, replacing Larry Marshall.
Mark Robinson is the author of the two-volume encyclopedia The World of Musicals, The Disney Song Encyclopedia, and The Encyclopedia of Television Theme Songs. His latest book, Sitcommentary: The Television Comedies That Changed America, released on October 15. He maintains a theater and entertainment blog at markrobinsonwrites.com.
Learn More About Waitress
Drew Gehling Returns to Waitress and to Close the Diner
Eric Anderson Sings "Happy Enough" from Waitress
Al Roker to Return to Waitress, Sparks Extends


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A 6437 Stroganov (ideiglenes jelöléssel 1987 QS7) a Naprendszer kisbolygóövében található aszteroida. Eric Walter Elst fedezte fel 1987. augusztus 28-án.

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 Kisbolygók listája (6001–6500)

Jegyzetek

A Naprendszer kisbolygói


Occasionally, however, litigation results from the failure of one of the parties to abide the modification or settlement. In such cases court have often declined to grant relief for breach of contract if the party being sued for breach had made and then declined to perform a promise given in exchange for the performance of a pre-existing duty. They have held, instead, that the performance of, or promise to perform, a pre-existing duty cannot be consideration for the promise breached.
Consideration is the purpose of the transaction parties to the contract; it means the money or other valuable thing to exchange commitments or behaviour of others. For example, I promise not to smoke, you have to give me RM100 a month, and the RM100 is called consideration.
Consideration is not allowed to be done, for example, you promised to marry me, I'll pick the stars, where the stars pick said to be consideration, and then this is impossible, it can not form a contract.
A consideration must be linked to the other party's commitment. For example, you marry me, I'll give you RM10 million, but if you do not marry me, I still give you RM10 million. It shows that the 10 million not you marry my consideration, that is, RM10 million complete and you marry I have no connection.
In the case Stilk v Myrick  EWHC KB J58, Stilk was signed a contract with Myrick. In the contract, Myrick promise to pay £5 a month for Stilk working in his ship; Stilk also promise Myrick that he will do anything in the emergencies of voyage regardless. When the ship was stop at Cronstadt, two seamen deserted but there still have nine seamen working. They could not to find other people to replace their work. Therefore captain promised other seamen that if their can fulfilled their own duty and replacement the vacancy, they could get extra money by the two missing seamen wages. After arrive their home port, the captain refused to pay what he promised to the seamen the money. Stilk sue to recover his extra wages.
The court help that the seamen need to do anything when the time is emergencies in the ship, because it is their responsibility and performance of an existing duty. Therefore Stilk could not sue Myrick for extra wages.
But contrast to Hartley v Ponsonby  7 EB 872 this case. Hartley is a seaman on this ship and he gets £3 per month for his wages. This ship has 36 crew left England together and sailing to Bombay. At the course of the voyage, there have 17 of the crew are desertions; it was reduced to only 19 crew in this ship. Ponsonby promised them if they could help him sailing the ship until the voyage end, he would pay them £40 and he written down what he promised to them. Ponsonby refused to pay what he promised to them. Therefore Hartley sued for money.
The court help that Ponsonby need to paid back the £40 to Hartley, because it already become a new considerations for performance for an existing duty.
In the case of domestic or social cases, there are relationships between intention to create legal relation and performance of an existing duty.
In the case Balfour v Balfour (1919) 2 KB 571, a husband return to Ceylon, because he had employment at there. But his wife could not follow him, for medical reasons. The husband promised her that to pay 30 per month to her, until she could join him in Ceylon. Later they was separated and divorced. The wives used it and sue for money. For the judge help, the wife could not sue her husband, because they are not contracts, the parties would not intend that legal consequences should follow. In other words, there are not new considerations for performance for an existing duty.
But contrast to Merritt v Merritt (1970) 1 WLR 1211 this cases. Husband and wife, they make a met to arrangements to discuss about the future, after they separated. After discuss the wife need to pay the mortgage for the house, and the husband agreed to pay £40 per month and written an agreement that if his wife paying off the house mortgage on their jointly- owned house, he would transfer to her ownership. When his wife was paid off the mortgage, he refused to transfer the house to his wife.
For the judge help, the wife already fulfil what she need to do in their agreement, therefore husband need to keep his promises transfer the house to the wife.
In the case of consideration in performance of an existing duty, Stilk v Myrick  EWHC KB J58 and Hartley v Ponsonby  7 EB 872, is the best example at here.
When we compare this case, we could find that they are brother and sister. it is because they happen the crew deserted, the captain ask other remainder crew to cover the missing crew duty, and promised would pay them money to become they working extra fee, after arrived, the two captain refused to pay what their promised before, then the crew sued for their extra wages. They are almost having a same situation, why in the case Stilk v Myrick  EWHC KB J58 the crew could not sue for the extra wages but in Hartley v Ponsonby  7 EB 872 this case the crew could sue for their extra wages?
In both cases, the only difference is the different number of missing crew. But the different number of missing crew is the factor to decision the case could sue or not. In Stilk v Myrick  EWHC KB J58 they only two crew out of eleven, the ship still have other nine crew at there. Therefore other crew needs to cover the two missing crew duty, because it is their responsibility to help in during in the emergencies of voyage regardless. In Hartley v Ponsonby  7 EB 872 is different, they are thirty-six crew reduced to nineteenth crew in the ship. Therefore other crews were not in law obliged to cover the seventeenth missing crew duty to sail with the ship. If only two or three missing crew in the ship other crew have the responsibility to cover the two missing crew duty. But seventeenth missing crew is a big amount; they have not the responsibility to cover the seventeenth miss crew duty. There already become new considerations.
In the case of intention to create legal relations in existing duty, we can compare Balfour v Balfour (1919) 2 KB 571 and Merritt v Merritt (1970) 1 WLR 1211.
In the case Balfour v Balfour (1919) 2 KB 571 the husband promised his wife that he would pay her £30 until her can join him in Ceylon. Therefore when the agreement was made, the husband and wife have not separated; therefore it does not intend the agreement to be binding as a contract.
It the case Merritt v Merritt (1970) 1 WLR 1211, the that when the agreement was made, the husband and wife were no longer living together and they separated; therefore they must have intended the agreement to be binding, as they would base their future actions on it. This intention was evidenced by the writing and therefore the husband had to transfer the house to the wife.
In the conclusion, I agree that the performance of an existing duty should not constitute consideration in the orthodox.
It is because they only do what their need to do. This is their responsibility. But under the different situation have different affect in the judgment in the court. If it is no to over, they should taken their responsibility to do.
Contract is a credentials, it is used to prove the sale, mortgage, lease and transfer. In any transaction, both sides need to sign a contract to make a legally binding agreement or commitment form.
Therefore of contract is referring to between the parties in order to establish a specific contractual relationship, meaning that through the interaction of intention to reach agreement on the formation of a desired process. This process normally takes two stages though the offer and acceptance just can become a contract.
An offer is an expression for a offeror willing to contract on certain terms. In contract, an offer is necessary formation. We should that, the person who given an offer is call offeror; if the person who accept the offer is call offeree.
Therefore, in section 2(a) of the contract act 1950 provides that it is meaning that offer is a offeror give to the offeree or a class of parties to whom it accept it. Then it just will become binding like a contract. There are two different types of offer, which is bilateral offer and unilateral offer.
Bilateral offer is refer that the offeror makes a conditional offer to a individual or a group. But unilateral offer is different with bilateral offer, it offer can being to makes conditional offer to a whole world.
An invitation to treat has "invited bidders to do business", "consultation invitation", " invitation to offer" and "asked people to bid" this kind of meaning. An invitation is not a valid offer. An "invitation to treat" just to lure other parties to make an offer, invite people do not bear legal responsibility. For example, published in newspapers of general advertising, mailing of bidding, auction notices, and send the price list or catalo, all of this are not an offer.
In the end, judge said that the company is giving an offer to whole world who used their product still can not clear the influenza. Therefore the plaintiff was entitled to ask Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd the £100 as she had accepted the offer made to world at large.
In Fisher v Bell (1960) 2 ALL ER 731 DC this cases. The defendant was accused of selling limitation of offensive weapons – flick knife. The plaintiff claimed that the knife is placed a price tag of the window. The court held, in a similar way to Partridge v Crittenden (1968), that this was an invitation to treat, rather than an offer, and hence the defendant was not guilty.
In the contract act 1950 on the intention to create legal relations as one of the requirement of a valid contract, case-law clearly dictates the necessity of this requirement. Therefore intend to create a legal relations is the first element for a contract. In the law, intend to create a relations is used to determine at the nature of the agreement. If the agreement is from social or domestic nature, the law need to create a presumption that it agreement have an intention to create legal relations or not. At domestic agreement, for example those made between husbands and wives or parents and children, it is no intention to create legal relations and no intention.
In the case Balfour v Balfour (1919) 2 KB 571, a husband need to return to Ceylon, because he had employment at there. But his wife could not follow him, for medical reasons she must stay in England. The husband orally promised to pay 30 per month to her, until she could join him in Ceylon. Later they was separated and divorced. The wife used this reasons sue her husband for money.
For the judge help, the wife could not sue her husband, because they are not contracts, the parties would not intend that legal consequences should follow.
An acceptance an offer is the final and unqualified asset to the term of the offer. It is meaning that, when an offeree accepts what did offeror offer, and then it will become a binding contract. But acceptance should be made by means of notice, but according to customary business practice or offer that can be made by an act otherwise. Therefore silence or failure to act that way can not be used as acceptance.
In Felthouse V Bindley (1862) 11 Cb (NS) 869 this case. Felthouse want to buy a horse of his nephew. He wrote a letter to his nephew said that if he hears no more about him, he will consider the horse mine at £30. His nephew never replies him, because he was busy at auctions on his farm and asks Bindley do not sales the horse, but he did. Therefore Felthouse sued Bindley in the tort of conversion, because Felthouse was claiming that the horse is his property.
In the end, the judge help, Felthouse's letter was an open offer that his nephew had not been accepted. then in law of contract, it already said that silence cannot amount to acceptance. Since there was lack of communication the contract, so it was void, therefore the plaintiff is unable to sue the defendant.
Consideration is a contracting party bargains for and gives in exchange for the return promise or performance of the other party. It is mean that both parties must have the consideration to exchange the value, and the both parties value must be equal, however if the both parties agree the value, then it can work.
In the case Roscorla v. Thomas, (1842) 3 QB 234; Roscorla purchased a horse from Thomas. Thomas then promised the horse was sound. The horse was in fact not sound and Roscorla sued for breach of contract.
The court said he had no case; the only consideration he had given was past by the time the promise was made, and the contract was merely that Thomas would deliver the horse on request.
For breach of contract are the basic is remedy. In other words, it is a normal law remedy that can be claimed as of right by the innocent party. Sometime damages are not an adequate remedy but this is the equitable remedies.
9.1What are the remedies available for a breach of contract?
Rescission is an equitable remedy, which allows an innocent party to cancel the contract by rescinding or, if there has been misrepresentation by the other party, raising that misrepresentation as a defence if sued for damages or specific performance by the other party. it is mean that rescission is a remedy whereby a contract is cancelled, to let the parties are restored to the original positions that they have not sign the contract in the transactions.
Restitution is sometimes referred to as quasi-contract. it is not contractual and does not rely on the plaintiff suffering loss or damage. Its basis is unjust enrichment; that is, those situations where it would be very unfair if the defendant was to be allowed to retain the money, or the goods or services, without payment. In other words, both parties must property, money previously conveyed, or return goods.
The main purpose of damages is to enable the innocent party to receive monetary compensation from the party responsible for the breach of contract. Damages are not awarded to punish a wrongdoer, but rather to put the injured party back in the position that they would have occupied if the contract had been performed as originally intended. Therefore, damages are calculated on the basis of looking at what the position should have been if the contract had been properly performed.
Specific performance is a discretionary order granted by the courts directing a person to carry out their obligations under the contract. It is not generally used in breach of contract actions unless damages prove too inadequate. For example, with the sale and purchase of goods that are really obtainable elsewhere, damages would be considered an adequate remedy.
An injunction is a discretionary court order. Unlike specific performance, this is a court order restraining a party from breaking their contract or from committing a wrongful act and will not be awarded if damages are an adequate remedy.
Interlocutory, where it freezes the status quo between the parties until the dispute can be heard by contract.
Every contract must have four important conditions, offer or invitation to treat, acceptance, consideration and intention to create legal relations, just can budding like a contract.
"Promise in breach of contract." LawTeacher.net. 11 2013. All Answers Ltd. 04 2019 <https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/promise-in-breach-of-contract-law-essay.php?vref=1>.
"Promise in breach of contract." LawTeacher. LawTeacher.net, November 2013. Web. 22 April 2019. <https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/promise-in-breach-of-contract-law-essay.php?vref=1>.
LawTeacher. November 2013. Promise in breach of contract. [online]. Available from: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/promise-in-breach-of-contract-law-essay.php?vref=1 [Accessed 22 April 2019].
LawTeacher. Promise in breach of contract [Internet]. November 2013. [Accessed 22 April 2019]; Available from: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/promise-in-breach-of-contract-law-essay.php?vref=1.


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Work starts on new Burscough FC stadium despite opposition
Residents and supporters had opposed during the planning application
Jamie LopezSenior Reporter
Burscough FC president Rod Cottam and treasurer Stuart Heaps helped break ground at the new ceremony
Burscough FC has broken ground on its new stadium.
Club president Rod Cottam and treasurer Stuart Heaps were invited to take part in the landmark ground breaking ceremony last week.
The new stadium is being built on land next to the existing Victoria Park facility, which will in turn be demolished and replaced by housing.
Despite opposition from villagers and the club's own supporters club during the planning application process, Burscough say the new facility will benefit the community as well as the football team.
A club spokesperson said that the new stadium's playing surface - which could either be grass or artificial - was high on the agenda and that study trips were being made to other new stadia.
An artist's impression of how Burscough FC's new stadium will look
In a statement on its official website, the club said: "This important milestone in the club's long and proud heritage has been achieved following the grant of planning consent, obtaining the site and assembling the finance for a significant construction project.
"To achieve delivery of the village's new forward looking facility, the existing pitch at Victoria Park has been altered with FA ratification. This will facilitate the essential service highway as the new stadium must be constructed, graded and commissioned before The Linnets 2019/20 fixtures transfer.
"As the new season fast approaches, the well used grass playing surface is being cared for with summer break & growing season maintenance by specialist contractors.
"Work on the final fittings for the new stadium are being supervised by the retained and experienced architects with a working party of club supporters who were briefed after the clubs recent AGM."
West Lancashire Borough Council
Preston North End FCFive ups and two downs from Preston North End's 2-2 draw with Sheffield UnitedThere was late drama at Deepdale on Tuesday night


The science, technology, engineering, and mathematics field, or the STEMs, are very hot right now.
What unites all of these fields together are not just human inquiry into scientific problems, but a common language. This common language is mathematics and it is why a person interested in the field of computer programming and coding will need to learn to understand and manipulate mathematical logic.
The mathematics that is commonly referred to in computer programming is algebra. Algebra is the calculation of formulas and equations to find variables or solutions. Algebra may involve a simple problem like x + 3 = 5 or one that is far more complex, and full of interdependent elements.
A solid understanding of algebra includes defining the relationships between objects, problem solving with limited variables, and analytic skill development to help execute decision making.
Information algebra owes to the body of work of mathematician Claude Shannon. Shannon dealt with the complex field of applied mathematics called information theory, which he founded with a paper he wrote in 1948. According to Wikipedia, "He is also credited with founding both digital computer and digital circuit design theory in 1937." Shannon also worked on cryptography for the United States government during World War II.
Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics that arose from a concern Shannon and other theorists had about the amount of data that could fit within signal processing operations, like storing data on a computer or facilitating telecommunications.
Information theory is a complex concept that can be reduced to a simple example. For instance, a computer can easily process the mathematical likelihood of a coin toss since there are only two outcomes. However, the computer requires more data processing to consider the outcome of a six-sided dice being rolled. Hence, for Shannon, information theory is the reduction of uncertainty so solutions can be made.
One might wonder what this has to do with computer coding. Coding is of course the language used to execute commands within a computer.
If coding is a language of commands, information algebra can be thought as the mathematical calculation of those commands. By manipulating information algebra, a computer coder is able to lay out their coding language in a logical, rules-based manner.
It is these concepts intertwined that highlights how important mathematics is to computing. By understanding algebraic concepts, a computer programmer is able to deduce the best course of action through analysis of the variables that will help them solve for a result with their coding.