These fresh jalapenos poppers are the perfect appetizer for any occasion. They're stuffed with a blend of cheddar cheese and bacon, then fried until golden brown.
Combine cream cheese, cheddar cheese and bacon in a large mixing bowl. Stir until ingredients are well blended. Stuff mixture into each pepper halve.
Place flour and milk in two separate bowls. Dip each pepper into milk and then coat in flour. Set peppers aside on a clean work surface. Allow them to sit at room temperature for 10 minutes.
Once more, dip peppers in milk and then coat in breadcrumbs. Allow peppers to sit for an additional 10 minutes. Dip jalapenos in milk and bread crumbs again to ensure a crispy coat.
Pour oil into a large skillet and warm over medium-high heat. Heat until oil reaches 365 degrees F. Add jalapenos to oil and cook for 3 minutes or until golden. Remove from heat and drain on paper towel.


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text:
A forum of Catholic Thought
Photo courtesy/Catholic Charities
You don't have to run a marathon to help those in need
Debbie Rambo
Friday, April 19, 2019Culture
Help us expand our reach! Please share this article on social media
... there are a whole host of programs that we operate, and a litany of ways that you can get involved in the work that we do.
The Boston Marathon, in addition to being the world's oldest annual marathon, has become a symbol of strength, unity, and pride for the Boston community. This year, we were proud to have the opportunity to share in that communal experience by sponsoring four runners on Team Catholic Charities, thanks to our friends at John Hancock. At Catholic Charities, we keep the well-being and benefit of our clients at the forefront of everything we do. We strive to put our mission of building a just and compassionate society rooted in the dignity of all people into action.
Our team ran in support of the at-risk youth we serve throughout Eastern Massachusetts. While each Team Catholic Charities marathoner committed to raising at least $7,500, their efforts have already garnered over $35,000 in donations!
For many of these children and teens, Catholic Charities' programs mean a hot meal for dinner or safety from street violence in their own neighborhoods. To combat these and other struggles that children in our community face, Catholic Charities operates several wonderful programs, including our Sunset Point Camp, which is celebrating its 100th year of operation this spring.
Sunset Point Camp in Hull opens its doors every year as a free respite for children, ages six to 13, living in low-income neighborhoods in Eastern Massachusetts; places where the prospects of enjoying a summer camp experience are often distant. Each summer, 400 youth from these communities attend a week-long session at Sunset Point Camp, where they engage in safe, healthy, and constructive activities, which bridge out-of-school time learning gaps. Campers also get the opportunity to explore outdoor marine environments and build friendships with peers who face many of the same challenges.
But the value of the work that we do here at Catholic Charities does not lie in the strength of any one of our 70 different programs, but rather in our ability to provide a diversified, wrap-around approach to client services. For instance, sometimes the best way to help children in our community is to provide their caregivers with the hand up that they need to regain self-sufficiency.
Recently, a mother of five came to Catholic Charities in Lynn, after a fire had forced them to leave their home. She was looking for any assistance we could provide because her family had lost most of their belongings and all of their furniture in the blaze. We were able to provide her with gift cards to help buy cooking essentials for her kitchen and food to restock it. She was given a furniture referral to Mission of Deeds, where they were able to secure new beds for the young mother and her children, as well as a new living-room set.
This family was extremely thankful for our assistance. We were able to help them rebuild their lives by providing them with the basic necessities that they had lost. Intense budgeting was done to help the mom obtain her "new" stability, as she was having a hard time managing their income due to the sudden severity of her circumstances. Because their home was inaccessible while it was being repaired, she had to pay for alternative housing on top of their regular rent. With the aid and assistance of our Basic Needs Manager, the mother was able to budget her funds and return her life and the lives of her children to normalcy without any further assistance.
While the intrepid members of Team Catholic Charities -- Jenna DelVecchio, Jacques Guyette, Meredith Flaherty, and Caroline Heppner -- braved 26.2 miles of hilly terrain and erratic weather to support our child and youth services, there are a whole host of programs that we operate, and a litany of ways that you can get involved in the work that we do. For more information, or to find out what you can do to join our efforts, visit ccab.org.
- Deborah Kincade Rambo is president of Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Boston.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Els Mojahedin-e-kalq (MEK), traduït com a "Combatents del poble" i també "Mujahidins del Poble", és una organització armada iraniana, fundada el 1965, amb barreja d'islamisme i marxisme.

Després de la revolució islàmica del 1979 no va trigar a enfrontar-se al poder teocràtic dels aiatol·làs. A començaments dels anys vuitanta, els seus caps van fugir a Europa i el 1987 l'organització es va establir a Iraq, on, amb l'ajut de Saddam Hussein, la seva branca militar (l'Exèrcit Nacional d'Alliberament de l'Iran) va establir un veritable exèrcit rebel amb milers de soldats i equipament militar, inclosos tancs i vehicles pesants, que va subsistir després del 2003 sota ocupació nord-americana.

Políticament, estan aliats a altres grups democràtics i d'esquerra amb els quals es va crear un Parlament iranià a l'exili i un Consell Nacional de Resistència de l'Iran, dels que aquesta organització n'és l'ànima.

Entitats de l'Iran

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Adams-Normandie
2511 S. Vermont Ave.
Man pleads not guilty in Jack in the Box shooting
Emmanuel Arce, 30
By Nicole Santa Cruz
Emmanuel Arce, a 30-year-old Latino, was shot and killed Sunday, Sept. 27, in the 2500 block of South Vermont Avenue in Adams-Normandie, according to Los Angeles County coroner's records.
About 5 a.m., Arce and a friend were in the drive-thru at Jack In The Box waiting for their order behind a light-colored sedan when Arce grew impatient, said LAPD Det. Dave Garrido.
Arce got out of his car and walked up to the drive-thru window, and the front passenger of the light-colored sedan got out of his car and shot Arce. The sedan then fled the scene.
Arce was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead at 11:28 a.m., according to coroner's records.
Anyone with information is asked to call the Criminal Gang Homicide Division at (323) 786-5110. Those who wish to remain anonymous can call Crime Stoppers at (800) 222-8477.
Contact the Homicide Report. Follow @nicolesantacruz and @latimeshomicide on Twitter.
Do you have information to share about the life of Emmanuel Arce ? The Homicide Report needs your help. Please fill out this form or e-mail us at homicidereport@latimes.com.
Oct. 9, 2015 Clinton Givens, 39
Sept. 28, 2015 Donta Jackson, 20
Share a memory or thought about Emmanuel Arce
Eight reader comments
I still cant belive your gone ..
No matter how much i try to adjust to the change i still cant except it . your really gone.?
Its going to be really hard for me to expalin to our little one about what happened to you. You were a great dad you always made our daughter your first priority as it should . i just hope that wherever you are you are at peace its going to be 4 years now . time flys .i wish i can give you one last call just to see how you are doing or to go back and time and change this so this would have never happened. we love you our Guardian Angel 👼.
— Grace Sept. 17, 2019 at 12:50 p.m.
Every time I read this it breaks my heart to know that our daughter will grow up without a father .
To think that it all had to end like this breaks my heart . We miss him so much . Rest in paradise baby boy.
You are gone in body but not in spirit.
— Grace June 14, 2016 at 10:38 p.m.
Work Will Never Be The Same Without You! I Miss You Bestfriend ):
— SOUL Jan. 28, 2016 at 2:36 p.m.
I think about you everyday ..I miss your random txts, I miss your unexpected visits, our late night conversations 😔💔
— Julie❤ Nov. 7, 2015 at 10:08 a.m.
El Gringo yes he does
— Julie❤ Nov. 7, 2015 at 9:57 a.m.
I might have known this man. Does anyone know if Emmanuel had a sister named Emily?
— El Gringo Oct. 29, 2015 at 10:02 p.m.
I miss you very much 😪
— Julie❤ Oct. 14, 2015 at 3:41 a.m.
So Difficult to Accept that you are no longer in this world. You took a piece of my heart with you. You will forever remain in my thoughts and in my heart. Much Love for you always 😪💔


Vector-illustrated and weboptimized graphics to represent the possible facebook platforms of the German insurance company PROVINZIAL. The graphics were never presented online though since the project was a proposition to the customer.
My work was to develop a graphic style within the corporate design and then to visualise a platform's unique features. I worked closely together with a team that was well talented in concept, text and project management.
Vector-illustrated graphics proposing different topics for the PROVINZIAL insurance company's online social media involvement.


text:
Share Jon McBride
Astronaut Jon Andrew McBride was born August 14, 1943, in Charleston and grew up in Beckley. McBride graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Beckley, attended West Virginia University, and received a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.
McBride says that from the day a U.S. Navy recruiter took him for a flight while he was attending WVU, flying has been at the center of his life. Joining the navy, he earned his wings as a naval aviator and flew 64 combat missions in Vietnam. McBride became an astronaut in 1979, piloted the space shuttle Challenger on an eight-day mission in 1984, and was scheduled to pilot another shuttle mission that was grounded in the wake of the Challenger accident in January 1986. He was assigned to NASA headquarters in 1987 as assistant administrator for congressional relations. He retired from NASA and the navy in 1989 to pursue a business career.
In 1996, McBride made an unsuccessful bid for the Republican nomination for governor of West Virginia. He lives today in Lewisburg, and in Arizona and Florida.
This Article was written by James E. Casto
Last Revised on December 07, 2015
Casto, James E. "Jon McBride." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 07 December 2015. Web. 19 July 2019.
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Peel potatoes and cut into thirds. Pieces come out to be about 1 1/2 inches thick.
Arrange potatoes in a ceramic (oven proof) dish and sprinkle with salt, pepper and dill. Place smashed garlic cloves around the potatoes.
Pour vegetable stock into the dish, so it comes 1/2 way up the potato slices.
Top the potatoes with a spoonful of Olive Oil (per slice).
Bake potatoes for about 45 minutes to 1 hour, until the top is golden and crispy.


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Covid-19 in Bulgaria: In past day, 12 deaths, 1.32% tests positive
Written by The Sofia Globe staff on June 10, 2021 in Bulgaria - Comments Off on Covid-19 in Bulgaria: In past day, 12 deaths, 1.32% tests positive
In the past 24 hours, the deaths of 12 people in Bulgaria who had tested positive for Covid-19 were registered, bringing the country's death toll linked to the virus to 17 872, according to the June 10 daily report by the national information system.
Of 9920 tests done in the past 24 hours, 131 – about 1.32 per cent – proved positive.
To date, 419 990 cases of Covid-19 have been confirmed in Bulgaria – a figure that includes those who have died, the active cases and those who have recovered from the virus.
There are 14 203 active cases, a decrease of 380 in the past 24 hours.
The report said that 499 people in Bulgaria had recovered from the virus in the past day, bringing the total to 387 915.
There are 2407 patients with Covid-19 in hospital in Bulgaria, a decrease of 60 in the past day, with 256 in intensive care, a decrease of 11.
A total of 13 427 medical personnel have tested positive, an increase of one in the past day, bringing the total to 13 427, again a figure that includes those who have died, the active cases and those who have recovered from the virus.
In the past 24 hours, a total of 24 014 doses of vaccines against Covid-19 were administered in Bulgaria, bringing the total to date to 1 524 541.
So far, 664 534 people in Bulgaria have completed the vaccination cycle, meaning either that they have received a second dose or one from a single-dose vaccine. This includes 15 993 who completed the vaccination cycle on June 9.
Please support independent journalism by clicking on the orange button below. For as little as three euro a month or the equivalent in other currencies, you can support The Sofia Globe via patreon.com:


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VIDEO: The Cartier Tank Américaine, now in steel
As Sandra so helpfully informed us yesterday, Cartier introduced the Tank Américaine in 1989. A bulked-up version of the Cintrée, with broad, muscly brancards, this Tank managed to capture not just the spirit of the times but also the bold, entrepreneurial spirit of the continent for which is was named. I can't help but think that if Wall Street had been made a few years later, Michael Douglas would have been wearing an Américaine instead of a Santos. This year, as part of its Tank centenary celebrations, Cartier has released three new Tank Américaine models, in small, medium and large. And while the form is fundamentally the same as the 1989 model (and, indeed, the 1917 version), the big news is the case, which is — for the first time — steel. Not only does this give the Américaine more of a utilitarian, casual feel, it makes wearing a Tank every day a real proposition. Cartier Tank Américaine in steel Australian Pricing Cartier Tank Américaine, steel on alligator, $8050
INSIGHT: The 100 year history of the Cartier Tank, and the people who made it famous
For any designer, regardless of product type, the holy grail is to create an object that so perfectly balances form and function and so elegantly expresses an aesthetic that it will not only last for many generations but will forever look as modern as it did when it left the drawing board. Among those rare products are Le Corbusier's Chaise LC4, Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona chair and Cartier's Tank wristwatch. Louis Cartier's practical, no-frills design has not only become one of the most successful and enduring watches of all time, it has accepted tweaks, updates and experiments without ever losing its integrity. And it is loved equally by men and women – for the not-so-simple reason that it's perfectly suited to both. The beginning It's hard to think of a less likely time than 1917 – three years into the havoc of World War I – for launching an object that would become a symbol of 20th-century luxe et chic. Before the war, Cartier's fame had grown, thanks to its boldly modern jewellery designs and the marketing instincts of Louis-Joseph Cartier. In 1904, he designed a wrist-worn watch for his friend, Brazilian aviator, Alberto Santos-Dumont, to enable him to… Read More
HANDS-ON: Cartier's centenary and the Tank Louis Cartier
It's hard to overstate the importance of Cartier's Tank. Not just in the rarefied world of watch design, but in the much broader fields of fashion and design. In a crowded scene full of pretenders it stands out, like an enduring style icon in a room full of so-called influencers. This year the Tank celebrates its centenary, and Cartier has released a brace of new Tanks to mark the occasion, in the Française, Américaine, Cintrée and Louis Cartier collections. We're going to look at the new steel Américaine shortly, but today we're spending time with the most classical iteration, the large Tank Louis Cartier in pink gold. What you immediately notice about this Louis Cartier is just how little the design has changed since the Tank Louis Cartier was first introduced in 1922. Sure, little details such as the hands and Cartier text have changed, and the case construction is a little more sophisticated these days, but the fundamentals – the rectangular shape, softly curved case elements, Roman numerals and conical crown – are all the same. The second thing you will notice is the size. Under no circumstances could you accuse this Tank of wearing large, even though it's the large-sized model,… Read More
Cameron Wong
INTRODUCING: Cartier's otherworldly Rotonde de Cartier Earth and Moon
Cartier is no stranger to the art of fine watchmaking, and in the last few years the French maison has been bringing the haute …err… heat to the world of high horology, with watches bearing the Geneva Seal – like the Drive de Cartier Flying Tourbillon. In 2014 Cartier first introduced us to the Rotonde De Cartier Earth and Moon in platinum, and this year with a case and dial change it has reunited the Earth with the moon and added an 18-carat pink-gold-cased version, which is limited to 15 pieces. Where the first version was a stylised tribute to the Earth, this is an ode to the moon. The original's earthly blue lapis lazuli discs have been replaced with meteorite and the dial is now "open-worked" – further exposing the tourbillon at six o'clock. The 18-carat white-gold hour markers also surround the off-centre meteorite disc, which forms a subdial and houses the classically Cartier blued-steel hands used to display the time. But that's not all. Between the meteorite disc and the railroad minute track sits a 24-hour ring, allowing for a second time-zone display, which is adjusted independently, simply by using the pusher at 2 o'clock. And we still haven't got to the… Read More
INTRODUCING: The Cartier Drive de Cartier Flying Tourbillon
Last year, Cartier launched a brand-new collection: the automotive-inspired Drive de Cartier. However, unlike much of the brand's other offerings which have cross-gender appeal, the Drive de Cartier is intended solely for men. It has proven to be a hit the world over, with a case that is neither round nor square. Instead, its elegant curves form a rounded cushion shape, which is unmistakably masculine – but not in a macho kind of way. To use an automotive analogy, it's less brute Mustang muscle and more the sophistication of an Aston Martin. The crowning achievement of the collection is the Drive de Cartier Flying Tourbillon with its in-house, mechanical tourbillon, caliber 9452 MC movement that's been hand finished to a high degree to meet the standards of the Geneva Seal certification. However, it's not just the movement that is impeccable. The dial is a richly contrasting display of satin-brushed surfaces and intricate guilloche finishing. Cartier has created a sense of depth by open-working the outer dial that displays the markings for the hours, minutes and seconds, and exposing the white galvanised guilloche below. Despite the elaborate interplaying layers, the dial layout manages to come across as simple and elegant. The… Read More
LIST: 5 incredible skills mastered in Cartier's Maison des Métiers d'Arts
Editor's Note: Few brands can match the scope and scale of Cartier. The Parisian jewellery house offers everything from the popular and modern Juste un Clou collection through to some of the finest bespoke jewellery made. The same is true for their watch collections. Tanks and Ballon Bleus might be the order of the day, but Cartier is also capable of creating some truly exceptional technical and artistic pieces. It's the latter category we're going to explore today – the watches made in Cartier's Maison des Métiers d'Arts. It is impossible to overstate the importance of tradition to the Swiss watch industry. It's a business, after all, built on skills and techniques that by all rights have no place in the 21st century. Watchmakers in general are a rare and special breed. Fewer still are experts in the more specialised artistic crafts such as marquetry and enamelling, which places these talents in high demand. Collectively these artisanal disciplines are referred to as Métiers d'Arts, and Cartier is leading the way in preserving and fostering these nearly forgotten skills through the Maison des Métiers d'Arts. Based in an 18th century Bernese-style farmhouse a short walk away from their main fine watchmaking facility, the… Read More
HANDS-ON: Masculinity meets romance in the Drive de Cartier Moon Phases
In our recently published interview, Arnaud Carrez, Cartier's Head of Marketing and Communications, said that the Drive represents a different kind of masculinity, one that isn't defined by "muscles, sport, achievement, performance", but by "elegance, and style, and refinement." Looking at the Drive de Cartier Moon Phases, you can see what he means. It's a confident watch that takes the dressy Drive design and, by adding the eternally romantic moon phase at six, elevates it to the next level of elegance. Introduced at SIHH in stainless steel and pink gold, the Drive Moon Phases took a bit of a back seat to the critically acclaimed Extra Flat, but for me the Moon Phases is the perfect embodiment of what Drive is all about. In gold, it's a very warm, dressy watch, with a dial full of detail that is pure Cartier. On the technical side, the watch is the same size as the regular Drive at 41mm across and a wearable 12.15mm high. It's powered by the newly developed in-house 1904-LU. This complication is highly accurate, and only needs to be adjusted every 125 years, which is nice. Power reserve is decent but not outstanding at 48 hours. The moon phase complication… Read More
Andrew McUtchen
EXCLUSIVE: "We stretched into fields where we are not necessarily legitimate." 5 brutally honest quotes about Cartier's recent releases
The Cartier 'Drive de Cartier' was about as close to a number one hit as you can get in the watch industry. From the minute it was released, it was popular with journalists the world over – us wholeheartedly included. It appealed to round and small watch markets like Asia as well as tastemakers in other markets, and it was smartly priced. In a refreshingly frank interview, Cartier's International Marketing and Communication Director, Arnaud Carrez, details how, after a wayward period where brands "tried to be everything and everywhere", the Drive is powering Cartier to new heights. 1 – The Drive refocused Cartier on what it does best – "masculine elegance" "The Drive came at the right time, because it was years after the birth of fine watchmaking at Cartier, after the Calibre and Calibre Diver watches. I think these stories were very nice, but we probably stretched into fields where we are not necessarily legitimate. "Our masculinity is not muscles, sport, achievement, performance. It's a different masculinity. It's more elegance, and style, and refinement, and we are fine about it." "I'm not saying we shouldn't do that kind of watchmaking. We created an impressive momentum in fine watchmaking. We were really… Read More


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La Secció d'atletisme del RCD Espanyol fou la branca del club dedicada a la pràctica de l'atletisme.

Història

La secció d'atletisme del RCD Espanyol es va fundar l'any 1918 i des dels seus inicis ha estat la secció del club que més títols i èxits ha donat a l'entitat, essent un referent per a l'atletisme català.

Als anys 20 destacaren a l'entitat atletes com Manuel Cutié, Diodor Pons, Joaquim Miquel, Pere Arbulí, Salvador Tapias i Miquel Moreno. En la prova de marxa atlètica l'entitat fou pionera amb homes com Lluís Meléndez i Albert Charlot, vencedors dels primers campionats d'Espanya de marxa a les distàncies de 5 i 50 quilòmetres respectivament.

Als anys 30 trobem atletes com Ángel Mur i José Reliegos. Els anys 40 i 50 són dels de més èxit de l'entitat, destacant a les proves de fons. Atletes com Gregorio Rojo i Constantino Miranda van participar en els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 1948 i guanyaren moltes ocasions els campionats d'Espanya individuals de fons i de cross. Aquests anys també destacaren Maria Victor o Ricardo Yebra.

A partir del 1950 destacà un atleta per damunt de tots, Tomàs Barris, qui va arribar a guanyar 16 títols de campió d'Espanya de diverses distàncies de mig fons i fons i obtingué 34 records d'Espanya, esdevenint el primer atleta professional del país en marxar a entrenar a Finlàndia a les ordres del tècnic Olli Virho. Miguel Navarro va guanyar cinc títols de campió d'Espanya de marató i va mantenir el rècord d'Espanya de Marató durant 8 anys des del 27 d'abril de 1958 fins al 5 de juliol de 1966 rebaixant-lo en aquell període en quatre ocasions.

Entre els finals dels 50 i els 60 trobem a Josep Coll, Antonio Amorós, Josep Molins i Francisco Aritmendi, els darrers grans campions de la secció. La secció entrà en crisi a causa de l'alt cost de manteniment i a la consegüent pèrdua de llicències i el 1972 el president Manuel Méler opta per suprimir-la.

Cal destacar, que durant els anys 50, la tradicional rivalitat futbolística entre Barça i Espanyol es traslladà al món de l'atletisme, tant a les pistes, com al cros, però sobretot al carrer, amb cèlebres duels entre ambdós clubs a la prestigiosa cursa Jean Bouin. L'inici del professionalisme a l'esport provocà que els principals atletes canviessin sovint de samarreta atrets per les ofertes de feina dels dirigents barcelonistes i espanyolistes.

L'any 2006 hi va haver un moviment intern d'una part del socis que han creat una plataforma anomenada Pro-seccions que vol que el RCD Espanyol torni a recuperar les seccions més emblematiques que ha tingut a la seva història. Dintre d'aquest moviment s'ha fet un club d'atletisme anomenat Associació Esportiva Blanc i Blau Pro-Seccions que vol fer veure que l'atletisme és una secció que pot tenir un baix cost, que pot tornar a guanyar títols i ha de tenir un lloc al club.
L'any 2009 es desvinculen de les plataforma Pro-seccions perquè creuen que perjudica la seva relació amb el club.

Palmarès

Individuals
Llista dels atletes campions de Catalunya del club

100 m llisos masculins
 1946 Emili Vidri 11"9
 1948 Francesc Sánchez Madriguera 11"1
 1963 Francesc Font 10"9

200 m llisos femenins
 1947 Maria Víctor 31"5

400 m llisos
 1925 Màxim García 55"
 1928 Joaquim Miquel 52"8
 1948 Joan Victor 52"4

800 m llisos
 1926 Joaquim Miquel 2'06" 0
 1928 Joaquim Miquel 2'07"8
 1930 Manuel Vives 1'59"8
 1948 Manuel Macías 1'58" 9
 1949 Manuel Macías 1'57"1
 1950 Manuel Macías 1'58"5
 1951 Tomàs Barris 1'57"2
 1952 Tomàs Barris 1'58"0
 1955 Tomàs Barris 1'53"8
 1956 Tomàs Barris 1'53"8
 1958 Tomàs Barris 1,51"7

1.500 m llisos
 1941 Josep Fonseré 4'08"0
 1942 Gregorio Rojo 4'10" 6
 1943 Gregorio Rojo 4'11" 4
 1945 Gregorio Rojo 4'12" 2
 1951 Ricardo Yebra 4' 05"0
 1952 Tomàs Barris 4'09"4
 1954 Tomàs Barris 4'03"2
 1955 Tomàs Barris 3'54"2
 1956 Tomàs Barris 3'53"6
 1970 José A. Martínez Bayo 3'53"2

5.000 m llisos
 1920 Diodor Pons 17'20" 0
 1926 Salvador Tapias 15'42"2
 1930 Martí Serra 16' 31" 0
 1932 Antoni Gràcia 16'21"4
 1943 Gregorio Rojo 16'25"4
 1944 Gregorio Rojo 15'42"8
 1945 Gregorio Rojo 15'49"8
 1947 Constantino Miranda 15'10"0
 1950 Ricardo Yebra 15'34"0
 1951 Josep Coll 14'53"4
 1952 Ricardo Yebra 15'25"2
 1953 Ricardo Yebra 15'35" 8
 1955 Antonio Amorós 14'48"8
 1956 Antonio Amorós 14'48"2
 1965 Jesús Fernandez 14'47"2

10.000 m llisos
 1925 Pere Arbulí 34'02"2
 1930 Martí Serra 34'23"0
 1944 Francesc Camí 33'51"4
 1945 Constantino Miranda 33'37"0
 1947 Ricardo Yebra 33'06"2
 1948 Constantino Miranda 31'51"6
 1950 Josep Coll 31'03"8
 1952 Josep Coll 31'34"0
 1953 Josep Coll 31'59"6
 1956 Antonio Amorós 30'55"2
 1957 Antonio Amorós 30'41"4
 1961 Miguel Vidal 31'58"8

110 m tanques
 1948 Josep Jordi Parellada 16"6
 1949 Josep Jordi Parellada 16"3

400 m tanques
 1963 Josep Girbau 54"4
 1968 Enrique Tristán 55"7
 1969 Enrique Tristán 56"5

3.000 m obstacles
 1930 Vicente Folch 10'30"2
 1931 Ángel Mur 10'15"2
 1932 Ángel Mur 10'20"2
 1940 Joan Aymerich 10'26"0
 1944 Constantino Miranda 9'50"6
 1945 Constantino Miranda 9'46"0
 1947 Constantino Miranda 9'45"0
 1948 Constantino Miranda 9'36"2
 1950 Constantino Miranda 9'28"8
 1955 José Quesada 10'10"2
 1958 Miguel Vidal 9'46"6
 1965 Jesús Fernández 9'26"4
 1966 Jesús Fernández 9'28"2

Gran fons
 1957 Miquel Navarro (30 km) 1h 49.43
 1959 Miquel Navarro (30 km) 1h 50.41.6
 1960 Miquel Navarro (27 km) 1h 30.27
 1962 Miquel Navarro (30 km) 1h 45.55
 1964 Miquel Navarro (30 km) 1h 43.30.6

Salt d'alçada
 1943 Samuel Franquet 1,75 m.
 1944 Samuel Franquet 1,73 m.
 1947 Josep Jordi Parellada 1,70 m.
 1948 Josep Jordi Parellada 1,72 m.
 1965 Francisco Núñez 1,78 m.
 1968 Joan Armengol 1,79 m.
 1969 Jesús López Mañoso 1,95 m.

Salt amb perxa
 1944 Fernando Sagnier 3,25 m.
 1945 Joan Esteve 3,16 m

Salt de llargada
 1928 Ramon Mongrell 6,04 m.

Triple Salt
 1944 Josep Planas 13,13 m.
 1945 Josep Planas 13,02 m.
 1949 Josep Jordi Parellada 14,08 m.

Llançament de pes
 1929 Willy Stoessel 11,26 m
 1943 Juan Ramón Gimeno 11,88 m.
 1944 Juan Ramón Gimeno 11,88 m.

Llançament de disc
 1929 Willy Stoessel 36,62 m.
 1944 Bonaventura Pujol 34,40 m.
 1948 Ernest Pons 35,89 m.

Llançament de javelot
 1946 José Cordoba 46,74 m.
 1949 José Cordoba 44,99 m.
 1968 Josep Maria Sanza 55,98 m.
 1970 Josep Maria Sanza 60,10 m.

Llançament de martell
 1968 Antoni Fibla 58,46 m
 1969 Antoni Fibla 57,92 m.

Marxa atlètica
 1918 Lluís Meléndez 15'51"1 (3 km)
 1920 Lluís Meléndez 26'07"6 (5 km)
 1922 Albert Charlot 50 km marxa (camp. d'Espanya)

Cross individual masculí
 1922 Joaquim Miquel
 1925 Joaquim Miquel
 1928 Salvador Tapias
 1929 Miquel Moreno
 1930 José Reliegos
 1932 Ángel Mur
 1942 Gregorio Rojo
 1944 Gregorio Rojo
 1945 Constantino Miranda
 1946 Constantino Miranda
 1947 Constantino Miranda
 1948 Josep Coll
 1950 Josep Coll
 1955 Antonio Amorós
 1957 Antonio Amorós
 1958 Antonio Amorós
 1959 Tomàs Barris
 1965 Jesús Fernández
 1967 Francisco Aritmendi

Cross individual femení
 1947 Maria Víctor
 1948 Maria Víctor
 1949 Maria Víctor

Equips
 Campionat d'Espanya de relleus 4 x 100 m llisos (2): 1948 (J.Parellada-V.Torres-A.Murga-F.Sánchez) 45"8, 1963 (J.López-R.Porta-V.Febrer-F.Font) 43"6
 Campionat d'Espanya de relleus 4 x 400 m llisos (1): 1925 (J.Baides- A.Solanes- J.Barberà-M.García)
 Campionat de Catalunya de cros per equips (24): 1920, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1932, 1942, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1965, 1967.
 Campió per equips de la Cursa Jean Bouin: 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1927, 1929, 1941, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1966.

Jean Bouin

Individual masculí
 1923 Miquel Palau
 1924 Joaquim Miquel
 1925 Joaquim Miquel
 1927 Joaquim Miquel
 1928 Salvador Tapias
 1929 Miguel Moreno
 1930 José Reliegos
 1941 Gregorio Rojo
 1943 Gregorio Rojo
 1944 Gregorio Rojo
 1945 Gregorio Rojo
 1947 Constantino Miranda
 1950 Josep Coll
 1957 Antonio Amorós
 1957 (2) Antonio Amorós
 1966 Francisco Aritmendi

Individual femení
 1947 Maria Víctor
 1948 Maria Víctor
 1949 Maria Víctor
 1950 Maria Víctor
 1952 Maria Víctor

Bibliografia
 Cent anys d'Història del RCD Espanyol de Barcelona. Segura Palomares, Joan. Barcelona: Fundació Privada del RCD Espanyol (2000)
 El Atletismo Olímpico Español. Amberes 1920/Barcelona 1992. Editat per RFEA

Referències

Seccions del RCD Espanyol
Clubs d'atletisme del Barcelonès


Welcome to our be funny positive affirmations. Some people seem to be born with the ability to make others laugh and always say the right thing at the perfect moment, but the difference between these people and you is simply in the way their minds work. The good news is that you can start changing the way your mind works and become more naturally funny and witty.
These positive affirmations have been specifically designed to unlock your inner comedian. We all have it inside us to be the funny person at the party who always makes everyone laugh, we just have to free up our mind and allow the right energy to come through. Use these affirmations at least twice daily and you will notice yourself being effortlessly funny and outgoing, less stressed out and serious (you'll see the lighter side of life), and becoming sharper in your thinking.
Download the Be Funny Affirmations MP3 today and listen passively during your day.
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Be Funny Hypnosis: Use the power of natural hypnotherapy to rewrite your habitual thinking patterns and become someone that effortlessly makes others laugh, is less stressed out, and is always full of positive energy.
Be Funny Subliminal: This is another great subliminal track that we highly recommend. SublimnalMP3s.com offers 10 subliminal affirmations to help you rapidly adopt a funnier outlook on life and be someone that diffuses stress and tension with the power of humor.


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If you are buying a home and are looking for a Home Inspector in Loma Linda, California then The Building Inspector! is the premiere choice for Home Inspections, Home Inspectors and real estate home inspections anywhere in Loma Linda. We have been proudly serving the entire community of Loma Linda since 1997. Contact us today at (909) 338-7022 to schedule a home inspection in Loma Linda. Our Home Inspections include the use of an Infrared Thermal Imaging camera to help detect leaks. We also offer Lead Paint Testing in Loma Linda and Lead Paint Inspections in Loma Linda, Mold Testing in Loma Linda, Mold Inspections in Loma Linda, Asbestos Testing in Loma Linda and Home Inspections in Loma Linda. Serving Loma Linda California since 1997. Please contact us at (909) 338-7022 to schedule a home inspection in Loma Linda.
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Buying a home in Loma Linda is a considerable investment in your future, secure that investment by identifying problems and health hazards in your Loma Linda home's indoor environment. Those who are interested in renting a home, renting an apartment in Loma Linda or renting a condo in Loma Linda should consider having their indoor air tested for mold. The Building Inspector! offers a full line of mold testing, mold inspections and indoor air quality solutions for any home buyer in Loma Linda as well as those renting homes, condos and apartments in Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California. If you plan on buying a home, buying a condo, renting a home, renting a condo or renting an apartment in Loma Linda, California it is a good decision to have the property tested for commonly found health hazards in order to keep yourself and your family safe from health hazards associated with lead poisoning, toxic black mold, asbestos and mesothelioma as well as poor indoor air quality. Plenty of homes for sale in Loma Linda have sat vacant for months or years with nobody to take care of any problems. When a home gets a leak, the bank will have it painted over and the leak will no longer be visible. When you go to buy the home in Loma Linda, California you will not know there was a leak, but there could be mold growing inside of the home or inside of the walls. This presents a health hazard and contributes to poor indoor air quality in Loma Linda.
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If your motto is "I'll stop wearing black when someone invents a darker colour" then you've just found your perfect double dimmer switch. Sleek, sophisticated, understated and just simply super-cool, it really is the queen of all dimmer switches.
The ultimate in hip hardware, our black double dimmer switch is a superb choice for all kinds of interiors. If your design vibe is sheer simplicity, then this little black number is your new best friend. Keep it sleek and unfussy by choosing the pure black knobs, or mix it up a little with the gold, silver or white knobs. To be honest, it's going to look awesome whichever you choose. And while we're talking knobs, can we just take a moment to big up the knurling detail around the edges too. Designed to not only look good, their groovy (in both senses of the word) texture makes them great to grab hold of too.
If you're lucky enough to have any exposed brick, concrete walls, or some fabulously flamboyant wallpaper in your home, then how about topping them off with this beautiful black double dimmer switch. The simplicity of the switch contrasts beautifully with pattern and texture, creating a perfect **fancy-pants word alert** juxtaposition.
These dimmers have been exclusively designed by us and we've overseen every last detail to bring you dimming perfection. If you love this double dimmer switch, check out the matching single dimmer switch and our other coordinating black light switches and plug sockets.
And if you're feeling baffled by all this switch talk, then have a read of our light switches explained guide and all will be explained!


When your item is too big to come into my shop or you need it welded at your site, I'll bring the shop to you! I provide mobile welding services all over the Burlington area. Minimize down time and disruption of business by having me come to you. Give me a call to discuss your particular job's needs.


Nova Shooter is a simple multiplatform game developed with Unity. The game is a shoot-em-up where you will play with a spaceship (that you can customize!) facing unlimited enemy waves in increasing difficulty.
The control of the spaceship on Windows are: WASD to move it, mouse to rotate it, and left-click to shoot.
The game has been initially developed for Windows, Android and OpenGL, but it can be easily exported to other platforms with Unity.


Just as cycling and other outdoor activities spring back into life in the Loire in May, so do the vineyards as they fling their doors open to let us sample the fruits of their labours.
Over the Easter weekend we spent a happy half day tasting at Chateau du Petit Thouars and this weekend at Domain des Champs Fleuris in Turquant, just east of Saumur.
You can cycle through the Troglodyte village of Turquant on our Loire Valley Discovery Cycling Tour.
This year, wines from both of these vineyards will be served with our meals on our Loire Valley cycling holidays.
We'll be offering sparkling white and rosé, a range of Cabernet Franc reds (from light through to rich and complex) and rosé and whites based on the Chenin blanc grapes.
We're still planning to add some Sauvignon Blanc and maybe even the unusual Grollo (red or rosé) and Cot (known elsewhere as Malbec).
All the wines are local and we buy direct from vineyards – usually purchased at the end of a great wine tasting session!
If you're joining us this year, then we're sure you'll enjoy what we've chosen.


text:
Pinilla del Valle – niewielka osada Hiszpanii we wspólnocie autonomicznej Madryt w dolinie Lozoya, 90 km na północ od Madrytu. Zajmuje ona wąski pas ciągnący się wzdłuż rzeki Lozoya. Jedną z atrakcji turystycznych jest Kościół San Miguel z XVI wieku.

Miasta we wspólnocie autonomicznej Madrytu


text:
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##DESCRIPTION
##AUTHOR
Hello my name is [thrill2212](https://github.com/thrill2212) and I'd like ti say...
##LICENSE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tătărăni is a commune in Vaslui County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of nine villages: Bǎlțați, Crǎsnǎșeni, Giurgești, Leoști, Manțu, Stroiești, Tătărăni, Valea lui Bosie and Valea Seacă.

References

Communes in Vaslui County
Localities in Western Moldavia


Frozen cream pistachio. DBP, Toluene and Formaldehyde free.
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text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec1}

 A synapse  consists of the three components, a presynaptic neuron or terminal,  a postsynaptic neuron or terminal, and  a synaptic cleft. Networks of neurons and synapse play a key role of communication of electric signals of brain, and are responsible for most of brain functionality. Chemical synapses between neurons, are the main channels of information flow and storage in the brain. Synaptic transmission between neurons is involved in most of what the brain does. In mouse cortex are, synaptic neuropil is 84\% in terms of volume\cite{Schuz1989}. When a neuron is active, an electrical impulse travels down its nerve fiber and causes the release of chemical neurotransmitters from its terminal on the presynaptic neuron. Presynaptic terminals contain pools of synaptic vessels. They are small membrane bounded organelles. These vesicles are filled with neurotransmitters mainly in the form of glutamate molecules. When neurotransmitters, for example, glutamate molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron, they diffuse into the cleft, and then the neurotransmitters spread out to a narrow space between pre and post synaptic neurons. The gap between pre and post synaptic terminals is about 20nm wide and is called a synaptic cleft. The synaptic cleft consists of fluids, proteins and other molecular obstacles. The some of released neurotransmitters in the cleft bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron\cite{ledoux2003synaptic}. These chemical neurotransmitters then produce secondary currents in the postsynaptic neuron.

The random synaptic release events typically activate receptors within a single postsynaptic site and give rise to miniature postsynaptic currents, and therefore they have been extremely instrumental in analysis of unitary properties of neurotransmission. In 1994, Murphy and colleagues found that spontaneous miniature glutamate release modulates postsynaptic enzyme activity\cite{Kenny1994}. Sutton and colleagues showed that minis keep resting protein synthesis in check and respond to stimuli that strengthen synapses by blocking minis and increasing dendritic protein synthesis\cite{Sutton2004}. Spontaneous neurotransmission has been mentioned a homeostatic form of synaptic plasticity and induction of synaptic scaling. Spontaneous neurotransmission has an independent role in neuronal communication that is distinct from that of evoked release\cite{Kavalali2014} However, the process of spontaneous neurotransmitter release is still unclear. It has been questioned whether spontaneous release events  and evoked release events originate from the same vesicular pathway in presynaptic neurons\cite{Bauerfeind1994}. The relation of evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter releases and how they are distributed spatially have not been precisely studied due to the lack of direct experimental measurement.  In 2008, David Zenisek found some evidence for the spatial segregation of spontaneous and evoked neurotransmissions that evoked release occurs from ribbon and spontaneous release happens from extraribbon locations in a ribbon-type synaptic terminal, in the goldfish retinal bipolar\cite{Zenisek2008}. Kavalali and colleagues examined the evidence that spontaneous and evoked vesicles originate from different pool of glutamate stores and after releasing, neurotransmitters activate non-overlapping postsynaptic NMDA receptors populations\cite{Sara2005, Atasoy2008, Kavalali2011}. Melom and colleagues showed that even though release probability is not correlated between evoked and spontaneous release of fusion. Neuronal dynamics have two spatially segregated and regulated information channels to induce evoked or spontaneous fusion signals independently\cite{Melom2013}. Peled and colleagues suggested that although individual synapses can participate in both evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release, there is a highly well activated synapse with a preference for only one mode of transmission\cite{Peled2014}.
Schneggenburger and colleagues found that separate functions for $Ca^{2+}$ evoked release  and spontaneous transmissions are not necessarily from different origins of two vesicular fusion\cite{Schneggenburger2015}.

From those studies, there have been assumed that spontaneous and evoked process are segregated and regulated independently. But it is unclear how this separation of synaptic currents in NMDA receptors is distributed across individual synapses because of the limited resolution of optical microscopic recording. It is still challenging to show how postsynaptic neurons distinguish evoked and spontaneous neurotransmission and differentially activate postsynaptic signaling. Reese and Kavalali showed that two signals from spontaneous and evoked release are not correlated significantly although spontaneous and evoked release driven NMDA receptor mediated $Ca^{2+}$ transients often occurs at the same synapse\cite{Reese2016}.

To address this question, we examined the possibility that spontaneous and evoked neurotransmission using the mathematical model improved from our previous study\cite{Atasoy2008}. We aimed to address the biophysical constraints that may determine independent activation on N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor mediated currents in response to evoked and spontaneous glutamate molecules releases.

Identifying the mechanism of activation of NMDA receptors is important since the NMDA receptors (NMDARs), a family of L-glutamate receptors, are a main target for cognitive enhancement and plays a significant role in neural plasticity including long-term potentiation and long-term depression\cite{Newcomer2000,Collingridge2013,Kumar2015}. These explain the importance of NMDARs for learning and memory. Recent studies also indicated an age-associated NMDA receptor hypofunction and memory impairment are linked each other, and it provides evidence age-associated may enhance oxidative stress\cite{Kumar2015}.

In this way, we described the boundaries of different factors, including size and geometry of synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitter release rate s from presynaptic terminals, different rates glutamate mobility that permit independent synaptic events in the limited space of a synapse cleft. The geometry of synapse, especially for a small size, has not been described clearly with the limitation of microscopy. In order to simulate two modes of neurotransmission, we assumed that spontaneous and evoked release with different factors including a size, geometry of synaptic cleft, different glutamate mobility rate in the cleft, and the release rate of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals.

\section{Methodology}

\subsection{Physical setting}
The computational model is calculated by the diffusion and kinetics in a cubic domain $\Omega$ of $1000 \mbox{nm} \times 1000 \mbox{nm} \times 1000 \mbox{nm} $ excluding synaptic terminals. Let S matrix for boundary conditions,

 $$ S = S(x,y,z)=
\begin{cases}
  1,  & \mbox{ within $\Omega$ }\\
  0, & \mbox{otherwise }
\end{cases}.$$

 The presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals (two $600 \mbox{nm} \times 600 \mbox{nm}$  surface areas facing each other) inside $\Omega$ are non-permeable by glutamate molecules and are excluded from computation. A cleft of 20 nm heights separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals in the base model. We assumed that size of synapse is  $600 \mbox{nm} \times 600 \mbox{nm} \times 20 \mbox{nm}$ as for the base model. Geometry for a synapse is a three dimensional array, as shown Figure~\ref{fig1}A,~\ref{fig1}B.

\begin{figure}[h]%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{figure1.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{Geometric domain for computational model in synaptic glutamate diffusion: } \textbf{A.} Illustrates the computational domain in 3-D in the transparent portion, inside a large cube. \textbf{B.}  Top: a side-view of \textbf{A}  shows a cleft of 20 nm height separating two terminals; bottom: a top-view of \textbf{A} shows the cleft surface (in color, dimension $600 \mbox{nm} \times 600 \mbox{nm}$) of a large synapse. \textbf{C.} Two directions that are tracked peak open probabilities at each location on postsynaptic when glutamate molecules release from the center($R_C$, maybe evoked release?) and release from the edge($R_E$, may be spontaneous release?). \textbf{D.} Geometric vesicle fusion pore for computational model in synaptic glutamate diffusion.}\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

For the base model (600nm by 600nm cross-section), we assumed the NMDA receptor density of 40 $\mu m^2$. On the postsynaptic cleft, there are evenly distributed 25 spots, arranged in 5 by 5 array using row-major ordering. The concentration time course and $P_{open}$ are calculated at each receptor. With our assumption, a release events near the center represents evoked transmission, whereas a fusion event at the periphery of the postsynaptic corresponds to spontaneous receptor\cite{Atasoy2008}. Two representative locations of receptors are used as release sites, $R_C$ for central release(released from the center site) and $R_E$ for release at the edge(released from the edge site) as shown in Figure ~\ref{fig1}C.

We illustrated the situation where evoked glutamate release at the center activates evoked receptor kinetics at center and spontaneous receptor kinetics at edge in Figure~\ref{fig2}A; analogously, spontaneous glutamate release at the cleft edge activates both evoked receptor kinetics at center and spontaneous receptor kinetics at edge in Figure~\ref{fig2}B. For a large size synapse under normal conditions (assumed in the base model), the two signals are independent as central versus edge release yield to synaptic currents that differs in the amplitude (or open probability) of 10 magnitudes. We begin with the base model with instantaneous release of 4000 glutamate molecules.

Another assumptions were considered the limited rate release with additional components of a vesicle and a fusion pore inside the presynaptic terminal as shown in Figure~\ref{fig1}D. The vesicle size is $40 \mbox{nm} \times 40 \mbox{nm}$, the fusion pore size mimics release speed. We tested the release of glutamate molecules from a 10 nm diameter fusion pore for a typical release and one narrow 2 nm diameter fusion pore as a slower release.

\subsection{Mathematical Modeling}
\subsubsection{Diffusion model from presynaptic neuron to synaptic cleft}\label{sec3}
The classical heat diffusion equation was used in the glutamate release process on the presynaptic terminal. The heat diffusion model is reasonable because of the size of glutamate molecules, and relatively large numbers of the molecules being release as one time. We assumed that 4000 glutamate molecules release out from a point source\cite{Nielsen2004, Atasoy2008}. With an estimated current dose-response profiles obtained from measurements\cite{Anson1998, Patneau1990}, it was widely believed that the glutamate-binding sites become saturated after each synaptic vesicle released\cite{Frerking1995}, and the estimated high glutamate concentration in the cleft after the release of a single synaptic vesicle is about 1-5mM\cite{Clements1996, Diamond1997}.  This is consistent with simulated values using Equation~\ref{eqn:heat equation} with initial concentration of 4,000 molecules. The governing equation is

\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial{C}}{\partial{t}}=D_{glut}\bigg(\frac{\partial^2{C}}{\partial^2{x}}+\frac{\partial^2{C}}{\partial^2{y}}+\frac{\partial^2{C}}{\partial^2{z}}\bigg),
\label{eqn:heat equation}
\end{equation}
where $[G]=C(x,y,z,t)$ is a glutamate concentration as a function of time and location in the vesicular space, the synaptic cleft, and the external space, whereas $t\in[0,\infty)$ and $(x,y,z)$ is in a open region $\Omega$. The coefficient $D_{glut}$ is the thermal diffusivity.

\subsubsection{Factors in synapse}

The diffusion coefficients $D_{glut}$  can represent the inhomogeneity of media within the cleft with varying $D_{glut}$. The larger diffusion coefficient value implies for glutamate to flush out to external space quickly. For a typical synapse, the value of $0.4 \mu m^2/ms$ is sufficient to represent typical case of glutamate mobility\cite{Nielsen2004}. However, this may or may not be the case with small synapses, where the evoked and spontaneous releases occur in much closer space. The exact value of  $D_{glut}$ is unknown, we used values ranging from $0.1$ to $0.75 \mu m^2/ms$ as feasible permeability values for synapse. Further we can create multiple zones where $D_{glut}$ could have various values in several zones. In the models, diffusion coefficients $D_{glut}$ were taken depending on the location within or outside the synapses. In base model, we have a value of $D_{glut}=0.4\mu m^2/ms$ within the cleft and $D_{glut}=0.75\mu m^2/ms$ in the external space.

We considered other constraints to find favorable conditions where the signals can be independent. One way is to assume the components in the cleft to be different compositions. We make the center area to be less diffusive for glutamate molecules than the peripheral region inside cleft. We created an interior zone($\Omega^+$) and an exterior zone($\Omega^-$) as shown in Figure \ref{fig6}A, \ref{fig6}B. $D_{glut}$ could vary zone to zone,  and it represents the inhomogeneity of material components in the cleft. Numerically, explicit finite difference scheme with piecewise continuous coefficients has accuracy of second order $O(h^2)$ for the synaptic diffusion problems\cite{Seo2017, Seo2019}.

Another possibility is to reduce the amount of glutamate molecules released per vesicle in the partial release (called kiss-and-go) scenarios, and/or the glutamate is released in slower release rate due to partial opening of vesicles in the membrane. When simulating the vesicular diffusion, $D_{glut}=0.15\mu m^2/ms$ and $D_{glut}=0.0375\mu m^2/ms$ are taken for 10nm and 2nm fusion pore respectively.

\subsubsection{Post-synaptic model}
Under the glutamate mediation, receptors such as NMDA, AMPA or GABA activate the channels for allowing ion currents. To determine the opening probability, $P_{open}$, of an individual receptor, a state model is proposed based on the maximum likelihood method using experimental data. The current model consisting of three closed and two open states (3C2O) is used by Popescu data\cite{Popescu2004, Atasoy2008}. Our calculation will be based on this 3C2O model. We note that the glutamate concentrations at the receptor locations are included in the reaction rates of two coupled states, $C^M$and $C^U$.

The experimental data indicated the populations of synapses are clustered around 3 groups of distinct characters. We primarily tested our hypotheses on the medium group called M-mode is modeled by
\begin{equation}
C^{U} \underset{58}{\overset{39[G]}{\rightleftharpoons}}C^{M}\underset{116}{\overset{19[G]}{\rightleftharpoons}}C_1\underset{173}{\overset{150}{\rightleftharpoons}}C_2\underset{2,412}{\overset{902}{\rightleftharpoons}}C_3\underset{1,283}{\overset{4,467}{\rightleftharpoons}}O_{1}\underset{526}{\overset{4,630}{\rightleftharpoons}}O_2,
\end{equation}
The ode systems were built using kinetic model for open probability at each receptor when glutamate molecules releases occur. The open probability is obtained by $P_{open} = O_1(t)+O_2(t) $ \cite{Atasoy2008}. The populations satisfy the following system of ordinary differential equations:
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{dC^U}{dt}&=&58C^M-39C(x,y,z,t)C^U,\\
\frac{dC^M}{dt}&=&(116C_1-19C(x,y,z,t)C^M)-(58C^M-39C(x,y,z,t)C^U),\\
\frac{dC_1}{dt}&=&-(116C_1-19C(x,y,z,t)C^M)+(173C_2-150C_1),\\
\frac{dC_2}{dt}&=&(2412C_3-902C_2)-(173C_2-150C_1),\\
\frac{dC_3}{dt}&=&-(2412C_3-902C_2)+(1283O_1-4467C_3),\\
\frac{dO_1}{dt}&=&(526O_2-4630O_1)-(1283O_1-4467C_3),\\
\frac{dO_2}{dt}&=&-(526O_2-4630O_1).
\end{eqnarray*}

\subsubsection{Computational model}

We simulated the process of glutamate release from presynaptic sites into the synaptic cleft by solving the heat diffusion equation and the synaptic transmitter/receptor kinetic process by solving a system of ordinary differential equations. We used the problem-solving environment MATLAB, which provides tools for solving linear equations in a numerical way. MATLAB is efficient to display results visually through graphs in its post-processing\cite{Shampine1997}. In order to solve the heat equation numerically to achieve glutamate concentration, we use on explicit difference method (forward time, centered space) that is implemented in MATLAB codes.
\begin{eqnarray*}
C^{n+1}_{i,j,k}&=&C^{n}_{i,j,k}+\alpha[S_{i+1,j,k}C^{n}_{i+1,j,k}+S_{i-1j,k}C^{n}_{i-1j,k}+S_{i,j+1,k}C^{n}_{i,j+1,k}\\
&+&S_{i,j-1,k}C^{n}_{i,j-1,k}+S_{i,j,k-1}C^{n}_{i,k,j,k-1}-(S_{i,j,k}C^{n}_{i,j,k}+S_{i-1,j,k}C^{n}_{i,j,k}\\
&+&S_{i,j+1,k}C^{n}_{i,j,k}+S_{i,j-1,k}C^{n}_{i,j,k}+S_{i,j,k+1}C^{n}_{i,j,k}+S_{i,j,k-1}C^{n}_{i,j,k})],
\end{eqnarray*}
where $C^n_{i,j,k} = C(x_i, y_j, z_k, t_n)$ and $\alpha = D_{glut}\frac{\Delta t}{(\Delta x)^2}$.
For our simulation, we satisfy a condition of $\alpha < (1/2)^3$  known as CFL condition to ensure the scheme is numerically stable\cite{Lewy1928}. We take the space step $\Delta x= 0.01\mu m$ and the time step $\Delta t = C\cdot (\Delta x)^2$, where $C$ is a constant.

The glutamate concentration $C(x,y,z,t)$  simulating was averaged over $10\mu s$ intervals (10 time steps) to reduce computational cost. MATLAB solver ode23s is effective at crude errors and relatively faster than other solvers\cite{Shampine1997}.

\subsection{Measurement for independence}
We denoted the relative ratio function as the ratio of the maximum open probability of distal receptor over the maximum opening probability of the receptor directly opposing the release site (center or edge). Respectively, we call a receptor as  $R_C$, which is directly opposing the evoked release site, and also represents a receptor located the center of postsynaptic terminal. A receptor $R_E$,  directly opposing the spontaneous release site, is  located around the edge of the postsynaptic terminal. The measure(\ref{eq1:measurement}) we define is showing the points where ratio functions are taken for comparison:

\begin{equation}
Measure := \frac{\mbox{Max}(P_{open}) \  \mbox{at distal receptor}}{\mbox{Max}(P_{open}) \ \mbox{at release site}\  (R_C\ \mbox{or}\  R_E)}.
\label{eq1:measurement}
\end{equation}

 When we simulate our model, we fix the denominator as one receptor either $R_C$ and $R_E$. Then we measure Max($P_{open}$) at a receptor along the two directions as shown in Figure~\ref{fig1}C. The Max($P_{open}$) in other locations will be valued between the values obtained in these two directions. If the steepness of function for ratio is relatively large, it implies that the evoked and spontaneous currents have a less chance of having crosstalk. We used the measure (\ref{eq1:measurement}) to estimate the independency with considering effective conditions for independency such as a synaptic size, diffusion inhomogeneity, and  fusion pore. When glutamate vesicle releases over the center receptor in Figure~\ref{fig1}C(left), for the receptors of equal distance to release, the diagonal direction shows the largest $P_{open}$ and vertical (or horizontal) direction shows the smallest given the same distance. In this process the Piecewise Hermite Cubic Interpolation (PHCI) was used to approximate the probable values to preserve monotone or convex curve of the function\cite{Hyman1983}.

\section{Results}\label{sec5}
We assumed the situation where evoked glutamate release activates evoked receptor kinetics at center and spontaneous receptor kinetics at edge as shown in Figure~\ref{fig2}A,~\ref{fig2}B. Spontaneous glutamate release at the cleft edge activates evoked receptor kinetics at center and spontaneous receptor kinetics at edge.

\begin{figure}[h]%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{figure2.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{A.} Hypothesis that glutamate molecules release over the center at the cleft (a typical location is directly opposing to the center on the postsynaptic neuron, called $R_C$). \textbf{B.} Hypothesis that glutamate molecules release over the center at the cleft (a typical location is directly opposing to the center on the postsynaptic neuron, called $R_E$). \textbf{C.} The total number of molecules inside of a cleft is depicted as a function of time, in an instantaneous release of 4000 glutamate molecules at $R_C$ for glutamate molecule release at the center. \textbf{D.} The total number of molecules inside of a cleft is depicted as a function of time, in an instantaneous release of 4000 glutamate molecules at $R_E$ for glutamate molecule release at the edge.}\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

First, we simulated the base model with an instantaneous release of 4000 glutamate molecules. Figure~\ref{fig2} shows the total number of molecules within the cleft decreases according to the time when center release and edge release occur, respectively. It takes about 0.08ms to clear a half of the molecules out of the cleft and the population decays in exponential trends with decay constants $8.808 \times 10^{-5}$ and $4.526 \times 10^{-4}$ respectively, as shown Figure~\ref{fig2}C,~\ref{fig2}D . It implies that an edge release makes glutamate molecules flushed out much quicker than that of center release.

\subsection{Effect of size of synapses }

We used the model to calculate and compare three sizes of synapses as large synapse, medium synapse, and small synapse. Then we set areas of synapse as $600\mbox{nm} \times 600\mbox{nm}$ for large synapse, $400\mbox{nm} \times 400\mbox{nm}$ for medium size, and $200\mbox{nm} \times 200\mbox{nm}$ for small synapse respectively. We estimated the minimum distance between two sets of NMDA receptors to have possible less crosstalk. The ratios of maximum opening probabilities are plotted in Figure \ref{fig3}A and \ref{fig3}B.

 \begin{figure}[h]%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1 \textwidth]{figure3.pdf}
\caption{Ratios of maximum NMDA receptor opening probabilities($P_{open}$) as functions of receptor distance for three sizes of synapse as calculated by the kinetics equation, when glutamates are released above the center location(\textbf{A}) and the edge location(\textbf{B}), respectively. }\label{fig3}
\end{figure}

 Based on the criteria from our previous research \cite{Atasoy2008, Reese2016}, we assumed 5-fold(0.5, see in Figure \ref{fig3}) is the threshold ratio as a good indicator for independent currents. However, it is hard to assure independency of evoked and spontaneous neurotransmission for medium ($0.16\mu m^2$) and small synapses ($0.04\mu m^2$) in our current base model. For medium synapse ($400\mbox{nm} \times 400\mbox{nm}$), if two forms of release locate towards opposite corners of the synaptic cleft, we might achieve sufficiently low level of crosstalk and possibly obtain the independence of spontaneous and evoked neurotransmissions \cite{Atasoy2008}. For small synapse $200\mbox{nm} \times 200\mbox{nm}$, there are apparently have more crosstalk between evoked and spontaneous releases.

\subsection{Effect of diffusion inhomogeneity in synaptic cleft}

We considered an assumption that the background medium for diffusion of glutamate molecules may be different depending on the location inside the cleft. We created an interior zone($\Omega^+$) and an exterior zone($\Omega^-$) as shown in Figure \ref{fig4}A, \ref{fig4}B. $D_{glut}$ could vary zone to zone,  and it represents the inhomogeneity of material components in the cleft.

\begin{figure}[h]%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1 \textwidth]{figure4.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}. The synaptic cleft space is divided into two zones. The diffusion coefficients assume two values in two regions($\Omega^+$ and $\Omega^-$) respectively, which represent slow and fast motion of neurotransmitters in different material composition of the cleft space. Front view of diffusion process with two different zones when center release(A) or edge release(B) occur. \textbf{C}, \textbf{D}. Ratio of Max($P_{open}$) as a function of receptor distance for diffusion inhomogeneity(base, high affinity center, and high affinity edge) when center release(C) or edge release(D) occur.}\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig4}, among three lines for both center(evoked) and edge(spontaneous) release, the high affinity center model has the sharper downward slope when the distance is apart. However, from 0 to 150nm range of distance, all three lines are virtually constants as shown in Figure \ref{fig4}, and this implies that this high affinity center is not enough for a small synapse to house the independent currents from two modes transmissions.

\subsection{Effect of narrow fusion pores}

One possibility is to reduce the amount of glutamate molecules released per vesicle in the partial release (called kiss-and-go) scenarios, and/or the glutamate is released in slower release rate due to partial opening of vesicles in the membrane. When simulating the vesicular diffusion, $D_{glut}=0.15\mu m^2/ms$ and $D_{glut}=0.0375\mu m^2/ms$ are taken for 10nm and 2nm fusion pore respectively. As shown in Figure \ref{fig5}, the limited vesicle fusion rate has impact on reducing the crosstalk of two currents from center and edge releases than that of instantaneous model (our base model). They did not impact as much to perturb the independent signaling of synapse on large synapses, although slower releases did promote more independence. Figure \ref{fig5}\textbf{E} shows that for small synapse (200nm x 200nm) with instantaneous release, the ratio of maximal opening probability is close to 1 and is consistent up to 90nm when center release occurs, this implies that they have high probability of having crosstalk of two neurotransmissions. In fact, for small size of synapse, there is not much difference between the maximal opening probability at $R_C$ and $R_E$ when center release or edge release occurs. This limited vesicle fusion model benefits small size synapses substantially in achieving independent signaling. This can be verified in the graph of Figure \ref{fig5}\textbf{E} that as glutamate molecules release through 10nm or 2nm vesicle fusion pore, the ratio of maximal opening probability has the sharper downward slope when distance goes away. The ratio achieves 10-fold reduction at 90nm distance, giving plausibility for independent currents from two transmissions.  For edge release, limited vesicle fusion is a redundant factor for activating two independent fusions since the ratio drastically decreases and becomes close to zero at 100nm distance for all size of synapses as shown in Figure \ref{fig5}\textbf{B}, \ref{fig5}\textbf{D}, and \ref{fig5}\textbf{F}. This is because when two release sites are located to the two opposite corners, then most of glutamate molecules flush out of the cleft very fast and rarely reach to the other site of receptor.

\begin{figure}[h]%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1 \textwidth]{figure5.pdf}
\caption{ Ratios of maximum NMDA receptor opening probabilities as functions of receptor distance for different release speed (slow, 2 nm fusion pore - $\triangle$, regular, 10 nm fusion pore- $\ast$, and instantaneous -$\circ$) of glutamate vesicle release. The open probabilities were calculated by the kinetics equation, when glutamates are released above the center location in \textbf{A}, \textbf{C}, \textbf{E} and the edge location in (\textbf{B}, \textbf{E}, \textbf{F}) respectively.  The sizes of the synapses are $600 \mbox{nm} \times 600 \mbox{nm}$ in (\textbf{A}, \textbf{B}), $400 \mbox{nm} \times 400 \mbox{nm}$ in (\textbf{C}, \textbf{D}), and $200 \mbox{nm} \times 200 \mbox{nm}$ in (\textbf{E}, \textbf{F}), respectively. }\label{fig5}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Simulation results compared with experimantal finding of PSD-95 enrichment }
An alignment of presynaptic and postsynaptic nanoscale subdomains, called nanocolumn was proposed. Evoked fusion occurs in confined areas by protein gradient with higher local density of Rab3-interacting molecules (RIM) within the presynaptic active zone\cite{Tang2016}. These RIM nanoclusters align with concentrated postsynaptic receptors. Evoked neurotransmitter release prefer to occur at sites directly opposing postsynaptic receptor guided by the nanoachitecture of the active zones. They estimated that majority(72-82\%) of evoked signals arose from single vesicle fusion. The concentration of vesicle priming proteins in nanoclusters prefers to evoked fusion in the subregion of the active zone. Three RIM 1/2 nanoclustes and three PSD-95(Post Synaptic Density) nanoclusters are well aligned for two pairs and not aligned for one pair. They used two independent approaches to estimate the relationship between active zone and postsynaptic density(PSD) protein distributions. In order to figure out of the trend, they measured RIM 1/2 localization densities as a function of radial distance from the centres of PSD-95 nanoclusters as translated across the synaptic cleft. Similarly, they estimated PSD-95 protein enrichment densities as a function of the center of RIM 1/2 nanoclusters.

 \begin{figure}[h]%
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1 \textwidth]{figure6.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{A.} PSD-95 enrichment as a function of distance relative to RIM 1/2 nanoclusters \cite{Tang2016}. \textbf{B.} Comparsion with the rescaled data with PSD-95 Enrichment from \textbf{A}(red) and simulation results (center, 200nm \& 2nm) with the measurement (blue, dashed). }\label{fig6}
\end{figure}

Through this results, they defined an enrichment index as the average molecular density of the opposed protein (n=265-272) within a 60nm radius from the nanocluster center. They verified from this results if synapses are trans-synaptically aligned on the nanoscale level, the distribution of protein on side of the synapse may predict protein density in the opposing neuron. The experimental findings seemed to be relevant to our mathematical results, so we compared the measured data with the results from our mathematical measurement for small synapse(200nm by 200nm). The data \cite{Tang2016} was obtained and fitted with the exponential model using MATLAB. Figure \ref{fig6}A has trends of exponentially decreasing. The measured data of PSD-95 enrichment on the postsynaptic neuron as a function of distance relative to the center of  RIM 1/2 nanocluster on presynaptic terminal  is approximating to the exponential function as below:
\begin{equation}
f_{PSD-95}(x) = a_1 \cdot \exp (b_1\cdot x)
\label{eq1}
\end{equation}
The coefficients with 95 \% confidence bounds of $a_1$ and $b_1$ were estimated to 104 (87.06, 121) and -0.02038 (-0.02518, -0.01558), respectively.

We tested our simulation and suggested that we may obtain the independency of two currents from evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release when if small synapses have a geometry of a narrow fusion pore (2nm)(Figure \ref{fig5}E, \ref{fig5}F). The ratio achieves 10-fold reduction at 90nm distance, giving plausibility for independent currents from two modes of transmissions. This corresponds to the result of an enrichment index within a 60nm radius from the nanocluster centre. Thus, we also consider the graph of ratio function of peak opening probability as a function of distance from the center synapse for small synapse and evoked narrow fusion pore release in Figure \ref{fig5}E. Then we fit the graph to the exponential model similarly. The coefficients with 95 \% confidence bounds of $a_2$ is 1.044 (0.9322, 1.156) and $b_2$ is approximating to -0.02791 (-0.03409, -0.02171).  We obtained an exponential function for our simulation,
\begin{equation}
f_{2nm-sim}(x) = a_2\cdot \exp (b_2 \cdot x).
\label{eq2}
\end{equation}

The coefficients of $f_{PSD-95} ($\ref{eq1}) were rescaled and plotted the rescaled function of $f_{PSD-95} ($\ref{eq1}) with the function of $f_{2nm-sim}$(\ref{eq2}) together as shown in Figure \ref{fig6}.

\section{Conclusion}

In this study, we aimed to address the biophysical constraints that may determine independent activation on N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor mediated currents in response to evoked and spontaneous glutamate molecules releases though simulating a mathematical model. In this way, we described the boundaries of different factors, including size and geometry of synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitter release rate s from presynaptic terminals, different rates glutamate mobility that permit independent synaptic events in the limited space of a synapse cleft. The previous research has shown the evidence that spontaneous and evoked vesicles originate from different pool of glutamate molecules stores, and after releasing, neurotransmitters activate non-overlapping postsynaptic NMDA receptors populations for a large synapse\cite{Sara2005, Atasoy2008, Kavalali2011}. However, it is still unclear the mechanism of evoked and spontaneous neurotransmission that activate on postsynaptic terminals.Thus, we constructed a mathematical model of two modes of neurotransmission, and simulated spontaneous and evoked release process with different factors including a size, geometry of synaptic cleft, different glutamate mobility rate in the cleft, and the release rate of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals.

\subsection{Discussion}
The geometry of synapse, especially for a small size, has not been described clearly with the limitation of microscopy. For large synapses, experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that spontaneous and evoked currents are resulted from glutamate vesicle releases in different pools and after releasing, neurotransmitters activate non-overlapping postsynaptic NMDA receptors populations \cite{Reese2016, Atasoy2008}. Based on this hypothesis, the maximal open probability is most sensitive to the distance from the release sites. Thus, the independence of currents from two modes of releases mainly resulted from a large ratio of peak open probability at evoked receptors(maybe occurred at the center) or spontaneous receptor(maybe occurred around the edge) over the different release sites($R_C$ or $R_E$). This is a measurement for independence, when we tested the model on a few conditions such as glutamate release site/receptor distance change or glutamate release speed change, as well as other changes in geometry, diffusion inhomogeneity. Based on the criteria from our previous research \cite{Atasoy2008, Reese2016}, we assumed 5-fold(0.5, see in Figure \ref{fig3}) is the threshold ratio as a good indicator for independent currents. However, it is hard to assure independency of evoked and spontaneous neurotransmission for medium ($0.16\mu m^2$) and small synapses ($0.04\mu m^2$) in our current base model. For medium synapse ($400\mbox{nm} \times 400\mbox{nm}$), if two forms of release locate towards opposite corners of the synaptic cleft, we might achieve sufficient low level of crosstalk and possibly obtain the independence of spontaneous and evoked neurotransmissions \cite{Atasoy2008}. For small synapse $200\mbox{nm} \times 200\mbox{nm}$, there are apparently have more crosstalk between evoked and spontaneous releases.

We propose the two possible scenarios to find favorable conditions where the signals from two neurotransmissions could be independent on the postsynaptic neurons. First,  it is to assume the components in the cleft to be different compositions. We constructed the model with the center area to be less diffusive for glutamate molecules than the peripheral region inside cleft. In Figure \ref{fig4}, among three lines for both center(evoked) and edge(spontaneous) release, the high affinity center model has the sharper downward slope when the distance is apart. This is compatible with the recent experimental results that the evoked release is guided by the protein gradient and prefer to occur in confined area with in high local density of Rab3-interacting molecule(RIM)\cite{Tang2016} in center area. However, from 0 to 150nm range of distance, all three lines are virtually constants as shown in Figure \ref{fig4}A, and this implies that this high affinity center is not enough for a small synapse to house the independent currents from two modes transmissions. The second scenario is to reduce the amount of glutamate molecules released per vesicle in the partial release (called kiss-and-go) scenarios, and/or the glutamate is released in slower release rate due to partial opening of vesicles in the membrane. The instantaneous release of 4000 glutamate molecules is an approximation for the actual situation. The release of glutamate from vesicles in presynaptic terminals is a complex process that includes elevation of Ca2+, binding of SNARE protein to the membrane and a sequence of events of biochemical reactions\cite{Sudhof2011}. As shown in Figure \ref{fig5}, the limited vesicle fusion rate has less impact on the crosstalk of two currents from center and edge releases than that of instantaneous model (our base model). They did not impact as much to perturb the independent signaling of synapse on large synapses, although slower releases did promote more independence. Slow release model with narrow fusion model is fitted with a small size of synapse and substantially more in achieving independent signaling. Figure \ref{fig5}E and \ref{fig5}F show that small synapse (200nm by 200nm) might not have independent signaling when evoked glutamate release occurs instantaneously because evoked and spontaneous release sites are not far away from each other and thus they have high probability of having crosstalk between each other. In fact, there is not much difference between the peak opening probabilities at a receptor for evoked release and the one for spontaneous release. This could be verified in the graph of  Figure \ref{fig5}E, the ratio of two maximum open probabilities is close to 1, and the peak open probability in NMDA receptors is consistent up to 90nm far from the receptor molecules opposing evoked release site. However for small synapses, as glutamate release through 10nm and 2nm vesicle fusion pore, the open probability ratio decreases more drastically and becomes close to zero, and in 2 nm pore, the ratio achieves 10-fold reduction at 90nm distance, giving plausibility for independent currents from two transmissions. Thus, we suggested that we may obtain the independency of two currents from evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release when if small synapses have a geometry of a narrow fusion pore (2nm)(Figure \ref{fig5}F). Simulation results showed that the ratio achieves 10-fold reduction at 90nm distance, giving plausibility for independent currents from two modes of transmissions. This corresponds to the result of an enrichment index within a 60nm radius from the nanocluster centre\cite{Tang2016}. We then focused on the graph the a ratio function of peak opening probability as a function of distance from the center synapse for small synapse and evoked narrow fusion pore release in Figure \ref{fig5}E. The coefficients of $f_{PSD-95}$(\ref{eq1}) were rescaled and plotted with the function of $f_{2nm-sim}$(\ref{eq2}) together(Figure \ref{fig6}). The results are well-matched to each other, and this indicates that small synapses might be conducted dynamic functional modules and possibly hold the segregation of sites for spontaneous versus evoked neurotransmission within individual synapses. Tang and colleages found how distribution of presynaptic vesicle sites corresponds to the receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. They supported that action-potential-evoked fusion is guided by scaffolding proteins, called nanocolumn, which were likely aligned near the centre of synapses than near the edge. Also this nanocolumn theory proposed that the active zone for evoked vesicle fusion occurs at sites directly opposing postsynaptic receptors\cite{Tang2016}. These findings indicate that the segregation of sites for spontaneous and evoked neurotransmission with nanoscale subdomains connecting presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals. Therefore, it is possible even for small synapses to possess this neural functional dynamics.

This study had several limitations. First, the diffusion process may not regard inhomogeneous structure in the cleft in the current study, and we may consider the diffusion process in the cleft by adding an advection term in our future study. Secondly, the small number of glutamate molecules in the vesicle challenged in implementing mathematical models of the release process. In addition, the scale of neurotransmission is hundreds nanometer ranges, and it is laid between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.

In conclusion, we developed a mathematical model to analyze those results for independent signaling of spontaneous and evoked glutamate releases in a single synapse, comparing with the experimental and theoretical prediction. We defined a measurement of independency and set a criterion of a 5 fold ratio as a reasonable boundary for the independence. From those results we suggested two possibilities for small synapses to be less crosstalk from spontaneous and evoked neurotransmitter currents on postsynaptic terminals. It validated through comparisons with experimental findings. The results were well-matched to each other and this implies that small synapses might be conducted of dynamic functional modules and possibly hold the segregation of sites for spontaneous versus evoked neurotransmission within individual synapses. These results show our mathematical modeling may refer to the neuroscience questioning of distribution and separation of NMDA receptors for two independent spontaneous and evoked release process.

\backmatter

\bmhead{Acknowledgments}
We would like to thank Prof. Ege Kavalali for introducing this problem to us and for his advice and discussion in neuroscience. This research was partially supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government, MSIP; Ministry of Science, ICT \& Future Planning (2020R1G1A1A0100746911).

\bigskip

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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BARCELONA, Spain — Two Lionel Messi goals helped Barcelona come from behind to draw, 2-2, against Valencia at Camp Nou on Saturday in La Liga.
Coach Ernesto Valverde will be upset with how slowly his side came out of the blocks. They can't keep having to come from behind in games. Valencia could have had more than the two goals inside the first half an hour. Parejo drew a fine save from Marc-André ter Stegen, and Denis Cheryshev hit the post. The draw ends Barca's eight-game winning streak in the league.
More bad news came in the form of a late yellow card for Jordi Alba. It was his fifth booking of the season, which means he will be banned for next weekend's trip to Athletic Bilbao. Barca have no natural replacement for the left-back in the squad.
6 — Valverde erred in opting to leave Alba on the bench. Sergi Roberto struggled at left-back in the first half and Alba came on at the break. The coach will have to work on another plan for the next time he wants to give Alba a rest.
GK Marc-Andr ter Stegen, 7 — Made two really good saves, one on Parejo early on and another on Rodrigo in the second half. Also made several other more routine stops in the latter stages of the game. Wasn't at fault for either goal.
DF Nelson Semedo, 7 — Started off with some awkward touches but improved as the half went on. Won the penalty and was an attacking threat on the right. Unfortunate to be taken off at half-time for Alba, with Roberto switching to right-back.
DF Gerard Pique, 7 — Was guilty of a slow start like the rest of his teammates but was more commanding in the second half. Is in good form but may need a break soon. Looking at the fixtures Barca have, though, it's difficult to know when he can get one.
DF Thomas Vermaelen, 6 — Came into the side for Clement Lenglet. Comfortable in possession but struggled when he had to defend one on one against the lively Rodrigo.
DF Sergi Roberto, 6 — Gave away a penalty with a silly push in what was a tricky first half at left-back. Improved when he moved to right-back. Hit the post twice, too: first with a shot and later with a deflected cross.
MF Ivan Rakitic, 7 — The deepest midfielder in the absence of the suspended Sergio Busquets. Always does well when playing a more defensive role, although he still found time to get forward, testing Neto from distance.
MF Arturo Vidal, 6 — Was everywhere, consistent with the chaotic nature of his game, as Barca looked to get back into the game. Produced a nice touch to set up Messi's equaliser.
MF Carles Alena, 6 — Struggled to connect with Semedo in the first half but had some nice moments before being taken off after the break. One touch and pass to set up a counter-attack was particularly nice.
FW Lionel Messi, 8 — Wasn't at his very best but still made the difference. Coolly stroked home from the penalty spot and added a more impressive second goal to take his tally in La Liga for the season to 21. Dipped out of the game late on, though, after receiving some treatment on the sideline and could be a doubt for the midweek Copa del Rey Clasico vs. Real Madrid.
FW Luis Suarez, 6 — Great run in the build-up to Messi's leveller but an erratic performance in general.
FW Philippe Coutinho, 6 — Came close with a couple of shots. One was saved by Neto, the other was deflected for a corner. Taken off for Malcom for the final 10 minutes, though, after a very average performance.
DF Jordi Alba, 7 — Barcelona are much better at attacking when they have Alba as an outlet on the left. The first half without him and the second half with him offered a stark reminder of that.
MF Arthur Melo, N/R — Came on for Alena late on.
FW Malcom, N/R — Only given a handful of minutes but looked menacing and keen to make something happen.