text:
\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}

Highly excited Rydberg states of small diatomic molecules, for example, NO, N$_2$ and O$_2$, play important roles in ionization, recombination and collision processes in plasma environments and planetary atmospheres.~\cite{giusti_multichannel_1980, golubkov_chemical_2011, golubkov_microwave_2012, beigman_collision_1995} In the laboratory, high-resolution laser and microwave spectroscopy of Rydberg states allow the most accurate determination of molecular ionization and dissociation energies.~\cite{holsch19a} In zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy~\cite{reiser88a} the long lifetimes and susceptibility to ionization of Rydberg states of neutral molecules in weak electric fields, are exploited to accurately determine the rotational-, vibrational- and fine-structure of cations. This circumvents space-charge limitations which arise in experiments performed directly with the ions. The concept of using a Rydberg electron to shield an ion from space charge and stray electric fields can also be extended to low-energy, or low-temperature, studies of ion-molecule reactions. This was first implemented in the moving frame of reference of a single pulsed supersonic beam.~\cite{pratt94a} More recently, significant advances have been made in the study of the $\mathrm{H}_2^+ + \mathrm{H}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_3^+ + \mathrm{H}$ reaction at collision energies corresponding to $E_{\mathrm{kin}}/k_{\mathrm{B}}\simeq300$~mK, by exploiting the methods of Rydberg-Stark deceleration to merge molecules traveling in two separate beams. ~\cite{allmendinger16a}

Rydberg-Stark deceleration involves the use of inhomogeneous electric fields to exert forces on atoms or molecules in Rydberg states with large static electric dipole moments.~\cite{hogan_rydberg-stark_2016} In merged beam collision studies, chip-based Rydberg-Stark decelerators~\cite{hogan12b,allmendinger14a} are used to transport samples of Rydberg molecules  in one beam, onto the axis of a second beam of target molecules, with a precisely controlled relative velocity. In these devices the molecules are confined in continuously moving electric traps. If these traps are decelerated and brought to rest in the laboratory-fixed frame of reference the resulting samples can be used for studies of slow excited-state decay processes that occur on timescales between $10~\mu$s and 1~ms.~\cite{selier11a,hogan13a,seiler16a,zhelyazkova19a} Rydberg-Stark deceleration and trapping experiments have been performed with H, D, He and H$_2$.~\cite{hogan08a,hogan09a,hogan13a,allmendinger13a,lancuba_electrostatic_2016,zhelyazkova19a} However, it is of interest to extend these studies to heavier and more complex molecules. To achieve this it is necessary to identify appropriate laser photoexcitation schemes to prepare Rydberg states with large static electric dipole moments, and lifetimes greater than $\sim10~\mu$s. Here we demonstrate that long-lived Rydberg states with large electric dipole moments can be prepared in NO by two-color two-photon excitation from the X\,$^2\Pi_{1/2}$ level. By combining laser photoexcitation spectra and electric-field ionization data recorded $126~\mu$s after photoexcitation, the observed series of long-lived Rydberg states have been characterized. Information was obtained on their principal quantum numbers, $n$, and the rotational states of the NO$^+$ ion core to which they converged.

High Rydberg states of NO have been the subject of numerous experimental and theoretical investigations (see, for example,~Refs.\citenum{ono_higher_1980,seaver83a,ebata83a,kaufmann_rydberg_1985,reiser88a,pratt_twophoton_1989,vrakking_lifetimes_1995,bixon96a,vrakking96a, mccormack98a,goodgame_stark_2002,patel_observation_2007,patel_rotational-state-selective_2007,jones08a}). The work reported here builds on these detailed studies of the structure and dynamics of Rydberg states of NO, many of which were carried out in particular in the context of the development of ZEKE photoelectron spectroscopy,~\cite{reiser88a} and more recent studies of plasma formation in cold Rydberg gases.~\cite{morrison08a,morrison_very_2009,morrison_dynamics_2015} The $\mathrm{NO}^+$ cation is stable and has a closed-shell structure. Consequently, for a Rydberg electron with sufficiently high orbital angular momentum, i.e., for $\ell\gtrsim3$ ($\ell$ is the orbital angular momentum quantum number), the Rydberg states in NO have similar characteristics to those of a one electron atom. However, the charge distribution associated with a Rydberg electron in a state with $\ell\lesssim3$ can destabilize the bond in the NO$^+$ cation, resulting in dissociation. Because of the high density of states of different rotational and vibrational series close to the adiabatic ionization threshold, the decay dynamics of any individual Rydberg state depends strongly on its energetic position and effects of external fields.~\cite{chupka_factors_1993, clarson_stark_2008} The detailed characterization of intramolecular interactions between these excited states is therefore essential in preparing samples suitable for deceleration and trapping.

In the following, the intramolecular interactions in high Rydberg states of NO are discussed in Section~\ref{sec:RydbergNO}. In Section~\ref{sec:expt} the apparatus and methods used in the experiments are described. Experimental studies of long-lived Rydberg states of NO, with values of $n$ between~40 and~100 are presented in Section~\ref{sec:results}. Finally, in Section~\ref{sec:conc} opportunities to exploit the long-lived Rydberg states studied here for Rydberg-Stark deceleration and trapping experiments are discussed before conclusions are drawn.

\section{High Rydberg states of NO}\label{sec:RydbergNO}

In the absence of external fields the energies, $E_{n, \ell, N^+, v^+}$, of the high Rydberg states of NO can be expressed to first order in the Hund's case (d) angular momentum coupling scheme as
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:rydberg}
\frac{E_{n, \ell, N^+, v^+}}{h c} = W_{v^{+}} + B^+_{v^{+}}\, N^{+}(N^{+} + 1) - \frac{R_{\mathrm{NO}}}{\left[n - \delta_{\ell(N^+,\,v^+)}\right]^2},
\end{equation}
where $W_{v^{+}}$ is the ionization wavenumber of the Rydberg series converging to the ground electronic state of the NO$^+$ cation with vibrational quantum number $v^+$, $B^+_{v^{+}}$ and $N^+$ are the rotational constant and rotational quantum number of the ion core, the Rydberg constant for  NO is $R_{\mathrm{NO}} = 109735.31$~cm$^{-1}$, and $\delta_{\ell(N^+,\,v^+)}$ represents the Hund's case (d) quantum defect. For the $v^+=0$ states of interest here $B^+_0 = 1.9842$~cm$^{-1}$,~\cite{vrakking96a} and the case (d) quantum defect, which in general depends on the value of $v^+$,~\cite{bixon96a,goodgame_stark_2002} is denoted $\delta_{\ell(N^+)}$.

The dissociation rate of a Rydberg NO molecule depends strongly on the Rydberg electron charge density close to the ion core. For any particular series of Rydberg states this charge density scales with $n^{-3}$. However, for each value of $n$ it also depends strongly on the value of $\ell$. For excited states with $\ell \gtrsim 3$, the centrifugal barrier that separates the Rydberg electron from the core suppresses the interactions between the two.~\cite{vrakking_lifetimes_1995,bixon96a} High-$\ell$ states are therefore much less susceptible to dissociation and exhibit sharp Rydberg series with characteristics similar to those of a one-electron atom.

The selection rules for electric-dipole transitions restrict the maximum value of $\ell$ of the Rydberg states directly accessible by laser photoexcitation from the ground state of NO. For the
\begin{eqnarray}
n\ell N^+ \;\left[\mathrm{X}^+\,^1\Sigma^+\right]\leftarrow\mathrm{A}\,^2\Sigma^+\leftarrow\mathrm{X}\,^2\Pi_{1/2}
\end{eqnarray}
resonance-enhanced two-color two-photon excitation scheme used here,~\cite{} the states excited must have $\ell<4$. However, weak applied, or stray, electric fields can mix long-lived high-$\ell$ character into these otherwise short-lived low-$\ell$ states. This $\ell$-mixing can allow access to hydrogenic Rydberg states in the photoexcitation process. Rapidly switching off such fields after excitation has been shown to `lock' the excited molecules into these states.~\cite{held_lifetime_1998} High-$|m_{\ell}|$ and hence high-$\ell$ character can also be acquired as a result of charge-dipole interactions between the excited Rydberg molecules and stray ions present at the time of laser photoexcitation,~\cite{merkt_lifetimes_1994,vrakking_lifetimes_1995, palm_ion_1997, held_role_1998} or electric dipole-dipole interactions.~\cite{seiler16a} In principle, quantum-state-selective preparation of similar long-lived states, and even circular Rydberg states for which $|m_{\ell}|=\ell=n-1$, could be achieved in molecules like NO using the method of crossed electric and magnetic fields~\cite{delande88a,hare88a,zhelyazkova16a} and its variants,~\cite{morgan18a} or by adiabatic microwave transfer.~\cite{hulet_rydberg_1983, liang_circular_1986,cheng94a} However, these schemes have so far only been implemented in atoms.

\subsection{Intramolecular interactions}\label{sec:interactions}

The details of the angular momentum character, lifetimes and predissociation dynamics of the high Rydberg states in NO depend strongly on intramolecular interactions between different ionization channels. These interactions are induced by the electric dipole and quadrupole moments, and electric polarizability of the NO$^+$ ion core.~\cite{bixon96a} Here they are briefly summarized to aid in the interpretation of the experimental data presented in Section~\ref{sec:results}.

{\bf (i-a)} In a coordinate system with its origin at the center of mass of the molecule, the NO$^+$ cation has a static electric dipole moment of $\sim1$~D.~\cite{jungen70a,bergeman74a,gray93a,glendening95a,bixon96a} The interaction of a Rydberg electron with this internal electric dipole moment in the neutral NO molecule results in the mixing of Hund's case (d) states for which~\cite{bixon96b}
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta\ell = \pm1;~\Delta N^+ = \pm1;~\Delta N = 0; \textrm{ and } \Delta M_N = 0,
\end{eqnarray}
where $N$ and $M_N$ are the total angular momentum quantum number excluding spin, and the associated azimuthal quantum number of the neutral NO molecule, respectively.~\cite{bixon96a} The strength of this type of intramolecular interaction depends on the inverse square of the distance between the Rydberg electron and the ion core. It is therefore of most significance for low-$\ell$ Rydberg states. In this case states for which $\ell\lesssim3$.

{\bf (i-b)} The higher order electric multipole moments of the NO$^+$ ion core lead to further mixing of the Hund's case (d) basis states. The effect of these additional interactions between the Rydberg-electron and the ion core are that, e.g., in the case of the charge-quadrupole interaction, Rydberg states for which~\cite{bixon96b}
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta\ell=0,\pm2;~\Delta N^+=0,\pm2; \textrm{ and } \Delta N = 0,
\end{eqnarray}
are mixed. As for the interactions denoted type (i-a) above, these type (i-b) couplings are strongest for values of $\ell\lesssim3$.

{\bf (ii)} The multielectron character of the NO$^+$ ion core leads to a further coupling of the Hund's case (d) basis states. This is the s$\sigma$--d$\sigma$ configuration mixing~\cite{fredin87a} ($\sigma$ represents the $\lambda=0$ projection of $\vec{\ell}$ onto the internuclear axis). The consequence of this interaction is that even in the absence of external fields pure $n$s or $n$d Rydberg eigenstates do not exist in NO. The corresponding states therefore exhibit mixed s and d character. Since this configuration mixing only occurs for states with the same value of $N$, the resulting s-d mixed eigenstates also have $\Delta N^+ = \pm2$ character. s$\sigma$--d$\sigma$ mixing plays a major role in determining the values of the Hund's case (d) quantum defects for the corresponding states. However, because the resulting $\ell$- and $N^+$-mixed Rydberg states cannot be directly excited with the laser photoexcitation scheme used here, these states do not play a direct role in the interpretation of the experimental data.

\subsection{Effects of external electric fields}\label{sec:fields}

In addition to intramolecular couplings between distinct series of Rydberg states, external electric fields can cause further mixing of the Hund's case (d) basis states in NO. In weak electric fields this mixing does not directly couple Rydberg series converging to different rotational states of the NO$^+$ ion core, but does couple Rydberg states with the same value of $N^+$ which differ in their values of $\ell$ by $\pm1$. The couplings induced by a static electric field between the Hund's case (d) basis states require that~\cite{vrakking96a,patel_observation_2007}
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta\ell = \pm1;~\Delta N = 0, \pm1;~\Delta N^+ = 0; \textrm{ and }\Delta M_N = 0.
\end{eqnarray}
In experiments of the kind described here weak electric fields, on the order of 10~mV/cm generally arise from incomplete stray field compensation at the position of laser photoexcitation.~\cite{deller18a} Time-varying stray fields with amplitudes between 10 and 100~mV/cm can also result from the presence of ions at the time of photoexcitation.~\cite{merkt_lifetimes_1994} An important effect of electric fields of this scale on the Rydberg states of NO is to impart $n$f character into the highly-degenerate manifold of higher $\ell$ hydrogenic states. This $\ell$-mixing enables direct access to the hydrogenic states with quantum defects $\delta_{\ell(N^+)}=0$ in the laser photoexcitation process. The Hund's case (d) quantum defect of the $n$f(2) states is $\delta_{\,\mathrm{f}(2)}=0.01$.~\cite{bixon96a} For $n=40$ an electric field of 10~mV/cm (100~mV/cm) imparts $\sim0.01$\% ($\sim1$\%) 40f character into the outermost $\ell$-mixed hydrogenic $n=40$ states with negative Stark energy shifts. At $n=60$, fields of 10~mV/cm result in $\sim1$\% 60f character in the corresponding states. Fields of 100~mV/cm transfer $\sim5$\% 60f character to all $n=60$ Stark states with negative Stark shifts. This form of $\ell$-mixing only allows direct photoexcitation of Stark states with negative Stark shifts. However, because the stray fields can be time varying (i.e., they are associated with electric field noise, or the presence of ions that can travel rapidly through the laser excitation region) the excited molecules can evolve non-adiabatically into a range of Stark states with negative and positive Stark shifts.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{schematic_color}
\caption{\label{fig:schematic} Schematic diagram of the experimental arrangement. NO molecules in a skimmed, pulsed supersonic beam were prepared in high Rydberg states between electrodes E1 and E2 using a resonance-enhanced two-color two-photon excitation scheme with laser radiation at wave numbers $\upsilon_1$ and $\upsilon_2$. The excited molecules could be detected by pulsed electric field ionization immediately after photoexcitation, or after a flight-time of 126~$\mu$s, with the resulting ions or electrons collected on MCP1 or MCP2, respectively.}
\end{figure}

\section{Experiment}\label{sec:expt}
\subsection{Experiment\label{techniques}}

A schematic diagram of the apparatus used in the experiments is presented in Figure~\ref{fig:schematic}. NO molecules were emitted into vacuum from a reservoir maintained at a pressure of 1.4~bar through a pulsed valve operated at a repetition rate of 25 Hz. The resulting supersonic molecular beam with a mean longitudinal speed of 790~m$\,$s$^{-1}$ passed through the 2-mm-diameter aperture of a skimmer and entered a volume vertically bounded by two copper plates, E1 and E2 in Figure~\ref{fig:schematic}. These planar electrodes were 60~mm wide in the $x$ dimension and 150~mm long in the $z$ dimension. They were orientated parallel to each another with a separation in the $y$ dimension of 6.7~mm.

Between the electrodes the molecular beam was intersected by the $\upsilon_1=44\,194$~cm$^{-1}$ (226.27~nm) frequency-tripled output of a Nd:YAG-pumped pulsed dye laser. This laser beam had an energy of $\sim20\,$--$\,80~\mu$J per pulse and was collimated to a waist of 2~mm. In the following, the time at which the molecules interacted with this 8-ns-duration laser pulse is denoted $t_0$. The frequency doubled output of a second dye laser, coincident and counterpropagating with respect to this first beam, also crossed the molecule beam. This had an energy of $\sim1.2$~mJ per pulse, was compressed to a waist of 2~mm, and could be tuned over the range from $\upsilon_2=30\,460$ -- $30\,520$~cm$^{-1}$ (328.30 -- 327.65~nm). The fundamental frequencies of the two dye lasers were monitored using a fibre-coupled wavelength meter with an absolute accuracy of $\pm0.005$~cm$^{-1}$ ($\pm150$~MHz).

After laser photoexcitation Rydberg NO molecules could be detected upon the application of pulsed ionization potentials to electrode E1. The resulting electrons or ions were then accelerated thorough one of two 5-mm-diameter apertures in E2 and collected on microchannel plate (MCP) detectors. This detection procedure could be implemented at two positions in the electrode structure. Molecules in Rydberg states and photoions could be detected directly in the laser excitation region with the resulting charged particles accelerated through a first aperture in E2 to MCP1. Molecules excited to long-lived Rydberg states, with lifetimes $>10~\mu$s, could be detected by delayed pulsed electric field ionization at a second position between E1 and E2, 100~mm downstream from the first. In this case the electrons were collected on MCP2.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{levels}
\caption{\label{fig:NO_levels} Resonance-enhanced two-color two-photon scheme used to excite NO molecules from the X\,$^2\Pi_{1/2}$ ground electronic state to $n$p$(0)$ and $n$f$(2)$ Rydberg states. The scale on the vertical axis indicates the energy with respect to the X$^+$\,$^1\Sigma^+$ state of NO$^+$ with $\nu^{+} = 0$ and $N^{+} = 0$.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Laser photoexcitation scheme\label{sec:excite}}

The resonance-enhanced two-color two-photon excitation scheme used here to prepare high Rydberg states of NO has been widely studied in the literature~\cite{ebata83a,seaver83a,reiser88a,pratt_twophoton_1989,mccormack98a,patel_observation_2007,morrison08a} and depicted is in Figure~\ref{fig:NO_levels}. Molecules initially in the $\mathrm{X}\,^{2}\Pi_{1/2}$ $\nu^{\prime \prime} = 0$, $N^{\prime \prime} = 1$, $J^{\prime \prime} = \frac{3}{2}(-)$ level were excited via the $P_{11}(\frac{3}{2})$ transition to the intermediate $A\, ^{2}\Sigma^{+}$ $\nu^{\prime} = 0$, $N^{\prime} = 0$, $J^{\prime} = \frac{1}{2}(+)$ state. This transition occurred at $\upsilon_1 = 44\,193.988(10)$~cm$^{-1}$. To characterize the molecular beam, and this step of the laser photoexcitation scheme, one-color ($1 + 1$) resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization  (REMPI) spectra of the $A ^{2}\Sigma^{+}  (\nu' = 0) \leftarrow \mathrm{X}\,^{2}\Pi_{\frac{1}{2}} (\nu'' = 0)$ transitions were recorded with a laser pulse energy of $\sim80~\mu$J. The results are displayed in Figure~\ref{fig:A_state} (dashed grey curve). The features in this spectrum were assigned as indicated in the figure following from Ref.~\citenum{hippler_detection_1995}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{A_state}
\caption{\label{fig:A_state} One-color, $1 + 1$, and two-color, $1 + 1^\prime$ REMPI spectra of the $\mathrm{A}\,^{2}\Sigma^{+}  (\nu' = 0) \leftarrow \mathrm{X}\,^{2}\Pi_{\frac{1}{2}} (\nu'' = 0)$ transitions in NO. A calculated spectrum for a rotational temperature of 18~K is displayed as the inverted curve beneath the experimental data.}
\end{figure}

Further measurements were made using a two-color ($1 + 1^\prime$) REMPI scheme with a second laser of wavenumber $\upsilon_2 = 30\,534.94$~cm$^{-1}$ tuned 12.496~cm$^{-1}$ above the adiabatic ionization threshold. For these measurements the $\upsilon_2$ pulse energy was reduced to $\sim20~\mu$J to minimise the $1 + 1$ REMPI process. The spectral resolution in this two-color ($1 + 1^\prime$) scheme (continuous black curve in Figure~\ref{fig:A_state}) is higher than in the one-color ($1 + 1$) case because this lower laser pulse energy used to drive the A\,$^{2}\Sigma^{+} \leftarrow \mathrm{X}\,^{2}\Pi$ transition did not cause saturation. A spectrum calculated~\cite{engleman__1971, western_pgopher:_2017} for a sample of molecules with a rotational temperature of 18~K (inverted blue curve) yields good quantitative agreement with the experimental data. The $P_{11}(\frac{3}{2})$ transition measured to lie at $\upsilon_1 = 44\,193.988(10)$~cm$^{-1}$ is clearly identified as an isolated and well-resolved resonance. For all subsequent experiments reported here, $\upsilon_1$ was set to this transition wavenumber.

The second laser used to drive transitions from the A$\,^{2}\Sigma^{+}$ state to high Rydberg states could be tuned over the range from $\upsilon_2 = 30\,460$ to $30\,520$~cm$^{-1}$ to access $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) states [$n\ell(N^+)$] with values of $n$ between 40 and 100. In general states with $n$p character dissociate rapidly (i.e., in $< 1$~ns\:~\cite{vrakking_lifetimes_1995}). Consequently, the longer-lived $n$f(2) states are expected to dominate the experimental spectra.

\subsection{Electric field ionization\label{sec:ion}}

In the experiments, pulsed electric fields with a rise time of $\sim 30$~ns were applied to accelerate photoions produced by REMPI to MCP1 (see Figure~\ref{fig:schematic}). Similar fields were used to ionize neutral Rydberg molecules for detection immediately after photoexcitation. To detect molecules in long-lived Rydberg states, slowly-rising pulsed ionization fields~\cite{ducas75a,patel_rotational-state-selective_2007} (rise time $\sim2~\mu$s) were applied $126~\mu$s after laser photoexcitation. In these measurements the electric field amplitude at the time of ionization was correlated with the electron signal detected at MCP2 to provide information on the internal quantum state populations.

In Rydberg states of a non-hydrogenic atom or a molecule electric field ionization occurs in two ways.~\cite{gallagher_rydberg_1994} The first, adiabatic electric field ionization, is encountered for states with low values of $\ell$, or more precisely $\ell$-mixed Rydberg-Stark states with low values of $|m_{\ell}|$, i.e., $|m_{\ell}|\lesssim3$. The large zero-field quantum defects of the low-$\ell$ states that contribute to these low-$|m_{\ell}|$ Stark states result in large avoided crossings in fields at and beyond the Inglis-Teller electric field, $F_{\mathrm{IT}}=F_0/(3n^5)$, where states that differ in their value of $n$ by $+1$ first cross [$F_0=2\,h\,c\,R_{M}/(e\,a_M)$, with $R_M$ and $a_M$ the Rydberg constant and the Bohr radius corrected for the reduced mass]. For the typical rates at which ionization electric fields are switched in the experiments reported here, i.e., $\sim0.2$~V/cm/ns, these large avoided crossings are traversed adiabatically. In fields between $F_{\mathrm{IT}}$ and the ionization electric field, $F_{\mathrm{ion}}$, these states do not undergo significant further Stark energy shifts and the molecules are, on average, not particularly strongly polarized. In these cases, ionization occurs when the saddle point in the potential that arises as a result of the presence of the electric field, crosses the energy of each Stark state. The resulting `classical' ionization field is therefore $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{adiabatic}}=F_0/(16n^4)$,~\cite{littman78a} which is approximately equal to the field in which the tunnel ionization rate is 10$^8$~s$^{-1}$.~\cite{PhysRevA.99.013421}

When $|m_{\ell}|\gtrsim3$, the absence of low-$\ell$ components of the Stark states results in small, or almost exact, crossings at and beyond $F_{\mathrm{IT}}$. In this situation, for typical electric field switching rates these crossing are traversed diabatically and once polarized the Stark states maintain their static electric dipole moments and approximately linear Stark energy shifts until ionization occurs. However, the orientation of the static electric dipole moment of the polarized molecules strongly affects their ionization electric field.~\cite{damburg79a,damburg83a} States with negative Stark shifts have dipole moments oriented parallel to the electric field, with the Rydberg electron localized between the ion core and the Stark saddle point. As a result, tunnel ionization occurs when the energy of the saddle point approaches the energy of the Rydberg state. The ionization electric field of the outermost negatively-shifted Stark state is $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}\,^-}=F_0/(9n^4)$. This expression accounts for the Stark energy shift of the state and corresponds to a tunnel ionization rate of $\sim10^8$~s$^{-1}$.

High-$|m_{\ell}|$ states with positive Stark shifts also ionize following diabatic traversal of the level crossings at and beyond $F_{\mathrm{IT}}$. However, in these states the dipole moment of the molecule is oriented antiparallel to the electric field. As a result the Rydberg electron is localized on the opposite side of the ion core to the Stark saddle point. This remains the case in all fields in which the Stark energy shifts are linear. However, for high electric fields $n$-mixing leads to the depolarization of the electric dipole and a redistribution of electron charge density into the region between the ion core and the Stark saddle point. Under these conditions ionization can occur, but ionization rates of $10^8$~s$^{-1}$ are only reached in fields twice as large as those for the outermost negatively-shifted Stark states. Therefore $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}\,^+}=2F_0/(9n^4)$. States that lie between the outermost Stark states ionize in fields between $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}\,^-}$ and $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}\,^+}$. In the experiments reported here the 126$~\mu$s flight time of the Rydberg molecules to the detection region above MCP2 acts to filter those in long-lived hydrogenic Stark states with $|m_{\ell}|\gtrsim3$. The molecules in these hydrogenic states undergo diabatic electric field ionization.

In one-electron atoms, e.g., H, D, or Ps, all Rydberg states undergo diabatic electric field ionization provided the energy splittings associated with the fine- and hyper-fine structure are small. In many-electron atoms and in molecules diabatic ionization typically occurs in states for which $|m_{\ell}|\gtrsim3$. These states, with $\delta_{\ell(N^+)}\simeq0$ for all individual angular momentum components, are referred to as hydrogenic.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{mcp_v2}
\caption{\label{fig:mcp_raw} (a) Rydberg state electric field ionization signal recorded upon the application of the slowly-rising ionization field displayed in~(b) $126~\mu$s after laser photoexcitation. When recording the data in~(a) $\upsilon_2$ was set to $30\,486.99$~cm$^{-1}$ to excite predominantly $\ell$-mixed hydrogenic Rydberg states in NO with $n=48$ and $N^+=2$. The red lines connecting panel~(a) and panel~(b) represent the range of ionization electric fields associated with the manifold of $\ell$-mixed hydrogenic Rydberg states with $n=48$ (see text for details).}
\end{figure}

The slowly-rising pulsed potential, $V_\mathrm{E1}(t)$, applied to electrode E1 (see Figure~\ref{fig:schematic}) for detection had the form
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{E1}(t) &=& V_\infty  \left[1 - \exp\left(- t / \kappa \right)\right]
\end{eqnarray}
with $V_\infty = -300$~V and $\kappa = 1.84$~$\mu$s. The time dependence of the corresponding ionization field is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:mcp_raw}(b). In this field, which rises to $\sim250$~V/cm in a time of 1.5$~\mu$s, high-$n$ Rydberg states generally ionize at early times and lower-$n$ states at later times. For each value of $n$, the hydrogenic Stark states ionize over a range of times corresponding to ionization fields from $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}^-}$ to $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}^+}$. Ionized electrons are then accelerated to the MCP detector with flight times of 5 -- 30~ns depending upon the particular value of $V(t)$ at the time of ionization.

An example of the field-ionized electron signal recorded following the preparation of NO molecules in hydrogenic Rydberg states with $n=48$ ($\upsilon_2=30\,486.699$~cm$^{-1}$) can be seen in Figure~\ref{fig:mcp_raw}(a). In these data, electrons arrive at the MCP at times between $\sim0.3$ and $\sim1.5$~$\mu$s after activation of the ionization pulse with an intensity maximum at $\sim0.8$~$\mu$s. This indicates that the Rydberg states populated at the time of detection ionize in electric fields ranging from $\sim50$ to $\sim250$~V/cm with the intensity maximum at 160~V/cm. This range of fields corresponds approximately to the ionization fields of the hydrogenic Rydberg states in NO with $n=48$, which are centred upon a field of $\sim160$~V/cm and extend from $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}^-}(n=48)=107$~V/cm to $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}^+}(n=48)=215$~V/cm as indicated by the red lines. The electron signal in fields outside this range, and the additional structure in the data in Figure~\ref{fig:mcp_raw}(a), are indicative of the range of Rydberg states populated at the time of electric field ionization. This distribution of population reflects contributions from intramolecular interactions close to the time of laser photoexcitation, and transitions induced by blackbody radiation in the time between laser photoexcitation and detection by electric field ionization.

In the experimental data presented in the Section~\ref{sec:results}, electron time-of-flight distributions, such as those in Figure~\ref{fig:mcp_raw}, have been transformed and presented as a function of ionization field. Numerical particle trajectory calculations were implemented to determine the electron flight times from the position of ionization to the MCP in the time-varying field.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{wide_n_ions}
\caption{\label{fig:wide_n_ions} Total integrated ion signal recorded at MCP1 by pulsed electric field ionization 50~ns after laser photoexcitation. Inset above the data are calculated values of $\upsilon_2$ for transitions to the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) states.}
\end{figure}

\section{Results}\label{sec:results}

\subsection{Short-lived Rydberg states}

A spectrum recorded following detection of Rydberg NO molecules at MCP1, upon ionization $\sim50$~ns after laser photoexcitation, is displayed in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_ions}. Above this spectrum, the wavenumbers associated with the electric dipole allowed transitions to the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) Rydberg series are indicated. For values of $n$ below 100, the predissociation lifetimes of the $n$p(0) states are $<3$~ns.~\cite{vrakking_lifetimes_1995} Consequently, the features observed correspond predominantly to transitions to $n$f(2) states. Above 30\,500~cm$^{-1}$ transitions to individual Rydberg states are unresolved because of a combination of an increase in the density of states, and effects of $\ell$-mixing in the weak residual uncanceled stray electric fields present at the time of photoexcitation.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{lifetime}
\caption{\label{fig:lifetime} Total integrated ion signal recorded at MCP1 upon ionization, at a range of times after photoexcitation, of NO Rydberg states with 56f(2) character ($\upsilon_2=30\,499.35$~cm$^{-1}$). The continuous curve represents a two component exponential function fit to the experimental data, with time constants $41\pm10$~ns and $1006\pm50$~ns.}
\end{figure}

The pure $n$f(2) Rydberg states in the spectrum in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_ions} have lifetimes between 10 and 100~ns. This can be inferred, for example, from the data in Figure~\ref{fig:lifetime} where for $\upsilon_2= 30\,499.35$~cm$^{-1}$, corresponding to the transition to the 56f(2) state, the total integrated ion signal recorded as a function of time after photoexcitation is displayed. The experimental data in this figure exhibit two dominant decay components. A least-squares fit of a two-component exponential function (continuous curve) yields time constants for these of $41\pm10$~ns and $1006\pm50$~ns. The faster decaying component has a time constant similar to the $\sim25$~ns lifetime of the 56f(2) state reported previously in the literature.~\cite{vrakking_lifetimes_1995} The slow component suggests the presence of molecules in longer-lived states with $\ell\gtrsim3$. Over the 800~ns timescale on which the data in Figure~\ref{fig:lifetime} were recorded, the excited molecules traveled $\sim0.6$~mm. Thus, the dominant contribution to the ionization-time dependent changes observed arises from the decay of the excited molecules and not their motion.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{wide_n}
\caption{\label{fig:wide_n} Total integrated electron signal recorded at MCP2 upon delayed pulsed electric field ionization 126~$\mu$s after laser photoexcitation. Inset above the data are the calculated values of $\upsilon_2$ for the transitions to the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) states.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Long-lived Rydberg states}

The spectrum in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n} was recorded by delayed electric field ionization in the region above MCP2. This spectrum is similar to that in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_ions} in that it is dominated by transitions to $n$f(2) Rydberg states converging toward $\upsilon_2 = 30\,534.349(16)$~cm$^{-1}$.  As in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_ions} there are features, notably the distinct resonance at 30\,496~cm$^{-1}$, which do not form part of the $n$f(2) series. This resonance lies between the transitions to the 53f(2) and 54f(2) states, and is located at the calculated wavenumber for the transition to the 65p(0) state (see inset). At transition wavenumbers beyond 30\,510~cm$^{-1}$, the observed signal intensity reduces toward zero. This is expected to be a consequence of the higher density of states of different Rydberg series, and the associated increase in the effects of intramolecular interactions and stray electric fields on the lifetimes of the high-$|m_{\ell}|$ hydrogenic Stark states, close to the adiabatic ionization threshold. Lifetime measurements performed with molecules confined in cryogenically cooled electrostatic traps~\cite{hogan09a,lancuba_electrostatic_2016,seiler16a,zhelyazkova19a} are expected to provide further insight into the excited state dynamics in this spectral region. In the absence of external fields, the pure $n$f(2) states~\cite{vrakking_lifetimes_1995} are not sufficiently long lived for an appreciable fraction to survive the 126~$\mu$s flight time to the detection region above MCP2. For detection with reasonable efficiency after this long flight time, the lifetimes of the excited states populated must be $\gtrsim10~\mu$s and consequently the states must have values of $|m_{\ell}|\gtrsim3$.

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{wide_n_full_color}
\caption{\label{fig:wide_n_full} Delayed electric field ionization signal of long-lived Rydberg NO molecules excited in nominally zero electric field. A spectrum representing the total integrated electron signal at each laser wavenumber is displayed in the top panel along with the expected values of $\upsilon_2$ for the transitions to the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) Rydberg series. The white regions in each of the lower panels correspond to the calculated electric field ionization bands for the hydrogenic Rydberg states of the $N^+=0$, 1, 2, 3 and 4 series (see text for details). The limits of the color scale were chosen to maximise visibility.
}
\end{figure*}

Additional information on the population of the long-lived excited states in the spectrum in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n} was obtained by monitoring the electric field ionization signal (as in Figure~\ref{fig:mcp_raw}) at each laser wavenumber across the spectrum. The results of this type of measurement are displayed in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full}. In this figure the total integrated delayed electric field ionization signal (as in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n}) is included in the top panel. In the two-dimensional spectral maps, the color scale represents the background-subtracted electron signal recorded at each photoexcitation wavenumber. The vertical axis in these panels indicates the ionization electric field to which the observed electron signal can be referred. The experimental data are identical in each of the five panels of the figure. The white bands demarcate the ionization electric fields, ranging from $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}^-}$ to $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}^+}$, of the hydrogenic Rydberg-Stark states with $N^{+} = 0$, 1, 2, 3 and~4. The steps in these white bands are centred at the zero-field photoexcitation wavenumbers of these states.

Comparing the experimental data in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full} to the field ionization bands with which they are overlaid indicates that the most prominent features are consistent with diabatic electric field ionization of hydrogenic Rydberg states with $N^{+} = 2$ (middle panel). Almost all of the resonances observed in the experimental data align with the expected wavenumbers for transitions to this Rydberg series, and the electric field ionization signal associated with these resonances follows the band of ionization fields expected for these hydrogenic states. Because the excited states are long-lived, they must possess negligible $n$s, $n$p or $n$d character, as this would result in rapid pre-dissociation. Therefore they must have values of $|m_{\ell}|\gtrsim3$. Since $\delta_{\ell\geq3(N^+)}<0.01$, the avoided crossings in the Stark maps are sufficiently small that diabatic ionization dominates. Consequently, under the conditions in which the experiments were performed, the ionization electric fields of the long-lived states are expected to reflect those associated with diabatic, rather than adiabatic, ionization.

The short lifetimes of the pure $n$f(2) Rydberg states~\cite{vrakking_lifetimes_1995}, and the observation that the excited states populated at the time of detection ionize across the full range of electric fields associated with each set of hydrogenic Rydberg-Stark states lead to the conclusion that the long-lived states detected are populated upon mixing with the $n$f(2) states in weak residual uncanceled static or time-dependent electric fields close to the time of photoexcitation as discussed previously in the context of ZEKE photoelectron spectroscopy~\cite{merkt_electric_1993,merkt_lifetimes_1994,palm_ion_1997,held_role_1998}. Since $\delta_{\mathrm{f}(2)}=0.01$, the $n$f(2) states are almost degenerate with the manifold of hydrogenic states with the same value of $n$. For $n=40$ the wavenumber interval between the 40f(2) state and the hydrogenic states of the same series is 0.05~cm$^{-1}$, and below the experimental resolution of 0.17~cm$^{-1}$. Thus for the range of values of $n$ encompassed in the spectrum in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full} the $n$f(2) states and the corresponding hydrogenic states are not resolved, and it is inferred that the $n$f(2) states mix with these longer-lived states even in very weak stray electric fields. This mechanism allows the long-lived hydrogenic states to be partially populated at the time of laser photoexcitation. Only the molecules in these states were then detected by delayed electric field ionization.

The $n$p(0) states have large quantum defects of $\delta_{\mathrm{p}(0)} \simeq 0.7$.~\cite{vrakking96a} They therefore do not mix so readily with the hydrogenic states with the same value of $n$ and do not enable photoexcitation of long-lived states in the $N^+=0$ series. The short dissociation lifetimes of the $n$p(0) states also mean that Rydberg-Stark states with sufficient $n$p(0)-character to permit laser photoexcitation are, for values of $n\lesssim70$, not sufficiently long-lived to allow detection 126~$\mu$s after excitation. However, it can be seen from the the data in the spectral region between 30\,500 and 30\,515~cm$^{-1}$ in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full}, and the calculated ionization fields of the hydrogenic Rydberg states with $N^+<2$, that for values of $n\gtrsim70$ long-lived states can be populated.

The other features in the experimental data in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full} that do not follow such explicit $n$-dependent behavior can all be assigned to the population of hydrogenic Rydberg states through channel interactions between Rydberg series. Unlike the features attributed to the $N^{+} = 2$ states, which change smoothly with $n$, evidence for the population of Stark states with $N^{+} = 0$, 1, 3 or~4 is more sporadic. For example, the notable interloper in the vicinity of the transition to the 65p(0) state ionizes in the manner expected of the hydrogenic states with $n=60$ in the $N^{+} = 1$ series. This is seen clearly from the overlap of the experimental data with the rectangular box labelled A in the figure. The range of ionization fields associated with this feature are not correlated with any states in the $N^+=0$, 2, 3 or~4 series. A similar feature can be seen as the shoulder on the low wavenumber side of the prominent transition close to the 59p(0) state in the spectrum in the top panel of Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full}. Molecules excited at this resonance ionize in the range of fields expected for hydrogenic states with $n=55$ in the $N^{+} = 1$ series (rectangular box labelled B).  The connection between these examples is that the long-lived states of the $N^+=1$ series that are detected are almost degenerate with $n$p(0) states. Thus considering the couplings arising from the intramolecular interaction mechanisms discussed in Section~\ref{sec:interactions}, it is determined that these are examples of the type (i-a) interaction of the Rydberg electron with the static electric dipole moment of the NO$^+$ cation.~\cite{bixon96a} Additional $\ell$-mixing, required to populate the long-lived hydrogenic states of the $N^+=1$ series, must then be induced by weak residual uncanceled electric fields.

In the $N^{+} = 3$ ionization band several features appear in the wavenumber range between  30\,500 and 30\,511~cm$^{-1}$. The strongest of these, indicated by the rectangular boxes labelled D and E, ionize in the fields associated with the hydrogenic states with $n=49$ and $n=56$, respectively. In these cases, the observed states of the $N^+=3$ series are almost degenerate with states in the $n$f(2) series to which electric dipole transitions from the A\,$^2\Sigma^+$ state are allowed in zero electric field. The process by which these long-lived Rydberg states with $N^+=3$ are populated therefore also relies on the channel interaction mechanism of type (i-a). Over the wavenumber range in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full}, one signature of ionization from a state in the $N^+=4$ series is seen. This is a consequence of the near degeneracy of the 59f(2) state with the hydrogenic states with $n=43$ in the $N^+=4$ series which are coupled by the interaction mechanism of type (i-b).

As a final example, the strong feature associated with the transition to the 56f(2) state can be seen to ionize over two ranges of fields. The first of these encompasses fields from 30 to 50~V/cm, while the second ranges from 60 to 120~V/cm. This suggests that the long-lived states excited at this resonance fall within two distinct Rydberg series. These two sets of ionization fields correspond to those of hydrogenic states with $n=56$ and $N^+=2$, and $n=69$ and $N^{+} = 0$ (rectangle labelled C). The $N^+=2$ states are populated following $\ell$-mixing in residual uncanceled stray electric fields. The channel interaction mechanism that leads to the population of the $N^+=0$ states is that denoted type (i-b) in Section~\ref{sec:interactions}. As above, additional $\ell$-mixing by weak uncanceled electric fields results in the population of the long-lived hydrogenic states.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{overlap_v2}
\caption{\label{fig:stark_overlap} The spectral overlap between $n$p(0) [grey], and $n$f(2) [black] Rydberg states in NO with the hydrogenic states with $N^+=0$, 1, 2, 3 and~4 (see text for details). For each value of $N^+$ the $n$p(0) overlap is vertically offset for clarity of presentation.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Numerical calculations}\label{simulation}

The complete interpretation of the experimental data in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full} requires the combination of multichannel quantum defect theory~\cite{gauyacq90a,hiyama02a,goodgame_stark_2002} or matrix diagonalization methods~\cite{vrakking96a,bixon96a,goodgame_stark_2002,patel_observation_2007,seiler11b}, and a numerical treatment of the time-evolution of the excited state population in the stray electric fields, and 300~K blackbody radiation field in the apparatus~\cite{selier11a,seiler16a}. However, to highlight the primary role played by near degeneracies between $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) Rydberg states, which are accessible by electric dipole transitions from the A\,$^2\Sigma^+$ intermediate state, and high-$\ell$ hydrogenic states in the work reported here, we consider a simple numerical model in which seven Rydberg series are included. These are the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) series with Hund's case (d) quantum defects of $\delta_{\mathrm{p}(0)}=0.7$ and $\delta_{\mathrm{f}(2)}=0.01$, respectively, and the series of long-lived hydrogenic Rydberg states converging to the $N^+=0$, 1, 2, 3 and 4 ionization thresholds and for which $\delta_{\ell(N^+)}=0$. Excitation of the long-lived hydrogenic states depends on their wavenumber proximity to states in the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) series, and the intramolecular interactions discussed in Section~\ref{sec:interactions}.

The spectral overlap between the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) states and each series of hydrogenic states is estimated from the overlap of Lorentzian functions [0.018~cm$^{-1}$ full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) which was found to represent a crude approximation to the average wavenumber range of the intramolecular coupling between near degenerate p/f and high-$\ell$ hydrogenic states across the spectral region of interest] centred at the calculated wavenumbers of transitions to each series. This overlap is displayed in Figure~\ref{fig:stark_overlap}. The transition wavenumbers associated with the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) states are indicated at the top of the figure. Beneath this are five sets of stick spectra. In the upper pair of these, the wavenumber associated with each spectral feature corresponds to the transition wavenumber to the long-lived hydrogenic Rydberg states with $N^+=0$. The intensity of each feature is the overlap integral of a set of Lorentzian functions, representing transitions to these hydrogenic $N^+=0$ states, with a second set of Lorentzian functions representing the transitions to the $n$p(0) (upper grey spectrum) and $n$f(2) (lower black spectrum) states. The spectral overlap of the long-lived hydrogenic states with the $n$p(0) states gradually increases as $n$ increases. On the other hand, the spectral overlap of the hydrogenic $N^+=0$ states with the $n$f(2) series, induced by the combination of the interaction mechanism denoted type (i-b) in Section~\ref{sec:interactions} and weak stray electric fields, does not change smoothly with $n$. Instead, in some particular cases this mixing is important but for most it is not. Many of the states for which mixing occurs can be identified in the experimental data. For example, the state highlighted by the rectangle labelled C in Figure~\ref{fig:stark_overlap} is also seen in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full}.

A similar set of stick spectra are displayed in Figure~\ref{fig:stark_overlap} for the series of long-lived hydrogenic Rydberg states with $N^+=1$. In this case the couplings to the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) series are induced by a combination of the type (i-a) interaction discussed in Section~\ref{sec:interactions} and weak stray electric fields. The spectral overlap does not vary smoothly with $n$ but instead exhibits pseudo-random occurrences of degeneracy. The features enclosed by the rectangles labelled A and B in the upper of these two spectra are also seen and assigned directly in the experimental data in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full}.

The $N^+=2$ spectra in Figure~\ref{fig:stark_overlap} exhibit strong and consistent overlap with the $n$f(2) states. The mixing between these series is induced as a result of weak stray electric fields. The less significant overlap of the hydrogenic $N^+=2$ states with the $n$p(0) series is a result of the combination of the type (i-b) intramolecular interaction mechanism and further effects of weak electric fields.

Finally, the intramolecular interaction mechanisms discussed in Section~\ref{sec:interactions} do not result in coupling between the $n$p(0) series and the series of long-lived hydrogenic Rydberg states with $N^+ = 3$ or~4. However, the type (i-a) interaction combined with effects of weak electric fields does lead to couplings of these series with the $n$f(2) series. In this case wavenumber coincidences between the series are rare but three cases are particularly noticeable. These (indicated by the rectangles labelled D, E and F) correspond directly to features assigned in the experimental data in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_full}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{simulation_color}
\caption{\label{fig:wide_n_simulation} Experimental and calculated delayed electric field ionization signal of long-lived Rydberg NO molecules excited in nominally zero electric field as indicated. Spectra representing the total integrated signal at each laser wavenumber are displayed in the top panel along with the expected values of $\upsilon_2$ for the transitions to the $n$p(0) and $n$f(2) Rydberg series.}
\end{figure}

To make a quantitative comparison between experimental data and the intramolecular interaction mechanisms considered in the calculations in Figure~\ref{fig:stark_overlap} the absorption, and electric field ionization spectra were simulated. The electric field ionization spectra, displayed in Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_simulation}, were obtained by first determining the range of ionization electric fields of the hydrogenic Rydberg-Stark states with each value of $n$. The amplitude of a Gaussian function encompassing this distribution of fields was then scaled according to the $n^{-3}$ dependence of the spectral intensity of the transitions to the $n$p(0) and  $n$f(2) states, the $n^3$ dependence of their lifetimes, and the spectral overlap of these states with the long-lived hydrogenic states in Figure~\ref{fig:stark_overlap}. The results were then convoluted with a Lorentzian function (0.12~cm$^{-1}$ FWHM) representing the spectral profile of the laser in the experiments. The absorption spectrum was determined by integrating the resulting electric field ionization signal over fields ranging from 0 to 250~V/cm.

The two-dimensional spectral maps used to identify the ionization fields and distinct Rydberg series in the experiments were calculated by combining the spectral intensities of the lower inverted spectrum at the top of Figure~\ref{fig:wide_n_simulation} with Gaussian distributions of ionization electric fields ranging from $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}^-}$ to $F_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{diabatic}^+}$ for each set of hydrogenic states. Almost all of the main features observed in the experimental data are accurately reproduced in these calculations giving confidence in the interpretation of the experimental results and the mechanisms by which the long-lived excited states observed in the experiments were populated.

\section{Discussion \& Conclusions}\label{sec:conc}

The high Rydberg states of NO studied here have lifetimes in excess of 10~$\mu$s. These long lifetimes and the electric field ionization data recorded in the experiments indicate that the states populated possess predominantly high-$\ell$, high-$|m_{\ell}|$ character. This hydrogenic character is attained through a combination of the intramolecular interaction mechanisms specific to the Rydberg states of NO, and effects of weak uncanceled static or time-dependent stray electric fields in the experimental apparatus. These fields arise from low-frequency electrical laboratory noise, and the presence and motion of ions in the photoexcitation region. From the amplitude of the measured NO$^+$ ion signal in the experiments, the fraction of initially excited molecules (number density $\sim10^7$~cm$^{-3}$) in these hydrogenic states is estimated to be $\sim10^{-2}$.

The long lifetimes and hydrogenic character of the excited states detected by delayed electric field ionization indicates that they are well suited to Rydberg-Stark deceleration and trapping experiments. At each wavenumber associated with resonant excitation, states with a range of static electric dipole moments are produced. These electric dipole moments can be as large as $(3/2)\,n^2\,ea_\mathrm{NO}$, where $a_\mathrm{NO}$ is the Bohr radius corrected for the reduced mass of NO, and, for example, have values approaching 12\,000~D for $n=56$. Using chip-based transmission-line Rydberg-Stark decelerators and electrostatic traps~\cite{lancuba_electrostatic_2016} it is expected that the molecules in states with electric dipole moments of this magnitude can be decelerated from 800~m/s to rest in the laboratory frame of reference within $\sim100~\mu$s. Electrostatic trapping experiments of this kind will allow the lifetimes of these Rydberg states to be determined through measurements of trap decay. Such measurements will provide new insight into slow decay processes of highly excited Rydberg states of small molecules. The implementation of the methods of Rydberg-Stark deceleration will also allow new merged-beam studies of ion-molecule reactions involving the NO$^+$ cation at low temperature.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank John Dumper and Rafid Jawad (UCL) for technical assistance, and Prof. Fr\'ed\'eric Merkt (ETH Zurich) for valuable discussions. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 683341).
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


❶Despite marginally positive reviews, its opening was the largest ever for a film released in the United States during December.
Resume & CV writing help at Smith College. Create your resume website & portfolio. Job search assistance & career services for students.
Smith, in the Moment Strengthening Our Community President Kathleen McCartney and other Smith College officials have issued statements regarding an incident in which a report was made to Campus Police regarding a student of color in a residential area. Find A Job: Instructions: Select Advanced search options, and click search must visit the Student Employment webpage to obtain information about employment and familiarize themselves with Smith College's policies, For help with resume writing visit the Lazarus Center for Career Development's page on writing an effective resume.
Writing & Updating Your Resume. 2 Getting Started can get a lifetime Smith College Alumnae email address at fornewrip.tk Objective. Using an objective makes your resume look dated. You can use an objective if customer service, technology, management, leadership, etc., with bulleted examples under each section. Be sure to . For help with resume writing visit the Lazarus Center for Career Development's page on writing an effective resume. Select a quick search. All Active Jobs must visit the Student Employment webpage to obtain information about employment and familiarize themselves with Smith College's policies, etc.


text:
North Dakota 58 - 84 17Kansas
No. 17 Kansas thrashes North Dakota
Dec 31, 2011 - 11:40 PM
North Dakota vs. #18 Kansas
Lawrence, KS (Sports Network) - Thomas Robinson turned in an absolutely dominant performance on Saturday at Allen Fieldhouse.
The junior forward dropped 30 points on 10-of-14 from the floor and ripped down 21 rebounds -- eight on the offensive end of the court -- to go with four assists and a pair of steals as the 17th-ranked Kansas Jayhawks thrashed the North Dakota Fighting Sioux, 84-58.
Tyshawn Taylor finished with 18 points and five assists, while Travis Releford scored 14 points and grabbed seven boards for the Jayhawks (10-3), who have won three straight since losing to Davidson on December 19. Elijah Johnson contributed 11 points and seven assists.
Troy Huff paced the Fighting Sioux (5-8) with 16 points, while Aaron Anderson scored 11. North Dakota has lost three straight and six of its last seven.
North Dakota kept it close early, trailing by only four, 9-5, seven minutes into the opening half, but Kansas then began to put some distance between themselves and the Fighting Sioux
The Jayhwaks used a 17-7 burst to expand their lead to 26-12 with 5:17 to go in the first half. A three-pointer by Spencer Goodman halted the run to make it 26-15 in favor of the Jayhawks with 4:42 left in the opening 20 minutes of play.
Kansas then outscored North Dakota 15-9 to close out the first half, taking a 37-21 lead into the locker room.
The Jayhawks shot 48 percent from the floor and 4-of-13 from beyond the arc in the first half, while North Dakota shot 30 percent from the floor and 2-of-7 from three-point range.
Kansas opened the second half with an 18-9 run to balloon its already comfortable lead to 25, 55-30 with 14:58 to play.
A pair of free throws by Robinson with 4 1/2 minutes left matched Kansas' largest lead of the day at 29, 80-51. They coasted the rest of the way for an easy victory.
Kansas shot 49 percent in the second half, en route to outscoring the Fighting Sioux, 47-37 in the latter 20 minutes of play.
Kansas has won all three of its all-time meetings with North Dakota...Kansas' Connor Teahan finished with nine points, three rebounds and three assists...The Jayhawks shot 48 percent from the floor and 22 percent from beyond the arc, while North Dakota shot 40 percent from the field and 33 percent from three-point range...Kansas dominated on the glass, outrebounding North Dakota 42-29...Kansas struggled from the line, hitting only 18-of-31 free throw attempts.
NORTH DAKOTA: 58
KANSAS: 84
Dec 31 6:01 PM
North Dakota 3, Kansas(17) 2 1st - 15:25Dec 31 4:13 PM
NORTH DAKOTA: 0
KANSAS: 0
1st Half - 20:00
Jayhawks favored, Sooners giving chase as Big 12 play tips Dec 27
Bridges has 33, No. 2 Michigan St swats away Houston Baptist Dec 18
Top 25 roundup: Oklahoma upsets No. 3 Wichita State Dec 17
Winston helps No. 2 Michigan State beat Oakland 86-73 Dec 16
DA not filing charges over alleged assault at KU men's dorm Dec 15
Top 25 roundup: No. 16 Arizona St. jolts No. 2 Kansas Dec 11
No. 16 Arizona State upsets No. 2 Kansas in Lawrence Dec 10
Kansas holds Preston out of Kentucky game after car accident Nov 15
Kansas Preview Capsule Oct 27
Senior-led Texas schools chasing Kansas in Big 12 race Oct 24
Kansas-Missouri to renew rivalry for hurricane relief effort Oct 13
Jayhawks preparing for trip to Italy with new-look roster Jul 28

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It's that time of year again. Media outlets from across the land want to get a word in on the Army Navy Navy/Army game.
In a year like this one for both Army and Navy the go-to cliche is in play: "you can throw out the records for this one"
The game is in Washington D.C. which bills as a neutral site game, but the Washington Post is quite comfortable covering Annapolis' team.
At a time of the year when many college football players are looking ahead to the NFL draft, Navy's Alexander Teich is bracing for survival under water with his hands and feet bound. That's otherwise known as drown-proofing, and it's among the many extreme requirements confronting the senior fullback if he is to become a Navy SEAL.
Army gets a profile piece from Army.mil, not much new to find out there, but I like to see football press coming off a .mil site.
Military Times takes the historical angle with the story of the first televised instant replay.
Pointer View has a Navy/Army piece up.
and they list this week's Army/Navy Navy/Army week activities.
Sal adds in that this game has as much import as the prevous ten games combined.
Some Army fans had higher hopes for a team coming off its first winning season since 1996 with most of its skilled offensive players back. But, a schedule with eight bowl-eligible teams and key injuries to defensive end Jarrett Mackey and quarterback Trent Steelman made that goal even tougher.
The game has certainly has gravity. We knew it would be a rebuilding year, and the Black Knights' record has proved so much.
My take last year was that Army would have to generate more progress apart from the Navy game... well that progress has been minute... so now we're back to comparing Army with Navy.
Whether or not Army beats Navy next year we know Army is making progress, for now the Black Knights are going to have to quantify that progress in other terms. For at least one calendar year we've got to look to other manifestations of progress. That isn't to say Army can't compete with Navy, that is just saying that the Black Knights have to manifest more progress until the next time Army plays Navy.
I don't know what to take from this one other than, if you happen to be in DC, indulge yourself with some Army/Navy Navy/Army cupcakes while you watch A Game of Honor.
Sal has another chat up in it he answered a couple of questions of mine.
Sal is as inside as it gets with the Army team and has done another great job this year. His practice blogs go a long way to keeping fans informed.
I'm sure there's more, but I'm short on time. I'll hopefully get a chance to touch on other stuff tomorrow.
I for one really want Army to end the streak just so I can stop having to refer to it as Navy/Army, but until the Black Knights win, I'll keep referring to it as that.


text:
"A once famous and gifted child
detective, now a self-pitying man in his
early thirties who has turned to drink
and seems to be on the road to self-
destruction, is given a new lease of life
by a naïve new client whose boyfriend
has been brutally murdered, bringing
him fresh hope and a kick-start to his
adult career in the tongue-in-cheek
mystery drama The Kid Detective..."
DEPRESSED AND DISAPPOINTED WITH LIFE and drinking himself into a stupor, former celebrated precocious "Kid Detective" Abe Applebaum (Adam Brody) has grown up haunted by the case he was unable to solve back when he was just twelve-years-old, that of a missing girl.
Everybody had been counting on him to find fourteen-year-old Gracie Gulliver (Kaitlyn Chalmers-Rizzato), the mayor's daughter, who was believed to have been abducted. Unfortunately Abe's amazing sleuthing talents failed him, causing him anxiety and sleepless nights as the town's disappointment grew more palpable. Unable to cope, her distraught father took his own life.
is an intriguing, darkly
amusing and heart-felt
story of a young boy
with a very special gift
who was feted by
everyone until he was
unfairly shunned
for being unable to solve
a serious case..."
Now in his early thirties and living in a flat share, Abe is a shadow of his former self, sinking into oblivion with drink and often not even bothering to get himself dressed. His parents (Wendy Crewson and Jonathan Whittaker) are concerned about him and try to support him, but he is desperately in need of something that will help him get his life back together.
Into his office steps Caroline (Sophie Nélisse: The Book Thief), who had called on his skills years before when someone had stolen her brooch and he successfully tracked down the culprit. She now wants to find out who murdered her boyfriend Patrick (Lian McLean-Smits), whose body was found with multiple stab wounds floating in the river.
Abe throws himself into the investigation, being driven around by Caroline to visit Patrick's parents, Mr and Mrs Chang (Tzi Ma: Mulan; The Farewell) and Sharon Crandall (Airforce One), and Patrick's friend Calvin (Dallas Edwards), who tells Abe and Caroline that there were things she did not know about Patrick.
Patrick was apparently having an affair with a mystery girl, whose photograph he kept hidden. Calvin did not know who the girl was as in the photograph she was wearing nothing but a tiger mask. Abe and Caroline break into the school to search Patrick's locker, but it has already been emptied. It also appears that Patrick was using drugs.
Abe is having trouble from a former classmate, Rory Beans (Steve Gagne), whom he exposed as the thief who stole the charity money box from the school. Rory insisted he was innocent and that he had been framed.
Caroline has been finding beautifully-made paper roses in her locker for some time and was sure that Patrick was leaving them there. However, when Abe visits Gracie's mother (Deborah Tennant), he finds one in Gracie's bedroom and begins to feel it is significant to solving the case.
With little success, he follows up another train of thought. Abe becomes frustrated and begins to take drugs and is drinking again; but Caroline is not going to give up on him.
Having cleaned himself up and back on track, Abe is once again on the trail of the killer. There is a surprise in store for him as he begins to realise that clues from the past can be used to solve the current case, but will it be too late to right an injustice from the past and also solve Patrick's murder?
Abe is determined to make a success as an adult detective and turn his life around forever, but with Caroline's life at risk, and possibly his own, he will have to move quickly to discover who, in this close-knit town, is the good guy and who is the bad guy.
The Kid Detective is an intriguing, darkly amusing and heart-felt story of a young boy with a very special gift who was feted by everyone until he was unfairly shunned for being unable to solve a serious case. Can he regain the respect of the town and re-establish himself as an adult detective? Or have his talents vanished as quickly as they came?
The Kid Detective also features: Sarah Sutherland (Television's Veep) as Lucy; Alan Catlin as Mr Hepburn; Maurice Dean Wint as Constable Cleary; Peter MacNeill as Principal Erwin; Amalia Williamson as Melody Miller; Isaac Kragten as Billy; Brent Skagford as Barkeep; Kaleb Hom as Corey; and Jesse Noah Gruman as Young Abe.
Music is by Jay McCarrol; Cinematography by Mike McLaughlin; Producers are: William Woods and Jonathan Bronfman, Luke Black (Supervising) and Andrew Bronfman (Supervising); Adam Brody is an Executive Producer; and Written and Directed by Evan Morgan (A Pretty Funny Story).
* Dark comedy noir The Kid Detective is available from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment to Download and Keep from 15 March 2021 and to Rent on Digital from 29 March 2021. Certificate: 15 | Running Time: 100 Minutes Approximately.
"The Kid Detective is an intriguing, darkly amusing and heart-felt story of a young boy with a very special gift who was feted by everyone until he was unfairly shunned for being unable to solve a serious case" — **** Maggie Woods, MotorBar
**** — The Guardian


Worldwide purchase volume during the quarter was up 12% on a local currency basis versus the fourth quarter of 2013, to $858 billion. As of December 31, 2014, the company's customers had issued 2.1 billion MasterCard and Maestro-branded cards.
Overseas transactions account for a major chunk of MasterCard's transactions. MasterCard gets about 60% of its payment volumes from outside the US. In December last year, US retail sales rose by 5.5% right from Thanksgiving through Christmas Eve. This further helped boost MasterCard's financial results.
MasterCard is currently going through companywide restructuring and is expected to lay off 500 employees. MasterCard is focusing on a few growth areas, primarily investments in digital. MasterCard is also looking to expand into markets which are dominated by Visa. In November last year, MasterCard had cited plans to launch a debit card service in Canada in 2015.


IAOP is the association that brings together customers, providers and advisors in a collaborative, knowledge-based environment that promotes professional and organizational development, recognition, certification and excellence to improve business service models and outcomes.
IAOP was born, back in 2005, out of the idea there should be an association not simply for those working in outsourcing, but also that defines outsourcing as a profession in its own right. It was a good idea then, and though the industry and "outsourcing" have evolved into various collaborative approaches, it's a good idea now.
IAOP's unique characteristic—core competency—is its ability to bring together this diverse, highly collaborative and passionate group of individuals and organizations from the provider, advisor and buy-side community and provide the tools, resources and connections they need to succeed.
IAOP is truly an association for the members, by the members.
Those serving on any of IAOP's boards or committees earn 10 Continuing Education Hours (CEHs) per year toward COP recertification.
For more information on professional and corporate development, contact us.


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Seattle Now & Then: Husky Stadium, 1920
December 16, 2017 jrsherrard	Leave a comment
THEN: The Husky Stadium's basic horseshoe bleachers were barely completed in time for the transcontinental visit of the Dartmouth College team on Nov. 27, 1920. (Courtesy, Lawton Gowey)
NOW: Half time at this years Husky Utah Utes game on Nov. 18.
Ninety-seven years have passed between these two games? The game played "then" was the first in Husky Stadium, brand new in 1920 when the Dartmouth College Indians from Hanover New Hampshire beat the Huskies 28 to 7.
UW football team of 1920. Courtesy Museum of History and Industry, aka MOHAI
Besides a few points, the most important thing missing in 1920 was a bridge, a way for fans to readily get to the new stadium from the more populated south side of its intimate neighbor, the Lake Washington Ship Canal (1916). For the Dartmouth game the Huskies graduate manager, Dar Meisnest improvised a row of barges that would only temporarily block shipping. Meisnest was also a leading promoter for the Gothic Montlake Bridge first opened in 1925. It is the last of the bascules to span the canal.
Montlake Bridge construction, February 6, 1925. Courtesy Loomis Miller
Husky Stadium has also hosted a few performances without footballs. In 1923 hundreds of local pastor-led Christian thespians staged a passion play before forty thousand on a stage that filled the
Preparing for the Wayfarer at the east end of the stadium. Photo by Louis Whittelsy.
Wayfarer program
west end zone. In 1927 Charles Lindbergh buzzed the stadium in his Spirit of St. Louis, and after landing at Sandpoint took the short ride to the stadium in a yacht for a "visit" with about 30,000 admirers.
Seattle Mayor Bertha Landes with Charles Lindbergh during his 1927 tour.
For lifting spirits on the home front, civilian-defense workers produced a mock "Bombing of Seattle" by a squadron of P-38 fighters firing blanks on faux but flammable homes and businesses built and ignited on the playing field (not by the fighters) for the spectacle of destruction. The fake but fiery bombing of June 13, 1943 was well attended.
My photographs of the WWII stunt bombing having escaped me, I include above a wartime aerial of the stadium, upper-left, and the temporary student housing, center. For the faux fighting and also in 1943, or nearly, I include below a photograph of myself [p,d,] saving the world for democracy far from the front in the back yard of the Dorpat family home on Reeves Drive in Grand Forks, North Dakota. [CLICK TO ENLARGE]
For his repeat Jean chose the Husky's game with the Utah Utes on the Saturday night of November 18 last. With the last minute victory of 33 to 30, Husky quarterback Jake Browning broke the UW career record for touchdown passes (now with seventy-seven.) We wonder how many football games have been played on this gridiron since its 1920 loss to the Ivy League, and how many of those were won by the Pacific Northwest lads. Given the ripening now of another Husky centennial we expect that the athletic department's public relations statisticians will to come forth with answers by 2020.
I took a few panoramic shots of the stadium in 2013 – back when there were day games! Here's my fave:
Further back, wider angle, 2013
Anything to add, fellahs? Yup – more of the same: neighborhood shots of yore pulled for your Horatian pleasures by Ron Edge and myself.
First appeared in Pacific, July 7, 2002]
By Robert Bradley
Union Bay repose, easly 20th Century and years before the 1916 lowering of Lake Union for the ship canal. Note, between the trees, the ASUW boat house along the distant shore. It is shown again, below.
First printed in The Seattle Times on February 2, 2003
Part of the text pulled or copied from Chap. 89, Seattle Now and Then Volume Two. You can find it all on this blog – elsewhere – with a little searching. CLICK TO ENLARGE
First appeared in Pacific, June, 6, 2002.
First published in The Sunday Times on February 7, 1993.
Appeared first in The Times on January 6, 2002.
First appeared in Pacific on November 6, 2002.
Martha Owens, wife of long-time UW football coach Jim Owens, watches from the press box at half-time. A caption for the Seattle Times glossy continues, "Mrs. Owens keeps it simple. Although she is married to the coach and has been watching games for more than 20-years, Mrs. Jim (Martha) Owens isn't sure she can tall an "I formation" form a single-wing."
HIS MARK BY FISH REMARKS ON UW FOOTBALL SUBSTITUTIONS IN 1947 [October 12, 1947]
I first talked with Seattle Times humorist Byron Fish a few weeks before his death. I knew and admired his wit largely from his features with The Times. Since then I've learned more about Byron from his family and from his work as Ivar Haglund's first press agent, for the most part in the 1940s. Look for THE ILLUSTRATED IVAR later next year (2018 – or the year following) for a greater display of Fish's fine fish humor. CLICK TO ENLARGE
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Carriage Hills timeshare resort is an all-season retreat in scenic Horseshoe Valley. Enjoy year-round Carriage House Recreation Centre, which includes a large heated indoor/outdoor pool, fitness facilities, indoor and outdoor hot tubs, family programs, volleyball, basketball, and surrounding hiking trails. Winter amenities include downhill and cross-country skiing, snow tubing, snowboarding, snowshoeing, dog sledding, horse-drawn sleigh rides, winter Hummer adventure tours, and ice-skating at facilities nearby this Ontario timeshare. From May to October, enjoy shuffleboard, golf, and lessons on a championship course nearby the Canada timeshare resort.


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How do I make a frame for a piece of glass?
How do you put glass in a frame?
How do you attach glass to wood frame? Hot Glue: Hot glue is a quick and easy way to attach glass to wood. It works best on non-porous materials such as glass, but it can also be used on porous materials such as wood. The downside of hot glue is that it is not as strong as other types of glue, and it can be challenging to control.
How do I make a glass picture frame out of wood?
1 How do I make a frame for a piece of glass? – Additional Questions
1.1 How can I make a cheap frame?
1.2 How do you make a floater frame?
1.3 How do you make a fused glass picture frame?
1.4 How do you make a window frame?
1.5 How do you make a homemade picture frame?
1.6 How do you make a broken glass picture?
1.7 How do you break glass for art?
1.8 What do you need for glass art?
1.9 What is broken glass art called?
1.10 What can you do with broken glass pieces?
1.11 What do you call a person who blows glass?
1.12 What are small pieces of glass called?
1.13 What is speckled glass called?
1.14 What is not clear glass called?
1.15 What do you call glass with different colors?
1.16 Why is pink stained glass expensive?
1.17 What paints are best for glass?
1.18 What glass glows orange under black light?
1.19 What is the rarest color of Depression glass?
1.20 Can uranium glass hurt you?
1.21 Can you eat off of uranium glass?
How To Stop A Wooden Slat Bed From Creaking?
How do I make a frame for a piece of glass? – Additional Questions
How can I make a cheap frame?
How do you make a floater frame?
How do you make a fused glass picture frame?
How do you make a window frame?
How do you make a homemade picture frame?
How do you make a broken glass picture?
How do you break glass for art?
Empty the contents of the glass bottle and rinse the inside to remove any residue.
Soak the glass bottle in warm, soapy water for 10 to 15 minutes to help loosen and remove any labels that are on the bottle.
Place the bottle inside a double-layer of plastic grocery bags.
Use a hammer to break the bottle into chunks.
What do you need for glass art?
What is broken glass art called?
Cullet, broken chunks of glass or waste glass suitable for melting or remelting. Cut glass, cold decoration by cutting with an abrasive wheel.
What can you do with broken glass pieces?
Broken glass can sometimes be recycled, but councils often won't accept it in a kerbside bin, as it risks injuring workers. So you might need to take it to a bottle bank or local recycling centre. Check your local council's website or call them to ask how to dispose of glass.
What do you call a person who blows glass?
Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten glass into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a blowpipe (or blow tube). A person who blows glass is called a glassblower, glassmith, or gaffer.
What are small pieces of glass called?
shard Add to list Share. If you break a mirror, the thin sharp pieces you want to avoid are shards. A shard is simply a broken piece of metal, glass, stone, or pottery with sharp edges.
What is speckled glass called?
Stained Glass – Commonly used to describe any colored flat glass or any object made of such glass joined by metal strips. The term originally applied to the colored or clear flat glass cut to fit an artist's design, on which details were painted with a brush or pigment.
What is not clear glass called?
Frosted glass is one type of obscure glass, revealing a distorted image on the other side of the glass. It can be distinguished by its white opaque frosting, which offers a very hazy transparency. However, this is not the same as being opaque.
What do you call glass with different colors?
Dichroic glass is an iridescent effect in which the glass appears to be different colors, depending on the angle from which it is viewed. This effect is caused by applying very thin layers of colloidal metals (e.g., gold or silver) to the glass.
Why is pink stained glass expensive?
There are no dyes involved in glass colors, the glass is all melted from raw materials in weight proportions just like a recipe; this mix is called 'batch' and generally includes compounds that make up clear glass (silica [sand], soda & lime) + raw materials that add color (copper, tin, cobalt, gold, etc etc etc) +
What paints are best for glass?
Acrylic enamel paint is one of the best choices you can make because it's actually been specifically designed for long-term use on glass. Acrylic enamel has all of the benefits of acrylic paint and enamel paint respectively without any of the drawbacks such as having an oil base or being highly susceptible to damage.
What glass glows orange under black light?
Reddish orange manganese glass is sometimes called "persimmon glass." Manganese Dioxide (MnO2) was also used to decolorize glass containing iron impurities, or to stabilize the color of glass so it wouldn't shift over time. Glass that contains manganese glows green, red, orange, or peach under black light.
What is the rarest color of Depression glass?
What Color of Depression Glass is Most Valuable? Pink is the most valuable color of depression glass. It is followed closely by green and blue. Rare colors like lavender and tangerine are also worth a lot more than common colors like amber and yellow.
Can uranium glass hurt you?
Now you've exposed your innocent lambs to even more radiation, since minute traces of the uranium in the glass can leach into whatever your kids are drinking, coating their throats and stomach linings with a cool, radioactive wash.
Can you eat off of uranium glass?
"Although the amount of uranium you'll leach out of a uranium glass is pathetically small," he says, "as a general rule, [you] don't uptake radioactive material you don't have to do." In fact, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends not eating or drinking out of uranium glassware at all.
Does Baking Soda Attract Gnats?
Should Bed Sheets Be Washed In Hot Water?
Does Cleanliness Affect Mental Health?
What is the active ingredient in Pine-Sol?
Do You Need To Wash Clothes To Get Rid Of Bed Bugs?
Can You Use A Piece Of Plywood Instead Of A Box Spring?


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Q: Detecting Invalid Resource sections in PE FIles I am trying to perform certain calculations using the resources in a PE File. To do so I follow these steps:

*

*Get the RVA of Resource Section from the header
PEHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_RESOURCE].VirtualAddress

*Convert the above RVA to File Offset

*Reach to the start of Resource Section and traverse the resource tree

*Reach the leaves (actual resources) and do the calculations.
The above steps work just fine when I am dealing with proper PE Files with valid resource sections but I am unable to handle the following cases:

*

*The RVA of Resource Section is present in DataDirectory but the actual ".rsrc" section is missing

*The ".rsrc" section is present but without section header

*The ".rsrc" section is present but it's header has garbage values in either PointerToRawData or SizeOfRawData field.

*I encounter a garbage value in fields such as OffsetToData/OffsetToDirectory midway while traversing the resource tree

When met with the above situations, my code crashes with ACCESS_VIOLATION_EXCEPTIONS or produces inconsistent results.
My question is that apart from checking for NULL pointers/values, how do I handle the above cases when the resource section headers and pointers are pointing to/containing something junk.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Rain és una sèrie de televisió postapocalíptica escandinava creada per Jannik Tai Mosholt, Esben Toft Jacobsen i Christian Potalivo. Es va estrenar a la plataforma Netflix el 4 de maig de 2018. El 30 de maig del mateix any Netflix va renovar la sèrie per una segona temporada.

Argument
En el moment que un virus portat per la pluja mata la major part de les persones a Escandinàvia, els germans danesos Simone i Rasmus troben refugi en un búnquer. Sis anys més tard surten per buscar al seu pare, un científic que els va deixar al búnquer i mai va tornar. Durant el seu viatge s'afegiran a un grup de supervivents, amb qui viatjaran per Dinamarca i Suècia buscant un lloc segur, a més de seguir buscant al seu pare, que podria ser capaç de resoldre les seves preguntes i trobar una cura.

Repartiment

Principal
 Alba August com Simone Andersen
 Lucas Lynggaard Tønnesen com Rasmus Andersen
 Mikkel Følsgaard com Martin
 Lukas Løkken com Patrick
 Sonny Lindberg com Jean
 Jessica Dinnage com Lea (temporades 1-2)
 Natalie Madueño com Fie (temporades 2-3)
 Clara Rosager com Sarah (temporades 2-3)
 Evin Ahmad com Kira (temporades 2-3)
 Angela Bundalovic com Beatrice (temporada 1)
 Johannes Kuhnke com Sten, cap de Frederik

Recurrent
 Lars Simonsen com Dr. Frederik Andersen, pare de Simone i Rasmus (temporades 1-2)
 Jacob Luhmann com Thomas (temporades 1-2)
 Iben Hjejle com Ellen Andersen, mare de Simone i Rasmus (temporada 1)
 Bertil De Lorenzi com Rasmus de petit
 Rex Leonard com Daniel (temporada 3)
 Cecilia Loffredo com Luna (temporada 3)
 Annemette Andersen com Trine (temporada 3)
 Magdalena Eshaya com Martha (temporades 2-3)

Referències

Enllaços externs

Sèries de televisió de Netflix
Sèries de televisió de ciència-ficció
Sèries de televisió començades el 2018
Sèries de televisió en suec
Sèries de televisió en danès
Sèries de televisió ambientades a Suècia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Here is the legendary Supermon—a version for Upgrade (3.0 or "New ROM") and 4.0 PETs, all keyboards, all memory sizes, 40 or 80 column screens. You need not know how to program in machine language (ML) to enter this program — or to use it. In fact, exploring with Supermon, you will find that the mysterious world of your computer's own language becomes gradually understandable. You will find yourself learning ML.
Many ML programmers with PET/CBM machines feel that Supermon is the essential tool for developing programs of short to medium length. All Upgrade and 4.0 machines have a "resident" monitor; a program within the computer's ROM which allows you to type SYS 1024 and see the registers, load and save and run ML programs, or see a memory dump (a list of numbers from the computer's memory cells.) But to program or analyze ML easily, disassembler, assembler, hunt, and single-step functions are all practical necessities. Supermon provides these and more.
Even if you've never assembled a single instruction and don't know NOP from ROL, this article will lead you step-by-step through the entry and SAVE of Supermon. And even if you do not plan to explore ML right now, you might consider putting this program into your library. If you ever decide to work a bit in ML, Supermon will prove invaluable.
Type in the BASIC program (Program 1). It is the same for all versions. Then save it normally by typing SAVE "CONTROL". This program will be used later to automatically find your memory size, transfer Supermon to the top, and report to you the SYS address you use to activate it.
If you have Upgrade ROMs, you will need to correct the lines listed in Program 3 at this-point. To change line 06D0, simply type M 06D0 O6D0 and it will appear so that you can type over it and RETURN as in step 2.
Now Supermon is in your memory and you must SAVE it. Hit RETURN so that you are on a new line and type: S "SUPERMON", 01,0600, 0CCC (to SAVE to tape) or type: S "0:SUPERMON",08,0600,0CCC (to SAVE to disk drive 0).
Finally, you will want to use the Checksum program to see if you made any errors during the marathon. You probably did. but to make it as painless as possible, the Checksum program will flash through your Supermon let you know which blocks need to be corrected. So, type in Program 4 (or if you have Upgrade ROMS, use the first three lines from Program 5). SAVE Checksum just in case. Then LOAD "SUPERMON" (an ordinary LOAD as with a BASIC program will slide it in starting at address 1536, above the end of Checksum). Then RUN. Incorrect blocks will be announced. When you know where the errors are, type SYS 1024 and then M XXXX XXXX for the starting and ending addresses of the bad block. Check the numbers against Program 2 (or Program 3) and in all corrections. If, despite everything, you cannot find an error within a block, make sure that the corresponding number within the DATA statement of the Checksum program is correct. Then SAVE the good version "SUPERMON1" as in step 4. "SUPERMON1" as in step 4.
And you should be able to use all the commands listed in the Supermon Summary. If some, or all, of the commands fail to function, check the last, short block of code to see if there are any errors.
After Supermon is relocated to the top of your memory, use a ML SAVE to save it in its final form. Instructions are on screen after RUN.


If you prefer a cleaner palate, or you're a little adverse to too much pattern on the wall you can inject personality and soul with confining the more adventurous of motifs to curtains. Beautiful fabrics can enhance any room, particularly if you're willing to be bold with your choices and contrast patterns with plains or even with other patterns.
Over recent years we've seen a huge resurgence in pattern of all types, but when it comes to geometrics they never really go out of fashion, staying popular by adding to their variety; design, colour pallets and motif size.
A window can be a great place to make a statement with the type of geometric pattern you could never get away with on a wall covering or as upholstery. Geometric curtains also compliment artwork really well and can help marry a room together.
Strong patterns like these aren't just to be confined to a statement cushion. If you are bold with the fabric and use them on a big space the pattern somehow softens. If you don't believe us check out these two amazing and very different types of geometric curtains in very different spaces.
Here's a bold orange hexagon geometric used in a yellow retro room. Up close the pattern is very intense, but once used on this scale, it becomes less loud and more 50s chic.
Not all geometrics have to be used in a vintage way. This silk geometric adds a contemporary and elegant look to this traditional Victorian room where a floral or plain could have dated it.


Huawei Mate S2 is a high-end upcoming Smartphone to be announced in September 2016. This handset is a successor to the Huawei Mate S.
This device is said to feature force touch display.
This phone is said to sport 5.5-inch AMOLED FHD screen display. The display has a resolution of 1080 by 1920 pixels, a density of 401 pixels per inch and 16 Million color support. The display will have the Force Touch technology in some markets.
This device will operate on Android 6.0 Marshmallow with EMUI laid on top, powered by 2.6GHz Kirin 960 octa-core processor processor.
This phone comes with 4GB RAM support.
Supported networks include 3G/4G LTE. Other connectivity features are GPS, Bluetooth, NFC, USB, WIFI & Wi-Fi hotspot including FM radio.
It has an autofocus 16MP rear camera with dual-LED flash and video capture. It also has 8MP front camera with LED flash.
This model features 3500mAh non-removable battery.


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We are still several months away from the release of Grant Theft Auto V but that long wait is not stopping developer and publisher Rockstar Games from revealing what the box cover artwork will look like when their latest game in the open world action series is released for Sony's PlayStation 3 and Microsoft's Xbox 360 on September 17th.
Rockstar used its Twitter page to reveal the GTA V artwork today, and like previous games in the series, the box art is a collage of different characters and situations that gamers can encounter in Rockstar's virtual world. This time the action takes place in and around the city of Los Santos, a loose approximation of Los Angeles.
Painters in the real New York City were actually trying to create the box art cover on the side of a Manhattan building this past weekend, according to Kotaku, under the guidance of Rockstar.
There's still no official word if PC gamers will be able to play a version of GTA V, although there are hints that such a port is in the works. The game will be coming out just a few weeks before the launch of Sony's PlayStation 4 console and, maybe, the next Xbox console from Microsoft.


It's that time again! All the snow has melted and low and behold there is an actual driveway leading to your garage! It's the perfect time to rummage through your home to find items you aren't using anymore and pass them on to new owners.
Holding a garage sale can seem like a stressful burden, but it doesn't have to be. Follow these simple tips to put on the best garage sale your block has seen in years! After it's all said and done, you'll have a nice chunk of change to add to your savings account.
The first thing to figure out is what are you going to be selling. Search the vast corners of your house for things to sell, everywhere from the storage in your basement to the bottom depths of your closet.
Items to consider are clothes, toys, old baby supplies, sports equipment, cooking appliances, books, DVDs, and furniture. Remember, garage sales are a perfect way to get rid of those sweaters grandma bought you for Christmas or the sports equipment laying around in your garage. Clear out the clutter!
After you've gathered your items, organize them into separate categories, create signs to help shoppers navigate the sale (i.e. Books, Small T-shirts) and price everything (fairly).
Once you've organized, make sure you stop at the bank to get some spare cash to make change for customers, including coins!
Don't forget the last step that will make or break your garage sale: Advertising! Make sure you get the word out that you'll be throwing the best garage sale in town! Newspapers are handy for this, as well as craigslist and Front Porch Forum. Then, on the day of your sale, get up early and to put up beautiful signs around your block, leading the way to your garage sale.
Last but not least, always make sure you have some help. Having a few helpers around will help you keep an eye on the sale and allow for more hands to help your lovely patrons.


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