text:
The microsegmentation of the autism spectrum: research project
Economic research on autism and implications for Scotland, including how the economic cost of autism can inform strategy and planning.
5 Intellectual Ability And Disability Across The Spectrum
Contents By Subheading
3 Scoping Exercise
4 Study 1: The Prevalence Of Autism Spectrum Disorders
6 Prevalence And Intellectual Ability: The Scottish Context
7 The Scottish Autism Survey
8 The Economic Impact Of Autism Spectrum Disorders In Scotland
9 Segmenting The Autism Spectrum
10 The Escapable Costs Of Autism: Microsegmentation And Future Research And Provision For ASD In Scotland
Annex: The Scottish Autism Survey
5.1 A brief summary of the centrality of intellectual ability as an outcome predictor for individuals with autism spectrum disorders was provided in Chapter 3. This chapter develops this theme and the wider question of the distribution of intellectual ability and disability in ASD. It also sets out the results of the research carried out for this study in terms of a systematic review and meta-analysis of this area.
5.2 IQ is the most robust predictor of outcome and level of service needs in ASD, especially in terms of whether or not an individual has an intellectual disability. This has been demonstrated over a considerable period in a large number of outcome, economic and other studies (Beadle-Brown et al., 2000, 2006; Billstedt et al., 2005; Fein et al., 2013; Gillberg & Steffenburg, 1987; Howlin, 2004; Järbrink & Knapp, 2001; Knapp et al., 2009; Lockyer & Rutter, 1970; Lotter, 1974). Three broad groupings may serve as a useful guide in terms of intellectual status. First, there are those with IQ below 50, that is, those with intellectual disability at moderate or more severe level; second, there are those with IQ in the range 50-70, that is, those with levels compatible with mild intellectual disability; third, there are those with IQ 70+, that is, those without an intellectual disability. The last group includes individuals who have received diagnoses both of Asperger's Syndrome and of childhood autism. The term 'high functioning autism' requires caution as it has been used variously to mean (a) individuals with IQ in the average range or above (see, for example, Kumar, 2013) or more broadly, and more commonly, (b) all who do not have an intellectual disability (see, for example, Lake, Perry, & Lunsky, 2014).
5.3 It has been consistently demonstrated that the poorest outcomes are for those with IQ below 50. Very few such individuals achieve good functioning in adulthood, whether in terms of social competence, being in any form of employment or having any meaningful degree of independent living (Billstedt et al., 2005; Gillberg & Steffenburg, 1987; Lockyer & Rutter, 1970; Lotter, 1974).
5.4 In relation to those in the IQ range 50 to 70, outcomes are also on the whole poor, but with progressive change at this higher level. Howlin et al. (2004) followed up 68 individuals with autism and IQ above 50, from mean age seven to mean age 29 years. Outcome measures included standardised cognitive, language and attainment tests and assessment of social, communication and behavioural problems. Although a minority had achieved relatively high levels of independence, most remained very dependent on their families or other support services. Few lived alone, had close friends, or permanent employment. Communication generally was impaired, and reading and spelling abilities were poor. Stereotyped behaviours or interests frequently persisted into adulthood. Ten individuals had developed epilepsy. Overall, 12% were rated as having a very good outcome, while the majority had a poor (46%) or very poor (12%) outcome.
5.5 The pattern changes again for those without intellectual disability, in the IQ range 70+. In the study by Howlin et al. (2004), of 44 individuals with IQ 70+ for whom data were available, 16% had outcomes rated as very good, 16% good, 20% fair and 45% poor or very poor. Overall, the mean Verbal (V)/Performance (P) IQ levels for the whole of the sample in relation to outcomes were: good/very good, V95/P99; fair, V 85/P77; poor/very poor, V65/P38.
5.6 A number of recent studies have focussed on a sector of the population diagnosed with ASD who later 'lose their diagnosis, or who otherwise have such favourable outcomes that they are no longer autism service users. Fein et al. (2013) reported on 34 individuals with optimal outcome, defined as 'losing all symptoms of ASD in addition to the diagnosis, and functioning within the non-autistic range of social interaction and communication'. All were high functioning, with mean IQ in the high average range, and none with IQ below 80. While they had milder early social impairments than a matched high functioning autism group who did not have optimal outcome, their early profiles for communication and repetitive behaviours were similar.
5.7 In summary, measured intellectual ability has primacy as a determinant of outcome in autism. The scope for overall outcomes to improve from very poor through to very good increases from the more severe levels of intellectual disability, through mild intellectual disability, to the levels of normal functioning seen in those diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome or high functioning autism. In addition, those with higher IQ show the greatest increases in skills over time (Beadle-Brown et al., 2006).
5.8 This has major implications for economic impact and the level of service provision required. In a UK study, Knapp et al. (2009) calculated that the lifetime economic cost for someone with autism and intellectual disability was approximately half as much again as for someone without intellectual disability. The costs were calculated at £0.80 million and £1.23 million respectively. A subsequent study by Buescher et al. (2014) revised these costs to £0.92 million and £1.23 million respectively, while comparable lifetime figures for the US were $1.4 million with intellectual disability and $2.4 million without intellectual disability. The availability of accurate figures for the proportion of individuals with autism who have an additional intellectual disability is therefore crucial in its relation to economic impact and to planning of service provision, and even a small variation in the figures used would have very significant economic impact.
5.9 However, a perusal of the literature in this field indicates the almost imponderable difficulty of establishing figures with any degree of confidence. For example, in an economic study by Järbrink and Knapp (2001) it was assumed that 75% of people with autism have intellectual disability, whereas in the further study by Knapp et al. (2009) the figure used was 55%, this change resulting largely from a broader view of autism. For the Buescher et al. (2014) study the estimate was placed at anywhere between 40% and 60%.
5.10 The high levels of variability in the estimates of intellectual disability within the autism spectrum may be attributed to two main factors. The first of these is the time at which the study was conducted. For example, Billstedt et al. (2005), in their population-based, 13-22 year follow-up study of 120 people diagnosed with ASD in the 1970s and 1980s, reported that 82% had ID. This reflected the comparatively limited availability of diagnostic facilities for ASD at that time, which have expanded considerably through the years. When facilities are scarce smaller numbers are diagnosed, and these are likely to be the more severe cases among whom intellectual disability will be more prevalent.
5.11 In addition, the definition of what constitutes autism has expanded significantly from the early view of classical autism as a rare condition to the emergence of the much broader concept that became the autism spectrum (Wing & Gould, 1979). Thereafter, the death of Hans Asperger in 1980 and the renewed interest in his work with Wing's (1981) clinical account of 'Asperger's Syndrome', followed by Frith's (1991) translation of his work into English, led to the inclusion of Asperger's in the diagnostic classification systems from the early 1990s onwards (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; World Health Organization, 1992). Most of the sample studied by Billstedt et al. (2005) had a diagnosis of autistic disorder, and of the remainder who were described as having 'atypical autism', almost all were re-diagnosed later as having autistic disorder.
5.12 Early studies of Asperger's Syndrome indicated a prevalence exceeding that of childhood autism itself (Ehlers & Gillberg, 1993), and since by definition these were individuals who did not have any clinically significant general delay in cognitive development it was clear that their inclusion must have the effect of reducing estimated proportions of intellectual disability in ASD. While we have not found it possible to establish separate prevalence figures for Asperger's Syndrome owing to a lack of studies of sufficient methodological rigour, the figure of 36/10,000 cited in the Ehlers and Gillberg (1993) study is likely to be an underestimate. It was Gillberg's view in relation to that study that the figure cited could have been doubled by taking a less strict diagnostic threshold and by including the cases which the authors listed as 'suspected' or 'possible' Asperger's Syndrome as well as those described as 'definite' (C. Gillberg, personal communication, 7 November, 2014).
5.13 The second factor accounting for the variability in estimates of intellectual disability in ASD is aspects of study methodology. Significant issues include the methods used to determine intellectual status and sample size and representativeness. The age of the sample is of importance, since younger children are likely to include higher proportions with intellectual disability. It is the more severe cases who are diagnosed youngest, with much later average age of diagnosis for the more able children who do not show language or cognitive delay (Howlin & Asgharian, 1999).
5.14 In relation to methodological issues, the figure of 55% with ID used by Knapp et al. (2009) was based on the Baird et al. (2006) estimate. Subsequent to that time, Charman et al. (2011) provided an analysis of the same dataset from the specific standpoint of IQ. They state regarding a particular limitation to this sample: 'the decision to only screen cases with a local clinical diagnosis and/or children with a statement of SEN means that we will not have captured all higher IQ children with an ASD' (p.625). This is borne out by the fact that the statement of special educational needs is a legal document for children requiring substantial additional support in school in England. Not all children with ASD require such substantial support and therefore those with a statement are likely to represent those with more severe difficulties. In addition, selection was from those who were willing to be followed up, and it is not known whether these were representative in terms of severity. The implication therefore is that the removal of this methodological limitation would result in a lower occurrence of ID in the ASD population.
5.15 The present study reports a systematic review of peer-reviewed published studies of distribution of intellectual disability in ASD using meta-analysis to provide a weighted, pooled estimate to inform statistical modelling and economic analysis. The online journal databases 'Medline', 'PsychInfo' and 'PsychArticles' were searched for English-language, peer-reviewed papers published since 31 December 2002 which investigated, or commented upon, the IQ of individuals with ASD, or the level and presence of intellectual disability amongst this population. The database search returned papers which included 'child developmental disorders' or 'pervasive' (a term which covered all terms relating to pervasive developmental disorders) as well as any of the following terms in the main body of the article: IQ, intelligence, cognitive disability, cognitive impairment, learning disability, learning difficulty, WAIS, WISC, Stanford-Binet, Vineland, British Picture Vocabulary Scale.
5.16 The initial search (Stage 1) returned 68,651 results (40,315 from Medline and 28,336 from PsychInfo, with no unique articles identified from PsychArticles), validating both the databases searched and the terms used. The majority of the papers identified in Stage 1 (n = 68,613) were removed from further analysis as they did not contain primary data relating to the intelligence levels or intellectual disability status of individuals with ASD (Stage 2). The literature reviews and reference lists of the remaining 38 papers were searched for mentions of previously unidentified studies. No unique, previously unidentified papers, were found as part of this process.
5.17 These 38 papers were scrutinised for relevance and quality using 11-point data extraction forms (a copy of which is shown at Appendix B.2). Quality assessments of the studies were based on the grading of five key factors concerning the level of detail studies had provided about the sample from which the IQ data were collected, the diagnostic criteria used, the tools and professionals involved in diagnosis, sample size and representativeness, the methods used for collecting IQ data and the assessment measures used. The grading criteria used to assess these aspects of a study's methodology are also shown in Appendix B.1.
5.18 Quality assessments were carried out by two of the authors following training on a random set of seven papers from the 38 reaching Stage 3 of the paper selection process. Following this, these authors then independently coded a further random sample of 6 papers (17% of the total). They agreed on all of the papers that were to be excluded at this stage, and overall there was a 95% level of agreement between the independently coded quality of evidence scores (score range 0 – 20). The final coding of the 5% of cases which were the subject of disagreement was agreed upon by both authors following detailed discussions regarding the papers concerned.
5.19 Following the data extraction stage of analysis, 33 of the papers were removed from the final analysis (Stage 3) as they had (a) based their analysis on samples considered to be unrepresentative or skewed (n = 14); (b) used non-standardised measures of IQ (n = 4); (c) reported only mean IQ scores for an entire ASD sample (problematic in that in this context overall mean scores would be heavily influenced by the proportion of higher and lower functioning ASD cases within each sample; n = 12); (d) failed to provide important methodological details relating to recruitment and the diagnostic process (n = 2); or (e) based their analysis of a sample of less than 30 (n = 1). The remaining 5 papers were included in a meta-analysis.
Figure 5.1 Flowchart for IQ paper selection process
5.20 Methodological details of the five studies included in the final meta-analysis are shown in Table 5.1. Of these five studies, two provided IQ data only in relation to those with a diagnosis of childhood autism (Honda, Shimizu, and Nitto, 2005 and Oliveira et al. 2007), two provided data relating to individuals across the spectrum (Ellefsen, Kampmann, Billstedt, Gillberg, & Gillberg, 2007 and Keen & Ward, 2004) and one provided IQ data relating to a PDD population (Chakrabarti & Fombonne, 2005). Figure 5.1 presents a PRISMA flow chart summarising the paper selection process.
5.21 The five studies were carried out in four different countries (the United Kingdom, the Faroe Islands, Japan and Portugal), and the size of the samples that IQ data were collected from ranged between 41 and 138 (m = 98.2, SD = 36.55). All of the studies collected IQ data from children and young adults within the age range up to 17, although the data provided by three of the studies (Chakrabarti & Fombonne, 2005, Honda et al., 2005 and Oliveira et al., 2007) related only to children under the age of nine.
5.22 All five studies collected their data as part of a larger investigation into the prevalence of ASD. To confirm the diagnoses identified as part of these prevalence investigations, two studies used DSM-IV criteria (Chakrabarti & Fombonne, 2005; Oliveria et al., 2007) while three used ICD-10 criteria (Ellefsen et al., 2007; Honda et al., 2005; Keen & Ward, 2004). However, there were some differences in the methods used to assess and obtain levels of IQ as shown in Table 5.1 below.
5.23 Random effects meta-analyses using the non-parametric method of moments (Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothstein, 2009) were carried out on weighted logit-transformed event rates of intellectual disability ( ID).
Table 5.1 Summary of the samples assessed by the five studies and the measures of IQ used
Diagnoses included in sample
IQ measures used
Other ASD
Chakrabarti & Fombonne (2005)
WPPSI, Merrill-Palmer Scale & Griffiths Mental Development Scale
Ellefsen et al. (2007)
WISC-R & DISCO*
Honda et al. (2005)
Stanford-Binet (Japanese version)
Keen & Ward (2004)
BAS, WISC-III & WPPSI
Oliveira et al. (2007)
Griffiths Mental Development Scale & WISC-III
*Used for estimating IQ when other tests could not be completed.
5.24 Table 5.2 below provides details of the distribution of IQ scores in these five studies. The number of individuals in these studies with IQ scores of (a) less than or equal to 49; (b) 50-69; and (c) greater than or equal to 70 are shown. The 95% CIs for the sub-total and grand total means are also reported. As the table reveals, some 55% of the individuals in these studies had IQ scores <70.
Table 5.2 Distribution of IQ scores across the five studies included in the final meta-analysis
Distribution of IQs by Study
IQ < 49
IQ 50 - 69
IQ > 70
331 93 (28.10%) (95% CI 23.26%-32.94%) 55 (16.62%) (95% CI 12.61%-20.63%) 183 (55.29%) (95% CI 49.93%-60.65%)
451 248 (54.99%)
(95% CI 50.40%-59.58%) 203 (45.01%)
(95% CI
40.42%-49.60%)
5.25 Figure 5.2 below shows the forest plots (point estimates of the proportion of individuals in each study with ID and associated 95% confidence intervals) which show the level of variability in the estimate for each study.
Figure 5.2 Summary of random effects meta-analysis of ID event rates from 5 final studies
Figure 5.3 Funnel plot of standard error by point estimate of ID event rates from a random effects model showing 95% confidence intervals.
Logit event rate
5.26 The results revealed an overall pooled ID event rate of 0.522 (95% CI 0.280-0.754), based upon a weighted logit analysis. However, high levels of heterogeneity were observed (Q=90.87, df=4, I 2=95.60, τ 2=1.32), as revealed by a funnel plot of logit event rate of ID by standard error shown in Figure 5.3.
5.27 A moderator analysis was carried out to investigate the heterogeneity. A comparison of the two studies with samples more representative of lower functioning individuals with autism (Honda et al., 2005; Oliveira et al., 2007) with the remaining three studies which analysed samples more representative of the autism spectrum as a whole was carried out (see also Table 5.2 for further details of the distribution of IQ scores in these studies). The findings revealed a significant difference (Q =88.14, df = 1, p = .0001) between a pooled mean ID event rate of 79.2% (95% CI 73.2 – 84.2) for the studies focussing on those with autism and a pooled mean ID event rate of 32.7% (95% CI 27.0 – 38.9) for those studies focussing on the whole autism spectrum.
5.28 On the basis of the above, the following figures are noted for the distribution of IQ scores for the three studies focussing on the whole autism spectrum: (a) less than or equal to 49 (moderate to severe ID), n = 47 (19.9%); (b) 50-69 (mild ID), n = 30 (12.7%); and (c) greater than or equal to 70 (no ID), n = 159 (67.4%). It was not possible to calculate comparable figures in relation to those with autism alone as there were only two studies and the larger of these did not provide a breakdown of scores of those with ID.
5.29 The accurate assessment of intellectual ability is of considerable importance in relation to autism spectrum disorders. In diagnostic terms it has been necessary since the publication of the current classification systems in the early 1990s in order to determine specific criteria for Asperger's Syndrome, which requires no clinically significant delay in cognitive function. Since the publication of DSM 5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), together with the anticipated publication of ICD-11, and the resultant abandonment of the separate diagnostic categories of childhood autism, Asperger's Syndrome and atypical autism, it is more rather than less important. The new category of autism spectrum disorder requires an axial classification involving intellectual function in every case, being defined in terms of the dimensions of presence or absence of an intellectual disorder and of functional language, together with whether there has been loss of previously acquired skills.
5.30 The studies included in this meta-analysis met rigorous standards in regard to diagnostic criteria, diagnostic procedures, sample size, statistical analysis and all other relevant aspects of methodology. There were some limitations to the investigation, however. The final sample size of papers was small, which impacted on the statistical power and generalisability of the moderator analyses. There may have been additional relevant papers which were not included in the databases searched. In addition, the paper selection process focussed only on English language papers, and it is possible that there were additional relevant papers published in other languages or in non-peer reviewed sources. Further, our final analysis only included studies from four countries (the UK, the Faroe Islands, Japan and Portugal). However, as noted in Chapter 4, para. 4.41, there was no evidence to suggest that there were regional variations in the prevalence estimates associated with ASD.
5.31 Any attempt to consider the distribution of intellectual ability and disability within the autism spectrum raises a number of issues. First, there is the issue of IQ measurement and its meaning. Many different measures are used across studies of intelligence. The five final studies included in this analysis used one or more of four main assessment approaches in deriving IQs – tests in the Stanford tradition (Stanford-Binet, Merrill-Palmer), the Wechsler scales, the British Ability Scales and the Griffiths Mental Development Scale. Each of these approaches the measurement of ability in ways that reflect theoretical and practical differences.
5.32 The Stanford-Binet scales represent a continuation of the original intelligence tests which developed from the work of Alfred Binet in the early 1900s. From a wide range of subtests they produce an overall IQ based on 'mental age'. The Stanford-Binet (Japanese version) was used in one of the five studies (Honda et al., 2005). Merrill played a central role in the early revisions of the Stanford-Binet, for which the Merrill-Palmer was designed as a largely non-verbal substitute, with additional discriminatory facility for younger children and for those with intellectual disability. It includes verbal items where appropriate and is suitable for use up to age six. It too was used in one of the five final studies (Chakrabarti & Fombonne, 2005).
5.33 The Wechsler tests in their various revisions, including the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence ( WPPSI) for younger children, are the most widely used intelligence tests in the world (Camara, Nathan, and Puente, 2000) and have gained wide recognition as representing the 'gold standard' for this purpose (Hunt, 2011). They were designed as a more refined alternative to the Stanford-Binet scales, and in addition to providing a Full Scale IQ they gave separate scales for a Verbal IQ and a Performance IQ. They were later developed further to provide a cognitive profile with separate scores for Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. Wechsler tests were used in four of the final five studies (Chakrabarti & Fombonne, 2005; Ellefsen et al., 2007; Keen & Ward, 2004; Oliveira et al., 2007).
5.34 The British Ability Scales aimed to provide more sophistication and theoretical rigour than tests in the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler traditions. They yielded individually interpretable subtests, divided into 'core', 'diagnostic' and 'achievement' domains. Only those tests that measured the most complex cognitive processes, the core scales, were considered to provide the best estimates of g or general intelligence, and they were used to produce a General Cognitive Ability ( GCA) score. This was taken to be a purer measure of g than the composites of other batteries which included all cognitive tests in their final figure irrespective of their g loading (Elliott, 1997). It was felt that in the Wechsler scales, for example, weaknesses in diagnostic tests such as those for working memory, which is frequently impaired in autism, could artificially depress overall scores. The British Ability Scales were used in one of the five final tests (Keen & Ward, 2004).
5.35 The Griffiths Mental Development Scale was designed to provide an overall developmental level for children from birth, the original version covering only from birth to two years, but subsequently extended to eight years. Its items overlap considerably with subtests on general intelligence tests and are divided into six scales: locomotor, personal/social, language, eye-hand coordination, performance and practical reasoning. Its General Quotient ( GQ) has been found at age three to be a good predictor of IQ at age five (Bowen et al., 1996). It was used in two of the final five tests. Chakrabarti and Fombonne (2005) used it in only six cases in order to derive IQ scores where these were not otherwise available, and Oliveira et al. (2007) used it for children with lower cognitive ability.
5.36 In addition to the different approaches outlined to assessing intelligence using wide-ranging intelligence tests, there is the further question of the extent to which such tests provide accurate measures of actual ability in ASD. The greater the range of functions measured the more likely it is that these will reflect functions which are known to be compromised in autism. The example of working memory has already been noted, but in addition the Wechsler scales assess processing speed, social comprehension and other areas in which people with autism are likely to have lower scores. From the late 1930s Raven designed a much more clearly-defined testing format using two tests designed to measure the key aspects of g – eductive ability (the ability to forge new insights, to discern meaning in confusion, to perceive, to identify relationships, in short, the ability to generate new, largely non-verbal concepts which make it possible to think clearly) and reproductive ability (the ability to recall, and use, a culture's store of explicit, verbalised concepts). These tests covered the whole child and adult age range from five years and upwards: the Crichton or Mill Hill Vocabulary Scales, and the Coloured or Standard Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1966; Raven, Raven, & Court, 1998).
5.37 Dawson, Souliéres, Gernsbacher and Mottron (2007) assessed a sample of 38 autistic children and 13 autistic adults using Raven's Progressive Matrices and found that they scored significantly higher than on Wechsler scales. These differences were not found in non-autistic controls. They concluded that the intelligence of individuals with autism is being underestimated. At the same time it is appropriate to note that a 'pure' test of non-verbal reasoning such as the Matrices may not indicate how an individual with autism will actually function at a practical level, because the weaknesses which are identified on wide-ranging intelligence tests like the Wechsler scales highlight functional abilities that are necessary for day-to-day performance.
5.38 Despite the differences in approaches to the measurement of ability in the final studies included in this analysis, they all have in common the fact that they serve as wide-ranging tests which measure recognised cognitive skills and developmental levels and which are able to yield a composite score designed to reflect general ability. Nevertheless, the fact that there is no single measure of intelligence used in all studies of autism and intellectual ability is a factor which needs to be taken into account in assessing results.
5.39 Second, there is the issue of age, for which two relevant factors must be considered. The first relates to the reliability of IQ measures at different periods. It has long been established that tests taken at about age six show a high correlation with results obtained in later years. In an early study, Jones and Bayley (1941) found that IQ at age six had a .77 correlation with IQ at age 18, rising to .89 for the period age 12 to age 18. Nevertheless, the average change in the latter period still amounted to seven IQ points. Comparable findings were reported in a later study by Moffitt, Caspi, Harkness and Silva (1993). However, correlations become decreasingly lower with lower age of testing (Flensborg-Madsen & Mortensen, 2015). The second factor relates to the age of the sample in terms of how representative it is of the autism spectrum. As it is the most severe cases who are diagnosed youngest, with those who have no cognitive or linguistic delay being diagnosed later, very young samples are likely to include children with lower levels of ability.
5.40 Third, there is the issue of seeking to establish a more differentiated breakdown of IQ within the broad category of intellectual disability. Such a breakdown has practical utility given the differential outcomes based on whether there is moderate to severe ID (scores less than 50), mild ID (scores from 50-69) or no ID (scores at or above 70) (Billstedt et al., 2005; Gillberg & Steffenburg, 1987; Howlin et al., 2004; Lockyer & Rutter, 1970; Lotter, 1974). This must be done with caution owing to the small number of studies available and the relatively low sample size. Our best current estimate across the whole autism spectrum are the figures we have cited of 19.9% moderate to severe ID, 12.7% mild ID and 67.4% with no intellectual disability.
5.41 There are significant difficulties surrounding any attempt to establish precise figures for the spread of intellectual ability and disability in ASD. While a large number of studies contain information relevant to intellectual functioning, few have reliable data in terms of how such functioning has been assessed, how data have been gathered or how representative the samples are of individuals on the autism spectrum. Studies are also marked on the whole by small sample size, and many focus on special populations such as those admitted to hospitals.
5.42 In conclusion, the estimate of the percentage of individuals with ASD and a co-occurring diagnosis of intellectual disability of 32.7% (95% CI 27.0 – 38.9) best takes into account the representativeness of the sampling across the autism spectrum of the included studies in this review.
5.43 Although this figure is significantly lower than figures previously reported, we would propose that it is intuitively accurate in terms of the known clinical parameters of ASD. The earliest studies reported the highest level of ID in the ASD population as they were based on more severe cases and on a narrow definition of autism. The expansion of diagnostic resources facilitated the inclusion of less severe and higher-functioning cases, and the inclusion of Asperger's Syndrome significantly changed the ASD landscape in terms of proportions with ID. The acknowledgement by Charman et al. (2011) that the figure of 55% with ID proposed by Baird et al. (2006) would not have taken account of all higher-functioning cases provides further confirmation that the true figure was likely to be a lower one.
5.44 Finally, by way of caveat, it should be noted that the figures yielded by this study are based upon data from a small number of individuals and sources and much of the research identified through our systematic review reported IQ only as part of a small-scale study. Given that IQ is a strong predictor of outcomes for individuals with ASD, and the implications for planning and service provision, there is a need for further large-scale research studies of the co-occurrence of ID and ASD.
Annette Pyle


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text:
Amid Ongoing Liquidity Crisis, Union Budget 2019 is a Sight of Relief for NBFCs
The minister acknowledged the efforts of the NBFCs, who play an important role in sustaining consumption demand as well as capital formation among the MSMEs
Vanita D'souza
Senior Correspondent, Entrepreneur India
July 5, 2019 4 min read
It's been months since the Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India were facing issues with special thanks to the on-going liquidity crisis. But the Union Budget 2019 bought in some good news for the industry.
Nirmala Sitharaman, the first full-time women finance minister of the country, while presenting her maiden budget acknowledged the efforts of the NBFCs, who play an important role in sustaining consumption demand as well as capital formation among the MSMEs.
Sitharaman went on to announce key initiatives to support NBFCs. Here are some as follows:
Steady Flow of Funds
In light of the ongoing liquidity crisis, several NBFCs complained that they couldn't raise funds from banks and mutual funds. However, Sitharaman believes that fundamentally sound NBFCs should continue to gets funds without being unduly risk-averse.
"For purchase of high-rated pooled assets of financially sound NBFCs, amounting to a total of INR 1 lakh crore during the current financial year, the government will provide one time six months' partial credit guarantee to Public Sector Banks for first loss of up to 10%, " she announced.
Additionally, to raise funds in public issues, NBFCs are no longer required to create Debenture Redemption Reserve (DRR).
"NBFCs which do the public placement of debt have to maintain a Debenture Redemption Reserve (DRR) and in addition, a special reserve as required by RBI, has also to be maintained. To allow NBFCs to raise funds in public issues, the requirement of creating a DRR, which is currently applicable for only public issues as private placements are exempt, will be done away with," she added.
Sameer Aggarwal, Founder & CEO, RevFin says credit provided by NBFCs drives growth in consumption and hence the GDP. Liquidity in the NBFC sector has been constrained for several months now. The Finance Minister has tried to resolve this.
"Recapitalization of banks to the tune of INR. 70,000 crores. As banks are a major source of funding for NBFCs, the capital infusion in banks will provide much-needed liquidity to NBFCs. Second, the government would provide partial loan guarantees on 10 per cent of losses up to Rs. 1lakh crores on high-rated pooled assets. This guarantee will provide banks with the required safety net to infuse liquidity into the NBFC sector," he added.
Strengthening RBI's Authority
Even though, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the regulator for NBFCs, the apex bank's authority is limited to a certain extent.
Having said, Sitharaman said that appropriate proposals for strengthening the regulatory authority of RBI over NBFCs are being placed in the Finance Bill.
Access to TReDs platform
In other to get more action on TReDs platform, the finance minister also announced the ministry to amend the Factoring Regulation Act, 2011.
This allows all NBFCs to discount invoice on TReDs platform. The move will also several MSMEs to raise funds.
"Allowing all NBFCs to participate in TREDS is a great move for the sector, this will greatly help several MSMEs in accessing supply chain finance at a competitive cost and great ease," Manish Lunia, Co-founder, FlexiLoans.com shared.
Tax-based Proposals
Furthermore, in the case of income from interest on bad or doubtful debts, NBFCs are charged tax on an accrual basis. However, in case of other financial institutions such as the scheduled banks, public financial institutions, cooperative banks, etc, tax is charged on receipt basis.
With Budget 2019, Sitharaman has now extended this facility.
"To provide a level playing field, it is proposed that interest on bad or doubtful debts in the case of deposit-taking NBFC and systemically important non-deposit-taking NBFC shall be charged to tax on receipt basis. It is also proposed to provide that deduction of such interest shall be allowed to the payer on actual payment," the finance minister noted.
Union Budget Invests into Startups: Premium or Undervalued
#Budget2019: Indian Start-ups Can Rejoice as Gov Announces Relief from Angel Tax & Income Tax Scrutiny
The Budget For Youth: #5 'Education'al Surprises From Nirmala Sitharaman
Budget 2019: Digital to Incentivize the Ease of Living
Budget 2019: Here's The Full List Of What Got Costly and What Got Cheap!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.flowable.job.service;

import org.flowable.job.api.Job;
import org.flowable.job.service.impl.persistence.entity.JobEntity;
import org.flowable.job.service.impl.persistence.entity.TimerJobEntity;
import org.flowable.variable.api.delegate.VariableScope;

/**
 * @author Tijs Rademakers
 */
public interface InternalJobManager {

    void registerScopedInternalJobManager(String scopeType, InternalJobManager internalJobManager);

    VariableScope resolveVariableScope(Job job);

    boolean handleJobInsert(Job job);

    void handleJobDelete(Job job);

    void lockJobScope(Job job);

    void clearJobScopeLock(Job job);

    void preTimerJobDelete(JobEntity jobEntity, VariableScope variableScope);

    void preRepeatedTimerSchedule(TimerJobEntity timerJobEntity, VariableScope variableScope);

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We're taking partial credit here – just like Allen Kessler did – for Nick Pupillo's win at the WSOP Circuit Main Event at Thunder Valley.
Pupillo earned $170 while defeated a field of 528 entries to take home the inaugural WSOP Circuit Thunder Valley Main Event title, just a few days after racking up $217k in the WPT Borgata $600 kickoff (yeah, $217k in a $600 buyin, and that was for 2nd, whoa).
I called the win for Pupillo with 35 players left, taking Cleveland Dann Turner as my other potential champ with Jed Hoffman my 3-slot pick. Pupillo took the title, defeating Turner heads-up, while Hoffman grabbed 5th place. I may need a new job title as official poker handicapper, but that's another story.
Having 'Home Field Advantage,' helped as well, being the in-house live updates reporter for Thunder Valley, Peppermill and HPT, I've seen these players compete often the last 5 years.
Catch up with all the reporting from the Thunder Valley Main Event here, starting with the overall results.
Have something to say? Post Your comment below.


Our passion lies in creating customized, innovative solutions to help provide our clients with financial peace of mind today and for all the tomorrows to come. We accomplish this through a comprehensive assessment of your situation to provide you with a sustainable plan to meet your needs.
Hometown Investments & Insurance Services specializes in providing financial & retirement planning services, estate & college planning and individual insurance to help our clients reach their financial goals.
Securities offered through Registered Representatives of Cambridge Investment Research, Inc., a broker-dealer, member FINRA/SIPC. Advisory services through Cambridge Investment Research Advisors, Inc., a Registered Investment Adviser. Cambridge and Hometown Investments & Insurance Services, LLC are not affiliated. This communication is strictly intended for individuals residing in the states of AZ, IA, MN, MT, PA and WI.


text:
Ametrodiplosis primorskii är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Fedotova och Vasily S. Sidorenko 2004. Ametrodiplosis primorskii ingår i släktet Ametrodiplosis och familjen gallmyggor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Gallmyggor
primorskii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ethiopia gang rapes 70 women in ethnically mixed region, says Amnesty
This article is over 2 months old Move comes a day after reports of 1,500 people executed and more than 80,000 being displaced after Ethiopia's security forces stormed Oromia in response to protests Ethiopia's…
This article is over 2 months old
Move comes a day after reports of 1,500 people executed and more than 80,000 being displaced after Ethiopia's security forces stormed Oromia in response to protests
Ethiopia's military "rebels" have gang raped up to 70 women in an ethnically mixed region in eastern Ethiopia, the rights group Amnesty International said on Thursday.
It released pictures and footage it said showed the gang rape and the bodies of the women in Amhara state. It also called on President Mulatu Teshome Wirtu and Tigrayan leader Geddo Gudina to ensure all people in Tigray, which is traditionally a leftist party, are given equal rights.
As unrest spreads in Ethiopia, welcome return of China's 'investment protectionism' Read more
Amnesty said it had interviewed an alleged victim, Rasafa Lemalu, a resident of Keilema, Amhara state, who told them the attacks took place on 28 October.
Many of the women, he said, were targeted because of the ethnicity of their husbands, relatives or neighbours. The Tigrayan rebels operate under the name: "Vannata 88", one of the nationalities of Tigrayans that explains the leader, Gudina.
Mulatu said he "completely condemn[ed] any act of violence, torture or human rights abuses by any individual or group".
The Ethiopian military intervened in Amhara on Thursday after months of clashes, according to the state-run news agency TNN. The army is now "teaming up with the security forces to restore calm", it said.
The government has also moved against opposition media and opposition leaders. Human rights groups have said security forces have committed serious human rights abuses, a charge the government has rejected.
Vannata 88 is led by the now jailed leader, Zelalem, widely known as Damasa, or Dai. In 2013 he led protests against harsh regulations and the displacement of people living in areas the government said were new railway access points.
After his arrest he was accused of links to neighbouring Eritrea, according to Amnesty, but the rights group alleges that the Ethiopian government also had links to Damasa in the initial stages of the demonstrations, which began in December 2015.
The rights group also accused Abiloto of distributing flyers advising the public against joining the protests that were common in Amhara and other parts of Oromia.
The protests took place over discrimination in land and other issues in Amhara, an eastern region that has traditionally had a sizeable black population, but is seen by the authorities as predominately ethnically mixed.
Also on Thursday, the European Union told the government to avoid closing independent civil society groups.
Tanzania arrests 12 British citizens accused of 'funding' Ethiopian protest Read more
Amnesty said the government had called for the closure of 10 non-governmental organisations over opposition involvement in the protests, some that had been involved for more than a decade.
An EU statement said: "Member states support a free and independent civil society to ensure that all are given a space to express themselves freely."
On Monday, Ethiopia's security forces launched an offensive into Oromia, which has the majority of the country's ethnic Oromo population. On Tuesday, the Oromia regional government said 1,500 people had been executed in clashes.
The government has since denied this, and cited security reasons.
Earlier this week, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the use of excessive force against protesters in Ethiopia, which received 154 votes in favour, 18 against and 74 abstentions.
Categories sport Tags boxing, espn, influenza, nobel prizes, politics
The Sex Lives of College Girls: think Peaky Blinders meets Silence of the Lambs
Unsettled since: 2006; Concerned since: 2018


text:
Tybee Island, Georgia 912-786-7777
E-Coupon
Girl Scout Trips
The Grandview
Welcome to Hotel Tybee Event Calendar
The McCartney Years
Hailed by the original Beatles promoter as "The Best on the Scene," The McCartney Years is a period-true, technically stunning and explosive live concert show that performs the music of Paul McCartney spanning two decades from The Beatles to Wings.
Songs include hits like Hey Jude, Jet, Let It Be, Band On The Run, The Long And Winding Road, Live And Let Die, Lady Madonna and many, many more, plus some of the deep cuts that McCartney wrote during the 1960's and 1970's; all performed to their original arrangements by a band that has entertained audiences worldwide and even has a personal accolade from former Wings guitarist Denny Laine.
Guaranteed that you will jump out of your seat to clap, sing and dance to the music by one of the most prolific artists of all time in this authentic, timeless live concert experience!
Tybee Post Theater 10 Van Horne Ave. Tybee Island, Georgia 31328 United States
Check-in: 4pm | Check-out: 11am
Each guestroom must be registered to a guest who is 21 years or older. $20 extra person fees apply
Pet Policy: Hotel Tybee is now a pet friendly hotel! | Parking and Amenities nightly fee of $30 per day per room.
Hotel Tybee Located at
1401 Strand Avenue, Tybee Island,
GA 31328 |
Email: bloehr@hoteltybee.com
| https://www.hoteltybee.com/
Weddings, Reunions & Groups


The INDIA phone market continues to grow and a new era in direct marketing has given companies an exciting new tool: the Text Message. Bulk SMS services have transformed communication and taken it to an all new level. This has opened up vibrant new vistas for the mass communication industry through mobile phones.
Bulk SMS is used as promotional SMS for SMS marketing. Our bulk SMS marketing solution help you to send cheap bulk SMS in India. It's cheapest marketing solution to reach prospective customers. Ashrisha IT Solutions is a leading Bulk SMS Service Provider in India which helps businesses to send Bulk SMS to their clients for SMS Advertising with Bulk SMS Software. We offer multi package SMS services at very reasonable and affordable prices with 100% delivery ratio. Our service can be accessed from any part of India and is completely available across Indian States.
Transactional SMS : Transactional SMS are messages which are sent to your customer to pass on information necessary for using your product or service. "Transactional message" means an SMS containing only information sent to its customer(s) by the Bank or financial institution or insurance company or credit card company or Access Provider pertaining to the account of that customer.
Promotional SMS : Promotional SMS are SMSes which are sent with the objective of promoting your product or service. This category includes any sales & marketing messages which may or may not be solicited by the recipient. Promotional Bulk SMS can be used for Sharing Business Promotional Messages. Any User can promote their business through Bulk SMS.


CASPA application deadline: November 1, 2018. ALL required materials must be submitted and verified by this date.
This program operates on a rolling admissions cycle, which means that application deadlines could, at the discretion of the Admissions Committee, be moved up. Applicants are strongly encouraged to submit applications and all supporting materials as soon as possible for the best chance of admission.
Please note: All pre-requisite coursework, clinical hours, and the Bachelor's degree must be completed at the time the CASPA application is submitted, otherwise the application will be rejected.


text:
Q: Android Kotlin Pass ArrayList<> To 2nd Activity I am trying to pass an ArrayList from my MainActivity to my MeasuringActivity. I have come across an issue that I'm not sure how to get around. I am using an SDK and the class I am using for the ArrayList doesn't implement Serialization or Parcelable, the class is readonly as well so I can't edit it.
Here is my ArrayList code private val mDeviceList: ArrayList<XsensDotDevice> = ArrayList(), due to the XsensDotDevice class not implementing Serilization or Parcelable im not sure how to pass the ArrayList to my MeasuringActivity via Intent.
Here is the code I wrote to pass the variable
val intent = Intent(this, MeasuringActivity::class.java)
val bundle = Bundle()
bundle.putSerializable("product", mDeviceList)
intent.putExtras(bundle)
startActivity(intent)

I then receive the following error when it tries to pass the variable
2020-07-24 23:36:42.083 28178-28178/com.example.bodymotion E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: main
    Process: com.example.bodymotion, PID: 28178
    java.lang.RuntimeException: Parcel: unable to marshal value com.xsens.dot.android.sdk.models.XsensDotDevice@3a003ac

Is there another way of passing this variable over to the other activity which I may not have come across? I am new to android development so sorry if some of this doesn't make sense.

A: 1. Add below dependency in module level Gradle file.:
implementation 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6'

2. Send list object as below:
    val list = ArrayList<SomeJavaClass>()

    val stringData = Gson().toJson(list)

    val intent = Intent(this, MainActivity2::class.java)
    intent.putExtra("DATA_PASS", stringData)
    startActivity(intent)

3. Receive list object in 2nd Activity as:
     intent.hasExtra("DATA_PASS").let {

        if (it) {

            val listType: Type =
                object : TypeToken<List<SomeJavaClass>>() {}.type
            val listRcvd = Gson().fromJson(
                intent.getStringExtra("DATA_PASS"),
                listType
            ) as List<SomeJavaClass>

            println(listRcvd)
        }

    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When I was walking to the hotel, I saw something else I'd not seen before, a policeman pull over and book a cyclist for riding through a red light. Was this a coincidence or is it a new policy because something does need doing about the road sense of cyclists. Too many are being injured and killed. I read that there are calls for the driver of the bigger vehicle to automatically carry the blame in a collision and I strongly oppose this. Cyclists have to take more responsibility for themselves. Most are adults, ROSPA report that only 13 of 118 cyclists killed in 2012 were children.
The press conference wasn't about bikes, it marked 50 years of Scania's presence in the UK market and brought Martin Lundstedt, President and CEO of Scania CV AB, on a rare visit to our shores. I'd not met him before but he came over as a thoroughly nice guy. Much of what he had to say was about trucks, but there were some interesting nuggets for the bus and coach side too. The big coach news was that the Touring body, built by Higer in Suzhou, China, is coming to the UK, initially as a three axle 13.7m 57 seater with toilet, but next year in two axle form as well.
He said that VW's full takeover of Scania was a natural progression from the 65% stake it took in 2008, listing increased revenue, higher competency and cost savings as some of the advantages. There would also be collaboration with VW and MAN on gearboxes, hybrids, cab components, city and intercity bus structures and axles.
When Scania first came to the UK it faced competition from 24 different truck manufacturers. There are nowhere near that many now and, as Martin's comment showed, consolidation is ongoing.


Subdomains are working well, except for the www part.
So, [http://]subdiomain.mydomain.com is working well, but [http://]www.subdomain.mydomain.com is not.
So it seems, the ServerAlias is not working.
I tried setting up a second subdomain "www.subdomain", but that's not working either.
If you can tell me the subdomain name in question I'd be happy to look at it for you. If you aren't comfortable posting it in the forums feel free to PM it to me.
Thanks for the offer Jonnyb0y, but it affects all subdomains.
None of them are working with the 'www.' part added in front of them.
If you could PM me with your domain name, I'd be happy to investigate this further for you.
AFAIK, the method of setting two subdomains (i.e. 'www.subdomain' and 'subdomain') via the site manager works fine. I usually create subdomains that way.
I did try that before, but probarbly got fooled by a cached ('not found') page from my ISP.
And of course a thank you to Steven, but my problem is solved now!


text:
Joli Jewelry was started by Jody Lyons in 1984. Inspired by her love of the styles of the 1920's-1960's and her childhood fascination with her mother's and grandmother's jewelry boxes, she began designing pieces for herself while still in college. She was soon discovered by local shop owners in the West Village of Manhattan and began creating her jewelry line. Years later she pursued her interest in psychology in graduate school at Columbia Univerisity but was compelled to return to jewelry design. Today her jewelry is sold in boutiques, specialty stores and museum shops around the US, Hong Kong, the UK and Europe.
Jody's mission is to share her love and interest in original, old materials with color and texture--recycling, upcycling, reusing, whenever possible, what already exists to create modern, environmentally friendly pieces with a nod to history. The mix of components includes vintage original plastics (like celluloid and Bakelite), old metal findings and chains, French enamels, mother of pearl pieces, glass, buttons, buckles, perfume bottle top crystals, purse openers as well as cultural parts, and semiprecious materials.
Today, Jody still designs everything in the line. The small production runs are handmade in our Carmel, California studio.
Thank you for your interest in Joli Jewelry® and, as always, we hope you feel great wearing our jewelry and that it inspires you to connect with others and have fun with fashion and color!


He is my parents' dog, who loves to get himself into lots of trouble.
Here, he is smudging his wet nose on my lens. I had to go indoors to clean it off.
Let's just say he isn't the brightest bulb in the bunch or the sharpest knife in the drawer.
…or take it away from you when you need to use the hose.


text:
On December 29, 2016 December 29, 2016 By Tony Kendzior - Financial PlannerIn Economy & Markets, Personal
My Comments: The greatest economic threats to the health and welfare of the world I will leave to my grandchildren will arise from the disparity between the haves and the have-nots.
One side of this argument arises from the contempt that was pervasive across the planet toward a political movement driven by what came to be known as communism. This arose in Russia and the Soviet Union as a philosophy and embraced the notion of 'to each according to his needs'. It was a rejection of free enterprise and the notion that every individual member of society have the ability to rise above the others and receive 'more than what he needs'.
We've long established that any system that denies individuals the opportunity to win or lose the economic game of life is going to fail. Without the ability to dream of success, people simply fail if there is no motivation to excel.
The other side of this argument hinges on the unfettered ability to succeed with total disregard to the aspirations and dreams of others playing the same economic game. Any barrier imposed by society is deemed contemptible and must be removed. And yet we live with barriers and have done for millenia and survived. And survived well. How many of us argue against the notion that you should drive your car on just one side of the street, and not whichever side you choose on any given day?
These and similar rules are imposed by society on it's members and we've long since become comfortable with them and don't see them as a barrier to be railed against. But suggest that bankers and stock-brokers be required to act in the best interest of their clients, with rules and regulations and penalties if you don't and before you know it, the wailing starts.
It's known as the DOL Fiduciary Standard rule. It goes into effect on April 1, 2017. I believe there are valid and rational reasons why society should impose this rule on those of us who act in a professional capacity to help others grow their money. Right now the rule is coming from the Department of Labor and is directed toward anyone who acts in an advisory capacity with respect to money being accumulated for retirement. Naturally, there are exceptions which no one is talking about.
I think this rule should be expanded. Yes, it will be disruptive and will no doubt have unintended consequences. But I see income inequality as the canary in the coal mine. If we don't take steps to correct it, the coal mine will fill with noxious gas and everyone who enters will die.
With Trump in the White House, there's going to be shouting all up and down Wall Street to get rid of this rule. NO. Amend it here and there, phase in the penalties if you will, but it's a very necessary step, among many, that are necessary to diminish the growing economic disparity between members of our society. It's not about denying some the opportunity to succeed any more than it's about making sure none of us 'has more than we need'. It's about doing the right thing without resorting to stealing to make sure I succeed and you don't. We all have the right to be successful, and society has an obligation to keep us playing on a level playground.
Theo Anderson | December 29, 2016
The income gap between the classes is growing at a startling rate in the United States. In 1980, the top 1 percent earned on average 27 times more than workers in the bottom 50 percent. Today, they earn 81 times more.
The widening gap is "due to a boom in capital income," according to research by French economist Thomas Piketty. That means the rich are living off of their wealth rather than investing it in businesses that create jobs, as Republican, supply-side economics predicts they would do.
Piketty played a pivotal role in pushing income inequality to the center of public discussions in 2013 with his book, "Capital in the Twenty-First Century." In a new working paper, he and his co-authors report that the average national income per adult grew by 61 percent in the United States between 1980 and 2014. But only the highest earners benefited from that growth.
For those in the top 1 percent, income rose 205 percent. Meanwhile, the average pre-tax income of the bottom 50 percent of workers was basically unchanged, stagnating "at about $16,000 per adult after adjusting for inflation," the paper reads.
It notes that this trend has important political consequences: "An economy that fails to deliver growth for half of its people for an entire generation is bound to generate discontent with the status quo and a rejection of establishment politics."
But the authors also note that the trend is not inevitable or irreversible. In France, for example, the bottom 50 percent of pre-tax income grew by about the same rate — 32 percent — as the overall national income per adult from 1980 to 2014.
The difference? In the United States, "the stagnation of bottom 50 percent of incomes and the upsurge in the top 1 percent coincided with drastically reduced progressive taxation, widespread deregulation of industries and services, particularly the financial services industry, weakened unions and an eroding minimum wage," the paper reads.
Piketty and Portland
President-elect Donald Trump's administration promises at least four years of policies that will expand the gap in earnings. But a few glimmers of hope are emerging at the local level.
The city council of Portland, Oregon, for example, recently approved a tax on public companies that pay executives more than 100 times the median pay of workers. The surtax will increase corporate income tax by 10 percent if executive pay is less than 250 times the median pay for workers, and by 25 percent if it's 250 and over. The tax could potentially affect more than 500 companies and raise between $2.5 million and $3.5 million per year.
The council cited Piketty's "Capital in the Twenty-First Century" in the ordinance creating the tax. Steve Novick, the city commissioner behind it, recently wrote that "the dramatic growth of inequality has been fueled by very high compensation of a few managers at big corporations, as illustrated by the fact that 60 to 70 percent of people in the top 0.1 percent of income in the United States are highly paid executives at large firms."
Novick said that he liked the idea when he first heard about it because it's "the closest thing I'd seen to a tax on inequality itself." He also said that "extreme economic inequality is — next to global warming — the biggest problem we have in our society."
Investing in children
There is also hopeful news in the educational realm. James Heckman, a Nobel Laureate in economics at the University of Chicago who has spent much of his career studying inequality and early childhood education, recently published a paper that lays out the results of a long-term study.
In "The Life-cycle Benefits of an Influential Early Childhood Program," Heckman and others report that high-quality programs for children from birth to age 5 have long-term positive effects across a range of metrics, including health, IQ, participation in crime, quality of life and labor income.
Predictably, perhaps, the effects of the programs weren't limited to children. High-quality early childhood education also allowed mothers "to enter the workforce and increase earnings while their children gained the foundational skills to make them more productive in the future workforce," a summary of the paper reads.
"While the costs of comprehensive early childhood education are high, the rate of return of [high-quality programs] imply that these costs are good investments. Every dollar spent on high quality, birth-to-five programs for disadvantaged children delivers a 13 percent per annum return on investment."
The research is important because early childhood education has bipartisan support. Over the summer, the Learning Policy Institute released a report that highlighted best practices from four states that have successful early childhood education programs. Two of them — Michigan and North Carolina — are swing states in national politics. The others are Washington and a solidly red state, West Virginia.
Although it isn't a substitute for other policy tools to address inequality, like progressive taxes, early childhood education has strong bipartisan support because it produces measurable payoffs for both children and the economy. One study found, for example, that the economic benefit of closing the educational achievement gaps between children of different classes would be $70 billion each year.
Early childhood education fosters an "increasingly productive workforce that will boost economic growth, provide budgetary savings at the state and federal levels, and lead to reductions in future generations' involvement with the criminal justice system," the Economic Policy Institute recently noted. "These benefits will, of course, materialize only in coming decades when today's children have grown up. But the research is clear that they will materialize — and when they do, they are permanent."
adviserAlachua Countyeconomicsfinancial planninggainesville floridainvestmentsLife insurancelong term care insurancemoney managementRetirement planning
The Makings of a Caliphate


text:
Inga subnuda är en ärtväxtart som beskrevs av George Bentham. Inga subnuda ingår i släktet Inga och familjen ärtväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Ärtväxter
subnuda


text:
Six Powerful Ways to Harness The Power of the Sacred Feminine.
~ Excerpts from Our Friend, and Author Shannon Kaiser's Article in Spiritual & Health Magazine HERE
1.) Drop From Your Head Into Your Heart: Move from your head, the overthinker, the answerer, the rationalizer, into your heart space, the way of oneness, unity, compassion, and kindness, and you will see a shift in your life.
2.) Connect With Nature: This is one of the best ways to connect to this omnipresent energy. In nature, the feminine creative energy runs wild. One of the most transformational tools for awakening to your inner light is grounding (also known as earthing): directly connecting our body to the earth to restore the electromagnetic balance we need to maintain optimal health and healing.
3.) Find Balance: The Sacred Feminine is not about gender, as this energy lives in all of us, but much of our society operates from a masculine "hustle and do" mentality, which doesn't allow for much room to just be. The energies of action (masculine) and allowing (feminine) coexist, and we must find the balance between the two. Embodying just one of the two will either lead us nowhere or cause us to push so hard that we are left frustrated and exhausted. Balance is key. When we find it, we are both taking inspired action and receiving and appreciating all of our desires.
4.) Honor the Stillness and Reclaim Rest: Because we are fueled by a "get-more-done" mindset, constantly on a mission to achieve more, do more, get more the masculine energy is fed more than the feminine. But the divine feminine revels in being. Many of us don't take enough time to relax, to literally revel in the art of doing nothing. Sit in silence for five minutes and observe what comes up for you. Taking time to be one with yourself in each moment can help you connect to the sacred Feminine and divine light within.
5.) Live Your Values and Make Choices With Intention: The divine feminine energy wishes to "deepen into the fullness of existence," which means she's a seeker of growth, expansion, and new experiences. Invite yourself to push outside of your comfort zone. What can you do today that is new? How can you live with more integrity and make choices that honor your own soul's deepest desires? What have you always wanted to do but have not given yourself permission to do? Making conscious choices to enjoy new experiences will not only help you feel more balanced and joyful, it will help you harness the true power of the Sacred Feminine.
6.) Practice Self-Love and Compassion: Self Love is misunderstood because it isn't a state of being but rather a decision you make when you finally realize that anything you experience is a direct reflection of your relationship with yourself. The ultimate way to embrace the Sacred Feminine is to practice self-love and embrace yourself fully. Start with loving yourself as you are, not as you think you should be. One of the biggest components to self-love is self-compassion. The relationship we have with ourselves sets the tone for everything in our life. Learning how to see yourself in the eyes of source energy, God, is one of the best ways to live in the energy of the Sacred Feminine. Once we master this, we will feel free.
Conscious Ink
Back to Conscious Inklings Blog. IDEAS, INSIGHTS & INK-SPIRATION.


Southern Cross Pet Services is a Propriety Limited company independent from any other pet cremation service in Australia. We are located in the western suburbs of Melbourne.
Southern Cross Pet Services have endeavoured to follow the human model of cremation to honour our pets as members of the family. We have worked closely with Veterinarians and Veterinary Nurses to develop all of our systems and procedures.
As pet owners, we understand what it is like to lose a pet. Our pets are members of our family and deserve to be treated with dignity and respect. We believe that our special companions do not deserve to be in landfills but should have an individual cremation.
All cremations with return of ashes include a cremation certificate.
EPA approved unmarked burials are available on request.
We promote responsible pet ownership practices and are involved with animal welfare programs.


Concrete Taxi gives you the flexibility to order the exact amount of concrete that you need.
Concrete Taxi is a niche supplier of small volumes of concrete delivered to the residential and commercial markets in Brisbane, Sydney, Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast, Newcastle & Perth. We supply and deliver concrete to tradesmen, civil contractors, local councils and the domestic market.
Our specialty is concrete deliveries of a small volume up to 2 cubic metres and our ability to manufacture concrete on-site, which enables us to provide the most efficient solution for concrete supply.
We can organise your small mix concrete delivery to you 24 hours / 7 days a week.
Most jobs can easily handled by 2 people, one to barrow and the other to lay the concrete.
The normal method of discharge for small amounts of concrete is via wheelbarrows. The driver, upon arrival will assess the required delivery location and discuss with you the best method to discharge the concrete.
Concrete Taxi's mixing process allows us to mix and discharge two wheelbarrow loads of concrete every 6 minutes, which allows you ample time to wheel and lay each load through the mixing cycle. Our standard production rate is .8cu.m/hour. Any on-site delays may incur an additional charge.
The concrete mix you choose will depend on the type of job you are doing. Different applications will require individual mix specifications. When you provide information on the job application we can then determine the mix requirements and advise. If you are not sure please contact us to discuss and we will advise you on the best option to meet your needs.
Variation to slump and strength can be adjusted on site.
Should a project need more concrete than ordered, Concrete Taxi will provide an additional supply subject to truck capacity and follow on bookings.
There's no mess, no fuss and no wastage because Concrete Taxi only delivers the exact amount of concrete you need – when and wherever you need it.
Concrete bases, floors and driveways: You will need to dig out the area to the required depth of concrete (a minimum of 100mm or 4 inches is advisable).
If you are working with clay-based soil it is recommended that you lay a sub-base layer of compacted hard-core 100mm deep to give the concrete a solid base to prevent shrinking. A smooth work surface can be obtained by placing a thin layer of sand on top of the hard-core. This also helps to prevent variations in the depth, the major cause on variation between amounts ordered and actually delivered.
A layer of damp proof membrane between the sub-base and concrete will assist in preventing your concrete from drying too quickly as well stopping problems with rising damp on the finished project.
With Concrete Taxi you only pay for what you use. Our pricing structure is available for 24/7 delivery for jobs between .1 and 2 cu.m. To provide a final price we will need to take into account the delivery zone and time of delivery.
Concrete Taxi charges for waiting time and out of hour's delivery can be viewed in our pricing structure document. If you require a copy of this please contact the office and we will arrange to email or fax a copy to you.
All concrete orders require 24 hours notice with the exception of night and Sunday order deliveries. For night or Sunday orders we require placement of the order 48 hours prior to allow for scheduling.
Orders can be confirmed by contacting our office on 1300 880 955, a specific delivery time will be advised. If for any reason the truck operator is running ahead of schedule or behind schedule you will receive a phone call on the day to allow for on-site co-ordination. In some instances we can accommodate "on the spot orders". If you have this requirement please contact the office for best advice.
When you require small amounts of concrete delivered direct to your site simply call and book a Concrete Taxi on 1300 880 955.


text:
Фулін ЗПГ — завод із виробництва зрідженого природного газу, розташований у центральній частині Китаю в адміністративній одиниці Чунцін.

Сировинною базою виробництва будуть відкриті у окрузі Фулін великі запаси сланцевого газу. Потужність заводу за світовими мірками доволі невелика — 0,68 млн тонн на рік (приблизно 1 млрд м3). В той же час, особливістю проекту є його реалізація у глибині континенту, тоді як традиційні заводи ЗПГ розташовуються на узбережжі та включають порт для прийому великих танкерів-газовозів. Можливо відзначити, що в середині 2010-х років з метою зменшення негативного впливу на довкілля влада Китаю розпочала активну кампанію з переведення опалення та транспорту на природний газ. Цьому вповні відповідають різноманітні проекти з розвитку інфраструктури ЗПГ, включаючи нетрадиційні шляхи його застосування (продукцію Фулін ЗПГ планується використовувати на автомобільному та річковому транспорту Чунціну, Ґуйчжоу та Хунані).

Тестовий запуск заводу припав на грудень 2017 року.

Примітки

Фулін
Чунцін
Підприємства Китаю


text:
import pytest
from pytest_embedded import Dut

@pytest.mark.esp32
@pytest.mark.esp32s2
@pytest.mark.generic
def test_sys_memprot(dut: Dut) -> None:
    dut.expect_exact('Test successful')


I love people, I love photography, and I love to teach! I offer private lessons and small group lessons. These are great if you would like to spend more one-on-one time, or if you have a very specific topic you would like to learn about.
April 8, and 15 - Commercial Phone Photography Class at Gather - A Festive DIY Studio! Cost $50 for one class, $95 for both. Click here for more info!
DSLR Basics class at Gather - April 21, 28, and May 5 from 1pm-3pm. A DSLR is a Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera - It's the big camera where you can detach lenses and set your own settings - not a point and shoot. Class will cover all the basics of using your DSLR - what do all those buttons mean? What Aperture, Shutter Speed, and ISO mean and how to use them. We will also talk about composition, cropping, lighting (natural, not artificial), and a few other tips and tricks! The basic point of the class is to get you off of shooting on automatic and into aperture mode or manual, so you love your images! This will be my eleventh Camera Confidential Workshop and every time, people leave feeling like they had a bunch of aha! moments and with a much better understanding of their camera. You must sign up ahead of time to have your seat reserved. Sign up on the Gather website here. You can sign up here!
Rates start at $75 per person per lesson.
A package of three 60 minute lessons costs $195 (savings of $30). If you bring a friend, you both save an additional $20!
A package of five 60 minute lessons costs $325 (savings of $50). If you bring a friend, you both save an additional $30.
A package of eight 60 minute lessons costs $500 (savings of $100). If you sign up with a friend, you both save an additional $40!
Packages are the same as listed above. There is three package minimum here. I do this just to ensure you get the most out of your lessons.
Mentorships are for those of you who would like some advice on a professional level. Maybe you would like to ask questions about running a photography business, or perhaps you want to know about a specific editing technique, how to interact with clients, how to grow your business, or maybe you just have a bunch of questions that need a professional answer. This option is for you. The best part? If we don't live in the same area, we can Skype or Facetime, or just talk on the phone!


text:
Archives for February, 2017
WORK UNDERWAY ON MELTON HIGHWAY LEVEL CROSSING REMOVAL
Construction is now underway to remove the dangerous and congested Melton Highway level crossing. Member for Sydenham Natalie Hutchins visited the new site office today, which will serve as a base for up to 300 workers throughout the project The Melton Highway level crossing is..
Next Step In Treaty Talks
The next stage of a treaty with Aboriginal Victorians will be a two day state-wide meeting in late April where it is expected that the structure of a representative body to negotiate will be decided. This follows an agreement on a road map to treaty..
Victoria Opposes Cuts To Penalty Rates
The Andrews Labor Government has opposed the Fair Work Commission decision to cut Sunday and public holiday rates in the retail, hospitality and accommodation sectors. The decision affects award-reliant, low paid workers, including young workers and women who make up more than half the workforce..
Call Centre Code Ensures Fairness
A revised Call Centre Code which will operate as a benchmark for the call centre industry has been announced by the Andrews Labor Government. The code directly applies to government operated call centres and private sector organisations contracted to the government to provide call centre..
Monitor Files Report Into Central Goldfields Shire
Minister for Local Government Natalie Hutchins has noted efforts to deal with issues within the Central Goldfields Shire Council raised in a report by municipal monitor Bill Jaboor. Ms Hutchins has written to the Council this week acknowledging its work to address its governance issues..
Fairness And Consistency For Victoria's Public Sector
The Andrews Labor Government has today introduced legislation that will ensure greater fairness in public sector enterprise bargaining. The Fair Work Bill (Commonwealth Powers) Amendment Bill 2016 corrects an anomaly brought about by a decision of the Federal Court in 2015 which allowed some public..
Residents To Have Their Say On Local Council Performance
More than 27,000 Victorians will be able to have their say on their council's performance this month as part of Local Government Victoria's annual Community Satisfaction Survey. The phone interviews with residents will be comprised of a number of questions about the council's performance over..


text:
Tag: Communal harmony
Hyderabad: Mosque serves as health centre for lakhs, religion no bar
In a first, Masjid-e-Ishaq mosque in Hyderabad has turned into a health centre, opening its doors for people of all religion. Located at NS Kunta, the mosque facilitates as a community health centre serving about 1.5 lakh people, mostly the poor. The health care centre is the result of a[Read More…]
Wednesday 14th November 2018 by Newsd
Secular win over Kerala floods: Temples open to Muslims for namaz, Muslim students clean flooded temples
With Kerala still battling the fury of the flood raging across the state, people are lending a helping hand to one another be it in the form of monetary aid or opening homes to the flood-hit victims. Among the row of many noble gestures the ravaged state witnessed a true[Read More…]
Friday 24th August 2018 by Newsd
Gopalkrishna Gandhi selected for 24th Rajiv Gandhi Sadbhavana Award
Shri Gopalkrishna Gandhi, former West Bengal governor, has been selected for 24th Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award for his outstanding contribution towards the promotion of communal harmony, peace and goodwill. The Advisory Committee of the Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award in its meeting held on 28th July, 2018 announced the award will be presented[Read More…]
Tuesday 31st July 2018 by Newsd
India is the fourth-worst country in the world in religious intolerance, says report
A latest report published by the Pew Research centre ranks India as the worst placed among populous countries in terms of religious freedom, Live Mint reported. The report uses two indices-the Government Restriction Index (GRI), measuring government restriction on free practice of religion, and the Social Hostilities Index (SHI) which[Read More…]
Wednesday 26th April 2017 by Newsd
Only 13 % Hindus think Muslims are highly patriotic: CSDS Survey
A survey conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) revealed that only 13 % of Hindus thinks that Muslims are highly patriotic and only 33% Hindus count a Muslim among their close friends, Times of India reported. According to the study, titled "society and politics between[Read More…]


Nice garden and location. Needs renovation and cleaning.
Interior located from the main road. No parking facility. We paid 200 bucks for parking at public place which hotel should provide. Small - old rooms. Beautiful view of Ganga from the hotel. Small heater which is not enough at all specially when you are with young kids.
Staff were cooperative and helpful. Food at the restaurant was good. Restaurant in the terrace had a nice view of the Ganga River.
Beautiful management & staff. Great location, service, value. Rooms have everything you need, are above average, and also with a little charm. Just below the hotel is a restaurant which funds the local school, they grow all their own organics, sociable & great ambience. And the food is astoundingly good. The best salad I've ever had - no lie. I had a first class massage here. The only down side is that the hotel arranged an onsight Ayervedic consultation, and the Doctor was very preoccupied throughout. And he has failed to send me my written prescription. But that's no direct fault of the hotel. Ultimately, it is the people who run and work at Divine, who are just that...Divine.
A nice hotel located in an area known as Tapovan. The hotel has beautiful views of the river Ganga. The hotel area is very quiet but only a 10min walk to the Lakshman Jula bridge. The staff is very helpfull and you feel safe there.
Very basic rooms - i stayed in a standard room for 2 nights. The only saving grace is Ganga view from terrace. Seems they are short staffed. Day time Reception cannot handle queries well which changes with the person who takes over reception post evening as he is better in answering queries. This could have been a better place with a lower price as there are better places available in the same price range. Approaching here demands walking the last mile unless you want to spend heftily on autos-taxis. The ongoing construction is a nuisance but thats not under their control so i would not downscore them on the construction related disturbance.
Great view of Ganges on deck. Top rooms are nice with view and private sitting area. Close to town- 10 min walk to bridge.
Great location with lovely views of the Ganga, slightly away from the busy part of town. However, the hotel is constructing a whole new block so right now many rooms do not have a view and the construction noise is annoying. New rooms will have private balconies and views. Staff too preoccupied, presumably with construction, to be helpful. Food in restaurant OK but small space and no view. None of the rooms look like the pictures on Agoda. Cockroaches in room. I booked a Ganga view room but was given one without view - they did move me for the second night. Taxi to airport grossly overpriced - hire one from the taxi stand instead.
Was really great to find this hotel as small, green, quite and very hospitable oasis in Rishikesh. Just a few minutes walk from the city rush, and u r in a different India. Very good service, great food and beautifull view on Ganga.
You will have an incredible view of the Ganges. It's nearby the center and has very good food as well. I will for sure return to this place.
This lovely gem is tucked away from the intensity of Laxman Jhula and Tappovan but is still in the middle of everything. I was happy to see that the Divine Ganga Cottages is still wonderful and getting better with every visit. They are accommodating and willing to go the extra mile to make sure you have a DIVINE stay. The rooms are just right, the beds comfortable, and the staff is so kind.
My delux room was located basement next to staff rooms. They started to talk loudly early morning. When I opened window in the morning, some staff stared at me. Terrible manner! There are so many unnecessary hotel staff hanging around the hotel all the time. They look badly educated and cannot distinguish staffs or just stranger. Room was mentioned river view but actually not, but construction view?! Next to the building, there's some building under construction and from the roof, water is always dropping. I cannot believe this hotel has such a good review. I was totally deceived by that wrong information.
I stayed in the Diving Ganga Cottage for three nights with a friend of mine. We had a view of the Ganga (highly recommended), and it was so beautiful. The rooms aren't anything special, but they're clean and keep the bugs away... The view was what did it for me though! We had two huge windows overlooking the river - it was a very peaceful way to wake up :) The staff is super friendly and helpful! They personally took my friend to get her money exchanged, and every time we needed something, they happily took care of it very quickly. The restaurant was good! I only ate Indian food there and was satisfied with it. One negative - I got a massage from someone they called up... The masseuse had a couple long nails and left me pretty scratched up on my back :( Otherwise, it was a wonderful stay, and I'd go back again!


text:
Liberty Conservative News
Home News Robert Francis "Beto" O'Rourke's War Tax is Wrong-Headed
Robert Francis "Beto" O'Rourke's War Tax is Wrong-Headed
Jose Nino
Robert Francis "Beto" O'Rourke is proposing a "war tax" on individuals who haven't served in the military.
The former Congressman proposed this tax as a way to support veterans and ease the burden of the military conflict.
According to The Federalist, the "war tax" is "part of the candidate's new plan to provide better services to the nation's veterans and to end the "Forever Wars" in the Middle East."
Trending: California Charter School Teacher Files Petition to Kick Teacher Union Out from School
O'Rourke's plan declares, "The time has come to cancel the blank check for endless war and to ensure that any future engagements are the result of a national conversation about our security interests and duly authorized by Congress."
Do you believe the Deep State is attempting a coup? (1)
Do you believe the Deep State is attempting a coup?
Do you believe the Deep State is attempting a coup?*
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According to O'Rourke, the "war tax" only applies to households without current and former members of the military. The Federalist reports that "Qualifying households with an income below $30,000 a year would pay $25, and those making under $40,000 annually would pay $57. Households with an income below $50,000 would pay $98, those making less than $75,000 would pay $164 and those under $100,000 would pay $270. Households making less than $200,000 would pay $485 and those making above $200,000 would pay $1,000."
If this tax is implemented by Congress, that tax revenue would be placed into a new "Veterans Health Care Trust Fund." O'Rourke claims that this tax would provide better veteran health care for each war America is involved in. In the past, O'Rourke has proposed the war tax legislation in 2016 and 2017 while serving on the House's Veterans' Affairs Committee.
Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders previously endorsed the idea of a war tax as well. O'Rourke has called for America to pull out of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Although O'Rourke's desire is well-intentioned, the manner of implementation of O'Rourke's plan is wrong-headed. Getting troops out of these never-ending wars does not require taxation. Instead, it requires political will. That means standing up to defense interests and actually following through with troop withdrawals.
There is no need for taxation to achieve this. President Trump, despite several obstacles in front of him, has at least made moves to withdraw troops from Afghanistan. Let's stick to that.
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text:
Cuban Exiles
Indictments Central Intelligence Agency Castro Sister Talks of CIA Role
Indictments CIA
Castro Sister Talks of CIA Role
Alex Constantine - October 26, 2009
Juanita Castro began working for the CIA months after her brother Fidel took power
english.aljazeera.net
The younger sister of Fidel and Raul Castro has said that she worked with the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) against her brothers' rule in Cuba before she went into exile in 1964.
Juanita Castro, 76, told the Spanish-language TV channel Univision-Noticias 23 of her collaboration with the CIA on Sunday, the day before her memoirs were published.
She said the she initially supported Fidel Castro's 1959 revolution that deposed Fulgencio Batista in Cuba.
But she soon became disillusioned by the way her elder brother and his supporters were executing political opponents and embracing communism, she said.
"I began to become disenchanted when I saw so much injustice," Juanita Castro said in an interview with Maria Antonieta Collins, the co-writer of her memoir.
CIA offer
Juanita Castro, who has not had contact with her brothers for more than four decades, said that before her exile to Miami she had worked from her home in Havana to shelter and help those who she said were being persecuted by Fidel Castro's government.
"My situation in Cuba became delicate because of my activity against the regime," she said.
"During three years, from 1961 to 1964, at the risk of her own life, the work of Juanita Castro was to save the lives of her compatriots long before she left for exile in Miami"
Maria Antonieta Collins, co-writer of Juanita Castro's memoir
She received an invitation from the CIA shortly after the US's failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, asking her to collaborate by collecting information on the Castro leadership, she told Collins.
"They [the CIA] wanted to talk to me because they had interesting things to tell me, and interesting things to ask me, such as if I was willing to take the risk, if I was ready to listen to them - I was rather shocked, but anyway I said yes," Juanita Castro told Collins.
Collins said that "in this way began a long relationship with the arch-enemy of Fidel Castro, the Central Intelligence Agency."
"During three years, from 1961 to 1964, at the risk of her own life, the work of Juanita Castro was to save the lives of her compatriots long before she left for exile in Miami," Collins said.
Juanita Castro, who ran a pharmacy before retiring in 2006, last spoke to Fidel at her home in Havana in 1963 when their mother, Lina Ruz Gonzalez, died of a heart attack.
She last spoke to Raul in 1964, days before she went into exile, she said.
Fidel Castro, 83, established a one-party communist system in Cuba after the 1959 revolution and ruled the island for nearly half a century.
He handed over the reins to Raul, 78, last year following his ill-health.
http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2009/10/20091026171810547316.html
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I pre booked and pre paid for a taxi in the early hours of a sunday morning. After waiting ten minutes after the original booking time i rang 247 to be told it was 5 minutes away which was a lie. I rang again after another 15 minutes to be told they were just very busy but it would be 5 minutes. Maybe at 247 they have different concepts of 5 minutes to the rest of us. I dont expect to be told how busy they are when they offer a pre paid service for a booking time. They should be on time or at least close. 50 minutes late is totally unnacceptable. I put in an official complaint yet have had numerous lies that the staff arent in to deal with it. A partial refund would of sufficed and i probably would of used them again however now i will never use them again and advise everyone else to avoid them if you want your taxi to be on time and honest with you.