text:
#include <string.h>
#include <tk.h>
#include "ttkTheme.h"
#include "ttkWidget.h"

#ifdef MAC_OSX_TK
#define TK_NO_DOUBLE_BUFFERING 1
#endif

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * +++ Internal helper routines.
 */

/* UpdateLayout --
 * 	Call the widget's get-layout hook to recompute corePtr->layout.
 * 	Returns TCL_OK if successful, returns TCL_ERROR and leaves
 * 	the layout unchanged otherwise.
 */
static int UpdateLayout(Tcl_Interp *interp, WidgetCore *corePtr)
{
    Ttk_Theme themePtr = Ttk_GetCurrentTheme(interp);
    Ttk_Layout newLayout =
    	corePtr->widgetSpec->getLayoutProc(interp, themePtr,corePtr);

    if (newLayout) {
	if (corePtr->layout) {
	    Ttk_FreeLayout(corePtr->layout);
	}
	corePtr->layout = newLayout;
	return TCL_OK;
    }
    return TCL_ERROR;
}

/* SizeChanged --
 * 	Call the widget's sizeProc to compute new requested size
 * 	and pass it to the geometry manager.
 */
static void SizeChanged(WidgetCore *corePtr)
{
    int reqWidth = 1, reqHeight = 1;

    if (corePtr->widgetSpec->sizeProc(corePtr,&reqWidth,&reqHeight)) {
	Tk_GeometryRequest(corePtr->tkwin, reqWidth, reqHeight);
    }
}

#ifndef TK_NO_DOUBLE_BUFFERING

/* BeginDrawing --
 * 	Returns a Drawable for drawing the widget contents.
 *	This is normally an off-screen Pixmap, copied to
 *	the window by EndDrawing().
 */
static Drawable BeginDrawing(Tk_Window tkwin)
{
    return Tk_GetPixmap(Tk_Display(tkwin), Tk_WindowId(tkwin),
	    Tk_Width(tkwin), Tk_Height(tkwin), Tk_Depth(tkwin));
}

/* EndDrawing --
 *	Copy the drawable contents to the screen and release resources.
 */
static void EndDrawing(Tk_Window tkwin, Drawable d)
{
    XGCValues gcValues;
    GC gc;

    gcValues.function = GXcopy;
    gcValues.graphics_exposures = False;
    gc = Tk_GetGC(tkwin, GCFunction|GCGraphicsExposures, &gcValues);

    XCopyArea(Tk_Display(tkwin), d, Tk_WindowId(tkwin), gc,
	    0, 0, (unsigned) Tk_Width(tkwin), (unsigned) Tk_Height(tkwin),
	    0, 0);

    Tk_FreePixmap(Tk_Display(tkwin), d);
    Tk_FreeGC(Tk_Display(tkwin), gc);
}
#else
/* No double-buffering: draw directly into the window. */
static Drawable BeginDrawing(Tk_Window tkwin) { return Tk_WindowId(tkwin); }
static void EndDrawing(Tk_Window tkwin, Drawable d) { }
#endif

/* DrawWidget --
 *	Redraw a widget.  Called as an idle handler.
 */
static void DrawWidget(ClientData recordPtr)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;

    corePtr->flags &= ~REDISPLAY_PENDING;
    if (Tk_IsMapped(corePtr->tkwin)) {
	Drawable d = BeginDrawing(corePtr->tkwin);
	corePtr->widgetSpec->layoutProc(recordPtr);
	corePtr->widgetSpec->displayProc(recordPtr, d);
	EndDrawing(corePtr->tkwin, d);
    }
}

/* TtkRedisplayWidget --
 * 	Schedule redisplay as an idle handler.
 */
void TtkRedisplayWidget(WidgetCore *corePtr)
{
    if (corePtr->flags & WIDGET_DESTROYED) {
	return;
    }

    if (!(corePtr->flags & REDISPLAY_PENDING)) {
	Tcl_DoWhenIdle(DrawWidget, corePtr);
	corePtr->flags |= REDISPLAY_PENDING;
    }
}

/* TtkResizeWidget --
 * 	Recompute widget size, schedule geometry propagation and redisplay.
 */
void TtkResizeWidget(WidgetCore *corePtr)
{
    if (corePtr->flags & WIDGET_DESTROYED) {
	return;
    }

    SizeChanged(corePtr);
    TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
}

/* TtkWidgetChangeState --
 * 	Set / clear the specified bits in the 'state' flag,
 */
void TtkWidgetChangeState(WidgetCore *corePtr,
    unsigned int setBits, unsigned int clearBits)
{
    Ttk_State oldState = corePtr->state;
    corePtr->state = (oldState & ~clearBits) | setBits;
    if (corePtr->state ^ oldState) {
	TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
    }
}

/* WidgetInstanceObjCmd --
 *	Widget instance command implementation.
 */
static int
WidgetInstanceObjCmd(
    ClientData clientData, Tcl_Interp *interp, int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = clientData;
    const Ttk_Ensemble *commands = corePtr->widgetSpec->commands;
    int status;

    Tcl_Preserve(clientData);
    status = Ttk_InvokeEnsemble(commands,1, clientData,interp,objc,objv);
    Tcl_Release(clientData);

    return status;
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * +++ Widget destruction.
 *
 * A widget can be destroyed when the application explicitly
 * destroys the window or one of its ancestors via [destroy]
 * or Tk_DestroyWindow(); when the application deletes the widget
 * instance command; when there is an error in the widget constructor;
 * or when another application calls XDestroyWindow on the window ID.
 *
 * The window receives a <DestroyNotify> event in all cases,
 * so we do the bulk of the cleanup there.  See [#2207435] for
 * further notes (esp. re: Tk_FreeConfigOptions).
 *
 * Widget code that reenters the interp should only do so
 * when the widtget is Tcl_Preserve()d, and should check
 * the WIDGET_DESTROYED flag bit upon return.
 */

/* WidgetInstanceObjCmdDeleted --
 * 	Widget instance command	deletion callback.
 */
static void
WidgetInstanceObjCmdDeleted(ClientData clientData)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = clientData;
    corePtr->widgetCmd = NULL;
    if (corePtr->tkwin != NULL)
	Tk_DestroyWindow(corePtr->tkwin);
}

/* FreeWidget --
 *	 Final cleanup for widget; called via Tcl_EventuallyFree().
 */
static void
FreeWidget(void *memPtr)
{
    ckfree(memPtr);
}

/* DestroyWidget --
 * 	Main widget destructor; called from <DestroyNotify> event handler.
 */
static void
DestroyWidget(WidgetCore *corePtr)
{
    corePtr->flags |= WIDGET_DESTROYED;

    corePtr->widgetSpec->cleanupProc(corePtr);

    Tk_FreeConfigOptions(
	(ClientData)corePtr, corePtr->optionTable, corePtr->tkwin);

    if (corePtr->layout) {
	Ttk_FreeLayout(corePtr->layout);
    }

    if (corePtr->flags & REDISPLAY_PENDING) {
	Tcl_CancelIdleCall(DrawWidget, corePtr);
    }

    corePtr->tkwin = NULL;
    if (corePtr->widgetCmd) {
	Tcl_Command cmd = corePtr->widgetCmd;
	corePtr->widgetCmd = 0;
	/* NB: this can reenter the interpreter via a command traces */
	Tcl_DeleteCommandFromToken(corePtr->interp, cmd);
    }
    Tcl_EventuallyFree(corePtr, (Tcl_FreeProc *) FreeWidget);
}

/*
 * CoreEventProc --
 *	Event handler for basic events.
 *	Processes Expose, Configure, FocusIn/Out, and Destroy events.
 *	Also handles <<ThemeChanged>> virtual events.
 *
 *	For Expose and Configure, simply schedule the widget for redisplay.
 *	For Destroy events, handle the cleanup process.
 *
 *	For Focus events, set/clear the focus bit in the state field.
 *	It turns out this is impossible to do correctly in a binding script,
 *	because Tk filters out focus events with detail == NotifyInferior.
 *
 *	For Deactivate/Activate pseudo-events, set/clear the background state
 *	flag.
 */

static const unsigned CoreEventMask
    = ExposureMask
    | StructureNotifyMask
    | FocusChangeMask
    | VirtualEventMask
    | ActivateMask
    | EnterWindowMask
    | LeaveWindowMask
    ;

static void CoreEventProc(ClientData clientData, XEvent *eventPtr)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = clientData;

    switch (eventPtr->type)
    {
	case ConfigureNotify :
	    TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
	    break;
	case Expose :
	    if (eventPtr->xexpose.count == 0) {
		TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
	    }
	    break;
	case DestroyNotify :
	    Tk_DeleteEventHandler(
		corePtr->tkwin, CoreEventMask,CoreEventProc,clientData);
	    DestroyWidget(corePtr);
	    break;
	case FocusIn:
	case FocusOut:
	    /* Don't process "virtual crossing" events */
	    if (   eventPtr->xfocus.detail == NotifyInferior
		|| eventPtr->xfocus.detail == NotifyAncestor
		|| eventPtr->xfocus.detail == NotifyNonlinear)
	    {
		if (eventPtr->type == FocusIn)
		    corePtr->state |= TTK_STATE_FOCUS;
		else
		    corePtr->state &= ~TTK_STATE_FOCUS;
		TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
	    }
	    break;
	case ActivateNotify:
	    corePtr->state &= ~TTK_STATE_BACKGROUND;
	    TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
	    break;
	case DeactivateNotify:
	    corePtr->state |= TTK_STATE_BACKGROUND;
	    TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
	    break;
	case LeaveNotify:
	    corePtr->state &= ~TTK_STATE_HOVER;
	    TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
	    break;
	case EnterNotify:
	    corePtr->state |= TTK_STATE_HOVER;
	    TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
	    break;
	case VirtualEvent:
	    if (!strcmp("ThemeChanged", ((XVirtualEvent *)(eventPtr))->name)) {
		(void)UpdateLayout(corePtr->interp, corePtr);
		SizeChanged(corePtr);
		TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
	    }
	default:
	    /* can't happen... */
	    break;
    }
}

/*
 * WidgetWorldChanged --
 * 	Default Tk_ClassWorldChangedProc() for widgets.
 * 	Invoked whenever fonts or other system resources are changed;
 * 	recomputes geometry.
 */
static void WidgetWorldChanged(ClientData clientData)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = clientData;
    SizeChanged(corePtr);
    TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
}

static Tk_ClassProcs widgetClassProcs = {
    sizeof(Tk_ClassProcs),	/* size */
    WidgetWorldChanged,	/* worldChangedProc */
    NULL,					/* createProc */
    NULL					/* modalProc */
};

/*
 * TtkWidgetConstructorObjCmd --
 *	General-purpose widget constructor command implementation.
 *	ClientData is a WidgetSpec *.
 */
int TtkWidgetConstructorObjCmd(
    ClientData clientData, Tcl_Interp *interp, int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    WidgetSpec *widgetSpec = clientData;
    const char *className = widgetSpec->className;
    Tk_OptionTable optionTable =
	Tk_CreateOptionTable(interp, widgetSpec->optionSpecs);
    Tk_Window tkwin;
    void *recordPtr;
    WidgetCore *corePtr;
    Tk_SavedOptions savedOptions;
    int i;

    if (objc < 2 || objc % 2 == 1) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "pathName ?-option value ...?");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }

    /* Check if a -class option has been specified.
     * We have to do this before the InitOptions() call,
     * since InitOptions() is affected by the widget class.
     */
    for (i = 2; i < objc; i += 2) {
	if (!strcmp(Tcl_GetString(objv[i]), "-class")) {
	    className = Tcl_GetString(objv[i+1]);
	    break;
	}
    }

    tkwin = Tk_CreateWindowFromPath(
	interp, Tk_MainWindow(interp), Tcl_GetString(objv[1]), NULL);
    if (tkwin == NULL)
	return TCL_ERROR;

    /*
     * Allocate and initialize the widget record.
     */
    recordPtr = ckalloc(widgetSpec->recordSize);
    memset(recordPtr, 0, widgetSpec->recordSize);
    corePtr = recordPtr;

    corePtr->tkwin	= tkwin;
    corePtr->interp 	= interp;
    corePtr->widgetSpec	= widgetSpec;
    corePtr->widgetCmd	= Tcl_CreateObjCommand(interp, Tk_PathName(tkwin),
	WidgetInstanceObjCmd, recordPtr, WidgetInstanceObjCmdDeleted);
    corePtr->optionTable = optionTable;
    corePtr->layout	= NULL;
    corePtr->flags 	= 0;
    corePtr->state 	= 0;

    Tk_SetClass(tkwin, className);
    Tk_SetClassProcs(tkwin, &widgetClassProcs, recordPtr);
    Tk_SetWindowBackgroundPixmap(tkwin, ParentRelative);

    widgetSpec->initializeProc(interp, recordPtr);

    Tk_CreateEventHandler(tkwin, CoreEventMask, CoreEventProc, recordPtr);

    /*
     * Initial configuration.
     */

    Tcl_Preserve(corePtr);
    if (Tk_InitOptions(interp, recordPtr, optionTable, tkwin) != TCL_OK) {
	goto error;
    }

    if (Tk_SetOptions(interp, recordPtr, optionTable,
	    objc - 2, objv + 2, tkwin, &savedOptions, NULL) != TCL_OK) {
	Tk_RestoreSavedOptions(&savedOptions);
	goto error;
    } else {
	Tk_FreeSavedOptions(&savedOptions);
    }
    if (widgetSpec->configureProc(interp, recordPtr, ~0) != TCL_OK)
	goto error;
    if (widgetSpec->postConfigureProc(interp, recordPtr, ~0) != TCL_OK)
	goto error;

    if (WidgetDestroyed(corePtr))
	goto error;

    Tcl_Release(corePtr);

    SizeChanged(corePtr);
    Tk_MakeWindowExist(tkwin);

    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(Tk_PathName(tkwin), -1));
    return TCL_OK;

error:
    if (WidgetDestroyed(corePtr)) {
	Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(
		"widget has been destroyed", -1));
    } else {
	Tk_DestroyWindow(tkwin);
    }
    Tcl_Release(corePtr);
    return TCL_ERROR;
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * +++ Default implementations for widget hook procedures.
 */

/* TtkWidgetGetLayout --
 * 	Default getLayoutProc.
 *	Looks up the layout based on the -style resource (if specified),
 *	otherwise use the widget class.
 */
Ttk_Layout TtkWidgetGetLayout(
    Tcl_Interp *interp, Ttk_Theme themePtr, void *recordPtr)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;
    const char *styleName = 0;

    if (corePtr->styleObj)
    	styleName = Tcl_GetString(corePtr->styleObj);

    if (!styleName || *styleName == '\0')
    	styleName = corePtr->widgetSpec->className;

    return Ttk_CreateLayout(interp, themePtr, styleName,
	recordPtr, corePtr->optionTable, corePtr->tkwin);
}

/*
 * TtkWidgetGetOrientedLayout --
 * 	Helper routine.  Same as TtkWidgetGetLayout, but prefixes
 * 	"Horizontal." or "Vertical." to the style name, depending
 * 	on the value of the 'orient' option.
 */
Ttk_Layout TtkWidgetGetOrientedLayout(
    Tcl_Interp *interp, Ttk_Theme themePtr, void *recordPtr, Tcl_Obj *orientObj)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;
    const char *baseStyleName = 0;
    Tcl_DString styleName;
    int orient = TTK_ORIENT_HORIZONTAL;
    Ttk_Layout layout;

    Tcl_DStringInit(&styleName);

    /* Prefix:
     */
    Ttk_GetOrientFromObj(NULL, orientObj, &orient);
    if (orient == TTK_ORIENT_HORIZONTAL)
	Tcl_DStringAppend(&styleName, "Horizontal.", -1);
    else
	Tcl_DStringAppend(&styleName, "Vertical.", -1);

    /* Add base style name:
     */
    if (corePtr->styleObj)
    	baseStyleName = Tcl_GetString(corePtr->styleObj);
    if (!baseStyleName || *baseStyleName == '\0')
    	baseStyleName = corePtr->widgetSpec->className;

    Tcl_DStringAppend(&styleName, baseStyleName, -1);

    /* Create layout:
     */
    layout= Ttk_CreateLayout(interp, themePtr, Tcl_DStringValue(&styleName),
	recordPtr, corePtr->optionTable, corePtr->tkwin);

    Tcl_DStringFree(&styleName);

    return layout;
}

/* TtkNullInitialize --
 * 	Default widget initializeProc (no-op)
 */
void TtkNullInitialize(Tcl_Interp *interp, void *recordPtr)
{
}

/* TtkNullPostConfigure --
 * 	Default widget postConfigureProc (no-op)
 */
int TtkNullPostConfigure(Tcl_Interp *interp, void *clientData, int mask)
{
    return TCL_OK;
}

/* TtkCoreConfigure --
 * 	Default widget configureProc.
 * 	Handles -style option.
 */
int TtkCoreConfigure(Tcl_Interp *interp, void *clientData, int mask)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = clientData;
    int status = TCL_OK;

    if (mask & STYLE_CHANGED) {
	status = UpdateLayout(interp, corePtr);
    }

    return status;
}

/* TtkNullCleanup --
 * 	Default widget cleanupProc (no-op)
 */
void TtkNullCleanup(void *recordPtr)
{
    return;
}

/* TtkWidgetDoLayout --
 * 	Default widget layoutProc.
 */
void TtkWidgetDoLayout(void *clientData)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = clientData;
    Ttk_PlaceLayout(corePtr->layout,corePtr->state,Ttk_WinBox(corePtr->tkwin));
}

/* TtkWidgetDisplay --
 * 	Default widget displayProc.
 */
void TtkWidgetDisplay(void *recordPtr, Drawable d)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;
    Ttk_DrawLayout(corePtr->layout, corePtr->state, d);
}

/* TtkWidgetSize --
 * 	Default widget sizeProc()
 */
int TtkWidgetSize(void *recordPtr, int *widthPtr, int *heightPtr)
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;
    Ttk_LayoutSize(corePtr->layout, corePtr->state, widthPtr, heightPtr);
    return 1;
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * +++ Default implementations for widget subcommands.
 */

/* $w cget -option
 */
int TtkWidgetCgetCommand(
    void *recordPtr, Tcl_Interp *interp, int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;
    Tcl_Obj *result;

    if (objc != 3) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 2, objv, "option");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    result = Tk_GetOptionValue(interp, recordPtr,
		corePtr->optionTable, objv[2], corePtr->tkwin);
    if (result == NULL)
	return TCL_ERROR;
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, result);
    return TCL_OK;
}

/* $w configure ?-option ?value ....??
 */
int TtkWidgetConfigureCommand(
    void *recordPtr, Tcl_Interp *interp, int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;
    Tcl_Obj *result;

    if (objc == 2) {
	result = Tk_GetOptionInfo(interp, recordPtr,
		corePtr->optionTable, NULL, corePtr->tkwin);
    } else if (objc == 3) {
	result = Tk_GetOptionInfo(interp, recordPtr,
		corePtr->optionTable, objv[2], corePtr->tkwin);
    } else {
	Tk_SavedOptions savedOptions;
	int status;
	int mask = 0;

	status = Tk_SetOptions(interp, recordPtr,
		corePtr->optionTable, objc - 2, objv + 2,
		corePtr->tkwin, &savedOptions, &mask);
	if (status != TCL_OK)
	    return status;

	if (mask & READONLY_OPTION) {
	    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(
		    "attempt to change read-only option", -1));
	    Tk_RestoreSavedOptions(&savedOptions);
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}

	status = corePtr->widgetSpec->configureProc(interp, recordPtr, mask);
	if (status != TCL_OK) {
	    Tk_RestoreSavedOptions(&savedOptions);
	    return status;
	}
	Tk_FreeSavedOptions(&savedOptions);

	status = corePtr->widgetSpec->postConfigureProc(interp,recordPtr,mask);
	if (WidgetDestroyed(corePtr)) {
	    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, Tcl_NewStringObj(
		    "widget has been destroyed", -1));
	    status = TCL_ERROR;
	}
	if (status != TCL_OK) {
	    return status;
	}

	if (mask & (STYLE_CHANGED | GEOMETRY_CHANGED)) {
	    SizeChanged(corePtr);
	}

	TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);
	result = Tcl_NewObj();
    }

    if (result == 0) {
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp, result);
    return TCL_OK;
}

/* $w state ? $stateSpec ?
 *
 * 	If $stateSpec is specified, modify the widget state accordingly,
 * 	return a new stateSpec representing the changed bits.
 *
 * 	Otherwise, return a statespec matching all the currently-set bits.
 */

int TtkWidgetStateCommand(
    void *recordPtr, Tcl_Interp *interp, int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;
    Ttk_StateSpec spec;
    int status;
    Ttk_State oldState, changed;

    if (objc == 2) {
	Tcl_SetObjResult(interp,
	    Ttk_NewStateSpecObj(corePtr->state, 0ul));
	return TCL_OK;
    }

    if (objc != 3) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 2, objv, "state-spec");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    status = Ttk_GetStateSpecFromObj(interp, objv[2], &spec);
    if (status != TCL_OK)
	return status;

    oldState = corePtr->state;
    corePtr->state = Ttk_ModifyState(corePtr->state, &spec);
    changed = corePtr->state ^ oldState;

    TtkRedisplayWidget(corePtr);

    Tcl_SetObjResult(interp,
	Ttk_NewStateSpecObj(oldState & changed, ~oldState & changed));
    return status;
}

/* $w instate $stateSpec ?$script?
 *
 * 	Tests if widget state matches $stateSpec.
 *	If $script is specified, execute script if state matches.
 *	Otherwise, return true/false
 */

int TtkWidgetInstateCommand(
    void *recordPtr, Tcl_Interp *interp, int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;
    Ttk_State state = corePtr->state;
    Ttk_StateSpec spec;
    int status = TCL_OK;

    if (objc < 3 || objc > 4) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 2, objv, "state-spec ?script?");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    status = Ttk_GetStateSpecFromObj(interp, objv[2], &spec);
    if (status != TCL_OK)
	return status;

    if (objc == 3) {
	Tcl_SetObjResult(interp,
	    Tcl_NewBooleanObj(Ttk_StateMatches(state,&spec)));
    } else if (objc == 4) {
	if (Ttk_StateMatches(state,&spec)) {
	    status = Tcl_EvalObjEx(interp, objv[3], 0);
	}
    }
    return status;
}

/* $w identify $x $y
 * $w identify element $x $y
 * 	Returns: name of element at $x, $y
 */
int TtkWidgetIdentifyCommand(
    void *recordPtr, Tcl_Interp *interp, int objc, Tcl_Obj *const objv[])
{
    WidgetCore *corePtr = recordPtr;
    Ttk_Element element;
    static const char *whatTable[] = { "element", NULL };
    int x, y, what;

    if (objc < 4 || objc > 5) {
	Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 2, objv, "?what? x y");
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }
    if (objc == 5) {
	/* $w identify element $x $y */
	if (Tcl_GetIndexFromObjStruct(interp, objv[2], whatTable,
		sizeof(char *), "option", 0, &what) != TCL_OK)
	{
	    return TCL_ERROR;
	}
    }

    if (   Tcl_GetIntFromObj(interp, objv[objc-2], &x) != TCL_OK
	|| Tcl_GetIntFromObj(interp, objv[objc-1], &y) != TCL_OK
    ) {
	return TCL_ERROR;
    }

    element = Ttk_IdentifyElement(corePtr->layout, x, y);
    if (element) {
	const char *elementName = Ttk_ElementName(element);
	Tcl_SetObjResult(interp,Tcl_NewStringObj(elementName,-1));
    }

    return TCL_OK;
}

/*EOF*/


text:
More info on José Maria Pedroto
José Maria Pedroto: Map
José Maria Carvalho Pedroto, OIH, (21 October 1928 in Lamego – 8 January 1985 in Porto ) was a proficient footballer and trainer. He was nicknamed Zé do Boné (the Portuguese name of comic strip character Andy Capp) since, like the character, he usually wore a flat cap.
Pedroto, a right midfielder, played for Leixões SC, Lusitano VRSA, Belenenses and FC Porto, where his childhood idol Pinga played, for a record value which many believed to be scandalous. There, he rose as one of the best national players of the 50's. He was capped 17 times for Portugal, 1 with Belenenses and 16 with FC Porto. His first game was on April 20th 1954, a 3-0 loss to France, in a friendly match, and his last game, on December 22nd 1957, a 3-0 loss to the Italy, in Milan , in a World Cup qualifying match.
The first Portuguese manager with a diploma and one of the first to join a managing course, Pedroto's first work with the youth sides was impressive, and his career continued in style in Académica Coimbra , Varzim SC (after being sacked by Leixões), and in 1969 he had his first stint with Porto, winning a domestic cup. After that, he went to Vitória Setúbal, leading the club to its highest achievements.
Four years later, in 1974 Pedroto joined Porto side Boavista FC, winning two cups and reaching a second place in the league. In 1978, he returned to Porto, which had been in a 19-year title drought.
With Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa, Pedroto made one of the most impressive board-bench duo in Portuguese football history. In a time where even FC Porto directors bowed to Lisbon sides, their anti-centralist speech made quite an impact, and Porto won the 77-78 and 78-79 titles. After failing the "tri", both Pinto da Costa and Pedroto left FC Porto due to internal disputes, with the coach going to Vitória Guimarães, where he placed the Minho side twice in the top 5 positions.
When Pinto da Costa was elected as FC Porto's president, Pedroto was given the job again, which turned out to be his last. He died not long after Porto's defeat in the 1984 Cup Winners' Cup, victim of cancer, but his work endured for most of the decade, and he is regarded as one of the responsibles for the 1987 Champions Cup win. Porto's coach was Artur Jorge, who worked with Pedroto in Vitória Guimarães, and was the coach he requested as his replacement.
His name was mentioned several times as possible name for Porto's new Estádio do Dragão .
Both Jaime Pacheco and José Mourinho were compared to Pedroto, for their aggressive speeches, wit, and managing capabilities.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Whether you are catching some sun, people-watching, eating, out for a run, or a simple stroll, which public garden is the best?
"Pelindaba Lavender Essential Oil is really a First Aid Kit in a Single Bottle. Pelindaba sells their essential oil in three..." via Mary P.
"An oasis in arid mid-eastern Washington state. Thank goodness for the Ohme family and their visionary dream, driving..." via N harley B.
"Be sure to take the guided tour to get a better appreciation of the work and care put into the garden, and to understand..." via Adrienne H.


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Comments (13 comments)
"Little movement" on Syria
By Jill Dougherty and Jamie Crawford
Even before their meeting at the United Nations began Monday, it was downgraded from a talk over breakfast to a quick discussion of what can be done immediately to end the descent into seemingly unstoppable violence in Syria.
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called her meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov "constructive."
A senior administration official told CNN it was "pretty straightforward. ... No drama but little movement."
Another senior administration official described the meeting as "workmanlike." FULL POST
Post by: CNN Foreign Affairs Correspondent Jill Dougherty, CNN's Jamie Crawford
Filed under: Arab League • Arab Spring • Diplomacy • Hillary Clinton • Middle East • Russia • Secretary of State • Syria
Comments (348 comments)
Shooting suspect was trained sniper
The soldier detained for the shootings in Afghanistan was a qualified infantry sniper, a senior Department of Defense official told CNN. (See also: heightened security in Afghanistan)
The soldier was injured in a vehicle rollover while in Iraq in 2010, according to the official. The official described it as a non-combat rollover. He was diagnosed with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) but was found fit for duty. FULL POST
Post by: CNN Pentagon Correspondent Barbara Starr
Filed under: Afghanistan • Army • FIRST ON CNN/EXCLUSIVE • Military
Comments (9 comments)
Some security heightened in Afghanistan
From Chris Lawrence
Some U.S. commanders in Afghanistan are instituting heightened security in the wake of recent events to protect against potential retaliation. Some of the precautions were put in place in the wake of the Quran burning incident, a senior defense official tells CNN.
The measures include adding a second U.S. soldier to watch towers, where before there was one American and one Afghan on watch. American and Afghan forces live together on many of the smaller bases and outposts, and on some of these the U.S. has instituted a 24-hour guard of their barracks.
Post by: CNN Pentagon Correspondent Chris Lawrence
Filed under: Afghanistan • ISAF • Military
Pentagon: War strategy not changing
By Chris Lawrence
The Pentagon continued to call the mass shooting in Afghanistan "an isolated incident," and that the overall mission has not changed. "Despite what some are saying, we not changing our fundamental strategy," says Pentagon spokesman George Little.
Little's comments echoed that of administration officials assertion to White House Correspondent Brianna Keilar that the massacre will not derail discussions on the role of U.S. troops in Afghanistan beyond 2014, when foreign combat troops are scheduled to withdraw. FULL POST
Filed under: Afghanistan • ISAF • Obama • Pentagon
Final deployment for the USS Enterprise
The legendary aircraft carrier USS Enterprise, America's oldest active-duty warship, was steaming in the Atlantic on Monday on the last deployment of its 50-year career.
The carrier and its crew of 3,100 left Norfolk Naval Station in Virginia on Sunday in the ship's 22nd deployment. The ship's air wing and other naval staff aboard add another 1,500 personnel.
Read the story on This Just In.
Filed under: Navy
Afghanistan shooting suspect moved
The soldier at the center of the Afghanistan shootings has been moved from the outpost where he served to detention in a larger U.S. base in Afghanistan, a military official tells Barbara Starr.
More details are emerging about the soldier, an Army staff sergeant, who acted alone and turned himself in after opening fire on civilians, according to officials from NATO's International Security Assistance Force, or ISAF. He is in U.S. custody as investigators try to establish what motivated him. FULL POST
Filed under: Afghanistan • Army • Gen. Allen • ISAF • Military
Analysis: Stopping Syria, via Russia
By Elise Labott, CNN Foreign Affairs Reporter
The Obama administration has gone to great lengths to explain why all options for stopping the violence in Syria are fraught with difficulty. But there is one route that the administration believes would go a long way to changing thinking in Damascus, and the path goes right through Moscow.
As administration officials - from the White House to the State Department, from the Pentagon to the intelligence community - explain, the opposition is comprised of many small groups, and the parts so far do not add up to a united whole. That opposition, which Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, numbered at around 100 different groups, has not united and has failed to rally the entire country against Syria's President Bashar al-Assad.
Arming the opposition would be futile against Syria's strong defenses and could lead to a chaotic civil war that could turn Syria into a safe haven for al Qaeda, administration officials argue. Military intervention, well, is out of the question, at least for now.
Which is why Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has been focused like a laser on turning Moscow into a member of the "Friends of the Syrian people," rather than what the United States considers a friend of the al-Assad regime.
Post by: CNN Foreign Affairs Reporter Elise Labott
Filed under: Assad • Putin • Russia • Syria • UN Security Council
Bigger threat – Iran or North Korea?
By Adam Levine
There's no question, the U.S. is approaching the two most pressing nuclear threats differently.
One country, for the time being, seems ready to engage with the U.S. and others on changing its nuclear course. That's North Korea. That's at least for time being.
The other country, Iran, has suggested it would be willing to engage with the international community on its nuclear program to a degree but questions remain about how serious the offer is.
Which leads us to this little noticed question to Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta on Friday. Speaking to reporters in Hawaii, Panetta was asked, basically, why is everyone so much crazier about Iran than North Korea. FULL POST
Filed under: Diplomacy • IAEA • Iran • Kim Jong-un • Middle East • North Korea • Nuclear • Six-Party Talks


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Defend & Advance: A Special Exhibition for the National Immigration Law Center
For Immediate Release: 04.22.16
Contact: Renae Barnard, Curator
310.823.7331 renaebarnard@gmail.com www.renaebarnard.com
Dates: April 1, 2016- March 31st 2017
Opening Reception: Thursday May 26 2016 6-9pm (Free Admission)
Location: NILC 3435 Wilshire Blvd 16th Floor Los Angeles CA 90010
Defend & Advance is a temporary exhibit of 39 original artworks by 17 artists that celebrates the establishment of the National Immigration Law Center's permanent art collection. With broadly varied approaches and narratives, the artists in this exhibition explore current conditions of immigration and migration, displacement and labor, and struggle against collective amnesia. The artists are from a diverse range of geographic, political and social backgrounds. Considering their work in dialogue allows us not only to reflect on their differences but also to consider their shared concerns. The exhibit offers new perspectives on issues we may have previously thought familiar. The curation seeks to discover shared experiences that can be explored in conversation and used to promote intellectual and emotional engagement with the subjects being presented.
Artists: Anna Stump, Arturo Cambron, Cintia Segovia, Diane Williams, Dohnbi Kim & Oshri Hakak, Hyunji Lee, Joseph Muchina Mwangi, Jose Ramirez, Kuniko Ruch, Lori Dorn, Mahsan Ghazianzad, Michael Fischerkeller, Miggie Wong, Mona Nicole Sfeir, Narsiso C. Martinez, Paige Emery, Xilomen Rios.
Established in 1979, the National Immigration Law Center (NILC) is one of the leading organizations in the U.S. exclusively dedicated to defending and advancing the rights of low-income immigrants.
NILC believes that all people who live in the U.S.—regardless of their race, gender, immigration and/or economic status—should have the opportunity to achieve their full potential. Over the years NILC has been at the forefront of many of the country's greatest challenges when it comes to immigration issues, and plays a major leadership role in addressing the real-life impact of polices that affect the ability of low-income immigrants to prosper and thrive.
Renae Barnard is a multidisciplinary artist and curator. She holds a Master of Fine Arts degree from Claremont Graduate University. Barnard's work has been shown at Shoshana Wayne Gallery, Harriet & Charles Luckman Gallery, Berkeley Art Center, Los Angeles Municipal Gallery and SOMArts Gallery. Recent curatorial projects include From Her, El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historical Monument. (March 2015). Almost Home, Claremont City Hall. (March 2015). Pathway Analysis, Claremont City Hall. (October 2014). Home Makers? Underground Tunnel, Los Angeles, CA (July 2014). Hamartia, Claremont City Hall. (April 2014). Barnard has been the recipient of the Armory Center for the Arts Teaching Artist Fellowship, Ahmanson Annual Fellowship, Christopher Street West Art & Culture Grant and the Lincoln Fellowship Award.
Tags art exhibition, art installation, conceptual art, defend and advance, female curator, fiber art, immigration art, immigration reform art, immigration reform, migration art, national immigration law center, nilc


In this new and illuminating interpretation of Ambrose, bishop of Milan from 374 to 397, Neil McLynn thoroughly sifts the evidence surrounding this very difficult personality. The result is a richly detailed interpretation of Ambrose's actions and writings that penetrates the bishop's painstaking presentation of self. McLynn succeeds in revealing Ambrose's manipulation of events without making him too Machiavellian. Having synthesized the vast complex of scholarship available on the late fourth century, McLynn also presents an impressive study of the politics and history of the Christian church and the Roman Empire in that period.
Admirably and logically organized, the book traces the chronology of Ambrose's public activity and reconstructs important events in the fourth century. McLynn's zesty, lucid prose gives the reader a clear understanding of the complexities of Ambrose's life and career and of late Roman government.
Neil McLynn is Visiting Lecturer in the Faculty of Law, Keio University, Japan. He was trained in the classics at Oxford.


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Q: Is there a limit of how many transactions I can send to neo4j using the Cypher transaction HTTP endpoint? I am getting Unrecognized transaction erros when I send more than 80something individual calls after starting a transaction.
Is there a limit of how many transactions I can send to neo4j using the Cypher transaction HTTP endpoint? Can I get around this somehow? I cannot switch to bolt (which is fine) unfortunately due to some deployment limitations I am trying to get around with using http.
The issue is not related to exceeding the 60 secs transaction timeout. Could the issue be related to parallel calls to add to an open transaction? If I guarantee that each call is made sequentially it works but it is very slow.
https://neo4j.com/docs/http-api/current/actions/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Back again with a final look at some of the crazy critters that lurk inside the Nintendo DS game The Warlock of Firetop Mountain. For those that are interested, the webpage for the game developer, Big Blue Bubble Inc., can be found here.
Nobbler: A Dwarf who is willing to sell his wares to anyone, as long as they don't stink of Orc. He can be found inside the common room of the Dwarf stronghold.
Og: A White Orc who is so lonely that he is willing to sell his weapons to anyone. He did some terrible things when he worked for Zagor and Giles.
Giles: An evil man in league with Zagor. Knowledge, not power, is his only desire, which is why he gets along so well with the Warlock. He somehow charmed the Dwarf leaders into believing he is their friend, although they are fully aware that he is also cavorting with Zagor. No-one's really sure how and when he came to Firetop. He seeks a sample of one of the undead Dwarfs so that he can learn its secrets and use it to infect his enemies.
Gorrin Briarbeard: This Dwarf guards the entrance to the Dwarf stronghold. He has red hair and wears a patch over his left eye. He wields a huge battleaxe and carries a dagger. He is on the lookout for spies and distrusts Giles immensely.
Oliphant: An insane Dwarf priest who hides out in a chamber accessed via a secret passage from the Trophy Room. He is balding, grey-haired and wields a sledgehammer. He believes the hero to be a new initiate and orders him to go to the Room of the Three and collect the Book of Right from the compartment beneath the statues.
Zagor: The evil Warlock of Firetop Mountain. Some say he looks young and came from the direction of Darkwood Forest, followed by a Red Dragon and leaving a string of burned-down villages behind him. Others say that he is very short, wizened and old, and say he came from Darkwood with a lot of green servants. Zagor and his legions stole the home of the Dwarfs and their ancestors as well as their possessions. Those he defeated have been raised from the dead to serve in their former home.
Firetop Dwarfs: Many Dwarfs still live inside Firetop, but they can't be counted upon to be friendly. They have a military outpost on the upper levels and they are still on guard against 'invaders'. All non-Dwarfs are attacked on sight. The Dwarf warriors think it is their skill and loyalty that keeps them safe from the Warlock, but others think that the Warlock lets them live for his own amusement. None of them mine the mountain anymore. There are some among them who are organising an army to chase the monsters away from their home.
Golems: The Dwarfs created the Golem to serve them, but the gods punished them for their laziness. The Golems were released from their burden of servitude until Zagor the Defiler came and added them to his legions. Now they are deadly killers. The Cyclops guards the entrance to the Upper Keep; it can shoot fireballs from its eye. Lesser Golems can be found beyond, of different colours and lesser power.
Orcs: Green-skinned Orcs are the weakest, then grey-skinned Orcs, Red Orcs and the powerful White Orcs.
Skeletons: Although undead, the Boat House Skeletons are not evil. Engineers have been tasked with running a ferry to Stonebridge, but the Dwarfs have prevented them from travelling downstream. The industrious Skeletons have dreams of trading with Stonebridge and someday creating their own merchant empire.
Eye Stingers: These creatures appear to be an advanced or magical breed, for they are covered in many eyes instead of just one, and can shoot bolts of magic from their main eye. Spikes emerge from their body when enemies get too close. Pink Eye Stingers shoot fireballs from their main eye, while Green Eye Stingers shoot green blasts that poison their opponent.
- Zagor wishes to be rid of the Dragon. He offers its hoard to the hero who kills it.
- Killing the Dragon yields a mysterious vial of Dragon Essence, probably what Zagor seeks.
- One of the Dwarfs can be found drinking in the Orc Tavern. He wears a necklace of human ears.
- Zagor's Inner Sanctum is sealed off by an iron portcullis, which has been further barricaded by the Orcs who removed the handle from the winch. This was to prevent the Undead Dwarfs in the room beyond from getting through. Too many Orcs were careless, so the chieftains blocked the way. The Warlock teleports in if he needs to visit the outer rooms.
- No Orcs are allowed in the Fortress proper, which is protected by a spell that blocks the doorway with magical chains unless the hall is lit by a special blue candle. Most Dwarfs don't think twice about it, because in their glory days the hall was always filled with blue candles.
I hope you enjoyed this look at how the Nintendo DS game chose to portray the iconic Firetop Mountain. As you can see it varies quite a bit from the previously established setting, but I think there is still a lot of value in it and perhaps some of the lore here can be used to enrich the setting or perhaps portray a future version of the Warlock's lair. What do you think?


The Sustainable Business Covered podcast returns for 2019 to bring you yet more exclusive interviews, insights and advice from the green economy.
This week, edie launched the Mission Possible Plastics Hub - a brand-new, content-driven campaign that will support sustainability and resource efficiency professionals on our collective mission to eliminate single-use plastics.
Inspired by edie's ongoing Mission Possible campaign, the Hub kicked-off a week-long series of editorial action that will include exclusive interviews, webinars and in-depth feature articles – all dedicated to turning the tide on single-use plastics.
To mark the occasion, edie has created a special episode of the Sustainable Business Covered podcast, summarising key events from the week and bringing you three exclusive interviews, two of which have uploaded pledges to the Hub.
Firstly, reporter Sarah George travels to the Canary Wharf offices to discuss how communities and businesses can "break the plastics habit" with environmental NGO Surfers Against Sewage's founder Hugo Tagholm.
Up next, content editor Matt Mace speaks to Waitrose's head of CSR, health and agriculture Tor Harris to discuss the retailer's impressive plastics phase-outs to date.
Finally, the edie team gather around the phone to speak to the Co-op's environmental manager Iain Ferguson, who offers advice on everything from Government policy to collaboration.


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North Flushing Historic Resources
Orange denotes streets/areas with significant numbers of historic resources
No individual buildings are landmarked in North Flushing within the 19th Council District. However, the Ginsberg-
Carelitz mansion lies a half-block to the west at 145-15 Bayside Avenue, and Flushing High School is located at
the northeast corner of Union Street and Northern Boulevard. There are 1,330 buildings located in the Broadway-
Flushing National Register Historic District, based on a report that I authored in 2004 that celebrates the Colonial
Revival, Tudor Revival and Arts and Crafts-style housing in this century-old neighborhood. The Broadway-Flushing
Homeowners Association and Auburndale Improvement Association are both overwhelmingly in favor of New York
City Landmark Historic District status for Broadway-Flushing but have been unable to achieve this at the present
time, placing one of the best neighborhoods in New York City in jeopardy of being redeveloped with incompatible
architecture.
An additional 700 buildings to the north of Broadway-Flushing have similar historic and architectural character and
are a potential extension to the Broadway-Flushing historic district. Also, there are many other individual buildings
and streets to the west of Broadway-Flushing which have significant historical and architectural importance.
Broadway-Flushing Historic District National Register Application by
A Queens Home Wallpapered With Memories, New York Times 4/3/2011
Flushing prepares for landmark battle, Times Ledger, 3/17/2009
Flushing fights City Hall on landmarking, Queens Chronicle, 3/12/2009
LPC Dismisses Significance of Broadway-Flushing, Queens Ledger, 3/10/2009
Landmark snub riles Broadway−Flushing, Times Ledger, 3/5/2009
Broadway-Flushing residents pushing Landmarks Commission to act, Daily News 3/18/2008
B'way-Flushing residents want area landmarked, Times Ledger, 7/25/2008
Voelker Orth Museum Set For Landmarking, Queens Chronicle, 9/27/2007
Tree Destruction Decried In Flushing, Queens Chronicle, 5/3/2007Push On For New Boro Historic District, Queens Tribune, 2/9/2006
North Flushing —Historic District Sought, Queens Chronicle, 2/2/2006
FLUSHING ESTATE LANDMARKED, 9/22/2005
CITY STOPS CHURCH PROJECT, 7/27/2005
Flushing theater to reopen as Macy's outlet center, Times Ledger, 2/3/2000
Back to main North Flushing page


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Auto News >
World's fastest SUV by Toyota achives 230.02 MPH
By Edward Choi - May 5, 2017
Toyota NASCAR driver Carl Edwards came out of retirement to drive the Land Speed Cruiser in the Mojave desert. The sole purpose of this drive was to beat the world speed record.
On top of Land Cruiser's production 5.7-liter 3UR-FE V8 engine, Toyota's Motorsports Technical Center team added a pair of Garrett turbochargers and sturdier components to achieve 55 PSI. The end result was a 2,000HP engine.
The SUV was lowered and the frame was narrowed by 3 inches for the Michelin Pilot Super Sport tires, in order to achieve optimal aerodynamics and stability.
"At 225MPH, the thing was wandering a little bit," Edwards said. But he kept pressing on the pedal and broke the 230MPH barrier. If he had longer paved driveway, the SUV could have gone faster.
The next step for Toyota's engineers may be developing an anti-graviton suspension system and make the vehicle glide. Then, we won't need the roads.
World's fastest SUV by Toyota achives 230.02 MPH | ReviewCars.com | Privacy | Terms of Use | Contact


受 Game Dev Story、Weapon Shop De Omasse 和 Recettear:An Item Shop's Tale 等游戏的启发,看!土豆们的武器工坊?!Holy Potatoes!A Weapon Shop?! 旨在为这种新兴游戏流派的粉丝们提供一种刺激无比的全新游戏体验。 游戏得分系统由传奇的木村雅彦设计,他曾设计过玄素幻想水浒传系列和恶魔城系列的原始得分系统。感兴趣的玩家快来下载Holy Potatoes!A Weapon Shop?! 试玩吧!


We deal with on-line log-space Turing Machines with markers in the work tapes. In this type of machines we prove the existence of a language L satisfying L ϵ NSPACE_s (log n) , L ̅ ϵ NSPACE_s (log n) and L ϵ NSPACE_s (log n) We give an explicit definition of L. The main theorem uses minimisation techniques of deterministic finite automata.
CitationCases, R., Gabarro, J. "About log-on languages : preliminary version". 1985.


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Moderate Drinking Can Sharpen Sense Of Smell
By John Lavitt 08/27/14
Israeli researchers have found that a few drinks improved an individual's ability to smell, though too many had the adverse effect.
In a surprising discovery that appears to challenge the belief that drinking dulls the senses, Israeli researchers have found that alcohol actually sharpens a person's ability to smell when drunk in moderation.
A recent study published in the peer-reviewed journal Behavioral Brain Research by Israeli researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science and the Edith Wolfson Medical Center explained how consuming alcohol can actually boost the sensitivity of the human olfactory system.
In the first experiment, 20 volunteers smelled three different liquids; two of which were the same and one of which was different. In the initial test, the participants were given two seconds to say which smell was not like the others. This test was repeated six times with various liquid matchups to ensure accurate readings of each participant's olfactory sensitivity.
In the next step, the participants drank either 35 milliliters of vodka in grape juice or the juice alone and asked to repeat the smell test. The vodka drinkers saw improved results, while the juice drinkers stayed the same. The intriguing results showed moderate alcohol intake improved their ability to distinguish between smells.
In a second experiment, the researchers actually went to public establishments. They asked random patrons in local bars to take a scratch 'n sniff test before allowing the researchers to measure their blood-alcohol content. The researchers found that in both the controlled and bar-based studies, people with a moderate amount of alcohol in their systems fared better in odor differentiation tests, as compared to people with no alcohol in their systems.
At the same time, researchers also found that too much alcohol in the blood severally hampered a drinker's ability to smell. Whether the cause of this ancillary result is an actual dampening of the olfactory system by increased alcohol intake or a simple loss of focus on account of inebriation remained undetermined.
The authors of the study plan to uncover the actual cause in future studies through the examination of brain scans done on the drinkers. It goes without saying, of course, that such high-tech scans could not be done at the local pub.
John Lavitt
Growing up in Manhattan as a stutterer, John Lavitt discovered that writing was the best way to express himself when the words would not come. After graduating with honors from Brown University, he lived on the Greek island of Patmos, studying with his mentor, the late American poet Robert Lax. As a writer, John's published work includes three articles in Chicken Soup For The Soul volumes and poems in multiple poetry journals and compilations. Active in recovery, John has been the Treatment Professional News Editor for The Fix. Since 2015, he has published over 500 articles on the addiction and recovery news website. Today, he lives in Los Angeles, trying his best to be happy and creative. Find John on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.
New Study Supports AA's Effectiveness, but Professionals Caution


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Q: Python: time stretch wave files - comparison between three methods I'm doing some data augmentation on a speech dataset, and I want to stretch/squeeze each audio file in the time domain.
I found the following three ways to do that, but I'm not sure which one is the best or more optimized way:
dimension = int(len(signal) * speed)
res = librosa.effects.time_stretch(signal, speed)
res = cv2.resize(signal, (1, dimension)).squeeze()
res = skimage.transform.resize(signal, (dimension, 1)).squeeze()

However, I found that librosa.effects.time_stretch adds unwanted echo (or something like that) to the signal.
So, my question is: What are the main differences between these three ways? And is there any better way to do that?

A: librosa.effects.time_stretch(signal, speed) (docs)
In essence, this approach transforms the signal using stft (short time Fourier transform), stretches it using a phase vocoder and uses the inverse stft to reconstruct the time domain signal. Typically, when doing it this way, one introduces a little bit of "phasiness", i.e. a metallic clang, because the phase cannot be reconstructed 100%. That's probably what you've identified as "echo."
Note that while this approach effectively stretches audio in the time domain (i.e., the input is in the time domain as well as the output), the work is actually being done in the frequency domain.
cv2.resize(signal, (1, dimension)).squeeze() (docs)
All this approach does is interpolating the given signal using bilinear interpolation. This approach is suitable for images, but strikes me as unsuitable for audio signals. Have you listened to the result? Does it sound at all like the original signal only faster/slower? I would assume not only the tempo changes, but also the frequency and perhaps other effects.
skimage.transform.resize(signal, (dimension, 1)).squeeze() (docs)
Again, this is meant for images, not sound. Additionally to the interpolation (spline interpolation with the order 1 by default), this function also does anti-aliasing for images. Note that this has nothing to do with avoiding audio aliasing effects (Nyqist/Aliasing), therefore you should probably turn that off by passing anti_aliasing=False. Again, I would assume that the results may not be exactly what you want (changing frequencies, other artifacts).
What to do?
IMO, you have several options.

*

*If what you feed into your ML algorithms ends up being something like a Mel spectrogram, you could simply treat it as image and stretch it using the skimage or opencv approach. Frequency ranges would be preserved. I have successfully used this kind of approach in this music tempo estimation paper.

*Use a better time_stretch library, e.g. rubberband. librosa is great, but its current time scale modification (TSM) algorithm is not state of the art. For a review of TSM algorithms, see for example this article.

*Ignore the fact that the frequency changes and simply add 0 samples on a regular basis to the signal or drop samples on a regular basis from the signal (much like your image interpolation does). If you don't stretch too far it may still work for data augmentation purposes. After all the word content is not changed, if the audio content has higher or lower frequencies.

*Resample the signal to another sampling frequency, e.g. 44100 Hz -> 43000 Hz or 44100 Hz -> 46000 Hz using a library like resampy and then pretend that it's still 44100 Hz. This still change the frequencies, but at least you get the benefit that resampy does proper filtering of the result so that you avoid the aforementioned aliasing, which otherwise occurs.


Preventing mental illness in Dubai? Take a walk in Safa Park!
Sometimes we need science to tell us the obvious or to makes us aware of things we already knew but somehow forgot. What's written in this article will be not really new to you. But if it makes you take a walk in Safa Park (or any other park) and thus makes you feel better, it served its purpose.
Most of us (especially our readers in UAE) will agree that modern live is rather a hectic urban life than a relaxing nature life.
Probably you would also agree that it is more relaxing to talk a walk in Safa Park than walking next to sheik Ziyad road.
Now scientists at Stanford University published a new study telling us exactly this and a bit more. The study showed that a 90-min walk through a natural environment reported lower levels of rumination. Rumination describes "repetitive thoughts focused on negative aspects of the self". Rumination is a "known risk factor for mental illness". The scientists went even a step further. They found out how the nature walk changes the neural activity in the brain. The walk reduced neural activity in the subgenual prefrontal cortex (sgPFC), an area of the brain linked to risk for mental illness.


Save a lot of money! Learn how to remove your old thermostat and install a new programmable thermostat—with no rewiring required.
You can reduce your home's heating and cooling costs by about 15 percent with a programmable thermostat. It automatically keeps the temperature at a comfortable level when you're home, but switches to an energy-saving level when you're away or asleep. Programmable thermostats are available from home centers and hardware stores. The higher-priced models provide more programming options.
Programmable thermostats will work with most gas or oil furnaces and central air conditioners. However, heat pumps, electric baseboards, and a few other systems require special features. Read the package to make sure the programmable thermostat you buy is compatible with your heating and cooling system. If you are unsure, call your local utility or a heating and cooling contractor.
Should you get a Wi-Fi thermostat? Click here to find out more.
To begin, turn off power to the heating and cooling systems at the main panel. Then remove the old thermostat. If your old thermostat contains mercury, you'll see a small glass tube with a shiny silver ball inside. Mercury is toxic. Take this type of thermostat to a hazardous waste disposal site.
There will be anywhere from two to five wires hooked up to the old thermostat. Label the thermostat wiring with marking tabs using the letters on the old screw terminals as reference. If your new thermostat doesn't come with marking tabs, use masking tape. Remove and discard the old thermostat.
Clip a clothespin to the cable so it doesn't slide down inside the wall cavity; then level the new mounting plate in position and mark the mounting screw holes. Drill 3/16-in. holes, insert drywall anchors and screw the plate to the wall.
If the thermostat has back-up batteries, insert them before wiring the new thermostat.
Screw the system wiring to the screw terminals on the new thermostat using the letter labels as reference (strip the wires back if necessary). These letters are standard; hook them up to the same terminals on the new thermostat. Snap the thermostat to the mounting plate.
The thermostat may need to be configured to your heating system. It may also come preprogrammed, but to maximize savings, set it up according to your schedule. Consult the instructions that come with the thermostat for system adjustments and programming. You won't save energy if the thermostat isn't programmed correctly.


With ten years in the industry, Kathryne is passionate about a strong foundation in the fundamentals just as much as she is about constantly learning and challenging herself with new or more refined techniques. Though she is nearly platinum blonde, she firmly believes that processed hair doesn't have to be unhealthy hair if it is properly colored and cared for. You can always trust that Kathryne is looking out for your hair's best interest. Whether you're looking for today's latest trend or just looking for a strong foundation, she would be glad to help you out.
Kathryne specializes in balayage, babylights and textured cutting.


After an auto collision, as a general rule, you should not talk to the other driver's insurance company. Regardless of what that insurance company representative tells you, his or her primary motive, in obtaining your statement about the collision, your injuries and damages is to minimize the value of your claim/case or destroy it. It is vital that you speak with an auto accident attorney and obtain valuable advice before even thinking about talking with the other driver's insurance company representative.
Insurance company representatives may seem sweet and caring, but it is a charade intended to do as much damage to the value of your case as possible. They can lead you on like this for months or even years. However, as I have mentioned in other parts of my articles on this website, the other driver's insurance company does not owe you any duty of good faith and fair dealing. It only owes that to its own driver. It is best to say nothing, write down their name, telephone number, and insurance company name and claim number. Then, immediately contact an attorney, no matter what you may think of there being potential problems with your case.
Alternatively, the insurance company representatives may choose to take a different tack towards you and act as though you owe them a duty to give them a statement. You do not owe them any such duty. This is an act and is only intended to obtain information from you to reduce the value of your case or destroy it completely. Don't be fooled.
For more information on Auto Accident Cases In California, a free initial consultation is your next best step. Get the information and legal answers you are seeking by calling (877-236-4536) today. An auto accident attorney will give you the right advice and will do everything to get you the maximum possible compensation.


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Laopdr News Gazette
Spin Master Sues Character Options Ltd/Brix N' Clix and Starfly Factory in China for Infringement of Flutterbye(R) Flying Fairy
TORONTO and LOS ANGELES, May 20, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — Spin Master Ltd., Canada's largest children's toy and entertainment company and the world leader in flying toys, announced today that it has issued civil High Court proceedings against Character Options Ltd and Brix n' Clix (the "Defendants") in the High Court of Justice, London. The lawsuit seeks an injunction to prevent the Defendants from infringing several of Spin Master's intellectual property rights by marketing and selling the "Sky Dancers Starfly" toy, which is alleged to infringe Spin Master's rights protecting the best-selling Flutterbye® Flying Fairy, a flying doll that is controllable in the air with the palm of your hand. The lawsuit alleges that the Starfly toy and its packaging has the same overall appearance as and has been copied from the best-selling Flutterbye® Flying Fairy and its packaging. The lawsuit also seeks delivery up or destruction of all of the Defendants' stocks of the look-a-like Starfly toy and that the Defendants account for all of their profits made from the Starfly toy or pay damages, including additional statutory damages for the flagrancy of the infringement, in addition to Spin Master's legal costs.
In addition to the law suit filed in the United Kingdom against Character Options and Brix n Clix, Spin Master has initiated a lawsuit against Zhongshan Techboy Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. and its related factory, Da'ao Chuangyou Electronics Factory. These two targets were found manufacturing the "Starfly". The copyright and utility model patent infringement claims were filed on April 9, 2014 before Zhongshan Intermediate People's Court, and an immediate evidence and assets preservation was applied on May 12, 2014.
Flutterbye® Flying Fairy has become a global hit and has garnered numerous awards and accolades including two Toy of the Year nominations from the Toy Industry Association. Given the success of the Flutterbye® line of fairy toys, Spin Master has already had to sue the developers and distributors of the Starfly toy, Brix n Clix, Rehco LLC and CYI Inc., in the US courts and deal with counterfeiting problems around the world. In recent weeks, Spin Master filed lawsuits in China to stop two counterfeiters, and it remains committed to protecting its rights, as evidenced by its most recent filing against the Starfly factory.
"Spin Master has determined who is involved in the manufacture and distribution of the infringing Starfly product and we have already sued Brix n Clix and its partner Recho in the United States," said Christopher Harrs, General Counsel of Spin Master. "Spin Master has now sued the Chinese manufacturer of Starfly and we have taken action in Europe against Brix n' Clix and its UK distributor, Character Options Ltd. I think we have shown that Spin Master will vigorously pursue companies who misappropriate our intellectual property for their own profit and we look forward to actively protecting our rights throughout Europe and the rest of the world, especially as more of our IP protection continues to issue."
For additional information, please visit out our website, http://www.spinmaster.com
ResMed Wins Initial Decision in ITC Patent Infringement Action
INTERNATIONAL SOURCING, ONLY at MEGA SHOW in Hong Kong this October
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Design Gallery Shop Opens in PMQ
Apex Medical's Respiratory Therapy Product Receives Affirmation from USITC
World's Largest Sourcing Event for Baby, Children and Maternity Products Industry to Unveil New Brands, Products and Suppliers on July 22-24
Milan District Court Confirms the Validity of Alfa Wassermann's Rifaximin-alpha Patents
Related tags : LAW PLW REA TOY
Shanghai Pudong Science and Technology Investment Co., Ltd. Responds to May 8 Announcement by RDA Microelectronics, Inc. Regarding Pending Merger Transaction with Tsinghua Unigroup Ltd.
Asians Want To See Official Retirement Ages Rise — Manulife Survey
Retirement age increases needed to mitigate impact of aging populations Greatest public support in Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines; opposition in China Official retirement ages
China Legal Pioneer Edward Lehman Awarded 2014 DePauw University Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award for Management and Entrepreneurship
BEIJING, April 28, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- DePauw University awards Edward Lehman (Connect on Linkedin), resident in mainland China for the past 27+ consecutive years, with the 2014 Distinguished Alumni
All New York State Criminal Charges Dismissed Against Prominent Southern California Philanthropist In $50 Million Internet Sports Betting And Enterprise Corruption Case
NEW YORK, Aug. 21, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- The District Attorney's Office for Queens County, New York, dismissed all criminal charges today in its $50 million Internet sports betting and
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Study shows children who took part improved their reading skills.
For a few hours each afternoon, the students in the Freedom School program at Fairview do just that as they tackle homework, challenge each other in educational games, and join in an extended literacy period that includes reading time and related discussions and activities.
Educators working in the program in Dayton, Ohio, and other sites around the country are hoping that by adapting a successful summer school model to expand students' learning opportunities throughout the school year, they'll give the participants an academic edge.
The Freedom Schools, sponsored by the Children's Defense Fund, a prominent Washington-based advocacy group, now offers after-school programs in schools, churches, and public facilities in disadvantaged communities in six states, and is poised to expand to other urban districts. Local programs are responsible for securing their own funding to run the schools.
That support includes homework help and tutoring by university students who serve as leaders in the program, as well as a structured reading curriculum that aims to build students' comprehension through silent and group reading and extended discussion of literary texts that the boys and girls then get to bring home.
The college students are trained to conduct the harambe, as well as the Freedom Schools' reading curriculum.
The Freedom Schools initiative was launched by the CDF in 1992, but traces its roots to 1964, when civil rights organizations organized summer classes for black children in Mississippi. The CDF expanded the model—designed primarily as a summer program that now serves more than 9,000 students in 61 cities—to provide after-school support for students in New Orleans and in Mississippi communities after hurricanes Katrina and Rita, which hit the Gulf Coast in 2005.
Since then, sites have been added in Illinois, Minnesota, New York, and Ohio. Located at schools, churches, and community centers where there have been successful summer sessions, the after-school programs follow a similar model. They provide healthy snacks, celebrations of hard work and purposeful living, tutoring and homework help, and daily reading and discussion activities aligned with the local school curriculum.
Parents are also recruited to work as volunteers in the program and are encouraged to attend regular workshops on child development, civic responsibility, and related topics.
A recent study on the Freedom Schools summer program in Kansas City, Mo., for children in kindergarten through 8th grade found that participants' reading skills and their attitudes toward learning improved during the school year.
The researchers followed more than 2,000 children who participated in the program at 18 Freedom School sites throughout Kansas City over a three-year period.
Students who took part in the program over that period improved their reading skills at a significantly greater rate than similar students in the district who did not attend Freedom Schools, according to the report, conducted by Philliber Research Associates, a New York City-based evaluation company.
Other recent research suggests that high-quality after-school programs can have a positive effect on students' achievement, behavior, work habits, and feelings of security.
In Dayton, Ms. Gilmore has seen those results among more than 200 students who have attended the 4-year-old summer program there. She follows those children throughout the school year, gathering school report card data and testimonials from parents.
"Within the summer program, from what the scholars and parents report, their grades have improved, and their reading comprehension especially has improved," Ms. Gilmore said.
The veteran educator is confident that the after-school program, which is just beginning its first year, will have similar effects.
Already, she said, students are showing enthusiasm about the selection of books they will read throughout the year at a pace of about four a month, as well as the hands-on activities that go with them.
As the middle school students in the program make their way through their first book, titled I Thought My Soul Would Rise and Fly: The Diary of Patsy, a Freed Girl, they are learning about the life of a freed slave in the latter part of the 19th century and the trials her family faced after escaping slavery.
The students have begun keeping their own diaries as well, and will use their written observations and insights to guide detailed discussions about the book with classmates.
"Latest 'Reading First' Study Reports Limited Benefits," October 15, 2008.
"Young People Seen Losing Love of Reading," November 19, 2007.
"Reading First Schools: More Reading Going On, Study Finds," August 9, 2006.


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Women in financial services face harsher barriers than in other industries
Paramount Network/NowThis
The financial services industry is falling behind others in promoting the upward mobility of female employees, according to the results of a new PwC study. The firm polled 290 professional women in the industry as part of a broader global study of 3,627 women across several sectors.
More than half of women in the poll who work in financial services believe their diversity status kept them from advancing in their organizations, and 43% said they face inappropriate language, bullying and insults. That's compared to averages of 45% and 34%, respectively, for women in other industries. Sixty percent of working mothers in financial services believe they were overlooked for advancement upon returning to work from parental leave, and more than half said that their companies' flexible work options weren't readily accessible or would negatively impact their careers.
Other results from the study showed more than 60% of women in financial services successfully negotiated a promotion in the last two years, compared with less than half of women in other industries. PwC identified three target areas for businesses to focus on in supporting women's advancement: 1) convincing women that they can succeed; 2) actively identifying future leaders; and 3) creating a work environment that supports work-life balance.
Women are making progress in the boardroom statistically: the number of female directors at Fortune 500 companies rose by 10 percentage points between 2016 and 2017, according to a recent survey by Heidrick and Struggles. This may present a strategy for organizations aiming to improve diversity metrics, as women in high-level positions can demonstrate a pathway towards advancement for other women.
But persistent barriers to advancement and higher pay still exist for women, particularly women of color. In a Catalyst report released in February, women of color reported having their talents and achievements undermined. Their negative experiences on the job created an "emotional tax", that they said hinders both their progress and personal health. On that pay disparity front, a recent LeanIn.org study showed that African-American women earn 21% less than white women and 38% less than white men. Another study found that women of color are less likely to be promoted or receive a raise when requested.
As PwC points out, transparency is a crucial factor in improving pay and promotional opportunities for women. This includes open dialogue about the problems women face and pay and hiring disparities. Diversity and inclusion initiatives — oft-discussed in HR today — are just as important to an organization's culture as the way work gets done. HR professionals across all industries play a leading role in helping organizations in removing barriers to women.
PwC Financial services missing 'window of opportunity' to support women's progress, finds PwC report
HR Dive The number of female Fortune 500 CEOs dropped 25% this year
Filed Under: Talent


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1. Text link: List of colleges and universities in Texas - Wikipedia
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Description: Established in 1911, the Texas State University System is the oldest university system in Texas. The system is unique in that it is the only horizontal state university system in Texas. The system has no flagship university. The system consists of four universities and three two-year colleges. Institution Founded ...
2. Text link: Top Universities in Texas | 2020 Texas University Ranking
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Description: What are the most popular Universities in Texas? uniRank tries to answer this question by publishing the 2020 Texas University Ranking of 90 recognized Texas higher-education institutions meeting the following uniRank selection criteria: . being chartered, licensed or accredited by the appropriate US higher education-related organization; offering at least four-year undergraduate degrees ...
3. Text link: The University of Texas at Austin
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Description: Texas Tech University. Kimberly Vardeman / Flickr. Location: Lubbock, Texas; Enrollment: 36,551 (29,963 undergraduates) Type of Institution: Public Research University; Distinctions: This is a huge 1,839-acre campus with degrees offered in 150 majors. There is a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa for strengths in the liberal arts and sciences.
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Construction arbitration, Energy, State entity, state-owned
Construction Arbitration – A State-Owned Enterprise Perspective.
Almudena Otero de la Vega (Mexican Federal Electricity Commission )/ September 2, 2018 September 2, 2018 /Leave a comment
This is one of a series construction arbitration posts, providing the technical discussion from the SCAI, CAM, TILPA conference in Geneva and Mexico City.
Arbitration can be classified as follows:
a) Public arbitrations: when only states are involved.
b) Private arbitrations: when only private entities are involved.
c) Mixed arbitrations: when a state and a private entity are involved, for instance investor-state cases.
Taking into account this classification, the landscape of a public enterprise being involved in a private commercial arbitration raises several challenges. This post is aimed at analyzing such challenges and identifying certain problems that may eventually lead to potential disputes in major construction projects and that could be prevented at an earlier stage, taking into account the experience of the Mexican Federal Electricity Commission.
The Mexican Federal Electricity Commission and the Projects It Develops
The Mexican Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) is a productive state-owned company created in 1937 that generates, transmits, distributes and markets electricity in Mexico. It provides energy services to nearly 40.6 million clients in the domestic, agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors. Although the recent Mexican Energetic Reform (2013) has impacted the company to enhance its competitiveness in a free market arena, private investments in energy projects, as well as the introduction of arbitration clauses, are not new. In fact, the company has an overall experience of nearly twenty years participating in commercial arbitrations.
CFE invites private entities to participate in long-term investment infrastructure projects – such as combined-cycle power plants, transmission lines, dams or pipelines – through public tenders. Companies have the opportunity to learn about the project requirements and bid with attractive technical and economic offers. CFE selects the bidder with the best market conditions providing thus the first milestone of a long, frequently 25-year-long, contractual relationship.
Practical Aspects to Take Into Account in Construction Projects
When it comes to talking about the problems that arise in construction disputes, step one is generally to analyze the contract. In this way, for every obligation assigned to a party a potential breach of contract could be identified.
A model infrastructure contract, similar to the ones signed by CFE, would include public enterprise obligations concerning, for example, a) the legal condition and access to the site where the project is to be built, b) the issuance of certificates of acceptance, c) best efforts to cooperate with the other party during the project, d) timely payments according to a pre-defined schedule and e) the surveillance of the project.
On the other hand, the constructor's obligations may include, for instance, a) the construction of the project in accordance with contractual specifications, b) the supply, transport and testing of any materials, c) the payment of taxes and tariffs on the materials needed, d) the obtainment of required permits or studies, e) recording of all the activities and f) compliance with national content requisites.
Seen this way, a construction contract has mainly two parties: the public enterprise on one side and the constructor on the other. However, the public enterprise can hardly be seen as a single entity, and in order to comprehend the potential problems that can occur in a construction project, it is advisable to consider the complex relationships that take place within the public entity so as to fully understand the role it displays.
In an enterprise, such as CFE, lawyers and engineers work back to back. When different backgrounds intervene in drafting or supervising a contract, mutual understanding and complementation is important. Thus, it is advisable to raise awareness among engineers about legal issues and to instruct lawyers about technicalities. Maps, pictures or diagrams often help lawyers understand how the different components of an infrastructure project work together.
Sometimes the gargantuan size of the enterprise forces the setting up of various legal teams that act at different stages. For example, some lawyers may be in charge of the drafting of the contract and the bidding process; others may be assigned to the day-to-day activities of the project while a third group can be specialized in handling the disputes. This division is not inadequate per se, but will only work effectively with appropriate communication and if the different groups learn from each other's experience.
If an enterprise of this sort was to ask me about the way in which this amalgamation process can be fulfilled at a practical level, I would recommend the following:
Train the contracting drafting team and the legal team monitoring the project in dispute resolution. Even if they will not be personally handling the disputes, it is important that the lawyers that face day-to-day problems and the ones that formulate the clauses be aware of the procedures that will have to be enacted if a claim of breach of contract is somehow raised.
Encourage the legal team in charge of monitoring the project to sustain criteria. If the legal response to any type of problem is the same for every constructor in any given case that will build up consistency that could easily be proven in an arbitration procedure.
When a problem emerges, try negotiating first. Creating a negotiating mind frame for the legal team as a whole helps to avoid employing valuable resources in disputes that could be more easily settled with a win-win solution.
Keep track of hypothetical questions posed by the lawyers that see the day-to-day issues. Most of those hypothetical questions might be, in fact, potential cases that could be prevented from turning into real disputes. By keeping a record of these types of questions the entity can be prepared to face problems and solve them within a reasonable time frame that would allow to widen the scope of possible solutions. If necessary, the consulted legal team can create guidelines for the other legal teams to follow and shed light towards the company's policy.
Once the arbitration begins, it is advisable for the dispute resolution team to involve the legal team that monitored the project, since they are the ones that possess all relevant information and records about the pre-dispute environment and conduct of the parties.
Once the arbitration is over, dispute resolution lawyers should instruct the contract drafting team in order to improve clauses that have been object of dispute so as to prevent a future dispute involving an already identified and problematic contractual term.
Beware of the interconnection of the different dispute settlement mechanisms. Select a clause that clearly defines the boundaries between, for instance, negotiation, mediation, expert determination and arbitration, so that they do not overlap.
Afterthoughts for State-Owned Enterprises Involved In Commercial Arbitrations
State-owned enterprises are generally circumscribed to a pre-defined set of rules and public servants are urged to meticulously comply with such defined sets. For this reason, the coexistence of transparency procedures with document production procedures has created a scenario in which the public entity has a single opportunity to request information from the other party, but the private entity, by means of national transparency procedures that require the government to disclose information to any anonymous request, can have several opportunities to gather information to build its case. This can be seen as a clear disadvantage to which state-owned enterprises are condemned when involved in a commercial arbitration that contemplates document production. Further research will have to be made within the arbitration community in order to determine whether this phenomenon is really an inequality of opportunities of the parties to present their case, and, if so, the possible solutions that can be found inside the international arbitration arena to compensate such imbalance.
Finally, beyond the technical, economic and social factors involved in a major infrastructure project, one of the key features to keep in mind on behalf of the state enterprise is that dispute resolution mechanisms, such as arbitration, are mechanisms that apply to whichever parties need them. It is tempting to think that arbitration was primarily envisaged to protect investors that engaged in long-term contracts with the state, but the truth is that arbitration is a flexible mechanism that aids whoever invokes it. The last recommendation I would give to people working or advising such enterprises is to not fear using dispute settlement mechanisms. Waiting to be sued and then handling a dispute as respondent, when there is in fact a strong case against the other party, is quite difficult to attain. For example, (i) if the state-company believes the other party is in a breach of contract and charges liquidated damages and (ii) the other party sues in arbitration the recovery of the money; being as a respondent explaining the reason why money was charged in the first place without directly having activated the arbitration procedure leaves the company in a contradictory situation. Therefore, if you believe that the other party is in a contractual default but they do not agree with that interpretation, use arbitration to solve that issue and let your trained and experienced legal teams act in conjunction and win your case.
A Data-Driven Exploration of Arbitration as a Settlement Tool: Does the Sample Reflect the Population?
Debi Slate, Bill Slate (Dispute Resolution Data, LLC) and Brian Canada (Illustrategy, LLC and University of South Carolina Beaufort)/ September 3, 2018 September 3, 2018
First Emergency Arbitrator Proceeding in Mainland China: Reflections on How to conduct an EA Proceeding from Procedural and Substantive Perspectives
Wei Sun (Zhong Lun Law Firm)/ September 1, 2018 September 1, 2018


The North American X-15 rocket plane was perhaps the most important of the USAF/USN X-series of experimental aircraft. Although not as famous as the Bell X-1, the X-15 set numerous speed and altitude records in the early 1960s, reaching the edge of space and bringing back valuable data that was used in the design of later aircraft and spacecraft.
During the X-15 programme, 13 flights met the US criterion for a spaceflight by passing an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) and the pilots were accordingly awarded astronaut status by the USAF. Out of these, 2 also qualified for the international FAI definition of a spaceflight by passing the 62.1 miles (100 km) mark.
X-15 touching down on its skids. Compare ventral fin with flight picture above.
The original Request for Proposals was issued for the airframe December 30, 1954, and for the rocket engine on February 4, 1955. North American received the airframe contract in November 1955, and Reaction Motors contracted in 1956 to build the engines.
As with many of the X-aircraft, the X-15 was designed to be carried aloft under the wing of a B-52. The fuselage was long and cylindrical, with fairings towards the rear giving it a flattened look, and it had thick wedge-shaped dorsal and ventral fins. The retractable landing gear consisted of a nose wheel and two skids — to provide sufficient clearance part of the ventral fin had to be jettisoned before landing. The two XLR-11 rocket engines of the initial model X-15A delivered 36 kN (8,000 lbf) of thrust; the "real" engine that came later was a single XLR-99 that delivered 254 kN (57,000 lbf) at sea level, and 311 kN (70,000 lbf) at peak altitude.
The first flight was an unpowered test made by Scott Crossfield on June 8, 1959, who followed up with the first powered flight on September 17. The first flight with the XLR-99 was on 15 November 1960.
Three X-15s were built in all, and they made a total of 199 test flights, the last one on October 24, 1968. Plans were made for a 200th X-15 flight to be launched over Smith Ranch, Nevada. It was scheduled for November 21, 1968 with William J. Knight as the pilot. Various technical and weather delays caused the planned launch to slip at least six times until late December, 1968. Finally after a cancellation on December 20, 1968 due to weather, it was decided there would not be a 200th flight. The X-15 ground crew de-mated the aircraft from the NB-52A, and prepared it for indefinite storage. X-15 #1 was sent to the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC. X-15 #2 is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. X-15 #3, 56-6672, was destroyed in a crash on November 15, 1967.
Twelve test pilots flew the plane, including Neil Armstrong, later the first man on the Moon and Joe Engle who went on to command Space Shuttle missions.
In July and August, 1963, pilot Joe Walker crossed the 100 km altitude mark twice, becoming the first person to enter space twice.
Test pilot Michael J. Adams was killed on November 15, 1967 when his X-15-3 began to spin on descent and then disintegrated when the acceleration reached 15 g (147 m/s²). On June 8, 2004 a memorial monument was erected at the crash site (http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/X-15A_crash_site.htm) near Randsburg, California at coordinates Template:Coor dms. Michael Adams was posthumously awarded astronaut wings for his last flight in the X-15-3, which had attained an altitude of 266,000 feet (81.1 Km). In 1991 Adams' name was added to the Astronaut Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
The second X-15A was rebuilt after a landing accident. It was lengthened by about 0.74 m (2.4 ft), received a pair of auxiliary fuel tanks slung under the fuselage, and was given a heat-resistant surface treatment, the result being called the X-15A-2. It first flew June 28, 1964, and eventually reached a speed of 7,274 km/h (4,520 mi/h or 2,021 m/s).
The altitudes attained by the X-15 remained unsurpassed by any piloted aircraft except the Space Shuttle until the 3rd spaceflight of SpaceShipOne in 2004. The speeds and altitudes have, also, frequently been exceeded by unpiloted air-launched rockets, such as the Pegasus rocket which has carried several satellites all the way into orbit. The widely reported record achieved by the diminutive X-43A scramjet testbed on November 16, 2004 of nearly Mach 10 (10,621 km/h or 2.95 km/s) at 95,000 ft (29 km) is only a record for an air-breathing jet engine.
In the United States there are two definitions of how high a person must go to be referred to as an astronaut. The USAF decided to award astronaut wings to anyone who achieved a altitude of 50 miles (80 km) or more. However the FAI set the limit of space at 100 km. Thirteen X-15 flights went higher than 50 miles (80 km) and two of these reached over 100 km.
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Ideal for making a collecting yard for the milking parlour, marking off field boundaries, or fencing either inside or outside of your farm buildings.
Each pack has 100cm of stone walling and 60cm of post and rails.
- Farm people and animals not included.
- Ideal with any of our 1:32 scale farm buildings, tractors, combines, other farm machinery and animals.


A network of political conspiracy experts think it was a False flag with a demonic agenda.
04 No helicopters brought in to fight the fire.
05 Dysfunctional water spraying machine, a mockery of a fire-fighting performance.
If I was a betting man, my guess is this Notre Dame Cathedral fire was a "Kristolnacht" type of psyop event, similar to when the Nazis ignited the 1930's fire and blamed the communists to win the election….my guess is this is similar, with Macron benefiting by shutting down the yellow vest protests (which have been destroying him and putting France in civil war.
Who benefits from the fire? well perhaps Israeli Mossad and/or Shin-bet doubling-down on their "religious war" between Muslims and Chrisitians as may have been the case in the "Chr*st-Ch_rch" NZ event and the fake video of the guy running around like he's in a video game with fake weapons, etc. A renewed religious war is always good for the military industrial complex. Perhaps they might even try and blame it on Iran–but most likely would have been MEK if it was anyone, working with MI6-CIA. Just another day in the police-state.
Thanks Incred for posting this.
Kristalnacht* happened years after the Reichstag Fire and had nothing to do with it in any way, shape or form. The Reichstag Fire was also not a false flag(it actually was the Communists who caused it).
What rang a bell with me, was the idea that Notre Dame Cathedral was used as an Illuminati public burnt offering to satan.
Illuminati public rituals occur all the time... at the Super Bowl, the Grammy's... even the NBA playoffs, some argue.
Theologically, what happens when such an occult sacrifice is made for a satanic intention?
My thoughts are that more demons are released and emboldened.
I heard today that the spires was conceived by Freemasons. I wasn't previously aware of that.


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"G73-30 The Alfalfa Weevil (Revised May 1989)" by Stephen D. Danielson, David L. Keith et al.
© 1973-1989, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension. All rights reserved.
The alfalfa weevil is the primary insect pest of alfalfa in Nebraska. Management is essential during years when weevil infestations are high.
Damage from the alfalfa weevil can be severe. The life cycle of this pest and methods of managing it are discussed in this publication.