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Bana Grass Growing in Sub Saharan Africa
Zivanayi Matore
Submitted: April 10th, 2018 Reviewed: November 2nd, 2018 Published: February 27th, 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82367
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The chapter provides a detailed summary on the morphology and physiology of Bana, climatic and soil adaptation, establishment, fertilization, weeding, basic management, and uses of the grass such as hay and silage making in sub-Saharan Africa. A detailed review of pest, disease, and weed control as well as grazing management of the crop is given at the end of the chapter. Bana grass is a very robust improved grass that has vast potential to improve animal production in the tropics. The grass was originally developed in South Africa as a cross between Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum americum and was widely used as livestock feed. However, the limited use of the grass in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa like Zimbabwe might be attributable to knowledge gap in production and overall importance of the grass. The high cost of commercial supplementations in ruminant animals particularly in sub-Saharan Africa justifies promotion of improved forage production. The author calls upon researchers, government structures responsible for agriculture, and development partners to promote establishment and utilization of the miracle grass in order to improve livestock production and livelihoods and reverse the terrible effects of climate change in sub-Saharan Africa.
Bana grass
perennial grass
dry matter
water-soluble carbohydrates
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Zivanayi Matore*
Crops and Livestock Department, Gweru, Zimbabwe
*Address all correspondence to: zetmatore@gmail.com
Bana grass also known as the miracle grass is natural and invasive to Tropical Africa and the sub-Saharan region. The bunch grass is high yielding and deep rooted. Bana grass is a hybrid derived from the annual Babala (Pennisetum americanum) and the perennial Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and was developed in South Africa as food for livestock. The name Bana is derived from the acronym ba in Babala and na from Napier. However, some authors reiterate that the word Bana is from the word Ghana, the nation where it is abundantly grown. For better and maximum yields, the grass can be grown in warm climates that receive annual rainfall ranging from 750 to 2500 mm. Bana is susceptible to frost and therefore does not perform well in frost-prone regions. In Kenya and other African countries, Bana is the most common fodder crop where it is used to feed smallholder dairy cows and supplement beef animals during the dry winter [2]. With the high cost of commercial supplementation in dairy production, Bana grass provides a cost-effective way of improving milk production [4]. The popularity of Bana grass is associated with its drought-tolerant nature, its low nutrient requirement, and its ability to resist pests and diseases. In the past, Bana has been used chiefly for grazing; lately, however, it has been incorporated into a pest management approach and can also be used as a source of fuel and as wind break in homesteads or banana plantations. The grass has shown potential at attracting stem borer moths away from maize and hence is the "pull" crop [13]. This strategy is much more sustainable, serves more purposes, and is more affordable for farmers than insecticide use. Furthermore, Bana grass improves fertility of the soil especially when reinforced with legumes, and like many other robust grasses, Bana protects soil against erosion. It is also utilized for firebreaks, windbreaks, in paper pulp production, and most recently to produce bio-oil, biogas, and charcoal. The grass resembles sugarcane in appearance. It is characterized by pale green leaves and can grow up to 4 m. Bana grass is tolerant to drought and can be grown even on infertile lands. Bana is mainly propagated vegetatively, that is, through cuttings though some seed producing varieties have been reported but are not very common. Under good management, Bana yields up to 80 tons per hectare, but this can go down to 10 if fertilization and watering regime are poor. Frequent defoliation improves herbage quality but reduces herbage yield [12]. Knowledge gap in production and values of Bana limits Bana production in the subtropical regions. Literature publishing and dissemination will help alleviate this gap.
2. Bana botanical description and genetic variation
Kingdom: Plantae, Order: Poales: Family: Poaceae, Genus: Pennisetum, Species: P. Purpureum
2.1. Reproductive biology
Bana grass is mainly vegetative propagation, though sexual reproduction has been reported in some apomictic species of Bana grass. The apomictic species is an unpredictable seed producer, and in some environments, it seldom develops seeds, probably due to low pollen viability. Produced they are dispersed by wind but viability via this method is often very low.
2.2. Physiology and phenology
P. purpureum is a fast-growing perennial grass that flowers at different times of the year depending on climatic condition, for example, in Florida, the grass flowers between July and February. In Mexico and Central America, flowering occurs all year long with peaks from December to May. In South Africa, this species flowers from January to June. As many other C4 grasses, P. purpureum is well adapted to environments with high daytime temperatures, intense sunlight, drought, and nitrogen and/or CO2 limitation. Though the grass grows best during the rainy season, its deep root system allows it to survive long drought periods.
2.3. Morphology
Bana grass is a robust, rhizomatous, tufted perennial grass. The root system of Bana grass is vigorous and it develops from the nodes of its creeping stolons. The culms can reach a height of 4–7 mm and usually coarse and perennial. The grass forms dense thick clumps, up to 1 m across [6]. The leaves have a blue-green color and are flat, linear, and hairy at the base, with a length of 100–120 cm and a width range of 1–5 cm. The midrib for the Bana grass leaf can be easily seen with naked eyes, and the margins of its leaves are flimsily toothed. Bana produces no seeds at all; if ever seeds are produced, there will be very small seeds (3 million seeds/kg). Bana grass resembles sugarcane in appearance (Saccharum officinarum), the reason why some people call it sugarcane grass or elephant grass, but it is easily distinguished from sugarcane because of its leaves that are narrow leaves and the stems that are taller reaching up to a height of 4 m.
3. Uses of Bana
Bana grass is very important forage in the sub-Saharan Africa due to its high productivity. It can be used as silage or hay to feed dairy cows and supplement beef cattle and sometimes goats during the dry winter. Bana grass can be used under cut-and-carry systems ("zero grazing") or grazed, provided it can be kept at the lush vegetative stage: livestock tend to feed only the fresher leaves.
Bana grass is a multipurpose plant. The young leaves and shoots are edible by humans and can be cooked to make soups and stews. The yellow stem of Bana grass can be used to make fences and thatching houses (whole plant). The section gives a detailed outline of the use of Bana grass in subtropical Africa.
3.1. Silage
Bana grass is known for producing good-quality silage either alone or mixed with other crops. However, ensiling of Bana grass is complicated by the low concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates and its high cell wall content [6, 7]. Studies done in Zimbabwe, concluded that for good quality silage production. The optimal time for harvesting Bana grass should be when the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates is at their pick point (6–7 weeks), to increase DM content and optimize herbage production without affecting nutritive value. When making Bana grass silage, the high moisture content of the grass when its nutritive value is highest is the main barrier for using Bana grass in silage making, because it results in undesirable fermentation with considerable nutrient losses. It is against this background that the grass is usually ensiled with materials that improve the quality of the silage and its nutritional value (protein or energy) such as cassava, velvet bean, and rice bran.
3.2. Hay and dry grass
When Bana grass is to be used as hay, though it is less common that it should be cut at an early stage of maturity as the stems become too coarse when the plant ages. In some parts of Africa, Bana grass is used for the production of dry grass pellets used as additional stock feed during the dry winter.
3.3. Fresh grass
The best harvesting regime for Bana grass is determined by weather conditions, inherent soil fertility, the levels of management, and physiological needs of animals. The 6- to 8-week harvesting interval can then be adopted. In Eastern African countries like Tanzania and Kenya and even Southern African countries like Zimbabwe, farmers are advised and recommended to harvest Bana grass for the first time when it attains a height of 1–1.2 m, usually 3–4 months after planting [2]. Thereafter, the grass should be harvested at intervals of 6–8 weeks, at the same height. Under excellent management, the grass can be harvested on a monthly basis in hot and wet environments or every 2 months in drier areas. If the grass is harvested at longer intervals, it produces higher DM yields, but the quality of the forage will be low as content of essential nutrients like protein and ash decreases with maturity of the grass. The digestibility of the grass will also go down; this is a direct result of the increase in the ratio stem-to leaf. When harvesting the grass as fresh forage under the cut and carry system, it is important to remember to leave behind the stubble with a height of 10–15 cm. This stubble will provide adequate energy reserves for subsequent regrowth.
Under cut-and-carry systems, Bana grass is often fed fresh to animals. To promote nonselection of leaves and stems and to increase voluntary feed intake, the grass can be chopped and fed to animals. Thus, for efficient forage utilization, the grass needs to be chopped and then sun wilted for several hours. This treatment of Bana decreases moisture, stimulates appetite, and facilitates rumination.
3.4. Pasture
When used for pasture, Bana grass should be heavily grazed so that most of the young leaves and shoots, which have the highest nutritive value, are available to ruminants. For the best utilization, the crop should be grazed at intervals of 6–9 weeks and at a height of about 90 cm. The crop can be top-dressed with nitrogen fertilizers after each grazing or cutting in high-rainfall areas.
3.5. Biological control agent of pests
Studies have shown that Bana grass in conjunction with other grasses and legumes like Desmodium spp. effectively controls notorious pests like maize stem borer moth. If planted alongside maize fields, the stem borer moth is pushed out of the field by Desmodium and will go and lay eggs on Bana grass [9]. When the larvae start boring Bana grass, the grass emits a sticky chemical that kills almost all larvae while the surviving ones are attacked by Cotesia sesamiae.
3.6. Weed and soil erosion control
Bana grass has been used successfully in erosion control, gully reclamation, and mulching of garden and field crops to fight against stem borers in maize crops. The grass is a good weed controller and, in Africa, it has been reported to be used as a trap plant in push-pull management strategies.
3.7. Climate and soil adaptation (ecology)
Bana grass is grown in both the tropical and subtropical regions. Rainfall amounts that range from 750 to 2500 mm per year and temperature range of 25–40°C are ideal for Bana grass production. However, it can be grown even in climates that receive less than 500 mm annual rainfall. Bana grass is prone to frost damage and it is not advised to grow it in frost-prone areas. Generally, the grass grows very well in regions that receive high rainfall, but its deep rooted system adapts it to drought risk areas that receive less rainfall.
Bana grass can be grown on a wide variety of soils that have good drainage, from the infertile sandy soils to the nutrient-rich loam soils. But it is best advised to grow Bana on unutilized soils with good drainage as it does not tolerate waterlogging and prolonged flooding. The grass can be grown on wet lands, flood plains, riverbanks, swamps, forest edges, disturbed sites, and waste ground. The grass grows well in soils with a pH range of 4.5–8.2, and there is no literature on tolerance of Bana to soils with high salinity.
Bana is found on vleis and river banks in the wild, explaining its need for good moisture, though it is not tolerant to prolonged flooding.
3.8. Establishment and yields
Bana grass is best planted in spring in temperate climate to give it the opportunity to grow before frost but throughout the year in sub-Saharan Africa but best planted during the rainy season to reduce irrigation requirements. Land preparation methods for planting Bana grass are the same as for maize. Identified land is plowed, disked, and harrowed before planting the grass [4]. Bana grass is best propagated vegetatively (stem cuttings with two to three nodes). These nodes are pushed into the soil at an angle of 45° with the bottom end down. Two nodes will then be buried into the soil. Bana is planted at an interrow spacing of 0.5–2 m and intrarow spacing of 0.3–1 m. However, when planting Bana grass for soil conservation purposes, close spacing is required. In the subtropical regions, since the annual average rainfall is usually low, it is advisable to increase spacing. The grass needs to be irrigated frequently soon after planting to establish the proper root system. The grass grows rapidly after planting and can grow up to 4 months soon after planting. Due to its fast growing nature, Bana grass has high yield potential that of course is influenced by prevailing climatic conditions. In the sub-Saharan Africa for Bana grass to fully realize its potential (20–80 t DM/ha/year), there is need to regularly irrigate the crop and heavily fertilize it. It is important to note that when management is poor, yields as low as 2–10 t DM/ha/year are realized. When space is limiting air layering or marcotting can be done to propagate Bana grass. Air layering is not different from the other forms of layering except that roots are induced on the part of the plant while it is still above the ground (air layering). When performing air layering for Bana grass, one node must be under the soil such that roots will develop from the nodes.
Bana grass can also be best planted by digging up a clump and then separating the segments with their roots. The separated segment can then be planted at an interrow spacing of 0.5–2 m and intrarow spacing of 0.3–1 m. The segments will also form clumps.
4. Harvesting of Bana grass (caring and pruning)
Harvesting intervals and technique for Bana depends with intended use. Bana grass can be harvested at intervals of 3–4 months depending on management and climate to pave way for renewed growth when feeding it livestock [1]. This can be done by allowing the animals to graze freely or the common cut-and-carry system. This cut-and-carry system is the best method of harvesting Bana and is normally referred to as the cutting back system. Under dry land or hard to irrigate conditions, Bana is cut back at the end of the rainy season to ground level, and the clumps will shoot up vigorously during the rainy season. It is important to note that under excellent management, harvesting intervals can go up to 6–8 weeks for 5 years [5]. When harvesting Bana under the cut-and-carry system, it is encouraged to leave a stem height of at least 10 cm from the ground to encourage vigorous regrowth. The grass can be fed green or as hay to livestock. When Bana is grown for making fuel, it can be cut every 9–12 months to increase the quantities of fuel obtained. It is important that even under poor management, Bana fares better than most grasses.
5. Intercropping Bana grass
Though Bana grass is mainly grown in pure stands, it can be intercropped with legumes and other shrubs such as Leucaena leucocephala, and intercropping Bana grass and leguminous improves the nutritional value of DM yield and soil fertility. Legumes such as Leucaena, Desmodium, Sesbania, and Mulberry can be intercropped with Bana. Some authors alluded that Desmodium intortum gives the DM content and nutrient value in intercropping regimes when compared to most legumes such as Sesbania, Leucaena, etc.
6. Nutritional attributes of Bana grass
Bana grass has rather low protein content (about 10% DM), but young grass can be very nutritive. For instance, studies in Venezuela revealed that at 30 days of regrowth, protein values ranged from 21% DM but reduced down to less than 4% DM when Bana was cut at 70 days. Bana grass is reported to be rich in fiber, but the fiber content is dependent on stage of maturity. The Neutral Detergent Fiber for Bana ranges from 55 to 75% depending on stage of maturity.
7. Potential constraints in use of Bana grass
7.1. Nitrate poisoning
When used as a sole component of the diet, Bana grass can cause nitrate poisoning in cattle. In Malaysia, it was reported that some cattle died from nitrate poisoning after they were fed with Bana grass. The levels of nitrate in Bana grass from the toxic area averaged 28.3 mg/g (up to 44 mg in some samples), while the levels of nitrates in Bana grass from nontoxic areas were 3.9 mg/g. When cattle manure was used to fertilize Bana in Brazil, two outbreaks of nitrate poisoning were reported. Some of the notable clinical signs in livestock suffering from nitrate poisoning after consuming Bana grass include uncoordinated gait, extreme salivation, anorexia, discharge from the nose, respiratory distress, grinding of teeth, depression, or abdominal contractions, cyanosis, and finally recumbency. The actual quantities of Bana grass that results in toxicity after ingestion are not yet known.
7.2. Mature leaves
When Bana leaves reach maturity stage, its leaves will be razor sharp and can occasionally hurt foraging animals. This is common in instances where cutting back rate will be low.
8. Animal production and Bana grass
8.1. Ruminants
Bana grass is one of the most vital fodder grasses for feeding ruminant in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly due to its high productivity. The grass can be grazed, fed as hay, cut fresh, and fed to animals or ensiled [13]. Voluntary intake of the grass is affected by variability among cultivars.
8.2. Palatability
Bana grass is very palatable during its early growth stages (young and leafy). However, as it matures, it becomes coarse and unpalatable. In light of this background, fresh elephant grass is often chopped to prevent animals from selecting the best parts.
8.3. Digestibility and intake
The high cell wall content of Bana grass reduces its protein and energy content. In situ digestibility trials revealed that there is a general decrease in crude protein content and an increase in the fiber content as the grass matures. Young Bana grass has a high nutritive value like most grasses [4]. Bana retains a high level of digestibility over a longer period because its cell wall content increases at a lower rate as it approaches maturity when compared to other grasses such as Kikuyu. Studies with steers in Brazil reported a decline in dry matter intake and organic matter digestibility with days of regrowth. OM digestibility varied from 75% at 33 days to 56% at 93 days. The authors then recommended use of Bana grass between 30 and 35 days of regrowth for effective organic matter digestibility and voluntary feed intake.
Due to a fill intake caused by water intake when Bana grass is very young, voluntary intake will be usually low. Some results suggest that, at restricted level of intake, maturity can result in an increase of metabolizable energy available in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies in Pakistan revealed that the use of N fertilizer increased the protein concentration of the Bana grass, but these fertilizers failed to reverse the adverse effects of maturity on nutrient digestibility in buffaloes. Bana grass can be chopped and roller-milled to increase voluntary feed intake of the grass and overall value of the grass and consequently a reduction in feed costs. This is made possible by the increase in cell wall surface area available for digestion by microbes in the rumen.
9. Some livestock classes and feeding of Bana grass
9.1. Dairy cattle
In most smallholder dairies in sub-Saharan Africa, Bana grass is a popular forage and is used to feed dairy cattle under the cut-and-carry system [2]. The grass is cut at a height of 55–60 cm, that is, 2–3 months after planting and fed to dairy cows [11]. To reduce feed wastage, the grass needs to be chopped into smaller pieces. A mature dairy cow will consume about 10 kg of Bana a day under intensive management. Effective utilization of freshly harvested Bana is affected by its low dry matter content and high fiber content. When supplemented with Leucaena, Bana grass will sustain milk yields of 7–8 l/day. For adequate performance of dairy cows, the grass should be supplemented with leguminous forages.
9.2. Sheep and goats
Sheep and goats raised for either mutton/chevron production can be sustained by Bana [8]. However, for lactating goats and sheep, there is need to supplement this class of stock with leguminous forages. Legumes supply protein to animals, which is an important component in milk synthesis.
9.3. Rabbits
In tropical countries such as Vietnam, Nigeria, and Mozambique, Bana grass is commonly used as green forage for feeding rabbits. When fresh, Bana grass is moderately palatable to rabbits and is associated with high productivity. Palatability of Bana grass to rabbits is also affected by factors such as season, with high levels of palatability and crude protein during the rainy season, while low palatability during the dry season. Bana grass needs to be fed together with other legume forages such as Lucerne for effective growth.
10. Diseases and pests
Bana grass just like other grasses and crops can be attacked by various disease-causing agents, but it has shown a greater degree of resistance compared to other forages [10]. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa like Central Kenya, reports of the grass being attacked by head smut caused by Ustilago camerumensis were received [3]. However, some varieties of Bana were found to be resistant to the disease. Helminthosporium spp. has also been reported in Bana, but a lot of work is being done to look for varieties that are tolerant to this disease-causing agent. During the rainy season, now mold fungal disease is common to most species of Bana grass with the exception of Clone3. Nevertheless, herbage production is not threatened by snow mold fungal disease.
11. Source of planting material
In most sub-Saharan African countries, Bana grass planting material can be obtained from various places and sources such as research institutions, farmers who are into production, ministry of agriculture, agriculture colleges, and universities.
12. Limitations in Bana grass production
Despite its robust growth and the big production potential, Bana has its own limitations. Bana matures rapidly and becomes stemmy, making it highly unpalatable if growth is not controlled [2]. Bana is also propagated vegetatively and rarely from seeds, since most varieties produce seeds that are not viable. In order for Bana to realize its maximum yield, it needs to be established on soils with high inherent fertility or on heavily manured soils.
Bana grass has always had a valuable role in the world of agriculture over the years. The potential of the grass for improving agriculture and bringing stability to the ecosystem is enormous in sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, its future use in agriculture is limited by the knowledge gap and poor adoption in general. The current impacts of climate change together with the high cost involved in feeding animals justify the need to improve establishment and utilization of the miracle grass. Bana grass is relatively easy to propagate and can reach up to a height of 3 m in 3–4 months and has high leaf to stem ration compared to most improved grasses. The grass can also be grown on hard-to-irrigate areas but of course on soils with good irrigation, making it suitable for the sub-Saharan climate. The grass is also native to sub-Saharan Africa. The author calls upon researchers, government structures responsible for agriculture, and development partners to promote establishment and utilization of the miracle grass in order to improve livestock production and livelihoods and reverse the terrible effects of climate change in sub-Saharan Africa.
It is preferable to include a Conclusion(s) section, which will summarize the content of the book chapter.
I thank you lord for thy hand of protection, for providing resources and time as well as for the divine guidance throughout the whole process of writing this chapter. Without your grace and love, the dream was never going to be a reality.
To my workmate Mr. I Dzuke: I thank you for the moral and resource support you gave during the time of writing the chapter.
To my family (Violet my better half, Tinotenda the blue eyed boy, Sindisiwe my beloved daughter): I thank you for your words of encouragement that saw me pushing through. I sincerely thank you for your prayers that contributed to the successful writing of this book chapter.
Matore Z, the author of this book chapter, states that there is no conflict of interest in this book chapter.
1. Rengsirikul K, Ishii Y, Kangvansaichol K, Pripanapong P, Sripichitt P, Punsuvon V, et al. Effects of inter-cutting interval on biomass yield, growth components and chemical composition of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) cultivars as bioenergy crops in Thailand. Grassland Science. 2011;57(3):135-141
2. Orodho AB. The Role and Importance of Napier Grass in the Smallholder Dairy Industry in Kenya. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved August 24 (2006): 2011apier_kenya.htm. [Accessed: May 20, 2016]
3. Asudi GO, Van den Berg J, Midega CAO, Pickett JA, Khan ZR. The significance of Napier grass stunt phytoplasma and its transmission to cereals and sugarcane. Journal of Phytopathology. 2016;164(6):378-385
4. Turano B, Tiwari UP, Jha R. Growth and nutritional evaluation of napier grass hybrids as forage for ruminants. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales. 2016;4(3):168-178
5. Tessema ZK, Mihret J, Solomon M. Effect of defoliation frequency and cutting height on growth, dry-matter yield and nutritive value of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum (L.) Schumach). Grass and Forage Science. 2010;65(4):421-430
6. Budiman B, Soetrisno RD, Budhi SPS, Indrianto A. Morphological characteristics, productivity and quality of three napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) cultivars harvested at different age. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture. 2012;37(4):294-301
7. Mendieta-Araica B, Spörndly E, Reyes-Sánchez N, Norell L, Spörndly R. Silage quality when Moringa oleifera is ensiled in mixtures with elephant grass, sugar cane and molasses. Grass and Forage Science. 2009;64(4):364-373
8. Kozloski GV et al. Intake and digestion by lambs of dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Mott) hay or hay supplemented with urea and different levels of cracked corn grain. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2006;125(1-2):111-122
9. Bowden J. Stem-borer ecology and strategy for control. Annals of Applied Biology. 1976;84(1):107-111
10. Asudi GO, van den Berg J, Midega CA, Pittchar J, Pickett JA, Khan ZR. Napier grass stunt disease in East Africa: Farmers' perspectives on disease management. Crop Protection. 2015;71:116-124
11. Rusdy M. Elephant grass as forage for ruminant animals. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2016;28(4)
12. Palacios-Díaz MP, Mendoza-Grimón V, Fernández-Vera JR, Hernández-Moreno JM. Effects of defoliation and nitrogen uptake on forage nutritive values of Pennisetum sp. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2013;23(2):566-574
13. Negawo AT, Teshome A, Kumar A, Hanson J, Jones CS. Opportunities for Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) improvement using molecular genetics. Agronomy. 2017;7(2):28
2.Bana botanical description and genetic variation
3.Uses of Bana
4.Harvesting of Bana grass (caring and pruning)
5.Intercropping Bana grass
6.Nutritional attributes of Bana grass
7.Potential constraints in use of Bana grass
8.Animal production and Bana grass
9.Some livestock classes and feeding of Bana grass
10.Diseases and pests
11.Source of planting material
12.Limitations in Bana grass production
13.Conclusion
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Category Archives: hydroelectricity in Cameroon
The claws of corruption tear into Cameroon's Memve'ele hydroelectric project, by Chofor Che, 30 June 2016
The National Anti Corruption Agency of Cameroon with French acronym CONAC released its 2014 anti corruption report on Monday the 27 of June 2016. Reverend Dr. Dieudonne Masi Gam, President of CONAC revealed to the public that the state of Cameroon has lost over 17 billion frs cfa to corruption with respect to several major projects including the Memve'ele hydro electric project.
Cameroon Tribune dated the 28 of June 2016, reports that an alarm was raised by the affected population of the Memve'ele hydroelectric dam project in Nyabizan, a locality found in the South region of Cameroon of gross malpractices in the payment of compensation to victims. Several teams from CONAC were sent to the field in 2014 to investigate these malpractices. It was realised that over 1.7 billion frs cfa which was supposed to be given to victims who had lost buildings and crops because of this very important project was swindled. According to Cameroon Tribune and other local papers like Le Messager, many people who were not to benefit from such compensation falsely benefitted.
There were signs of joy and satisfaction on the faces at the locality of Nyabizan, host to the highly economic-driven Memve'ele Hydroelectric Power Project on June 15 2012 when the Head of State, President Paul Biya layed the foundation stone for the project to officially kick off. According to a report by Cameroon Tribune dated 18 June 2012, the population was indeed edified by this ceremony personally presided by the President of the Republic. For a state whose electricity supply merely reaches 900 kilowatts for an ever growing population coupled with an estimated demand of almost double that amount pending the realisation of many announced industries, it was but normal for Cameroonians from all over the country to have braved the thick Equatorial forest and poor state of road to be part of this important event.
"Without energy, there can be no real development. There can be no industry. Our agricultural and mineral raw materials cannot be processed. In short, there can be no modern economy." These revelation from the President of the Republic captured in the above mentioned Cameroon Tribune report of 18 June 2012 gave a true picture of the chronic energy situation the country faces. The President acknowledged that the chronic power outages in the country have made the lives of a great portion of the population unbearable. "The often extended periods of load shedding have also disrupted work in government services, social services such as hospitals, and even security agencies", he added that the chronic electricity crisis in Cameroon has not only led to material damage but also led to the loss of human lives. The Head of State promised Cameroonians that the construction of Memve'ele hydroelectric dam was just the beginning of good things to come. "In the coming months, construction works on the Lom Pangar and Mekin dams and power plants will be launched and further studies for the Warak and Menchum hydroelectric dams will be conducted, pending the completion of the Sanaga hydroelectric power project", he added.
It is rather a shame that five years after, this long awaited hydroelectric project should be entangled in a claws of corruption. There is no gainsaying that Cameroon is ranked as one of the most corrupt countries in the world. This is evidenced by Transparency International reports as well as reports from the Mo Ibrahim Foundation. Several authorities have been arrested because of corrupt malpractices especially with respect to water and energy projects but the situation continues to get worse. Part of the reason why Cameroon is still plagued by such scandals is that there are so many uncoordinated and inadequate legal and institutional safeguards in place to fight corruption. It is true that the country has several anti corruption units especially housed in ministerial departments, but in actual fact these anti corruption units are inefficient and poorly staffed. It is very disturbing that an anti corruption agency such as CONAC should produce its 2014 report in 2016. The production of a report of such magnitude should be twice a year. Besides findings of other corruption agency in the country remain a secret to the Cameroon population and the international community. There is no need for the creation of several ineffective anti corruption agencies which are heavily funded by tax payers monies while the country continues to be ranked as one of the most corrupt countries in the world.
The country has to thus revisit its anti corruption strategy especially with respect to hydroelectric projects such as the Memve'ele hydroelectric project. Government officials commissioned to undergo such compensations need to be well trained. There is equally a need for mixed commissions which include anti corruption experts, members of the companies carrying of the projects, representatives of the populations like Mayors and Parliamentarians and Senators. Such measures may go a long way to curb corruption.
Chofor Che is Chair/Co founder of the Central African Centre for Libertarian Thought and Action, Cameroon. He is also an Atlas Leadership Academy graduate, analyst with AfricanLiberty.org and LibreAfrique.org
Posted by choforche on June 30, 2016 in corruption, hydroelectricity in Cameroon
Tags: Asanji Burnley

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cheryl Jacques has written and spoken nationally on issues of diversity, civil rights and politics.
Jacques, a former Massachusetts State Senator and President of the Human Rights Campaign (HRC), led the effort to successfully defeat the anti-gay Federal Marriage Amendment.
Cheryl Jacques has appeared on CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, ABC's World News Tonight, ABC's Good Morning America and Nightline, Fox News, CNN, NPR and many other television and radio broadcasts.
For more information on speaking engagements, contact Cheryl at .


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Q: pandad reader :TypeError: only integer scalar arrays can be converted to a scalar index I am facing an error on this, how to I solve it? I think its on the reshape part but I'm not sure about it.
    dataset = data.values
    print(len(dataset))

    training_data_size = math.ceil(len(dataset)*.7)
    scaler = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0,1))
    scaled_data = scaler.fit_transform(dataset)

    train_data = scaled_data[0:training_data_size,:]
    x_train = []
    y_train = []

    for i in range(60,len(train_data)):
        x_train.append(train_data[i-60:i,0])
        y_train.append(train_data[i,0])

    x_train,y_train = np.array(x_train),np.array(y_train)
    x_train = np.reshape(x_train,(x_train.shape[0],x_train[1],1))

The error is as below:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\USER\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python36\site-packages\numpy\core\fromnumeric.py", line 58, in _wrapfunc
    return bound(*args, **kwds)
TypeError: only integer scalar arrays can be converted to a scalar index

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/USER/PycharmProjects/Predict Stock Price/main.py", line 105, in <module>
    LSTM_predidction()
  File "C:/Users/USER/PycharmProjects/Predict Stock Price/main.py", line 72, in LSTM_predidction
    x_train = np.reshape(x_train,(x_train.shape[0],x_train[1],1))
  File "<__array_function__ internals>", line 6, in reshape
  File "C:\Users\USER\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python36\site-packages\numpy\core\fromnumeric.py", line 299, in reshape
    return _wrapfunc(a, 'reshape', newshape, order=order)
  File "C:\Users\USER\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python36\site-packages\numpy\core\fromnumeric.py", line 67, in _wrapfunc
    return _wrapit(obj, method, *args, **kwds)
  File "C:\Users\USER\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python36\site-packages\numpy\core\fromnumeric.py", line 44, in _wrapit
    result = getattr(asarray(obj), method)(*args, **kwds)
TypeError: only integer scalar arrays can be converted to a scalar index

Process finished with exit code 1

Any suggestions would be appreciated

A: you are missing shape in the second element of tuple
x_train = np.reshape(x_train,(x_train.shape[0],x_train[1],1))

correct :
x_train = np.reshape(x_train,(x_train.shape[0],x_train.shape[1],1))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


MURFREESBORO – The Rutherford County Board of Education voted Thursday to approve a $5.415 million contact to add onto Eagleville School, and construction could begin by month's end.
Bids for the project were opened Tuesday, and Robert Biscan Construction emerged as the apparent low bidder. The project will add more than 30,000 square feet to the K-12 school located in the southwest corner of the county.
The job will take about a year to complete and is expected to be ready for the start of the 2015-16 school year.
Once done, the school will have nine additional classrooms, two science labs, offices, a bookstore and rehearsal space for the band and choir. A cafeteria that has also served as an auditorium will be replaced with an auditorium with dressing rooms, while the cafeteria will be expanded by 1,500 square feet with an extra serving line.
"The plans are to send the letters and get them signed. Hopefully we can get started next week," Director of Schools Don Odom said.
During the most recent academic year, Eagleville used nine portables.
The district was prepared to spend up to $5.9 million on the project, he said.
"We got a really good price, so we had some alternate projects that needed to be done out there, like paving the driveway from of the gym and restriping the parking lot," Clardy added.
Biscan's base bid for the project was $5.236 million. Replacing the flooring in elementary classrooms and hallways, installing new carpet in the library and conference room, and work on the parking lot and gym driveway added $179,100 to the cost.
Other companies bidding on the project were R.G. Anderson (a $5.575 million total bid) and Hardaway Construction ($5.527 million total).
Clardy also updated the board on additions underway at Smyrna Primary and Blackman Middle.
An annex for sixth-grade students at Blackman Middle project is about 30 days behind schedule, he said.
"I don't recall that ever happening, at least not recently," board member Donald Jernigan said.
Clardy said it would be the first time in his 10 years with the district that a project hasn't been completed on time.
The $7.4 million annex will provide 21 classrooms, four science labs, an expanded cafeteria and auxiliary gym for sixth-graders to relieve overcrowding in the coming school year. Enrollment trends indicate the school may have about 1,200 students in grades 6-8 next year.
Smyrna Primary's addition has a budget of $2.5 million and includes a new library, six classrooms, and computer lab and an expanded cafeteria.


Wonderfully tart marmalade, with hints of bay and lime leaves. This will wake your taste buds up in the morning.
Silver Medal winner in the National Marmalade Awards 2019. This wonderfully tart marmalade has a hint of bay leaf. Layer on toast, fresh bread or on bread & butter pudding.
INGREDIENTS: Lemons and Limes (41g fruit per 100g), Sugar (58g per 100g), Bay, Lemongrass, Lime Leaves.
NUTRITION: Typical Values. 100g contains: Energy 371.6kj/123.9Kcal, Fats 0.2g of which Saturates 0.0g, Carbohydrates 94.4g, Sugars 89.6g, Fibre 1.8g, Protein 0.6g, Salt trace.


text:
package be.trojkasoftware.android.diagramming.gestures.conditions;

import java.util.List;

import be.trojkasoftware.android.diagramming.DiagramDesignerView;
import be.trojkasoftware.android.diagramming.HitDefinition;

import be.trojkasoftware.android.gestures.GestureConditionBase;
import be.trojkasoftware.android.gestures.GestureEvent;
import be.trojkasoftware.android.gestures.TouchGesture;

public class CheckOnSingleConnectionGestureCondition extends GestureConditionBase<DiagramDesignerView> {

	public CheckOnSingleConnectionGestureCondition(DiagramDesignerView view) {
		super(view);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean checkCondition(GestureEvent motion, TouchGesture gesture) {
		List<HitDefinition> hitResult = getTouchBase().hitTest(motion.getPosition());
		return hitResult.size() == 1
				&& hitResult.get(0).isOnConnection();
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Panic Cell
at Bloodstock Open Air 2005
Find out more about Panic Cell here
Posted: Mon Jun 27 20:02:03 2005 by Mike Paxman
Bloodstock Begins With A Bang
A short way into their set, Panic Cell proudly announce that they have been chosen to open the very first Bloodstock Open Air. True maybe, but it is clear that the reason they were at the bottom of the lineup is clear - Panic Cell are playing the role of filler band this year. At Bloodstock last year their set was immediately after Intense, and as a result they came across as a much weaker band.
This year they've not got that problem, however once Gotthard took to the stage, it was hard to remember anything about the band, other than the very loud and often irritating vocals. Despite having played to a modestly sized crowd at last year's Bloodstock, Panic Cell looked nervous on stage. Guitarist Harjeet Virdee was static throughout the majority of each song, only daring to move at the end of each song. Furthermore, Luke Bell's vocals varied through the set. They started off strong and clear, yet by the end, the crowd could only hear a series of grunts and roars through the problematic PA system.
This is a shame, as there is clear potential for the band. They may not have the same level of experience as some older bands, but for a band who are going to play the first set ever at this festival, they sound reasonable overall. The guitar riffs are clean and fresh, and the drumming of Lee Turner is excellent. The songs themselves all consist of a basic riff with other elements build around it, but they are unique enough to hold the interest of the majority of onlookers.
It's sad to say that the number of people who braved the brisk English winds to see Panic Cell was small, and mainly consisted of already obsessed Panic Cell fans, so whilst the band may not have reached out to a huge new audience, their set should allow their fans to rely on the fact that Panic Cell can play well. There may be no Children of Bodom level guitar solos, no Evergrey level vocal delivery or any Edguy crowd interaction, but the Panic Cell boys are clearly here to make a statement - we know how to make your ears bleed, and today they proved it.
To view all photos taken during this set click here. There are 11 available.


text:
Marlow wins big in track and field
ssharp
News / Sports / June 12, 2019 June 11, 2019
Olivia Marlow was voted the area's Most Valuable Athlete after making her mark in track and field.
At the area track and field meet Olivia Marlow was voted the area's Most Valuable Athlete with individual wins in the long jump and 100 meter hurdles as well as 4×200 meter relay. She placed 7th in the state track meet at Austin Peay University in the 100 meter hurdles as well as 9th in the long jump. Marlow was also on the 4×200 meter relay that placed 12th in the state. Additionally, she is the new LaFollette Middle School record holder in the long jump with a jump of 14 feet 10 inches.(WLAF NEWS PUBLISHED 06/122019- 6 AM)
News / Sports
Mayor lets "cat out of the bag"
2022 Cougar Football banquet held
Amy LeAnn Brown, age 44 of Knoxville, Tennessee
Carvyille could soon have a dog park


text:
La Hawaiʻi State Library è una biblioteca di Honolulu, Hawaii. Situata in un edificio storico nel centro cittadino nei pressi del Palazzo ʻIolani e del Campidoglio, è anche la sede principale del sistema bibliotecario pubblico delle Hawaii, unico sistema del genere degli Stati Uniti.

La costruzione della biblioteca venne originariamente finanziata da Andrew Carnegie e l'edificio venne progettato da Henry D. Whitfield. I lavori vennero iniziati nel 1911 e completati nel 1913. Nel 1978 l'edificio venne aggiunto al National Register of Historic Places come parte del distretto storico della capitale delle Hawaii.

La collezione conta più di 525.000 libri, mentre il sistema bibliotecario statale ha un totale di circa 3 milioni di volumi.

Di fronte all'ingresso dell'edificio si trovano le sculture Parent I e Young Girl di Barbara Hepworth.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Palazzi di Honolulu
Biblioteche degli Stati Uniti d'America

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Very nice piece of glass. Hits very smooth. Glass is nice and thick with no obvious defects or blemishes. Came quickly to the US and wrapped/packaged extremely well so there was no chance of damage during shipping. Was a little smaller than I thought but that's just me, it's exactly the dimensions listed. Overall I'm very happy with my purchase. This has become my daily driver and I absolutely love it and would definitely recommend.
The glass came well protected, no cracks,and glass is really thick.Satisfied!
I have tested it already and Im pretty happy about it.
Pretty fast shipping about 2 weeks,Very Satisfied!


The acting, the writing, just everything!
What a show. I was moved to tears by the ending, I laughed during the funny moments between the couple, and I was at the edge of my seat during their arguments. The acting was incredibly subtle and powerful, the writing was to the point and brutal, and the space seemed to close in on the actors as the play continued. Congratulations to everyone in the cast and crew, this show was fantastic and needs to be seen!


text:
Facebook rolls out gaming report to reiterate its commitment to video games
23.12.2019 973 News facebook, market research
Facebook published a report on global trends in video games market. As per its findings, there are two main phenomena defining the industry.
The first one is diversification. The rise of hyper-casual gaming has been widely acknowledged by most analysts. According to Facebook, however, there is a lot going on at the opposite end of the gaming spectrum, with hardcore titles also creating growth opportunities even on mobile.
On a related note, gamers also want greater diversity in ads. 73% of surveyed players complained that they see too many of the same ad.
Appetite for recognizable franchises
The other distinct trend is an increasing gravitation toward familiar brands and intellectual property (IP).
75% of console gamers find existing IP influential when choosing which game to play. 49% of console gamers will even remain loyal to a franchise even if the latest game in the series wasn't as successful as its predecessors.
Making crossovers with other strong IPs can go a long way in keeping gamers engaged. Moreover, timing a game launch or event to coincide with the same IP's big moment in another medium, for example, a movie, can dramatically boost the game's performance.
In other findings:
The overall number of gamers continues to grow year on year, even the growth rate begins to slow down, especially in mature markets.
61% of US mobile gamers have felt post-purchase regret after buying an in-game item or currency. This happens when a purchase fails to provide an anticipated value. In the wost case scenario, a player experiencing a post-purchase regret will be unwilling to make any more purchases in the game.
Having community gamers in your player base can be a key differentiator for how your games performs. Community gamers play to connect with others. Community gamers influence each other's downloading decisions. Community gamers are two to four times more likely than other mobile gamers to play for more than three hours a day. They are also two to almost four times more likely to spend money on buying a game or in-game purchases compared to other mobile gamers.
The role of community gamers in the global gaming economy
While the report itself is hardly an eye-opener for anybody paying attention, the very fact that Facebook published it is significant enough. As Rick Kelley, vice president of global gaming at Facebook, told VentureBeat, "We wanted to share that Facebook very much cares about gaming. That was part of the impetus for putting the report out. We're committed to building community around gaming, a place where everyone can come and enjoy the gaming experience, whether that's playing games, watching games, discovering new games to play, and interacting with other players through different aspects of our platform, such as groups or the video experience. We're trying to explore some of these trends that impact the landscape and address some questions proactively that game developers might have."
And it's not just market studies. Facebook is now actively developing its own OS for AR devices. It has also purchased studios like PlayGiga and Beat Games, strategic acquisitions that might give Facebook a competitive edge when VR and cloud gaming hit the mainstream.
Tags: facebook market research
Facebook to eventually launch first ad-funded cloud gam...
4 monetisation tips to help grow your mobile game inter...


We all know that Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed in August 1945 after being hit by the first atomic bombs. However we know little about the progress made by the people of that land during the past 64 years.
Who won the war ??
Creative uses of columns, poles and pillars in advertising campaigns by various companies.
Regular advertising columns in Germany were turned into giant stubbed out cigarettes to encourage smokers to quit smoking.
Creative posters were designed to wrap around poles, campaigning for an end to the war in Iraq, pointing to Global Coalition for Peace website.
This is a standard Danish advertising column. The top of the advertising column has not been modified. Nothing was added but the poster. "Shelter served at McDonald's".
Advertising pillars were turned into giant medical syringes. "There's no better medicine for the environment than your contribution".
Creative ad column promotes Ice Age 2: The Meltdown animated movie.
"UFO invasion" advertising column promotes Sci-Fi TV channel.
Stickers were attached to damaged pillars at parking lots. "Save the pillars. Fiat Stilo with parking sensor".
Clever advertising column promotes the Toys "R" Us inflatable beach toy collection.
Ordinary advertising columns were turned into giant toilet paper rolls in Dusseldorf, Germany.
Clever Heineken beer column advertisement from Switzerland reminds us not to drink and drive.


text:
Travel from Chile to Argentina is: Partially open. See details.
ARS / en
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How to get from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) by bus, car or plane
Find Transport to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)
Need a hotel room in Bariloche?
There are 5 ways to get from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) by bus, car or plane
Bus via Osorno • 11h 40m
Take the bus from Temuco to Osorno
Take the bus from Terminal Mercado Osorno to Terminal Entre Lagos Elp
Take the bus from Entre Lagos to Bariloche
Cheapest option
Bus • 13h 39m
Take the bus from Temuco to Villarrica Temuco / ...
Take the bus from Villarrica to Bariloche
Bus #2 • 16h 9m
Take the bus from Temuco to San Martín de los Andes Temuco
Take the bus from San Martín de los Andes to San Carlos Bariloche
Drive • 5h 50m
Drive from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) 487.3 km
Fly, bus • 13h 31m
Fly from La Araucanía (ZCO) to Puerto Montt (PMC) ZCO - PMC
Take the bus from Puerto Varas to Bariloche
La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) by bus
The bus journey time between La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) and San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) is around 16h 9m and covers a distance of around 515 km. This includes an average layover time of around 2h 55m. Operated by Empresa de Transportes Temuco, Igillaima, Albus and others, the La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) bus service departs from Manuel Recabarren / Tomas Alba Edison - Sur and arrives in Bariloche Airport. Typically seven buses run weekly, although weekend and holiday schedules can vary so check in advance.
7 Weekly Buses
16h 9m Average Duration
$2786 Cheapest Price
What is the cheapest way to get from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
The cheapest way to get from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) is to bus which costs $15 - $80 and takes 13h 39m.
What is the fastest way to get from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
The fastest way to get from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) is to drive which takes 5h 50m and costs $50 - $80.
Is there a direct bus between La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) and San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
No, there is no direct bus from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC). However, there are services departing from Ruta 194/ km 2,3 and arriving at Bariloche Airport via Temuco, Terminal Mercado Osorno, Entre Lagos and Bariloche Terminal. The journey, including transfers, takes approximately 11h 40m.
How far is it from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
The distance between La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) and San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) is 293 km. The road distance is 487.3 km.
How do I travel from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) without a car?
The best way to get from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) without a car is to bus via Osorno which takes 11h 40m and costs $27 - $90.
How long does it take to get from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
It takes approximately 11h 40m to get from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC), including transfers.
Where do I catch the La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) bus from?
La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) bus services, operated by Turbus, depart from Temuco station.
How long is the flight from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
There is no direct flight from La Araucanía Airport to Puerto Montt Airport. The quickest flight takes 4h 1m and has one stopover.
Where does the La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) bus arrive?
La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) bus services, operated by Andesmar, arrive at Bariloche station.
Can I drive from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
Yes, the driving distance between La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) is 487 km. It takes approximately 5h 50m to drive from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC).
Distance: 292.6 km
Duration: 11h 40m
What companies run services between La Araucanía Airport (ZCO), Chile and San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC), Argentina?
You can take a bus from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) via Diego Portales / General Aldunate, Temuco, Osorno, Terminal Mercado Osorno, Terminal Entre Lagos, Entre Lagos, and Bariloche Terminal in around 11h 40m.
LATAM Chile
latam.com
Flights from La Araucanía to Puerto Montt via Santiago
Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Saturday and Sunday
jetsmart.com
Wednesday and Sunday
Flights from La Araucanía to Puerto Montt via Balmaceda
skyairline.com
Monday, Thursday and Friday
atencion_clientes@turbus.cl
turbus.cl
Bus from Temuco to Osorno
Every 4 hours
Semi Cama
Bus Exterior
Recorrido.cl
Bus Aeropuerto
Nuevopudahuel
Bus Exterior Cama Premium
FMplus
Bus Exterior Semi Cama
Observador.cl
Bus Exterior Semi Cama Superior
Buses Los Lagos
transporteinforma.cl
Bus from Terminal Mercado Osorno to Terminal Entre Lagos
gestionesatc@andesmar.com.ar
andesmar.com
Bus from Entre Lagos to Bariloche
Semi-Bed
Bus from Villarrica to Bariloche
Suite bus Exterior
Bed Bus Exterior
Bed Bus Interior
Semi Bus Bed Interior
atencionclientesjac@jac.cl
jac.cl
Bus from Temuco to Villarrica
Facebook buses Jac
Bus Interior Premium
Igillaima
contacto@igillaima.cl
igillaima.cl
Bus from Temuco to San Martín de los Andes
Bus Interior
Facebook Igillaima
albus.com.ar
Bus from San Martín de los Andes to San Carlos Bariloche
ource; Albus
Buses TransAustral LTDA
transaustralbus.com
Bus from Puerto Varas to Bariloche
busnortechile.cl
Want to know more about travelling around the world?
Rome2rio's Travel Guide series provide vital information for the global traveller. Read our range of informative guides on popular transport routes and companies - including How to plan an amazing trip around Scandinavia, 4 of the smartest ways to explore Australia and Slovenia: Getting from Ljubljana to Lake Bled - to help you get the most out of your next trip.
More Questions & Answers
Which airlines fly from La Araucanía Airport to Puerto Montt Airport?
Sky Airline, JetSMART and LATAM Chile offer flights from La Araucanía Airport to Puerto Montt Airport.
Where can I stay near San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
There are 171+ hotels available in San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC). Prices start at $10000 ARS per night.
Chile → Argentina
International entry into Argentina from Chile
Entry is partially open for citizens and permanent residents of Chile
Allowed for: All visitors with the below exceptions
Restricted for: Foreign nationals that have visited Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe in the past 14 days
Conditions of entry into Argentina from Chile
Travel insurance and medical declaration are required for foreign nationals
This applies to arrivals from Chile
Negative COVID-19 test within 3 days before arrival and testing upon arrival
COVID-19 test required after arrival, between day 3 and day 5
7-day mandatory self-quarantine and COVID-19 test at the end of the isolation period
This doesn't apply to citizens and permanent residents of Argentina
Rules to follow in Argentina
Considerations leaving from Chile
Am I allowed to travel from Chile to Argentina?
Yes, but conditions apply when entering Argentina from Chile.
What are the travel restrictions in San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
Domestic travel is restricted
There is a social distancing requirement of 2 metres
Regional restriction measures in place
What is the national COVID-19 helpline number in San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
The national COVID-19 helpline number in San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) is 120.
Do I have to wear a face mask on public transport in San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
Wearing a face mask on public transport in San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) is mandatory.
Is it compulsory to practice social distancing in San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
The social distance requirement in San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) is 2 metres.
What should I do if I have COVID-19 symptoms when I arrive in San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)?
Make yourself known to an official member of staff and/or call the national coronavirus helpline number on 120.
Are there restrictions returning to Chile from Argentina?
No, but conditions apply when returning to Chile from Argentina.
Exceptions may apply, for full details: Gobierno de Argentina.
Bariloche, Argentina
San Carlos de Bariloche, usually known as Bariloche, is a city in the province of Río Negro, Argentina, situated in the foothills of the Andes on the southern shores of Nahuel Huapi Lake. It is located within the Nahuel Huapi National Park. After development of extensive public works and Alpine-styled architecture, the city emerged in the 1930s and 1940s as a major tourism centre with skiing, trekking and mountaineering facilities. In addition, it has numerous restaurants, cafés, and chocolate shops. The city has a permanent population of 108,205 according to the 2010 census. - Wikipedia
Francisco Moreno Museum of Patagonia
The Francisco P. Moreno Museum of Patagonia is a natural history and cultural anthropology museum located in the Civic Center of Bariloche, Argentina.
Nahuel Huapi National Park
Nahuel Huapi National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi) is the oldest national park in Argentina, established in 1934. It surrounds Nahuel Huapi Lake in the foothills of the Patagonian Andes. The largest of the national parks in the region, it has an area of 7050 km2, or nearly 2 million acres. Its landscapes represent the north Patagonian Andean Zone consisting of three types, namely, the Altoandino (with perpetual snow above an altitude of 1600 m), the Andino-Patagónico (in the lower reaches of the hills) and the Patagonian steppe. It also represents small parts of the Valdivian Rainforest.
Places to stay in Bariloche
Bariloche. Wonderful 3 Bedrooms 2 Baths Apartment , Panoramic Views, Downtown
Periko's Youth Hostel
Salta Lake View
Kospi Boutique Guesthouse
Rome2rio makes travelling from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO) to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC) easy.
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Trips from La Araucanía Airport (ZCO)
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Trips to San Carlos de Bariloche Airport (BRC)
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In-N-Out's Surprising Secret Menu Item You Had No Idea Existed
The beloved burger chain has something in store for everyone.
By Steven John
FACT CHECKED BY Mura Dominko
In-N-Out's secret menu is an intentionally poorly kept secret. In fact, the chain itself calls it the Not So Secret Menu on its website. In that section, you'll find delectables like the Grilled Cheese and stacked burgers like the 3×3 and the even bigger 4×4, as well as the ever-popular smothered Animal Fries. But the existence of another secret menu item, one meant to be enjoyed by your non-human family member, isn't as well known.
Few and far between are the dog owners who don't allow their pets the occasional bite of so-called "human" food. Luckily, In-N-Out recognized this and made sure to provide a delicious fast-food option that is safe for pooches of all shapes and sizes.
RELATED: 100 Unhealthiest Foods on the Planet
According to a video and article published by Daily Paws, the beloved West Coast burger chain has a secret menu item that was created just for dogs. Customers can order a Pup Patty from In-N-Out and will be given a perfectly grilled hamburger patty served entirely plain—without any toppings, condiments, a bun, or even salt. While it might sound unappetizing to us, dogs find the Pup Patty irresistible, and it's, in turn, a great source of protein for them.
And equally as noteworthy as the Pup Patty existing at all is the fact that the dog treat patties will set you back a mere $1.10 (prices may vary by location), as confirmed by In-N-Out.
Note that while this simple beef patty is perfectly safe for almost all dogs, fast food, in general, should not be shared with your canine companion frequently, as hard as it can be to resist those puppy dog eyes. Foods like French fries and the types of cheeses used at fast-food restaurants tend to be very high in fats which can be a health hazard for dogs, according to the American Kennel Club.
For more, check out:
This Viral In-N-Out Item Doesn't Actually Exist, the Chain Says
The Best & Worst Menu Items at In-N-Out, According to Nutritionists
This Fast-Food Burger Chain Is Getting Sued For Copying In-N-Out
And don't forget to sign up for our newsletter to get the latest restaurant news delivered straight to your inbox.
Editor's Note: This article was updated on September 14 with two factual corrections. The previous version of this article stated that the Pup Patties are often given away for free with purchase, which they are not. Also, In-N-Out's burger patties are grilled and not broiled as previously stated.
Steven John
Steven John is a freelancer writer for Eat This, Not That! based just outside New York City.	Read more
Burgers // Fast Food // News // Restaurant Chains
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Government Reforms
Pensions and Pension Reform
Upon winning my first election to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 2016, I declined the "Cadillac Pension Plan" reserved for state legislators. Why? Because I couldn't take it in good conscience, knowing that the state had already accrued over $70 Billion in unfunded pension debts – debts that were causing our school property taxes to rise.
Instead, I helped pass legislation to reform our state pension systems and bring them closer in line with what the private sector offers. Moving closer to a 401(K) style plan, the pensions being offered to new state employees are a little more modest, while allowing the state to make promises it can actually keep. This historic pension reform package also allowed current pensioners to keep their pensions, and it didn't renege on any of the promises made to current teachers and state employees.
In time, this reform should help to alleviate the burdens placed on our school districts, and it allows us to begin the long process of paying down the debts we've accrued over many years.
Gerrymandering and Redistricting Reform
For over two centuries, politicians of both major parties have been unfairly drawing district boundary lines that dilute the voices of voters. In some cases, these politicians even draw their own district boundary lines. Although this has been a common practice for a long time, it's wrong.
That's why I introduced House Bill 722, a constitutional amendment to create a citizen commission of nonpoliticians tasked with redrawing district boundary lines after each decennial census. As several other states are now beginning to do, this measure would take politicians and lobbyists out of the room when district lines are being drawn for Congress, the PA State House, and the PA State Senate. It would reduce the influence of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, while keeping incumbent legislators from choosing their voters based on party registration and voter data. People should choose their representatives – not the other way around.
HB 722 gained more co-sponsors than any other bill introduced this session. As the prime Republican sponsor for this bill, I was proud to reach across the aisle and work with legislators from both parties to advance this legislative proposal. Although this bill has yet to pass the state legislature, I will continue to press for free and fair elections through redistricting reform. It's never too late to do the right thing.
Funding Education
I am very proud to have passed state budgets that made historic, record-high investments in education. As a product of our local public schools myself, I support fully funding Pennsylvania's public schools. As a child, I attended West Bradford Elementary School, East Bradford Elementary School, Peirce Middle School and B. Reed Henderson High School. The school districts covered by the 158th District – West Chester Area School District, Downingtown Area School District, Unionville-Chadds Ford School District, Kennett Consolidated School District, and Avon Grove School District – consistently rank among the top in Pennsylvania and the nation. I will support efforts to fully fund our local schools and school districts while simultaneously promoting accountability. We must end the practice of using tenure as the sole determinant in employment decisions in our public schools and make sure the most qualified and effective teachers are the ones working with our children. We must end the practice of using pass/fail tests like the Keystone Examinations as a graduation requirement. Finally, we must protect the rights of parents to send their children to the schools of their choice because one size does not fit all. Parents should be able to choose the best school for their child's needs. I will continue to support charter schools, magnet schools and EITCs (Educational Improvement Tax Credits) to enhance learning opportunities.
As a former board member for the Domestic Violence Center of Chester County, I entered my first term in Harrisburg determined to help protect victims of intimate partner violence. That's why I co-sponsored House Bill 2060, which forces domestic abusers to relinquish their firearms within 24 hours of being issued a PFA (Protection from Abuse Order). Previously, those abusers had up to 60 days to turn over their guns, and they were often just handed over to a family member living nearby. Thankfully, we passed this legislation, and Governor Tom Wolf signed it into law.
Law abiding citizens have a right to keep and bear arms, but domestic abusers are not law abiding citizens. That's why I modernized our state laws and help protect those who live in the shadows. Domestic violence doesn't discriminate based on a person's age, race, sex, zip code, sexual orientation, or financial status. It has taken the lives of countless individuals right here in Chester County. That's why I will always fight to protect our neighbors from intimate partner violence.
AGRICULTURE & The penn vet new bolton center
Only two months after being sworn into office, I learned that Governor Tom Wolf (D) and several of my Republican colleagues were proposing to cut the annual state funding for the Penn Vet New Bolton Center from the 2017-18 budget. In exchange for some state funding, the research scientists at Pennsylvania's only veterinary school conduct infectious disease research that protects our horses, cattle, swine, and poultry – the very items found in our grocery stores and school cafeterias. Given that the New Bolton Center is located in the district I represent, it was my job to get this funding back in the budget. After writing hundreds of handwritten notes to my colleagues, making dozens of phone calls, convening several meetings, and taking tours of the New Bolton Center, I prevailed. On October 25th, 2017, it passed overwhelmingly (171 Yeas – 14 Nays) with far more votes than had been anticipated.
Sometimes you have to spend money to save exponentially more money in the long term. I understand this, and that is why I am dedicated to preserving the state funding for one of my district's most valuable assets. With a background in homeland security, I know that some enemies of the state would try to infect our food supply if they could. Thankfully, the talented research scientists at the Penn Vet New Bolton Center stay ten steps ahead of bio-terrorists. That's why we must ensure that our district's most valuable assets are protected – namely, our families, our livestock, and the food we eat.
More Jobs & A Stronger Economy
Where businesses thrive, property taxes dive. Small business owners are the risk takers and job creators of our community. I will work hard to get Harrisburg's bureaucrats off the backs of our small business owners, so they can keep hiring our talented workers in Chester County and continue to grow our economy. I will support legal reforms that bring fairness, balance, and common sense to the justice system and reduce lawsuit abuse against our businesses while protecting the right of legitimate plaintiffs to seek justice. Let's pass comprehensive tort reform that ends "venue shopping" and limits trial attorneys' ability to frivolously try a case in Philadelphia when an accident occurred in Chester County, and vice versa. Let's get the state government out of the liquor business through privatization and modernize our liquor system to give consumers better prices and more choices. I'm honored to have received the endorsements of the Pennsylvania Chamber of Business & Industry, the Chester County Chamber of Business & Industry (CCCBI), and the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB).
I am very proud to have invested millions in transportation infrastructure. It is widely known that Pennsylvania has some of the most structurally deficient roads and bridges in the nation. Having reliable infrastructure is good for public safety, commerce, and countless public services. I will continue to be a tireless advocate for receiving our fair share of transportation funding as our Representative in the General Assembly. Not only is heavy traffic and congestion a nuisance, but it directly affects our quality of life. Let's invest more into public infrastructure and help businesses grow and create more jobs.
Open Space Preservation
I've been proud to champion the cause of open space preservation in the halls of Harrisburg. In June of 2018, I helped pass House Bill 1037, which I also co-sponsored. HB 1037 helps to protect preserved land by preventing eminent domain from being used to condemn it. The bill passed overwhelmingly, and Governor Wolf signed it into law.
I also proudly co-sponsored the Growing Greener III program, an environmental stewardship fund aimed at preserving our farmlands, wetlands and forestlands in Pennsylvania. I want my children to enjoy the same trails and woods that I enjoyed as a child growing up in East Bradford and West Bradford Townships. I want every Pennsylvanian to enjoy the pristine outdoors that Chester County and the rest of our Commonwealth have to offer.
Preserved open space offers a glimpse into an open time capsule. It affords us the opportunity to experience the outdoors like previous generations have for hundreds of years. Once it's gone, it's gone. That's why I value open space and preserving our heritage through open space protections.
© Paid for by Friends of Eric Roe


The Pearl MalletSTATION is a new Adjustable Range Electronic Mallet Controller. Designed in partnership with Keith McMillen Instrument, the malletSTATION brings next-generation technology to the 21st century mallet percussionist. Shipping to start in Q1 2018.


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William Robertson
Sports Editor (2010/11)
Associate Sports Editor (2009/10)
Author (47)
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The Central Park Film Festival returns this month with a week of FREE screenings of family-friendly films with a connection to New York City.
This year's films include the film version of the Broadway musical Hair and the Muppets Take Manhattan.
The screenings begin around 8:00 p.m. at Central Park's Frisbee Hill.
That's the landscape north of Sheep Meadow, mid Park at 69th Street, which is accessible from both the east and west sides of the Park at 72nd Street.
No tickets are required. Doors open at 6:30 p.m. Bring a blanket and a picnic dinner.
Screenings are rain or shine, so let's hope for shine.
Directed by Milos Forman (who died this year), choreographed by Twyla Tharp, and based on the popular Broadway musical of the 60s, this classic comedy-drama tells the story of Claude, a young man from Oklahoma who comes to New York City on his way to joining the Army and strikes up a friendship with a group of hippies in Central Park.
It's full of psychedelic and tie-die clothing, great music, and lots of big hair.
Directed by Brooklyn's Spike Lee and written by Lee with his sister Joie Lee and brother Cinqué Lee, this semi-autobiographical comedy-drama about a school teacher, her stubborn jazz musician husband, and their five kids takes place in Brooklyn in 1973. The film features a memorable performance by the director himself.
In 2017, the film was the winner of the mayor's inaugural "One Film, One New York" contest, which invited New Yorkers to vote on which of five city-related films should be shown for free at cinemas across the five boroughs.
Bronx-born director Stanley Kubrick co-wrote, directed, and produced this brilliantly witty political satire about Cold War politics and an accidental nuclear attack. Starring Peter Sellers and George C. Scott, and Sterling Hayden as a gung-ho military man.
This landmark film was the first commercially successful political satire about nuclear war, and still timely.
Directed by Muppet master Frank Oz, this fun confection of old-fashioned entertainment features Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, and the whole Muppet crew striving to bring their variety show, "Manhattan Melodies", to Broadway.
Gates open at 6:30 pm, movies begin at 8:00 pm, and guest DJs keep the crowd company while they gather.
Films will screen rain or shine, so let's hope for shine. All films are open captioned. Bring a picnic and a blanket.
Be courteous to your neighbors – turn off mobile phones and keep loud chatter to a minimum.
The beloved summer tradition is sponsored by Bloomberg Philanthropies.
All movies are open captioned, and rain or shine, so let's hope for shine.
Ever since her parents left her as a baby, Annie (Quvenzhané Wallis) has been leading a hard knock life with her mean foster mom Miss Hannigan. Everything changes when hard-nosed tycoon and New York mayoral candidate Will Stacks (Jamie Foxx) takes her in. Stacks believes he's her guardian angel, but Annie's self-assured nature and bright, sun-will-come-out-tomorrow outlook on life just might mean it's the other way around.
The Great Gatsby follows would-be writer Nick Carraway (Tobey Macguire) as he comes to New York City in the spring of 1922, an era of loosening morals, glittering jazz, and bootleg kings. Nick lands next door to a mysterious, party-giving millionaire, Jay Gatsby (Leonardo DiCaprio) and is soon drawn into the captivating world of the super-rich, their illusions, loves and deceits, in this Hollywood version of the classic F. Scott Fitzgerald story.
Tony Manero (John Travolta), a nineteen-year-old from Brooklyn, lives at home and works at the local paint shop. He lives for the weekends at the disco, where he can show off his spectacular dance moves. When a big dance competition is announced, he wrangles the beautiful and talented Stephanie (Karen Lynn Gorney) to be his partner. As the two train for the big night, they start to fall for each other, to the soundtrack of the Bee Gees.
Seeing this film one more time, on a giant outdoor screen, is an offer you can't refuse. Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time, this mob drama focuses on the powerful Italian-American crime family of Don Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando). When the don's youngest son, Michael (Al Pacino), reluctantly joins the Mafia, he becomes involved in the inevitable cycle of violence and betrayal. Although Michael tries to maintain a normal relationship with his wife, Kay (Diane Keaton), he is drawn deeper into the family business.
Peter Parker (Tobey Maguire) finally has the girl of his dreams, Mary Jane Watson (Kirsten Dunst), but when a strange alien turns Spider-Man's suit black, he enters the fight of his life against a lethal mix of villains: the deadly Sandman (Thomas Haden Church), Venom (Topher Grace), and the New Goblin (James Franco).
What's your favorite movie with a connection to NYC?