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Gini Health Home
30 August 2019 / Nutrigenetics
The Science Behind Gini
If you want to get a balanced and healthy diet what information do you turn to right now? You have many choices. The simplest option would be to go online and follow a diet trend out there. The more complex option, if you're really really savvy about nutrition, can be to follow the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values for nutrients set out by the National Academy of Sciences.
Here's the thing. These intake values, though updated regularly, are part of a system that's over 50 years old (estd. in 1968) and considers individuals as statistical points on a graph that's normally distributed. The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) system has its flaws.
DRIs can neither provide precise quantitative assessments of the adequacy of diets of individuals nor be used to exactly assess nutritional status.
We now have evidence that nutrients intake can depend on your unique genetic makeup. So why not improve upon the system and make it potentially work better by using insights from your DNA?
Going beyond the Dietary Reference Intakes system
We now know that genetic disorders like hereditary hemochromatosis, fatal familial insomnia and increased breast cancer risk due to certain gene variants are very real.
Having a genetic variant doesn't mean that you'll end up with the disease but the probability of its occurrence goes up. The higher risk combined with a bad diet and lifestyle can actually result in the disease.
This extends to other conditions too - lactose, gluten and histamine intolerance, and conditions like hay fever can be genetically driven. There are also other factors at play like your microbiome and the number of exposures you have had to certain foods. However, genes can be a useful starting point considering that the cost of DNA testing has been falling around the world .
Going on a specific "diet" is akin to gambling
What if you decide to go the other route and decide to get on the bandwagon of a specific type of diet? Let's take the example of veganism.
When you stick just to plant based foods without understanding the true macro and micro composition of your food, it can potentially harm you in the long run. The issue here is that when you stick to very specific food groups you are highly likely to become nutritionally deficient in one or more critical micro-nutrients. For instance, if you're on a plant based diet you won't get enough of Omega3 fatty acids - a nutrient that's important for brain function.
EPA and DHA is mostly present in seafood and our own bodies can't make it. Fish feed on plant based ALA - a plant based Omega 3 fatty acid, and convert it to EPA and DHA, which we then consume.
In most cases the absorption of plant based ALA is likely to be very low - moreover it's a shorter-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that isn't as effective in cell growth. What if on top of this you also have a genetic mutation that lowers your ability to convert ALA to EPA and DHA?
If you're on a meat based ketogenic diet, how do you know you are having the right combination of fats - especially saturated fats?
Personalizing nutrition based on genetics
Research shows that providing personalized nutrition information based on diet, lifestyle and genotype "produced larger and more appropriate changes in dietary behaviour than a conventional approach." The link between your diet and chronic conditions like Type II Diabetes, Alzheimer's, Heart disease etc… is well established. If chronic illnesses are indeed linked to diet then why not use that lever to derisk? You're eliminating one big factor on top of all the other complex variables.
It's really simple.
Your genetics can dictate your nutritional absorption and your genetic disease risk can influence the need for more or less of certain nutrients. Ergo, you need more or less of different macros and micronutrients based on your unique genetic makeup. On top of this, what is beneficial for you can be driven by other factors like food allergies, intolerances and health risks posed by conditions like iron overload.
Image sourced from here.
Let's explore the science behind nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics and epigenetics first before we dive into individual genes.
Nutrigenetics
The idea that the nutrients we eat can interact with the physiological functions and metabolism of the body at the molecular levels, is termed as nutrigenetics.
It involves the effect of dietary components on different gene variants. This genetic variation in individuals governs the dietary response of an individual towards foods and how it influences the digestion, absorption, and assimilation of the nutrients present in the food.
The study of nutrigenetics has become a developing area of research and gene-nutrient interactions has garnered the interest of a lot of scientists all over the world. Research is showing that various monogenetic and polygenetic diseases are caused by adverse effect of certain nutrients that may be unsuitable for that person based on his distinct genetic makeup.
The influence of nutrients in food on the expression of various genes is termed as nutrigenomics.
This field provides a detailed insight on the effects on our genes of various macro- and micronutrients that we eat.
Like other biotic and abiotic environmental factors that influence our health and well-being, food is now considered as the most vital environmental factor that can have positive or negative effects on our body. In some cases, if the nutrient is not in harmony with our genetics and metabolic system, then it proves to be a nuisance and can deteriorate our bodily functions.
Many researches have linked diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, hypertension with the amount of calories intake, type of fats, and types of vitamins. Various dietary interventions related to nutrition requirements, genotype and nutritional status are being used to control and prevent various metabolic syndromes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
Interaction between Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics
Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics are similar and yet different terms.
Nutrigenomics is the interaction of nutrients with our genome while nutrigenetics is the variations in the response to various nutrients present in the food according to our distinct genetic makeup.
The genetic responses (nutrigenomics) involve the effect of food on mutation selection, gene expression, evolution of genome, chromosome stability, protein synthesis, metabolic pathways and chronic diseases. The nutritional responses on the other hand include the effect of dietary components on the absorption of nutrients, nutrient tolerance and food allergies (Figure 1).
Figure 1: The interconnection between nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics
Epigenetics and nutrition
The term epigenetics is used for the changes that affect the expression of genes without causing the DNA sequence to change.
These DNA changes via epigenetics can have long term effects as they can be carried over the generations and lead to transfer of non-genomic epigenetic alterations.
There are various environmental factors that primarily act as regulators of epigenetic changes. Various, environmental pollutants/toxins, drugs, physical activity, behavior, stress, smoking and working habits are some of the environmental and lifestyle factors that influence epigenetic processes including, histone acetylation, and DNA methylation.
How environmental cues are biologically integrated and transgenerationally inherited, is still poorly understood. The effects of changes in abiotic environmental factor on nematodes gene expression over generations, was studied and it was found that when a transgene was introduced in nematodes and were exposed to high temperatures, the introduced gene was turned on and led to the glowing of the organisms. This feature was transferred to the next generation and despite of absence of exposure to high temperature, the nematodes carried the glowing feature for upto seven generations which shows that the epigenetic changes induced due to temperature factor in the parent generation were carried to next generations without changes in the actual DNA sequence.
Such epigenetic events that can influence the gene expression can occur though bioactive components of the food.
There are various crucial processes in the cell that can be regulated though epigenetic effects of various nutrients, such as apoptosis, DNA damage, cell cycle control, and aging. Some of the widely studied nutrient groups that have distinct epigenetic effects on the cells include carotenoids, indoles, beta-glucans, n-2 fatty acids, flavonoids, and isothiocyanates. It has been reported that DNA methylation, that is one of the most widely occurring epigenetic mechanisms in the cell, can be regulated or changed by dietary components such as zinc, arsenic, nickel, fiber and alcohol.
Effects of micronutrient deficiencies on the human genome
Humans require around 40 micronutrients that are essential for the maintenance of good health. These nutrients provide all the essential building blocks of vital proteins and molecules in the body. A wide variety of dietary factors directly affect the DNA and the genome and influence the metabolic system of the body.
The inadequacy of certain micronutrients can adversely affect certain tissues and functions of the body, for example deficiency of vitamin D, folate, vitamin B and E can lead to bone defects, cancer and cardiovascular disease, respectively.
The damage of nutrient deficiency penetrates down to the DNA and genomic levels, and various nutrients have been identified as direct regulators of the genome structure and functions. For instance, vitamin D plays a role in apoptosis process of cancerous and abnormal cells and it's deficiency can lead to formation of DNA lesions and increase DNA damage. Similarly, vitamin B2, B6, B12 have protective effects on DNA and inadequate level of these vitamins in the body can lead to an increase in chromosomal breaks and misincorporation of uracil in the DNA. Iron is important for DNA and genomic integrity and iron deficiency has also been linked with reduced DNA repair ability and increased oxidative damage to the DNA.
Genetics, nutrition and diseases
The human genome is affected by dietary components. Individuals who are predisposed to a certain disease can experience metabolic diseases which are triggered when their body is burdened with the wrong nutrients!
Let's look some of the latest research that has surfaced on how genetics and nutrition are tied together.
Saturated fat risk - ApoE genotype
The apolipoprotein gene (ApoE) is involved in the metabolism and transport of lipids and fats in the body. There are three variants/alleles of these genes and the variant ε4 is prone to developing coronary heart disease. The reason behind this increased risk is the inability of ε4 ApoE gene variant to metabolize high-fat diet.
This variant of ApoE is also linked with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered as the most crucial determinant of genetic predisposition to AD. The ApoE gene is responsible for transport of lipids in the brain along with other organs and failure to do so as happens in the APOE ε4, causes an increased level of brain amyloid-beta (Aβ), which contributes to the pathology of AD.
Various measures have been taken under clinical practices to prevent AD and these primarily involve nutrigenomic, pharmacogenomic and lifestyle changes of individuals who are at risk of developing AD.
Vitamin D metabolism
Vitamin D primarily regulates the homeostasis of calcium and maintain the integrity of bone.
However, it has been found that this nutrient has a genome wide effect as it has been found to regulate the expression of anywhere from 291 to over a 1000 genes.
Some of these genes whose expression was greatly increased due to the presence of vitamin D include the genes involved in apoptosis, immune function, health shock response genes, mitochondrial translation gene and DNA repair genes.
There were some genes whose expression was decreased or were down regulated by the increased serum level of vitamin D. These include certain transcriptional regulators, and members of the histone protein family.
Vitamin D levels have long been considered as important regulators of immune system and may provide protection against developing certain diseases such as Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
Vitamin D promotes and maintains the health of brain cells, and was recently recognized as a neuro-steroid. It is metabolized to its active form in the glial and neuronal cells of the nervous system and plays an important role in cognitive abilities and provides protection against neurodegenerative diseases, depression, and various kinds of dementia.
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is now considered as an important genetic marker to determine your predisposition to various diseases.
Weight gain tendencies
The metabolism of carbohydrates is one of the most vital processes in the body and any kind of defect or malfunction in this process can lead to an increased risk of developing various metabolic diseases. For instance, obesity has become one of the most challenging and widespread disorders in the world.
It has been reported that people who carry variants of PLIN1 are at an increased risk of obesity - they gain weight around the waist if they consume less than 144 grams of complex carbs.
Evidence suggests that SNPs in the FTO gene can cause increased energy intake and higher BMI. In studies, those carrying the obesity risk A allele of rs9939609 exhibited overall increased food intake, fat consumption and impaired satiety.
Type II Diabetes Risk
Various genes have been associated with Type II diabetes (T2D) making it a polygenic health condition. The presence of genetic markers are crucial indicators of risk of developing T2D in some stage of life. Some of these genes are TCF7L2, CDKAL1 etc. - they encode proteins that regulate the insulin and glucose production.
The presence of these genes along with certain environmental factors and lifestyle increases the risk of developing Type-II diabetes. Meal-timing, glycemic index of foods and other factors like lack of exercise, alcohol, smoking, poor diet and unhealthy lifestyle can lead to increased type-II diabetes risk.
Iron overload risk and Hemochromatosis
Iron is one of the most significant nutrients for the body. However, if the level of iron in the body is increased beyond a healthy normal value, it can have toxic effects on the organs and body function. This unwanted build-up of iron in the body is termed as iron overload and clinically this condition is known as hemochromatosis.
Hemochromatosis, like other metabolic diseases, also have a genetic aspect and involves the mutation in the HFE gene. HFE gene encodes the HFE protein that functions to regulate the uptake and absorption of iron, especially in the liver cells. If mutation, C282Y is present in the HFE gene of an individual, then the person is considered to be at a high risk of developing hemochromatosis. The actual incidence rate of hemochromatosis among carriers of this gene is very low but it is always good to be on the safer side.
The decreased consumption of iron rich food, and vitamin C-containing food is crucial for avoiding complications caused by iron overload.
DNA methylation and folate deficiency
The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme is considered as a vital enzyme that is involved in various metabolic processes including methylation and metabolism of folic acid and folate.
Methylation of DNA is an important gene regulatory process and carries out the switching on and off genes and involved in the DNA repair process. Methylation is essential for the conversion of folic acid and folate into their active form that is metabolized by the cell.
The role of MTHFR in folate cycle
There are two main mutations of the MTHFR gene, C677T and A1298C, that lead to abnormal function or complete absence of the MTHFR enzyme.
The presence of mutation in MTHFR gene lead to folate deficiency and this has a major health implication as folate is required for the normal metabolic processes of the cell.
Moreover, the deficiency of MTHFR enzyme also affects the metabolism of homocysteine (it plays a role in processing amino acids) which leads to increased risk of various other diseases, including stroke and other cardiovascular disorders.
In order to cope with folate deficiency in the population, the use of folic acid supplement has become a common practice and in countries like USA, Australia and Canada, where the wheat flour is fortified with folic acid. The question is how much do you need? And this comes down to the specific variants you carry.
Intolerances and Food Allergies
The fact that not all nutrients present in the food are equally beneficial for everyone has become the basis of the science behind nutrigenomics. In present days, various allergies triggered by components of the food have been identified and the prevalence of these food allergies is increasing in developing and developed countries.
The most common food allergens include peanuts, cow's milk, eggs, nuts, soy, fish and wheat.The culprit behind the development of allergies is our own immune system. The cells of the immune system recognize certain food proteins as a threat or an antigen and elicit a detrimental response towards the harmless substance.
Gluten allergy is considered as the most significant food allergies and is aggravated by the consumption of wheat proteins.
Celiac disease is the most harmful implication of gluten allergy, where the immune system is triggered by gluten and the cells of the immune system targets the mucosal villi of small intestine. This autoimmune targeting of gastrointestinal lining lead to serious health damage as it decreases the absorption capacity of the small intestine.
Individuals with Celiac disease are advised to refrain from consuming wheat and wheat-based products so that their intolerance to gluten can be kept under check.
Similarly, with lactose intolerance, the sugar present in milk and dairy products lead to a negative immune response and damage the intestinal lining. Lactose intolerance is mostly genetic and can be inherited in infants and can develop in later stages of life due to reduced production of the enzyme lactase, that breakdown lactose.
Avoiding milk or consuming medicated milk that lack lactose is recommended for individuals with lactose intolerance. Other than food allergies, other allergies like hay fever, eczema are becoming a matter of concern for public health. It has been found that various genetic mutations that affect the DNA methylation and immune system regulators, are important genetic markers for allergic rhinitis, asthmas and eczema.
Link between Exercise and Gene expression
Exercise is becoming one of the most surprising and effective methods for the improvement of general wellbeing. Recent studies have focused on the genetic effects of exercise on the metabolic and structural features of the body. It has been reported that exercise has a positive effect on the expression of genes related functioning of skeletal muscles.
There is an integrative system of regulation of gene expression that is primarily controlled by exercise, which act as an epigenetic factor and triggers changes like DNA methylation, micro-RNAs and phosphorylation and acetylation of histone proteins for the regulation of various genes.
Other genes that are upregulated in muscles that have been subjected to regular exercise include metabolic priority genes and mitochondrial genes. The metabolic genes were found to be involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels and muscle glycogen level and aided in providing the necessary food for the exercise. While, mitochondrial genes that were expressed ensured the production of energy from the food. These genes make the muscles strong, prepare the body to endure physical stress, and exercise revamps the metabolic structure of the muscles and the body.
Evolutionary studies suggest that sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity can cause deteriorating effects on human health. And present studies support the idea that maintain a healthy lifestyle with proper involvement of exercise and physical activity can improve our brain function, benefit our organs, boost the immune system and provide protection against various diseases, such as diabetes, arthritis and cardiovascular disorders.
Moving away from a one size fits all approach
The importance of diet and nutrients for the health and wellbeing of humans and the science of nutrigenomics have paved the path for tailored or precision nutrition. Several metabolic disorders and diseases can be prevented or controlled through the use of customized nutrition. Precision nutrition plays a distinct role at different levels, including metabolic, genotypic and lifestyle patterns of an individual (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Role of Precision Nutrition
Complex diseases, like diabetes, cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, are multifactorial - and various genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors needs to be looked at to decrease the risk of these disorders.
Many people today select a diet, such as keto diet, plant based or mediterranean diet in order to lose weight and stay fit. But as mentioned earlier, the long-term practice of a diet that eliminates food groups can lead to malnutrition and deficiency in various essential micronutrients.
The genetic makeup of an individual to metabolize omega-3 is crucial as variants in the FADS1 gene can affect the levels of omega-3 fatty acid in the blood.
Similarly, individuals who follow ketogenic diet are at risk of developing metabolic disorder related to saturated fat if they carry genetic mutation in any of the genes involved in the metabolism of fats and lipids. Some of the genes that are involved in lipid and fat metabolism include PPARG, FTO, APOA2, and ADRB2.
The presence of a mutant variant of these genes in an individual who may follow a keto diet are at risk of obesity as these variants may be unable to metabolize the stored fats in the tissues.
So, the whole point of adapting a tailored or customized diet is to know your metabolism and your genes. Without the precise knowledge of your genome vulnerabilities and your metabolic shortcomings, the food and nutrients we intake can do more damage than good to our body.
Is ideal nutrition the solution to all chronic diseases?
The human body is an amazing machine. It is also very unpredictable at times becuase we have barely begun understanding it. Look at genetics, although we have lots of genome wide association studies, we need more randomized trials involving multiple ethnicities to figure out the underlying causes behind a lot of diseases. Especially if they are polygenic. We've only just begun scratching the surface.
The science of nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics and epigenetics - the interaction effects of genes in relation to food is crucial for the prevention and control of chronic disease. But is this knowledge and understanding enough? We would argue that it is only one side of the equation.
Chronic diseases are far more complex and are influenced by factors more intricate than just food and genes. Various environmental factors such as presence of toxins, and chemicals in the food and in our environment can take a toll on our health without us knowing the exact cause.
Lifestyle is another major health determining factor. Leading a physically active and stress-free life can have positive effects on our mind and body. Exercise changes us at the molecular level and helps us go through healthy aging. Eating patterns, sleeping routine and work habits are other factors that influence our life and wellbeing.
Nutrition is however one big part of the equation, an equation that is complex and evolving.
A deeper understanding of our genetics has given us a powerful tool in our arsenal for war against chronic illnesses plaguing humanity. It gives us an edge by showing us a way to understand our bodies and unique health risks better, so that we can tailor our nutrition better.
We at Gini Health believe that the right food, at the right time, in the right amount can give our cells the right environment to live a long and healthy life - and this in turn can increase human healthspan and lifespan.
That's the ideal we're striving towards.
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Chromosomes are protected by telomeres. As you age, your telomeres shorten - but this can be exacerbated by oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Astonishing (from Little Women). Arranged by Mark A. Brymer. SSA. Broadway Choral. 8 pages. Published by Cherry Lane Music (HL.2500903).
Louisa May Alcott's beloved characters come to life in this warm musical setting from the literary classic, Little Women, now on a national tour after a Broadway run. A moving concert closer, this expressive work will resonate with singers of all ages. ShowTrax CD available. Performance time approx. 3:15.
Guitar Chords/Lyrics, Sheet Music Download. Artist: Nick Cave. Writer: Nick Cave.


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Home > CLAS > BIO > TGLE > Vol. 5 > Number 3 -- Fall 1972 (1972)
The Compleat Naturalist: A Life of Linnaeus. Wilfrid Blunt. New York: The Viking Press, 1971. 256 pp. $14.95.
Ronald S. Wilkinson, The Library of Congress
Excerpt: Not all historians agree thoroughly with Julius von Sachs' suggestion in the Geschichte der Botanik (1875) that the work of Carl von Linnd marked the conclusion of an old epoch rather than the beginning of a new one, but it is true that most of Linnaeus' contributions were elaborations of the views of his predecessors. Except to historians of science, his sexual system of the classification of plants is all but forgotten. Yet as the grand nomenclator of the eighteenth century, and the regulator and popularizer (if not the innovator) of binomial nomenclature in biology, his place is secure in our memory.
Wilkinson, Ronald S. 1972. "The Compleat Naturalist: A Life of Linnaeus. Wilfrid Blunt. New York: The Viking Press, 1971. 256 pp. $14.95.," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 5 (3)
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol5/iss3/4

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>'Cloud' System Could Help Navy Analysts Consume Expanding Ocean of Data
Previous News ReleaseAddressing Mexico's Violent Drug-Trafficking Organizations Will Require Coordinated EffortNext News ReleaseInnovative School Principal Development Program Demonstrates Positive Student Achievement Gains
'Cloud' System Could Help Navy Analysts Consume Expanding Ocean of Data
For Release
The "cloud" strategies used by Google, the intelligence community and others are promising options to help Navy analysts keep pace with the growing flood of data collected by intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance sensors, according to a new RAND Corporation study.
Confronted with an ever-growing amount of raw data to process and disseminate, the Navy asked RAND to determine the best ways to overcome barriers to timely, accurate analysis.
"The Navy should pursue a cloud strategy similar to those adopted by Google, the intelligence community and other large organizations grappling with big data's challenges and opportunities," said Isaac R. Porche III, lead author of the study and a senior engineer at RAND, a nonprofit research organization. "Specifically, the Navy should adopt the Intelligence community's cloud approach, designing its next generation of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance tools and systems to work with the National Security Agency's distributed cloud concept."
Time is of the essence, Porche said. If the Navy continues to field sensors as planned but does not change the way it processes, exploits and disseminates information, it will reach an intelligence gathering "tipping point" — when the Navy will no longer be able to process and utilize all incoming information as fast as desired — as soon as 2016.
"Whether captured from drones or other sources, the Navy has a growing demand for intelligence to help Navy vessels avoid collisions, pinpoint targets and perform other vital tasks," Porche said. "But the amount of data it may collect in the future is more than it can process today."
The study finds that as little as 5 percent of the data collected by intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance platforms actually reach Navy analysts. Porche said a large part of the problem is attributable to slow download times, shared communications pipelines and large chunks of untagged raw data.
Using a model of intelligence specialist productivity and a year of operational data, RAND found that one potential solution — dynamically managing analyst workloads across geographic areas — would help improve productivity, but only to a point.
To be complete, a solution to the Navy's challenge must involve changes along four dimensions: people, tools and technology, data and data architectures, and demand and demand management.
Researchers analyzed three alternatives to current plans, ultimately showing that the cloud alternative offers significant potential performance improvements, despite some technical and schedule risks, and may be most amenable to future changes in information technology tools and applications.
The report, "Data Flood: Helping the Navy Address the Rising Tide of Sensor Information," can be found at www.rand.org. Other authors of the study are Bradley Wilson, Erin-Elizabeth Johnson, Shane Tierney and Evan Saltzman.
The report was sponsored by the Department of the Navy and conducted within the Acquisition and Technology Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community.
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Data Flood
Isaac R. Porche III, Bradley Wilson, et al.


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Q: MouseEvent.RIGHT_CLICK is undefined at runtime? ANSWER To use this and any new features in 11.2, the swf-version needs to be turned all the way up to 15.
My setup:

*

*FlashBuilder 4.6 Build instructions include "-swf-version=13"

*Flex SDK version 4.6.0 (build 23201) playerglobal.swc (current one from
Adobe's page,
http://www.adobe.com/support/flashplayer/downloads.html, said to be
11.2 as well)

*Standalone debugger projector (11.2.202.228)

*Browser flash player plugin (11.2.202.228)

So by my reckoning, I'm up to date in everywhere I should be, to be able to use MouseEvent.RIGHT_CLICK (Adobe Documentation:
http://help.adobe.com/en_US/FlashPlatform/reference/actionscript/3/flash/events/MouseEvent.html#RIGHT_CLICK) but, if I do

I understand that right-click was initially supposed to be AIR only, but that's supposedly changed, which is supported by the fact that it's in the website documentation and in the class definition for MouseEvent,

I want to play around with a few right-click stuff in Flash, but it seems like something's definitely not working correctly.  Anyone got an insight as to what's wrong?
I'm a bit confused by some of the comments, so in case it's me poorly explaining what's going on, so here's an example of my code running and compiled, with source attached,
http://www.tymonrovers.com/seaders/asdf.html

A: SWF Version in build instructions need to be up at 15...  as detailed http://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/release-note/release-notes-developer-flash-player.html#main_authoring_flash_player
Damnit!  I know it looks obvious now, but I do think they should probably detail that in the docs as well, they've got the specific versions of the SDKS for AIR and Flash, but not the swf version info, which while it might sound overkill, would certainly solve irritations like this when you forget that one little bit of a tweak you need to do for new features.  Ah well, all working now. :/

-swf-version=15

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Illuminated Stripes
Posted on March 9, 2010 by Nicole DiGiose
An interview I covered for The Submission Magazine in December 2009.
See pictures at http://www.TheSubmission.net, Issue 26.
Ding! The doors rumble as they slide open and I follow Jeff Gardner into the elevator of the Neuberger Museum. I've heard about his design, Illuminated Stripes, but was not expecting such vivid color. Jeff, in his heavy jacket, smiles as my eyes explore the flashy column of colors on the back wall. Deep blue rests on yellows, oranges, reds, and purples that are stacked on bright green. Similar colors race up the dark panels as streaks of light. Jeff looks amused as the gray doors clash together, forming in large, white, vertical print: Neuberger Museum of Art.
The $3,800 project began with pulling the measurements from all of the wall panels, in order to install the vibrant ones. Jeff jokes that if Oxford Color, the vinyl printing company, didn't hang the panels, it wouldn't have looked as good because he wasn't sure how to do it. He focuses on the humming lights above us and points. He and some classmates deconstructed them, cleaned the dusty glass panels in the ceiling, and by himself, set up the lighting exactly the way he had it planned out. I am mind-boggled as he explains the technicalities of the plexiglass strips that are dazzling the walls with color.
"They are 2.5 inches by 95 inches." He presses a hand on the wall while still making eye contact and explains, "the reason for the dimensions are because behind the strips are little indents that are all separate panels, it's not a continuous wall." He goes on to say that the lighting strips he used are paper-thin strips of LED lighting that he ordered from China. They were $4.45 per linear foot there, which is much cheaper than Port Chester's $17.00 per strip. After receiving the lights, he figured out the amperage to effectively brighten up the elevator. Each strip needs only one amp of power, and the lights put out 12 volts of energy.
Jeff takes a step back and inspects the floor, his palms face upward as he outstretches his arms. The floor was never in the original budget, but his design wouldn't be complete without vinyl flooring. He, along with some help, put the hickory vinyl plank flooring together. "One of the interns that work at the museum and I were in here for four and a half hours on our knees, peeling and sticking," he says, imitating the movements of peeling and sticking with his hands.
The graphic design major chuckles as we are suddenly carried to the second floor. His blue eyes examine his work before he faces me to say that he's from Golden's Bridge, but grew up in both Westchester and Bronxville. One of the influences on his artwork was his upbringing. "I would never color outside of the lines when I was a little kid. Everything had to be very meticulous and perfect as it could possibly be," he says as he shuffles over for a rowdy group of men making their way into the elevator.
When wanting to create something, Jeff sometimes looks to other works, such as movements in art history as a platform for style. The concept behind Illuminated Stripes comes from the branding that was created by a Purchase alum, who designed the colorful column outside of the Neuberger Museum. Jeff took the design and expanded on it. Since it's well known to be the Neuberger's distinctive label, having the striped logo to jazz up the elevator made sense.
Jeff also finds working in Adobe Illustrator to be inspiring. Illustrator is a vector-based computer software program where he's able to work with colors and shapes, and use various artistic tools to design projects. This performance allows Jeff to be extremely detailed in his production.
During his first year of college in 2003, Jeff attended Hartford and did nothing art-related. Instead, he partied. Since that didn't work out, he decided to head home and commute to Westchester Community College for five semesters, where he received his Associates Degree in Visual Arts. He believed that there was nothing he could do with his degree and turned his focus elsewhere. "I gambled during the 'poker boom', lived in the casinos. Then after that, decided I needed to go back to school," he pauses, then adds, "Once I had blown my whole bankroll."
Jeff knew that art was his passion. He applied for Purchase's design program because it's not as costly as the other colleges he was interested in, such as FIT or Parsons. Lips curving upward, he tells me, "I like the 40 minute commute to the city, it's nice to have that there, but I also like living in the countryside where it's nice and peaceful with little critters running around." He probably values Purchase a little more than most of us, as it was more of a struggle for him to get accepted. Originally, his application was denied, and he went back to Westchester Community College to continue his classes in design. He reapplied to Purchase, was denied again, but this time he was able to get his portfolio reevaluated, and a week later, received his acceptance letter.
When Jeff found out that his masterpiece was the winner, he tells me, with enlarged eyes and arched eyebrows, that he was "pumped!" His work, which was up against the creations of six of his classmates, was chosen by the museum's marketing and curatorial staff. He announces, "The reason they chose mine was because of the concepts. It played off the branching of the museum." His classmates had all kinds of interesting ideas, but they wouldn't work well with the makeup of the elevator's walls. Jeff's clever intention behind his project is simple yet so ideal. The vibrant stripes aren't as one-dimensional as they seem; each kaleidoscopic tower represents an elevator with the stripes symbolizing different levels.
As we slope downward and the doors open, two women walk in, astonished. One exclaims "Cool!" as the other shouts "Psychedelic!" Jeff turns to me, grinning, and proudly responds, "That's why I like hanging out in here. I get to hear things like that."
Jeff Gardner Nicole DiGiose SUNY Purchase SUNY Purchase Submission The Submission
Snow Globe Quest
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Driving Reconciliation in South Australia
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February 20, 2020 Leading through innovation and inclusion
February 20, 2020 Powering the future with clean and renewable energy
February 20, 2020 Creating historical fiction to engage a younger generation
Posted on February 20, 2020 July 7, 2021 by Lynda Allen
Growing up in Central Australia, Eastern Arrernte woman Shona Reid wanted to be a truck driver… then a psychologist. She believes she has found the middle ground in her role as Executive Director at Reconciliation SA.
'By driving change for a reconciled and just South Australia, I think I might have found a happy medium,' says Shona (BBehavSc '00), who has devoted her professional and personal life to the advancement of Aboriginal children, young people, families and communities.
In 1996 Shona arrived at Flinders University to study a Bachelor of Behavioural Science. Having grown up in the country it was the first time she had ever been to the city.
'Flinders and the people at Yunggorendi were pivotal in the formation of who I am today,' says Shona. 'Not just in my learning and interpretation of those learnings, but in my character growth, my confidence in my cultural connectedness and place of belonging.'
After graduating, Shona went on to a traineeship in the policy unit of the state government's Family and Youth Services (now Department of Child Protection). Over the next 15 years she continued to work in the child protection, young offending and out-of-home care sectors, from policy through to becoming a supervisor on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands.
In 2017 Shona became the Executive and Research Officer for the Aboriginal Lands Parliamentary Standing Committee. She worked closely with Parliamentary Members from many different political parties and persuasions to assist their understanding and connection to matters important to Aboriginal South Australians.
Now, as Executive Director of Reconciliation SA, Shona faces the challenging role of leading South Australia's Reconciliation movement and championing a safe and inclusive state free from racism.
'We do this by educating, informing, conversing and advocating across and throughout South Australia and nationally,' she explains.
She is continually inspired by both the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people she meets who are joining her mission of Reconciliation.
'I have met the most amazing and inspirational Aboriginal Elders, community members and young people and I am privileged to learn and grow from them. My way forward will always be through their wisdom, guidance and sage advice.
'I am also humbled by the commitment of many non-Aboriginal champions and allies, who speak with honesty and integrity about their experiences and biases and how they are using this to create positive change and challenge a society that struggles to undertake the same processes.'
Shona Reid was awarded a 2019 Flinders University Distinguished Alumni Award for her significant contribution and commitment to the advancement and rights of Aboriginal children, young people, families and communities.
Read the full list of 2019 Alumni Award recipients
Alumni Awards College of Education, Psychology and Social Work Indigenous Psychology Stories
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Creating historical fiction to engage a younger generation


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Inoue's Uchi mata in the final of the 2000 Olympic Games is perhaps the greatest throw in Olympic history. His eight variat...
Total Judo | Mark Huizinga
Huizinga's Total Judo system covers a huge range of techniques. With narration coming from Huizinga himself, this is an amazing insight into a unique judo mind.
Across a 14 year period he won 12 European medals, including five titles; three Olympic medals, including gold in 2000, and an incred...
Olympic Judo | Udo Quellmalz
Between 1989 and 1996 Udo Quellmalz returned from every World Championships and Olympic Games with a medal, culminating in gold medals at the 1991 and 1995 World Championships and 1996 Olympics in Atlanta.
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A New Wind | Toshihiko Koga
Toshihiko Koga remains the world's leading expert in Seoi nage. Japan's triple World and Olympic champion invented his own incredible style of judo, including his world famous one-handed Seoi nage.
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Ki-young Jeon is widely regarded as the greatest judoka from Korea. The triple World and Olympic Champion gives a unique insight into his style of judo, and the techniques that brought him so much success.
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The Gokyo (2008)
The Gokyo, as selected by the Kodokan, lies at the very heart of Judo and is studied throughout the world by beginners and black belts alike. Comprised of 40 major throws, each are demonstrated by former World Champion Neil Adams and most are followed by competition examples.
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Adams & Briggs - Modern Competitive Judo
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Neil Adams is one of the finest exponents of grappling techniques the world has ever seen. Many of his victories in European, World and Olympic Judo competitions were won on the ground, including his famous armlock in the final of the 1981 World Championships.
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101 Judo Games
Presented by Peter Gardiner, 101 Judo Games contains games for three age groups (6-8, 9-10 and 11-13). Each group is divided up into seven sections, with games for warming up, breakfalling, gripping, tachi-waza, newaza, throwing and rough & tumble.
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Unlike any other production before in the Fighting Films archive Shinjido contains a feast of new and highly effective skills - inspired by Judo, Aikido and Tai Chi. Danny da Costa, a Judo 6th Dan and European silver medallist, shows Shinjido techniques devised for use in competitive Judo and sel...
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Home » Health News » Thirty-seven percent of adults used telemedicine in 2021
Thirty-seven percent of adults used telemedicine in 2021
In 2021, 37.0 percent of adults used telemedicine in the past 12 months, with use varying by age, sex, and race/ethnicity, according to an October data brief published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics.
Jacqueline W. Lucas, M.P.H., and Maria A. Villarroel, Ph.D., from the National Center for Health Statistics in Hyattsville, Maryland, used data from the 2021 National Health Interview Survey to describe the percentage of adults who used telemedicine in the past 12 months.
The researchers found that 37.0 percent of adults used telemedicine in the past 12 months in 2021. There was an increase seen in telemedicine use with age, and use was higher for women than men (42.0 versus 31.7 percent). The likelihood of using telemedicine was increased for non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native adults compared with Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic Asian adults (39.2 and 40.6 percent, respectively, versus 32.8, 33.1, and 33.0 percent, respectively). The percentage of adults who used telemedicine increased as education level increased; variation was seen by family income. By region, the percentage of adults who used telemedicine varied, and a decrease was seen with decreasing urbanization level.
Mum has 'deepest ingrown toenail doctors had seen' removed after pedicure
Parent-targeted intervention can up communication with teens
Dementia diet: The number of coffees you should drink every week to avoid symptoms


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No concerns over SCFL backlog yet
Waterlogged pitches have been causing problems of late
SOUTHERN Combination Football League chairman Steve Nealgrove revelaed he is not concerned by a fixture backlog just yet.
Another washout last weekend saw just three games played across the league.
With such poor weather in January, a number of sides have had games postponed for the last four weeks.
Despite a lack of action, Nealgrove admitted that fixture secretary Tim Dawes is not yet concerned by a potential pile-up.
The Southern Combination League chairman said: "We held a league officers meeting on Monday and Tim said he is not yet concerned.
"As it stands, we are not currently in as bad of a situation as we were two years ago.
"But, if we are forced to continue calling games off in the coming weeks, then some clubs may face difficulties fulfilling fixtures.
"Should this be the case, some sides could face a fixture backlog and be forced to play up to three times a week.
"At the meeting, Tim revealed that 59 per cent of Premier Division fixtures have been completed, while the same amount have been finished in Division 1.
"The Football Association's cut-off date currently stands at April 30 for Premier and Division 1 games to be completed by.
"Whether or not special dispensation may be given if games continue to be called off, that won't be known until March.
"All we can do is hope the weather improves in the coming weeks and fixtures begin to get back to normal. There is no concern at present but we need games to be played now."
Sussex football hotshots: Who are the county's top scorers this season?


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The Princeton Summer Journal
A publication of the Princeton University Summer Journalism Program
Tag Archives: Magda
With #MeToo, we find our voices
By Magda Abdi
Minneapolis, MN.
As the #MeToo accusations against prominent Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein stacked up, Weinstein stayed mostly silent. Big Hollywood names like Angelina Jolie and Gwyneth Paltrow accused him of inappropriate behavior. He lost his job. He checked into rehab. But he didn't specifically respond to their claims.
Then Lupita Nyong'o penned an op-ed in the New York Times describing how Weinstein sexually harassed her and told her if she wanted to be a famous actress, she would have to sleep with him. This time, Weinstein responded specifically to her. Through a spokesperson, he told E! News that Weinstein has a "different recollection of events."
Although the #MeToo movement has empowered women and men to speak out about their own instances of sexual harassment, assault and mistreatment, the reactions to some of the victims have not been compassionate. When an accuser has not fit into the mold of what society thinks a victim should be, their stories have been more readily dismissed—and that's unacceptable.
Megan Fox and Corey Feldman are two people who have spoken up about their #MeToo experiences for years. Prominent director Michael Bay has dismissed Fox's claims, calling her a "porn star" and "dumb as a rock."
After the #MeToo movement gained steam, a clip from 'The View' resurfaced of Corey Feldman. For years, he said, he was abused by older men in the film industry. In the interview, he said that the people who abused him and another former child star, Corey Haim, are "still working" and are still powerful.
"You're damaging an entire industry," Barbara Walters told him.
When Brendan Fraser accused Philip Berk, the former president of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, of groping him, Berk admitted he had touched Fraser, but dismissed it as only a joke. The action star, remembered for his roles in 'George of the Jungle' and 'The Mummy,' was seen as a masculine figure. Fraser said the experience led him to retreat from public life.
Terry Crews, the former NFL star now known for his role on 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine,' also opened up about his own #MeToo experience. He said he was groped at a party in 2016 by a top Hollywood agent.
Crews told People Magazine that he faced "blowback" for sharing his story and blamed it on "toxic masculinity."
As a society, we need to use the #MeToo movement as a way to empower people, and pay attention to the responses of the accused.
This entry was posted in Op-eds, Opinion, Uncategorized and tagged #MeToo, Magda, Opinion on August 17, 2018 by pusjp.
The Princeton Summer Journal is a publication of the Princeton University Summer Journalism Program, which annually brings 35-40 low-income high school students from across the country to Princeton's campus for an intensive, all-expenses-paid 10-day seminar on journalism and college admissions. The program's goal is to diversify newsrooms by encouraging outstanding students from low-income backgrounds to pursue careers in journalism. For more information, see our website: http://www.princeton.edu/sjp/
This Year's Paper


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Subject of the book "Tune In Yesterday"
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Italian Renaissance architect, musician, inventor, engineer, sculptor, and painter.
Sculptured figures which appear in motion, will, in their standing position, actually look as if they were falling forward.
The body which is nearest to the light casts the largest shadow, and why? If an object placed in front of a single light is very close to it you will see that it casts a very large shadow on the opposite wall, and the farther you remove the object from the light the smaller will the image of the shadow become.
I am not to blame for putting forward, in the course of my work on science, any general rule derived from a previous conclusion.
Fire may be represented as the destroyer of all sophistry, and as the image and demonstration of truth; because it is light and drives out darkness which conceals all essences [or subtle things].
The eye which turns from a white object in the light of the sun and goes into a less fully lighted place will see everything as dark.
That which has no limitations, has no form. The limitations of two conterminous bodies are interchangeably the surface of each. All the surfaces of a body are not parts of that body.
Poor is the pupil that does not surpass his master.
Those who are in love with practice without knowledge are like the sailor who gets into a ship without rudder or compass and who never can be certain whether he is going. Practice must always be founded on sound theory, and to this Perspective is the guide and the gateway; and without this nothing can be done well in the matter of drawing.
The Caladrius is a bird of which it is related that, when it is carried into the presence of a sick person, if the sick man is going to die, the bird turns away its head and never looks at him; but if the sick man is to be saved the bird never loses sight of him but is the cause of curing him of all his sickness. Like unto this is the love of virtue. It never looks at any vile or base thing, but rather clings always to pure and virtuous things and takes up its abode in a noble heart; as the birds do in green woods on flowery branches. And this Love shows itself more in adversity than in prosperity; as light does, which shines most where the place is darkest.
One's thoughts turn towards Hope.
The smallest natural point is larger than all mathematical points, and this is proved because the natural point has continuity, and any thing that is continuous is infinitely divisible; but the mathematical point is indivisible because it has no size.


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Q: 'Like' functionality in FQL / Graph API / iOS SDK Does anyone know the recommended way of creating a FaceBook 'likes' button using the iOS Facebook SDK and the Graph API or FQL.
It does not seem to be directly supported or at least I can't find out how to do this using the documentation.
One approach other people have used is to embed the button in a webview and I have found this:
http://angelolloqui.blogspot.com/2010/11/facebook-like-button-on-ios.html
The strange thing is that I can't seem to post a like using the graph API or FQL. Am I missing something?

A: The only way to like a page is via the Facebook like button in html.  I'm almost certain there will never be any other way.  Thus, you would need to embed the Facebook like button inside a UIWebView.  If they made a graph API method for it, it would be abused by everybody and every developer would make the user like their app and their pages.


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Are Vend gift card numbers case sensitive?
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The Flat File features special-edition artwork available only through Field Projects, along with artist interviews, studio visits, and other media available only online through Field Projects.
From Aaron Krach's series, The Author of This Book Committed Suicide are two new editions now available through Field Projects! In his work for Field Projects Show #6, Krach created an installation of books checked out from the New York Public Library by authors who had committed suicide.
''We know the famous authors who committed suicide…Woolf, Hemingway, Plath. But more than 300 other writers who took their own life. Is being a writer dangerous? Is there a link between creativity and despair? Last summer I spent one week in the New York Public Library making The Author of This Book Committed Suicide (NYPL). At home I stamped each title page with this information—then I stacked the books from largest to smallest. They leaned against the wall like a tired gravestone. Before returning them, I scanned each stamped page to make this book, a collection organized in the same order as the stack. The book is now the sculpture, flattened but still holding all the necessary information.


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Guys. Guys. You should be terrified of this new development. » « Association with a sex worker should not be a criminal charge
Bad Canada, good Canada
Tonight, the CBC is showing a 'documentary' called Ice Bridge.
CBC's science show The Nature of Things is set to air a documentary that purports to prove the first humans in the New World came across the ocean from Europe and not, as most scientists think, via a land bridge from Asia.
It's about the Solutrean hypothesis. As you might guess from the description, it's part of that old school of anthropological thought that tries to claim that Europe is the wellspring of all human progress, spreading outward to bring enlightenment, or at least better weapons, to the more barbarous regions of the world. It's not impossible that some ancient Europeans, painting themselves blue with woad and bundled up in furs while waving pointy sticks, might have stumbled across arctic ice to Iceland and Greenland and then to North America, but it was damned unlikely. "Not impossible" is insufficient argument to support an idea, however; I suppose it's also not impossible that little green men landed in England and helped the druids erect Stonehenge with their anti-gravity rays. I'm going to insist on more evidence than pointing and saying, "Well, that's a mighty big big rock, innit? It's heavy. How else would the Druids have lifted it? Magic? Hur hur hur."
This idea that Solutreans from Europe actually colonized and spread across the Americas before Asians got there is of similar quality. It is based entirely on flint tools found in America having a resemblance to flint tools found in Europe. That's it. The key thing is that Solutrean tools were made by pressure flaking rather than just bashing rocks together — a technique in which you use, for instance, a bit of antler to apply controlled pressure to the edge of a flint tool and snap off smaller flakes, allowing more precision in shaping. Apparently Asians and Indians were incapable of figuring this out.
But there is nothing else to support the Solutrean hypothesis.
There is, for example, no evidence of Solutrean seafaring, and no evidence of their cave art in North America, which would be unusual for a people known for the elaborately painted Cave of Altamira in Spain. There have also been no discoveries in North America of Solutrean human remains. It is just as possible that the American flint blades that look Solutrean were made by ancient Native Americans, and the similarity is just coincidence, or that the blades are not as old as they appear.
Still, the CBC documentary sympathetically casts the two main advocates of this fringe theory as brave resisters against a blinkered scientific orthodoxy. They will "never give up searching for the truth," says narrator David Suzuki.
It sounds like a miserably bad documentary with a skewed perspective that promotes a couple of fringe scientists. Shame on you, Canada. But at the same time I'm finding this out via Canada's National Post, a newspaper that leans conservative, and that article isn't at all shy about pointing out the huge problems with this 'documentary'.
One major issue is that, while there is no evidence to support it, it is fervently supported by racists, a concern that the documentary actively avoids, while the National Post article discusses it.
One prominent example is the book White Apocalypse by Kyle Bristow, which fictionalizes the theory with a story about the "Solutrean Liberation Front" and their modern-day battles, and argues that ancient Solutreans were exterminated in North America by more recent migrants of Asian background — the ancestors of modern Native Americans.
Paul Fromm, a leading Canadian white supremacist organizer, called the book a "soaring inspirational dramatization of our people taking our continent back from the Third World invaders."
It is "extremely irresponsible" for the scientists to keep pushing their own lifelong passion in this racist context, Moreno-Mayar said. He mentioned online discussion of the "outdated" Solutrean theory.
"It's crazy horrible what you see there. You see basically all of these racist ideas that are justifying colonialism, and justifying this super racist way of thinking," he said. "Most people supporting this are associated with this racist way of thinking, that Native Americans are not really Native Americans."
The new documentary does not address the issue of racism at all. Bicknell said she was aware of it, but did not address it because she "didn't want to give it a lick of airspace… It's just such crap."
White nationalists love to justify European genocide of the Indians by claiming that they did it first — we were just getting even for all the Imaginary White People slaughtered by Imaginary Barbarous Red Hordes. See also the mythology of the Book of Mormon for further examples. All it's based on is superficial similarity of some stone tools and several hundred years of White European bias. It is grossly irresponsible of the documentary to bury this association, because you know the show is going to be used by the kinds of ignorant people who get all their information from TV to rationalize further bigotry.
And worst of all, the Solutrean hypothesis is contradicted by the genetic evidence. Not only is the hypothesis built on froth and fantasy and bigotry, it goes against the massive amounts of solid evidence that shows that the native peoples of the Americas are descended from Asian ancestors.
Atheism and Skepticism, Science
numerobis says
That must have been a terribly hard call at the National Post.
The choice: push a racist story, or paint the CBC in a bad light. They chose to crap on the CBC.
specialffrog says
Particularly disappointing is David Suzuki's seeming endorsement of this. His standing in Canada as a science educator is possibly comparable to Carl Sagan. He definitely would recognize that giving similar airing to global warming deniers wasn't helpful to the search for truth.
anchor says
specialfrog@#2: That's what occurred to me. What the hell was/is he thinking?
aziraphale says
"painting themselves blue with woad and bundled up in furs while waving pointy sticks, "
Just how does that advance the argument? Would they be more able to cross the ice if they were painted red, had no furs and carried stone axes? I would have thought the furs, at least, would be an advantage.
Ed Seedhouse says
Speaking as a Canadian: Oh Fuck.
PZ Myers says
#4: See thumbnail from the 'documentary' at top right.
VolcanoMan says
This doesn't look good. But I'm going to wait until I see the documentary before accusing the CBC of racism. As I understand it, there is so little evidence for this "first" European migration (and so MUCH evidence for the Asian migration via Beringia) that it is doubtful that The Nature of Things (which has hitherto been a pretty responsible science journalism program) would go so far as to endorse it. Examining the evidence for an idea that racists have co-opted for their own uses does not make you a racist also, UNLESS you are being deliberately one-sided in your analysis so as to help said racists propagate their foul ideology. After all, truth is truth: to determine the truth of an idea one must examine the evidence for it. Nonetheless, if your purpose is purely the discovery and dissemination of truth it is wise to be aware of the ways in which your research may be misused, and act with due caution to mitigate this eventuality.
KG says
White nationalists love to justify European genocide of the Indians by claiming that they did it first
Anyone remember the tedious glibertarian Africangenesis, who posted here for quite a while until banhammered? He favoured the equally evidence-free speculation that the first Americans came from Australia, and the later immigrants from Asia exterminated them – rather obviously for no other reason than that this enabled him to say "Well they did it first", thus "justifying" European settlers' land theft, ethnic cleansing, and genocide.
It sounds like a miserably bad documentary with a skewed perspective that promotes a couple of fringe scientists.
Next they'll be promoting a couple of fringe historians who claim Jesus is a purely mythical figure!
anbheal says
I haven't watched it, but I think the original speculation didn't necessarily have racist intent. In fact, I first learned of the Clovis points in Maryland/Virginia from some very honorable Basque separatists. We know that Magellan didn't circumnavigate the globe, but was killed in a foolish greedy raid in The Philippines, while his Basque navigators actually made it the whole way. We know that when Hudson encountered Inuits for the first time they referred to cod as bacalao. So the concept of Basque mariners making it around the ice to the Atlantic coast is not THAT far-fetched. They knew of America a thousand years before Columbus, and certainly traded with the Greenland colonies.
But the DNA evidence is damning. It's like those huge Toltec heads in Veracruz. Yes, they look remarkably like Shaquille O'Neal, but there's no evidence of some African Kon-Tiki genes in the blood of modern Atlantic coast Mexicans. It's just a similarity. Whereas Pacific trade may well have happened in pre-Colombian times. Mexican chickens have Asian DNA and Polynesian chiles have Mexican DNA.
Still, it's sad that Basque maritime pride has been hijacked into white supremacist codswallop.
Dunc says
@9: Yeah, when it was first proposed, it wasn't a terrible idea… There was no evidence for pre-Clovis development of this type of pressure-flaked lithic technology in North America, and it was generally believed that the people who had migrated via Beringia had a very different technological suite based on microliths. At the time, it seemed like Clovis appeared in the archeological record out of nowhere, and already fully-developed.
However, since then, more evidence of the development of Clovis technology has been found. Between that and the genetic evidence, it is now an ex-hypothesis.
blf says
it's also not impossible that little green men landed in England and helped the druids erect Stonehenge with their anti-gravity rays.
Which means the little green beings also time-travel, as the druids didn't exist at the time Stonehenge was built. The druids first appeared somewhere about 300 BCE, Stonehenge was built around 2000 years earlier. It was quite possibly already a ruin in druid-ish times, and also quite possibly not used by the druids (other than, perhaps, as a site to plunder?).
(Yes, I realise poopyhead was quite possibly being ironic.)
So the concept of Basque mariners making it around the ice to the Atlantic coast is not THAT far-fetched. – anbheal@9
The Solutrean hypthesis is nothing to do with Basque mariners. The Solutrean culture dates from around 22,000 – 17,000 BP. Do you think they had ships anything like the Basques had just half a millennium ago? There's no evidence that the Basques "knew of America a thousand years before Columbus", either. That's just another of the "X got there before Columbus" tales also told of the Welsh, Irish, West Africans, Chinese, etc. etc. The only pre-Columbus European voyagers to the Americas for which there is any evidence were Vikings.
monad says
As a tangent while we're talking about ideas linked to white supremacy like Solutreans and ancient aliens, I was wondering about sasquatches. Are they just a bit of nonsense folklore or are they also tied to racism? Because the idea someone would ignore all the apes and fossils related to our origin in Africa, and instead insist there must be a missing link in the US, seems off but I've never seen it linked to anything else.
unclefrogy says
@10
I was thinking, really speculating without any evidence, how those "more advanced" tools could have shown up without any genetic evidence which is the case. That it could have been just a very few who made the journey and brought the advance in technology and not a large scale colonization. I have not looked into it but will take it as true that more of the developmental steps have been found which fits better with all the other stuff that has been found. The mind does like to make up stories to fit and stuff is very hard to find that has lost in the dirt for thousands of years. cool
uncle frogy
has been lost that is
sometimes my mind sees stuff that should be there but isn't
@14: I'd be careful about describing Clovis as "more advanced", because it carries value connotations that aren't necessarily true. It's true in the narrow sense that Clovis developed from earlier technologies, but it doesn't necessarily mean that it's better. People who've done experimental archeology with various different lithic toolsets tend to argue that there isn't really that much practical difference in terms of how well they work, and that they all have different strengths and weaknesses. The changes in lithic technology probably have at least as much to do with fashion as they do with "progress" in any practical sense. In fact, there are cases where tools are replaced with different styles which don't work any better, but are much more difficult and time-consuming to make, because they become a means of indicating social status. Clovis points look fantastic, and they may possibly be somewhat better for big-game hunting, but microlith composite blades are repairable and make vastly more efficient use of materials.
microraptor says
Well, on the plus side, Blue Planet II is premiering next Saturday on BBCAmerica.
That, at least, ought to be a good documentary.
brett says
@#4 PZ Myers
I laughed when I saw that thumbnail at the top of the post again. The solutrean hypothesis is nonsense (the genetic evidence is overwhelming), but even if pre-neolithic humans had crossed over from Europe in enough numbers to show a genetic trace in the resulting population, they wouldn't have been Europeans As We Know Them. Those folks came from Neolithic migrations thousands of years later, and from a major set of migrations 5000-ish years ago that brought Corded Ware culture and what ultimately became the Indo-European languages to Europe. The pre-Neolithic modern humans in Europe were completely swamped and have almost entirely disappeared in genetic terms.
pacal says
The Solutrean hypothesis is also rather old. I to goes back to the 1940s. So it lacks originality among other things. In the documentary they apparently use the evidence of Haplogroup X, which is found among some Europeans has evidence for the Solutrean Hypothesis in so far has some native groups, (A very small percentage.), in North America have it. It appears the documentary ignores that it appears it actually doesn't support the Solutrean hypothesis. (For example Haplogroup X is found in Asian populations.)
Further it appears that DNA testing of Human remains found in association with Clovis tools shows no sign of European genetic ancestry.
Also there is a c. 5000 year gap between the last of Solutrean culture remains in Europe and the emergence of Clovis in North America. There is also the problem of the lack of maritime tools etc., among the Solutrean remains in Europe. I could go on about how the tool kits are different etc.
If past Nature of Things programs are anything to go by David Suzuki has a soft spot, as indicated by throw away lines in various programs, for diffusionistic speculation.
Obviously the purpose of the program is support the old cliché about the brave, heroic outsiders who are bravely taking on a hidebound establishment with new exciting ideas that the mainstream is unwilling to fairly evaluate. The bottom line is that the Solutrean hypothesis is in fact very unlikely and is now more unlikely than it was 10 years go, 20 years ago, 30 years ago.
rabbitbrush says
Those Solutrean tools found off the east coast of N. American came in with ships' ballast, which was dumped there, as newly loaded goods started to weigh down the vessels. Ballast had been scooped up in, and along the estuaries of, European rivers to help stabilize ships for the journey to the New World. So there. There goes that hypothesis..
emergence says
The motivation that the racists have for pushing this is stupid too. You can't justify genocide by claiming that the long-dead ancestors of your victims did something similar to an offshoot of your own ancestors.
I also don't see how they get from "proto-europeans migrated to the Americas and then died out" to "so obviously the ancestors of amerindians slaughtered them all". The racists seem to have taken the limited, debunked evidence they have and invented an elaborate story out of whole cloth to go with it.
iammarauder says
I think I might have found the link for this on this blog anyways – but thought I'd share just in case. It is an article from the Southern Poverty Law Centre detailing "alt-history" claims such as these, and how their roots comes from racism and racist ideas.
https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/01/02/close-encounters-racist-kind
birgerjohansson says
Paleo-DNA is useful. For instance, only 10% of Brit DNA comes from the Stonehenge builders. They nearly went extinct, probably because of disease brought by the steppe people that entered Europe during the bronze age.
The latter took advantage of the
depopulated lands to establish themselves all over western Europe and merging with the survivors.
robertbaden says
Monad @ 13.
Don't the Sasquatch stories predate the discoveries in Africa?
Oh man, not David Suzuki.
OK, finally looked it up on wikipedia.
So the claim is that a toolset used in parts of Spain and France popped up in North America 5,000 years later, with no archaeological evidence of a continuity in between? People spent time actually investigating this claim?
Rob Grigjanis says
birgerjohansson @23: The phrase "not so fast" is often applicable to such claims.
"The people who built Stonehenge probably did not contribute any ancestry to later people or, if they did, it was very little," Skoglund states. However, Durham University archaeologist Ben Roberts sounded a note of caution. "There is no doubt that ancient DNA studies are redefining our prehistory, but this work is based on a fairly small sample.
"The conclusion that there was almost complete replacement of DNA at this time is pushing the data a bit too far. However, this has certainly triggered a renewed debate about the Beaker. We just need more data."
This point was backed by Linden. "This apparent replacement is very striking, but it is possible our results are being skewed. In particular, the introduction of cremation at this time could have destroyed bones that would otherwise have provided DNA samples and which could change results. This is certainly not the end of the story."
tororosoba says
Pffff. Are we sure about the hue of their skin? Blue like in Avatar, perhaps?
By the way, whatever happened to the Liberation Front of Solutrea, let alone the Front for the Liberation of Solutreans?
The Very Reverend Battleaxe of Knowledge says
Green. The green gene has been dormant for a while, but who knows when it'll crop up again?
monad @13: I don't know that I'd make a direct claim of racism regarding Bigfoot, since it's generally supposed to be just some sort of undiscovered ape species rather than a human ancestor.that somehow proves that humans didn't evolve in Africa.
Well, that's pre-historical archaeology for you… It's like trying to reconstruct a 1000-piece jigsaw from 10 pieces, most of which are damaged. At the time, the alternative (more mainstream) hypothesis also had a very large gap (actually, a much larger gap, IIRC), and that gap also was assumed to contain the development of a radically different tool-making culture.
evodevo says
Oh, no !! Not the David Suzuki who co-authored Genetic Analysis ?!! Tell me it ain't so !!!
richardelguru says
They are merely pinching my idea that Rochester, NY (where I was living at the time) was founded a long while ago by Irish Monks led by Abbot Ginn of the Rocks, well before the so-called 'Native Americans'* arrived (led in their turn by a certain Mr Watha), and that further so-called Christopher Columbus was actually a descendant of Mr Watha who was actually called Go-Lum-Bus and his voyages were merely a rather sad attempt to get home after he had been left behind during a European vacation because of a political difference with the cruise director.
See my BEING THE TRUE AND ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE CITY OF HROFÆSCÆSTRA, NOVVM EBORACVM for details.
* or whatever you'd like too so-call them.
The most important tool for refuting white supremacy: the mirror. The poor, inbred, imbecilic nature of white supremacists is self refuting to their hypothesis.
My husband is a marine biologist, and considered a world-class expert in his field. Mention "David Suzuki" to him or other marine biologists and you get a solid round of groans. I don't know about Suzuki's work (documentaries) in other fields but in marine biology he just makes people with actual knowledge of the field cringe at the inaccuracies and false blanket statements.
numerobis @26:
So the claim is that a toolset used in parts of Spain and France popped up in North America 5,000 years later, with no archaeological evidence of a continuity in between?
The claim presented in the programme was that tools found in 20,000-year-old deposits at Chesapeake Bay were identical to contemporaneous tools in Europe. I don't recall the programme discussing a link with the much later Clovis culture, but maybe I missed it.
My overall impression of the doc was "why did they bother?". The Chesapeake tools were an interesting tidbit. But the show made it quite clear, several times, that most archaeologists and geneticists think the hypothesis (specifically the genetic claims) are nonsense. So why do it? That's modern science journalism, I guess. Go for the Big Story, even if it's crap.
Thank you for telling me that the program is not worth watching. The entire idea of the Solutrean hypothesis emerged because of the similarities between Clovis and Folsom points and certain Solutrean tools. Ignoring that does not speak well for this documentary.
We do have pre Folsom tools and they do not resemble Solutrean tools very much. As for the Chesapeake Bay stuff. It is to put it mildly dubious.
wondering says
I know that in the last decade or more David Suzuki has become the Canadian environmentalist god-king, but he gets the science details wrong on pretty much everything. it's not just marine biology, as mentioned by Jeanette above, it's every field. My mom encouraged us to watch The Nature of Things back in the early 80s until they ran a program on something she knew about and was aghast at what was presented. In short, their researchers aren't very good, and they don't have experts vet the scripts before producing. But damn, they are good at marketing and branding.
Jado says
/snark
Shut up SHUT UP SHUUUUTTTTT UUUUPPPP!!!!
Do you have any idea how MUCH fundraising you are screwing up with your "facts" and "evidence"?
Charlatans everywhere work very hard to fleece racist rubes of their filthy lucre – they don't need YOU queering the pitch.
God, is it SO HARD to just let criminals take advantage of idiots? It's like you think people should be accurately INFORMED or something.
The Business of America in the 21st Century is Fraud. Please stop interfering with Business.
/end snark
Rejecting the Solutrean hypothesis: the first peoples in the Americas were not from Europe: "A recent Canadian documentary promoted a fringe idea in American archaeology that's both scientifically wrong and racist".


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