text:
Q: heroku java spring mvc hibernate app suddenly not able to access postgres db I had an heroku app has been running on there for the pass 5 years, and I have not doing any deployment for a while.
Only recently I saw there were two auto update by heroku postgres addon itself

Then from today, I try to go to my app as usual, try to do login, but failed as the app error log is saying not able to connect to postgres DB anymore. Please see these error, and my spring bean setting for DB connection (this setting has been there for 5 years unchanged, suddenly all stop working...)

I am wondering has anyone else encountered this issue recently? is it due to heroku major upgrade?
Please advise an solution  if possible
Thanks
=================================================================
I have attached error log here:
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688282+00:00 app[web.1]: Feb 26, 2021 5:18:50 PM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve invoke
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688302+00:00 app[web.1]: SEVERE: Servlet.service() for servlet [mvc-dispatcher] in context with path [/] threw exception [Request processing failed; nested exception is org.springframework.transaction.CannotCreateTransactionException: Could not open JPA EntityManager for transaction; nested exception is javax.persistence.PersistenceException: org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: Cannot open connection] with root cause
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688304+00:00 app[web.1]: org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "35.175.150.172", user "hazpvnhqxtodzl", database "d7fhtbev11bt6m", SSL off
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688305+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.core.v3.ConnectionFactoryImpl.doAuthentication(ConnectionFactoryImpl.java:293)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688306+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.core.v3.ConnectionFactoryImpl.openConnectionImpl(ConnectionFactoryImpl.java:108)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688307+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.core.ConnectionFactory.openConnection(ConnectionFactory.java:66)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688307+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Connection.<init>(AbstractJdbc2Connection.java:125)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688308+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.jdbc3.AbstractJdbc3Connection.<init>(AbstractJdbc3Connection.java:30)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688308+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.jdbc3g.AbstractJdbc3gConnection.<init>(AbstractJdbc3gConnection.java:22)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688308+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.jdbc4.AbstractJdbc4Connection.<init>(AbstractJdbc4Connection.java:32)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688309+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.jdbc4.Jdbc4Connection.<init>(Jdbc4Connection.java:24)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688310+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.Driver.makeConnection(Driver.java:393)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688311+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.postgresql.Driver.connect(Driver.java:267)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688311+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DriverConnectionFactory.createConnection(DriverConnectionFactory.java:38)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688312+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.apache.commons.dbcp.PoolableConnectionFactory.makeObject(PoolableConnectionFactory.java:582)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688312+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource.validateConnectionFactory(BasicDataSource.java:1556)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688313+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource.createPoolableConnectionFactory(BasicDataSource.java:1545)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688313+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource.createDataSource(BasicDataSource.java:1388)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688314+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource.getConnection(BasicDataSource.java:1044)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688316+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.hibernate.ejb.connection.InjectedDataSourceConnectionProvider.getConnection(InjectedDataSourceConnectionProvider.java:71)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688316+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.openConnection(ConnectionManager.java:446)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688317+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.hibernate.jdbc.ConnectionManager.getConnection(ConnectionManager.java:167)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688317+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.hibernate.jdbc.JDBCContext.connection(JDBCContext.java:160)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688318+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.begin(JDBCTransaction.java:81)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688318+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.beginTransaction(SessionImpl.java:1473)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688318+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.begin(TransactionImpl.java:60)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688319+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.orm.jpa.DefaultJpaDialect.beginTransaction(DefaultJpaDialect.java:70)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688320+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaDialect.beginTransaction(HibernateJpaDialect.java:61)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688320+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager.doBegin(JpaTransactionManager.java:377)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688321+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.transaction.support.AbstractPlatformTransactionManager.getTransaction(AbstractPlatformTransactionManager.java:372)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688321+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport.createTransactionIfNecessary(TransactionAspectSupport.java:417)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688322+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport.invokeWithinTransaction(TransactionAspectSupport.java:255)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688322+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor.invoke(TransactionInterceptor.java:94)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688323+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:172)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688323+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.aop.framework.JdkDynamicAopProxy.invoke(JdkDynamicAopProxy.java:204)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688324+00:00 app[web.1]: at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy34.listTillReportHistory(Unknown Source)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688324+00:00 app[web.1]: at com.lsinternal.restfulservice.ApiTill.reportTillHistory(ApiTill.java:75)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688325+00:00 app[web.1]: at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688325+00:00 app[web.1]: at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688326+00:00 app[web.1]: at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688326+00:00 app[web.1]: at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:607)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688333+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.method.support.InvocableHandlerMethod.invoke(InvocableHandlerMethod.java:215)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688335+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.method.support.InvocableHandlerMethod.invokeForRequest(InvocableHandlerMethod.java:132)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688336+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.ServletInvocableHandlerMethod.invokeAndHandle(ServletInvocableHandlerMethod.java:104)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688337+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.invokeHandleMethod(RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.java:743)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688337+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.handleInternal(RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.java:672)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688338+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.AbstractHandlerMethodAdapter.handle(AbstractHandlerMethodAdapter.java:82)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688338+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:919)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688339+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:851)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688339+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:953)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688340+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:844)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688340+00:00 app[web.1]: at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:621)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688341+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:829)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688341+00:00 app[web.1]: at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:728)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688342+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:305)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688342+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:210)
2021-02-26T17:18:50.688343+00:00 app[web.1]: at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:330)

Also, the config of my DB connection in spring xml config file:
  <bean class="java.net.URI" id="dbUrl">
        <constructor-arg value="#{systemEnvironment['DATABASE_URL']}"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource">
        <property name="url" value="#{ 'jdbc:postgresql://' + @dbUrl.getHost() + ':' + @dbUrl.getPort() + @dbUrl.getPath() + '?sslmode=require' }"/>
        <property name="username" value="#{ @dbUrl.getUserInfo().split(':')[0] }"/>
        <property name="password" value="#{ @dbUrl.getUserInfo().split(':')[1] }"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="entityManagerFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
        <property name="jpaVendorAdapter">
            <bean class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter"/>
        </property>
        <property name="jpaProperties">
            <props>
                <prop key="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQLDialect</prop>
                <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
                <!-- change this to 'verify' before running as a production app -->
                <prop key="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</prop>
            </props>
        </property>
    </bean>

it is absolutely identical to this tutorial -> https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgresql#spring-xml
I have been trying to solve the issue in the pass 3 days, really ran out of idea now... please advise if possible
Thanks

A: Looks like this one:

Seeing "FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry" errors in Postgres
Issue
I'm seeing "no pg_hba.conf entry for host" errors:
sql_error_code = 28000 FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host "122.180.247.11", user "u3idolso5k2v83", database "dc85788d13v9ej", SSL off

Resolution
"FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host" errors indicate that there was a failed authentication attempt to the database, so the connection couldn't be established. This can happen because of different reasons:

*

*The authentication failed because the user/password credentials were invalid: ((user "xxxx", database "yyyy")). This could happen if you're trying to connect to the database using wrong or revoked credentials. (See also: Why am I seeing connection errors for my Heroku Postgres database from an unexpected IP address?).

*

*The authentication failed because the connection didn't use SSL encryption: (SSL off). All Heroku Postgres production databases require using SSL connections to ensure that communications between applications and the database remain secure. If your client is not using SSL to connect to your database, you would see these errors even if you're using the right credentials to connect to it.

"I think" here SSL OFF is the case/(at least also) true. (Please rather copy&paste logs, than screen-shoting 'em!)
-> (2):

Most clients will connect over SSL by default, but on occasion it is necessary to set the sslmode=require parameter on a Postgres connection. Please add this parameter in code rather than editing the config var directly. Please check you are enforcing use of SSL especially if you are using Java or Node.js clients.
...
It is also important that you use a version of the Postgres JDBC driver verion 9.2 or greater. For example, in Maven add this to your pom.xml:
<dependency>
  <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
  <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
  <version>42.2.1</version>
</dependency>

...

*

*The DATABASE_URL for the Heroku Postgres add-on follows this naming convention:
 postgres://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>

*However the Postgres JDBC driver uses the following convention:
jdbc:postgresql://<host>:<port>/<dbname>?sslmode=require&user=<username>&password=<password>

A: If you navigate to your Database Credentials in your panel, Heroku says:

Please note that these credentials are not permanent. Heroku rotates
credentials periodically and updates applications where this database
is attached.

I recommend you check your credentials again, maybe it has changed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Music City Miracle
Adelphia Coliseum, the site of the game
Buffalo Bills (5)
Tennessee Titans (4)
BUF 0 0 7 9 16
TEN 0 12 0 10 22
Adelphia Coliseum, Nashville, Tennessee
Phil Luckett
Bills: Bruce Smith, Thurman Thomas, Andre Reed
Titans: Bruce Matthews
TV in the United States
Mike Patrick, Joe Theismann, and Paul Maguire
The Music City Miracle was an American football play that took place on January 8, 2000, during the National Football League's (NFL) 1999–2000 playoffs. It occurred at the end of the American Football Conference (AFC) Wild Card playoff game between the Tennessee Titans and Buffalo Bills at Adelphia Coliseum in Nashville, Tennessee. After the Bills had taken a 16–15 lead on a field goal with 16 seconds remaining in the game, on the ensuing kickoff return, Titans tight end Frank Wycheck threw a lateral pass across the field to Kevin Dyson, who then ran 75 yards to score the winning touchdown to earn a 22–16 victory.
Pregame info
Rob Johnson / Doug Flutie controversy
Going into the game, Bills coach Wade Phillips created a stir by starting quarterback Rob Johnson, rather than Doug Flutie, who had started 15 games and led them into the playoffs by winning ten games.[2]
Prior to the 1998 season, Buffalo acquired Johnson in a trade, and he was expected to become the primary quarterback for the Bills. However, the Bills also signed former CFL star Doug Flutie after A.J. Smith, their Director of Pro Personnel, heavily valued his talents. Johnson, however, managed only a 1–3 start before being injured in Week 6 at Indianapolis. Flutie took over in relief, and not only led the Bills to a come-from-behind win, but earned the starting job. Going 7–3 as the starter, Flutie led the Bills to a 10–6 record in 1998, and a wild card berth.
In 1999, Flutie's stats were down with 19 touchdowns against 16 interceptions, but he went 10–5 as a starter and led the Bills to a second consecutive wild card berth. Going into the final week of the regular season, the Bills were assured of the fifth playoff seed in the AFC and knew they would be playing on the road against the runner-up of the AFC Central. The winner of that division was still to be determined between Jacksonville and Tennessee. In any case, the Bills could neither overtake the Colts for the AFC East title, nor the Jaguars or Titans for a home game in the wild card round.
With their playoff berth locked in, and the identity of their first round opponent beyond their control, Wade Phillips rested Flutie. He had Johnson start the Week 17 game against the Colts. Johnson played well in Flutie's place, going 24–of–32 for 287 yards and 2 touchdowns with no interceptions in a 31–6 win. The lopsided result shocked many fans, especially since while the Bills essentially had nothing to play for, the Colts (with a victory) were mathematically alive for the top seed in the AFC. Meanwhile, the Titans and Jaguars both won their final games, giving Jacksonville the division title and setting up a wild card round matchup between Buffalo and Tennessee.
The following day, Phillips told Johnson he would start in their first round playoff game against the Titans. Years later, Phillips claimed that it was not his decision to start Rob Johnson, and that owner Ralph Wilson had ordered him to do so. It remains unknown why the Bills started Johnson, but it is possible that the investments the Bills had spent on the players played a key role. While Flutie was a low-cost signing for the Bills, Johnson was being paid $25 million over four years with the expectation that he become the Bills' franchise quarterback. As a result, Wilson may have wanted to see a return on his investment.
On paper, Rob Johnson appeared to be a better choice. At 6'-5", he was a much more ideal height for a quarterback than the 5'-9" Doug Flutie. Johnson also possessed a stronger arm than Flutie, and like Flutie, could make plays on his feet as well as with his arm. However, Johnson also held onto the ball for an abnormally long amount of time when dropping back to pass. This resulted in him taking a considerable number of sacks, and with these sacks he was injury-prone.
Virtually all parties were shocked upon hearing the news that Johnson would start ahead of Flutie, and most of the Bills players reacted negatively to the decision. Many of them expressed bafflement that the quarterback who led their team to the playoffs would not start, while receiver Eric Moulds expressed disappointment because he felt he had established a great rapport with Flutie and having a different starting quarterback would take away from that. Other football media outlets also considered the decision to start Johnson over Flutie a bad move. On the statistical website Football Outsiders, Aaron Schatz routinely labeled the decision to start Johnson over Flutie as the worst coaching decision in NFL history.[3][4][5][6]
Many fans and media outlets had high expectations for this game. Even though it was only a Wild Card game and the first playoff game of the weekend, it was believed that both teams in the contest were better than their playoff seedings indicated. The Bills, who finished at 11–5, possessed the league's #1 defense in yards allowed, holding their opponents to just 252.8 yards per game. Meanwhile, at 13–3, the Titans had the best record of a non-Division winner in NFL history. As a result, it was believed that whoever won the game would be a serious contender to represent the AFC in the Super Bowl.[3][7]
Previously, the two teams had met in the playoffs in the 1993 divisional round when the Titans were the Houston Oilers. The game at Rich Stadium in Buffalo became known as The Comeback after the Bills came back trailing from a 35-3 deficit to win 41-38 in overtime. Until 2022, it remained the largest comeback in NFL history.
While the Bills-Titans Wild Card game is best known for its conclusion, the game was, first and foremost, a defensive battle. Both teams struggled to move the ball as the Bills outgained the Titans in total yardage by a margin of 219–194. Rob Johnson completed less than half his passes, while Steve McNair was held to just 76 yards passing.[8]
After a scoreless first quarter, the Titans opened up the scoring when Jevon Kearse sacked Buffalo quarterback Rob Johnson in the end zone for a safety. Johnson completed just 10 of 22 passes while being sacked 6 times, including twice by Kearse. Wide receiver Derrick Mason returned the free kick 42 yards to the Bills' 28-yard line; five plays later, Tennessee quarterback Steve McNair scored on a 1-yard touchdown run. After forcing a punt, the Titans drove 56 yards in 11 plays. Kicker Al Del Greco initially missed a 45-yard field goal attempt, but the Bills were penalized for defensive holding on the play and Del Greco's second attempt was good from 40 yards on the last play of the half. At the end of the half, the Bills were trailing 12–0 and had gained only 64 yards, while also losing 44 yards on 9 penalties.
In the second half, the Bills rallied. On Buffalo's first play of the third quarter, Antowain Smith broke off a 44-yard run, sparking a 62-yard drive that ended with his 4-yard touchdown run 4 plays later. Later on, the Bills drove 65 yards, featuring a 37-yard completion from Johnson to Eric Moulds, with a roughing the passer penalty on Kearse adding another 15. Smith finished the drive with another 4-yard touchdown run, giving the Bills a 13–12 lead after receiver Kevin Williams dropped a pass from Johnson on the two-point conversion attempt.
Late in the fourth quarter, the stage was set for an exciting finish. Tennessee received the ball with 6:15 remaining. Titans receiver Isaac Byrd's 16-yard punt return gave the Titans good field position at the Bills' 45-yard line. On the second play of the drive, the Titans got a break when a Steve McNair pass bounced off linebacker John Holecek's arm and into the hands of Frank Wycheck for a completion. Five carries from Eddie George for 17 yards set up a wobbly 36-yard field goal by Al Del Greco, giving the Titans a 15–13 lead with 1:48 to go. Throughout the game, the Bills' defense faced myriad injuries. As a result, by this point in the game they were exhausted and losing composure on the field. The situation became so dire that Holecek burned a timeout without his coaches' approval. As a result of this timeout and another one called before Del Greco's field goal attempt, the Bills would get the ball back with no timeouts.
On the ensuing drive, Bills quarterback Rob Johnson led a 5-play, 37-yard drive to the Titans' 24-yard line. It started after Del Greco's field goal for Tennessee, with Kevin Williams returning the ensuing kickoff 33 yards to give the Bills good field position at their own 39 yard line. Johnson began the drive with a completion to rookie wide receiver Peerless Price for 14 yards and a first down. After an incomplete pass, the Bills ran a draw play on second down, and running back Jonathan Linton picked up a 12 yard gain for another first down at the Titans' 35 yard line with less than a minute remaining. On the next play from scrimmage, Johnson lost a shoe in a scramble, and with the clock running, he had no time to put it back on. With only one shoe, Johnson rolled out and hit Price on an out pattern, and he broke a tackle and got out of bounds at the 24 yard line with 20 seconds left. After this play, Wade Phillips sent out the field goal unit for what appeared to be a game-winning attempt. Special Teams Coordinator Bruce DeHaven wanted the Bills to run another play so the Bills could kick the field goal with less time on the clock, but was overruled. With only 16 seconds remaining in the game, Bills kicker Steve Christie, who had made the deciding field goal in overtime to cap the Bills' comeback when the teams had met in the 1992 wild card round, made a 41-yard kick to put Buffalo in the lead 16–15.[3][9]
Kevin Dyson receiving the lateral pass.
The play was named "Home Run Throwback" by the Titans and was developed by special-teams coordinator Alan Lowry. He had learned the play in 1982 as a member of the Dallas Cowboys coaching staff, watching Southern Methodist University execute a similar kickoff return to score the winning touchdown in the last seconds of its game at Texas Tech University. The Titans ran the play regularly in practices during the regular season, though the practices usually involved starting kick returner Derrick Mason, who had been injured earlier in the game and was unavailable for the situation. The number 2 option for the play, Anthony Dorsett, was also unavailable for the play due to cramps. As a result, the Titans put in wide receiver Isaac Byrd as their main option to retrieve the lateral pass, with Kevin Dyson put in as a trailer. Dyson, as one of the team's lead wide receivers, rarely practiced with the special-teams unit and was mostly unfamiliar with the layout of the play. As a result, head coach Jeff Fisher pulled him over before the play and gave him a brief rundown of what to do and what to expect on the play. Nevertheless, his execution of Lowry's vision would be flawless.
Finding a player to throw the lateral pass was easier. Frank Wycheck was discovered one day by offensive coordinator Les Steckel playing a throwing game with lineman Bruce Matthews entitled "Reindeer Games," which they invented to play while the two were bored at practice. Steckel then designed an option pass play with Wycheck in mind. When the team ran the play against the Atlanta Falcons in the 1999 season, Wycheck threw a 61-yard touchdown pass. After the success of this play, Alan Lowry assigned Wycheck to throw the play's lateral.
Meanwhile, because the Bills had so many injuries by this point, the coaches asked for volunteers to cover the kickoff. As a result, numerous regular defensive starters, including outside linebacker Sam Rogers, were in the game to cover the kickoff. This gave the Bills' special teams unit players with more NFL experience than the average special teams unit, but because many of the Bills covering the kick were not regular special teams players, it also gave the Bills a particular disadvantage in terms of actual special teams experience. Initially, the Bills planned on kicking the ball deep, but then Bruce DeHaven suggested that the Bills attempt a pooch, or bloop kick, where the ball goes higher and shorter than a regular kickoff to limit the opportunity for a runback. This added a unique twist to the play. When practicing the "Home Run Throwback," the Titans always practiced against a regular kickoff or a squib kick. Thus, they would be forced to improvise with what they knew about the play's execution. And that improvisation was decisive in the success of the play.
As DeHaven suggested, Steve Christie kicked a high and short pooch that was fielded by Lorenzo Neal. Neal handed the ball to Wycheck, who had been behind him and nearly ran into him. This formed the key shift in the play: The Bills chased Wycheck to the right side of the field, breaking their lanes in the process.
As devised, Wycheck then threw the ball across the field where Dyson was positioned. As he caught the ball, the momentum of the play abruptly went to the left and caught every Bills defender except for Christie out of position. Dyson thus had an open path in front of him and ran seventy-five yards into the end zone for the go-ahead touchdown.
Dyson and Byrd are deep. Taken by Neal. He gets it to Wycheck, Wycheck – that looked like a forward pass! Taken by Dyson. Dyson's down the sideline – Dyson's going to go all the way! And there is no flag!
Mike Patrick on ABC's TV broadcast[10]
Do the Titans have a miracle left in them in what has been a magical season to this point? If they do, they need it now. Christie kicks it high and short. Gonna be fielded by Lorenzo Neal at the 25, pitches it back to Wycheck, he throws it across the field to Dyson...(Color commentator Pat Ryan: "He's got something, he's got something...") 30, 40, 50, 40...(Ryan: "He's got it, he's got it, he's got it!") 20, 10, 5 – end zone! Touchdown Titans! There are no flags on the field! It's a miracle! Tennessee has pulled a miracle! A miracle for the Titans!
Mike Keith on the Titans Radio Network broadcast[11][12]
The play was not official yet, however. The replay officials in the booth notified referee Phil Luckett that they wanted him to review the play to see if Wycheck's throw had been a lateral, as had been called. If not, the Titans would have been penalized for an illegal forward pass at the spot of the throw and the touchdown would not count. Fans watching were getting impatient and nervous while the refs were making up their mind. Luckett upheld the call, and the Titans were victorious.
Upon crossing midfield, Dyson later said he considered going out of bounds in field goal range, as all the Titans needed was a field goal to win the game. However, upon seeing that the only player with a shot at him was Christie and realizing that he was blocked by two players anyway, he simply kept going.[3]
1999–2000 Wild Card Playoff: Buffalo Bills at Tennessee Titans
Bills 0 0 7 9 16
Titans 0 12 0 10 22
at Adelphia Coliseum, Nashville, Tennessee
Game time: 11:30 a.m. CST
Game weather: 40 °F (22 °C), Sunny
Game attendance: 66,782
Referee: Phil Luckett
TV announcers (ABC): Mike Patrick, Joe Theismann, and Paul Maguire
TEN: Safety, Jevon Kearse sacked Rob Johnson in end zone
TEN: Steve McNair 1 yard run (Al Del Greco kick)
TEN: Del Greco 40 yard FG
BUF: Antowain Smith 4 yard run (Steve Christie kick)
BUF: Smith 1 yard run (pass failed)
BUF: Christie 41 yard FG
TEN: Kevin Dyson 75 yard kickoff return (Del Greco kick)
BUF – Rob Johnson – 10/22, 131 YDS, 0 TD, 0 INT
TEN – Steve McNair – 13/24, 76 YDS, 0 TD, INT
BUF – Antowain Smith – 14 CAR, 79 YDS, 2 TD
TEN – Eddie George – 29 CAR, 106 YDS
BUF – Peerless Price – 5 REC, 62 YDS
TEN – Frank Wycheck – 4 REC, 29 YDS
Referee: Phil Luckett (#59)
Umpire: Bob Wagner (#100)
Head Linesman: Mark Hittner (#28)
Line Judge: Byron Boston (#18)
Field Judge: Al Jury (#106)
Side Judge: Tommy Moore (#60)
Back Judge: Kirk Dornan (#6)
The victory, in front of a franchise-record crowd at Adelphia Coliseum, advanced the Titans to the AFC divisional round for the first time since 1993, when they were still based in Houston. Subsequent victories over the Indianapolis Colts and the Jacksonville Jaguars sent the Titans to Super Bowl XXXIV to face the St. Louis Rams, in which they lost by a touchdown in another game that went down to the final seconds, known as "One Yard Short" or "The Tackle."
For the Bills, the debacle led to the firing of special-teams coach Bruce DeHaven, who had been with the team for 13 seasons. (DeHaven was eventually rehired by the Bills into the same position for three seasons beginning in 2010.) DeHaven's replacement, Ronnie Jones, did not perform well. In 2000, the Bills had one of the worst special teams units in NFL history, and it completely neutralized their #9 offense and #3 defense with the team going 8–8. After the 2000 season, Phillips was fired, having failed to lead the Bills past the first round of the playoffs during his tenure. Phillips was replaced by Titans defensive coordinator Gregg Williams.
Long-term effect on the Bills
The Music City Miracle was added to the list of infamous moments in Buffalo sports history, joining "Wide Right", "No Goal", and the later "13 Seconds". It marked the start of a long playoff drought, as the Bills would go on to miss the playoffs for 17 straight years, eventually earning the longest active playoff drought in the NFL. Although Buffalo finally qualified again in the 2017 season (the playoff game in question then taking place in 2018), the Bills did not win another playoff game until Saturday, January 9, 2021. It would also mark the last game in a Bills uniform for its last remaining key members of its 1990s Super Bowl runs, as Bruce Smith, Thurman Thomas, and Andre Reed would all leave the team in the offseason due to salary cap constraints; all three of them alongside Jim Kelly and Marv Levy (both of whom were already retired prior to the 1999 season) are now members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Although the Bills had lost four consecutive Super Bowls before this game, many Bills fans consider this game to be their single most humiliating loss in franchise history, due to the more surreal and controversial ending as well as the long-term impact the game had on the team. Bills fans generally refuse to call this game and climactic play by its standard "Music City Miracle" name, and instead have taken to calling it more insulting names, most popularly "The Forward Lateral" and "The Immaculate Deception." In his 2017 autobiography Son of Bum, Bills coach Wade Phillips called the play "The Music City Mistake."
The drought eventually came to be called "the Curse of (Doug) Flutie." As the Bills' slump wore on, rumors circulated around upstate New York that Flutie's father Richard Flutie had become so enraged after learning his son had been benched on Ralph Wilson's orders that he swore the Bills would not make the playoffs again in his lifetime and/or that of the Bills' owner.[13] Either way, such a "curse" would have held — Wilson died on March 25, 2014 while Doug Flutie's parents both died of natural causes on November 21, 2015.[14] Within months of Wilson's death, the team was sold by his estate to Terry and Kim Pegula. The Bills' playoff drought finally came to an end three years after the Pegulas assumed ownership of the franchise.
NFL Films hired a computer analyst to determine whether Luckett had made the correct call. After taking a closer look, it was determined that the ball indeed did not travel forward and that Luckett had made the correct ruling.[15]
Due to the massive amount of interest the game received as a result of its climactic play, the NFL scheduled a rematch between the Titans and Bills as the opening Sunday Night game of the 2000 NFL season. The Bills won this time, 16–13. However, the Titans would get the last laugh as they finished the season with the NFL's best record at 13–3 while the Bills finished 8–8 and missed the postseason. The Bills wouldn't defeat the Titans again until 2015 — 16 years after the Music City Miracle — with a 14–13 win.
During the NFL's centennial season in 2019, the Bills–Titans matchup in week 5 was designated as one of 16 weekly games commemorating notable events in NFL history, namely the Music City Miracle.[16] However, in a reversal of luck, the Titans were denied a go-ahead touchdown in the fourth quarter after it was determined that Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota crossed the line of scrimmage prior to making a forward pass to the end zone. The subsequent penalty loomed large as Titans kicker Cairo Santos missed the resulting field goal attempt, and Buffalo scored the game-winning touchdown on the ensuing drive.[17] Santos was released shortly after.
During the Bills–Titans matchup in 2021, which the Titans narrowly won 34–31, the Titans attempted a "home run throwback" play during a first quarter punt return. After corralling a punt, Titans returner Chester Rogers threw the ball to teammate Chris Jackson, who advanced the ball 22 yards before being tackled. However, Rogers' pass visibly advanced 5 yards downfield, drawing an illegal forward pass penalty. This led to mockery from the Buffalo media and other Bills supporters.[18]
The Play (American football)
2007 Trinity vs. Millsaps football game
River City Relay
Miracle in Miami
Bills–Titans rivalry
^ "Buffalo Bills at Tennessee Titans – National Football League Game Summary" (PDF). NFLGSIS.com. NFL Enterprises, LLC. January 8, 2000. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
^ "Rob Johnson still bitter about losing Buffalo Bills QB job to Doug Flutie". NewYorkUpstate.com. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
^ a b c d Dunne, Tyler (October 10, 2015). "Fifteen Years Later, the 'Miracle' Lingers On for Bills". The Buffalo News.
^ "1999 Buffalo Bills Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. January 2, 2000. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
^ "Indianapolis Colts at Buffalo Bills - January 2, 2000". Pro Football Reference. January 2, 2000. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
^ Schatz, Aaron (November 28, 2004). "2000 DVOA Ratings and Commentary". Football Outsiders.
^ "Buffalo Bills at Tennessee Titans - January 8, 2000". Pro Football Reference. January 8, 2000. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
^ "Music City Miracle": 1999 AFC Wild Card Playoffs, Bills vs. Titans (NFL Full Game) National Football League on YouTube
^ NFL Top 10 Playoff Finishes – #3: The Music City Miracle NFL Films on YouTube
^ NFL Films Game of the Week: 1999 AFC Wild Card Playoffs, Bills vs. Titans YouTube (originally broadcast by NFL Films)
^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (2008-12-09). "The Curse of Doug Flutie". The Atlantic.
^ Larsen, Karin (November 18, 2015). "Doug Flutie's parents suffer heart attacks, die an hour apart". CBC News.
^ "Tennessee vs. Buffalo, 1/8/00". NFL Films Game of the Week. 2007-07-11. NFL Network.
^ "League reveals slate for NFL100 Game of the Week". NFL.com. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
^ Sullivan, Jerry (2019-10-06). "Sullivan: Bills, Titans come full circle, 20 years after throwback". Niagara Gazette.
^ Tsujimoto, Ben (2021-10-18). "Titans try repeat of Home Run Throwback against Bills, but this time it's ruled illegal". The Buffalo News. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
Music City Miracle gives Titans win over Bills (December 20, 2000)
Game Details at Pro Football Reference
AFC Wild Card Playoff Game (2000, January 8). In Tennessee Titans Official Website
Formerly the Houston Oilers (1960–1996) and the Tennessee Oilers (1997–1998)
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XIX (1984)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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F. Football: Zizou's volley is the most beautiful goal in the Champions League
According France Football, that Zidane goal, marked just before the break (and that blew up the final) gathers "balance, delicacy, power … It has everything". But not only Zidane's goal appears within the top ten. The third on the list is theformidable Chilean that Cristiano Ronaldo scored in Turin for Juventus. It happened in the spring of 2018, when a Carvajal center It was topped acrobatic by the Portuguese striker. For France Football, Christian reached "his moment of maximum glory: the one to see a stadium and rival supporters bowing to such a genius ". Between the volley of Zidane and the Chilean of Cristiano, the pyrotechnic auction with which Mauro Bressan (Fiorentina) scored against Barcelona in November 1999.Too the Chilean appears with which Gareth Bale on track last conquest of the Real Madrid Champions League. The formidable hit of the Welsh in the Kiev final against Liverpool it occupies the sixth position, behind the Stankovic goal (Inter Milan) from midfield to Schalke in April 2011, fourth place, and from the Mexes semi-volley (Milan) to Anderlecht in November 2012, fifth. Curiously, in the position 35 appears the Raúl's second goal to Manchester United in 2000, but it does not appear for the same in itself, but for the play of Redondo, in which, with a heel, he got rid of the Norwegian defender Henning Berg before attending Madrid so that beat Van der Gouw. France Football has elaborated a ranking to choose the best goal that has been scored at the time of the Champions League, that is, from 1992 to 2020. In this way, the prestigious French magazine has indicated the top 50 goals of the competition that have been marked so far. And for said medium, the best goal which has been marked on these almost 30 years competition is the volley with which Zidane made Madrid win the Ninth European Cup in its history. Something that is about to reach coming of age (It will meet them next Friday, May 15), and that it served for the current coach Real Madrid inscribed his name in gold letters on the record of the highest European competition, after missing two finals (against Borussia Dortmund in 1997 and against Real Madrid himself a year later, in 1998. read more
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Bayern head to AEK buoyed by 'liberating' victory
0Shares0000Lewandowski netted twice at the weekend to end a five-game winless streak © AFP/File / John MACDOUGALLBERLIN, Germany, Oct 22 – Bayern Munich travel to Greece to face AEK Athens in the Champions League on Tuesday boosted by a Bundesliga win that "felt like a liberation" after their miserable run of form and a stormy week behind the scenes.The pressure was mounting on the German champions and new coach Niko Kovac during a four-match winless run to the extent that senior club figures including Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and Uli Hoeness launched a stunning attack on the media. But Saturday's 3-1 win over Wolfsburg, in which Robert Lewandowski scored twice to end a five-game goal drought, is being hailed as a potential turning point for Bayern's season."That felt like a liberation," said centre-back Mats Hummels, while sporting director Hasan Salihamidzic was equally relieved, saying: "We have shown character in a difficult phase."The tension had been ratcheted up on Friday when Rummenigge, Hoeness and Salihamidzic slammed the press for "disgusting and respectless" reporting of Bayern's poor performances in recent weeks, singling out German journalists to scold.Saturday's three points provided some calm at the Allianz Arena, but the pressure is still on Kovac heading to Athens, after a 1-1 home draw with Ajax last time out in Europe left Bayern's Group E hopes in the balance.Kovac was cautious about thoughts that Bayern will now rediscover the form which saw them romp to six straight German titles, describing the win at Wolfsburg as "just a small and first step in the right direction".But James Rodriguez, who scored a fantastic goal at the weekend, was more bullish, saying that Bayern are back in business."In a long season, these things always happen," said James, referring to the recent shock defeats by Hertha Berlin and Borussia Moenchengladbach that has left them fourth in the Bundesliga table."There are bad games, there are good games. This bad phase has already gone. Now comes something good."Left-back David Alaba was Bayern's only injury concern from Wolfsburg after the Austrian was taken off at half-time as a precautionary measure with a thigh strain.Feel-good factor: Thiago Alcantara, Javi Martinez, Mats Hummels and Niklas Suele celebrate after Saturday's win at Wolfsburg © AFP/File / John MACDOUGALLThe AEK match marks the start of a busy few weeks for Bayern who face midweek games from now up until the November international break — culminating with a crunch clash at Bundesliga leaders Borussia Dortmund on November 10."We will be playing every three days, but the rhythm is good and I hope we'll go from win to win," said Lewandowski.After crashing to a 3-0 defeat at Ajax, then losing 3-2 at home to Benfica, AEK are chasing their first points in the group against Bayern, who have never lost a Champions League game in Greece with three wins and a draw.0Shares0000(Visited 1 times, 1 visits today) read more
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Businesses And Individuals Grapple With Decisions About Coverage Penalties
This is part of the KHN Morning Briefing, a summary of health policy coverage from major news organizations. Sign up for an email subscription. News organizations preview what's to come in 2013 as provisions of the Affordable Care Act are put in place.Kaiser Health News: Health Care Predictions For A New Year (Video)KHN reporters preview some of the big issues coming this year: The fight over controlling spending and what it means for Medicare; state decisions on health law implementation; and changing how hospitals and doctors are paid (1/1). Politico Pro: The Year Ahead In Health Care: What To Watch In 2013This year, the Obama administration will have to guide the states through set-up of the exchanges — or, in many states, set them up entirely on its own. The law will have to withstand at least some level of rate shock as insurers adjust to new coverage requirements. And with deficit reduction sure to be a hot topic this year, the health law may have to withstand new attempts to dip into its funding (Haberkorn, 1/2).NPR: What The Health Law Will Bring In 2013 Most of the really big changes made by the 2010 health law don't start for another year. … But Jan. 1, 2013, will nevertheless mark some major changes. One of those changes that will affect everyone with private health insurance actually took effect last September. But most people won't see it until they renew or apply for new health insurance. It's called a summary of benefits and coverage. The idea is to help people actually understand what's in their insurance policies (Rovner, 1/1).McClatchy: New Year Means Tax Increases To Pay For Health Care LawFive new tax increases take effect on Jan. 1 to help pay for the nation's health care overhaul. New provisions of the Affordable Care Act require affluent taxpayers to pay more for Medicare and, for the first time, have their investment income subject to Medicare taxes as well. Also, people who use flexible spending accounts for health care expenses will pay higher taxes. And taxpayers who spend a lot out of pocket on their health care will find it harder to deduct those expenses from their taxable income (Pugh, 12/31).The Wall Street Journal: Companies Prepare For Health LawOne of the biggest decisions for many companies this year will be what to do about their health benefits. They have just 12 months before the major provisions of the federal overhaul law take effect on Jan. 1, 2014, reshaping health coverage in the U.S. Employers with at least 50 workers will owe penalties if they don't cover full-time employees. Most Americans will face a parallel "individual mandate" to obtain insurance. And new online marketplaces called exchanges will sell insurance plans in each state, paired with federal subsidies for lower-income people (Mathews, 1/1).The Wall Street Journal: Under Health Law, Employers Must Insure Workers' Dependents Large employers who are subject to the health overhaul law's requirement to provide insurance or pay a fee must also extend coverage to their workers' dependent children, according to federal regulations released Friday. The 144-page proposed regulation that the Obama administration unveiled late Friday offered new details for how employers will have to comply with the health overhaul law (Adamy, 12/28).CBS (Video): Businesses Begin Bracing For The Affordable Care ActThe new legislation will require businesses with 50 or more workers to provide affordable health care for their employees starting in 2014 or pay a penalty of up to $2,000 per worker. Businesses with fewer than 50 employees — that's 96 percent of all companies, will be exempt. They won't have to do anything. Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel, a health policy advisor to the White House who helped develop the new plan, said the cost to businesses is a "real concern" (Mason, 1/1). Businesses And Individuals Grapple With Decisions About Coverage, Penalties read more
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8" ceiling speakers, this new construction bracket is installed when the studs or joists are exposed before mounting the sheet rock or ceiling tiles. New construction brackets are not required when you purchase OSD Audio speakers as all models feature dog-eared clamps that secure speakers to the ceiling. However, new construction brackets do provide additional support and allow you to determine the exact placement of the speaker while providing a template to cut the mounting hole.
Can anyone confirm if these will work with Polk Audio 80 F/X-LS? I can't find Polk's brackets. Everyone is out of stock.
I am in need of mounting two speakers to an exterior soffit with no other support than the beams in the ceiling. The vinyl soffit is not strong enough to hold any speaker. Are these designed to be mounted to the ceiling beams and then after the vinyl soffit is installed I could screw the speakers directly to this ring? Is this ring strong e lift to support a speaker only by the two side strips? If not how do you mount speakers to the underbelly of an overhead porch cover?
Are these set up for 16 on center, or 24 on center joists to be used wig soffit in a patio?
Will the nccb8 construction bracket work with ice800wrs 8" ceiling speakers?
Will these work with Yamaha NS-IW360C ceiling speakers? According to their manual, the template cut-out they provide is 9-7/16" diameter.
I need a bracket with a 9 5/8" opening. Where can I find them?
Will this work with Yamaha NSIC800WH?
Does this bracket also fit your ICE850 speaker? If not, do you have a bracket that does?
We are still concerned about our installation. The mount we have is a circle with one side flat and smooth. The other side has a inner ring that sticks out about a 1/2 inch. Is the part that sticks out more supposed to face out? Our rep today says the inner part (with the lip that sticks out) is supposed to be facing outward. She has been very helpful and knows here product but since the pictures I see look different than what we have (same part number NCCB8) I just need to know ASAP because the drywall in 2 days. Circle and the 2 wire mesh mounts. The picture shows the way we mounted it...this inner ring/lip facing out.
Can you give me the exact inside dimension (diameter across) of the inside of these brackets?
the NCCB8 measures 9 5/8"


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The 3 bedroom Esprit models are modern in design and are centered around a sociable living area, making them the perfect base for your holiday. There is plenty of space for everyone, and the seating in the lounge easily converts into an extra bed. There is a shower room and toilet, plus fully-equipped kitchen including a microwave. All models include a stereo iPod dock and hairdryer, and air-conditioning is available on many parcs for a small additional charge. If you'd like more living space outdoors, choose the option of a decked terrace too. 2 bathroom models are also available in selected locations.


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75th Anniversary Gala
Join us on April 27th as we celebrate the GWACC's 75th anniversary! From our humble beginnings in 1948 with 29 members, our chamber has grown to a robust 500 members in 6 towns. Help us celebrate our collective achievements in supporting local businesses and the community.
Our special evening at The Westwood will begin at 6 pm with a 1-hour cocktail party featuring a premium open bar, passed hors d'oeuvres, and chafing dishes. Afterwards, we will sit down in the reception room and enjoy a four-course dinner, dessert and coffee all while listening to our entertainment for the night! There will be short presentations honoring:
Community Service Award
Westfield Y
Non-Profit Agency Award
Boys and Girls Club of Union County
Northfield Bank
Person of the Year Award
John Samsel
Business of the Year Award
Tap Into Westfield
Family Business of the Year Award
Marano & Sons
Hehl and Hehl
For sponsorship information, please call the GWACC office
at (908)233-3021.
Thank you to our very generous sponsors.
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text:
Dmitry Belyayev (zoologist)
Dmitry Konstantinovich Belyaev
(1917-07-17)17 July 1917
Protasovo, Kostroma Governorate, Russian Empire
14 November 1985(1985-11-14) (aged 68)
Novosibirsk, Soviet Union
Ivanovo Agricultural Institute [ru]
Domestication of fox
Genetics, Theory of selection and evolution
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, AN SSSR, Novosibirsk
Dmitry Konstantinovich Belyayev (Russian: Дми́трий Константи́нович Беля́ев, 17 July 1917 – 14 November 1985) was a Russian geneticist and academician who served as director of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (IC&G) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, from 1959 to 1985. His decades-long effort to breed domesticated foxes was described by The New York Times as "arguably the most extraordinary breeding experiment ever conducted."[1] A 2010 article in Scientific American stated that Belyayev "may be the man most responsible for our understanding of the process by which wolves were domesticated into our canine companions."[2]
Beginning in the 1950s, in order to uncover the genetic basis of the distinctive behavioral and physiological attributes of domesticated animals, Belyayev and his team spent decades breeding the wild silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) and selecting for reproduction only those individuals in each generation that showed the least fear of humans.[1] After several generations of controlled breeding, a majority of the silver foxes no longer showed any fear of humans and often wagged their tails and licked their human caretakers to show affection. They also began to display spotted coats, floppy ears, curled tails, as well as other physical attributes often found in domesticated animals, thus confirming Belyayev's hypothesis that both the behavioral and physical traits of domesticated animals could be traced to "a collection of genes that conferred a propensity to tameness—a genotype that the foxes perhaps shared with any species that could be domesticated".[1]
Belyayev's experiments were the result of a politically motivated demotion, in response to defying the now discredited non-Mendellian theories of Lysenkoism, which were politically accepted in the Soviet Union at the time. Belyayev has since been vindicated in recent years by major scientific journals, and by the Soviet establishment as a pioneering figure in modern genetics.[3]
3 Belyayev's fox experiment
3.1 Breeding and testing
3.3 Significance of experiment
3.4 After Belyayev's death
4 Selected writings
Belyayev was born on 17 July 1917, in Protasovo, a town in the Russian province of Kostroma. He was his family's fourth and youngest son. His father, Konstantin Pavlovich, was a priest. His brother Nikolai, who was 18 years his senior, was a prominent geneticist who worked with Sergei Chetverikov (1880-1959), a pioneer of population genetics.[4]
"It was his brother's influence that caused him to have this special interest in genetics", Belyayev's protégé, Lyudmila Trut, later said. Both Belyayev brothers were Darwinists and believers in Mendelian genetics. At the time Belyayev came of age, however, life was dangerous in the Soviet Union for geneticists with such views, because the Stalinist regime supported the scientific theories of agronomist Trofim Lysenko and outlawed research inspired by the rival views of Gregor Mendel. As Trut recalled, "genetics was considered fake science."[5] Indeed, under the rule of Stalin, leading geneticists who believed in Darwinian evolution and Mendelian genetics were considered enemies of the state. Several of them were sent to prison, and at least one, Nikolai Vavilov, was sentenced to death, and died of starvation in prison in 1943.[6]
The next year, Belyayev graduated from the Ivanovo Agricultural Institute and began working in the Department of Fur Animal Breeding at the Central Research Laboratory in Moscow, which was affiliated with the Ministry of Foreign Trade. In 1941, he was conscripted into the military, and was wounded and received several military decorations. He then resumed work at the laboratory.
Despite the persecution of adherents of Darwinism and Mendelian genetics, Belyayev wrote a dissertation on "The variation and inheritance of silver-colored fur in silver-black foxes" and continued to hold fast to his belief in evolution and Mendelian genetics. Still, to be safe, he disguised his genetics research as studies in animal physiology. Nonetheless, his known interest in genetics led in 1948 to his dismissal from his position as head of the Department of Fur Animal Breeding.[4][5][7]
After the death of Stalin in 1953, the Soviet persecution of geneticists began to ease. From 1958 to the end of his life, Belyayev worked for the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which he helped found. In 1963, he became Director of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (IC&G) in Novosibirsk, and held that position until his death. Under his leadership, according to one source, "the institute became a center of basic and applied research in both classical genetics and modern molecular genetics."[1][7] He was appointed an academician in 1973.
Belyayev's fox experiment[edit]
Further reading: Domesticated red fox
In Siberia, Belyayev "was able to study genetics in relative freedom", according to The New York Times. One subject that fascinated him was the question of how such a remarkable diversity of canine breeds had arisen from the domestic dog's lupine ancestors. Like other scientists, he "could not figure out what mechanism could account for the differences in anatomy, physiology, and behavior" that were obvious in dogs, but he was confident that the answer lay "in the principles of Mendelian inheritance."[2] The genetics of domestication had also been of great interest to Darwin. It was recognized that domesticated animals differ in several ways from their wild counterparts, but it was not known what principle of selection had guided the Neolithic farmers who had first domesticated these species thousands of years ago. Belyayev's hypothesis was that "all domesticated species had been selected for a single criterion: tameness."[8]
Belyayev further theorized that this attribute "had dragged along with it most of the other features that distinguish domestic animals from their wild forebears, like droopy ears, patches of white in the fur and changes in skull shape."[1] In other words, "Belyaev hypothesized that the anatomical and physiological changes seen in domesticated animals could have been the result of selection on the basis of behavioral traits. More specifically, he believed that tameness was the critical factor."[2] In more scientific terms, Belyayev's suspicion was "that domestication was ruled by a process of 'destabilizing selection' affecting mechanisms of ontogenetic neuroendocrine control, either directly or indirectly in response to the appearance of a factor of stress", and that "the key factor of domestication producing striking similar results in many species is selection for tameness."[4]
Belyayev wondered if a breeding program that involved "selecting for tameness and against aggression would result in hormonal and neurochemical changes, since behavior ultimately emerged from biology. Those hormonal and chemical changes could then be implicated in anatomy and physiology. It could be that the anatomical differences in domesticated dogs were related to the genetic changes underlying the behavioral temperament for which they selected (tameness and low aggression). He believed that he could investigate these questions about domestication by attempting to domesticate wild foxes."[2]
Belyayev chose the silver fox, a variant of the red fox, for his experiment, "because it is a social animal and is related to the dog."[1] The silver fox had, however, never before been domesticated. Belyayev designed a selective-breeding program for the foxes that was intended to reproduce a single major factor, namely "a strong selection pressure for tamability". This breeding experiment would be the focus of the last 26 years of Belyayev's life.[7]
In 1958, then, Belyayev asked his assistant Lyudmila Trut, who was then a graduate student, to visit various Soviet fur farms and to "select the calmest foxes she could find, to serve as the base population for Belyayev's experiment" at the then-new IC&G.[5] They "began with 30 male foxes and 100 vixens, most of them from a commercial fur farm in Estonia." From the beginning, Belyayev chose foxes solely for tameness, allowing only a tiny percentage of male offspring, and a slightly larger percentage of females, to breed. The foxes were not trained, in order to ensure that their tameness was a result of genetic selection and not of environmental influences. For the same reason, they spent most of their lives in cages and were permitted only brief encounters with human beings.[7]
As a 2011 article in National Geographic put it, Belyayev's goal was "to unlock domestication's molecular mysteries". Darwin had shown that domesticated animals "tend to be smaller, with floppier ears and curlier tails than their untamed progenitors", attributes that "tend to make animals appear appealingly juvenile to humans". Also, they often have spotted coats, "while their wild ancestors' coats are solid." These and other traits "exist in varying degrees across a remarkably wide range of species, from dogs, pigs, and cows to some nonmammalians like chickens, and even a few fish."[5] Belyayev proposed that as animals grew tamer through selective breeding, such traits might begin to appear.[7] Animal-behavior expert Tecumseh Fitch has stated that the experiment's "audacity" is "difficult to overestimate", given that the "selection process on dogs, horses, cattle or other species had occurred, mostly unconsciously, over thousands of years…the idea that Belyayev's experiment might succeed in a human lifetime must have seemed bold indeed."[5]
Breeding and testing[edit]
The experiment began in 1959, at a time "when Soviet genetics was starting to recover from the anti-Darwinian ideology of Trofim Lysenko."[7] Still, in order to avoid interference by the authorities, Belyayev continued to frame his research "only in terms of physiology, leaving out any mention of genes." Trut later recalled "that when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev arrived to inspect the institute, he was overheard to say, 'What, are those geneticists still around? Were they not destroyed?'" But Belyayev enjoyed the protection of his boss's "careful politics" and was also helped by "favorable articles on genetics written by Khrushchev's journalist daughter."[5]
Belyayev set down strict guidelines for the breeding program. "Starting at one month of age, and continuing every month throughout infancy," according to Scientific American, "the foxes were tested for their reactions to an experimenter. The experimenter would attempt to pet and handle the fox while offering it food. In addition, the experimenters noted whether the foxes preferred to spend time with other foxes, or with humans." After the fox had reached sexual maturity at an age of seven to eight months, "they had their final test and assigned an overall tameness score." Among the factors that went into this score were the tendency "to approach an experimenter standing at the front of its home pen" and "to bite the experimenters when they tried to touch it."[2] By way of ensuring that the pups' tameness was a result of genetic selection and not of interactions with human beings, the foxes were not subjected to any kind of training and were only permitted brief periods of contact with people.[2]
The tests for tameness took the following form, which was still in use as of 2009. "When a pup is one month old, an experimenter offers it food from his hand while trying to stroke and handle the pup. The pups are tested twice, once in a cage and once while moving freely with other pups in an enclosure, where they can choose to make contact either with the human experimenter or with another pup. The test is repeated monthly until the pups are six or seven months old." At the age of seven or eight months, the pups are given a tameness score and placed in one of three groups. The least domesticated are in Class III; those that allow humans to pet and handle them, but that do not respond to contact with friendliness, are in Class II; the ones that are friendly with humans are in Class I.[7] After only six generations, Belyayev and his team had to add a higher category, Class IE, the "domesticated elite", which "are eager to establish human contact, whimpering to attract attention and sniffing and licking experimenters like dogs. They start displaying this kind of behavior before they are one month old."[7]
Once the foxes in each generation had been classified in this manner, only the least fearful and least aggressive foxes were selected for breeding. "In each successive generation, less than 20 percent of individuals were allowed to breed",[2] and the sole criterion for permitting them to breed was "their tolerance of human contact".[1]
Within a very short time, Belyayev's experiment began to show results. "By 1964 the fourth generation was already beginning to live up to the researchers' hopes", reported National Geographic. "Trut can still remember the moment when she first saw a fox wag its tail at her approach. Before long, the most tame among them were so doglike that they would leap into researchers' arms and lick their faces. At times the extent of the animals' tameness surprised even the researchers. Once, in the 1970s, a worker took one of the foxes home temporarily as a pet. When Trut visited him, she found the owner taking his fox for walks, unleashed, 'just like a dog. I said "Don't do that, we'll lose it, and it belongs to the institute!"' she recalls. 'He said "just wait", then he whistled and said, "Coca!" It came right back.'"[5] By the time the selectively bred foxes had reached their tenth generation, 18 percent of the fox puppies were in the elite category; by the 20th generation, that figure had climbed to 35 percent. As of 2009, elite foxes made up 70 to 80 percent of the population.[7]
The changes manifested by the tame foxes over the generations, moreover, were not only behavioral but also physiological, just as Belyayev had expected. The first physiological change detected in the tame foxes was a lower adrenaline level. Belyayev and his team "theorized that adrenaline might share a biochemical pathway with melanin, which controls pigment production in fur", a hypothesis that has since been confirmed by research.[2] As they became tamer, more and more of the foxes began showing "signs of the domestication phenotype"; Trut later recalled that in the early 1980s "we observed a kind of explosion-like change of the external appearance."[5] After eight to ten generations, the tame foxes began to develop particolored coats, a trait found more in domesticated animals than in wild ones; this was followed by the development of "floppy ears and rolled tails similar to those in some breeds of dog". After 15 to 20 generations, a very small percentage of the tame foxes developed shorter tails and legs and underbites or overbites. The experimenters also discovered that the domesticated foxes show a "fear response" several weeks later than their wild counterparts, and that this delay is "linked to changes in plasma levels of corticosteroids, hormones concerned with an animal's adaptation to stress". After 12 generations of selective breeding, the corticosteroid level in the tame foxes' plasma was "slightly more than half the level in a control group". After 28 to 30 generations, "the level had halved again." At the same time, the tame foxes' brains contained higher levels of serotonin.[7] Moreover, tame male foxes' skulls gradually became narrower, more like those of females, and litters became, "on average, one pup larger".[7]
After over 40 generations of breeding, in short, Belyayev produced "a group of friendly, domesticated foxes who 'displayed behavioral, physiological, and anatomical characteristics that were not found in the wild population, or were found in wild foxes but with much lower frequency….Many of the domesticated foxes had floppy ears, short or curly tails, extended reproductive seasons, changes in fur coloration, and changes in the shape of their skulls, jaws, and teeth. They also lost their 'musky fox smell'."[2] It was Belyayev's view that these new attributes, which were extremely similar to the attributes of other domesticated animals, "was the result of selection for amenability to domestication." His reasoning was that behavior is "regulated by a fine balance between neurotransmitters and hormones at the level of the whole organism….Because mammals from widely different taxonomic groups share similar regulatory mechanisms for hormones and neurochemistry, it is reasonable to believe that selecting them for similar behavior – tameness – should alter those mechanisms, and the developmental pathways they govern, in similar ways."[7]
Lyudmila Trut herself wrote in 1999 "that after 40 years of the experiment, and the breeding of 45,000 foxes, a group of animals had emerged that were as tame and as eager to please as a dog." Fitch described the tame foxes as "incredibly endearing". The New York Times wrote that they "were clean and quiet and made excellent house pets, though — being highly active — they preferred a house with a yard to an apartment. They did not like leashes, though they tolerated them."[1] Ceiridwen Terrill of Concordia University, who described Belyayev's fox farm in 2012 as looking like a set of "dilapidated army barracks", with "rows and rows of sheds that house about a hundred foxes each", said that the foxes were so tame that when she reached into a cage to show one of them some affection, it plainly "loved having its belly scratched". Some of the foxes had even been trained to fetch and sit.[9] So it was, in the words of Scientific American, that "selecting for a single behavioral characteristic — allowing only the tamest, least fearful individuals to breed—resulted in changes not only in behavior, but also in anatomical and physiological changes that were not directly manipulated."[2]
The suggestion has been made "that the foxes be made available as pets, partly to ensure their survival should the Novosibirsk colony be wiped out by disease". Ray Coppinger, a dog biologist at Hampshire College in Massachusetts, noted that at one time "Soviet science was in a desperate state and Belyayev's foxes were endangered", but his own efforts "to obtain some of the foxes to help preserve them" had been unsuccessful, with the animals apparently having "left Russia only once, for Finland, in a colony that no longer survives".[1] The author of the National Geographic article about the experiments, however, noted that his translator, Luda Mekertycheva, had adopted two foxes from Novosibirsk and that they had proven to be wonderful companions who "jump on my back when I kneel to give them food, sit when I pet them, and take vitamins from my hand".[5] In 2010-12, a firm called SibFox was advertising foxes from the Novosibirsk lab for about $6,000 apiece, although, according to Popular Science, "it's not clear that anyone ever actually received one of these foxes." Reportedly, "two foxes that actually shipped to the States ended up confiscated at the US border and shipped to the Austin Zoo and Animal Sanctuary." In 2011, two Americans set up a website through which Americans could order foxes from the lab, but as of April 2014 the site no longer existed.[10][11]
After initiating his selective breeding program for tameness, Belyayev also began breeding a line of fearful, aggressive foxes.[2] In addition, he started domesticating other animals. He and his team started working with rats in 1972, and later with mink, and, briefly, with river otters, although this last experiment was abandoned because the species "proved difficult to breed". The experiments with rats and minks, however, proved successful, with the subjects becoming tame alongside the foxes.[5] After Belyayev's death, his rat experiment was carried on by Irina Plyusnina. "Siberian gray rats caught in the wild, bred separately for tameness and for ferocity", reported The New York Times, "have developed…entirely different behaviors in only 60 or so generations", reported the Times.[1] When geneticist Svante Pääbo was in Novosibirsk in 2003, he visited the institute, and "was stunned" by the two groups of rats. "After just 30 years of selection", Pääbo said, "the IC&G researchers had fashioned two populations that could hardly be more different."[12]
Significance of experiment[edit]
Belyayev's experimental animals and their descendants have been said to "form an unparalleled resource for studying the process and genetics of domestication".[1] Brian Hare, a biological anthropologist, wanted to study "the unusual ability of dogs to understand human gestures". Hare "wanted to know if dogs' powerful rapport with humans was a quality that the original domesticators of the dog had selected for, or whether it had just come along with the tameness, as implied by Belyaev's hypothesis". He discovered "that the fox kits from Belyaev's domesticated stock did just as well as puppies in picking up cues from people about hidden food, even though they had almost no previous experience with humans."[1] In a 2005 paper for Current Biology, Hare suggested that selection for tameness "may have been sufficient to produce the unusual ability of dogs to use human communicative gestures" and that the inability of wild wolves to pick up human cues is caused by their fear of humans. While Belyayev and his team "didn't select for a smarter fox but for a nice fox", Hare said, "they ended up getting a smart fox." Belyayev's research, Hare further argues, has implications for the origins of human social behavior: "Are we domesticated in the sense of dogs? No. But I am comfortable saying that the first thing that has to happen to get a human from an apelike ancestor is a substantial increase in tolerance toward one another. There had to be a change in our social system."[5]
National Geographic has made much the same point, suggesting that the genetic explanation for the difference between wildness and tameness "has implications for understanding not just how we domesticated animals, but how we tamed the wild in ourselves as well." The magazine's writer asked: "Out of 148 large mammal species on Earth, why have no more than 15 ever been domesticated? Why have we been able to tame and breed horses for thousands of years, but never their close relative the zebra, despite numerous attempts?"[5]
The Brazilian scientist Claudio J. Bidau has suggested that Darwin, who was intrigued and puzzled by "the striking similarities developed by widely different domesticated animals and plants", would have "truly appreciated" Belyayev's experiment.[4]
After Belyayev's death[edit]
Belyayev died of cancer in 1985. After his death, his experiment was continued by Trut, who brought international attention to it with a 1999 article in American Scientist.[12] By that year, after 40 years and 45,000 foxes, the experimenters had a population of 100 foxes, the product of 30 to 35 generations of selection.[7] Trut expressed the belief in that year that "Belyaev would be pleased" with the posthumous results of his experiment, which has "compressed into a few decades an ancient process that originally unfolded over thousands of years", causing "the aggressive behavior of our herd's wild progenitors" to "entirely disappear". The experimenters, she wrote, "have watched new morphological traits emerge, a process previously known only from archaeological evidence." Trut suggested that the most important remaining question is "just how much further our selective-breeding experiment can go".[7]
After the Soviet Union's collapse, government funding for scientific projects became more difficult to come by, and "the researchers could do little more than keep the fox population alive." Trut struggled to keep the project funded.[5] When Anna Kukekova, a Russian-born postdoctoral student in molecular genetics at Cornell, read about the project's financial difficulties, she secured funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and joined in Trut's effort to complete Belyayev's work, making it a joint Russian-American initiative.[5][13] The New York Times reported in 2006 on Frank Albert, a graduate student at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, who at the time was helping to continue Belyayev's work by studying the genetic roots of the differences between the tame and hyperaggressive rats.[1] In 2009, Albert and several colleagues published a paper in Genetics about the results of their cross-breeding of tame and hyperaggressive rats, a stock of which they had established in Leipzig.[14] In 2011, it was reported that Albert's team had "found several key regions of the genome that have a strong effect on tameness" and that they suspected the involvement of "at least half a dozen genes". The next step was "to locate individual genes that influence tameness and aggression".[12]
"Understanding what has changed in these animals is going to be incredibly informative", said Elaine Ostrander of the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health told National Geographic in 2011, "Everyone is waiting with great excitement for what they come out with."[5]
The sculpture "Dmitriy Belyaev and Domesticated Fox" was built near Institute of Cytology and Genetics (Novosibisrk) in the honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Dmitry Konstantinovich Belyaev. The tamed fox gives the scientist a paw and wags its tail. Konstantin Zinich, sculptor (Krasnoyarsk): "The philosophy of touching a fox and a man is rapprochement, kindness, there is no aggression from the fox - it was wild, and he made it genetically domesticated."[15]
Selected writings[edit]
Belyayev, D. K. & L. N. Trut (1964). Behaviour and reproductive function of animals. I. Correlation of behaviour type with the time of reproduction and fertility. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists Biological Series (in Russian) 69(3):5-19.
Belyayev, D. K. & L. N. Trut (1964). Behaviour and reproductive function of animals. II. Correlated changes under breeding for tameness. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists Biological Series (in Russian) 69(5): 5-14.
Belyayev, D. K. (1969). Science (USSR), 5 (1), 47-52. Belyayev, D. K. (1974). "Some questions of stabilizing and destabilizing selection". In: History and theory of the evolutionary doctrine (in Russian). Leningrad, pp. 76–84.
Belyayev, D. K. (1979). "Destablizing selection as a factor in domestication". Journal of Heredity, 70 (5), 301-308.
Belyayev, D. K., Ruvinsky, A. O., and Trut, L. N. (1981). "Inherited activation/inactivation of the star gene in foxes". Journal of Heredity, 72: 264-274.
Eriskovskaya, N. K.; Leont'eva, T. A.; Tsellarius, Yu. G.; Trut, L. N.; Belyayev, D. K. (1985). "Relative hypertrophy of the right ventricle in silver foxes selected for domestication". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 100 (1): 984–988.
Ruvinsky, A. O.; Lobkov, Yu. I.; Belyayev, D. K. (1986). "Spontaneous and induced activation of genes affecting the phenotypic expression of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Daphnia pulex". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 72 (6): 811–815.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wade, Nicholas (25 July 2006). "Nice Rats, Nasty Rats: Maybe It's All in the Genes". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Goldman, Jason (6 Sep 2010). "Man's new best friend? A forgotten Russian experiment in fox domestication". Scientific American. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
^ Lantzas, Katie (2018). "Gone to the dogs". Distillations. Science History Institute. 4 (2): 44–47. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
^ a b c d Bidau, Claudio (Sep 2009). "Domestication through the Centuries: Darwin's Ideas and Dmitry Belyaev's Long-Term Experiment in Silver Foxes" (PDF). SciELO Chile. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ratliff, Evan (March 2011). "Taming the Wild". National Geographic. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
^ Gary Paul Nabhan. "How Nikolay Vavilov, the seed collector who tried to end famine, died of starvation". NPR. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Trut, Lyudmila (April 1999). "Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment" (PDF). American Scientists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
^ "Darwin's Dark Knight: Scientist Risked Execution for Fox Study (Op-Ed)". Live Science. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
^ "Domesticated Foxes: Man's New Best Friend?". NPR. 18 March 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ Nosowitz, Dan (23 June 2013). "Can I have a pet fox?". Popular Science. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ "Sibfox FAQ". Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ a b c Nicholls, Henry (5 October 2009). "My little zebra: The secrets of domestication". New Scientist. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ Hare, Brian; et al. (2005). "Social Cognitive Evolution in Captive Foxes Is a Correlated By-Product of Experimental Domestication". Current Biology. 15 (3): 226–230. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.040. PMID 15694305.
^ Albert, Frank; et al. (2009). "Genetic Architecture of Tameness in a Rat Model of Animal Domestication" (PDF). Genetics. 182 (2): 541–554. doi:10.1534/genetics.109.102186. PMC 2691762. PMID 19363126.
^ В Новосибирске открыли памятник ученому с доброй лисой
Taming the Wild, National Geographic March 2011
Nice Rats, Nasty Rats: Maybe It's All in the Genes, The New York Times
Article in New Scientist
The Fox Farm Experiment, American Scientist
How to tame a fox (and build a dog) : visionary scientists and a Siberian tale of jump-started evolution, Lyudmila Trut and Lee Alan Dugatkin, The University of Chicago Press, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Belyayev_(zoologist)&oldid=936134410"
People from Nerekhtsky District
Russian zoologists
Soviet scientists
Behavior geneticists
20th-century zoologists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences


Recently, I spit in a plastic tube and mailed it to California. While that sounds like a fun prank, it was to get my DNA tested by 23andMe. The first few minutes of this video show the unboxing/spitting.
23andMe is a really neat company that has been around since 2007. They process your DNA and tell you what it means. It's only $99 to get yours tested.
Here's the highlights from my results.
It's crazy how all of them were right on. Fascinating.
It also shows tons of diseases and your risk for them. Here are a few that are below for me.
Of the ones that had increased risk, none of them were too scary thankfully. Before they tell you a few of them, they present a ton of information and you have to click I understand before they tell you the result (Alzheimer's for one). Thankfully, I have a lower risk for all of those.
This wasn't as interesting to me as the health/traits stuff, but still pretty cool.
I posted my genome on GitHub: github.com/soffes/dna. You can download it and look through my source code. Pretty fascinating.
For iOS development, I don't use Interface Builder. I haven't willfully used a NIB (when I say NIB, I mean Interface Builder file, not the specific format) since iOS 2.0. In the past, I've worked with a few folks that really liked using Interface Builder. This is an argument I've had over and over.
Instead of mindlessly arguing on one side or the other of this, here's my go to points when I'm trying to win someone over.
Choosing to be explicit is my number one reason to do things in code instead. If someone new to the team opens up a view or view controller, they can see right away where everything is and not have to wonder if this file has a NIB.


text:
Robert Reich | Why Obama Is Now (Finally) Getting Tough on Wall Street
President Obama is now, finally, getting tough on Wall Street.
Robert Reich ,
RobertReich.org
President Obama is now, finally, getting tough on Wall Street. Today he's giving his support to two measures critically important for making sure the Street doesn't relapse into another financial crisis: (1) separating the functions of investment banking from commercial banking (basically, resurrecting the Depression-era Glass-Steagall Act) so investment banks can't gamble with insured commercial deposits, and (2) giving regulatory authorities power to limit the size of big banks so they don't become "too big to fail," as antitrust laws do with every other capitalist entity. A few days ago the White House demanded that the biggest banks repay the $120 billion or so still owed the government from the bailout.
All good, all correct, all important. The President deserves at least two cheers. Why not three? It took him over a year to finally get here. The House has already completed its work on financial reform and may be reluctant to start over. The Senate is in disarray since Chris Dodd, chair of the Banking Committee, announced recently he wouldn't seek reelection, and is poised to compromise with Wall Street on a number of big issues. Neither chamber has shown any interest whatsoever in resurrecting Glass-Steagall or limiting the size and risk of big banks. In other words, much of the game is over.
It's possible, of course, that Congress could go along with Obama's new proposals. A populist backlash against the big banks is growing among Americans who can't understand why Wall Street is back to its old ways even though most Americans are worried about losing their jobs and homes as a result of Wall Street's massive implosion in 2008. And they've never been able to understand why taxpayers bailed out Wall Street while Main Street still languishes.
A cynic might conclude that Obama's born-again populism is for the cameras. Scott Brown's upset victory in Massachusetts revealed the strength of I'm-mad-as-hell populism in the electorate right now. Add in the $150 billion of bonuses the Street is about to bestow on itself and the outrage meter could blow. With sky-high unemployment and surly voters, Democrats have to show they're on the side of the people, not the powerful, as Al Gore put it in the last days of the 2000 election (too late to help himself).
For almost a year now, Democratic pollsters have been pointing out how much the public hates the bank bailout and despises Wall Street. But there was no reason for Democratic leaders in Congress or the White House to pay much attention. After all, it was a Republican president and a Republican Congress that came up with the bank bailout plan to begin with. Some stalwart Republicans had grumbled about it, of course, but Republicans have always been on the side of Wall Street and big business and weren't likely to call for strong measures to prevent the Street from getting into trouble again.
Larry Summers and Tim Geithner scuttled Paul Volcker's plan to separate the banks' commercial and investment functions, and didn't want to limit the size of banks or the risks they could take on. Summers and Geithner have wanted to get the banks back to profitability as soon as possible. And Dems in Congress have had no stomach to take on Wall Street, a major source of campaign funding.
But suddenly the winds are blowing in a different direction over the Potomac. The 2010 midterms are getting closer, and the Dems are scared. Their polls are plummeting. The upsurge in mad-as-hell populism requires that Democrats become indignant on behalf of Americans, and indignation is meaningless without a target. They can't target big government because Republicans do that one better, especially when they're out of power. So what's the alternative? Wall Street.
Perhaps I'm being too cynical. Maybe the Obama and congressional Democrats are now ready to give up Wall Street trickle-down economics and focus on Main Street trickle-up. "There are two ideas of government," said William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1896. "There are those who believe that you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it." He couldn't have said it better.
Robert Reich is Professor of Public Policy at the University of California at Berkeley. He has served in three national administrations, most recently as secretary of labor under President Bill Clinton. He has written twelve books, including The Work of Nations, Locked in the Cabinet, and his most recent book, Supercapitalism.
ROBERT B. REICH, Chancellor's Professor of Public Policy at the University of California at Berkeley, was Secretary of Labor in the Clinton administration. Time Magazine named him one of the ten most effective cabinet secretaries of the last century. He has written thirteen books, including the best sellers "Aftershock' and "The Work of Nations.' His latest, 'Beyond Outrage,' is now out in paperback. He is also a founding editor of the American Prospect magazine and chairman of Common Cause.