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Magazine|Happiness 101
Happiness 101
D.T. MAX JAN. 7, 2007
Correction Appended
One Tuesday last fall I sat in on a positive-psychology class called the Science of Well-Being — essentially a class in how to make yourself happier — at George Mason University in Fairfax, Va. George Mason is a challenge for positive psychologists because it is one of the 15 unhappiest campuses in America, at least per The Princeton Review. Many students are married and already working and commute to school. It's a place where you go to move your career forward, not to find yourself.
The class was taught by Todd Kashdan, a 32-year-old psychology professor whose area of research is "curiosity and well-being." Kashdan bobbed around the room or sat, legs dangling, on his desk beneath a big PowerPoint slide that said "The Scientific Pursuit of Happiness" as he took the students, a few older than he, through the various building blocks of positive psychology: optimism, gratitude, mindfulness, hope, spirituality. Though the syllabus promised to "approach every topic in this class as scientists" and the assigned readings were academic, the classroom discussion was Oprah-ish. The students seemed intrigued by the research Kashdan presented mostly in relation to their own lives.
The focus of Kashdan's class that day was the distinction between feeling good, which according to positive psychologists only creates a hunger for more pleasure — they call this syndrome the hedonic treadmill — and doing good, which can lead to lasting happiness. The students had been asked first to do something that gave them pleasure and then to perform an act of selfless kindness. They approached the first part of the assignment eagerly. One student recounted having sex with her boyfriend 30 feet underwater while scuba diving. Another said he "went to Coastal Flats and got hammered." A third attended a Nascar race in North Carolina, smoked, drank and had sex. Some also watched favorite TV shows; others chatted with friends.
When it came time to talk about the second part of the assignment, the students were excited, too. The Nascar attendee, who was afraid of needles, gave blood. Another collected clothes from family members and donated them to a shelter for battered women. The boy who had gotten hammered bought a homeless person a 12-pack of "Natty Ice" at a 7-Eleven, wondering if it was the right thing to do. A fourth gave her waiter at Denny's a $50 tip. At times, Kashdan, who ran the class in the nonjudgmental manner of a '70s rap-session leader — he used the word "cool" a lot — would compliment them on their behavior and pull out a moral. In this case, as one student wrote in a summary she submitted to Kashdan, comparing "a day at the spa covered in really expensive French" stuff and "a day of community improvement covered in horse" manure, the smile on the community organizer's face "beat out the smile on the masseur's face any day." That is, she had learned that doing good is good for you.
Though Kashdan brought up published studies that optimistic people live longer and that certain regions of the brains of positive people show more activity ("Have a very active left prefrontal lobe day," he joked at one point), in class they didn't spend a lot of time on clinical research. Absent were the rats with electrodes, data charts, syndromes and neuroses. The main experimental corpus seemed to be the students themselves, with Kashdan assuming the role of therapist, asserting that pleasure isn't enough. True happiness comes with meaning, he said, and the students agreed.
I sat in on the course a few more times during the semester, and when Kashdan was done with pleasure versus selfless giving, he took up gratitude and forgiveness, close relationships and love, then spirituality and well-being and finally "meaning and purpose in life." "I never use the word morality," Kashdan said. Rather his goal was to show that "there are ways of living that research shows lead to better outcomes."
More than 200 colleges and graduate schools in the United States offer classes like the one at George Mason. At the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Barbara Fredrickson passes out notebooks with clouds on a powdery blue cover for each student. At the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, students pass out chocolates and handwritten notes to school custodians and secretaries. The introductory positive-psychology class at Harvard attracted 855 students last spring, making it the most popular class at the school. "I teach my class on two levels," says Tal Ben-Shahar, the instructor. "It's like a regular academic course. The second level is where they ask the question, How can I apply this to my life?" True, the course is known as a gut, but it is also significant that 23 percent of the students who commented on it in the undergraduate evaluation guide said that it had improved their lives. "It wasn't until my senior year that I started thinking maybe law school wasn't for me," wrote one graduate, Elizabeth Peterson, in her biographical précis for the masters program in applied positive psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. She had decided to take the class on a whim. "I was pretty much hooked from there. I realized that what I loved the most was talking to people about their problems."
Positive psychology brings the same attention to positive emotions (happiness, pleasure, well-being) that clinical psychology has always paid to the negative ones (depression, anger, resentment). Psychoanalysis once promised to turn acute human misery into ordinary suffering; positive psychology promises to take mild human pleasure and turn it into a profound state of well-being. "Under certain circumstances, people — they're not desperate or in misery — they start to wonder what's the best thing life can offer," says Martin Seligman, one of the field's founders, who heads the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania. Thus positive psychology is not only about maximizing personal happiness but also about embracing civic engagement and spiritual connectedness, hope and charity. "Aristotle taught us virtue isn't virtue unless you choose it," Seligman says.
Sitting in Kashdan's classroom, you might wonder whether psychology had abandoned its proper territory or found a new one, and if a new one, whether it owed more to science or to Sunday school. Perhaps that was because the class reflected the discipline's own tension between simplicity and complexity, "good tough science," as Seligman calls it, and airier talk of values. With its emphasis on the self in the world, positive psychology is already an ethics seminar. Which is fitting, given that it has its roots in a Socratic dialogue of sorts. Seligman likes to tell the story of how his daughter Nikki, when she was 5, accused him of being a grouch. She reminded him that he had criticized her for being whiny and that she had worked hard to stop whining. If she could stop being whiny, he could stop being grumpy. He realized, he says, that she was right, that he was "a pessimist and depressive and someone of high critical intelligence" and that he needed to change. Seligman, who at 54 had just been elected president of the American Psychological Association and was renowned for his hard science — most of his research had been in depression — decided to put his considerable talents into finding out "what made life worth living."
Though positive psychology is only beginning to be used as an educational tool in classrooms and secondary schools, in the nine years since Seligman's epiphany it has taken a firm hold in academia. The field's steering committee includes a number of psychologists and psychiatrists who have done highly regarded clinical work: Ed Diener of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, whose specialty is "subjective well-being"; Christopher Peterson at the University of Michigan, who has made a study of admired character traits around the world; George Vaillant, who has long headed a Harvard project tracking success and failure among the college's graduates; and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi of Claremont Graduate University, who has spent years studying "optimal functioning," or the state of being intensely absorbed in a task, what he calls "flow." Seligman's book, "Authentic Happiness," published in 2002, lays out the field's fundamental principles and has been translated into nearly 20 languages. Last year's annual positive-psychology summit in Washington attracted hundreds of academics working in the field or interested in doing so, as well as a children's programming director, who was working to imbue her cartoons with positive psychology messages, and the Nobel Prize-winning economist Daniel Kahneman, who studies the relationship between economics and perceptions of happiness. In addition there were a lot of "life coaches," independent consultants who hire themselves out to help clients achieve their life goals.
Despite its seemingly American emphasis on self-reliance and self-expression, positive psychology is also proving popular in England and the British Commonwealth. Nick Baylis, a psychologist at Cambridge University, helped found the Well-being Institute there last year and is consulting with Wellington College, a private boarding and day school, on how to apply positive psychology to its curriculum. The Geelong Grammar School, a prestigious boarding and day school in Australia, is planning to shape its curriculum around the precepts of positive psychology in 2008, and the government of Scotland has also been in touch with Seligman to see whether the discipline might help its citizens. "Our old nation has been renewed through our new Parliament, and if we can embrace this new science of positive psychology, we have the opportunity to create a new Enlightenment," one government official announced.
Positive psychology is popular with educators because if happiness is something that can be learned, it can be taught. And because being happier seems to have positive long-term effects not just on well-being but also on health and life span. In one often-cited study, researchers at the University of Kentucky analyzed the essays novices born before 1917 wrote on entering the School Sisters of Notre Dame and correlated them to the nuns' life spans. They found that 9 out of 10 of the most positive 25 percent of the nuns were still alive at 85, while only one-third of the least positive 25 percent were. Overall, their study showed positive emotions correlated to a 10-year increase in life span, greater even than the differential between smokers and nonsmokers. Another study, by Dacher Keltner, a psychology professor at U.C. Berkeley, correlated the smiles that the female graduates of Mills College in Oakland, Calif., displayed in two mid-20th-century yearbooks with life satisfaction and found that the bigger the smile, the more satisfying the marriage and the greater their well-being. Inspired by studies like these, positive psychologists have developed "interventions," or practices, designed to maximize positive emotions and have tested them on thousands of people. One such intervention is to think every night about the good things that happened to you that day. Another is to make sure in any given day that you either work or play in a new area that draws on what positive psychologists call your "signature strengths" to create a sense of well-being. Gratitude visits — looking up someone who has taught or mentored you and thanking him or her — are important in positive psychology, too; this last intervention, studies show, gives the biggest increase in happiness of all.
In the first few weeks of the semester, Kashdan asked his students to keep a record of their thoughts and experiences. He then gave them "experiential assignments" to make them happier, working their emotions the way an athletic coach might work their muscles. One week they were to report on attempts to go into "flow." "Sex, drugs and chocolate are all highly useful avenues for people to attain flow states," Kashdan said. To enter flow, students were asked to do something that they were good at, be it writing, playing basketball or talking to their friends. According to positive psychology, your signature strengths play a special role in building your confidence and thus bringing you happiness. Seligman's Web site, authentichappiness.org, has a 240-question test to help determine whether your gift is for creativity, bravery, love or something else. In class, one student recounted going into flow during a fistfight; another told of being at her father's grave. A third talked about being with a friend watching TV and suddenly having a profound conversation. "We had so much love for each other," the student remembered in class, "and suddenly we were crying."
Several studies undertaken by positive psychologists have suggested that meditation enhances well-being, so another class assignment was to meditate for 15 minutes three days in a row, attend a free yoga class (Kashdan's wife, a yoga instructor, arranged this with her studio), be mindful twice a day and report on the results. The mindfulness exercises — excercises in heightened awareness and openness to experience — are central to positive psychology and made a big impression, according to Kashdan: "Some said they just noticed for the first time how many types of trees there are on the way to campus."
The following week, students were asked to watch "Before Sunrise"and "Before Sunset,"movies starring Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy. In the former, the two fall in love through intense conversation during one long evening in Vienna and then part. The sequel catches up with them nine years later. The students had to write about the first time they fell in love. The next assignment was to pay a gratitude visit or write a gratitude letter. After that, the students were to exercise their curiosity by doing something "novel, complex, and uncertain . . . epistemic, sensory and social" — that is, they were to use their signature strengths to try something new. One student tasted a pomegranate for the first time; another went to a book reading by Carly Fiorina, the former C.E.O. of Hewlett-Packard. Finally, the students were asked to select one memory they would be willing to spend an eternity with, an intervention inspired by the Japanese movie "After Life."
Kashdan's enthusiasm — he is a passionate teacher — ate up class time, and so the students never got to other parts of the syllabus, among them optimism exercises and exercises that would make them better teammates. On the last week, students handed in their final papers, describing how they had tried to enhance their lives toward, in Kashdan's words, "a specific, personally meaningful positive outcome" during the semester. There was no final exam; the students' grades were based in large part on the paper and class participation.
In an era when psychology is seeking to become a hard science of M.R.I.'s and evidence-based therapies, when, as Seligman says, "if it doesn't plug into the wall, it's not science," positive psychology can seem like a retro endeavor with the appeal of a cure that fits on a recipe card. While this may make it particularly adaptable for use in the classroom, critics are often most disturbed by what they perceive as its prescriptive nature. "There is way too little evidence of stable, long-term benefits — and lack of harm — to justify large-scale incorporation of positive psychology programs into schools," Julie Norem, chairwoman of the psychology department at Wellesley College in Massachusetts, said in an e-mail message. "It pays scant attention to individual differences." For all that the open, 1960s-style classroom has fallen out of favor, it allowed a child to find his or her own way. In the words of the founder of the famous Summerhill school in England, a child should be free "to live his own life — not the life that his anxious parents think he should live, nor a life according to the purpose of the educator who thinks he knows best." Children were treated as unique, which you might think would result in a more capable, independent adults. By comparison, positive psychology can seem as if it is laying out a road and asking the adherent to follow. "If I could wave my magic wand, there would be no positive psychology — there would be positive psychologists," says Daniel Gilbert, a professor of psychology at Harvard, whose own work in the science of affective forecasting suggests that what we think will make us happy rarely does, or at least not for long. "I guess I just wish it didn't look so much like a religion."
Credit Illustration by Ian Adelman; Photograph by Stephen Lewis
Indeed, the sectlike feel of positive psychology can be hard to shake off when watching classes like Kashdan's or even when reviewing the record of the field's beginnings. When Seligman was first trying to establish the discipline, he and his colleagues invited 25 young psychologists to the Yucatán to discuss the positive side of life. They snorkeled and talked philosophy and then swam some more. They summarized their work and listened to others' reactions. One evening, the group devoted itself to poetry and song. Seligman recited Ezra Pound's "Immorality"; a colleague named Sonja Lyubomirsky read some of Prospero's speeches from "The Tempest."Seligman's daughter Lara — Seligman educates his five younger children in part by traveling with them — recited a Delmore Schwartz poem, "I Am Cherry Alive."
The talk under the palapas was not just about happiness but also about engagement. Participants contrasted the "hedonic treadmill" with "the meaningful life." To find the qualities that gave life purpose, the team examined Western religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism and Bushido as well as the mores of 70 nations. Over time, positive psychologists, led by Christopher Peterson, settled on 24 virtues — or character strengths, as they prefer to call them — including courage, modesty, spirituality and leadership. "The agenda comes from the world," Seligman told me. "These are universals we're after."
The search for what unites humans in virtue was an ambitious effort to integrate psychology with those fields that have long sat alongside it: ethics, religion, philosophy. Before the retreat in Mexico, Seligman met with one of his former professors, the Harvard philosopher Robert Nozick. His book "The Examined Life," written late in his career, looked at how questions of value might be related to everyday experience. It was Nozick who suggested a "taxonomy of character," by which he meant, as Seligman put it, a list of "those abiding moral traits that everyone values." Lyubomirsky remembers that many of the young scientists were uncomfortable doing so. "There was a lot of debate about it," she said. "We were trained as hard scientists." Seligman wasn't so sure himself that he wanted virtue to be part of positive psychology either: he was wary of science becoming prescriptive, but Csikszentmihalyi was enthusiastic, Seligman recalled, and in the end Seligman agreed.
Two criticisms as troubling as the problem of positive psychology's religiosity are 1) that it is not new — psychology always cared about happiness and 2) that the publicity about the field has gotten ahead of the science, which may be no good anyway. True, there have been attempts to marry psychology to ethics, to enlist it in the service of decoding what it means to be fully human, throughout its history. In the 1950s and '60s, for instance, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, among others, established humanistic psychology to focus on what gave meaning to life, looking at the very subjects positive psychologists now take as their own. But where Maslow and Rogers relied primarily on qualitative research for their theories, Seligman and his colleagues hope to establish positive psychology — and thus the nature of happiness itself — on firmer scientific ground. The idea that whatever science there is may not yet be first-class troubles Seligman, too. "I have the same worry they do. That's what I do at 4 in the morning," he says.
When Todd Kashdan asked his students at George Mason to tell him which they liked better, experiencing pleasure or doing good, he cautioned, "Don't give me the Miss Universe answers." But when I met the participants in the nation's only master's program in applied positive psychology, at the University of Pennsylvania, I felt the spirit of Gandhi was hovering over us. One woman wrote in her application essay, "My strange and energetic career has included activism for peace and justice; teaching safety and self-defense skills to 10,000 students." She was also a founder of two nonprofit organizations and taught "Swedish massage and stress-reduction skills." Another sold her Mercedes and was using her savings to pay for the course. A third left banking to find the meaning in life.
There were, in all, about 30 students in the master's class at Penn on the Saturday in September I attended. MAPP, as the program is known, is organized around intensive days of class time, online work and conference calls. Seligman, who runs the program, says that he likes to invite others to lecture so he can learn what's going on in the field, and so that day Barbara Fredrickson of the University of North Carolina was presenting her "broaden and build" theory, while Seligman sat at a little table nodding and taking notes. "It's a neat design that allows humans and other organisms to grow and become more resourceful versions of themselves," she told the class.
The first part of her theory stems from a series of experiments that she published in 2005 in which five groups of 20 people each watched short film clips. The clips were meant to elicit negative, positive or neutral emotions. The participants were given a sheet ruled with 20 blank lines and asked to write down what they were feeling. Those who had just had positive emotions induced were able to provide more ideas about what their responses would be than those with either negative or neutral ones.
For Fredrickson, this was evidence that positive emotions lead to broader thinking. The participants were also tested for what is called global-local-visual processing. When asked to look at a design on a computer of three squares arranged in a triangle, those who had watched happy-making film clips tended to see the broader pattern — i.e. the triangular pattern — while the angrier subjects saw only the squares. (The neutral ones saw some of each.)
This was only the first part of Fredrickson's theory. But it could be that thinking broadly has no effect on happiness or well-being — it might even be a deficit. To show that broadening led to building, she then described an experiment she had undertaken on a group of employees at Compuware, a progressive information-technology firm in Detroit. With the company's assistance, she followed two groups — one that was taught a loving-kindness meditation (a meditation in which the practitioner repeats phrases that cultivate a caring attitude toward all life) and one that was wait-listed for the meditation. After eight weeks, she compared the two groups' responses to questions about well-being. Those who meditated reported higher mental resources than before; their mindfulness, freedom from illness and connectedness to others all increased. But interestingly, their sense of well-being hadn't, at least not immediately. It dropped at first. "It's like you started a gym membership and then you realize you have to go," Fredrickson theorized. But once their sense of well-being increased, they retained their edge over those who only wanted to meditate even after the meditation program was over.
All this interested Seligman's students, but what Fredrickson says always catches their attention most is a study Fredrickson did with a Brazilian workplace psychologist named Marcia Losada, who observed annual strategic-review meetings of employees through one-way mirrors. The data she collected showed that the most effective teams — the criteria were customer satisfaction, profitability and internal review — were the ones who had more positive meetings. There was even a number that corresponded to the minimum amount of positive to negative feedback necessary to encourage successful functioning. That number, Fredrickson told the class, was three positive comments to one negative comment. "The ratio lady," one student called her.
With its emphasis on universals and practical applications, positive psychology fits these divided times: it preaches values without linking them to a particular value system and embraces spirituality without making you go to church. When positive psychology was introduced into the language-arts program at Strath Haven High School outside Philadelphia in 2003, the left-leaning parents welcomed it because the values were internationally accepted; all but the most conservative ones were reassured that there were values at all.
Seligman recently held a meeting with the leaders from the Lawrenceville School in New Jersey, the Episcopal Academy in Merion, Pa., the Riverdale Country School in the Bronx and the KIPP program, a national network of public charter schools, at which the educational leaders discussed introducing positive psychology into their schools. They are all looking to restore "wholeness" to the teenage years, to replace the supposed sense of certainty that the '60s removed and that returned in the '80s as a national political objective but that teachers are now too bogged down in the fundamentals to teach and adults, working longer and longer hours, are simply too busy to shore up at home. A follow-up meeting is scheduled for June, this time with a dozen schools; one item on the agenda is to add personal strengths and virtues to admissions criteria. (Educational Testing Service is exploring a test that students wouldn't be able to fake.) "What this is about is building character," Seligman says.
Currently, the biggest project on positive psychology's drawing board is at the Geelong School. "As a school, we would like to know how to make all students more resilient, how to turn depressing thoughts into positive ones," Charles Scudamore, the head of the project at what Seligman calls "Australia's Eton," wrote in an e-mail message. That there is a need for a curriculum to promote engagement and happiness among teenagers is obvious, and Geelong is the first school to give positive psychologists a chance to show that they can really change teaching. According to Scudamore, "When we adopt a positive-psychology approach, it will be seen and practiced in all that we do." The Australians "have had a lot of depression in kids, that's half the reason they want it," said Ed Diener, the professor of psychology at the University of Illinois.
What the psychologists have in mind for Geelong is very much the sort of intervention Kashdan was teaching at George Mason. The draft proposal by which they secured Geelong's support included gratitude exercises, exercises in the "three pathways of happiness," "the four ways to promote savoring" and "the five ways to overcome" adversity. To teach savoring, the teacher would explain mindfulness and show the students how to taste their food more thoroughly and then instruct them to try "savoring with a friend." The students would have journals to record their emotions, their "grudges and gratitudes." They would mentor a younger student too. Scudamore says he hopes that even the teachers will feel "their well-being" and their teaching skills enhanced. Seligman and his family are scheduled to make a six-month visit. An American-trained positive-psychology instructor will be in residence to provide training and real-time feedback.
This endeavor outstrips the ongoing Strath Haven experiment. The effort there, financed by a $2.8 million grant from the U.S. Department of Education, is limited to the ninth-grade language-arts program. At the school last year, the positive psychologists interwove their teachings with the literature classes. The idea was to buffer the lessons from bleak books like "Lord of the Flies"and "Romeo and Juliet"with some reassuring thoughts — or at least a more positive framework for understanding human behavior than the classics offer. Thus, according to Mark Linkins, now coordinator of the Swarthmore school district's curriculum, who helped teach the classes, the animalistic and murderous Jack in "Lord of the Flies" shows "what happens when someone is lacking in signature strengths." And when reading "The Odyssey,"students were asked: "What are the signature strengths that Odysseus lived and breathed? What are the things he might have improved on to make things go better?" It is too soon to know the effect of these stratagems on the school's students, since part of the protocol agreed to with the Department of Education requires that they be followed for four years. The results will be compared with a control group that received the standard curriculum. (For his part, Seligman home-schools the children he had with his second wife. He says he likes to balance the standard high-school fare he gives the older ones with "books in which notions of virtue and nobility do not end in humiliation and death," like Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird"and Arthur C. Clarke's "Childhood's End.")
Not all positive psychologists are sure educational interventions are a good idea. Lyubormisky, for instance, turned down a similar request from the Compton school system in California. "I did not think the science was ready to be applied in that big a way," she told me. Linkins acknowledges that happiness may come at the cost of a full understanding of literature and human complexity. But, he said, "it's preferable to be happy than not, even if that means the potential for creative output is diminished."
The question is, Can positive psychology actually fulfill its promise of making people happier? If positive emotions widen the sphere of what it is to be human, as positive psychology asserts, then positive psychology, at least as it is taught in the classroom, can seem to narrow it. If you are not optimistic, fake it. If you do not have friends, make some. I wondered what sort of student positive psychology would create. Was he or she more likely to be a future Nobel Peace Prize winner or J. P. (Gus) Godsey, the Virginia Beach stockbroker, dad and Craftsmen-tool enthusiast whom USA Weekend Magazine declared in 2003 "the happiest person in America" ("You are a blessed, happy person, Gus," Martin Seligman commented in the article. "You've created many of your blessings on your own.")
When I e-mailed various graduates of Penn's first master's class, I found that they continued to take positive psychology's emphasis on the engaged life very seriously. One woman was using positive psychology to teach first-year medical students better patient-communication skills, citing Fredrickson's optimal flourishing ratio as a benchmark. John Yeager, who has a doctorate in education and runs the Center for Character Excellence at the Culver Academies, a boarding school in Indiana, wants to "help teachers 'broaden and build' character strengths and positive emotions in children, young adults and themselves."
Of course the master's students were a self-selected group, willing to pay almost $40,000 for a degree with no clear career track. The students at George Mason, though they, too, had chosen the course, were perhaps more relevant to the question of what positive psychology can really teach. There I found a mixed response. They seemed remarkably sure that they had undergone an important experience but less sure what the nature of that experience had been. Had they saved the world or themselves? I spoke to Brandon Rasmussen, an easygoing student who seemed to me like a surfer dude washed up on some New Age shore. The class had energized him, and he had been a vigorous participant — earning an A. His final paper was about learning to really be with his friends, going into flow with them, something he had long had difficulty doing. "My personal satisfaction is the personal measure for me, and my personal satisfaction is great," he explained. "I hate to say this, but really in the scheme of things we're not going to change the war in Iraq." Then he paused and thought how that sounded. "We can only fix the world one person at a time."
Correction: January 28, 2007
An article on Jan. 7 about the psychology of happiness misstated the given name of a Brazilian psychologist who studied positive reinforcement in the workplace. He is Marcial Losada, not Marcia. The article also misspelled in one instance the surname of another psychologist who has done work in the field. She is Sonja Lyubomirsky, not Lyubormisky.
D.T. Max is a frequent contributor to the magazine. His most recent book is "The Family That Couldn't Sleep," a scientific and cultural history of fatal familial insomnia, mad cow and other prion diseases.


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Reference Maps | Wisconsin Historical Society
About Reference Maps of Wisconsin
Wisconsin Counties, 2010. View the original source document.
There are approximately 200 modern reference maps available of basic cultural and geographical data about Wisconsin and its history. The maps are primarily intended for teachers, students, and others needing answers to simple questions such as: Where were Wisconsin's Indian tribes when the first white explorers arrived? What parts of the state did German immigrants settle in? Where were Wisconsin's first roads? Can I print a map of all Wisconsin counties and county seats?
How Reference Maps Are Organized
All reference maps are available online. To find maps on a particular topic, enter a specific search term such as "Norwegians" or "rivers".
View online reference maps in the Society's collections.
Ninety-one maps were scanned from "Cultural Resource Management in Wisconsin" (1986). Subjects include: agriculture, fur trade, religion, social & political, transportation, industry, government, settlement and education.
There are also maps from "Wisconsin: Our State, Our Story" (2008), the Wisconsin Historical Society's elementary school history textbook. Subjects include: Blackhawk's route, fur trade routes and tribal lands.
Geographical Reference Maps
Ninety-six maps were scanned from "Origin and Legislative History of County Boundaries in Wisconsin" (1942). All Wisconsin counties are represented based on the General Land Office township and range system. The maps show the precise boundary of every Wisconsin county at any point in time. The original book was crudely printed by mimeograph and the scanned images accurately reflect the quality of the original work.
There are also maps from "Wisconsin: Our State, Our Story" (2008), the Wisconsin Historical Society's elementary school history textbook. Subjects include: counties, glaciers, topography, longitude and latitude markers and waterways.
The reference maps were compiled from numerous sources for online retrieval only. They are not available in one location physically.
Most maps and atlases do not circulate and must be used at the Society's Library or Archives. Also, some may be sent to any of our 13 Area Research Centers around the state for viewing.
Photocopies of documents are available for a fee.
The State Cartographer's Office is a clearinghouse of information on maps and geographic data about Wisconsin.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Burundi: Cholera Outbreak - Jun 2019
According to [WHO], 795 cholera cases including 6 deaths (of which 5 were located in Bujumbura city) were registered from 1 June to 4 October 2019 in the health districts of Cibitoke, Rugombo, Isare, Bubanza, Bujumbura Centre, Bujumbura North and Bujumbura South. Since the declaration of the cholera epidemic in these areas on 5 June 2019 by the Ministry of Public Health and the Fight Against AIDS (MoH), new cases of the disease have been registered in Bujumbura Mairie, Rumonge, Mwaro and Bubanza provinces, mainly due to insufficient drinking water and inadequate hygiene practices in households. (OCHA, 7 Oct 2019)
From 1 June to 5 November 2019, a total of 1 064 cases with six deaths (CFR 0.6%) were reported from 11 health districts. The most affected health districts are Bujumbura North (328 cases), Bujumbura Centre (144 cases) and Bujumbura South (125 cases) in Bujumbura Mairie, Isale (155 cases) in Bujumbura rural province, Cibitoke (194 cases) in Cibitoke province. (WHO, 15 Dec 2019)
The Ministry of Public Health and the Fight against AIDS declared the end of the cholera outbreak in Burundi on 17 January 2020. From 1 June to 5 November 2019, a total of 1 064 cases with six deaths (CFR 0.6%) were reported from 11 health districts. (WHO, 26 Jan 2020)
MSF: International Activity Report 2019
UNICEF: UNICEF Burundi Humanitarian Situation Report No. 2 - Reporting Period: 01 January to 30 June 2020
UNICEF: UNICEF Burundi Humanitarian Situation Report No. 1 - Reporting Period: 01 January to 31 March 2020
OCHA: Global Humanitarian Overview 2020 Monthly Funding Update - 31 January 2020 [EN/FR/AR]
WHO: WHO AFRO Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 5: 27 January - 2 February 2020 Data as reported by: 17:00; 2 February 2020


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Home/World News/Asia-Pacific/Pakistan summons US charge d'affaires over drone attacks
Asia-PacificPakistan
Pakistan summons US charge d'affaires over drone attacks
Pakistan's Foreign Ministry has called US Charge d'affaires Richard Hoagland over Washington's continued assassination drone attacks in the country.
The ministry "officially conveyed the government's serious concern regarding drone strikes in Pakistani territory," it said in a statement.
The ministry protested against the drone strikes, calling them "unlawful, against international law and a violation of Pakistan's sovereignty."
The move came following a recent hike in the number of the unauthorized air attacks, which Pakistan has repeatedly criticized as counter-productive.
"The parliament had emphatically stated that they were unacceptable. Drone strikes represented a clear red-line for Pakistan," the statement said.
Pakistani-US relations experienced particularly serious strains in 2011 after a CIA contractor killed two Pakistanis and a US team infiltrated the Pakistani territory under the pretext of killing al-Qaeda chief Osama bin Laden.
This was topped by US air strikes in November which killed 24 Pakistani soldiers at two army outposts on the Afghan border.
The last incident prompted Islamabad to shut down supply routes to US-led foreign military forces in Afghanistan.
On Monday, Pakistan's Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar reiterated Islamabad's demand for a US apology before the supply lines could be opened, a demand Washington has so far rejected.
Iran's president visits flood-hit Sistan & Baluchestan Province
Terrorist ISIS mufti arrested by Iraqi security forces in special operation
Zionist Israel deports two of three arrested Turkish al-Quds demonstrators
February 11 rallies in support of ideals of Imam Khomeini
Iraqi minister pays tribute to late founder of Islamic Republic


Some brands of butter have slightly higher water content than others. We prefer Land O'Lakes butter for this recipe.
Preheat oven to 350°. Butter a 15- x 10-inch jelly-roll pan.
Bake walnuts at 350° in a single layer in a shallow pan 8 to 10 minutes or until toasted and fragrant, stirring halfway through. Let cool 30 minutes.
Melt 1 1/4 cups butter in a 3 1/2-qt. heavy saucepan over medium heat; stir in granulated sugar, next 5 ingredients, and 1/3 cup water. Cook, stirring constantly, until a candy thermometer registers 290° (soft crack stage), about 20 minutes. Remove pan from heat, and stir in walnuts. Quickly pour mixture into prepared pan, and spread into an even layer. Immediately sprinkle milk chocolate and white chocolate morsels over top; let stand 5 minutes. Swirl chocolate using an off-set spatula. Cover and chill until firm (about 1 hour). Break toffee into pieces. Store in an airtight container in refrigerator up to 7 days. Serve cold or at room temperature.
Followed the recipe exactly, but even after placing it in the fridge overnight, it never completely solidified- it remained a bit soft and crumbled more than clear breaks. Not sure if that is how it is meant to be, but we did not really care for it.
This toffee is delicious! It was my first time making toffee and it turned out perfectly. The flavors complemented each other well and it will go into my Christmas candy rotation.


SKU: R/636.N6800. Availability: In stock Size: N/A Categories: Hoodies & Sweatshirts, Mens Clothing. Tags: Halfwits, Pink.
Get a layered streetwear look with the Mosey Pink Crew Neck Sweatshirt from Halfwits Clothing. This reverse weave knit features a light pink French Terry Cloth exterior with a tonal Halfwits logo embroidered on the front for a low-key look. The Mosey Crew Neck Sweatshirt offers a traditional fit and a lightweight cotton fleece construction for comfort.
Mosey Pink Crew Neck Sweatshirt from Halfwits Clothing.
Light pink French terry cloth exterior.
Tonal logo embroidered on front.
28.5" (71cm) from top shoulder seam to bottom hem.


The Respondent is Mandarin Data Processing, Eric Richard of Belize City, Belize.
The disputed domain names <bingo-partouche.com>, <bingopartouche.com> and <partouche-poker-tour.com> are registered with EuroDNS S.A.
The Complaint was filed with the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center (the "Center") on September 24, 2010. On September 24, 2010, the Center transmitted by email to EuroDNS S.A. a request for registrar verification in connection with the disputed domain names. On September 29, 2010, EuroDNS S.A. transmitted by email to the Center its verification response confirming that the Respondent is listed as the registrant and providing the contact details.
In accordance with the Rules, paragraphs 2(a) and 4(a), the Center formally notified the Respondent of the Complaint, and the proceedings commenced on September 29, 2010. In accordance with the Rules, paragraph 5(a), the due date for Response was October 19, 2010. The Respondent did not submit any response. Accordingly, the Center notified the Respondent's default on October 21, 2010.
The Center appointed Knud Wallberg as the sole panelist in this matter on October 22, 2010. The Panel finds that it was properly constituted. The Panel has submitted the Statement of Acceptance and Declaration of Impartiality and Independence, as required by the Center to ensure compliance with the Rules, paragraph 7.
The Complainant is Groupe Partouche, an international leader especially in the field of casinos. The Complainant also owns restaurants, hotels and provides entertainment services such as online gaming. It was created in France in 1973.
The Complainant is the owner of several trademark registrations containing PARTOUCHE in France and other countries, just as the Complainant is the owner of several domain name registrations containing PARTOUCHE, including <partouche.com>. The Complainant provided evidence in support of its trademark and domain name registrations.
The Respondent's domain names were registered on March 3, 2006 and February 13, 2006 respectively. At the time of the filing of the present Complaint, all the disputed domain names pointed to webpages making reference to the Complainant's online gaming activity with links to other websites providing similar services.
The Complainant states that the disputed domain names <bingo-partouche.com>, <bingopartouche.com> and <partouche-poker-tour.com> are confusingly similar to its trademark PARTOUCHE, with the mere addition of the words "bingo" and "poker-tour", which are generic or descriptive terms that do not change the fact that the Complainant's trademark is incorporated in full in the disputed domain names.
Moreover, the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the disputed domain names since it has not been authorized by the Complainant to register and use the disputed domain names and is not making a legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the disputed domain names.
The Complainant submits that the Respondent has registered, used, and continues to use the disputed domain names in bad faith. In fact, the Complainant asserts that its trademark PARTOUCHE enjoys international reputation, in particular in the poker industry, and the Respondent could not have registered the disputed domain names without knowledge of the Complainant's trademark rights. By doing so, the Respondent is trying to use the reputation of the Complainant's trademark to advertise its own business and website, by claiming an affiliation with the Complainant and therefore causing confusion between the Complainant's trademark and the disputed domain name.
According to paragraph 15(a) of the Rules, the Panel shall decide the Complaint on the basis of the statements and documents submitted and in accordance with the Policy, the Rules and any rules and principles of law that it deems applicable.
The disputed domain names all contain the Complainant's distinctive trademark PARTOUCHE in full. The addition of the generic terms "bingo" and "poker-tour" respectively, as well as the inclusion of the gTLD denomination ".com", does not alter the finding of the Panel that the disputed domain names are confusingly similar to the Complainant's registered trademarks and that the requirements of paragraph 4(a)(i) of the Policy therefore are fulfilled.
The Panel is satisfied that the Complainant has established a prima facie case that the Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain names. The Respondent has not rebutted this by way of a formal Response or otherwise. The disputed domain names were registered several years after the Complainant first registered and started using its trademark, and the Respondent is currently using the disputed domain names for websites that contain only links to other websites – among others links to websites that offers products and services that are similar to those offered by the Complainant. The Respondent thus could not credibly claim that the disputed domain names are intended to be used for any legitimate interests.
Paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy requires the Complainant to prove both registration and use of the disputed domain names in bad faith. Paragraph 4(b)(i) of the Policy provides an example of circumstances which shall be evidence of registration and use in bad faith.
The Panel is satisfied under the specific circumstances of the present case that the Respondent was likely to have been aware of the Complainant, its PARTOUCHE mark and the Complainant's activities when registering the disputed domain names. Further, the Panel finds that the Respondent could not have been unaware of the fact that it chose domain names which could attract Internet users in a manner that is likely to create confusion for such users.
Further, at the time of rendering this decision the disputed domain names were used for websites that contained links to other websites including links related to online gaming services. The Panel therefore finds that the Respondent by its registration and use of the disputed domain names, intentionally created a likelihood of confusion as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation or endorsement of the disputed domain names with the purpose of attracting Internet users to the websites for commercial gain. This finding is supported by the fact that the same conclusion has been reached against the Respondent in other cases under the UDRP.
Accordingly, the Panel finds that the disputed domain names were registered and are being used in bad faith. The Complainant has proven element 4(a)(iii) of the Policy.
For all the foregoing reasons, in accordance with paragraphs 4(i) of the Policy and 15 of the Rules, the Panel orders that the disputed domain names <bingo-partouche.com>, <bingopartouche.com> and <partouche-poker-tour.com> be transferred to the Complainant.


NEW YORK (AP) — The Associated Press is distributing a photo of a Marine fatally wounded in battle, choosing after a period of reflection to make public an image that conveys the grimness of war and the sacrifice of young men and women fighting it. Lance Cpl. Joshua M. Bernard, 21, of New Portland, Maine, was struck by a rocket-propelled grenade in a Taliban ambush Aug. 14 in Helmand province of southern Afghanistan.
The image shows fellow Marines helping Bernard after he suffered severe leg injuries. He was evacuated to a field hospital where he died on the operating table.
An AP reporter met with his parents, allowing them to see the images.
Bernard's father after seeing the image of his mortally wounded son said he opposed its publication, saying it was disrespectful to his son's memory. John Bernard reiterated his viewpoint in a telephone call to the AP on Wednesday.
"We understand Mr. Bernard's anguish. We believe this image is part of the history of this war. The story and photos are in themselves a respectful treatment and recognition of sacrifice," said AP senior managing editor John Daniszewski.
I for one am reassured that they "understand Mr. Bernard's anguish," though I am still trying to square that understanding with their decision to publish this photo after consulting with Mr. Bernard and after Secretary Gates begged the AP (http://www.defenselink.mil//news/newsarticle.aspx?id=55732)"to defer to the wishes of the family."
I cannot imagine the pain and suffering Lance Corporal Bernard's death has caused his family. Why your organization would purposefully defy the family's wishes knowing full well that it will lead to yet more anguish is beyond me. Your lack of compassion and common sense in choosing to put this image of their maimed and stricken child on the front page of multiple American newspapers is appalling. The issue here is not law, policy or constitutional right - but judgment and common decency.
I'm conflicted on this one. Even more after I watched the fanfare of Michael Jackson's death. In this day and age, how do you suggest that our nation should recognize the fallen given the 24-hour news cycle and the limited if not non-existent civilian interest in "the military's wars?"
pictures of dead and wounded provided the faces aren't visible, names are not given until the family has been notified and the family agrees with the publication or display. If the family does not agree, then IMO they should not show the picture or clip. That, as the man said, is just common decency.
I find it fascinating that organizations that use anonymous sources and refuse to reveal them to Torquemada Fitzgerald or when threatened with jail by judges, that refuse to identify vicious hoods who are under 16 or whatever, cannot find it within themselves to heed the request of a family.
In this day and age, how do you suggest that our nation should recognize the fallen given the 24-hour news cycle and the limited if not non-existent civilian interest in "the military's wars?"
Mike, I wish I knew how to stimulate more civilian interest. As far as images of the dead and wounded, my opinions run roughly similar to Ken's I think. I applauded Secretary Gates' decision to open up Dover to the media, and I wish that the front pages of our newspapers had more stories honoring the young men and women who have fallen in the line of duty. I have no wish to hide the terrible costs of war from the public, or to try and force the press to report through rose-tinted glasses. But a photo of a 21-year old bleeding out, with his face clearly visible, is more exploitative than respectful IMHO, especially when you take into account the family's wishes.
The most powerful, and gut wrenching, series of war photographs I have ever seen were in the photo essay by Larry Burroughs Yankee Papa 13 (http://www.vetswithamission.org/papa13/yankeepapa13.htm) about a USMC helicopter crew (cover below). Either Burroughs himself or the LIFE editorial staff (can't remember) modified some of the shots to cover the face of the dying pilot. That small act of decency did nothing to lessen the emotional impact of the images or their journalistic intent. I think it's a shame that AP did not exercise similar discretion.
he's old and has that wisdom thing going for him :D.
Thanks for the reply. As long as we have a volunteer army, we will probably never solve the gap between the citizen and the military. During my last deployment, reporters/photographers from TIME magazine were present at the time that I suffered my sole KIA's in 4 deployments. Later, they gave me the photos, but they promised not to publish them.
Here-here to that. I get a lot frustrated with the way that Memorial Day is remembered. In fact, as one of the few veterans that many of the students know here, I had a couple of people talk to me on Memorial day and comment that it was "my" day as a veteran. I was grateful that at least they were that aware of what Memorial Day was, but I explained to them that Memorial day is for the Veterans you cannot talk to. However, for the majority of people Memorial Day is just a day to celebrate the Beginning of summer.
This is part of a larger problem, wherein people have lost the meaning of sacrifice. When I lived in DC I stopped accompanying extended family members to places like Gettysburg, Arlington, or Memorials because I felt that people treated them as tourist attractions and not as the national hallowed ground that they are. Even worse, in my opinion, is that when the media does cover soldiers who sacrifice, they often phrase it not as a noble sacrifice of a brave man or woman for the good of others, but of a poor dupe who got conned into joining the military. The absolute worst at this, of course, is Michael Moore who comes right out and says it.
I understand that death is a sad time for all involved, and like most people on this forum, I have left close friends on the battlefield. However, I view their service and their lives as something to be celebrated, and not mourned. Surely they are missed, but they have sanctified their lives in one glorious moment, and all of us should remember and respect that. We survivors should be so lucky, and try and live our lives to give them as much meaning as those who laid down theirs on our behalf gave to theirs.
Actually, it's more about economics. The Associated Press is working to deploy a software "system" to track pilfered content published by the AP.
If an article or a photograph isn't published (like the photograph in this specific case), it's unlikely it can be protected.
So if the AP gets a first photograph on just about anything these days, they're likely going to go for publication, because these days, its all about getting control of those digital rights.
intent and ongoing battles with others over rights -- and fees.
This is going to be one of those cases where in the future, if there is an AP stringer or a "journalist" type working directly for the AP and they get an exclusive and/or photographs, best be placing bets it's going to get published as an AP exclusive, whatever the stories/photographs may be.
I doubt this is going to be an isolated incident going forward - it's going to become more and more likely, and not just on the battlefield. The AP better think this through really, really good - because this type of "policy" could easily become extremely offensive to a very large segment of the population.
IMO, you just DON'T MESS with that.
Please see this SWC Poll / thread (http://council.smallwarsjournal.com/showthread.php?t=8363)on the subject and carry on the conversaton there.


Icron's Raven 3104 USB extender pushes the boundaries of USB extension. The USB 3-2-1 extender offers you a 4-port USB 3.1 over CAT6a solution that can extend USB up to 100m. As an industry first, this extender is backwards compatible with USB 2.0 and 1.1 devices for simultaneous use at full 5Gbps bandwidth..
Icron's Raven 3104 USB extender pushes the boundaries of USB extension. The USB 3-2-1 extender offers you a 4-port USB 3.1 over CAT6a solution that can extend USB up to 100m. As an industry first, this extender is backwards compatible with USB 2.0 and 1.1 devices for simultaneous use at full 5Gbps bandwidth.
Additionally, the Raven 3104 includes an Ethernet pass-through for connecting to network enabled devices, or for use with existing infrastructure without losing LAN connectivity. Making this suitable for remote storage, security and monitoring and video matrix systems.
With Icron's patented technology, ExtremeUSB-C, the USB 3-2-1 Raven 3104 provides transparent USB extension, true plug-and-play functionality and works with all major operating systems (Windows, MacOS and Linux).


Ken Lambert is a former Air Force Instructor Pilot, Squadron Commander, and Mortuary Officer. In 1994 using computers and negotiation, Ken saved his first client, a friend, over $9,900. Recently he saved another family over $27,000 compared to what they were going to spend – and, they got a nicer funeral.
Dealing with the funeral industry without the advice of Funeral Negotiators is just as foolish as going to court without an attorney. Ken coaches families at a time when they are most vulnerable to funeral home sales tactics and manipulation. When funeral homes and cemeteries compete, the family wins at this very difficult game.
Ken is not a funeral director. He neither buys nor sells funeral related merchandise or services. He works directly for families, over the telephone and email. Ken educates and coaches families as they deal with the funeral industry. Ken is a crisis educator and negotiator. He helps families Nationwide.
Ken is regularly recommended by several hospices, hospitals, churches, and the many families he has previously helped.


text:
fee GBP 1515
Jane Austen: From the Page to the Screen
when 8 July 2017 - 29 July 2017
Jane Austen is one of the most important writers in the history of the novel and she remains extremely popular. This module examines her complex legacy through consideration of her six major novels, with a specific focus on her first three published works and their screen adaptations – Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Northanger Abbey. Students will examine Austen's place in literary tradition, engaging with debates about her style and the way in which her texts respond to a wide range of social and political issues including class relations, education, gender, the family, 'improvement', religion, social mobility, war, revolution and national identity. Informed by an understanding of Austen's work on the page, and the contexts of its creation, 're-writings' of Austen through screen adaptations and mashup/parody novels will be considered and critiqued, underpinning analysis and discussion of Austen's continuing relevance to our own time.
Students with an IELTS score of 6.0 or higher
The class is designed to:
• Develop an understanding of some of the main features of Austen's work;
• Explore themes in Austen's writing;
• Consider the social, policy and historical context of Austen's work;
• Examine Austen's legacy and contemporary relevance through analysis of screen adaptations.
10 EC
Each Summer School module is worth 20 UK credits (10 ECTS).
Official Transcripts are provided at the end of the course.
GBP 1515: Tuition Fee per session
GBP 0: At the time of application, students have the opportunity to select from accommodation at two of the University of Westminster's centrally located Halls of Residence, as well as joining a comprehensive Social Programme including evening events in London, and weekend trips throughout the UK.
Prices vary and are available in full detail on our website.
University of Westminster London International Summer School


text:
Get Daily Readings E-mails
Saturday of the Seventh Week of Easter Mass in the Morning
Lectionary: 302
Acts 28:16-20, 30-31
When he entered Rome, Paul was allowed to live by himself,
with the soldier who was guarding him.
Three days later he called together the leaders of the Jews.
When they had gathered he said to them, "My brothers,
although I had done nothing against our people
or our ancestral customs,
I was handed over to the Romans as a prisoner from Jerusalem.
After trying my case the Romans wanted to release me,
because they found nothing against me deserving the death penalty.
But when the Jews objected, I was obliged to appeal to Caesar,
even though I had no accusation to make against my own nation.
This is the reason, then, I have requested to see you
and to speak with you, for it is on account of the hope of Israel
that I wear these chains."
He remained for two full years in his lodgings.
He received all who came to him, and with complete assurance
and without hindrance he proclaimed the Kingdom of God
and taught about the Lord Jesus Christ.
Responsorial Psalm
11:4, 5 and 7
R. (see 7b) The just will gaze on your face, O Lord.
R. Alleluia.
The LORD is in his holy temple;
the LORD's throne is in heaven.
His eyes behold,
his searching glance is on mankind.
R. The just will gaze on your face, O Lord.
The LORD searches the just and the wicked;
the lover of violence he hates.
For the LORD is just, he loves just deeds;
the upright shall see his face.
Alleluia
Jn 16:7, 13
R. Alleluia, alleluia.
I will send to you the Spirit of truth, says the Lord;
he will guide you to all truth.
Jn 21:20-25
Peter turned and saw the disciple following whom Jesus loved,
the one who had also reclined upon his chest during the supper
and had said, "Master, who is the one who will betray you?"
When Peter saw him, he said to Jesus, "Lord, what about him?"
Jesus said to him, "What if I want him to remain until I come?
What concern is it of yours?
You follow me."
So the word spread among the brothers that that disciple would not die.
But Jesus had not told him that he would not die,
just "What if I want him to remain until I come?
It is this disciple who testifies to these things
and has written them, and we know that his testimony is true.
There are also many other things that Jesus did,
but if these were to be described individually,
I do not think the whole world would contain the books
that would be written.
The Best of USCCB Books
Ordination of a Bishop, of Priests, and of Deacons
The National Directory for the Formation, Ministry, and Life of Permanent Deacons in the United States of America
The Power of Forgiveness: Pope Francis on Reconciliation
Lectionary for Mass for Use in the Dioceses of the United States, second typical edition, Copyright © 2001, 1998, 1997, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine; Psalm refrain © 1968, 1981, 1997, International Committee on English in the Liturgy, Inc. All rights reserved. Neither this work nor any part of it may be reproduced, distributed, performed or displayed in any medium, including electronic or digital, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.
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This Travelodge is housed in an eye-catching blue building just over a mile from the city centre. Stay here and you'll be well placed to nip back to base in between activities, and Cambridge's nightlife is yours for the taking! The hotel is just 0.3 miles from the botanical gardens, so you can chill there if you want some time out in a beautiful green space. The hotel is just half a mile from the train station and 2.9 miles from Cambridge Airport.
Travelodge Cambridge Central has been revamped with the hotel chain's fresh new look. The spacious en-suite rooms all feature super-comfy Dreamer beds along with flat-screen TV, free WiFi and everything you need to make tea and coffee. There's a Bar Café here, with a 24-hour licence for drinks and you can get a tasty hot food between 5 and 10pm. If you want to enjoy a meal at al local restaurant, just ask one of our party planners to prebook a table for your whole hen party.


text:
'use strict'
const joi = require('joi')

// TODO schema
module.exports =  joi.object().keys({
  kind: joi.string().valid('authorize'),
  gateway_token: joi.string(),
  gateway_source: joi.any()
}).unknown()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Meet the standard for lightweight alpine touring boots: the original, award-winning Maestrale, the lightest four-buckle AT boot on the market. With the Maestrale, SCARPA proves that a boot weighing 3lbs 6oz (men's 27) doesn't have to come at the expense of power. These boots offer stiffness and uncompromising performance on par with many four-buckle AT boots that weigh eight and nine pounds per pair. An innovative Alpine Axial design allows the tongue to open to the side of the boot, giving the Maestrale the benefits of both overlap- and tongue-style boot construction. Translation: the Maestrale provides amazing volume adjustment, they're easy to get in and out of, and there's no unnecessary weight. Finer points include magnesium buckles, plant-based Pebax® Rnew plastic, and compatibility with all alpine-touring bindings, including tech-style bindings. There's also a sweet price.


Home / Guides & Reviews / Racing / More swimrun races are announced and the national leagues are growing!
The swimrun scene is exploding. Germany, Portugal, USA, Poland, UK, Sweden, Italy, Estonia and on it goes.
New races, new cups, new places to visit! Have a look below and keep an eye on our race calendar and map being updated frequently with all new info.
As the swimrun sport is growing it's slowly formation a structure like any other sport. From a crazy adventure in the early 2000, we now have national leagues and championships in USA, Spain, Finland, UK, Australia, France, Portugal, Italy and Germany.
A minimum of two races will get you ranked in the Women's or Men's individual category with awards ceremony placed at the season finale on Oct 7 at the Allgäu Swimrun.
Georgia MultiSports was founded in 2003 and concentrates on multisport events such as triathlons. This is the first year they will host a swimrun on June 2, 2018.
– I watched the U-tube of the OTILLO Championship and loved the concept say Jim Rainey, in charge.
The race takes take place in in Atlanta, Ga at Ft Yargo local state park. There are two courses, first the long course with 13.5 miles (21.7 km) of running and 5 km of swimming. The short course is 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of running and 1800 m of swimming.
Said and done. Now Portugal has its own series and you should definetly check it out!
Mad Hatter Sports Events is based in the stunning location of St Austell Bay in Cornwall. The company have been organising events for around four years but we also compete in events all around the world. The Hokey Cokey started in 2014 with a select crazy few taking on the course which takes in swimming in the ocean and running along the Cornish coastpath.
The race takes place on the 26th May 2018. Has pairs and individuals with short and long course options available, the short course is approx. 10km in total with 2.5km of swimming and 7.5km of running and the long course is 5km of swimming and 15km of running. Don't be deceived by the distances, it is a tough course!
Sea temp will be approx 13-14 degrees, Air temp up to 17 degrees.
Run and swim through six or three lakes just 5 km from Gothenburg city. You will run in the two nature reserves Delsjöområdet and Knipeflågsbergen with it's characteristic hills (ridges) and scenic lakes.
Compete in teams with two persons or individually.
Stunning scenery, excellent hosting. Lots of fun. Check it out!
Brian and Kristen have fallen in love with the sport of SwimRun and both took part in the first SwimRun NC.
And now they are announcing the inaugural SwimRun Lake James in 2018. The date is set for Saturday April 7th, 2018.
They started with a map looking for the perfect spot for their own race and after narrowing down a few locations they fell in love with Lake James. It has over 20+ miles of trails, 20+ miles of service roads, and is the largest reservoir in the mountains of Western North Carolina. Lake James is seated in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The Lake is 1,200 feet above sea level and the trails used on course are well marked. There are sections where you'll go off the beaten path, but not to worry if you pay attention you won't get lost. The run sections are on a constant rolling terrain. The swim sections use all parts of the lakes including some of the islands. This park was meant for SwimRun.
Lake James is just 30 minutes West of Morganton, NC and 60 minutes East of Asheville, NC. If you plan on flying the two airports used are located in Charlotte, NC and Asheville, NC. Charlotte is about 90 minutes away. Once at Lake James there are over 33 drive-in campsites in the Paddy's Creek Area. There are also boat-in campsites on the Long Arm Peninsula. If camping isn't your thing, there are several other places to stay around the lake.
ULTRA – 45,5 km (40 km run, 5,5 swim with 12 swim sections also a ÖtillÖ Merit Race).
In the middle of September in Poland air is about 10-20 degrees and water 16-17 degrees. Bieszczady Mountains are the most wild region in Poland. Running sections are very diverse. Some sections are very mud. The best way is go by plane to Cracow and rent a car. From Cracow to Solina Lake is 3,5 hours by car. Race office is in Polańczyk. Swimrun Poland Solina is not only a race. In Saturday evening they will also have a Swimrun Party and on Sunday morning a joint breakfast.
IGNITE SwimRun launches a multi-state swimrun race series and will host races in Maryland, Minnesota, Rhode Island and Virginia during the 2018 season. The Virginia race will serve as the first ever Ignite SwimRun U.S. National Championship.
Saturday, July 14 you can race 3 distances in Estonia.
The Youth race course of Pühajärve SwimRun Baltic Challenge is on the territory of Pühajärve Holiday Resort and Pühajärve Beach.
The SwimRun competition runs clockwise around the picturesque Lake Pühajärve.
In 2018, a new swimrun race will take place in Stężyca, on June 30th. The event is located in the town of Stężyca, in the north of Poland and near the national park of Bory Tucholskie, a beautiful region sharing. Stężyca is already hosting a popular triathlon, which will take place the day after the swimrun event.
At this time of the year, usually the weather is quite warm, wetsuit might not be necessary. Distance 25km only in duo, distance 10km single or duo.
From abroad, the best is to fly to Gdansk and rent a car. Given the fact there is a popular triathlon the same weekend, once may easily find someone to share transport with, on social media.


This is my one-month update on how EPF is doing based on our May 16 – June 15 data. Probably only other bloggers will care about the statistics stuff, but I found the list of most viewed posts pretty interesting (two were from before this period) and of course comments are still welcome! I'll definitely read and respond to them.
EPF's Facebook fan number is really lagging behind our Twitter followers. I actually use Facebook a good bit more than Twitter so I prefer to connect with you there! Please like the page!
I watched EPF's Alexa rank drop into the high one-teens and then creep back up above 120,000. Not sure why!
1) Why Do Stay-at-Home Parents Need Their Own Credit Cards?
3) Sometimes I Don't Eat. Is that Rude?
I decided to set several process-based goals instead of focusing on outcome-based goals to increase our readership.
Comment on at least four blog posts each weekday and leave at least 25 comments total per week.
Find and comment on at least one new-to-me blog per week.
Write at least two high-quality comments on "big" blogs per week.
Write and submit one guest post to another blog.
Promote three blog posts (not ours) per week through Twitter.
Ask two questions designed to generate discussion/responses on Facebook.
Do you think I should add anything to my goals list to help promote EPF? How are our stats shaping up?
4 Responses to "Blog Statistics Update May – June 2012"
I think your traffic stats are great! I'd imagine that guest posting will provide the greatest long-term traffic boost out of the above-mentioned goals. Although, it will ultimately depend on where you guest post.
I've gotten some great traffic over the months just by commenting on the biggest sites as you suggested.
Jason @ WSL recently posted..Cool Smartphone App & $500 Amazon Gift Card GIVEAWAY!
Looks like you're doing great! I need to comment on more bigger blogs as well.
I think you're swell. I love your posts, always, and your goals to comment more are sound.


David Grant scored four more Lowland League goals at Netherdale as Shire recorded the club's biggest win in 66 years with a 10-1 victory over Gala Fairydean Rovers.
The result was also the biggest away win in the short history of the Lowland League and Grant's hat-trick, the fourth by a Shire player in as many matches, equalled a club record set back in 1946.
But even minutes before the scheduled three o'clock kick-off there were doubts that the game would go ahead as a thick fog hung over the stadium and only a decision by match referee Evan Cairns relieved those concerns.
Even at kick-off there was little the fans sitting in the stand could see unless the action was on the touchline closest to them such was the density of the fog. Certainly most of those in the stand were only made aware of Shire's opening goal by the shouts of the players.
After seven minutes a corner kick was played short to Kris Faulds, who fired low and early into the box where the ball bounced around until Rodgers took control and slammed it past home keeper Kieran Wright.
By the twelfth minute the mist had lifted sufficiently for the referee to see a jersey tug on David Grant inside the box by Ross Aitchison and Rodgers scored his second of the game from the resulting penalty kick.
After 18 minutes a corner was hit to the back post and Connor Greene climbed to head towards goal. A defender tried to stop the ball under the crossbar but even in the murk the referee saw enough to judge the ball had crossed the line.
By that stage Rovers must have been hoping the fog would get worse and force the abandonment. But they were to get no such relief and the gloom lifted significantly but not so much for the home defence as everyone else, as they somehow managed to leave David Grant unmarked inside the box to shoot home Rodgers's cross from six yards out to make it 4-0 after 21 minutes.
Three minutes later David Grant created the fifth goal with a pass from the right-back area which Rodgers cleverly dummied for Jamie Glasgow to run on to and score with a terrific finish from just inside the box.
Rovers fought gamely and both Des Sutherland and Darren Smith forced Shire keeper Jamie Barclay into decent saves although David Grant and Paul Sludden did miss chances to score before the break.
The Shire onslaught began again at the start of the second half. Rodgers missed two good scoring opportunities and Michael Oliver flashed a header just wide from a corner kick.
After 53 minutes David Grant raced on to a Derek Ure pass and rounded the keeper before scoring despite the home team's strong protests for offside. A minute later it was 7-0 – a Rodgers' shot from the edge of the box was brilliantly saved by Wright but Sludden slotted the rebound into the net.
After 56 minutes a defensive mix-up let Stuart Noble in and he beat Barclay with a nice finish from just inside the Shire penalty box.
But there was no let-up from Shire. Rodgers came desperately close with a shot which went across the face of goal and wide at the far post and Sludden had a net-bound shot blocked by a defender.
After 67 minutes Andy Grant's pass found Sludden on the edge of the box and his clever pass played David Grant in to score the eighth, and his hat-trick, with a finish from the six yard line.
Five minutes later David Grant scored his fourth, shooting home unmarked at the back post after collecting a deep corner kick. The tenth goal on 80 minutes was all down to the substitutes – Drew Ramsay's perfectly-judged cross from the left was headed home by Dylan McGuigan.
After 83 minutes Rodgers would have scored Shire's eleventh goal with a great shot but he was denied by an unbelievable save from Wright, who knocked the Shire striker's effort over the bar with an outstretched leg.
GALA FAIRYDEAN ROVERS : Wright, Stephen, Aitchison, White, Windram, Paliczka, Smith, Simpson(Common 26), Noble, Sutherland(Bonnington 66), Bonnar.
SHIRE : Barclay, A.Grant, Allison(Ramsay 55), Oliver, Greene, Faulds, Rodgers, Ure(MacGregor 71), D.Grant, Sludden, Glasgow(McGuigan 66).


the moon to wrap you in its warmth.
Sleep well tonight, may this love protect you.
His smile faded, only to be replaced by a thin line.
He sighed in defeat, a weak smile plastered on his face. His eyes were gazing up to the sky, as if the answer was written there.
"You don't understand, Mia," He traced the lines in his palm, silently wishing that that would calm his erratically beating heart.
Mia frowned at this, her eyebrows meeting in the middle.
He took a deep breath, inhaling the air to his lungs so that it became less hurt.
It was so hard talking about her that it hurt.
He felt like his heart was going to burst out of his chest anytime soon.
Ian chuckled bitterly, sadness hiding underneath his tone.
Mia was about to argue, hands curled into fists but the silence took over her.
He grinned, raising his hand to pat her head. She turned to face him and she could see the pain in his eyes despite him trying to smile.
He turned his attention back to the phone screen, fingers typing the last message.
I do not ask you to reciprocate it.
I only ask of you not to throw it away.
And I'm in love with you, sorry.


Meet our current girl crush, Nathalie Paris. She started her Youtube channel when she was just 14 and now with an Instagram following of 1 million, spreads her talent throughout the social media, vlogging, beauty and fashion and modelling worlds. Get a little insight into her life in our exclusive Q&A below.
Current location: Los Angeles, California.
The South Beach one piece is my absolute favourite.
Classy with some spice. You will never know what to expect from me.
How did you get into Youtube and being an influencer?
I loved playing dress up and creating films since I was a kid. I started posting beauty and fashion tutorials to Youtube when I was 14 and it became a creative space for me to express my love for beauty and fashion.
What does a typical day in the life of Nathalie Paris look like? Coffee, cats, meditation, yoga and a good cooking seshhhh.
Bora Bora with my family.
Exercise 5 times a week and eat plant based diet.
What is your beauty routine/secret to gorgeous skin and hair? Very cliché, but drink lots of WATER! I do overnight castor oil hair-masks throughout the week and Vitamin C serum the skin.
I can make some pretty interesting sounds with my throat.
My brother and I had a rock band growing up and we would play for Cafés in Bogotá every Saturday. And I spend a lot of time by myself.


Repeat the process of purchasing a new license and receive activations under a new license identifier. The advantage of this path is that the end user's name can be annotated under this different license identifier. However, it also means that the customer needs to keep track of different license identifiers to re-activate the software if they obtain a new computer.
Purchase additional activations under the license identifier that they previously purchased. The user would only have a single license identifier to track whenever activating the software on new computers.
Different methods suit different use cases and environments, so we allow you either or both options.
Nothing special is needed to allow the customer to purchase additional license identifiers for new workstations, which is option 1 defined above.
With SOLO Server's shopping cart rules engine, a customer can purchase an upgrade that modifies an existing license record. Starting in version 1.14.2.0 of SOLO Server, we added the Increment Activation Count shopping cart rule feature which allows your customer to purchase additional activations under their previous license identifier. You simply need to configure a new product option and rule to allow them this capability. This will help simplify the number of licenses managed by the customer, and also allows you to set the price per additional activation.
With this new feature, we've done most of the work for you! Just decide which product options you want to apply the Increment Activation Count feature to and use the following guide to take care of the rest.
To begin, you should already have a product and product option configured for one of your license types. In this example, we'll use a product called "Sample Application Silver Edition License" that comes with 3 activations for $149. To allow a customer to add additional activation to their Silver Edition License, you will need to create a new product option, which could be called "Silver Edition Additional Activation".
Option Description: (Example: "Additional activations are $49 each for this license.") – This text will be displayed to customers in the customer license portal when they choose Renewals and Upgrades and can provide detailed information as to what this purchase does.
Option Type: Transaction/Service Fee – The customer isn't receiving a new license, this is simply updating a previous license.
Price per U/M: The price for each additional activation.
Quantity Mode: Multiple Activations is the recommended choice.
For New Customers: False – It will not show up in the Product Catalog for anonymous customers.
Activations per U/M: The number of activations granted per unit. This will be multiplied by the quantity on the shopping cart to determine the total number of additional activations to add to the original license.
Issue License: False – Since it isn't generating a license that can be activated with, no License ID is needed. A License ID is still generated for author invoicing purposes, but this ID is not given to the customer.
Issue Installation ID: False – Since it isn't generating a license that can be activated with, no Installation ID is needed.
So in our example, the Price per U/M is $49, and the Activations per U/M is 1. This will allow the customer to buy an additional activation for $49, and they can enter a higher quantity in the shopping cart to buy multiple activations at $49 each.
Next, a rule must be created for the "Additional Activation" product option. At the bottom of the product option setting page, click on the "Rules" tab and then [Add].
Product: The product of the license being incremented.
Option: The product option of the license being incremented.
Some of the other settings are optional, such as limiting the availability of the purchase based on the "Download Until" date of the license record. See the Product Options Rules manual topic for more information.
With the settings listed above, the choice to purchase the "Addition Activation" product option will only be available in the customer license portal to customers who have a "Sample Application Silver Edition License" with a status of OK.
A customer can click "Add to Cart" for the product they want to purchase and then update the quantity for that product in the shopping cart.
Instead of requiring the customer to purchase a new license and activate it to get a new subscription period, they can simply renew the expiration of their current license and continue using the application without activating again.
Similar to allowing additional activations, the License Counter field can also be automatically updated. This is good for various types of licenses. See our earlier Using a Counter Value in Licensed Applications blog post for more information.
With the rules engine, you can restrict what upgrade options are available to customers based on the current license(s) they have. Restrictions can also be applied based on a license's "Download Until" field, which includes the option to charge more for an upgrade or renewal if their current license has expired.
Time for Blast Off: New SoftwareKey Support Portal Launched!
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Summer School on the Philosophy of the Rosicrucian Fellowship.
Lecturer, Richard Koepsel has taught astrology, philosophy, mythology, Shakespeare and related subjects for over 45 years at his bookshop, Microcosm, in Madison, Wisconsin. Retired now for several years from his lifelong occupation, he travels and lectures widely. During an interview that Richard gave 7 years ago to Cathy Smith of The Edge, he explained: ―In Christian mysticism, the soul body is called the Golden Wedding Garment. It literally is like the heroine in Rumpelstiltskin who takes the straw and weaves it into gold. Every time we do something from the goodness of our heart for someone else, we build into ourselves another little curl of that golden light, and the more of that that we have, the more our intuition can bypass the mind, and bypass the desire nature.
Richard Koepsel has been a student of The Rosicrucian Fellowship for just about 50 years (August 1963). His view of it all is "Freely have ye received, now freely give".
Richard Koepsel have spent most of his life delving into the philosophy of the Rosicrucian Fellowship via the writings of Max Heindel. This was done to understand reality better, and with that understanding, to try to help others understand and appreciate reality better, thereby hastening the day of Christ. In this effort he has made quite a few extensions and explanations of the philosophy and astrology given by Max Heindel. Some people have found this material helpful to their aspirations, and helping others is what this is all about. He want to help and he does not want his work to be wasted.
In the autumn of his life, he is finding an increasing urge to share what has been so generously shared with him. He is in the midst of a very large scale project of several stages to accomplish this. He has saved approximately 700 talks and lectures. Most of the cassettes have been digitized.
You will find several Lecture Series which are immediately available through links or pending. The series which are linked are completely ready for download. The other talks will be available soon.
All recordings are now in mp3 format. This means that they can only be played back on a computer or an mp3 player.


text:
Operação Ten-Go (天号作戦 ten - gō sakusen) foi uma operação naval Japonesa na Campanha do Pacífico na Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Após a invasão de Okinawa a 1 de Abril de 1945, o navio de guerra Japonês Yamato e a sua escolta deveriam atacar a frota dos Estados Unidos que apoiavam o desembarque das tropas Aliadas a oeste da ilha. O Yamato deveria encalhar de propósito na praia e ficar entre as ilhotas de Hagushi e Yontan e servir como uma bateria costeira, até ser destruído. Como desde o inicio era pretendido que fosse uma missão suicida, era suposto o navio receber apenas combustivel suficiente para uma viagem de ida para Okinawa. Todavia, a equipa na refinaria de combustível de Tokuyama forneceram combustível a mais.

A 6 de Abril, o Yamato, o cruzador leve Yahagi e oito fragatas deixaram o porto de Tokuyama. Foram avistados a 7 de Abril ao aproximarem-se pelo sul da ilha. A Marinha dos Estados Unidos lançou cerca de 400 aviões dos 8 porta-aviões da Força-tarefa 58 (o Hornet , Bennington, Belleau Wood, San Jacinto, Essex, Bunker Hill, Hancock, e Bataan), sob comando do vice-almirante Marc Mitscher, aos quais se juntaram uma frota de seis encouraçados (Massachusetts, Indiana, New Jersey, South Dakota, Wisconsin, e Missouri), com suporte de cruzadores e fragatas para interceptar a frota japonesa se o ataque aéreo não fosse bem sucedido.

Os aviões americanos atacaram os navios japoneses a meio da tarde. O Yamato levou vinte bombas e torpedos dos aviões de ataque americanos e, por volta das 14:20h, as suas munições detonaram, e o navio afundou, cerca de 200 km de Okinawa. Ao menos 2.475 marinheiros da sua tripulação morreram e 269 sobreviveram. Da sua escolta, o Yahagi e quatro contratorpedeiros (, , Asashimo e o Kasumi) foram afundados e os restantes danificados e forçados a voltar ao Japão. As perdas americanas foram de 10 aviões e 12 pilotos.

Bibliografia

 A first-hand account of the battle by the captain of the Japanese cruiser Yahagi.

Ligações externas

Guerra do Pacífico (Segunda Guerra Mundial)
Batalhas navais da Segunda Guerra Mundial envolvendo os Estados Unidos
Batalhas navais da Segunda Guerra Mundial envolvendo o Japão
Batalhas e operações da Segunda Guerra Mundial em 1945

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If it were me, I'd put it on a baby registry and then use the completion discount at the end. Hopefully you can find it on sale again, then couple it with the discount and get close to $100 off.
I think I'm going to do it because we're still in Germany right now and if I buy it when we get to Texas that's another $30 in sales tax!
I did it...... everyone cross your fingers that my husband doesn't kill me. 😂 only 5 were left in stock so I didn't want to wait for him to get home.
Planning to drop my income - where to allocate savings?


text:
Corporate Entertainment » Glenn Ridge
Glenn Ridge
Although Glenn Ridge is best known for his 11 year stint as host of the National Nine Network's Sale of the Century, being a part of The Car Show team is the fulfillment of a life long ambition. To drive some of the best cars in the world, often as fast as possible…
Celebrity Hosts, Master of Ceremonies
Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
1 performer
TOPICS: MC, HOST
Although Glenn Ridge is best known for his 11 year stint as host of the National Nine Network's Sale of the Century, being a part of The Car Show team is the fulfillment of a life long ambition. To drive some of the best cars in the world, often as fast as possible… It doesn't get much better than that!
His passion for cars and racing is still very strong, and over the last 15 years Glenn Ridge has been a regular competitor in a wide variety of motoring events including Targa Tasmania tarmac rallies, Australian Safari desert races, and numerous other events including Classic Adelaide, Rally Tasmania, Perth's Targa West, Mt Buller Sprint and the Dutton Rally series – to name a few.
Now in its fourth series, The Car Show has enabled Glenn to combine two of his loves – cars and television.
Since starting in radio and television in Bendigo in the late 70's he has produced and presented weekly kids television magazine shows, live Saturday morning cartoon shows, music video programs and numerous documentaries. As well as that, he has asked a couple of questions that have enabled some people to get very rich.
Based in VIC, travels Australia wide (extra fees involved).
Troy Kinne
Celebrity Hosts, Melbourne
Troy is often recognized from his performance on The Search for Australia's Funniest Man DVD featured with FHM magazine in Jan 2006 Troy...
VIEW ACT
Chris Wainhouse
Sharp witted and daringly clever, Chris' fresh brand of comedy is guaranteed to bring any audience undone...
Josh Earl
Josh Earl is an award-winning comedian, TV host, and creator of the hugely successful and hilarious podcast Don't You Know Who I Am? We know...
Billy Brownless
Billy Brownless established himself as one of Geelong's most important players, when he filled the void left by the then retired Gary Ablett,...