I have never needed to possess a TV so seriously in my life.
When I was 10 I needed a TV for my room more than I needed a waterbed. When I picked my family's new TV at 16, I needed another Toshiba 36-crawl more than an auto. When I was 26, a Sony Grand Wega took need over finding a sweetheart ? I got not one or the other, coincidentally. Also, only 8 short years back, I desired a 60-inch Pioneer Elite Kuro signature arrangement plasma just about as much as I required the house I eventually put an initial installment on.
That is four times more than four decades I was set up to put a TV in front of, might we say, more handy life belonging. Presently I end up in that same position, yearning for a costly, cutting edge TV when I ought to presumably be thinking about my children's school training reserve. Will this be the TV that at long last tempts me to pull the trigger?
LG's new EF9500 arrangement level OLED TV is precisely similar to its bended forerunner (the EG9600) save the bend and the way that it can deal with HDR content, both spilled and conveyed by means of HDMI. So it is reasonable to inquire as to why I am so moved by this specific LG OLED when the last one neglected to get a flawless 10. The answer, I trust, lay in the way that I assessed the EF9500 in my home among family and companions for almost a month, and now that there's a major expanding opening in my lounge (and heart) where it once stood, everything I can consider is getting it back. Here's the reason.
As the main level 4K OLED, I think the EF9500 is going to engage a more extensive group of onlookers than the bended variant. You'd think the bended TV would knock some people's socks off, be that as it may, for me, the bend has lost its sparkle over the recent years, and, plus, this level TV flaunts its meager figure obviously better. I had the bended EG9600 in my home for a brief timeframe and the response was for the most part along the lines of "huh what's with the bend?" though with this level form, the TV's super thin profile got significantly more consideration ? in any event until I turned it on.
When you gaze head-on at the TV, its ultra-dainty bezel adds to that feeling of thin and permits the TV to give the feeling that it is "all photo." I think this current TV's stand is truly very much outlined, as well. It doesn't point out undue itself and helps the TV seem to skim over your media stand. The EF9500 will look awesome divider mounted too, yet I think bringing the TV out from the divider on a stand truly offers its stylish.
A couple of little upgrades LG made for the EF9500 make it one of the simplest to-work TVs available. A great deal of that needs to do with LG's WebOS 2.0 working framework, alongside an upgraded form of its Magic Motion remote control.
The remote is presently marginally bigger, which takes into account a couple of more catches and a superior design. The remote now rests all the more easily in your grasp, and it no more wobbles when you set it down on a table.
LG has additionally changed the framework's movement sensor so that the movement control highlight doesn't initiate unless you shake the remote around for a few moments. That is a pleasant change ? now the pink pointer no more appears continually, intruding on the survey involvement all the while.
A devoted info catch on the remote likewise makes exchanging inputs super simple. Presently you can rapidly spin through your most loved applications and channels on a looking over application strip living at the base of the screen.
Something else, the EF9500 is just as smart as its ancestor. Its quad-center processor keeps application stacking times short, route energetic, and permits brisk exchanging between applications by abandoning them running out of sight. Regardless of how hard we saddled the TV, it stayed stable, and that is a major ordeal for a shrewd TV nowadays.
The EF9500 carries a couple of new elements alongside its level screen, the most prominent of which is its capacity to show HDR (high element range) content in 4K Ultra HD. For the time being, most clients have little HDR content they can get to ? Amazon is the main gushing video administration WebOS 2.0 can access with any HDR substance, and it just has a couple TV arrangement titles: Mozart in the Jungle, Red Oaks, Transparent, and Bosch ?? yet Netflix is relied upon to begin spilling HDR before the end of this current year, and Amazon ought to include more titles soon. On account of a HDCP 2.2-agreeable HDMI info, the EF9500 can be associated with an equipment source supplying HDR video. This will in all likelihood take the type of a Ultra HD Blu-beam player, anticipated that would hit store racks in mid 2016.
The EF9500 likewise utilizes a hostile to glare covering on its board, which results in altogether diminished glare. We're especially satisfied with this component, as it abstains from dulling the photo, while giving an a great deal more striking review involvement in brilliant rooms.
Any individual who has perused anything I've ever said in regards to OLED TV innovation realizes that I was at that point a brazen fan. As yet, something about the EF9500 gets me significantly more energized. Is it the level screen? The guarantee of HDR? Presumably a touch of both, alongside the way that I lived with the TV for a strong month, and I, alongside every last individual I demonstrated it to, had only overwhelmingly positive things to say in regards to it.
On the off chance that you've not seen an OLED TV in real life, set yourself up for a brilliant affair. When you see what genuine dark accomplishes for a picture, you're not going to need to do a reversal. Indeed, even the brightest LED/LCD TVs can't beat OLED at the difference diversion, since they basically can't get as dull in the blacks. Additionally, OLED TVs have no backdrop illumination, so they'll never indicate coronas around splendid questions or have any light seeping from around the most distant edges of the screen, both of which are issues even the best LED TVs experience the ill effects of.
Anything besides OLED is a stage in the wrong bearing for TV.
Past OLED TVs innate predominance in these ranges, the EF9500's shading is uncommonly great right out of the case. I do feel just as whites tackle the scarcest greenish cast now and again, however just at certain splendor levels. I rapidly got over this hang-up, however, as the TV's photo is a fairly overpowering banquet for the eyes.
By and large, the EF9500 was a delight to have in my home, and as I've officially uncovered, I am profoundly frustrated to see it go. My exclusive comfort is that LG will make another one for one year from now, and maybe then I'll have the capacity to legitimize grabbing up another TV. Until further notice, I'll abandon it this:? The EF9500 is the finest TV I've ever tried, and if cash is no item, I wouldn't dither to give this TV my top proposal.
While the whole business is grasping HDR in some frame, everybody's inconsistent with each other about how to send the innovation. There are contending designs, and diverse kinds of HDR handling at play. Still, I'm energized for what HDR will get us the future, and I think the EF9500 will be prepared to convey.
Until further notice, however, I need to say I'm not wild in regards to Amazon's usage of HDR ? or its utilization of HEVC (H.265) pressure for 4K Ultra HD content, so far as that is concerned. At the point when HDR was locked in, I saw blacks took a hit, turning from inky to dusty. I appreciated the brighter ghostly highlights, yet when a TV's most alluring property is its dark levels, don't disturb it! I need to see what this TV can do with Netflix's HDR usage. On the other hand even better, somebody send me a Ultra HD Blu-beam player!
The pressure spilling administrations must apply to make such gigantic 4K motion pictures streamable truly takes its toll on the bit-rate, and the lower the bit-rate, the messier the photo gets. From an extraordinary separation, it isn't excessively discernible, however get inside eight feet of a 65-inch TV, and you're going to see the enormous squares, particularly in darker ranges. I truly had sought after something better out of HEVC. I'll keep on remaining idealistic, however.
Meanwhile, I would recommend any individual who needs to test drive spilling 4K UHD content on their new OLED head over to YouTube. Trust it or not, I believe YouTube's utilization of VP9 pressure works truly well ? it absolutely does little to detract from the stunning video work done by Jacob and Katie Schwarz. The couple's YouTube channel highlights 12 recordings shot with a Red Epic 4K camera, and they are an incredible show for the EF9500. In the event that you buy this TV, you deserve to look at them. It's free 4K substance, and it's of awesome quality.
I'll concede that OLED TVs still have opportunity to get better, yet even current OLED picture quality is so unfathomably better than that of a LED/LCD TV that I think that its simple to excuse OLED's couple of deficiencies. On the off chance that you make a special effort to discover imperfections, you'll see them. Case in point, the extremely external edges of the 65-inch screen I tried were somewhat dimmer than whatever is left of the screen, yet I was just ready to uncover this by utilizing test designs that would intensify the issue. Of the 75+ people that I demonstrated the TV to, precisely zero saw any screen consistency issues, while I got a couple remarks about the same issue on the EG9600 bended model. It's basically less (or not in any way) discernible to generally viewers.
I likewise saw some vertical groups utilizing a portion of the same test patters said some time recently, and once I was entered into their nearness, I made a special effort to attempt to spot them when watching normal substance. A couple times I could get the groups, yet I knew precisely where and when to look. Once more, for point of view, no one I showed the EF9500 to saw any of this. They were likely excessively occupied by the OLED's mind blowing dark levels and differentiation ? as most people seem to be.
At long last ? and this is a sore point for me with OLED TVs ? judder keeps on being an issue when seeing 24 fps content (essentially, motion pictures). My go-to torment test is the motion picture Skyfall, which has a few scenes that tend to illuminate an OLED TV's judder issues. I was trusting I could abstain from going into the EF9500's TruMotion segment, and for some time I did, yet I at last settled on doing likewise I did with the EG9600: Leave the de-judder setting at 0, and turn the de-obscure setting up to whatever level is generally agreeable. At the point when viewing Skyfall, that number for me was 10, yet for most substance, I was fulfilled by the outcomes at much lower settings, some place somewhere around 2 and 4. Test yourself, and run with what you like best.
I feel like a broken record when I say it, yet it's LG's deficiency for consistently enhancing its OLED TVs, arrangement by arrangement, so I should say it once more: This is the finest TV LG has made to date, and I would contend, the finest TV you can purchase at this moment.
That may change when Panasonic unleashes in the US the THX-affirmed 4K UHD OLED?it flaunted at IFA, however for the time being, LG's close immaculate EF9500 gets the trophy for a spell. Also, at this moment you can get this honor winning TV for $5,000, with costs liable to fall considerably assist in coming months.


Thanks to the help of our beloved little Suffolk lamb, you should find it very easy to make a nice farmyard touch to your plush collection come to life – and then some. This charming little lamb will make sure you are left with an easy way to add a bit of decorative detail to your collection.
Blackfaced Suffolk lambs have a lot of newborn spirit!
Bolting on gangly legs, they'll race across fields but when they wear out, they turn into cuddle bugs, ready to snuggle into your lap.
Part of the beautiful Miyoni collection - plush animals made with the finest quality, exceptional detail and super soft to the touch!
Aurora World is an industry leader with over 30 years of experience designing and manufacturing innovative, high quality plush products.


This offer includes 12 complete books from Mana Verde Game Design. All of these books are part of the Year-End Big Bundle and are included in the package with a 60% discount. They are Twelve books with more than 400 pages of content for a unique and must-have price!
The Hunter's Armory Collection is undoubtedly my most successful series. The first two volumes have sold more than 100 copies each. It brings a collection of weapons of different eras and styles, ready to be used in your chronicles. The books are well organized, containing a block of statistics and pictures for easy viewing for Players and Storytellers. The statistics block contains relevant data to aid in the description of the equipment such as size, approximate weight, Resources needed and other information that may be useful to further enrich your narratives. The weapons presented in the collection contain all the statistics necessary to be used in any supplement and any edition already published by White Wolf, as well as optional rules to be used at Storyteller's discretion. In addition, extra information and curiosities are presented throughout the work, accompanied by colorful illustrations and diagrams.
Hunter's Hunted - the Awakening Solo Chronicles is by far my most ambitious project. Inspired by the classic Fighting Fantasy adventures that took my imagination through my childhood, I decided to create a series set in the World of Darkness where you are not only the protagonist but all the main characters. During the chronicle, which will have many different endings, you can take on the role of different characters, who will change, evolve or perish according to your choices. The work, planned for 10 chapters, counts on the illustration of the Brazilian artist Raphael Gomes and already has two finished chapters, and two more are scheduled to be released next year. By acquiring the book you will be entitled to all future updates, without having to spend any more money.
By the way, this is my guarantee to you, dear readers: All my products are constantly reviewed and updated periodically to ensure that you will always receive quality content.
Wolfmancer is a crossover chronic between Vampire: The Masquerade and Werewolf: The Apocalypse, inspired by Willian Gibson's classic book and historical landmark of cyberpunk literature "Neuromancer." Here I take the boldness of borrowing consecrated elements from Gibson's narrative and mixing it with Lewis Carrol's surrealistic spice in Alice in Wonderland, creating a scenario divided between the Wirm's polluted streets of the São Paulo Megalopolis and the Weavern's silicon webs of Spyder City, in the Cyber Realm. The story is presented in the Storytelling Adventure System format, and the material has been carefully interlinked by links and buttons that help the Storyteller to conduct the story with ease and dynamic organization. Scenarios, NPCs statistics and new equipment are always presented in an organized and easy way.


This morning we lost a great teacher, uncle and brother. Sifu Louie Jack Man passed away. He will be sorely missed by everyone in Phildelphia's Jook Lum Family. It was an honor to know him. Please keep his family in your thoughts.
There's an ill wind blowing at a time of great sadness. I experienced this wind years ago when Grand Master Lum Wing Fay died in 1991. Before his death his inner circle of students was well known and undisputed. His lineage was clear. Immediately following his death the vultures descended claiming to be his chosen ones with the 'real' style. They claimed backroom promises and secret lessons. Now that Lum Wing Fay Sifu was no longer there to confirm or refute their stories they could boldly assert their claims. Before his death they made no such claims and afterwards they shouted it to the world. There are many schools that have arisen from these fellows even though the true descendants of Sifu Lum have disavowed their validity. This is not unique to Jook Lum. It has occured in many Wing Tsun and other schools when a master has passed. Even in my Zen studies it happened after the death of a great teacher; suddenly someone came forward claiming to being his chosen successor. It's always after the teacher is silenced this happens.
Now, unfortunately, Sifu Jack Man Louie is gravely ill, and again you can hear the flap of the vulture's wings. Sifu Louie is one of the most honest and forthright men I have ever known. He has never bragged or promoted himself in anyway. He never got involved in politics and was heartbroken with what happened after Lum Wing Fay's death. He spoke often about his dismay over the braggarts in this style and how much he disdained their grand standing and posturing. He knew there would be those that claimed his legacy too and spoke to those of us in Philadelphia about it. He entrusted only one student here in Philadelphia with his personal artifacts so that his intentions would be clear. He told his Philadelphia kwoon often whom he considered his true students and warned of others who would make that claim. Though many visited Sifu only a few students actually spent years with him and it was these students whom he respected the most. Once at a meal with Sifu Mark Foon, myself and several members of his Philadelphia kwoon, he openly lamented over the state of Jook Lum today and how there were those claiming to be his students who had only used him for status as they did with Sifu Lum. He could hear the wings flapping even back then.
Now that he can no longer speak there are those that are suddenly speaking for him. There will be more. They will make claims about their descendancy though they have never featured him outright at their schools or on their web sites. They did not help him financially over the years nor did they represent him in his New Year demonstrations. They will make many outrageous claims about Sifu Louie's intentions though he never voiced them to his closest students here. What they dared not say before they will now say with impunity for they can hide behind Sifu's illness. How terrible this is to happen to such a good man of honor and dignity. Now the dust will rise from their wings and they will get louder and louder as this dear man grows more silent. They already gather overhead awaiting their time to make their proclamations loudly.
Those who have been with Sifu Louie for decades, have shared their homes and meals with him and who have sat at his bedside know the truth regardless of what will be claimed in the coming days. We hope for a miracle that Sifu Louie survives this and will set the record straight but the chances are small. We honor him by our loyalty and friendship but mainly by being like him and not entering into the fray of the impending vulture's wings.


Is point 1 true? I can't remember enough from my uni days frustratingly!
Can't find flaw in points 2-4 though.
Very tempted to vote that kropkis aren't suitable for anything ever, but going by my 'it looks like a sudoku rule' this is clearly a yes.
Round 4 is this weekend- Czech Republic. Might be good practise for the WPC in November!
Tom and I are going on Thursday and are definitely up for a room or two. I think Gyorgy said Taro is going early as well, and that we might have a 4-man team already (including you). Trouble is, I can't remember which rooms we've done before, hopefully Gyorgy can!
Round 2 is currently running.


Students create an interesting and informative PowerPoint about sedimentary rocks.
Apr 15, 2012· Visit ,watch all Science & other educational videos for kids for free. When .
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS PowerPoint presentation - .
Weathering and Erosion Running water or wind loosens and carries away the ... BRECCIA. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Three groups of Sedimentary Rock ... – PowerPoint .
Sedimentary rock can be defined as those rocks that are formed by sediments that are deposited over time. These rocks have layers of sediments.
1G Kids. Home > eXtra > ... Eventually, the layers are lithified – turned to rock. Sedimentary rocks can be formed in deserts, lakes, rivers and seas. More information.
K12 students and kids of kindergarten, primary and secondary school can know and learn about sedimentary rocks in this animation science education video.


text:
Polybetes germaini är en spindelart som beskrevs av Simon 1897. Polybetes germaini ingår i släktet Polybetes och familjen jättekrabbspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Jättekrabbspindlar
germaini

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Discussion in 'Off-Topic' started by greatsave9, Aug 18, 2004.
I did a quick search and was surprised I didn't find any topics. Opinions on the car anyone?
I'm sure most people know about it already, but its a 205hp 200tq supercharged 2.0L I4. Only reason Im making this topic is I saw it in my new MAXIM magazine and saw only $20k for 0-60 in 6.2. Sure its no SRT4 but could this car become a potential powerhouse? Or do you think it'll be as rare as these S/C Impalas and Monte Carlos. I dont see too many GTPs actually. Perhaps a '05 Mustang V6 killer..... (even though Mustang is base model VS the top model of the Cobalt). I wonder what production numbers will look like for this car. Think a pulley on that S/C will make it a fast car?
Success or failure do you think? Especially with VW, Honda and the SRT4 dominating the sport compact field.
"The engine includes an Eaton M62 helical roots-type supercharger and features an air-to-water intercooler to reduce the temperature of air entering the engine. The supercharger produces a maximum boost pressure of 12 pounds per square inch (psi)."
Only comes in a 5speed. 4.05 final gear ratio. 18 inch rims too.
"PHR commissioned computer artist and animator Kris Horton to smooth out Pauwel's drawing. Horton added color, put realistic wheels and tires on and modeled it in diffuse natural light. The resemblance to the Opel Insignia is striking. Insiders say the base model will be a V6 RS and the performance version will have a 5.3-liter V8 (that's 327 cubic inches!) and be called SS. A year or two later, a more powerful Z28 performance model will follow on, perhaps with a 6-liter V-8."
505HP 6.4L LS7 for the Z06. I read the GM thing, parts of it at least and they didn't mention the engine size or anything, but everyone in thread keeps saying 6.4L 505hp.
It looks like a cavilier with a big wing?
The wing ruins the whole car.
I think Kobold would have been a better name.
1) It's kinda light, thats good.
4) downside, I doubt the engine will be ready for anymore than the rated horsepower, this certainly wont be a cobra/supra with the bulletproof shortblock taking 1000 horsepower. If im wrong, this will be a sweet car.
I'd take that over Ford Focus SVT.
It is. The Cobalt is the new Cavalier...so yes, it's a Cavalier with a big wing...and a supercharger. Pretty racy and whatnot. Good power for the price.
I wouldn't. I kinda like the SVT Focus (even though I'd much rather have the Focus RS). This new Cobalt looks like a turd with wheels...and oh yeah, a wing.
Kinda reminds me of the new model Civic coupes, and I think they look pretty good.
(even though Mustang is base model VS the top model of the Cobalt).
Maybe I just don't get it, but can someone explain to me why this matters at all? I hear it said all the time... and really... what's the justification here?
Price is price. If two cars are close to the same price then that's all that matters. Position in their respective model lines has no bearing on anything.
I don't care for the styling too much. Reminds me of a mix between a cavalier and a neon, neither of which I'm very fond of.
The Cobalt is okay. But that's it.
When was the last time you looked at the 2005 Mustang?
I suppose a congratulations is in order for GM for creating such a bland and mediocre automobile. Reminds me of a Civic.
I think it looks nice except the wing. I also think there's room for it in the market. If Dodge could muscle its way in with the SRT-4, then Chevy can do it if the Cobalt is a good car. The stat sheet reflects adequate numbers to sell well, it depends on what the rest of the car is like.
Ok, OK...many issues to address. First the Cobalty has the same 2.0L ECOTEC as the Saturn ION Redline. So expect the same performance. I have heard that the Ion handles better in corners than the SRT-4 (partially due to the SRT-4 power, but the lack of a good LSD on the Ion makes it horrible trying to go out of the corner). IMO, the Cobalt looks like a Civic/Cavilear. Not a fan of either but i will make an exception to the Type R and Mugen Civic, but we will never see them here...jerks. I for one think it's one of the better cars aimed at the sport-compact market, though i can't stand the SRT-4. Put on some 17 inch Volks and change the rear wing to be like an Integra Type R(small, simple, and it actually works!) and i will fling that thing around town.
As for hte Z06...There have been rumors of the car aving a modified steetable version the the racing C5-R's 7.0 427 motor making it's way into the Z06. I have heard it's being called the Blue devil or something along those lines.(something to do with the performance director's High School mascot...) That car should have about 500-600hp and pretty much burn up anything on the road.
Yes, there are rumors of a Corvette supercar to compete with the Ford GT. The Z06 due out in 05 will be getting an engine named LS7 and I think it will be a 427 or something similar. The big daddy, currently codenamed Blue Devil, will be a sub 3000lbs car with a supercharged 427, estimated 600hp if I remember correctly.


text:
Wilson Vardy Diaries
Scope and Content: The Wilson Vardy Diaries were authored by Wilson Vardy, harbour master and lightkeeper at Vardy's Island at Channel and Port aux Basques, Newfoundland, and include a daily account of the weather, entries and clearances of vessels at Port aux Basques, ice conditions, and sparse comments relating to the fishery and residents of the Port aux Basques area. The 1919 diary also contains a couple of entries dated 1920, 1921, 1935 and 1938. The 1907 diary contains an entry dated 1930. The entries dated after 1921 were not written by Wilson Vardy.
Adm. Hist/Bio. Sketch: Wilson Vardy (1858-1921), harbour master and light keeper, was born in Channel, Newfoundland, the eighth of ten children of John Vardy (from Christchurch, England) and wife, Lucy. Wilson's father, John, died on 28 December 1861 of suspected foul play. Wilson Vardy married Jane Meade on 11 February 1881 and the couple had eight children. Wilson was buried 21 December 1921 at the old Anglican cemetery at Graveyard Point, Port aux Basques.
Vardy worked as harbour master and light keeper on Vardy's Island at Channel and Port aux Basques from 1899 until his death in 1921. He was in charge of the leading lights and buoys, which had been established in 1898/9. These consisted of a front light, a rear light, and a series of buoys which were removed during winter to avoid drift ice.
Maritime History Archive

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The firings continue. I have never seen a time when as many good men have been fired from the works they have been with. I've had 7 or 8 good friends, faithful servants, dedicated ministers who have been fired in the last several months (K., H., B., S., K., R., A., M, this is for you). It could just be that I now interact with more preachers than ever before, or it could be a warning to preachers not to be my friend :)! I hope it's not the latter. I love my preaching friends, spending time with them, lifting up their hands and growing with them are among my favorite things.
A quick disclaimer or two: I most often hear only one side of the firing. Another one. Of the eight guys listed above I've never heard one of them preach more than twice, so I don't know what it would be like to hear any of them week after week. I suspect if I were an elder there would be times I would be tempted to fire the preacher. And I KNOW there are times I would have fired me! I also know that ANY preacher, regardless of how loved he is by the majority of the congregation has guys and gals "firing" at him and the elders get the blunt of it.
1. I don't know that there is a way to fire a guy (or let a guy step aside) gently but I do think a church should not just forget them when they are gone. Think further down the road than the two or three months you may have agreed to on a "parting". Check on them. Have they found a place to go? What is their financial situation? Could you help them more and be "bigger" than any issue that may have caused the parting?
2. Check on his family. How are they? Let them know they are still loved. Don't let them feel like their dad is a failure - he probably just wasn't the person you needed at that time. Don't let them feel like they are why he was fired. I can remember growing up thinking that if I did not behave as a preacher's son dad may get fired for my actions. That was probably a long way from reality, but at a young age that was my perception. It may be that you are just bored with this fellow and want someone different to "feed" you 30 minutes each week - BUT this is his life, his soul!
3. How about instead of releasing him - helping him! What a novel thought.
a. Is he lazy? Tell him so! Talk to him. Help him learn to keep a schedule. Let him know specifically what is expected of him as your preacher.
b. How about sending him somewhere to learn. We are preachers and we need to improve our skills. If the guy is just boring (a rather relative term - no don't send me comments on "yes, Dale, I know your relatives are boring") send him to learn from some guys who aren't. This is time to retool. How many jobs REQUIRE continuing education hours? Why would one think that there is no need for the same for those of us who preach?
c. Give the guy some time away! Even God rested on the 7th day! Jesus took time away with His disciples to rest! How many times have I heard some elder or member say - "he used to be good, I don't know what happened?" I DO! He is carrying every burden of every member in the church on his shoulders and into the pulpit. Preaching is emotionally draining and it is 24 hours a day. It cannot be "left at the office" like a professional counselor who "leaves his clients" at the office. These are not clients, they are souls and Family. If he is getting rough around the edges - give him a few weeks away - a couple of months away - PAID and let him recharge. Make him turn off his cell phone one or two days a week. In several of the cases above the guys had been at the congregation 15 years or more and I tell you they were just burned down!
4. Realize the grass may not be greener in another pulpit. As true as it is for the preacher it may be for the church. If you fire this guy you will only bring in another one. He too will have "issues" and present challenges. Churches often become like people we've seen who jump out of one relationship and into the next without even thinking! Why not fix the one you are in? Preacher guys, if they fired the previous guy for no real reason, you'd better look carefully.
5. Do him a favor...tell him the truth...it may be he needs to bless people with other skills God has given him.
Maybe one more note here. Let's be honest about it preachers, we've all fired more congregations than we have been fired from. When we leave one place for another in the churches eyes it is pretty much us firing the congregation.
OK, I figure I've left myself open for all sorts of shots from this one. Look forward to it...I think. What have you seen, could you think of or that you think might be a creative alternative to firing?


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text:
\section{Introduction}
One of the fundamental tenets of modern quantum mechanics and quantum field theory is that  Hamiltonians should be Hermitian. It ensures that energy levels are real and the time evolution is unitary. However, it has been perceived in recent years that there are situations in which physics can be effectively described in terms of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians \cite{Moiseyev2011,Ashida:2020dkc}. Such a description proves to be useful for open quantum systems that interact with environments \cite{Dalibard:1992zz,Carmichael_1993,Daley_2014}. In $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric quantum mechanics, the existence of $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry ensures real energy spectra even when the Hamiltonian is not Hermitian \cite{Bender:1998ke,Bender:2002vv,Bender:2007nj}. This is not just a mathematical possibility but can be realized experimentally \cite{Takasu2020pt}. It is not an overstatement to say that the physics of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians is far richer than conventional Hermitian ones; in fact, symmetry classification \cite{bernard2001classification,Kawabata:2018gjv} reveals that there are 38 distinct symmetry classes in non-Hermitian systems, while there are only 10 in Hermitian systems. There are a plethora of exotic phenomena that are unique to non-Hermitian systems, such as the non-Hermitian skin effect \cite{Martinez_Alvarez_PRB_2018,Yao_2018,Martinez_Alvarez_EPJ_2018,Borgnia:2020mkg,Okuma_2020} and the non-Hermitian localization transitions \cite{Hatano_1996}.

Non-Hermitian formulations can nowadays be found not only in condensed matter physics but also in high-energy physics. In studies of hot QCD, it is one of standard approaches to quarkonia to postulate a complex-valued interquark potential \cite{Rothkopf:2011db,Rothkopf:2019ipj,Akamatsu:2020ypb}; the non-Hermitian chiral magnetic effect has been proposed \cite{Chernodub:2019ggz}; relativistic quantum field theories with a complex-valued coupling have been investigated \cite{Denbleyker:2007dy,Denbleyker:2010sv,Meurice:2011nf,Liu:2011zzh,Denbleyker:2011aa,Bazavov:2012ex}. There are also works on non-Hermitian deformations of the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model \cite{Bender:2005hf,Alexandre:2015kra,Alexandre:2017foi,Beygi:2019qab,Alexandre:2020wki,Alexandre:2020bet,Felski:2020vrm,Alexandre:2020tba,Mavromatos:2020hfy,Chernodub:2020cew}, which is an archetypal model for dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (\text{$\chi$SB}\xspace) in QCD \cite{Nambu:1961tp,Nambu:1961fr,Klevansky:1992qe,Hatsuda:1994pi,Buballa:2003qv}. It is also worthwhile to mention that the research of a non-Hermitian Dirac operator has a long history in QCD --- in the presence of quark chemical potential, the Euclidean Dirac operator is no longer anti-Hermitian and its eigenvalues spread over the complex plane. A complex action in the path integral then leads to a serious sign problem in numerical simulations on a lattice and a number of cures have been proposed in the literature \cite{Guralnik:2007rx,Alexanian:2008kd,Witten:2010cx,Cristoforetti:2012su,Fujii:2013sra,Tanizaki:2014xba,Kanazawa:2014qma,Tanizaki:2015rda,Fujii:2015vha,Alexandru:2015sua,Alexandru:2015xva,Mori:2017pne,Alexandru:2017czx,Fukuma:2019wbv,Mou:2019gyl} (see \cite{Alexandru:2020wrj} for a recent review). Studies of complex spectra of the Dirac operator have revealed a deep link between QCD at finite density and random matrix theory for non-Hermitian quantum chaos \cite{Markum:1999yr,Khoruzhenko2009,Kanazawabook}.

Superfluidity and superconductivity are amongst the most salient and fascinating phenomena in quantum many-body physics \cite{LeggettBook2006,Casalbuoni:2018haw}. Non-Hermitian fermionic superfluidity has been explored in  \cite{Chtchelkatchev2012,Ghatak2018,Zhou2018,UedaPRL2019,Iskin2020}.%
\footnote{Properties of non-equilibrium fermionic systems with attractive interactions (such as the exciton BEC \cite{Blatt1962,Yoshioka_2011}) were theoretically studied in e.g.  \cite{Ogawa2007,Yamaguchi2012,Hanai_JLTP_2016,Hanai_PRB_2017,Kawamura_JLTP_2019,Kawamura_PRA_2020}. Excitonic states in optically-pumped Dirac materials were investigated in \cite{Triola_2017,Pertsova_2018,Pertsova_review2020}.}
In \cite{UedaPRL2019} the authors pointed out that ultracold atomic gases with two-body losses due to inelastic collisions can be naturally described with a complex-valued interaction. They solved the gap equation for fermions on a square/cubic lattice and mapped out the phase diagram in the mean-field approximation. In \cite{Iskin2020} this analysis was extended to fermions in a continuum model, where the phase diagram across the entire range from weak to strong coupling was obtained.  This is a non-Hermitian analog of the well-established BCS-BEC crossover of fermions with $s$-wave interactions \cite{Nozieres1985,Chen2005,LeggettBook2006,GiorginiRMP2008,ZwergerBook2012,RanderiaBook2014,Strinati2018} --- when the $s$-wave scattering length is varied, the system evolves continuously from a weakly interacting BCS regime of loose Cooper pairs to the BEC regime of tightly bound molecules.

The primary goal of the present paper is to generalize the analysis of \cite{UedaPRL2019,Iskin2020} to Dirac fermions and investigate a non-Hermitian relativistic BCS-BEC crossover
\footnote{Although \cite{Kanazawa:2014qma} solved a zero-dimensional model of Dirac fermions with a complex four-fermion coupling, its higher-dimensional analog has not been thoroughly studied yet.} What is the motivation of this study? First, Dirac fermions can be realized with ultracold atoms loaded on an optical lattice \cite{Zhu_2007,Lim_2009,IgnacioCirac:2010us} and hence the experimental protocol proposed in \cite{UedaPRL2019} to produce a complex coupling can in principle be applied to this case as well. Second, a relativistic BCS-BEC crossover is believed to take place in QCD-like theories at finite density \cite{Nishida:2005ds,Abuki:2006dv,Deng:2006ed,He:2007kd,He:2007yj,Sun:2007fc,Brauner:2008td,Chatterjee:2008dr,He:2010nb,Kanazawa:2011tt} (see \cite{He:2013gga} for a review). While the interaction strength and the density can be separately varied in nonrelativistic systems, this is not the case in gauge theories --- actually we face a density-induced crossover: at low density, quark matter is strongly coupled and tightly bound diquarks condense, whereas at high density the coupling is weak due to asymptotic freedom and a BCS-type description is justified \cite{Alford:2007xm}. The study of such a crossover (including the possibility of phase transitions at intermediate densities) is potentially relevant to compact star phenomenology and heavy-ion collision experiments.

In this paper we investigate \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace in the NJL model with a complex coupling. Generally, \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace is considered to be a strong coupling phenomenon and a weakly coupled BCS picture does not apply. However, at finite chiral chemical potential \cite{Fukushima:2008xe,Yamamoto:2011gk,Ruggieri:2011xc,Gatto:2011wc,Braguta:2015zta,Xu:2015vna,Braguta:2016aov,Chernodub:2019ggz,Braguta:2019pxt}, \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace occurs at an arbitrarily weak coupling due to the fact that a chiral chemical potential induces a nonzero density of states for fermions at low energy and serves as a catalyst of \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace \cite{Braguta:2016aov,Braguta:2019pxt}. By tuning both the coupling strength and the chiral chemical potential, we probe the entire range of the BCS-BEC crossover for \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace and construct a complete phase diagram as a function of the complex four-fermion coupling. A novel mechanism for emergence and disappearance of complex saddles of the action is also illustrated.

Two caveats are in order here. First, to keep the presentation as simple as possible, we will not consider superfluidity (diquark condensation) in this work. Second, although a chirally imbalanced matter in gauge theories is intrinsically unstable due to the axial anomaly \cite{Redlich:1984md,Rubakov:1985nk,Akamatsu:2013pjd}, our model has no coupling to gauge fields and there is no instability due to anomalies.

This paper is organized as follows. In section~\ref{sc:def} the model is defined and the thermodynamic potential is derived. In section~\ref{sc:real} the phase diagram for real coupling is presented. The detrimental effect of the baryon chemical potential on \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace is illustrated. In section~\ref{sc:complex} we turn on an imaginary part of the coupling, solve the gap equation numerically, map out the phase diagram, and determine the boundary between the normal phase, a metastable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase, and a stable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase. The results are then compared with those for nonrelativistic fermions \cite{UedaPRL2019,Iskin2020}. In section~\ref{app} the dependence on the UV regularization scheme is discussed. We conclude in section~\ref{sc:conc}.

\section{\label{sc:def}The NJL model}

We consider a model with the partition function $\displaystyle Z=\int \mathcal{D}\bar\psi \mathcal{D}\psi~\exp\mkakko{-\int_0^\beta \mathrm{d} \tau \int \mathrm{d}^3x ~\mathcal{L}}$ where the Euclidean Lagrangian is given by
\ba
	\mathcal{L} & = \bar\psi(\slashed{\partial}
	-\mu \gamma_0-\mu_5\gamma_5\gamma_0)\psi
	- \frac{G}{2}\kkakko{(\bar\psi\psi)^2+(\bar\psi i\gamma_5 \psi)^2}.
	\label{eq:24543543}
\ea
It is invariant under $\text{U}(1)_V\times \text{U}(1)_A$ symmetry transformations. $\mu$ is the quark chemical potential and $\mu_5$ is the chiral (or axial) chemical potential. We set the current mass to zero. Eq.~\eqref{eq:24543543} is the same model as in \cite{Braguta:2016aov,Braguta:2019pxt} except that here we have nonzero $\mu$. It is straightforward to introduce $N_f$ flavors of quarks and let $N_f\to \infty$ with $G\propto 1/N_f$, which allows us to rigorously justify a saddle point analysis, but we shall stick to $N_f=1$ for simplicity of exposition.

With the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation, quarks can be readily integrated out and yields
\ba
	Z & = \int \mathcal{D}\sigma\mathcal{D}\pi~
	\rme^{-\frac{1}{2G}\int (\sigma^2+\pi^2)}
	\det\mkakko{\slashed{\partial}-\mu\gamma_0-\mu_5\gamma_5\gamma_0-\sigma-i\gamma_5\pi} .
\ea
The bosonic fields are related to fermionic observables as $\langle \sigma \rangle=G\langle \bar\psi\psi \rangle$ and $\langle \pi \rangle=G\langle \bar\psi i\gamma_5 \psi \rangle$. In the mean-field approximation, we have
\ba
	Z & = \int \mathrm{d} \sigma \int \mathrm{d} \pi ~
	\rme^{-\frac{V_4}{2G}(\sigma^2+\pi^2)}
	\prod_{p_0}\prod_{\mathbf{p}}
	\kkakko{(p_0+i\mu)^2+E_+^2}\kkakko{(p_0+i\mu)^2+E_-^2}
	\\
	& = \int \mathrm{d} \sigma \int \mathrm{d} \pi ~
	\rme^{-\frac{V_4}{2G}(\sigma^2+\pi^2)}\Bigg\{
	\prod_{p_0}\prod_{\mathbf{p}}\kkakko{p_0^2+(E_++\mu)^2}
	\kkakko{p_0^2+(E_+-\mu)^2}
	\notag
	\\
	& \quad \times \kkakko{p_0^2+(E_-+\mu)^2}
	\kkakko{p_0^2+(E_--\mu)^2}
	\Bigg\}^{1/2}
	\hspace{-10pt}
	\\
	& \propto \int \mathrm{d} \sigma \int \mathrm{d} \pi ~
	\rme^{-\frac{V_4}{2G}(\sigma^2+\pi^2)}\prod_{\mathbf{p}}
	\bigg[\cosh\mkakko{\frac{E_++\mu}{2T}}
	\cosh\mkakko{\frac{E_+-\mu}{2T}}
	\notag
	\\
	& \quad \times
	\cosh\mkakko{\frac{E_-+\mu}{2T}}
	\cosh\mkakko{\frac{E_--\mu}{2T}}\bigg]\,,
\ea
where $V_4\equiv V_3/T$ is the Euclidean spacetime volume,
\ba
	E_{\pm} & \equiv \sqrt{(|\mathbf{p}|\pm \mu_5)^2+\sigma^2+\pi^2},
	\label{eq:E243589}
\ea
and we used \cite{dlmf_cosh} $\displaystyle \prod_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}\kkakko{1+\frac{z^2}{(2n+1)^2\pi^2}}=\cosh^2\mkakko{\frac{z}{2}}$. Then $\displaystyle Z = \int \mathrm{d} \sigma \int\mathrm{d} \pi~ \rme^{-V_4 \mathcal{S}}$ with
\ba
	\mathcal{S} & \equiv
	\frac{\sigma^2+\pi^2}{2G} - \frac{T}{2\pi^2}\int_0^\Lambda \mathrm{d} p\; p^2
	\bigg[
		\log \cosh\mkakko{\frac{E_++\mu}{2T}}
		+ \log \cosh\mkakko{\frac{E_+-\mu}{2T}}
	\notag
	\\& \quad
		+ \log \cosh\mkakko{\frac{E_-+\mu}{2T}}
		+ \log \cosh\mkakko{\frac{E_--\mu}{2T}}
	\bigg]\,,
	\notag
\ea
where a momentum cutoff $\Lambda$ was introduced to remove UV divergences. (See section~\ref{app} for a discussion on an alternative UV regularization.) Let us define dimensionless variables
\ba
	g \equiv G\Lambda^2, \quad t \equiv \frac{T}{\Lambda}, \quad
	M^2 \equiv \frac{\sigma^2+\pi^2}{\Lambda^2}, \quad \wh{\mu} \equiv \frac{\mu}{\Lambda},
	\quad \wh{\mu}_5 \equiv \frac{\mu_5}{\Lambda}\,,
\ea
which leads to a dimensionless action $S \equiv \mathcal{S}/\Lambda^4$ given by
\ba
	S & = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{t}{2\pi^2}\int_0^1 \mathrm{d} x\; x^2 \Bigg[
		\log \cosh \mkakko{\frac{\sqrt{(x+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}+\wh{\mu}}{2t}}
		+ \log \cosh \mkakko{\frac{\sqrt{(x+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}-\wh{\mu}}{2t}}
	\notag
	\\
	& \quad + \log \cosh \mkakko{\frac{\sqrt{(x-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}+\wh{\mu}}{2t}}
	+ \log \cosh \mkakko{\frac{\sqrt{(x-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}-\wh{\mu}}{2t}}
	\Bigg]\,.
	\label{eq:8564323}
\ea
In the following, we will assume $0<\wh{\mu}_5<1$ so that the Fermi surface stays inside the domain of integration. In generic open quantum systems, temperature is not well defined, and we treat $t$ as a formal parameter used to define the path integral for the partition function, as in  \cite{UedaPRL2019}. We will set $t$ to zero in the ensuing analysis.

\section{\label{sc:real}Phase diagram for real coupling}

Let us begin with a discussion for real coupling $g>0$. In the zero-temperature limit $t\to +0$, \eqref{eq:8564323} reduces to
\ba
	S & = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{1}{4\pi^2}\int_0^1 \mathrm{d} x\; x^2 \Big(
		|\sqrt{(x+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}+\wh{\mu}| + |\sqrt{(x+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}-\wh{\mu}|
	\notag
	\\
	& \quad + |\sqrt{(x-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}+\wh{\mu} | + |\sqrt{(x-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}-\wh{\mu} |
	\Big)\,.
\ea
Numerical minimization of $S$ allows us to determine the dynamical mass $M$ as a function of $g$ and $\wh{\mu}_5$. Our result for $\wh{\mu}=0$ is presented in Figure~\ref{fg:3984675}. As one can see from the left plot, while there is a nonzero critical coupling $\approx 20$ at $\wh{\mu}_5=0$, it goes away for $\wh{\mu}_5>0$: \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace occurs for any nonzero coupling. This is the catalysis effect emphasized in e.g., \cite{Braguta:2016aov,Braguta:2019pxt}. The dynamical mass increases monotonically with $\wh{\mu}_5$.

\begin{figure}[tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{M_g_plot}
	\ \
	\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{crossover_mu0_plot}
	\caption{\label{fg:3984675}Dynamical mass (left) and the phase diagram (right) for $\mu=0$ at zero temperature. In the right plot, the color scale represents $\log(\wh{\mu}_5/M)$. The white curve indicates $\log(\wh{\mu}_5/M)=0$.}
\end{figure}

What is the distinction between the BCS regime and the BEC regime? In nonrelativistic systems the unitarity limit marks a crisp boundary, but what about relativistic systems? The locus of a ``transition'' between the two regimes is not uniquely defined. As suggested in \cite{He:2013gga}, one popular criterion is to see the dispersion relation $E(\mathbf{p})$ of quasiparticles. If $E(\mathbf{p})$ takes a minimum at $|\mathbf{p}|\approx p_\text{F}$, it is in the BCS regime, and if $E(\mathbf{p})$ is a monotonically increasing function of $|\mathbf{p}|$, it is in the BEC regime. This works pretty well in dense QCD where $E(\mathbf{p})=\sqrt{(\sqrt{\mathbf{p}^2+M^2}-\mu)^2+\Delta^2}$ (with $\Delta$ the superconducting gap) experiences such a transition when the dynamical mass $M$ is equal to $\mu$. In the current model, however, the dispersion \eqref{eq:E243589} takes a minimum at $|\mathbf{p}|=\mu_5$ regardless of the dynamical mass. Yet another criterion is to compare the interparticle distance and the size of Cooper pairs. If the wave function of Cooper pairs extends beyond the average interparticle distance, it is in the BCS regime, otherwise in the BEC regime. In \cite{Abuki:2001be,Itakura:2002vr} the size of Cooper pairs in relativistic color superconductors was computed as a function of the quark density and such a BCS-BEC-type crossover was indicated. Unfortunately, a similar analysis is difficult for our model because the interaction is pointlike and the gap has no momentum dependence. As a rule of thumb, let us take the inverse of $M$ as the size of a Cooper pair, and take the inverse of $\mu_5$ as the average inter-quark distance. Then the region with $1/M>1/\wh{\mu}_5$ ($1/M<1/\wh{\mu}_5$) corresponds to the BCS (BEC) regime, respectively. According to this crude estimate we labeled each regime in the right plot of Figure~\ref{fg:3984675}.

\begin{figure}[tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=.47\textwidth]{g_17,5}
	\ \
	\includegraphics[width=.47\textwidth]{g_20,5}
	\caption{\label{fg:stress}Phase diagrams for $g=17.5$ (left) and $g=20.5$ (right) at zero temperature. The color scale represents $M$.}
\end{figure}

Next we proceed to the analysis for nonzero $\wh{\mu}$. The phase diagrams are shown in Figure~\ref{fg:stress}. The main observation here is that for any $\wh{\mu}_5$, there is a critical $\wh{\mu}$ beyond which the chiral symmetry is restored. This is because $\wh{\mu}$ induces a mismatch of Fermi surfaces and disrupts Cooper pairing. The critical value of $\wh{\mu}$ is known as the Chandrasekhar-Clogston limit \cite{Chandrasekhar1962,Clogston1962}. Analogous situations arise in both condensed matter \cite{Radzihovsky_2010,Chevy_2010} and high-density QCD \cite{Alford:2000ze,Splittorff:2000mm,Bedaque:2001je,Casalbuoni:2003wh,Nickel:2009wj,Buballa:2014tba}. When the ordinary isotropic Cooper pairing is hampered, a nonstandard pairing that breaks translation symmetry is likely to set in, though it is beyond the scope of this paper.

\section{\label{sc:complex}Phase diagram for complex coupling}

Finally we complexify the coupling constant. Throughout this section we set $\wh{\mu}=0$ to simplify the ensuing numerical analysis. Eq.~\eqref{eq:8564323} reduces to
\ba
	S & = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{t}{\pi^2}\int_0^1 \mathrm{d} x\; x^2 \Bigg[
		\log \cosh \mkakko{\frac{\sqrt{(x+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}{2t}}
		+ \log \cosh \mkakko{\frac{\sqrt{(x-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}{2t}}
	\Bigg]
\ea
where $g\in\mathbb{C}$ and $M\in\mathbb{C}$. When $M$ is purely imaginary, $\sqrt{(x\pm \wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}$ may be exactly on the branch cut of the complex square root, which makes the zero-temperature limit $t\to +0$ ill-defined. When $M$ is \emph{not} purely imaginary, we have for $t\to+0$
\ba
	S & =\frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{1}{2\pi^2}\int_0^1 \mathrm{d} x\; x^2 \big[
		\sqrt{(x+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2} + \sqrt{(x-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}
	\big] \,.
\ea
This integral can be performed with the formula
\ba
	\int \mathrm{d} x\; x^2 \sqrt{(x+\mu)^2+M^2} & =
	- \frac{M^2(M^2-4\mu^2)}{8}\tanh^{-1}\mkakko{\frac{x+\mu}{\sqrt{(x+\mu)^2+M^2}}}
	\notag
	\\
	& \quad + \frac{\sqrt{(x+\mu)^2+M^2}}{24} \kkakko{6x^3+2\mu x^2+(3M^2-2\mu^2)x+2\mu^3-13M^2\mu}
	\notag
	\\
	& =: F(x,\mu,M)\,,
\ea
where $\tanh^{-1}(z)=\frac{1}{2}\log\mkakko{\frac{1+z}{1-z}}$ is the inverse function of $\tanh(z)$. This way we obtain
\ba
	S & = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{1}{2\pi^2}\kkakko{
		F(1,\wh{\mu}_5,M) - F(0,\wh{\mu}_5,M) + F(1,-\wh{\mu}_5,M) - F(0,-\wh{\mu}_5,M)
	}
	\\
	& = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{1}{2\pi^2}\Bigg[
	- \frac{M^2(M^2-4\wh{\mu}_5^2)}{8}
	\Bigg\{
		\tanh^{-1}\mkakko{\frac{1+\wh{\mu}_5}{\sqrt{(1+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}}
	\notag
	\\
	& \quad +
		\tanh^{-1}\mkakko{\frac{1-\wh{\mu}_5}{\sqrt{(1-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}}
	\Bigg\}
	\notag
	\\
	& \quad
	+ \frac{\sqrt{(1+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}{24} (6+2\wh{\mu}_5+3M^2-2\wh{\mu}_5^2+2\wh{\mu}_5^3-13M^2\wh{\mu}_5)
	\notag
	\\
	& \quad
	+ \frac{\sqrt{(1-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}{24} (6-2\wh{\mu}_5+3M^2-2\wh{\mu}_5^2-2\wh{\mu}_5^3+13M^2\wh{\mu}_5)
	\Bigg]
	\,.
\ea
Since $S$ is a function of $M^2$, the trivial vacuum $M=0$ is always a solution to $\partial S/\partial M=0$. We are interested in the gap equation for $M\ne 0$, which reads
\ba
	0 & \overset{!}{=} \frac{1}{2M} \frac{\partial S}{\partial M}
	\notag
	\\
	& = \frac{1}{2g} + \frac{1}{8\pi^2}\Bigg[
		(3\wh{\mu}_5-1)\sqrt{(1+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2} - (3\wh{\mu}_5+1)\sqrt{(1-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}
	\notag
	\\
	& \quad
	+ (M^2 - 2\wh{\mu}_5^2) \ckakko{
			\tanh^{-1}\mkakko{\frac{1+\wh{\mu}_5}{\sqrt{(1+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}}
			+ \tanh^{-1}\mkakko{\frac{1-\wh{\mu}_5}{\sqrt{(1-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}}
		}
	\Bigg] \,.
	\label{eq:hgdf8}
\ea
We have varied $g$ on the complex plane and numerically searched for a solution to \eqref{eq:hgdf8} for each $g$. It turned out that there was no solution for $\Re\; g<0$, indicating that chiral symmetry is unbroken for $\Re\; g<0$. This is natural because $\Re\; g<0$ is a repulsive interaction. Furthermore, the phase structures for $\Im\;g>0$ and $\Im\;g<0$ are symmetric about the real axis of $g$. Hence we will assume $\Re\;g>0$ and $\Im\;g>0$ in the following.

\begin{figure}[tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=.47\textwidth]{saddles_g,15,plus,20i} \quad
	\includegraphics[width=.47\textwidth]{saddles_g,15,plus,23i}
	\put(-428,145){\Large (a)}
	\put(-212,145){\Large (b)}
	\vspace{12pt}\\
	\includegraphics[width=.47\textwidth]{saddles_g,15,plus,28i}
	\put(-212,145){\Large (c)}
	\caption{\label{eq:sps}$\sqrt{|\partial S/\partial M|}$ on the complex $M$ plane at $\wh{\mu}_5=0.5$ for three values of complex $g$.}
\end{figure}

By monitoring the magnitude of the gradient $\partial S/\partial M$ we found an interesting mechanism that changes the number of saddle points of $S$. In Figure~\ref{eq:sps}(a), (b) and (c) we display $\sqrt{|\partial S/\partial M|}$ as a function of $M$ for three values of $g$. (The square root of the gradient was taken for better visibility of the figures.) In Figure~\ref{eq:sps}(a) there is only one saddle point. (Of course there is another saddle for $M\to -M$.) When we increase the imaginary part of $g$, as shown in Figure~\ref{eq:sps}(b), a new saddle point is suddenly born out of the imaginary axis of $M$. So there are now two saddle points. When the imaginary part of $g$ is further increased, as shown in Figure~\ref{eq:sps}(c), the old saddle is absorbed into the imaginary axis and we are left with a single saddle. In this fashion the number of saddles (i.e., the solutions to \eqref{eq:hgdf8}) can jump abruptly.

When there are multiple saddles, the dominant one is definitely the one that has the lowest value of $\Re\,S$, since it has the largest magnitude of $\rme^{-S}$ and dominates the  partition function as a sum over saddles $Z\approx\sum_n c_n \rme^{-S_n}$ provided that all $c_n$'s are of the same order. Following \cite{UedaPRL2019,Iskin2020}, we define three phases as below.
\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
	\item Normal phase: \eqref{eq:hgdf8} has no solution, i.e., $M=0$ is the only saddle of $S$.
	\item Metastable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase: there are solutions to \eqref{eq:hgdf8}, but their $\Re\;S$ are higher than that for $M=0$.
	\item Stable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase: there are solutions to \eqref{eq:hgdf8} whose $\Re\;S$ are lower than that for $M=0$.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=.46\textwidth]{NH_PD}~
	\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{Abs_M}
	\caption{\label{eq:32425}The phase diagram for $\wh{\mu}_5=0.5$ (left) and the magnitude of the complex dynamical mass $|M|$ (right). The dashed black line represents $|M|=\wh{\mu}_5$.}
\end{figure}
In Figure~\ref{eq:32425} (left) we display the phase diagram for $\wh{\mu}_5=0.5$ on the complex $g$ plane. In the vicinity of the real axis we have a stable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase. As $\Im\;g$ increases, we are driven into a metastable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase via a quantum phase transition. At small $\Re\;g$ the metastable saddle goes away and the chiral symmetry is completely restored. Interestingly, as one goes up along the imaginary axis, a metastable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace state emerges suddenly at $\Im\;g\simeq 22.5$; this means that a very strong dissipation can trigger \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace (albeit a metastable one).  The global phase structure we found here is quite similar to the one for nonrelativistic fermions on a lattice \cite{UedaPRL2019}, though we note that the phase diagram at small $\Re\;g$ was not presented in \cite{UedaPRL2019} because of the limitation of numerical calculations. (See section~\ref{app} where we argue that part of the features of this phase diagram can be attributed to the usage of a sharp momentum cutoff.)

To gain more insights, in Figure~\ref{eq:32425} (right) we plot the magnitude of the gap $|M|$. When there are multiple saddles, we took the one that has the lowest $\Re\;S$. Notice that nothing dramatic happens at the boundary between the metastable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase and the stable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase. It is worth noting that the gap magnitude tends to be \emph{enhanced} by dissipation. As a crude guide we drew the boundary $|M|\sim \wh{\mu}_5$ between the BCS regime and the BEC regime. We emphasize that this is a rule of thumb and a more rigorous characterization of the crossover region in non-Hermitian superfluids is left as an open problem. We point out that for $\Im\;g\gtrsim 20$ the gap reaches the UV cutoff scale ($|M|\sim 1$); this implies that all the calculations for $\Im\;g\gtrsim 20$ are extremely sensitive to the regularization scheme used, and hence one has to be careful about physical interpretations.

\begin{figure}[tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{ReM}~
	\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{ImM}
	\caption{\label{eq:MM4561}The real and imaginary parts of the complex dynamical mass $M$ for $\wh{\mu}_5=0.5$.}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{eq:MM4561} shows the real and imaginary parts of $M$. The left panel shows that $\Re\;M$ grows monotonically with $\Re\;g$ and is largely independent of $\Im\;g$. Note that $\Re\;M$ approaches zero along the boundary with the normal phase. This means that, when one moves out of the normal phase, a nontrivial solution to the gap equation emerges out of the imaginary axis of $M$.  The right panel shows that $\Im\;M$ grows monotonically with $\Im\;g$.

It is instructive to compare our findings with preceding works.
\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
	\item Ref.~\cite{UedaPRL2019} found an enhancement of superfluidity by dissipation, and attributed it to the continuous quantum Zeno effect which suppresses tunneling and reinforces on-site molecule formation. This effect is unique to a lattice system. Nevertheless we observed a similar enhancement in a continuum model; we speculate that the presence of a sharp momentum cutoff plays a role similar to that of a lattice. See section~\ref{app} for a discussion on an alternative UV regularization.
	\item Ref.~\cite{Iskin2020} solved the BCS-BEC crossover for a complex scattering length and found that the superfluid phase is stable even in the limit of strong dissipation, which is surprising. The difference of \cite{Iskin2020} from \cite{UedaPRL2019} and this paper may be due to the fact that \cite{Iskin2020} considered a complex-valued chemical potential.%
	\footnote{A complex-valued chemical potential has been widely used in Monte Carlo simulations of QCD as a means of mitigating the sign problem \cite{deForcrand:2002hgr,DElia:2002tig}.}
	\item Ref.~\cite{Zhou2018} reports that a non-Hermitian perturbation (an imaginary magnetic field) enhances superfluidity.
	\item Ref.~\cite{Felski:2020vrm} solved the NJL model supplemented with a non-Hermitian bilinear term that preserves chiral symmetry. It was found that, as the non-Hermitian coupling grows, the dynamical mass first rises and then drops to zero.
\end{itemize}

Finally we turn to the quasiparticle excitation spectra $E(\mathbf{p})=\sqrt{(|\mathbf{p}|/\Lambda-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}$ which is generally complex for complex $g$. The real and (scaled) imaginary parts of $E(\mathbf{p})$ are displayed in Figure~\ref{eq:spec2384}. At weak coupling, the imaginary part of $E(\mathbf{p})$ is sharply concentrated around the Fermi level (left panel). By contrast, at stronger coupling, the imaginary part has a much broader support (right panel). These are results for weak dissipation ($\Im\;g=0.5$). If dissipation is stronger, a more peculiar thing can occur: at the boundary between the normal phase and the metastable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase, $M$ is purely imaginary (cf.~Figure~\ref{eq:MM4561}), hence $E(\mathbf{p})$ is \emph{purely imaginary} for $\wh{\mu}_5 - |M| \leq|\mathbf{p}|/\Lambda\leq\wh{\mu}_5 + |M|$ and is \emph{real} otherwise. The bounds $|\mathbf{p}|/\Lambda=\wh{\mu}_5 \pm |M|$ are an example of the so-called \emph{exceptional points} \cite{Heiss_2012} where the dimensionality of the eigenspace of the Hamiltonian decreases.

\begin{figure}[tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{energy_small_g}~
	\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{energy_large_g}
	\caption{\label{eq:spec2384}The complex energy spectra of quasiparticles for weak (left) and strong (right) coupling.}
\end{figure}

\section{Dependence on the UV regularization scheme\label{app}}

In this section, we investigate what happens to the phase diagram when the sharp momentum cutoff used in section~\ref{sc:complex} is replaced with a more smooth UV regulator. Since the numerical search of a solution to the gap equation requires high numerical precision, it is mandatory to choose a regulator such that the momentum integral for the action $S$ can be evaluated analytically. For this reason, we choose smooth form factors
\ba
	\frac{1}{\kkakko{\displaystyle 1+\mkakko{\frac{|\mathbf{p}|+\mu_5}{\Lambda}}^2}^3} \qquad \text{and}\qquad
	\frac{1}{\kkakko{\displaystyle 1+\mkakko{\frac{|\mathbf{p}|-\mu_5}{\Lambda}}^2}^3}\,.
	\label{eq:dshgsgfdfsd}
\ea
Then the action, in dimensionless form, reads as
\ba
	S & = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{1}{2\pi^2}\int_0^{\infty}
	\mathrm{d} x\; x^2 \ckakko{
		\frac{\sqrt{(x+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}{[1+\mkakko{x+\wh{\mu}_5}^2]^3}
		+
		\frac{\sqrt{(x-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}{[1+\mkakko{x-\wh{\mu}_5}^2]^3}
	}
	\\
	& = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{1}{4\pi^2}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}
	\mathrm{d} x\; x^2 \ckakko{
		\frac{\sqrt{(x+\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}{[1+\mkakko{x+\wh{\mu}_5}^2]^3}
		+
		\frac{\sqrt{(x-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+M^2}}{[1+\mkakko{x-\wh{\mu}_5}^2]^3}
	}
	\\
	& = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{1}{4\pi^2}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}
	\mathrm{d} x\; [(x-\wh{\mu}_5)^2+(x+\wh{\mu}_5)^2]
	\frac{\sqrt{x^2+M^2}}{(1+x^2)^3}
	\\
	& = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{1}{2\pi^2}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}
	\mathrm{d} x\; (x^2+\wh{\mu}_5^2)
	\frac{\sqrt{x^2+M^2}}{(1+x^2)^3}
	\\
	& = \frac{M^2}{2g} - \frac{1}{2\pi^2}
	\frac{\sqrt{M^2-1}\kkakko{M^2-2+(3M^2-2)\wh{\mu}_5^2} + M^2 \kkakko{M^2+(3M^2-4) \wh{\mu}_5^2 } \mathrm{ArcSec}\sqrt{M^2}}{4(M^2-1)^{3/2}}.
\ea
Then we have for the gradient
\ba
\scalebox{0.85}{$\displaystyle
	\frac{1}{2M}\frac{\partial S}{\partial M} = \frac{1}{2g} -
	\frac{\sqrt{M^2-1}\kkakko{M^2+2+3(M^2-2)\wh{\mu}_5^2} + \ckakko{M^2(M^2-4)+\kkakko{M^2(3M^2-8)+8}\wh{\mu}_5^2}\mathrm{ArcSec}\sqrt{M^2}}{16\pi^2(M^2-1)^{5/2}}
	$}.
	\label{eq:254w}
\ea
\begin{figure}[tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=.46\textwidth]{NH_PD_smooth}~
	\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{Abs_M_smooth}
	\caption{\label{eq:werf54}Same as Figure~\ref{eq:32425} but with a smooth UV regularization using the form factor \eqref{eq:dshgsgfdfsd}. Note that the vertical scale is twice larger than Figure~\ref{eq:32425}.}
\end{figure}%
We numerically searched for a solution to \eqref{eq:254w} with varying $g\in\mathbb{C}$ and, if there was any solution, investigated its stability as compared to the trivial vacuum $M=0$. The result is shown in Figure~\ref{eq:werf54}. It is clear that the normal phase without a metastable vacuum has expanded substantially in comparison to Figure~\ref{eq:32425}. It is thus concluded that the emergence of a metastable \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace phase in the region $\text{Re}\;g\ll \text{Im}\; g$ in Figure~\ref{eq:32425} is largely an artifact due to the sharp momentum cutoff.

\section{\label{sc:conc}Conclusions and outlook}
In summary, we have investigated \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace of Dirac fermions in four dimensions at finite chiral chemical potential for a complex-valued four-fermion coupling. We varied the coupling over the entire range from the weakly bound BCS regime to the tightly bound BEC regime, and numerically constructed the phase diagram. Our primary result is that the imaginary coupling tends to enhance \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace up to a certain threshold; when the imaginary coupling exceeds the threshold, the chiral symmetry is restored, although a nontrivial solution to the gap equation continues to exist. We illustrated how complex saddles of the action come into existence and go away through the imaginary axis of the complex gap plane along which the action has a branch cut. We also worked out the complex energy spectra of quasiparticles. Our results can in principle be tested in experiments using ultracold atomic gases and other materials that host Dirac fermions \cite{Vafek:2013mpa,Wehling_2014,Armitage:2017cjs}.%
\footnote{It is conceivable that the creation of a chirally imbalanced matter in experiments is highly challenging. Creating a chirally balanced Dirac fermions at finite quark chemical potential would be easier, for which our results would be qualitatively correct if the dynamical mass is replaced with a superfluid gap.} However, it may be difficult to draw implications for quark matter in compact stars from this work, because the pointlike four-fermion interaction is a very crude approximation to the non-Abelian gauge interaction between quarks.

There are miscellaneous future directions in which this work can be extended. A partial list is given below.
\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
	\item To incorporate the competition between the chiral condensate and the diquark condensate (i.e., a competition between a Dirac mass and a Majorana mass) along the lines of \cite{Berges:1998rc,Ratti:2004ra}
	\item To investigate collective fluctuations around the saddle points and test the validity of the mean-field approximation for non-Hermitian \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace
	\item To analytically prove numerical findings in this work, e.g., the existence of a nontrivial solution to the gap equation for large $\Im\;g$
	\item To examine dissipative \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace under an external magnetic field that catalyzes \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace \cite{Andersen:2014xxa,Miransky:2015ava}
	\item To study $\text{U}(1)_A$ vortices
	\item To study the effect of nonzero $\mu$ on non-Hermitian \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace
	\item To analyze the structure of Cooper pairs as a function of the complex coupling, and provide a more precise description of the non-Hermitian BCS-BEC crossover
	\item To use the renormalization group to improve the mean-field analysis
	\item To clarify how to apply the Lefschetz thimble approach \cite{Alexandru:2020wrj} to non-Hermitian \text{$\chi$SB}\xspace where the complex action and its gradient have branch cuts
	\item To use the results of this paper to benchmark algorithms (such as the complex Langevin method \cite{Aarts:2009uq}) for simulating complex-action theories
	\item To extend this work to lower spatial dimensions
	\item To test the conclusions of this paper with other low-energy effective models such as holography \cite{Herzog:2009xv} (see \cite{Arean:2019pom} for a non-Hermitian extension)
\end{itemize}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Claude II Perier dit milord est un banquier et industriel français né à Grenoble le 28 mai 1742 et mort à Paris le 6 février 1801. Il est le fils de Jacques II Perier et de Marie-Élizabeth Dupuy. Il participe à la réunion des états généraux du Dauphiné (aussi appelée Assemblée de Vizille) qu'il accueille en son château de Vizille le 21 juillet 1788. Il est le rédacteur en 1800 des premiers statuts de la Banque de France.

Biographie

Origines et famille
Claude II Perier est l'héritier d'un bourgeois du Dauphiné, son père Jacques II Perier. Son père et son grand-père maternel Claude Dupuy avaient tous deux exercé les fonctions de consul à Grenoble. Il épouse le 28 avril 1767, à Grenoble, Marie-Charlotte Pascal, fille de Charles Pascal, syndic général des marchands de Grenoble et conseiller référendaire en la Chancellerie près le Parlement du Dauphiné. De leur union naissent douze enfants dont dix survivent à leur père. L'une des nièces de Claude Perier, Philippine Duchesne (canonisée en 1988), allie vocation religieuse et mission éducative en développant aux États-Unis de manière considérable les Dames du Sacré-Cœur.

Parallèlement à cette vie familiale, Claude Perier entreprend un véritable cursus honorum dans le monde de la finance : il crée sa propre banque, est nommé conseiller-secrétaire du roi à la Chambre des comptes du Dauphiné en 1778 alors âgé de 36 ans
ce qui lui assure aussitôt la noblesse héréditaire. Deux ans plus tard, il achète le château de Vizille avec les droits féodaux afférents. Ses armes sont alors « d'azur à une bande d'or accompagné en chef d'une tête de lion arrachée et couronnée d'argent, lampassée de gueules ». Il installe dans l'aile droite du château des manufactures de papiers et cotonnades et d'impression sur étoffes.

Un acteur industriel à la fin de l'Ancien Régime

Acteur d'aventures industrielles, Claude Perier participe à la Première révolution industrielle : en tant que manufacturier, il lance avec succès la production de cotonnades imprimées et d'indiennes à Vizille, intervient dans le financement du commerce maritime en tant que commanditaire de plusieurs sociétés, et investit dans l'entreprise de Jacques-Constantin Périer qui fabrique en France les premières machines à vapeur de Watt.

Partisan de l'abolition des privilèges, il propose d'abriter dans son château de Vizille la réunion des premiers Etats généraux du Dauphiné, aussi dits « Assemblée de Vizille », qui se réunit dans l'illégalité le . Cette réunion, conséquence directe de la journée des Tuiles du 7 juin, est la première à accorder au Tiers État, ici majoritaire, le vote par tête, et non par ordre comme dans les autres états généraux, notamment ceux de Pau ou Rennes.

Les députés de Vizille votent que .

Si la motivation de Perier demeure avant tout de soutenir les parlementaires du Dauphiné, de Paris et de nombreuses autres provinces contre les mesures fiscales de Loménie de Brienne, les discours prononcés lors des États généraux de Vizille démontrent une volonté de voir un nouvel ordre social s'établir dans le royaume de France, partagée avec une grande partie de la bourgeoise de même que certains membres de la noblesse et du bas-clergé. Ceci pousse les membres de l'assemblée de Vizille, dont fait partie Claude Perier, à demander la convocation par le Roi des États généraux du royaume qui débouchent à la suite d'autres événements sur le processus révolutionnaire.

Son influence politique et économique après la Révolution

Après la réunion illégale des États généraux du Dauphiné qui fait suite à la « journée des Tuiles » à Grenoble, les  parlementaires dauphinois savent qu'ils disposent dans leur fronde d'un soutien dans le peuple et la bourgeoisie. De plus, Perier jouit de la reconnaissance de ses pairs : il dispose d'une nouvelle charge, celle de directeur de l'hôpital général de Grenoble.

La Révolution prend à Paris un tournant inattendu et les périodes de trouble qu'elle inaugure nuisent aux affaires de Perier. Une fois sa banque liquidée, il ne demeure pourtant pas à l'écart de la vie tant économique que politique de sa région. Il achète des biens nationaux dont les mines d'Anzin et devient officier municipal de Grenoble en octobre 1792.

Cependant, les Montagnards bientôt maîtres de la ville lui reprochent vite son amitié avec les Girondins et l'accusent de fédéralisme. Grâce au soutien de plusieurs notables dont Camille Teisseire, l'agent de la Convention à Grenoble proche de la Montagne, il ne sera pas inquiété.

Les affaires de Perier reprennent et ses qualités de gestionnaire sont reconnues par le Premier Consul Bonaparte, certainement reconnaissant par ailleurs d'avoir reçu son aide financière lors de son accession au pouvoir par le coup d'État du 9 novembre 1799.

Perier rédige les statuts de la toute nouvelle Banque de France et devient l'un des premiers régents avec d'autres banquiers dont Jean-Frédéric Perrégaux, qui avait également financé le coup d'État. L'institution a été créée le 18 janvier 1800 à la demande de Bonaparte afin d'émettre des billets payables à vue et au porteur. Elle est organisée sous la forme d'une société par actions dont l'Assemblée générale des actionnaires élit 15 régents chargés d'administrer la Banque. De cette charge il ne voit pas le terme, pas plus que de celle de député de l'Isère, élu le 25 décembre 1800 par le Sénat.

Il meurt dans son hôtel particulier à Paris où il était contraint de loger en raison de son contrat avec la Banque de France, rue Saint-Honoré, le 6 février 1801. Plusieurs versions circulent à propos de sa mort. D'après Stendhal, il mourut de froid dans la nuit, ayant refusé de se chauffer car il trouvait le bois trop cher. D'après le duc Gaston d'Audiffret-Pasquier, il mourut après avoir pris froid en triant ses papiers avant un déménagement au cinquième étage de son hôtel parisien.

Postérité

Plusieurs auteurs dont Stendhal insistent sur les habitudes économes de Perier. Surnommé Milord en référence à sa richesse, il aurait gardé des habitudes de vie simples, revêtant toujours le même habit bleu, et aurait appris à ses enfants à dépenser peu.

Les enfants de Claude II Perier sont :

L'unité de sa famille était telle que l'on désignait toujours l'un de ses membres par l'expression « les Perier ». Claude II fut en somme le fondateur d'un modèle de dynastie bourgeoise qui développa son influence dans les milieux de la politique et des affaires au .

Claude Perier est interprété par Abbès Faraoun dans le documentaire historique d'André Lechevallier De la Journée des Tuiles à Thermidor, la Révolution française vue du Dauphinér.

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Lucas-Dubreton, La manière forte, Grasset, Paris, 1929
 Pierre Barral, Les Perier dans l'Isère, PUF Paris, 1964
 Michel Sementry, Les Présidents de la République française et leur famille, Christian, Paris, 1982
 Henri de Pazzis, Origines, histoire et descendance de la famille Perier, tome III, Éditions Régionales de l'Ouest, Mayenne, 1995
 Stendhal, Vie de Henri Brulard : écrite par lui-même, éd. diplomatique présentée et annotée par Gérald Rannaud, Paris, Klincksieck, 1996
 François Furet, La Révolution Française, Gallimard, Paris, 2007

Liens externes

Personnalité de la Révolution française
Homme d'affaires français
Naissance en mai 1742
Décès en février 1801
Naissance à Grenoble
Régent de la Banque de France
Député de l'Isère
Député au Corps législatif
Décès à Paris
Décès à 58 ans
Famille Casimir-Perier
Négociant français du XVIIIe siècle
Industriel français du XVIIIe siècle
Banquier français


Trace the outline of couple.
Number three, we can't remember.
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text:
Q: Where to post a "canonical answer" when it's not in response to a specific question? Per this SO Blog post, I've been working for about 2 weeks on trying to get Ajax uploading of files to work in Rails 3 using Paperclip to manage attachments.
I finally found a solution that works really well, and is much better than any of the tips I got in several questions that I asked. In the spirit of sharing the final answer to all the questions I was asking I wanted to type up a "canonical answer" that would really explain how I finally got this working, with hopes that it will help many others.
There are dozens of questions on this topic, many of which have been answered already. It seems silly to "ask it again" just so I can post my own answer to my own question...
So, what I'm wondering is, if you've come up with a really good solution to a commonly asked question, what's the best way to share it with the SO community?

A: Answer an existing question. This is why we have revival and necromancer badges.
As to which question to answer: try to find the most general question that your answer applies to.

A: I think the answer is both -- try to find a question that your answer would reasonably fit, but if you can't, there's no harm in asking a question to answer it yourself.
I think it's important to try to find an existing question first, since SO isn't a blogging platform and we don't necessarily want to encourage people using it as such by posting questions with the sole purpose of answering them right away, but if no existing question really fits and the answer is on-topic then it's fair game to open a new one.
From your post I get the impression that there are multiple existing questions that your answer would fit, so pick one of them, answer it, and if you're feeling industrious go through a few of the other ones and add a link to your answer in the comments.
Alternatively, you could always wait until someone else asks the question and post your answer there. That'd potentially be a long wait, though, depending on how common or widespread the issue is.

A: Anna touched on this in her answer, but do you have to limit yourself to the confines of SO? If you've written and compiled an answer that transcends a set of questions, why not write a blog post and either host it yourself, or submit it to whatever popular blogs are for the relevant topic and have it posted there?

A: Canonical answers only make sense if they're answering canonical questions.  Posting your great and detailed answer to some highly-localized version of a massively-duplicated question does not help very many people because most of them are never going to find it.
That doesn't mean you must create your own question, however.  If you read Joel's post from top to bottom, you'll see that an important element of that is editing other people's questions.  In particular, if you see a question that's almost canonical in nature and is reasonably well-written to begin with, then edit it.  Give that person credit for being first, but help the community at large by editing it into a form that will have greater impact.
Don't worry about upsetting somebody with your edit.  Be bold.  Every action here can be undone if something goes wrong.
There are of course going to be two notable cases where you can't edit an existing question, and those are (a) when all of the existing questions are terrible (cf. NullReferenceException), or (b) when you don't have the reputation to edit.
If either of those two exceptions describe your situation, then start your own question, and leave a comment about what you're trying to accomplish.  Don't worry that you're answering your own question.  Don't even worry that you're creating a question just to answer it.  That's expected.  That is what the Self-Learner Badge is for.  It's even right there in the FAQ:

It's also perfectly fine to ask and answer your own question, as long as you pretend you're on Jeopardy: phrase it in the form of a question.

That's it.  As long as your question is a question, it doesn't matter who answers it or when.  What matters is that the question can be found, and that it has a good answer.  That helps everybody.
The notion that self-answering should be discouraged in any form is wrong-headed; as long as people are following the rules and posting good content, we want them to continue.  You're not being arrogant, you're being practical.
One last thing: If you decide to start your own question because all of the existing ones are too lousy to be salvageable, and you happen to have 3000 rep or more, then start your canonical question and start voting to close all those others as dupes.  Yes, seriously, do it.  We might want to keep all the dupes around to improve SEO but that doesn't mean we want people posting new answers to them if there's already a perfectly good canonical answer (and question).

A: Ask a question yourself and then answer it.

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text:
Security Expert Turns Political
Author: Michelle DelioMichelle Delio
scrutinizes the "dangerous delusions of modern American culture" instead of the latest silicon security threat.
Potomac View Press
Reader's advisory: Wired News has been unable to confirm some sources for a number of stories written by this author. If you have any information about sources cited in this article, please send an e-mail to sourceinfo[AT]wired.com.
What would inspire a well-known computer security consultant to suddenly shift gears and focus on dissecting politics and popular culture instead of the latest viral plague?
It's the realization that politicians, pundits and personal apathy can do more damage to truly critical systems than any computer worm, according to computer security consultant Richard Forno, author of two books on network-intrusion detection and computer forensics.
Forno's new book, Weapons of Mass Delusion: America's Real National Emergency, scrutinizes the "dangerous delusions of modern American culture" instead of the latest silicon security threat.
In his wide-ranging critique of subjects including religion, cell-phone ring tones, homeland defense and Hollywood, Forno warns that "the real danger facing America is what we're allowing ourselves to become."
Wired News talked with Forno about geek politics, airline "gate rape," spin, sensationalism, faith, dogma and how he found inspiration in The Matrix and a pair of tight leather pants.
Wired News: All your other books have been on technical topics. Why the sudden shift to writing about politics?
Richard Forno: Embarrassing as it may sound, and while it was a fantastic movie for a variety of reasons, the concept of reality being an illusion as shown in The Matrix was the wake-up call that got me thinking about how little control we really have in our society and lives despite the illusion that we're free and able to determine our own destinies.
I left the theater in a daze, not because of seeing Trinity's tight leather pants – although they were a definite plus – but because of the sad social commentary the movie presented to those who saw past the special effects, and the eerie reflection of modern reality it presented.
After Sept. 11, the illusion quickly became an easy way to get people and lawmakers to roll over and support any number of controversial proposals that were masked in the feel-good guise of patriotism to ensure their passage, including laws that may sound patriotic, but are anything but. The book just grew from there.
WN: Do you think it's time for hackers to turn their attention to politics rather than computers? Are some of our smartest people too wrapped up in code and not involved enough in politics?
Forno: We need people who can bridge the gap and be comfortable talking to both geeks and nongeeks. If you want to see technology-type people – geeks – move into politics in any meaningful way beyond grassroots lobbying like now, you need experienced technologists with a strong understanding of people and society as well as expertise in the art of compromise.
Geeks – myself included – have a tendency to focus only on gadgets, networking and who said what on Slashdot.... I've not found many geeks who would be comfortable in Congress yet. But I'm still looking. And hopeful.
WN: If you could change just one of the things you write about in the book, make one problem go away, what would you choose to delete?
Forno: One thing I'd do away with are many of today's television pundits who portray their self-serving, arrogant one-sided opinions as news and fact. Their brand of overpowering "infotainment" doesn't serve any purpose except to keep viewers distracted from the real world and away from thinking for themselves. For that matter, I'd revamp the entire American television news industry, because what they're showing these days barely qualifies as news.
WN: What else especially bugs you?
Forno: That's a whole other book right there, but here's a few examples:
We're allowing the cartels in Hollywood to consider and judge people guilty until they're proven guiltier in a court or decide to settle first.
Today's high school students know less about the three branches of American government than they do the Three Stooges.
Air travel was always an ordeal, but now "gate-rape" is part of the American air traveler's lexicon. Americans are being subjected to increasing amounts of electronic surveillance and data mining by government psychics looking to preempt the next terror attack, even though such efforts have been discounted by known security experts.
WN: Are you still hopeful we can save ourselves from ourselves? Or do you think we have already screwed this country up irreversibly?
Forno: The way things are going today, I'm not overly optimistic.
WN: So did you write the book with the idea that you could change things, or did you just want to get the rant out of your system?
Forno: The first few drafts were seriously angsty. That got changed during the editing process to become more balanced and less opinionated. But, you could still call it a series of well-developed, well-sourced rants.
As I say in the preface, my goal was to get people thinking differently about the things that matter in their lives and society around them. I'm not saying my views are right or wrong, and I don't care if readers agree with all of what I say or none of it. But if they start to think differently about some of the issues I discuss – or even become motivated to ask questions about things that suddenly strike them as strange in society, then I've done what I set out to do, and I'm happy.
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The *Super Mario Maker 2* Community Is a Haven of Player Creativity
Reddit's 'Manosphere' and the Challenge of Quantifying Hate
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What *Stranger Things*' High Viewership Numbers Actually Mean
*Spider-Man: Far From Home* Just Made Half a Billion Dollars
Storyboards, Marvel's Parts Unknown, Is Coming to Disney+
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Spider-Man: Far From Home Continues to Rule the Box Office
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Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Tabletop RPGs
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Depth of Field: On *Pose*, the Past Is the Present
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HBO's *Years and Years* Unlocks Sci-Fi's Ultimate Potential


text:
Kamala Harris' nightmare dinner leaves Democrats scrambling
"On the Holmes Front," with Frank Holmes
Kamala Harris is in the worst danger of her political career, and she may not even know it — but the Democratic Party does… and they're absolutely panicked over it.
Some of the most important operatives, deal-makers, and palm-greasers in the Democratic Party held a private dinner to figure out how to save her political career.
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They said the problem is obvious: Nobody likes Kamala Harris.
Poll after poll shows that Harris' approval rating is "underwater": More people disapprove of the job Harris has done as vice president than approve of it.
At the beginning of the year, her unfavorable rating was 18 percent. Today, it's 46 percent, according to Real Clear Politics.
"The dinner had an urgent purpose," according to Axios. "Harris had been hit with a series of damaging press accounts, with leaks from administration officials questioning her political judgment and describing rampant dysfunction in her office."
It's not hard to imagine why: She's not known for much among most voters except taking on fighting illegal immigration — and failing spectacularly. She lied to NBC Nightly News host Lester Holt that she had already been to the border, then cackled something random about Europe. Meanwhile, a record-breaking number of illegal aliens came across the southern border last month.
Black voters, who should be her strength, know that as California Attorney General she jailed blacks for marijuana violations — and then bragged about how she toked up on marijuana during college.
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And her former staffers say her office is a nightmare to work in—"an abusive environment" filled with "short fuses," according to Politico.
Kamala's high unfavorability numbers spell big trouble for the entire Democratic Party.
Everyone knows Kamala is one, 78-year-old Joe Biden heartbeat away from becoming president of the United States — and the leader of the Democratic Party. She's basically the de facto president.
A majority of Americans told pollsters they don't expect Joe Biden to run for re-election in 2024. But then, they knew that going in. Prior to the 2020 election, 59 percent of Americans said that, if Joe Biden got elected, they didn't believe he would finish his first term in office, according to a Rasmussen poll.
So, if they don't turn those numbers around soon, the DNC will lose the White House again, and as far as they're concerned, that must never happen. Their cushy jobs as advisors and consultants depend on it.
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So, they called in the well-paid consultants and talking heads to figure out what message will make Kamala Harris likable.
It's a tall order.
They met in the house of Kiki McLean, who is considered an expert in public affairs and advised both Bill and Hillary Clinton.
She called in just about every woman who's operated at a high level behind the scenes of Democratic politics. According to Axios, the guest list included "two former DNC officials, Donna Brazile and Leah Daughtry; Biden adviser and leader of his outside group, Stephanie Cutter; former Hillary Clinton spokeswomen and Democratic strategists Adrienne Elrod and Karen Finney; and former Obama White House communications director Jennifer Palmieri."
Imagine that: The people who worked for Hillary Clinton advising someone on how to be more likable.
For the record, Kamala Harris' office had nothing to do with the dinner — but she sent her best friend, Minyon Moore.
So, DNC "operatives spent the dinner discussing how to fight back against negative perceptions, and how to help Harris boost her national media footing."
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They think they've hit on just the right thing: They'll say anyone who doesn't like Kamala Harris is sexist.
Media coverage of Kamala Harris have "sexist overtones," the women allegedly told Axios. And they're going to "make sure the press knows this."
They've decided Kamala Harris is unlikable, and they can't make her palatable to Americans. So they're going to browbeat their friends in the media to make it too painful for anyone to speak out against her as a woman-hater.
That's just what they tried with Hillary Clinton.
And you can see how that worked for her two presidential campaigns…
In fact, the message is already failing.
"Sexism is the new straw man argument being used by team Kamala to cover for her poor performance as vice president," former Trump White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany told Fox News.
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The strategists can't thank anybody but themselves for this.
They decided to go all-in on Joe Biden, to smuggle their far-Left agenda behind his friendly face.
Joe Biden went all-in on diversity, saying he'd chosen his vice president on the basis of skin color and sex, not competence. He promised to name a "woman of color" as his running mate — and that basically only left Kamala Harris.
Now, it turns out they're both grumpy, entitled elitists, and the American people aren't lining up behind them.
Democratic consultants don't know much, but they know about how to work the system.
They see Kamala Harris could pull the entire tent down.
Frank Holmes is a veteran journalist and an outspoken conservative that talks about the news that was in his weekly article, "On The Holmes Front."


text:
Q: How to Extract JSON From HTML Source Code Using Regex Python Script
import requests
import json
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re

url = 'https://www.dunelm.com/product/caldonia-check-natural-eyelet-curtains-1000187301?defaultSkuId=30729125'

r = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(r.content,'html.parser')

# Save source code to file for testing
with open("sourcecode.html", "w", encoding='utf-8') as file:
    file.write(str(soup))

# Regex pattern to capture JSON data within webpage source code
regex_pattern = r"{\"delivery\"*.*false*}}}"

URL: https://www.dunelm.com/product/caldonia-check-natural-eyelet-curtains-1000187301?defaultSkuId=30729125
I'm trying to pull the JSON data embedded within the source code of the URL listed above using Regex.
I have manually pulled the source code from the URL listed and entered into regex101.com using the following regex pattern:
{\"delivery\"*.*false*}}}

The regex pattern appears to capture the desired JSON data needed.
Issue
When I view the contents of the soup variable or saved file it appears to capture the HTML source code.
However, I do not know how to process regex to only capture the JSON data string needed to build my desired Python Dictionary.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.

A: Maybe something like this can help you:
import re

url = 'https://www.dunelm.com/product/caldonia-check-natural-eyelet-curtains-1000187301?defaultSkuId=30729125'

r = requests.get(url)
source_text = r.text
# Regex for extract info
json = re.findall('put your regex here', source_text)

To convert the returned list to json you can use:
import json
json_format = json.dumps(json)


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Our restaurant balcony and most of our rooms had good views of the town and Mt.Kilimanjaro with both picks Kibo and Mawenzi.We serve both local and international foods and beverages.
All 28 rooms are self container and all has Cable TV,A/C,Telephone,Fridge,sofa set,coffee table,Free Wi-Fi.


Are you a graphic designer, art director or creative director? Maybe you're a copywriter or a UI/UX designer. Perhaps you are an marketing director, account executive, social media specialist, media planner, illustrator, or photographer?
For over 90 years, AdClub Little Rock has been serving the advertising profession of Central Arkansas.
Get your learn on. Check out our upcoming speaker events, bringing a fresh perspective and designed to make you think.


Amanda Keller is a much loved Australian personality who has been on our screens and air-waves for over 30 years. She spent her early years in Queensland and Western Australia before moving to suburban Sydney with her family. She studied communications at Mitchell College, where she became friends with Andrew Denton. She got a job straight out of university at Simon Townsend's Wonder World! before moving to Ray Martin's Midday Show, Beyond 2000, Talkin' About My Generation and The Living Room.
One of Australia's favourite and most multi-talented entertainers lifts the lid on life on-screen and off with not so longing looks back at growing up in the burbs in the decade taste forgot.


text:
Q: How to set default nice value for a particular program? Whenever I want to launch a program with a custom priority level, I have to type $nice -5 <Program> in the terminal.
I want to set the custom priority level to particular program as default priority level. Is it possible?

A: There is no way to launch a program with a non-default priority. You can set a non-default priority on programs running under a specific user, or even group, but that is probably not what you want.
One trick would be to use an alias:
alias myprioprogram='nice -10 myprogram'

Now, if you launch myprioprogram it will actually run myprogram with a lower priority.


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