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part III: characteristics of true friendship
June 13, 2010 February 11, 2018 Clayton	friendship, papers	Tags: friendship
There is a definite congruence of thought about the characteristics of true friendship; familiarity, similarity, respect and trust are all qualities universally associated with friendship. While the ideas expressed about these and other aspects of friendship are largely the same from writer to writer, each writer brings to the discussion a unique perspective. Drawing upon my sources, I have identified eleven characteristics which illuminate the nature of true friendship.
1. Familiarity
One of the most essential elements of friendship is familiarity. Aristotle points this out when he draws a distinction between good will and affection by saying that "affection involves familiarity, whereas good will can arise on the spur of the moment." For Aristotle, while good will marks the start of friendship, it reveals that a relationship has not yet arrived at the maturity of affection. Cicero agrees with this view and draws upon some proverbial knowledge to make his point: "There is real truth in the familiar saying that people must eat many a peck of salt together if they are to know the full meaning of friendship." Ralph Waldo Emerson takes this idea one step further when he warns against friendships that are quickly constructed: "Our friendships hurry to short and poor conclusions, because we have made them a texture of wine and dreams, instead of the tough fibre of the human heart…. We snatch at the slowest fruit in the whole garden of God, which many summers and many winters must ripen." It is evident from these observations that two people must spend time getting to know each other before they can engage in a true friendship.
As two people become familiar with one another, they discover good and bad qualities in each other and on the basis of these qualities, they make a choice — although perhaps not always consciously — either to deepen their relationship with each other or to let it weaken. Choice is a key factor in the development of friendship; in the words of Aristotle, "mutual affection involves choice." When choice (as represented by good will) is eliminated from a relationship, it can no longer be truly called friendship, as Cicero points out: "Relatives may lose their goodwill, friends cannot, for once goodwill is lost, the friend is no longer a friend, but the relative is still a relative." This idea is made even more explicit by Montaigne, who speaks of choice as an exercise of free will:
Father and son may be of entirely different dispositions, and brothers also. He is my son, he is my kinsman, but he is an unsociable man, a knave, or a fool. And then, the more they are friendships which law and natural obligation impose on us, the less of our choice and free will there is in them. And our free will has no product more properly its own than affection and friendship.
Clearly, then, friendship involves an election or choice, and Montaigne intimates above that it is based on a similarity of disposition.
3. Shared situations and interests
Although Montaigne merely hints at this similarity between friends, Aristotle makes it explicit when he says that friendship involves an element of sharing: "Friendship is present to the extent that men share something in common… Friendship consists in community." On one level, Aristotle is speaking of a physical community. He makes numerous mentions of the fact that "nothing characterizes friends as much as living in each other's company." He also speaks of the sharing of common interests as a mark of friendship in his discussion of the master/slave relationship: "The part and the whole… have an identical interest; and the slave is a part of the master, in the sense of being a living but separate part of his body. There is thus a community of interest, and a relation of friendship, between master and slave…" Cicero takes the argument further when he states that "the one element indispensable to friendship [is] a complete agreement in aims, ambitions, and attitudes." From these arguments, it becomes evident that friendship does depend on a certain sharing and that the common element that brings men together can be a situation, a belief, a goal, or a disposition.
4. Pleasure
One of the more obvious characteristics of friends is that they enjoy being with one another. To put it in the language of Aristotle, "It is impossible for men to spend their time together unless they are pleasant [in one another's eyes] and find joy in the same things. It is this quality which seems typical of comradeship." A friend can lift our spirits, and this is one of the most attractive aspects of friendship. As Saint Augustine writes: "Is not the unfeigned confidence and mutual love of true and good friends our one solace in human society, filled as it is with misunderstandings and calamities?" Our friends can make us happy because the love they show is given freely and sincerely, as Cicero notes: "What we get from a friend gives us joy since it comes to us with love." The affection of friendship makes it pleasurable; true friends enjoy being around each other because it gives them an opportunity to give and receive affection.
5. Charity
Affection is expressed by a person through his willingness to serve his friend. Aristotle emphasizes this charitable aspect of friendship when he writes that "friendship appears to consist in giving rather than in receiving affection." He implies that friendship involves a certain selflessness, and this sentiment is confirmed by Cicero, who asks: "How many things are there which we would not do for our own sake, but which we are constantly doing for the sake of our friends?" Emerson communicates the same idea when he notes that "the only reward of virtue is virtue; the only way to have a friend is to be one." From these comments, one concludes that in friendship a person removes the focus from himself and shifts it to his companion. Montaigne says that this shift is negligible in true friendship because, in this situation, everything is shared and so no benefits actually belong to either person. He does admit, however, that in a friendship both persons are "seeking above all things to benefit the other." From a Christian perspective, this quality can be likened to the divine love of God, and from a Catholic point of view, it is this element of friendship that gives it a sacramental character. As Robert Hugh Benson writes in The Friendship of Christ: "It seeks to win nothing, to produce nothing — but to sacrifice all. Even where the supernatural motive is absent, it can reflect on the natural plane… the characteristics of divine charity." From all of the above observations, it is clear that friendship involves a degree of self-sacrifice.
6. Self-love
This self-giving stems from a healthy sense of self. According to Aristotle, "…the friendly relations which we have with our neighbors and which serve to define the various kinds of friendship seem to be derived from our relations to ourselves." He continues by listing attitudes that a person expresses toward a friend (such as a desire for the friend's existence and good) and shows that a good man has all these feelings in relation to himself, "for his friend is really another self." Cicero echoes these ideas while placing an emphasis on the need for self-confidence: "The more confidence a man has in himself, the more he finds himself so fortified by virtue and wisdom that he is completely self-sufficient and believes that his destiny is in his own hands, so much the better will he be both at making and at keeping friends." This confidence, stemming from a love of self, is essential to friendship with others. Cicero is saying that a true friend is dear to someone in the way that a person is dear to himself; in this respect, a friend is a "second self." This term has become a cliche by the time of Montaigne; he uses it without a word of explanation when he describes the death of his closest friend: "I was already so formed and accustomed to being a second self everywhere that only half of me seems to be alive now." On the basis of these statements, it can be concluded that friendship consists in a love similar to and dependent on self-love.
Friendship also requires trust. Aristotle writes that "the friendship of good men implies mutual trust" and Cicero says that "the foundation of that steadfastness and loyalty for which we are looking in friendship is trust, for nothing endures that cannot be trusted." This trust, which is crucial to the existence of friendship, goes hand in hand with honesty; in fact, honesty naturally flows out of trust. Cicero suggests this when he observes that "hypocrisy is vicious… it is particularly inimical to friendship, for it makes honesty impossible, and without honesty the word 'friendship' has no meaning." If a friend is not honest with us, we can no longer trust him. This puts an end to friendship because a friend is, by Emerson's definition, someone who can be trusted and with whom we can speak the truth (i.e. be honest). Thus the qualities of trust and honesty are inseparable and both belong to the nature of friendship.
8. Respect
Two people could hardly be considered friends if they did not hold each other in high regard. Friends must see qualities in each other that they admire, or else the relationship will not be a friendship in the highest sense. Aristotle writes that "it is clear that good men alone can be friends on the basis of what they are." In other words, good men respect one another, and this is the basis of true friendship. Indeed, Cicero writes the following epigram in praise of respect: "Take respect out of friendship and you deprive it of its noblest crown." Emerson takes a slightly more moderate view, stating that while respect is an attitude appropriate to friendship, it is most deeply associated with the self: "In strictness, the soul does not respect men as it respects itself." This assertion, however, does not diminish the importance of respect in friendship because, as was mentioned earlier, the attitude we exhibit toward our friends is a mirror of the view we have of ourselves.
Friendship also involves a sense of what is fair and right, a sense of justice. This notion is very important in the writings of Aristotle. For him, the just is something subordinate to friendship: "When people are friends, they have no need of justice, but when they are just, they need friendship in addition. In fact, the just in the fullest sense is regarded as constituting an element of friendship." Carrying the idea into his political theory, he views a type of friendship as the bond that creates a coherent state, a bond that provides a certain sort of justice. After a discussion of the different types of political constitutions, he writes that "each of these constitutions exhibits friendship to the same extent that it exhibits [a notion of] what is just." For him, friendship and justice are closely interrelated. Emerson shies away from this practical notion of friendship by stressing that friendship is much more than mere justice and that it cannot be reduced to a fair exchange. In his own words, "We chide the citizen because he makes love a commodity… and quite loses sight of the delicacies and nobility of the relation." This is not a denial of the importance of justice in friendship, but rather a request for a deeper look into the qualities of friendship.
10. Criticism
In addition to treating each other justly, friends offer constructive criticism to one another. According to Aristotle, friends take pleasure in each other's goodness and they "neither go wrong themselves nor let their friends do so." A good man will not tolerate wrongdoing on the part of his friend: "The… man who will put up with — and likewise refuse to put up with — the right things in the right manner… is the kind of person we mean when we speak of a 'good friend'." Cicero agrees that friends should correct one another when they stray from prudent behavior, but states that the motive for the criticism must be the benefit of the person criticized: "It often happens that friends must be admonished and even reprimanded, and this we must take in good part when it is offered in a spirit of charity." He continues by saying that flattery is worse than criticism, "for by failing to call wrongdoing to account, it lets a friend fall to his ruin," and concludes that "it is an essential part of true friendship… to offer and to receive admonition." Thus, the exchange of helpful criticism marks a real friendship. In contrast, Montaigne admits a certain reluctance to criticize others: "I do not make it my business to tell the world what it should do — enough others do that — but what I do in it." He shows a degree of disdain for criticism and fails to observe that it has a place in friendship. From the tone of his essay, it seems that because true friendship implies the proper choice of friends, he feels that criticism is unnecessary. He is speaking in terms of an ideal friendship, which perhaps excuses this aberration of opinion.
11. Virtue
It is commonly agreed that virtue is related to friendship, but the nature of this relationship is described differently by Aristotle and Cicero. Aristotle claims that friendship is itself a virtue, while Cicero asserts that virtue is a prerequisite to friendship when he says that "without virtue friendship cannot exist at all." In accordance with this view, he says that "nothing… offers stronger incentive to affection" than virtue. Not only does it provide the motivation for friendship, but its presence maintains the relationship: "It is virtue, yes virtue, that initiates and preserves friendship. For it is virtue that is the source of the rational, the stable, the consistent element in life." The question now becomes whether virtue is the cause of friendship (as Cicero says) or its result (as Aristotle asserts). Since there is no contradiction involved in saying that it is both a cause and an effect, the ideas presented by these two writers can be viewed as complementary. In short, virtue makes friendship possible. Saint Thomas Aquinas also talks about virtue and friendship, not in terms of a natural virtue, however, but in reference to the theological virtue of charity. This will be discussed in the section entitled Friendship with God.
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2 thoughts on "part III: characteristics of true friendship"
i was reading this page looking for characteristics of a friend .. aristotle said .. friends have to be alike .. i dont think so … frends r frends bcos of theyre differences 😀
Well done. I teach this theme in my philosophy class. Many students have found their way to this material in doing their friendship papers for the class. I think you put it together very well.
Fr. Ed Moran
Rev Ed Moran
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3D Bio-Printing robot prints human tissue within the body to treat internal injuries
By Matthew Griffin Robo Revolution 25th August 2020
Surgery shouldn't always be the only option when it comes to helping treat internal injuries, so now there's a robot that can heal them for you – from the inside.
Recently I reported on a new 3D Bio-Printing technology that lets doctors and surgeons print human organs and tissue directly into the human body which many people found astounding in itself. But now a new innovation has emerged from China that makes even that science fiction like capability appear mundane after researchers there unveiled prototype mini robots, equipped with 3D Bio-Printers that can heal wounds from within the human body itself.
The world's first living robots were created by an AI and a supercomputer
Open wounds on the stomach wall can be serious if left untreated, sometimes requiring surgery, and this is where the new robots come into play. While we have already heard about bio-printers designed to help heal wounds, the devices are usually fairly large, and thus are limited to use on external injuries, but now Prof. Tao Xu, working at China's Tsinghua University, is changing that.
This Bio-Printing robot can print new tissue within the human body.
Collaborating with PhD student Wenxiang Zhao he's developed a prototype snake-like robot that could be endoscopically inserted into a patient's stomach. It's a delta robot, meaning that its head consists of a rigid base surrounded by three independently moving arms, and it folds down to be extra-skinny while being inserted, then opens up upon reaching the wound site.
First FAA approved drone flight drops donuts from heaven
Once it's done so, its arms autonomously guide a tube that extrudes two types of hydrogel bio-ink – one of those contains human gastric epithelial cells, while the other contains human gastric smooth muscle cells. These are then deposited in two separate layers, forming a scaffold that covers the patients wound.
"We tested the system in two ways," says Zhao. "First, with a biological model of a human stomach and an endoscope to mimic the insertion and printing operation elements of the process. Second, we carried out a bio-printing test in a cell culture dish to test how effective the device was at bio-printing viable cells and repairing wounds. A 10 day cell culture showed that printed cells remained at a high viability and a steady proliferation, which indicated good biological function of the cells in printed tissue scaffolds," he said.
MojoVision unveil the world's first augmented reality contact lens
Xu adds that more work still needs to be done, however, such as further miniaturising the robot's printing platform, and refining the bioinks, but as we continue to see this type of technology develop and get more compact one has to wonder when we're going to see nanobots equipped with this kind of functionality that, like these prototypes I showed off last year, are then able to perform in vivo human surgery – something that needless to say won't only change medicine, but will also change the human condition and take us another step closer to the Singularity.
The research is described in a paper that was recently published in the journal Biofabrication.
Source: IOP Publishing
3D Bio-Printing3D PrintingAutonomous Surgical RobotsBio-InksChinaHealthcare IndustryHydrogelsIn Vivo 3D PrintingRobo-SurgeryRobotsSurgeryTsinghua University
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"This afternoon, the residents of two houses were hit by an explosion, followed by a fire," the Brussels public prosecutor said in a statement.
A man was killed and seven injured -- including three seriously -- in an explosion Saturday at a home in Brussels, most likely due to a gas leak, an official said.
"Seven people were moved to two hospitals. According to them, three are seriously injured, including a two-year-old infant and a 15-year-old child. In the evening, the body of a man was found in the rubble," it said, adding he had not yet been formally identified.
Speaking to Belgium television channels RTL and RTBF, the local mayor Charles Picque said "the explosion was probably accidental and caused by a gas leak".
Belgium has remained on high alert since March 22 last year when three suicide bombers attacked Brussels airport and a metro station near the EU headquarters, killing 32 people and wounding hundreds more.


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This little thing will charge your phone in less than 12 parsecs, for sure.
And the other fabulous thing about this Millennium Falcon USB Phone Charger is that the cord goes blinkity-blink JUST like the Falcon does while it's charging your phone! How great is that?
Check out our other Favorite Star Wars Fun Finds in our Gift Guide!


I've got solar panels, what happens when I need to replace my roof?
Five years ago when you decided to install solar panels in your home, the roof seemed fine. But now there's a leak and other repairs that must be made, and they're in an area under the solar system. What to do?
It's a conundrum that may arise if you have solar power supplying your electricity.
According to the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), asphalt shingle roofs — by far the most popular roofing material — last about 20 years. If you haven't put the solar panels yet, they recommend that if your roof is more than five years old, you should consider having a professional evaluation done before going ahead with the installation.
If your roof is nearing the end of its projected lifespan or is in poor condition, such as showing signs of crumbling, cracking, or curling, or maybe there are water stains on interior walls, then you are typically better off replacing it before installing solar panels. This ensures your roof will be able to support the solar panels, which weigh about the same as adding a second layer of shingles, and keeps you from having to pay to take down the panels when it comes time to replace the roof and re-install them after the new roof goes on.
If the solar system is already up and running, you'll have to lift the panels to let the roofer do his job.
But the roofer shouldn't be the one popping off the solar system. To avoid breaks or incorrect re-installations that could negatively impact electricity production or technical problems, a professional installer needs to take down the panels and re-install them later.
If you are leasing the system, this should be covered in the contract.
Even if you bought it, the company that installed the solar panels might be the best option to call, or there could be a stipulation in the contract about this. Again, read the agreement to see if there are any provisions for these scenarios or give them a call to discuss the issue directly with them. Maybe they're willing to offer a discount for the work, if it's not covered in the contract.
In addition, some solar installation companies also offer roof replacement services. Dealing with one company for your solar and roofing needs will save you time and money.
2. Once all the parts are disconnected, they must be unbolted from the rack or other mounting device without damaging either physical connections (bolts and hardware) or electrical connections (wires and connectors).
3. The racking and other mounting hardware must be removed from the roof.
4. Some work may also have to be done on your home's electrical system, to make sure everything is safe while the panels are off the roof.
5. Once the new roof is put in place, the solar panels and other rooftop equipment will have to be installed just as if you were getting solar at home for the first time.
The process will usually last two days: one for removing the solar panels and another day to replace them. Obviously, this depends on how large your solar system is and the configuration of your roof. The steeper the roof, the more time and labor required in removing the solar panels.
Taking care of those solar system parts is paramount once they are removed.
While solar panels do not weigh much, they contain hundreds of sensitive electrical connections and circuits that can be easily damaged if not handled properly. Provided you have ample, safe space in your property, the panels may be left there. If not, the remover will probably have to place them in storage.
This might be a good time to do some maintenance on the solar system, if you've noticed any diminishing power. Maybe your panels need a good cleaning prior to re-installation.
But don't let these eventualities keep you from turning to renewable solar energy. The installation of solar panels in a home typically saves a homeowner tens of thousands of dollars over the lifetime of the system. Re-roofing costs can be high, but the savings of going with the power of the sun definitely outweigh that in the long run.
And once the solar panels are back online on your roof, they are still covered by the warranty.


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Pedro Miguel Salgadinho Pacheco de Melo (born 27 June 1984), known as Pacheco, is a professional footballer who plays for CU Micaelense as a defensive midfielder.

He played 312 games in the Segunda Liga over 11 seasons, mainly at the service of Santa Clara (19 goals). In the Primeira Liga, he appeared for that club as well as Nacional.

Born in Portugal, Pacheco was a Canadian international, earning 18 caps in four years.

Club career
Born in Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores to Portuguese parents, Pacheco began his senior career in the regional leagues, playing with Vitória Pico da Pedra. In the following year he moved to arguably the biggest club in the territory, C.D. Santa Clara, but appeared in only two Segunda Liga matches in the 2003–04 campaign.

After three seasons in the third division with two sides from his native region (S.C. Lusitânia and CD Operário), Pacheco returned to Santa Clara who still competed in the second tier, and began featuring regularly for the first team, starting a total of 26 games over the course of two seasons.

In the last minute of the 2009 August transfer window, Pacheco moved to the island of Madeira, signing with C.D. Nacional. He made his Primeira Liga debut on 5 October, playing one minute in the 2–0 home win against Vitória de Guimarães, but could only make eight competitive appearances in his first year (two in the Taça da Liga and one in the UEFA Europa League – 15 minutes of the 5–1 home victory over FK Austria Wien in the group stage).

Pacheco returned to Santa Clara in the summer of 2010, being immediately appointed captain by manager Bruno Moura. In early June 2013, after finishing the division two campaign with four goals in 37 games, he signed a contract extension with the club.

In August 2019, after nine years at the Estádio de São Miguel, the 35-year-old Pacheco left and joined S.C. Ideal of the Portuguese third tier.

International career
Pacheco opted to represent Canada internationally, as he lived there as a child. On 14 May 2010, he was picked for the friendlies against Argentina and Venezuela; after playing six minutes from the bench in the first game (a 5–0 loss), he started on the 1–1 draw on the 29th.

On 27 June 2013, Pacheco was listed as part of the confirmed 23-man squad for Colin Miller's Canada squad for that year's CONCACAF Gold Cup, making it his second consecutive tournament.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
People from Ponta Delgada
Canadian people of Azorean descent
Portuguese footballers
Canadian soccer players
Association football midfielders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Segunda Divisão players
C.D. Santa Clara players
S.C. Lusitânia players
CD Operário players
C.D. Nacional players
CU Micaelense players
Canada men's international soccer players
2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup players

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Home Odds & Betting Predictions Soccer Picks & Predictions Atalanta vs. PSG Betting Prediction by U.S. Oddsmakers
Atalanta vs. PSG Betting Prediction by U.S. Oddsmakers
UEFA Champions League Quarterfinal Predictions & Betting Odds: Atalanta vs. Paris SG.
Atalanta vs. PSG Betting Preview
Oh, how fans of PSG must have felt to see Kylian Mbappe return to training before the massive UEFA Champions League quarterfinal Wednesday in Lisbon.
The Parisian side has only been to the semifinals of this tournament one time, way back in 1995, and it took a Ballon d'Or winning performance from George Weah to do that. Since the club has been on the global stage in 2011 (thanks to the new ownership group), PSG has played in the Champions League every season since 2012-13. In that time, the side was eliminated four straight years in the quarterfinals, but the last three seasons have ended in the Round-of-16 in absolutely stunning fashion.
But there is hope in 2020. PSG is on a very manageable side of the bracket, and with each tie now just one game, everything could be falling into place for the Parisian side.
Why PSG?
Obviously, if Mbappe can play a part, PSG has two of the five best players on the planet leading the line. The third attacker, Mauro Icardi, isn't bad, either. PSG can score goals, and should be a good mix of rested and game tested, with the two cup finals played over the last few weeks.
Add in the missing pieces for Atalanta (GK Pierluigi Gollini, F Josep Ilicic), and this could be PSG's year to break the hex and move on into the semifinals and beyond.
Why ATALANTA?
This team has been an attacking force all season in Serie A. But they did fade down the stretch a little bit, after a deflating 2-2 draw to Juventus on July 11 all but locked up the title for Juve. Atalanta won six of six out of the COVID-19 break, then after the draw to Juventus, went 3-2-1. In those six games, they scored more than one goal just once.
Atalanta vs. PSG Prediction
I think the return of Kylian Mbappe from that shock tackle in the Coupe de France on July 24 could prove to be pivotal. Whether he starts the match, or comes off the bench in the second half, Mbappe is one of the top five players in the world, and could be the key to PSG's run to a first UEFA Champions League Final.
Look for PSG to cover the ML (-105), and for Neymar to have a big match, especially if his partner up top is in the lineup. Icardi could have a night as well.
Matchup Odds & Info
Atalanta (+260) vs. PSG (-105), draw (+280), Odds from Parx
Venue: Estadio de Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
Date: Wednesday, August 12, 2020
Time: 3 p.m. EDT
TV Channels: CBS All-Access, UniMas, TUDN, and Fubo.tv
Get free bets when signing up with U.S. sportsbooks in NJ/CO/IL/PA/IN. Get BetMGM bonus up to $500.
Soccer Picks & Predictions


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Elephant Butte Electricity Rates
Commercial Electricity in Elephant Butte
^ The average commercial electricity rate in Elephant Butte, NM is 10.18¢/kWh.[1]
Residential Electricity in Elephant Butte
^ The average residential electricity rate in Elephant Butte, NM is 10.36¢/kWh.[1]
Industrial Electricity in Elephant Butte
^ The average industrial electricity rate in Elephant Butte, NM is 5.83¢/kWh.[1]
Elephant Butte, NM Electricity Statistics
Commercial electricity rates in Elephant Butte
The average commercial electricity rate in Elephant Butte is 10.18¢/kWh.[1]
This average (commercial) electricity rate in Elephant Butte is 9.23% greater than the New Mexico average rate of 9.32¢/kWh.[2]
The average (commercial) electricity rate in Elephant Butte is 0.89% greater than the national average rate of 10.09¢/kWh. Commercial rates in the U.S. range from 6.86¢/kWh to 34.88¢/kWh.[2]
Residential electricity rates in Elephant Butte
The average residential electricity rate in Elephant Butte is 10.36¢/kWh.[1]
This average (residential) electricity rate in Elephant Butte is 8.88% less than the New Mexico average rate of 11.37¢/kWh.[2]
The average (residential) electricity rate in Elephant Butte is 12.79% less than the national average rate of 11.88¢/kWh. Residential rates in the U.S. range from 8.37¢/kWh to 37.34¢/kWh.[2]
Industrial electricity rates in Elephant Butte
The average industrial electricity rate in Elephant Butte is 5.83¢/kWh.[1]
This average (industrial) electricity rate in Elephant Butte is equal to the New Mexico average rate of 5.83¢/kWh.[2]
The average (industrial) electricity rate in Elephant Butte is 12.59% less than the national average rate of 6.67¢/kWh. Industrial rates in the U.S. range from 4.13¢/kWh to 30.82¢/kWh.[2]
New Mexico Electricity Rates & Consumption
Commercial electricity in New Mexico
Commercial electricity rates in NM [3]
The average commercial electricity rate in New Mexico is 9.32¢/kWh, which ranks 27th in the nation and is 7.63% less than the national average rate of 10.09¢/kWh.[3]
Commercial electricity consumption in NM [3]
Commercial electricity consumption in New Mexico averages 5,558 kWh/month, which ranks 27th in the nation and is 10.9% less than the national average of 6,238 kWh/month.
Commercial electricity bills in NM [3]
The average monthly commercial electricity bill in New Mexico is $518, which ranks 31st in the nation and is 17.65% less than the national average of $629.
Learn more about commercial electricity in New Mexico
Residential electricity in New Mexico
Residential electricity rates in New Mexico [3]
The average residential electricity rate in New Mexico is 11.37¢/kWh, which ranks 25th in the nation and is 4.29% less than the national average rate of 11.88¢/kWh.
Residential electricity consumption in NM [3]
Residential electricity consumption in New Mexico averages 656 kWh/month, which ranks 42nd in the nation and is 27.35% less than the national average of 903 kWh/month.
Residential electricity bills in NM [3]
The average monthly residential electricity bill in New Mexico is $75, which ranks 51st in the nation and is 29.91% less than the national average of $107 per month.
Learn more about residential electricity in New Mexico
Industrial electricity in New Mexico
Industrial electricity rates in New Mexico [3]
The average industrial electricity rate in New Mexico is 5.83¢/kWh, which ranks 38th in the nation and is 12.59% less than the national average rate of 6.67¢/kWh.
Industrial electricity consumption in NM [3]
Industrial electricity consumption in New Mexico averages 73,331 kWh/month, which ranks 38th in the nation and is 34.62% less than the national average of 112,158 kWh/month.
Industrial electricity bills in NM [3]
The average monthly industrial electricity bill in New Mexico is $4,276, which ranks 41st in the nation and is 42.86% less than the national average of $7,483.
Learn more about industrial electricity in New Mexico
Household Income in Elephant Butte, NM
Elephant Butte, NM Income Breakdown [4]
Income Summary for Elephant Butte, NM
Electric bills: The average residential electricity bill in New Mexico is about $75/month, ranking 51st in the U.S. and 29.91% less than the national average of $107.[5]
Income: Elephant Butte vs. Nation [4]
Additional information about Elephant Butte
About Elephant Butte
Elephant Butte is a city located in Sierra County in the state of New Mexico, and has a population of approximately 1,431.[6]
More about Elephant Butte utilities
For more information about Elephant Butte electricity, or for additional resources regarding electricity & utilities in your state, visit the Energy Information Administration.
Lighting accounted for approximately 13 percent of total U.S. residential electricity consumption in 2011.
Additional Cities in NM
Tucumcari
Wagon Mound
Local Electricity Rates in Elephant Butte, NM


Kristina Vaughan is a Parisian songwriter. She learnt classical piano in French conservatoires, honed the craft of singing and songwriting with coach Jessica Saraf (Sanseverino, Calogero) and started giving concerts in 2013, first as a soloist, then in duo and trio setups. Her music is a blend of Anglo-Saxon and European sounds, as she draws inspiration both from her Czech and Italian origins and from important figures of English songwriting (Sinead O'Connor, Tori Amos, Fiona Apple, Alanis Morissette, Jeff Buckley, Damien Rice…). In impressionistic tunes reminiscent of broken cliffs, running water and angry skies, the pianist-singer spins yarns about love, hope and engagement with the world, accompanied by cellist-backup singer Marie Potosniak and, successively, drummer Guillaume Valette, beatboxer Skysoul, and drummer Raphaël Meyrier.
Discover her music on www.kristinavaughan.com.
Kristina is also keyboard player and backup singer in French prog rock band Jadallys (www.jadallys.com). In February 2017, she is launching an English lyrics writing workshop for non-native speakers, Naked Lyrics (http://nakedlyrics.wixsite.com/nakedlyrics).


text:
Websites, British productions
Hi-ReS!
The company's old logo from their website
Hi-ReS! (Handsome Information - Radical Entertainment Systems) is a design firm based in the United Kingdom that was hired by ABC to create the website thehansofoundation.org, along with all other in-game sites and blogs as part of the Lost Experience. However, the WHOIS information for the website does not list Hi-ReS!.
Hi-ReS! also created Channel 4's (United Kingdom) flash interactive game, Lost The Untold, on its website that allows users to "Delve into the subconcious" of Lost. The game contains unofficial clues, and is extremely deep in its analysis.
Hi-ReS! creating part of Lost: The Untold
Taken from the Hi-ReS! book, "Amantes sunt Amentes":
Lost Untold
Our first collaboration with Channel 4 was for the UK launch of ABC's hit series LOST. As we didn't want to give away the plot, we created a 6-week long episodic online narrative which aimed to explore the elements that you don't see on the island: the characters' dreams and their unconscious and the reality they left behind. Channel 4 supported the site with a dedicated phoneline you could call to retrieve weekly clues and passwords for the site and even got their news team to produce a fake news report for us.
After seeing what we had created with Lost Untold, ABC and the producers of LOST approached Channel 4 and us to help them create something that would serve as a bridging narrative between seasons 2 and 3 in the US and as a promotion during the airing of season 2 in the UK (and Australia). 7 months and countless midnight conference calls later, we had finished our first proper alternate reality game AND learned how to read base64.
From May to October 2006, we worked with the creators of LOST and ABC, Channel 4 and Australia's Channel 7 to develop an extensive alternate reality game called the Lost Experience. The experience involved numerous websites, fake ads on TV and in the main US newspapers, live TV appearances of characters in the experience, clues that were seeded in locations all over the world and even the manufacture of the Apollo chocolate bar as seen in the show.
Owing to the predominantly online nature of the experience, combined with the different scheduling of the main TV show in each of the 3 territories, America and Australia were both significantly ahead of the UK in their linear broadcast, so we had to ensure that the information revealed in the Lost Experience remained completely separate from the narrative of the programme. This was no mean feat but one achieved by minute attention to detail and careful planning. The fans themselves were also responsible for creating countless blogs and numerous podcasts all developed to help solve clues and complete the investigation.
Attempts to go to the secure HTTPS version of the new site initially displayed a Plesk error page with a hi-res.net email address as the administrative contact. (As of May 4, the HTTPS page is no longer accessible.) Hi-ReS! was previously responsible for the Lost section of Britain's Channel 4 website. It is highly unlikely that the error page is related to the Lost Experience ARG — but devoted fans still poured over other sites by Hi-ReS! for clues nonetheless.
Nicky, a panellist on the UK Lost podcast, worked with Hi-ReS! during the project, as revealed by Speaker in his September 27th blog [1]. This would explain why Nicky often gave Lost Experience summaries on the show, as she would have been directly involved with the game's development.
When you click on the link titled "The Lost Experience" on Hi-ReS's site, it links to Lostpedia's article on the Lost Experience.
An interview with Experience writer Jordan Rosenberg posted in July 2008 stated that Hi-ReS! also created the oceanic-air.com website, and it was this success that then got them the whole Lost Experience contract [2].
Hi-ReS! Official site.
Retrieved from "https://lostpedia.fandom.com/wiki/Hi-ReS!?oldid=1008759"
British productions


Stephen Baxter's fiction minus (plot plus story) equals Deep Future! It's blindingly obvious, really; in fact you have wonder why it's taken him this long to produce a Deep Future. The inner dust jacket alone will set your mouth watering, I promise.
Starting very tamely by asking "How different will life be at the end of the 21st century?" Baxter edges onwards to "…Can we make a home on the harsh planets…of our solar system?" before finally going all-out Extropian and asking "[..] Can we survive the end of time itself?" That's the kind of thing the deep future is going to involve. Whew!
If the less adventurous of you are already trying to tiptoe out the back then let me reassure you now. There's no crazy transcendent New Age stuff (this is Stephen Baxter, remember!) only a reasoned and engaging look at where we might be going and how long it might take us to get there.
In truth, less than 10% of this book is about the "deep future" - which is millions, billions and even trillions of years down the line - most of it is about more familiar and conceivable periods, that is, within the next thousand years or so. There's talk of mining asteroids, colonising the planets, terraforming Mars and other heady ideas leavened with (this is Stephen Baxter, remember) critiques of NASA and the Space Shuttle. Ensuing chapters leap exponentially forward in time so we meet star-makers, black hole miners and finally a "humanity" - in fact an entire universe - of cold plasma.
I couldn't shake the impression that Deep Future isn't quite sure what it wants to be: it's not hard science but nor is it sf, and Baxter's remit seems too wide to make it as "Pop science", so my main concern about Deep Future was that it's neither fish nor fowl, unsure of the readership it might be aimed at.
That said, this is a fascinating read overflowing with ideas and wonders, one that resonates strongly with Arthur C. Clarke's Profiles of the Future (a book that had a powerful effect on me when I was young) and, consciously or not, only adds to the already strong sense of Baxter as Clarke's natural successor.
My main grumble I had about Deep Future is that it's much too short - which is of course, also a compliment. Looking forward to reading it, I zipped through and was staring at the barcode almost before I realised, still hungry for more. The writing is clear and concise, the chapters well organised and thought provoking. Ideas, propositions and speculations fly off the pages, propelling you through the book with dizzying speed, but too many of them, particularly in the later chapters, deserve more detailed treatment - as in Baxter's fiction, perhaps?
There is a "Further Reading" section included but for £18 I really wanted more in THIS book.


My name is C-3PO. I am a droid. There are many droids in the universe. Some fly ships, others fix Podracers, and still others fight dangerous battles. I would be honored to tell you more in this colorfully illustrated storybook.


text:
Medicine will grow on trees at UQ
The future of medicine could be as simple as nibbling a sunflower seed or drinking a cup of tea, with the opening of a new facility at The University of Queensland on 18 October.
The Clive and Vera Ramaciotti Facility for Producing Pharmaceuticals in Plants at UQ's Institute for Molecular Bioscience has the potential to provide inexpensive medications to patients, which will have a significant impact locally and internationally.
The facility was officially launched today by the Hon Annastacia Palaszczuk, Queensland Premier and Minister for the Arts.
Head of the new state-of-the-art laboratory, Professor David Craik, said his team would use the Ramaciotti Facility to transform plants into 'biofactories' that produced potent next-generation pharmaceuticals.
"The new drugs will be incorporated into novel plant products such as seeds, medicinal teas and foods, where they have the potential to dramatically improve the lives of patients who cannot afford current medications, or cannot tolerate the effects of their complicated treatment regimes," he said.
"Certain plants naturally produce molecules called cyclic peptides, which we will redesign for pharmaceutical purposes.
"We will then use other host plants, including canola, tobacco and petunia, as manufacturing facilities to produce the 'designer' peptide medicines."
Professor Craik said he believed third world countries in particular could benefit from drugs grown cheaply in plants, instead of synthesised in laboratories.
"Our work could have huge impacts in the third world, where many regions are devastated by diseases such as HIV/AIDS because although effective drugs exist, they're just too expensive," Professor Craik said.
"Our research indicates that the future of drugs lays in peptides, as they are more selective, more potent and potentially safer because when they eventually break down they turn into amino acids, which are basically food.
"This work – which we hope will be approved for widespread use by 2025 – could have serious positive impacts on patients suffering cancer, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis and pain."
The facility was made possible through a generous $1 million Ramaciotti Biomedical Research Award from the Clive and Vera Ramaciotti Foundations and trustee Perpetual, which is shared with Professor Craik's collaborator, Professor Marilyn Anderson AO from La Trobe University.
UQ Vice-Chancellor and President Professor Peter Høj said such donations allowed the university to continue its longstanding tradition of creating change in people's lives across the globe, including in developing countries where access to traditional drugs can be challenging.
"An added benefit from UQ's research excellence is that the medical community of tomorrow can engage with breakthrough technologies as part of their university education and be inspired to always try to innovate for the benefit of their patients," Professor Høj said.
Media: Kate Sullivan, IMB Communications, k.sullivan4@uq.edu.au, 07 3346 2155, 0421 819 807; Perpetual, Jarrah Aguera, jarrah@honner.com.au, 02 8248 3745.
Top left: The Hon Annastacia Palaszczuk with Prof David Craik explore the facility; Top right: The Hon Annastacia Palaszczuk officially launches the facility; Bottom left: Ramaciotti Foundation Scientific Advisory Board member Prof Simon Foote, La Trobe University collaborator Prof Marilyn Anderson AO, facility head Prof David Craik, and IMB Director Prof Brandon Wainwright; Bottom right: Craik lab members outside the facility.
Clive & Vera Ramaciotti Foundation
Craik Group
Major advance in designer drug development
Being number one is in UQ's nature


On I did my capstone site visit. I went to Scarsdale high school to see the football facilities and equipment room. I saw the weight room and the other offices and facilities. The person I walked around with was Coach Verboys who I also interviewed. I learned that while asking questions you always need to make sure there open ended other wise the question isn't the best it can be. Coach Verboys also gave me a helmet to use as an example for my presentation. The nice part about seeing the weight room is that this is the first year their using it so it looks new and has newer equipment. I learned that the football team only does contact for 40 minutes a week. That means that the rest of the week there doing technique drills and watching film which I found really interesting. The nice thing about doing my site visit is that was my final step before I could start my final presentation. That means that I am now ready to start my script.


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This Year's Fate/GO New Year Special Could Hint at Carnival Phantasm Return
A lot of us are ready to let 2020 go — but not before we've had our annual Fate celebrations! New content for this year's "Fate Project TV Special" has just released its first teaser image, and fans have already latched on to the key visual's big hint.
A new Twitter account has opened for the upcoming Fate/Grand Order short, codenamed "FGC." The teaser visual shows a familiar-looking café, with a familiar-looking cat ear peeking up from behind the counter.
For those not in the know, that sure looks like a peek at a Saber-haired Neco Arc, one of the cat-people based on Type-Moon's mascot who make up the staff of Carnival Phantasm Ahnenerbe Café.
Visiting the project's official page shows the same image, but with the tiny employee bobbing around a bit behind the counter.
Fans are already guessing that the "FGC" abbreviation stands for "Fate/Grand Carnival," though this has not been announced officially yet.
The Fate Project New Year's Eve TV Special, featuring the new animated short, premieres December 31 at 10pm JST on TOKYO MX, BS11, Niconico, ABEMA, and other participating channels and streaming services.
Source: @FGOAP_FGC on Twitter
Can't wait 'til New Year's Eve? Watch more Fate now! Fate/Grand Order -MOONLIGHT/LOSTROOM- is available on Crunchyroll.


Help / Support / Questions - flac rips showing as 128?
flac rips showing as 128?
Re: flac rips showing as 128?
Yes, there are "signals" present, but they look more like lousy overtones.
You can see, there is a clear kind of cutoff at ~7Khz. It's not a "smooth" spectrum as one would expect for a clean flac file.
It looks more like a Fraunhofer MP3 transcoded to flac than a real, true flac file.
I've just ripped these to wav and ran FTF again. The results & graphs are exactly the same. (I ripped the flacs so was pretty sure that wasn't the problem).
All these songs are off the same compilation of early 90's dance music (the rest of the CD is high quality). I've since found most of them at higher bit rates, so it's not down to the original recording.
I've found the same thing on a few other compilations too.
Guess I should be trusting Mr Funk and not blindly thinking a cd would be the best source.


text:
Arrowhead Announces Proposed Underwritten Offering of Common Stock
by Michael Gibney |
February 18, 2014 04:14 PM Eastern Standard Time
PASADENA, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Arrowhead Research Corporation (NASDAQ: ARWR), a biopharmaceutical company developing targeted RNAi therapeutics, today announced its intention to offer and sell shares of its common stock in an underwritten offering pursuant to its existing shelf registration statement. All of the shares in the proposed offering are to be sold by Arrowhead.
Jefferies LLC, Barclays Capital Inc. and Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. are acting as joint book-runners for the offering. Arrowhead intends to grant the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase additional shares of its common stock. The offering is subject to market conditions, and there can be no assurance as to whether or when the offering may be completed, or the actual size or terms of the offering.
The securities described above are being offered pursuant to a shelf registration statement (File No. 333-193748), which was declared effective by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on February 12, 2014.
This press release shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy these securities, nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to the registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such jurisdiction. The offering can be made only by means of a prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus, copies of which may be obtained at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov, or by request at Jefferies LLC, 520 Madison Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10022, Attention: Prospectus Department, or by email to [email protected]; or Barclays Capital Inc., c/o Broadridge Financial Solutions, 1155 Long Island Avenue, Edgewood, NY, 11717, Telephone: (888) 603-5847, email: [email protected]; or Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Attention: Prospectus Group, 60 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005-2836 or by telephone at: (800) 503-4611, or by email at: [email protected]
About Arrowhead Research Corporation
Arrowhead Research Corporation is a biopharmaceutical company developing targeted RNAi therapeutics. The company is leveraging its proprietary drug delivery technologies to develop targeted drugs based on the RNA interference mechanism that efficiently silence disease-causing genes. Arrowhead technologies also enable partners to create peptide-drug conjugates that specifically home to cell types of interest while sparing off-target tissues. Arrowhead's pipeline includes clinical programs in chronic hepatitis B virus and obesity and partner-based programs in oncology.
Arrowhead Research Corporation
Vince Anzalone, CFA
Will new digital Abilify start a wave of smart pills?
The new digital Abilify is a breakthrough for Proteus Digital Health and its patient-tracking products, but not so much for Abilify's maker, Otsuka.
by Tracy Staton Nov 14, 2017 11:36am
U.K. team creates method for testing cancer drug polymer beads
Researchers in the U.K. have developed a technique to better predict results in liver cancer when drug-laden polymer beads are used to deliver medicines.
by Michael Gibney Nov 1, 2016 9:05am
Michael Gibney


text:
Q: Silverlight and Unexpected Font Sizes Someone please teach me to fish here...
I'm just learning Silverlight and have ran into a few situations where the font size actually used is drastically different than I would expect.  There's probably something conceptual that I'm missing.
Case A
In one instance, I have defined a user control that presents a Label to show text.  If one clicks on the label, the label (that is in a stack panel, in the user control) is replaced with a TextBox.  When used at the top of a page (as in the example below with lblName) the label text is very small (around 8 points).  When clicked on, the text box that replaces the label uses the specified fonts size.  That same user control, used in different parts of the app, uses the same font for Label and TextBox.
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="White">
    <Grid.RowDefinitions>
        <RowDefinition Height="33" />
        <RowDefinition Height="267*" />
    </Grid.RowDefinitions>
    <StackPanel Height="Auto" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Name="stackPanel" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="Auto" Grid.Row="1" />
    <my:EditLabel Height="33" HorizontalAlignment="Left" x:Name="lblName" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="Auto" FlexText="{Binding Name, Mode=TwoWay}" FontSize="20" MinHeight="24" />
</Grid>

Case B
I'm using the LiquidMenu.Menu control to pop up a menu when a button is pressed.  The font looks huge compared to the rest of my page (maybe 36 points?).  I tried forcing it to a very small by explicitly setting it to 8pt, but that had no effect.
   <Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="{x:Null}">
        <StackPanel x:Name="labelStackPanel" Orientation="Horizontal">
            <TextBlock Height="24" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Name="labelText" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="200" Text="(Value Goes Here)" />
        </StackPanel>
        <liquidMenu:Menu x:Name="popupMenu" Canvas.Left="40" Canvas.Top="40" ItemSelected="MenuList_ItemSelected" Visibility="Collapsed" Height="Auto" FontSize="8">
            <liquidMenu:MenuItem ID="delete" Icon="Images/Delete10.png" Text="Delete" Shortcut="Del" />
            <liquidMenu:MenuItem ID="exclusive" Icon="" Text="Exclusive" Shortcut="Ctrl+E" />
            <liquidMenu:MenuItem ID="properties" Icon="" Text="Properties" Shortcut="Ctrl+P" />
        </liquidMenu:Menu>
    </Grid>

Answers to these specific issues are great, a new way to think about this type of issue so that I understand how to control font size is better.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Founder effects and silvereyes
Peter R. Grant
PNAS June 11, 2002 99 (12) 7818-7820; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.132260299
Genetic consequences of sequential founder events by an island-colonizing bird
Patterns of variation in nature have played a large role in the development of explanations for biological richness at the species level. One such influential pattern has been the morphological distinctiveness of small populations on islands at the periphery of a large continental land mass (1). If the island differs from the mainland in habitat or composition of the biological community, the morphological differences often can be explained in terms of adaptation by natural selection (2). But, if the environments are more or less the same, then an explanation has to be sought elsewhere. Fifty years ago, Ernst Mayr (3) suggested that the key to island evolution lies in the circumstances and immediate consequences of colonization. The model he proposed, called the "founder effects model," postulated major changes in the genetic constitution of a newly established population that were set in motion by the reduced genetic variation carried by the few colonizing individuals in the founding event (4).
The model was a bold explanation, because nothing was known of the genetic basis of the morphological traits. It has been challenged repeatedly on theoretical grounds (refs. 5–7; but see refs. 8 and 9) and has fared little better empirically (10). The preferred method of testing has involved creating in the laboratory new populations with a few individuals of small organisms with short generation times (11–13). These experimental studies have yielded some (11, 13) but generally little or no support (10, 12). Adopting a different tactic, Sonya Clegg et al. (14) have returned to the source of the problem, bird populations on islands, and in this issue of PNAS, they report the results of some novel tests.
Silvereye is not the name of a Drosophila mutant but the name of a small, warbler-like bird that has colonized several islands from the mainland of Australia. Four colonizations occurred in historical times—from 1830 onwards—and can be dated precisely. Three others took place much earlier, at times that have been estimated at 3,000–4,000 years for the most recent and more than a million years for the most ancient. Thus, the sequence of colonizations has been reliably established; taking advantage of it, Clegg et al. (14) have asked whether the genetic variation both within and between populations reflect substantial changes at the time of colonization, or whether changes have simply accumulated gradually over time. How could one distinguish between them?
It can be done as follows. After the establishment of a new population, alleles at selectively neutral loci will be lost by random genetic drift and gained by mutation. Drift can be expected to predominate in small populations, at least for some time until a new drift-mutation equilibrium is attained, and populations will gradually diverge. If drift and mutation are all that happen, the population does not rapidly increase in size, and gene flow from neighboring populations is negligible or nonexistent, then the magnitude of within- and between-population changes will be a function of time. In contrast, if founder events have occurred, the effects may be so strong as to overwhelm the effects of long-term drift yet vary among populations in a manner unrelated to their time of origin. Therefore, against the background of long-term drift, a signal of founder effects may stand out as sharp reductions in genetic variation within populations and large differences between neighboring populations. This pattern is what Clegg et al. (14) looked for.
Clegg et al. have asked whether the genetic variation reflects substantial changes at the time of colonization or simply accumulated gradually over time.
They chose to work with allelic variation at six microsatellite loci because the alleles are likely to be selectively neutral (unless the loci happen to be closely linked to loci subject to selection). Their analyses failed to detect the signal of founder effects at any of the steps in the sequence of recent colonizations. Nevertheless, they found that allelic diversity gradually declined with repeated colonizations of new islands. The individual reductions are small, but the cumulative changes are large. From first to last in the sequence of recent colonizations, the mean number of alleles per locus dropped by almost half. Because the last population in the sequence is the youngest, one cannot explain this result by long-term genetic drift. Instead, the pattern seems to reflect a small loss of alleles at each colonization, although hardly on the scale envisaged in the original formulation of the founder effects model; it is certainly not enough to kick-start a genetic revolution (1, 3).
Expected heterozygosity does not follow this pattern, as would be expected because it is less sensitive than allelic diversity to sampling effects (15). It remains roughly the same among the new populations regardless of their age but declines sharply as one proceeds from young to old ones, which is inconsistent with the pattern the authors expected from the founder effects model (3). Age-dependence hints at multiple bottlenecks over time. An additional factor (not analyzed in the paper) that might contribute to this pattern through its effect on demography and long-term effective population size is island size. Regardless of these causes, the conclusion drawn by the authors is that the patterns of variation at microsatellite loci principally reflect the effects of long-term genetic drift. Consistent with this conclusion, the oldest populations differ genetically the most from the presumed original source, and the newest populations differ the least. Other studies of bird populations have drawn similar conclusions (16–19) without being able to test for founder effects.
An important feature of this paper is the use of a model to supplement the empirical analysis by simulating colonization with and without genetic bottlenecks. By using a Bayesian approach, the authors sought to determine the sizes of the effective founder flocks, i.e., the number of individuals who bred. If the colonizing flocks were small, then founder effects may have been important. To estimate the sizes, they needed data on the known sizes of migrating flocks, generation times, and effective population sizes. These data are available from a detailed study on Heron Island initiated three decades ago by Jiro Kikkawa, one of the authors. Finally, they estimated mutation rates. The results in-dicate that one of the islands (Norfolk Island) may have been colonized by a couple of dozen silvereyes, but three other colonizations involved a minimum of 150–200 individuals. With effective numbers of this size, there is little reason to invoke founder effects. In fact, an exercise in fitting models to data showed the founder effects model (with a bottleneck) to be better than the gradual drift model (without a bottleneck) in only one (Norfolk Island) of four comparisons with the ultimate source population. None of the differences were statistically significant, however. The important point is that large numbers of colonists are identified here as the reason why founder effects did not occur, except perhaps on Norfolk Island.
The estimate of founding flock size is only the second of its kind. Vincek et al. (20) modeled the colonization of the Galápagos archipelago by ancestors of modern Darwin's finches. They used data from class II genes of the Mhc complex and alternative models of genetic bottlenecks to arrive at the conclusion that at least 30 individuals and probably many more founded the initial effective breeding population; in other words, the flock was large. These numbers are surprisingly high for the colonization of an archipelago almost 1,000 km from the mainland of South America, in view of the odds against such establishment. Consider, for example, the ship Mayflower and the founding of a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts in the United States. Approximately 100 pilgrims and "strangers" sailed from Plymouth, UK on September 6, 1620. One died at sea, some died shortly after arriving at the new continent less than 10 weeks later, and many more died in the first winter, with the result that out of an initial 27 women and girls, only 12 were alive the following spring (21). For bird populations, there is an additional loss in the failure of most of the breeders to contribute a single breeding offspring to the next generation (22). Thus, the effective founding size as calculated is likely to be a small fraction of the original flock of would-be colonists, several hundred in the case of the silvereyes (14). The numbers estimated in both studies should not be taken literally; they could be too high and should be considered as a challenge to devise more realistic ways of reconstructing colonization.
It would be helpful to know from direct observations what happens in the founding of a new population. Colonizations of islands are rarely observed; they are usually known only after the event (16), and even more rarely are the genetic characteristics of the colonists studied. A good example comes from Hawaii. In 1967, 108 Laysan finches were translocated to a small island in the archipelago as a safeguard against the threat of extinction to the population on Laysan (19). Some dispersed naturally to nearby unoccupied islands, but less than half survived to breed. Sampling for DNA analysis began 20 years later. Comparisons with the source population on Laysan showed that alleles had been lost at nine microsatellite loci, and populations had diverged on a scale generally consistent with the results of the silvereye study.
The only direct study of natural colonization of an island has been done in the Galápagos. A breeding population of large ground finches was established on Daphne Major island by two females and three males in late 1982, and the fate of the population has been followed every year since (23). Only one male and one female produced offspring that formed the next generation, so the effective number of founders was just two. Several lessons can be drawn from this study that apply to attempts to infer the founding of populations hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years ago. First, the founders were unlikely to have been a random sample, genetically, from those that arrived on the island; they were unusually heterozygous. Second, inbreeding occurred, and loss of alleles was the consequence; this conforms to the founder effects model but is not specific to it. Third, the population increased in both numbers and allelic diversity at microsatellite loci, largely as a result of additional immigrants arriving and staying to breed. Finally, there was no major change in the assayed genetic or morphological characteristics of the population in the first few generations following establishment and, therefore, no manifestation of founder effects.
The third lesson deserves special emphasis. The Plymouth Rock colony did not remain genetically impoverished because new waves of colonization took place, beginning in the year after its founding.
Why could not the same thing happen for the insular silvereye populations? After all, several new islands were colonized; therefore, the same island could have been invaded by immigrants several times. Perhaps, it is more parsimonious to invoke single-immigration events for each island, but I think this is likely to be wrong. If it is wrong, it carries an important implication: except for the most isolated islands, repeated immigration may obscure or obliterate any founder-effect changes that take place following the initial colonization. In the older populations on more isolated islands, founder effects may have been obscured by subsequent bottlenecks. Thus, rather than disposing of founder effects as unsupported, it would be more cautious to conclude the case is not proven (and indeed, it is very difficult to prove; refs. 7 and 10).
Despite the difficulties and lack of clear support from so many tests, the founder effects model and its derivatives (24, 25) continue to receive critical attention because of their relevance to two important research areas: speciation (8, 9, 25), and the conservation of small and potentially endangered populations (26, 27). For this broader context, it is necessary to consider crucial aspects of the model left out of the Clegg et al. paper (14) in their well justified focus on neutral loci. These are the generation of new epistatic gene complexes and natural selection (3, 28), together with the additional factor of sexual selection (25, 29, 30). The silvereyes could make an interesting contribution in this broader context. They have colonized some islands more than once, and the double or triple invasions have given rise to two or three species (1, 3), so it will be interesting to see what comes from a forthcoming analysis of their phenotypic divergence (14).
I thank Jennifer Vernon for information about the passengers on the Mayflower.
↵* E-mail: prgrant{at}princeton.edu.
See companion article on page 8127.
Copyright © 2002, The National Academy of Sciences
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jun 2002, 99 (12) 7818-7820; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.132260299


We've identified the top hotels near Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta Intl Airport (ATL). The properties are sorted by U.S. News rank. You can filter your search based on hotel class, amenities and brand to find the best hotel for you. Explore your options and book one of the best hotels near Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta Intl Airport (ATL) below.
This Renaissance outpost sits next to Atlanta's international airport, making it a superb choice for visitors with early or late flights, according to previous guests. Those who plan on sightseeing will need to rent a car or take public transportation (the College Park MARTA train station sits within walking distance) to reach downtown sights like Centennial Olympic Park and the Georgia Aquarium. However, business travelers will find the Georgia International Convention Center across the street, and six meeting rooms are available on-site. What's more, the hotel houses the New Orleans-inspired Hickory & Hazel Southern Table and Bar, a 24-hour fitness center and 204 contemporary guest rooms and suites. Standard amenities include marble bathrooms, minifridges, work desks and LCD TVs. In-room Wi-Fi access is available as well, but extra fees apply for those who are not part of the Marriott Bonvoy program. Although some guests bemoaned the hotel's pricey valet parking charge at $29 per day, most raved about the clean, spacious and well-appointed accommodations, as well as the friendly staff and tasty cuisine.
Ideal for business travelers stopping in Atlanta for a conference or meeting, the Hilton Atlanta Airport is, as its name suggests, just minutes from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. It's also roughly 10 miles from some of The Big Peach's top attractions, such as Zoo Atlanta, World of Coca-Cola and Turner Field. The hotel offers free transport to and from the airport, but if you're staying here without a car, you're fairly limited in terms of what you can see and do. This also applies to your dining options, which consist of the on-site Andiamo restaurant, Magnolia Grill and Finish Line Sports Bars (plus a few nearby restaurants). However, if you're looking for a place to hang your hat before or after a long flight, this Hilton is a good choice. Travelers like the Hilton Atlanta Airport's spacious guest rooms, which feature flat-screen TVs, signature Hilton Serenity beds and triple-paned windows to keep out the noise of planes passing overhead. However, recent guests lament the daily fee for in-room Wi-Fi access. Members of the Hilton Honors rewards program can use and earn their reward points here.
There are several perks to staying at this airport-adjacent hotel. First, there's the complimentary shuttle service to and from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. And second, staying at this hotel will put you within easy reach of the Georgia International Convention Center. Location aside, The Westin Atlanta Airport hotel features accommodations equipped with Westin's Heavenly Beds, flat-screen TVs and sizable workstations, perfect for business travelers. The Westin Atlanta Airport houses a fitness center and a pool, and the property is willing to accommodate pets, too. Despite the amenities offered, some recent guests aren't pleased with extra charge for parking and say the hotel could use a facelift. And though they tout the convenience of the complimentary shuttle, some travelers say it could use improvement with its timetables and service. But for an airport hotel, travelers say the Westin is an OK choice. Meanwhile, the in-house eatery, Cecelia's Southern Table Restaurant, serves up delicious American cuisine. Plus if you're a Marriott Bonvoy member, you can earn or redeem points here.
Atlanta Airport Marriott Gateway is a 4 star hotel located at 2020 Convention Center Concourse in Atlanta. It has a 4.5 overall guest rating based on 1351 reviews.
Atlanta Airport Marriott is a 3.5 star hotel. It has a 4.0 overall guest rating based on 936 reviews.
Just as its name suggests, the Renaissance Concourse Atlanta Airport Hotel offers the convenience of an airport hotel. But recent guests also delight in the well-appointed fitness center and the complimentary airport shuttle, and say that the rooms are comfortable and more luxurious than you might expect for lodging so close to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International. Recent guests recommend booking a room facing the airport if you're interested in seeing the planes fly. The on-site Concorde Grill isn't a bad place to enjoy a meal, either; the hotel's restaurant specializes in continental cuisine infused with Mediterranean flavors. Just keep in mind that top sightseeing areas (like the Sweet Auburn neighborhood, home to the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site) will be a little tough to reach in Atlanta's rubbernecking traffic. If you want a hotel that's in the thick of things, consider another Renaissance property, like the Atlanta Midtown Hotel. Either way, you can accrue or redeem reward points at both locations if you're a Marriott Rewards member.
Sheraton Atlanta Airport Hotel is a 3.5 star hotel located at 1900 Sullivan Rd in Atlanta. It has a 4.0 overall guest rating based on 1253 reviews.
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Red Lion Hotel Atlanta Airport is a 3.5 star hotel located at 1419 Virginia Avenue in Atlanta. It has a 3.0 overall guest rating based on 396 reviews.
Drury Inn & Suites Airport - Atlanta, GA is a 3 star hotel located at 1270 Virginia Ave in Atlanta. It has a 4.5 overall guest rating based on 657 reviews.
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Courtyard by Marriott Atlanta Airport South/Sullivan Road is a 3 star hotel. It has a 4.0 overall guest rating based on 307 reviews.
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Hilton Garden Inn Atlanta Airport/Millenium Center is a 3 star hotel. It has a 4.0 overall guest rating based on 1110 reviews.


text:
News & Opinion » Feedback
Readers feedback 6.2.04
BOOK DROP CONCERNS
I wish to correct some statements and impressions from your article "Book Drop" (May 19) about the pending Swasey-Rhees Library merger.
• "It has become impossible to maintain the library's $425,000 budget."
The Ambrose Swasey Library's budget for Fiscal Year 2004 is $323,753, not $425,000. This represents 5.94 percent of the operating budgets of the three supporting schools (Colgate Rochester Crozer, Bexley Hall Seminary, and St. Bernard's School of Theology and Ministry). This is not to deny that CRCDS has had deficit budgets or cash-flow problems.
• "The school will only keep the 40,000 to 50,000 titles needed to maintain the standards required by the Association of Theological Schools."
The Association of Theological Schools, which accredits seminaries, does not indicate how many volumes are required for seminary accreditation. ATS dropped quantifiable measures for accreditation in 1996 in favor of internally developed institutional benchmarks. Its library standard reads: "Each school shall have the resources necessary for the operation of an adequate library program. These include human, financial, technological and physical resources."
CRCDS, in other words, must develop its own understanding and defense of the word "adequate." The ATS standard for libraries at other junctures refers to "appropriate collections" and "sufficient human and physical resources." Again, it is the institution which must interpret the terms "appropriate" and "sufficient" --- to ATS's satisfaction.
• The proposal to merge the Swasey Library with Rush Rhees is not "similar to the one made between Union Theological Seminary and Columbia University in New York City this past March" (actually, 2003)
The merger differs in several important respects: 1) the Union-Columbia model keeps all library resources at Union Seminary; 2) the Union-Columbia model retains all Union public services and administrative staff with a complex formula for gradually shifting Union staff to the Columbia payroll; 3) Columbia University and Union Theological Seminary are literally across the street from each other (not 2 miles apart, as are CRCDS and UR), and 4) the Union-Columbia library merger is taking over 15 months to develop and plan before implementing. (The public announcement of the agreement occurred in early 2003; the plan goes into effect this coming July).
• If "Divinity School officials say the merger will give Colgate students the full library privileges shared by UR students and staff members for the very first time," they know better, and deny having said this. Colgate and UR students, faculty, and staff have had complete reciprocal borrowing privileges (our students are treated as their students) for years.
Swasey has provided electronic access to digitized resources from home for years. ASL offers patrons self-initiated renewals, e-reserves, and other digitized reserves as well. ASL library patrons know this; Rush Rhees staff members verify this. Perhaps the phrase "full library privileges" refers to databases in the medical, business, and other specialized fields subscribed to by UR. It is true Swasey does not provide these; our theology patrons have little need for them, either.
It should be mentioned that Swasey librarians, in addition to CRCDS students, drew up several alternate proposals to the administration's initial proposal, which was crafted without ASL librarians' input or knowledge. Some of our suggestions have been incorporated into the administration's current proposal; many have not. However, the conversations around specifics continue in a climate of good will.
The eventual merger of the Swasey Library with the Rush Rhees Library may be the only way to salvage this remarkable collection more or less intact. Swasey itself is the product of multiple mergers (of libraries from Rochester Theological Seminary, Colgate Divinity School, Crozer Theological Seminary, Bexley Hall, St. Bernard's Seminary, and the Baptist Missionary Training School), and it knows the value of mergers. Seminary students and library staff, myself included, do not dispute that.
Disagreement has been around the process by which this merger has come to be. The process has been administratively "top down." Swasey library staff (and perhaps Rush Rhees staff as well; I don't know), seminary students, and some faculty would say their professional expertise and needs were excluded from deliberations, at least initially. They would say the process has been less than effective: there would be no occasion for articles in City if it had been.
Christine Wenderoth, Director, Ambrose Swasey Library, Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School
Editor's note: Colgate Rochester spokesperson Christine Doyle says that the $425,000 budget figure includes $75,000-$100,000 in the library's share of overhead costs: utilities, insurance, and similar expenses.
In an interview for City's May 19 article, Colgate Rochester President Thomas Halbrooks said that students and faculty at the divinity school "do not have access to all of the materials that students and faculty at the UR have." The merger, he said, "would give us the same level of access that their faculty and students have."
ART, REVIEWED
I am writing to register my dismay over Alex Miokovic and Heidi Nickisher's review of the "Maternal Metaphors" exhibition at the Rochester Contemporary (May 19). Their failure to discuss any of the art in the show raises a real question about how they understand the role of the critic.
While potentially interesting, their meditation on the curator's statement does not substitute for a consideration of the work itself. Any work deserves better than this, but it is an especially disappointing way to treat art as serious, as interesting, and as substantial as that appearing in the "Maternal Metaphors" show.
Rachel Ablow, Weldon Street, Rochester
I was deeply disappointed in the tenor of the review of the "Maternal Metaphors" group exhibition at RoCo.
The writers begin their piece with the assertion, "Group shows are rarely about the artwork." One could make the same case about this review. The writers admit that "the work itself plays a role as viewers decide what they like or what they don't like," but this statement is tempered by their failure to mention one single artwork. Although the reviewers mention two of the artists by name and reference the varying media on display, they never once engage with any of the excellent work that was the subject of the exhibition.
The writers sought to use their review to consider questions of diversity and provocation, as well as notions of the maternal. There is nothing wrong with this approach as a function of art criticism. By failing to ground their questions in the artwork of the exhibition, however, the writers failed to explore how the artists themselves were likewise interrogating these questions in the very exhibition under review.
The reviewers, in essence, supplanted the artists. This represents a failure of the writers to fulfill their basic contract with readers to review the work and its place in the contemporary culture. Moreover, it stands as a disservice to the individuals whose work should be the determining factor for "viewers [to] decide what they like or don't like."
In focusing their review so much on one sentence --- indeed on one word ("diverse") --- of what was a longer curatorial statement than the writers implied, they missed the opportunity to participate in a valuable critical dialogue. Instead, they opted to consider a complex topic from a strikingly limited perspective that negated the context of the work on display.
I encourage readers to attend this show to see the artwork and to engage with the questions that these artists themselves pose through their work. I think they will find it compelling viewing.
Stephen Brauer, Browncroft Boulevard, Rochester
Alex Miokovic and Heidi Nickisher respond: In a lot of ways, all artwork is not just about the artwork. It is also about tastes, agendas, and the politics of individuals and institutions that frame them. Artists and their artworks are, of course, part of those frames, but they are not necessarily what gives the viewer the "final answer" to what it's all about. How things are presented or, should we say, represented, includes the frame, i.e., the institution, which is always an integral part of the work and how it is seen.
We thought that if we addressed the framework and the many good works in the exhibition, it would be too much in an already small forum. We totally encourage "readers to attend and see the art work" as well as to look not just at the "pictures" but also into the details that surround them and make them even more complex (e.g., social issues, language issues). These details, as well as those that make up the "actual" work, are what make it all interesting in the first place.
(There is also the issue that all the works in the exhibit have been removed from their contexts to varying degrees, and that has very little to do with the works of art themselves and more to do with the institutional frame.)
As to our contract with the readers: these reviewers hope to include the complex issue of how artwork is something that always exceeds its visible frame. In other words, there is always more to it than what meets the eye.
QUIET, PLEASE
A special thank-you to James F. Kaufmann, founder of the Rochester Soundscape Society, for planning the conference titled "Noise: How it Affects Us and What We Can Do About It" at the Franklin Academy. Presenters included psychologist Arline Bronzaft of New York City; Dr. James Feuerstein, Department of Audiology, Nazareth College; artists Adrienne Wilson and Dave Veslocki, who provided unamplified sound programs, and Frank Champion, meditation workshop facilitator. Mayor Johnson attended and issued a proclamation for Noise Awareness Day.
Working together, we can improve the quality of life by reducing the high decibels that are affecting all of us negatively.
Teresa Marie Feller, Norton Street, Rochester
WRITING TO CITY
We welcome and encourage readers' letters for publication. Send them to: themail@rochester-citynews.com or The Mail, City Newspaper, 250 North Goodman Street, Rochester 14607.
Our guidelines: We don't publish anonymous letters --- and we ask that you include your street name and city/town/village. We don't publish letters that have been sent to other media. While we don't restrict length, letters of under 350 words have a greater chance of being published. We do edit letters for clarity and brevity. And in general we don't publish letters (or longer "op-ed" pieces) from the same writer more often than once every three months.
Feedback Colgate-Rochester Divinity School Swasey Library University of Rochester Rochester Contemporary Gallery


Think you need a four-year degree to be successful in today's workforce? Think again. Here are just 8 of the many, many good jobs that require an associate degree -- or less.
Anyone keeping tabs on the news probably knows the U.S. has a bit of a student debt problem. A recent Pew Research Center analysis placed median student loan debt near $27,000 per graduate in 2012, and fees and interest rates drive costs even higher. Steep student loan payments mean many graduates must put off marriage, retirement planning and buying a home. And what's worse, many students would chalk it up to short-term pain, long-term gain. You need at least a bachelor's degree to get a good job, right?
No. You don't. Contrary to popular perception, many new jobs do not require a four-year degree. Of the thousands of new jobs expected to emerge in the decade before 2022, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS.gov) projects that nearly 80 percent will require an associate degree or less.
The following technical, vocational and trade careers (in no particular order) are serious contenders for "gold collar" job status. Each requires an associate degree or less, is in demand, and paid at least $50,000 on average in 2013. Note that all career data and projections were compiled by the BLS and on a national basis; earnings and outlooks can vary regionally. Look to your state's labor department for more.
Successful web developers are both creative and technically savvy. These professionals design and create websites that are attractive, user friendly and technically sound. They must know how to code, debug problems and, in most cases, work well in a team. Homebodies take note: A quarter of Web developers were self-employed in 2012.
Education required: Some Web developers have an associate degree, but self-taught developers with a snazzy portfolio may get by with less.
Registered nurses, or RNs, are a critical piece of the health care puzzle. RNs provide and coordinate patient care under the direction of a physician or surgeon. They also educate patients and their families about health conditions, treatment plans and long-term care options. The work can be gratifying, if challenging.
"I became an RN because I wanted to help people," said Lindsay Crosby, a traveling RN. "It can be emotionally and physically draining, but I feel good about what I do and can always find work."
Education required: Most RNs earn an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN), though some states accept diplomas from a nursing school. All states require RNs to be licensed, a process that requires candidates to complete accredited RN degree or diploma programs and earn passing scores on the National Council Licensure Examination, or NCLEX-RN.
Advances in patient have made sonography a more affordable (and often less invasive) alternative to other diagnostic imaging technologies -- a trend that bodes well ultrasound technicians. These professionals use sonography to capture the images doctors need to monitor patient health and diagnose health problems. Some sonographers specialize in certain body systems, like abdominal, musculoskeletal, and obstetric and gynecologic sonography.
Education required: Though requirements vary by state, most diagnostic medical sonographers typically a postsecondary certificate or an associate degree. Many employers and most insurance companies prefer to have work performed by licensed ultrasound technicians, though only some states require licensure.
Dental hygienists are typically the first providers patients see when reporting to the dentist, and their skills are in high demand. They clean teeth and examine patients for signs of oral disease like gingivitis, but also teach patients how to improve and maintain good dental health.
Education required: Dental hygienists usually need an associate degree in dental hygiene. All states require hygienists to be licensed, though requirements vary by state.
Construction managers are an excellent example of just how valuable the right combination of education and experience can be, even in a traditionally "blue collar" field. Construction managers plan, budget, coordinate and supervise construction projects.
Education required: Construction managers may need a bachelor's degree to lead large projects, but an associate degree may be sufficient for small and mid-size projects, especially for candidates with solid experience in the field.
Sales representatives sell goods or services to individuals, businesses, government agencies and other organizations, and may specialize in a certain area of sales, like retail, wholesale, medical or scientific sales. Experienced sales rep Richard Hayman told us that sales can be an incredibly exciting and lucrative field -- but only for those who are willing to put in the work.
"If you can't own your own business, the next best job is commission sales," said Hayman, noting that the field "is not for the lazy, but a college degree isn't required." Hayman went into sales on his father's advice despite already earning an engineering degree from Cornell. "He said after I learned how to sell, I could do anything I wanted in the company. It was the best advice and training he could have given me."
Education required: Requirements vary by specialty, but a good number of representatives have an associate degree or less. Those who are expected to have more extensive technical or scientific knowledge may need at least two years of relevant postsecondary education.
Anyone who appreciates running water and living in a largely post-outhouse society can thank a plumber. Plumbers and pipefitters install, maintain and repair pipes (including water and gas pipes) in businesses, homes and other facilities, and may occasionally respond to emergency calls. Plumbing is one of the few fields that still embraces the apprenticeship model of training.
Education required: While most plumbers learn on the job or through apprenticeships, technical school is an increasingly popular training path, especially among those who want to learn how to weld. Plumbers who complete training or an apprenticeship begin as journeymen, but with additional training and experience, can eventually earn master plumber status.