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text:
Q: How do I delete the target of a symbolic link without deleting the link itself? I have a symbolic link ~/Desktop/test.txt which points to ~/rendu/test.txt.
I know ONLY the path of ~/Desktop/test.txt, I want a fast way to delete ~/rendu/test.txt WITHOUT deleting the symbolic link.
For the one who want to know why: I have a file named crypted.xxx on my desktop, which is encrypted and contains my password.
When I want to update my encrypted file, I decrypt it and it create crypted.txt in a special directory. So I make a link to that file on my desktop for practical reasons. But after looking at my crypted.txt, I want to quickly delete this crypted.txt (but not the link in the desktop).

A: Simply use:
printf "" > "$(readlink '/path/to/link')"

to clear the file, or
rm "$(readlink '/path/to/link')"

to remove the file.

A: using find to find the symlink and then using readlink to get the full path to the target to rm:
find ~/Desktop/ -type l -name 'test.txt' -exec bash -c 'rm "$(readlink -f "$1")"' _ {} \;

Or as you know the link name already:
rm "$(readlink -f ~/Desktop/test.txt)"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}

The inflationary paradigm is considered as a necessary part of the standard
model of
cosmology, since it provides   the solution to the fundamental puzzles of the
old Big
Bang theory, such as the horizon, the flatness, and the monopole problems
\cite{Starobinsky:1979ty,Kazanas:1980tx,
Starobinsky:1980te,Guth:1980zm,Linde:1981mu,
Albrecht:1982wi,Barrow:1983rx,Blau:1986cw}. It can be
achieved through various mechanisms, for instance through the introduction of
primordial scalar field(s)
\cite{Barrow:2016qkh,Barrow:2016wiy,Olive:1989nu,Linde:1993cn,Liddle:1994dx,
Lidsey:1995np,CervantesCota:1995tz,Berera:1995ie,ArmendarizPicon:1999rj,
Kanti:1999ie,Garriga:1999vw,Gordon:2000hv,Bassett:2005xm,Chen:2009zp,
Germani:2010gm,Kobayashi:2010cm,Feng:2010ya,Burrage:2010cu,Kobayashi:2011nu,
Ohashi:2012wf,Hossain:2014xha,Hossain:2014zma,Cai:2014uka,Geng:2015fla,
Kamali:2016frd,Geng:2017mic,Benisty:2017lmt,Dalianis:2018frf,Dalianis:2019asr,
Benisty:2020vvm,Benisty:2019pxb,Benisty:2019bmi,Benisty:2019tno,
Staicova:2019ksr,Staicova:2018ggf,Staicova:2018bdy,Guendelman:1999rj,Guendelman:2014bva,Qiu:2020qsq}, or
through correction terms into the modified gravitational action
\cite{Dvali:1998pa,Kawasaki:2000yn,Bojowald:2002nz,Nojiri:2003ft,Kachru:2003sx,
Nojiri:2005pu,Ferraro:2006jd,Cognola:2007zu,Cai:2010kp,Ashtekar:2011rm,
Qiu:2011zr,Briscese:2012ys,Ellis:2013xoa,Basilakos:2013xpa,Sebastiani:2013eqa,
Baumann:2014nda,Dalianis:2015fpa,Kanti:2015pda,DeLaurentis:2015fea,
Basilakos:2015yoa,Bonanno:2015fga,Koshelev:2016xqb,Bamba:2016wjm,
Motohashi:2017vdc,Oikonomou:2017ppp,Benisty:2018fja,Antoniadis:2018ywb,
Karam:2019dlv,Nojiri:2019kkp,Benisty:2019jqz,Mukhanov:2013tua}.

Additionally, inflation was proved crucial in
providing a framework for the generation of primordial density perturbations
\cite{Mukhanov:1981xt,Guth:1982ec}. Since these perturbations affect  the
Cosmic Background Radiation (CMB), the inflationary effect on observations can
be
investigated through the prediction for the  scalar spectral index of the
curvature
perturbations and its running, for the tensor spectral index, and for the
tensor-to-scalar ratio.

The standard approach to calculate the above inflation related observables, is
by
performing a detailed perturbation analysis. Nevertheless, the procedure can be
simplified if one imposes the slow-roll approximation and introduces the
slow-roll
parameters  \cite{Martin:2013tda}, either in the case where inflation is driven
by a
scalar field and its potential, or in the case where inflation arises through
gravitational modification.

In the present work we propose a new approach to investigate inflation, and in
particular the involved observables, through the introduction of the ``scale
factor
potential''. This scale factor potential   is defined by   demanding it to be
opposite to the ``kinetic energy''   of the scale factor  in order for them to
add to
zero. As we will see, it is very useful in studying inflation for every
underlying
theory, since through its use one can immediately determine the inflation end,
namely at
its minimum, as well as he can calculate the various inflationary observables.

The plan of the work is as follows: In section \ref{modelsc} we introduce the
concept of
the scale-factor potential. In section \ref{Applicationsc} we apply it in order
to
investigate inflation in general, and using it we propose a new inflationary
scalar-field
potential that can generate a spectral index and a tensor-to-scalar ratio in
agreement
with observations. Finally, in section \ref{Conclusionssc} we summarize our
results.

\section{Scale factor potential}
\label{modelsc}

In this section we introduce the concept of ``scale factor potential'', which is
a
mathematical tool that proves very useful in performing inflationary
calculations.
We focus on the usual case of a homogeneous and isotropic cosmology with the
Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric
\begin{eqnarray}
{\rm d}s^2 = -{\rm d}t^2 + a^2 (t) \left[\frac{{\rm d}r^2}{1-Kr^2} + r^2 \left(d
\theta^2
+ \sin^2 \theta d \phi^2\right)\right],
\end{eqnarray}
where $a(t)$  is the scale factor  and $K$ determines spatial curvature, with
value of
$0$ for a spatially flat universe.

The scale factor potential $U(a)$  is defined by   demanding it to opposite to
the
``kinetic energy''   of the scale factor, i.e. $\dot{a}^2$, in order for them to
add to
zero, namely:
\begin{equation}\label{potential}
  \dot{a}^2 + U\left( a\right) = 0,
\end{equation}
and hence it has dimensions of inverse length square.
In order to provide a more illustrating picture, let's consider the general
Friedmann
equation in the case of $\Lambda$CDM paradigm, namely
\begin{equation}
H^2 + \frac{K}{a^2} = \frac{8\pi G}{3} \left(\rho_m+\rho_r+\rho_\Lambda
\right),\label{FR1}
\end{equation}
where $\rho_m$,$\rho_r$,$\rho_\Lambda$ correspond respectively to the energy
density of
 matter, radiation and cosmological constant, and $G$ is the Newton's constant.
Hence,
in this case the corresponding scale factor potential will be
\begin{equation}
U(a) = -  a^2 H_0^2  \left[
\Omega_\Lambda^{(0)} + \frac{\Omega_K^{(0)}}{a^2} +
\frac{\Omega_m^{(0)}}{a^3} + \frac{\Omega_r^{(0)}}{a^4}
\right],
\end{equation}
where $\Omega_i^{(0)}$ are the values of the density parameters $\Omega_i=8\pi
G\rho_i/3H^2$ at the present scale factor $a_0=1$, and $H_0$ is the present
Hubble
parameter (we have defined $\rho_K\equiv -3K/(8\pi G a^2)$). In Fig. \ref{fig1}
we depict
$U(a)$ for the case where the Universe contains only the cosmological constant
(de Sitter
Universe), for the case of a matter-dominated Universe, and for the standard
$\Lambda$CDM
scenario.
  \begin{figure}[ht]
 	\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{LCDM.pdf}
\caption{{\it{The scale factor potential $U(a)$ for the case of a flat de Sitter
Universe
(orange-dashed curve), i.e with $\Omega_\Lambda^{(0)}=1$, for the case of a flat
matter-dominated universe (green-dotted curve), i.e with
$\Omega_m^{(0)}=1$, and for $\Lambda$CDM paradigm (blue-solid curve), with
$\Omega_\Lambda^{(0)}=0.7$, $\Omega_m^{(0)}=0.3$, in units where $H_0=1$. }}}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

\section{Application to Inflation}
\label{Applicationsc}

In this section we investigate the inflation realization using the scale factor
potential introduced above. Let us first start by the description of the basic
de Sitter
evolution. One can immediately see that in such exponential expansion of the
form
$a(t) = a_i e^{H_{dS} (t-t_i)}  $ the scale factor potential (\ref{potential})
is just an
inverse parabola, namely $U(a) = - H_{dS}^2a^2$,  whose shape is determined by
the de
Sitter Hubble  parameter value $H_{dS}$. Hence, we deduce that in any
physically
interesting inflationary scenario, the scale factor potential will start from an
inverse
parabola at small scale factors, and then as the universe proceeds towards the
inflationary exit $U(a)$ will deviate accordingly.

The important issue in a successful inflationary realization is the calculation
of
various inflation-related observables, such as the scalar spectral index of the
curvature
perturbations $n_\mathrm{s}$, its running $\alpha_\mathrm{s} \equiv d
n_\mathrm{s}/d
\ln k$, where $k$ is the absolute value of the wave number $\Vec{k}$,
the tensor spectral index $n_\mathrm{T}$ and the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$.
These
quantities are determined  by observational data very accurately, and hence
confrontation
can constrain of exclude the studied scenarios.

In general, the calculation of the above observables demands a detailed
perturbation
analysis. Nevertheless, one can obtain approximate expressions by imposing the
slow-roll assumptions, under which all  inflationary information is encoded in
the
slow-roll parameters. In particular, one first introduces
\cite{Martin:2013tda}
\begin{equation}\label{slowRoll}
  \epsilon_{n+1} = \frac{d}{dN} \log
|\epsilon_n|,
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_0\equiv H_{i}/H$ and $N\equiv\ln(a/a_{i})$ is the e-folding
number, with  $a_{i}$   the scale factor at the beginning of inflation, $H_{i}$ the corresponding Hubble parameter, and $n$ a positive integer. As usual inflation ends at a scale factor $a_f$
where $\ddot{a} = 0$, i.e. where $\epsilon_1(a_f)=1$, and the slow-roll
approximation breaks down. Finally, in terms
of the
first three $\epsilon_n$, which are easily found to be
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{epsVbb}
&&\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
\epsilon_1\equiv-\frac{\dot{H}}{H^2},
\\
&&\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
\epsilon_2 \equiv  \frac{\ddot{H}}{H\dot{H}}-\frac{2\dot{H}}{H^2},
\label{etaVbb}\\
&&\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
\epsilon_3 \equiv
\left(\ddot{H}H-2\dot{H}^2\right)^{-1}
\nonumber\\
&&\!\!\!\!
\cdot\!\left[\frac{H\dot{H}\dddot{H}-\ddot{H}(\dot{H}
^2+H\ddot{H}) } { H\dot { H } }-\frac{2\dot{H}}{H^2}(H\ddot{H}-2\dot{H}^2)
\right]\!,
\label{xiVbb}
\end{eqnarray}
the inflationary observables are expressed as \cite{Martin:2013tda}
 \begin{eqnarray}
 r &\approx&16\epsilon_1 ,
 \label{eps111bb}\\
n_\mathrm{s} &\approx& 1-2\epsilon_1-\epsilon_2 ,
\label{eps2222bb} \\
\alpha_\mathrm{s} &\approx& -2 \epsilon_1\epsilon_2-\epsilon_2\epsilon_3  ,
\label{eps333bb}\\
 n_\mathrm{T} &\approx& -2\epsilon_1 ,
\label{eps444bb}
\end{eqnarray}
where all quantities are calculated at $a_{i}$.

Let us now see how the above approach is simplified with the use of the scale
factor
potential $U(a)$. In particular, using the definition (\ref{potential}) we can
immediately express the slow-roll parameters above as:
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \label{epsilon1}
&&
\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
\epsilon_1   = 1-\frac{a U' }{2 U },
\\
&&
\label{epsilon2}
\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
\epsilon_2   = \frac{a
\left\{a U'^2-U  \left[a
U'' +U' \right]\right\}    }
{U  \left(2 U -a U' \right)    },
\\
&&
\label{epsilon3}
\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
\epsilon_3   = \left\{U \left(2
U-a U'\right) \left[U \left(a U''+U'\right)-a
U'^2\right]\right\}^{-1}\nonumber\\
&&
\
\cdot
\Big\{-a^3 U'^4+a^2 U U'^2 \left(a
U''+5 U'\right)\nonumber\\
&& \ \ \ \ \,
-a U^2 \left[-a^2 U''^2+a U' \left(a U'''+7 U''\right)+6
U'^2\right]\nonumber\\
&& \ \ \ \ \,
+2 U^3 \left[a \left(a U'''+3 U''\right)+U'\right]\Big\}
,
\end{eqnarray}
where primes denote derivatives with respect to $a$. The end of inflation is
obtained
when   $\epsilon_1 (a_f) = 1$. Eq.
(\ref{epsilon1}) with $\epsilon_1 = 1$ yields $U'(a_f)=0$.  Hence, we deduce
that inflation ends at the minimum of the scale
factor potential (we know that it is minimum and not a maximum
since as we mentioned the evolution in every inflationary model starts close to
de Sitter i.e.
to the inverse parabola $U(a) = - H_{dS}^2a^2$, thus it starts from a maximum
of
 $U(a)$. The simplicity of the condition  $U'(a_f)=0$ reveals the
advantage of the use of $U(a)$).
This feature will become useful later on. Finally, by inserting relations
(\ref{epsilon1})-(\ref{epsilon3}) calculated at $a_i$ into
(\ref{eps111bb})-(\ref{eps444bb}) we obtain the inflationary observables.

Since the e-folding number is defined as the logarithm of the scale factor,
namely
$N\equiv\ln(a/a_{i})$, we can introduce the logarithm of
the scale factor potential as
\begin{equation}\label{logPam}
  P = -\ln \left[\frac{U(a)}{U(a_i)} \right].
\end{equation}
 Using these variables the  Hubble function is expressed in terms of the
e-folding number
as
\begin{equation}\label{HubbleCon}
H(N) = H(0) \,  \exp \left[-N -\frac{1}{2}P(N) \right],
\end{equation}
which proves to be   very useful   since it is straightforwardly relates $H$
with $N$,
i.e. to the variable which determines the duration of a successful inflation (a
successful inflation needs $\mathcal{N}_f\sim50-70$). Finally, inserting these
variables into
(\ref{epsilon1})-(\ref{epsilon3}) we express the slow-roll parameters is a
simple way as
(\ref{slowRoll}):
 \begin{eqnarray}
&&\label{epsilon1b}
\epsilon_1 = 1 + \frac{1}{2} P'\left(N\right),
\\\label{epsilon2b}
&&\epsilon_2 = \frac{P''\left( N \right)}{P'\left( N \right)+2},
\\
&&\epsilon_3 = \frac{P'''(N)}{P''(N)}-\frac{P''\left( N \right)}{P'\left( N
\right)+2}.
\label{epsilon3b}
\end{eqnarray}
Since inflation ends when $\epsilon_1(\mathcal{N}_f)=1$, from (\ref{epsilon1b})
we deduce that this
happens at $P'(\mathcal{N}_f) = 0 $, i.e at the minimum of $P$, which was
expected since as we
mentioned above inflation ends at the minimum of $U$.

Inserting relations
(\ref{epsilon1b})-(\ref{epsilon3b}) calculated at the beginning of inflation,
i.e. at
$N=0$, into
(\ref{eps111bb})-(\ref{eps444bb}) we obtain the inflationary observables. In
particular,
doing so we find:
 \begin{eqnarray}
 &&r \approx  16 + 8 P'\left(0\right),
 \label{eps111bbcd}\\
&&  n_\mathrm{s} \approx
 -1-   P'\left(0\right)-\frac{P''\left( 0 \right)}{P'\left( 0 \right)+2},
\label{eps2222bbcd} \\
&&\alpha_\mathrm{s} \approx -P''(0)-\frac{P'''(0)}{P'(0)+2}+\left[
\frac{P''(0)}{P'(0)+2}\right]^2  ,
\label{eps333bbcd}\\
 &&n_\mathrm{T} \approx -2 -  P'\left(0\right).
\label{eps444bbcd}
\end{eqnarray}
Hence, as we can see, the initial values for $P$ and its derivatives, i.e. of
the scale
factor potential and its derivatives, are the crucial ones in determining the
value of
the inflationary observables.
In the slow-roll approximation in the beginning of
inflation we have  $\epsilon_n \ll
1$, which using expressions (\ref{epsilon1b})-(\ref{epsilon3b}) lead to
 \begin{eqnarray}
&&-2 \lesssim P'\left(0\right) \ll 0
\nonumber\\
&&
0 \lesssim P''(0) \ll P'(0) + 2.
\label{eq:Pcon}
\end{eqnarray}

We proceed by exploring the properties of the logarithm of the scale factor
potential
$P(N)$ in order to obtain inflationary observables, and in particular spectral
index $
n_\mathrm{s}$  and tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$, in agreement with observations.
From
(\ref{eps111bbcd}),(\ref{eps2222bbcd}) we   acquire
 \begin{eqnarray}\label{rel1}
&&P'(0) = \frac{r}{8} - 2
\\
&&\label{rel2}
P''(0) = \frac{r}{64} \left[8(1- n_\mathrm{s}) - r \right].
\end{eqnarray}
 Hence, we need to introduce a parametrization for $P(N)$ that could incorporate
these.
From the definition (\ref{HubbleCon}) we find that  the pure de Sitter solution
 gives  $P_{dS} = - 2 N$, and
thus  $P_{dS} (0 ) = 0$, $P_{dS}' (0) = -2$,  $P_{dS}'' (0)= 0$, which
corresponds to the
inverse parabola behavior of the scale factor potential mentioned above. Since
the bulk
of inflation corresponds to an exponential expansion, a good parametrization for
$P(N)$
should be a suitable deviation from this de Sitter form.

The above scale factor potential formalism is of general applicability in any
inflation realization, whether this is driven by a scalar field, or it arises
effectively from modified gravity, or from any other mechanism. In order to
provide a more transparent picture let us consider as an example the well-known
Starobinsky inflation
\cite{Starobinsky:1979ty,Barrow:1983rx,Barrow:1988xh,Barrow:1988xi}.
This scenario arises from a quadratic $f(R)$ gravity of the form  $f(R)=
\frac{1}{16\pi G}R + \frac{1}{2M^2}R^2$, with $M$ a mass scale, which
transformed in the Einstein frame is equivalent with a canonical scalar field
$\phi$ moving in a potential \cite{Barrow:1988xh,Barrow:1988xi}:
 \begin{equation}
V\left(\phi \right) =\frac{M^2}{32\pi G}
\left( 1- e^{-\sqrt{16\pi  G /3} \phi }
\right)^2.
\label{Starpot}
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[t!]
 	\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.43\textwidth]{StarScalarPot.pdf}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.43\textwidth]{StarScale.pdf}
\caption{{\it{
Upper  graph: The scalar field potential $V(\phi)$ in the Einstein frame of
the Starobinsky inflation. Lower graph: The corresponding scale factor
potential
$U(a)$
as
it is numerically reconstructed from the solution of Eqs.
(\ref{Starpot})-(\ref{KleinG}).
Inflation ends at the global minimum of $U(a)$, and its subsequent
oscillations  correspond to the scalar
oscillations around the minimum of  $V(\phi)$ during the reheating
phase.
We use units where $8\pi G=1$ and we set the scale factor at the beginning of
inflation
to $a_i=1$.
}}
}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}
The Friedmann equations are:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{FriedInf}
&&  H^2  = \frac{8\pi G}{3}\left[\frac{1}{2} \dot{\phi}^2 + V(\phi)\right], \\
&&
 \dot{H} = -4\pi G\dot{\phi}^2,
\end{eqnarray}
while the Klein Gordon equation for the scalar field is
\begin{equation}
\label{KleinG}
\ddot{\phi} + 3 H \dot{\phi} + V'(\phi) = 0.
\end{equation}
In the upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig3} we present the shape of the Starobinsky
potential
(\ref{Starpot}). On the lower panel we depict the corresponding scale factor
potential as
it is numerically reconstructed from the evolution of Eqs.
(\ref{Starpot})-(\ref{KleinG}).
 As we observe, and as analyzed in detail above, the scale factor potential
starts with an
inverse parabola at the initial scale factors and inflation durates up to its
first (and
global) minimum. The subsequent oscillations of $U(a)$ correspond to the scalar
oscillations around the minimum of the physical potential $V(\phi)$ during the
reheating
phase \cite{Kofman:1997yn}. Note the advantage that in the scale factor
potential picture
we know exactly the inflation end, namely at its minimum, while in the usual
potential
picture it is not straightforwardly determined when the slow roll finishes and
inflation
ends.

\section{Parameterization of the Potential}

  In this section we consider a specific example of the above formalism.
We apply the parametrization
\begin{equation}
P(N)=-2 \left(\frac{1}{N_0+N} +N\right),
\label{PolPot}
\end{equation}
with $N_0$ the model parameter. This form satisfies the condition
(\ref{eq:Pcon}). Using that the end of inflation happens at $P'(\mathcal{N}_f)
=
0 $ it
gives:
\begin{equation}
\label{con111}
N_{f} + N_0 =  1.
\end{equation}
The corresponding slow-roll parameters  (\ref{epsilon1b})-(\ref{epsilon3b})
read:
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\epsilon_1 = \frac{1}{(N_0+N)^{2}}\nonumber\\
&& \epsilon_2 = -\frac{2}{N_0+N}
\nonumber\\
&&\epsilon_3 = -\frac{1}{N_0+N}.
 \end{eqnarray}
  Moreover,   all   other slow-roll parameters are the same with $\epsilon_3$.
As we can see, the advantage of the ansatz (\ref{PolPot}) is that all
slow-roll parameters are small and therefore the initial state is by
construction close to de Sitter solution.  The
inflationary observables become
 \begin{equation}
 \label{pred1}
r = \frac{16}{(\mathcal{N}_f-1)^2} \end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{pred2}
n_s = \frac{(\mathcal{N}_f-4) \mathcal{N}_f+1}{(\mathcal{N}_f-1)^2}.
\end{equation}
Taking as an example the e-folding number as $\mathcal{N}_f=60$ we find that
\begin{equation}
r = 0.00459,\quad n_\mathrm{s} = 0.9655.
\label{eq:obvs}
\end{equation}
Eliminating $\mathcal{N}_f$ between (\ref{pred1})-(\ref{pred2}) gives
\begin{equation}
r=-8 \left( n_\mathrm{s}-2+\sqrt{3-2 n_\mathrm{s}}\right),
\label{observ3}
\end{equation}
which is a very useful expression since it allows for a direct comparison with
observations.
 \begin{figure}[ht]
 	\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.51\textwidth]{fin.pdf}
\caption{{\it{1$\sigma$ (magenta) and 2$\sigma$ (light magenta) contours for
Planck 2018
results (Planck $+TT+lowP$)  \cite{Akrami:2018odb}, on
$n_{\mathrm{s}}-r$ plane.
Additionally, we present the predictions of the
scale factor potential (\ref{PolPot}) with $50\leq \mathcal{N}_f\leq 70$,
according to
(\ref{observ3}) ($n_{\mathrm{s}}=0.9584$ for  $\mathcal{N}_f=50$ and
$n_{\mathrm{s}}=0.9706$ for  $\mathcal{N}_f=70$).}}
}
\label{figobserv}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{figobserv} we present the predictions of the scenario at hand in
the $n_s -r$ plane, for e-folding numbers $\mathcal{N}_f$ varying between 50
and 70, on top of the 1$\sigma$ and
2$\sigma$ likelihood contours of the Planck 2018 results
\cite{Akrami:2018odb,Aghanim:2018eyx}. As we
can see, the
agreement with observations is very efficient, and the predictions lie well
within the 1$\sigma$ region. Moreover, in the future Euclid and SPHEREx
missions and the BICEP3 experiment, are expected to provide better
observational bounds
to test these predictions.

 We can now proceed in applying the scale factor potential approach in order to
reconstruct a physical
scalar-field potential that can generate the desirable inflationary observables.
From the
definition of the scale factor potential (\ref{potential}), as well as the
Friedmann
equation  (\ref{FriedInf}) that holds in every scalar-field inflation, we
extract the
following solutions:
  \begin{eqnarray}
&&
\phi(a) = - \int_{a_i}^{a} \frac{\sqrt{2 U(a )-a U'(a)}}{a \sqrt{U(a)}} \,
da,\\
&&V(\phi(a)) = V_0-\frac{a\, U'(a)+4 U(a)}{2 a^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
Expressed in terms of the e-folding number $N$ and the logarithm of the scale
factor
potential $P(N)$ of (\ref{logPam}) the above solutions become:
 \begin{eqnarray}\label{conTran1}
&&
\phi(N) = - \int_{0}^{N} \sqrt{2 + P'(N)} \, dN,
\\
&&
\label{conTran2}
V(\phi(N)) = V_0 + e^{-P(N) - 2N} \left[2-\frac{1}{2}P'(N)\right].
\end{eqnarray}

Let us   apply the above formalism in our specific  parametrization
(\ref{PolPot}). Inserting it  into
(\ref{conTran1})-(\ref{conTran2}) finally yields:
\begin{eqnarray}
 &&
 \!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
 \phi(N) = \sqrt{2} \log \left(\frac{N+ N_0}{N_0}\right)
\label{phiN1}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
V(\phi(N)) =H_0^2 e^{\frac{2}{N_0+N}} \left[3-\frac{1}{(N_0+N)^2}\right].
\end{split}
\label{VphiN1}
\end{equation}
Expression (\ref{phiN1}) can be inversed, in order to find $N(\phi)$ and
then
 through
insertion into (\ref{VphiN1}) to extract $V(\phi)$
analytically as
\begin{eqnarray}
&&
 \!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
 V(\phi) = H_0^2 e^{\frac{2 e^{-\frac{\phi } {\sqrt{2}}}}{N_0}-\sqrt{2} \phi }
\left(3 N_0^2 e^{\sqrt{2} \phi }-1\right).
\label{FinPot}
\end{eqnarray}
Hence, this potential   is the physical potential that leads to the
observables depicted in Fig. \ref{figobserv}.
In Fig. \ref{fig2} we depict the scale factor potential $U(a)$ of the
parameterization (\ref{PolPot}), as well as the corresponding
scalar-field potential $V(\phi)$ of
(\ref{FinPot}). The
universe   begins with $\phi \gg1$ with a slow-roll
behavior, and the scalar field moves towards the left.
The asymptotic
values of the potential are:
\begin{equation}
V_{+\infty} = 3 H^2_{0}, \quad V_{-\infty} = 0,
\end{equation}
and thus   $3 H^2_{0}$ represents the energy   scale of the inflationary
epoch.
 \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{UPot.pdf}
\\
\includegraphics[width=0.43\textwidth]{ScaPot.pdf}
\caption{{\it{
Upper  graph: The scale factor potential $U(a)$ of the parameterization
(\ref{PolPot}).
 Lower graph: The corresponding scalar-field potential $V(\phi)$ of
(\ref{FinPot}), normalized by its value at $\infty$. We use units where $8\pi
G=1$ and we set
the scale factor at the beginning of inflation to $a_i=1$. We consider
e-folding number   $\mathcal{N}_f=60$, and thus (\ref{con111}) gives
$N_0=-59$. Inflation
ends at the global minimum of $U(a)$. }}}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

We close this section by mentioning that the above potential reconstruction was
just an
example that arose from the consideration of the polynomial parametrization of
$P(N)$ in
(\ref{PolPot}). By imposing other parametrizations we can obtain, numerically
or
analytically, other potential forms that lead to the desired inflationary
observables.
Such capabilities reveal the advantages of the approach at hand.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{Conclusionssc}
In this work we proposed a new approach to investigate inflation in a
model-independent
way, and in particular to elaborate the involved observables, through the
introduction of the ``scale factor potential'' $U(a)$ . This     potential   is
defined by   demanding it to be opposite to the ``kinetic energy''  of the scale
factor  in order for them to add to zero.

The scale factor potential is very useful in studying inflation for every
underlying theory. Firstly, through its use one can immediately determine the
inflation end,
which corresponds to its first (and global) minimum, which is an advantage
comparing to the usual potential picture, in which it is not straightforwardly
determined when the
slow roll finishes and inflation ends. The subsequent oscillations of $U(a)$
correspond to the scalar
oscillations around the minimum of the physical potential  during the reheating
phase.

Additionally, we expressed the inflationary observables, such as the spectral
index  and its running,  the  tensor-to-scalar ratio, and the tensor spectral
index, in terms of the scale factor potential and its
derivatives. Then we introduced the logarithm $P$ of $U$ and we used as
independent
variable the  e-folding number $N$, re-expressing the inflationary observables
straightaway in terms of the initial values of $P$ and its derivatives. In this
way,
introducing parametrizations for $P(N)$ we were able to reconstruct $U$ that
leads to
the imposed inflationary observables.

We applied it in order to reconstruct a   physical
scalar-field potential that can generate the desirable inflationary observables.
 Hence, as an example, we reconstructed
analytically a new class of scalar-potentials that can lead to the desired
spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio, in agreement with observations.

Finally, by  imposing other parametrizations for  $P(N)$  we can obtain,
numerically or
analytically, other potential forms that lead to the given inflationary
observables.
Such capabilities reveal the advantages of the use of the scale factor
potential.

\acknowledgments
This article is supported by COST Action CA15117 "Cosmology and Astrophysics
Network for Theoretical Advances and Training Action" (CANTATA) of the COST
(European Cooperation in Science and Technology). This project is partially
supported by COST Actions CA16104 and CA18108. we thanks to David Vasak for
additional comments and discussions.

\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


To know that someone is our friend is to be sure of his joy in our successes and his heartbreak in our failures. To know our Creator is to be sure of His pleasure in our trust, His strength in our weakness, and His warning in our carelessness.
To know God through Isaiah's prophetic book is to experience all of the above, and more. It is to discover that the Lord of heaven is our Friend, our Savior, and our King. To know God through Isaiah is to learn that the One who loves us more than we can imagine lives not only in the heights of the heavens but also with those who are of a broken and contrite heart (Isa. 57:15).
It is of this God that Herb Vander Lugt writes about in the following pages, encouraging us to worship Him in truth.


Citation: Mowris RJ. 1990. Energy Efficiency and Least-Cost Planning: The Best Way to Save Money and Reduce Energy Use in Hawaii.
Abstract: If the 500 MW geothermal project on the Big Island of Hawaii is developed as planned, the Wao Kele O Puna rain forest will be severely damaged or destroyed. If this happens the State will lose one of its most precious resources. It would be tragic for this to happen, since on a least-cost basis, the geothermal project does not make economic sense. Improving energy efficiency in the commercial and residential sectors of Hawaii can save about 500 MW of power at a cost of $700 million.


— If your child has health insurance that covers immunizations (including hawk-i), your child needs to get shots at your medical provider. Bring your insurance card with you.
— If your child is on Medicaid, your child can get shots at your medical provider or at Community Health Partners. Bring your insurance card with you.
— If your child has no health insurance or is on Medishare, your child can get shots at your medical provider or at Community Health Partners. Bring your insurance card with you.
— If your child has health insurance that does not cover any immunizations, your child must get shots at Community Health Partners or at Promise Community Health Center. Bring your insurance card with you.
–If your child is American Indian or Alaskan Native, your child can get shots at your medical provider or at Community Health Partners.
— Please note that most area medical clinics now offer vaccines for children who are on Medicaid, who are uninsured, and who are American Indian or Alaskan Native. A fee may be charged at the medical clinics, call ahead for details. If you have questions regarding where your child can get vaccines, call your medical clinic or Community Health Partners.


text:
Q: Getting WMI to read processor load faster I have a C# application, where I have to get the processor load. According to the accepted answer for this question, my options are to either use performance counters from either WMI or the System.Diagnostics namespace. I have a problem with the System.Diagnostics performance counter (as documented here), so my only option is to use WMI. The following code shows how I read the processor load using WMI:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Management;

namespace ProcessorUtilizationSpike
{
    class Program
    {
        private static ManagementObject processor;

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            processor = new ManagementObject("Win32_PerfFormattedData_PerfOS_Processor.Name='_Total'");

            while(true)
            {
                PrintTimedMeasure();
            }
        }

        static void PrintTimedMeasure()
        {
            DateTime start = DateTime.Now;
            UInt64 wmi = WMIMeasure();
            DateTime stop = DateTime.Now;
            Console.WriteLine("wmi : " + wmi + ", time: " + (stop - start));
        }

        static UInt64 WMIMeasure()
        {
            processor.Get();
            return ((UInt64)processor.Properties["PercentProcessorTime"].Value); // this property corresponds to a UInt64, see the Type property.
        }
    }
}

My problem is, that it takes around half a second to retrieve the processor utilization, as can be seen from this typical snippet of output:
wmi : 6, time: 00:00:00.5156250
wmi : 3, time: 00:00:00.5156250
wmi : 4, time: 00:00:00.5000000
wmi : 3, time: 00:00:00.5156250
wmi : 3, time: 00:00:00.5000000

My guess is that at least part of the reason, that it takes so long to sample the load, is that the Get method call also updates other properties of the ManagementObject object. So my question is: How can I make the Get method call update faster? I would guess, that the solution is to somehow tell the ManagementObject object to only update the processor load property, but I don't know how to do that.
As an aside, it is curious that the sample times of the output are so stable around half a second, but I am not sure if that can give any hints toward the solution.

A: It has to be slow, there's no other way.  The CPU core is either running at full bore or it is turned off by a HALT instruction.  From which it is woken up again by an interrupt.  The effective CPU load is an average calculated over a period, typically one second.  The amount of time it was running divided by the period.
If you make the period shorter then the calculated value gets less accurate.  Make it too short and the number will just jump between 0 and 100.
You cannot change the sample rate in the WMI query afaik.  You can get quicker (and noisier) updates by reading the performance counter directly.  You'll find sample code in my answer in this thread.

A: Recommendation: Use the Win32_PerfRawData_PerfOS_Processor performance counter and the PERF_100NSEC_TIMER_INV  algorithm instead of the formatted counters. The rounding can lead to some fairly inaccurate results.


If breakfast is too early for you and lunch is too late, brunch is the best meal of the day. With the Seaport District being filled with delicious restaurants, there's tons of great brunch restaurants near Flats on D. Give these brunch menus a try!
Outlook Kitchen and Bar's brunch menu has a dish for even the pickiest eater. They've got you covered for both savory and sweet menu items. For your sweet tooth, try the Salted Chocolate Pancakes. If you're looking for more savory, you can't go wrong with the Lobster Benedict. Get your brunch on here with a short 10 minute bike ride from Flats on D.
Brunch like your in Greece at Committee. Enjoy a classic Breakfast Gyro or Greek-Style Chicken and Biscuits. Top your meal off with a champagne tray or one of their fun brunch cocktails. You can bike here in under 10 minutes from Flats on D.
Row 34 is known for their oysters but their brunch offers so much more. Try the Smoked Salmon Toast and don't forget the mimosa. You can brunch here via bike in roughly five minutes from Flats on D.
Brunch with a view at 75 on Liberty Wharf. If you're looking for options, this brunch menu is for you. Choose between various salads, omelets, sandwiches and more. You're sure to find an enjoyable dish here. Bike here in just five minutes from Flats on D.
You can't go wrong at these brunch restaurants near Flats on D. No matter if you're a simple biscuits and gravy lover or an adventurous eater, these brunch menus will have a dish for you. We hope you give these restaurants a try next time you're in the mood for brunch.


Here in Spain, "Homeopathy" basically means something different. Many "Homeopathico" preparations sold in pharmacies here contain trace and greater concentrations of the active ingredient, so they are probably more like "herbal" remedies.
Spain notwithstanding (I agreed with Mike when he further said that it might be a cultural or linguistic issue here), there is an important distinction to be made – not just by the proponents of science- and evidence-based medicine, but also, it would appear, by regulatory agencies. Because it transpires that ignoring this distinction can be… detrimental. Read on for details.
A bit of a background first. You may or may not have heard of Belladonna, but I am sure you're familiar with Deadly Nightshade; I have long known about it as one of the plant poisons favorite of Agatha Christie – the famous British writer of tales of mystery and detection (she used it to great effects in many of her books, including Postern of Fate and The Caribbean Mystery). But I digress.
Deadly Nightshade (Atropa belladonna Linn.) is a perennial solanaceous herb native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; its foliage and berries contain extremely toxic alkaloids, including scopolamine and hyoscyamine. This herb is also the source for the anticholinergic agent, Atropine.
As the linked Wikipedia article mentions, belladonna has long been used in traditional herbal medicine for various conditions including headache, menstrual symptoms, peptic ulcer disease, histaminic reaction, inflammation, and motion sickness (an old but relevant review can be found for free at PubMed Central: Farnsworth et al. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull World Health Organ. 1985; 63(6): 965-981). In homeopathy, on the other hand, belladonna preparations are commonly used at dilutions from 6C (10-12) to 30C (10-60!!) – which, by the way, has been shown to have 'no observable clinical effects' in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Free at PubMed Central: Brien et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 November; 56(5): 562-568).
I hope you, dear folks, appreciate this distinction; I cannot over-emphasize its gravity. The herbal preparations (presumably made from extracts of the belladonna plant) – which are available in the traditional medicine systems of various countries and cultures – actually contain measurable quantities of the plant's active principles. The major problem with these preparations is that these products are not regulated, and in the US, FDA doesn't evaluate their safety and efficacy; therefore, there is no guarantee of consistency of the active substances in them. In contrast, the homeopathic belladonna preparations contain only the name of belladonna and no active product, none.
Because the homeopathic preparation is harmless, by virtue of being devoid of any trace of the original toxic substance. But the herbal preparations aren't like that; they do contain the substance(s) in quantities that can be measured by analytical means.
Therefore, mis-labeling of this herbal product as 'homeopathic' raises serious public health issues, the danger of unregulated belladonna being plausible and real. And FDA, too, appears to have discovered this a few months ago. A consumer safety alert released by FDA in October last year elaborates the alarming nature of their findings.
Hyland's Teething Tablets are manufactured to contain a small amount of belladonna, a substance that can cause serious harm at larger doses. For such a product, it is important that the amount of belladonna be carefully controlled. FDA laboratory analysis, however, has found that Hyland's Teething Tablets contain inconsistent amounts of belladonna. In addition, the FDA has received reports of serious adverse events in children taking this product that are consistent with belladonna toxicity […] FDA advises consumers to consult their health care professional if their child experiences symptoms such as seizures, difficulty breathing, lethargy, excessive sleepiness, muscle weakness, skin flushing, constipation, difficulty urinating, or agitation after using Hyland's Teething Tablets.
It is indicative of how the FDA sees belladonna. Sorry, FDA, but it is NOT homeopathic. I hope —I sincerely hope— that, at least now, in view of these serious conditions in children reminiscent of acute belladonna toxicity, as well as FDA's own lab tests confirming their suspicions, FDA wakes up to the existing problem of mis-leading, incorrect labeling of such herbal products, and decides to impose stricter control and regulation on them – for the good of the patients. Think of the children!
One minor quibble, the Teething Tablets are, in one (broad) sense, homeopathic. In the sense that all other compounds or elements not found in the tablets make it just as homeopathic as any other supposed homeopathic remedy. I guess the packaging is just too small to contain a comprehensive list of all elements that have no molecules present. Funny how they usually only mention one that's not there.
Hmmmm, broad sense homeopathy. I wonder if it'll catch on?
Hi Kausik, great post!! Yesterday in the UK a 48-year-old man was sentenced to six months' imprisonment. He is also suspended for two years and will need to carry out 200 hours of unpaid work for selling and supplying herbal medicines to the public without a marketing authorisation.
It is good to see that the UK is at least trying to clamp down on the unlawful selling of herbal medicines.
Thank you, Mike and Laura, for your comments.
Laura, your note reminded me that someone on Twitter the other day pointed out this old article on PubMed, where an Australian man taking Ayurvedic (Herbal) tonics during a visit to India came down with severe lead poisoning. Analysis of the herbal tablets revealed a very high lead content. And this, it appears, is not an uncommon occurrence.
Kausik, I agree that the inconsistent concentrations are a serious flaw, but, apart from the more general point I was making, the presence of Belladona will depend on the homeopathic dilution.
Each Teething Tablet (which weighs about 65 mg) is composed of 0.0003% Belladonna alkaloids as stated on the label. This means that each complete teething tablet contains only approximately 0.0002 mg of Belladonna alkaloids.
So, low concentrations, for sure, but nothing below 10-23. In fact, my back of the envelope scribbles suggest that starting with (say) 1mg of nightshade in 1L of water, requires less than a 3C dilution. The precise starting quantities may differ, but it would be hard to imagine this ever coming close to Avogadro's constant.
So, the real question is: is this relatively low dilution* still homeopathic?
I suppose if you shake, rattle and roll everything in the right way, it is. But this just highlights more problems inherent in regulating the industry. 'Homeopathy' is used to describe more than just the process of serial dilution on large scales. There's an awful lot of weird, unscientific practices involved in the methods that make something homeopathic. This clearly causes confusion for consumers and needs to be more carefully regulated.
* with respect to homeopathic preparations.
Exactly, Mike. I say, 'not'. Having detectable presence of Belladonna goes against the very grain of homeopathic principle, particularly the law of infinitesimals.


A marijuana dispensary currently operating under a Measure O license can remain open until the state's Fourth District Court of Appeal decides whether to uphold or overturn a judge's invalidation of the voter-approved ballot measure.
Judge David Cohn on Friday, April 27, kept the existing stay in place, even as San Bernardino staffers accept applications for commercial cannabis businesses under a new ordinance that is being challenged in court by Stephanie Smith, a Pacific Palisades woman who claims certain requirements violate due process.
"This is a messy situation," Cohn said in court Friday.
As all parties await the appeal process, San Bernardino can award cannabis-related business permits under its new law.
Should a business owner receive a license during this grey period, the dispensary operating with a Measure O license would be required to comply with the recently-adopted requirements to ensure uniformity among competitors – so long as the requirements are not vindictive or overbearing, Cohn said.
Conditions of that sort could be challenged in court.
Captain Jack's, a dispensary at the Flesh Club on Hospitality Drive, is the only dispensary in town operating under a Measure O license, City Attorney Gary Saenz has said.
Earlier this month, San Bernardino staffers began accepting cannabis-related business applications; as many as 17 licenses can be awarded this first year under the new ordinance.
Smith sued the city in March to overturn that ordinance, which she claims creates a monopoly for certain cannabis license types and bans people who have had anything to do with cannabis in the past from receiving a permit.
Cohn is expected to review any such discriminatory behavior by the city ahead of a May 9 hearing.


text:
Tag: medical
Ecstasy for Agony?
September 11, 2010 March 19, 2011 Christie1 Comment
A new study may prove that the party drug is effective in therapy. But will ecstasy make the leap from club to couch?
By Christie Aschwanden
In the street, rave-goers have labeled it "the love drug." Newspaper reports have dubbed it a killer. But for Marcela Ot'alora, ecstasy was a lifesaver.
Repeatedly raped when she was a teenager, Ot'alora spent years locked in the grip of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). "My whole body would go into a panic," says Ot'alora, now 42 and therapist in Lafayette, Colorado.
Desperate, Ot'alora took ecstasy–the drug scientists call MDMA–during a supervised therapy session. That was 17 years ago, when therapists were legally giving it to their clients in small doses to help emotional healing. Those therapy sessions changed Ot'alora's life. For the first time, she says, she felt safe to confront details she'd suppressed for years.
Now, Ot'alora is part of a growing movement to make ecstasy legal again as a controlled medication. Working with the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), a Florida-based nonprofit group that funds research into therapeutic uses for psychedelic drugs, Ot'alora and others are arguing that the drug has powerful healing potential, particularly for PTSD. And their cause is gaining steam: Last November, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a clinical trial of laboratory-made, purified ecstasy for PTSD–the first such trial in almost two decades.
The federal government banned ecstasy in 1985, after it showed up on the club scene. A group of psychiatrists sued to keep the drug legal for research and medical use, but their suit failed. MAPS has revived the debate: The group hopes to reverse the government decision by funding the controlled studies they say are necessary to give the drug a fair hearing.
The first real step toward that goal will happen later this year, when South Carolina psychiatrists Michael Mithoefer, M.D., and his wife, Annie, a licensed psychiatric nurse, will give 12 patients a single dose of ecstasy in a supervised setting. A second group will receive a placebo; both groups will undergo conventional therapy afterward. Ot"lora is consulting with the Mithoefers as they organize their trial and working as a therapist for a similar MAPS-funded study already begun in Spain. Both studies are part of the association's five-year, $5 million plan to gain approval for ecstasy as a prescription drug.
"I call it Prozac-plus," says MAPS president Rick Doblin, Ph.D. "Prozac gives people a greater comfort level in their own skin. MDMA takes this to the next level." Like Prozac, the drug boosts levels of serotonin, a brain chemical that regulates mood, sleep, and appetite. But while Prozac nudges serotonin levels up just a notch, ecstasy sends them soaring. It also hikes levels of another brain chemical called dopamine. The resulting euphoria lasts about five hours.
"In the same way a glass of wine can loosen you up, a dose of MDMA can help people loosen up to explore their inner selves," says Julie Holland, M.D., a psychiatrist at Bellevue Hospital in New York and editor of Ecstasy, the Complete Guide: A Comprehensive Look at the Risks and Benefits of MDMA.
Michael Mithoefer says the drug facilitates therapy by allowing patients to face their traumatic experiences with less fear and shame. "MDMA increases empathy for oneself," he says. "Many people with PTSD erroneously blame themselves, and that guilt is a barrier to healing." If studies like Mithoefer's result in ecstasy being available as a medicine, its uses may not be limited to PTSD. Before it was outlawed, ecstasy had been used in couples therapy; psychologists believed it helped couples discuss their hot-button issues without becoming defensive. Some experts also believe the drug helps with depression. Doblin says MAPS would also like to study the potential of MDMA therapy to help terminally ill patients face death without anxiety or fear.
There are some problems with the push to take ecstasy from the clubs to the therapist's couch, though. For starters, growing evidence suggests that the drug might harm the cells that release serotonin in the brain. "The data in animals are quite compelling," explains George Ricaurte, M.D., a pharmacologist at Johns Hopkins Medical Institution in Baltimore. Ricaurte says human studies imply the drug causes similar damage in people, though scientists aren't exactly sure what the repercussions are. A few studies have found moderately impaired memory in frequent ecstasy users, but researchers can't conclusively blame the drug since most heavy ecstasy users also take other illicit drugs.
Still, brain damage is only one potential problem. MDMA decreases the body's ability to regulate temperature. "There are people taking ecstasy at raves and ending up with heat stroke," Holland says. Ecstasy also elevates a hormone that spurs water retention, so when users take in more fluid than normal they can experience cramps. Seizures, and potentially fatal brain swelling. And even when ecstasy is taken in a controlled environment, the day after can be tough: The initial serotonin rush seems to temporarily deplete the brain's supply of this neurochemical, leading to a post-ecstasy funk ravegoers call "the terrible Tuesdays."
Despite these potential side effects, Mithoefer contends that ecstasy is afe when given in small doses under medical supervision. "We already have a lot of evidence showing that there's no toxicity with this dose level administered in a clinical setting," he says. And Holland points out that taking a small dose of ecstasy once or twice in a lifetime in a doctor's office is hardly the same as taking it every weekend at a rave. "Like every potent medication," she explains, "there's a dose that's safe and a dose that's not."
But Glen Hanson, Ph.D., the acting director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, says labeling any dose safe sends a perilous message. "Taking it once a month isn't likely to do permanent damage," he says. "But it's difficult and dangerous to generalize and say that one dose is never harmful." Hanson worries that any endorsement of ecstasy by the government would be interpreted to apply to street ecstasy. And because it's not regulated, there's no way of knowing what's in the ecstasy pills passed around at raves: Some contain amphetamines, for instance.
But these concerns don't soften the resolve of ecstasy's advocates. "I don't want MDMA to be a street drug. I want it to be a medication," Ot'alora says. "I've personally seen how it can help people." For Mithoefer, the movement to test ecstasy is an ethical issue. "I see people every day whose lives are severely disrupted and they're suffering because of PTSD. A significant number of these people aren't helped enough by existing treatments," he says. "If you don't allow careful investigation into something that might help ease people's suffering, you're taking away their rights."
Sidebar: Black market to supermarket?
If ecstasy is approved as a medicine, it may not be the only drug to go from the street to the pharmacy. Here are some others that may one day make the switch.
Street Name: Pot, Weed, Grass
The Buzz: A mellow, euphoric high
The Studies: A White House-commissioned report issued in 1999 concluded that marijuana has the potential to ease anxiety, stimulate appetite, calm nausea,and relieve pain. At least nine states have passed medical marijuana laws, though federal officials are reluctant to legalize it.
(LSD) Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Street Name: LSD
The Buzz: Hallucinogen made famous by Timothy Leary's motto "turn on, tune in, drop out"
The Studies Studies: in the '60s hinted that LSD might lessen anxiety and depression in the terminally ill. Now the Orenda Institute, a psychedelic-studies organization in Baltimore, is hoping for FDA permission to test whether LSD can abate depression and anxiety in cancer patients.
Street Name: Magic mushroom or 'shrooms
The Buzz: Hallucinogenic effects much like LSD
The Studies: At the University of Arizona, an FDA-approved trial is under way to test the effect of psilocybin on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Swiss researchers are planning to test psilocybin's power to treat depression.
Posted in Favorite StoriesTagged favorite stories, health, Health Magazine, medical

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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We select the kinematic formula that consists of both the unidentified variable we're searching for and 3 of the kinematic variables we currently understand. In this manner, we can fix for the unidentified we wish to discover, which will be the only unknown in the formula Kinematics: The research study and description of movement, without regard to its causes, for instance, we can determine completion point of a robotic arm from the angles of all its joints. Offered the end point of the robotic arm, we might determine the angles and settings of all its joints needed to put it there (inverted kinematics - IK). Kinematics can be studied without regard to mass or physical amounts that depend upon mass. We will discuss characteristics later on. One method to think of the distinction in between characteristics and kinematics is that characteristics is the reason for movement and kinematics is the impact.
Physics is a difficult topic that carries out research study on the real life in technical method. Many of the part make up mathematical area that uses geometrical concepts and figure when we narrow down our research study to kinematics. Charts, numbers, formulas are utilized in the research study of kinematics When we speak about movement of item, there are various kinds of amounts that gets connected to it like; displacement, velocity, speed and time. Without the understanding of these standard amount, covering the huge topic of kinematics is practically difficult. All these 4 crucial amounts are utilized to structure formulas in mechanical physics that are described as kinematics formula. These kinematic formula discusses deeply about the movement of the item where one variable amongst the 4 is unidentified. Kinematics formulas consist of: A little effort than typical is needed along with passionate mind and active body when it's about studying physics. Kinematics is the significant part in physics that is used in genuine world which consists of building of heavy equipments. Having the base clear along with prompt conclusion of Kinematics project can assist trainees score a considerable grade and thus set up pillar for intense future.
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Get immediate assistance for Kinematics Reports, Case research studies The kinematic formulas are a set of 4 formulas that can be used to anticipate unidentified info about a things's movement if other info is understood. These kinematic formula discusses deeply about the movement of the things where one variable amongst the 4 is unidentified. Our group assists you to resolve various kinematics issues, to resolve kinematics research concerns, to compose a coursework. When finishing your kinematics research, it is simple to recognize that kinematics options are rather challenging and time consuming. In kinematics, trainees are needed to study trajectories of numerous movements of points or particles, and sketch out their movement with mathematical functions.


"We help those aged 30-55 who are tired of being told to "just rest it" return to their favorite sporting activities, avoid slowing down and stay out of the doctor's office."
Who know that their family NEEDS them and living with pain isn't good when they want to have the energy for work AND play.
Who want to be FIT for the weekend softball tournament, the round of golf with their buddies, that fun obstacle race, all without having to worry about tomorrow's aches and pains.
Who know pain-killers are NOT the best answer and feel let down by the traditional medical system, which only offered medication, surgery or rest.
Some healthcare offices let the patient bounce around from therapist to therapist, spending a lot of time in the clinic but never really feeling "important".
Out of this frustration, he founded his clinic and dedicated his office to offering one-on-one care, where he spends time with patients while getting them back to their favorite activities as fast as possible.
Every day, people in Harrisburg, PA consult and work with Dr. Chad Cohle to get back to their activities quicker and without medications.
Chad graduated from Susquehanna University with a Bachelor's in biology and then completed his Doctor of Chiropractic program at Palmer College of Chiropractic - Florida in 2012.


I was hitting a local fast-food empire the other day when I noticed that the drivers in each of the cars in front of me had on sunglasses. Nothing unusual, as most drivers will wear sunglasses on a sunny day.
I also noticed, as they pulled up to the window to pay and get their order, they left their sunglasses on. I never do. I always remove my sunglasses when I meet someone who doesn't have sunglasses on. Why?
They can't see my eyes.
A ton of communication is non-verbal and a huge amount of information is transmitted by the way in which our faces contort and shift during a conversation. We use those tell-tale "microexpressions" to complete the messages we get from others. It is important that we see someone's face and eyes when communicating.
Did you know it is difficult to know if someone is genuinely happy when they smile if you can't see their eyes? It is.
Called a "duchenne smile" – it involves not only the mouth but the corners of our eyes as well. Check the picture below. Can you spot the "genuine" smile?
I bring this up because too often we rely on methods of communication that, while efficient and effective, do not communicate the emotion behind the words. If all you ever do is shoot out emails with "thanks", "great job", "atta-boy/girl" – you're missing a ton of opportunity to communicate genuine emotion in the recognition.
Get out from "behind the keyboard" – take off your sunglasses and let those you want to recognize see your eyes. Show them you "genuinely" are thankful and appreciative of the work they do.
Don't recognize until they see the whites of YOUR eyes… or at least follow up with them in person, so they can see those wonderful little crow's feet at the corners of your eyes.


Yucatan style ribs, topped with our own secret BBQ sauce.
Quail marinated in our San Antonio-style sauce.
Jumbo shrimp stuffed with lump crabmeat, topped with our homemade seafood cream sauce, served with fresh vegetables.
Salmon, tilapia, crab stuffed shrimp, steak fajitas and chicken fajitas.
Steak and Chicken fajitas, costillas and Mexicali-style shrimp.
Six grilled jumbo shrimp brochettes stuffed with Monterey Jack Cheese and diced jalapeno poppers, wrapped in bacon.


Make Your Next European Vacation a Freiburg Vacation!
I must confess that I often want to try to plan my life. I need to learn what David learned , God has already planned my life and all I need to do is to yield to his direction.


The 84th Texas Legislative Session is over, now what? Expert Rick Meyer has your answers.
The dust has settled. The rotunda is quiet. The legislators have returned to their respective districts. But our work has just begun. TANO caught up with Texas public policy & nonprofit expert Rick Meyer to get his perspective on recently passed legislation, how nonprofit organizations can … Continue readingThe 84th Texas Legislative Session is over, now what? Expert Rick Meyer has your answers.
Calling All Nonprofits in the Temple/Belton Areas! Take your organization and staff to the next level this week!
This Thursday and Friday, the training collaborative Prosperity Partners along with Keep Temple Beutiful will be hosting a 2 day training workshop for nonprofits in the greater Temple/Belton area. Learn new fundraising techniques, unique avenues for engaging stakeholders, and how to collaborate with like minded professionals to create … Continue readingCalling All Nonprofits in the Temple/Belton Areas! Take your organization and staff to the next level this week!
MEMBER SPOTLIGHT: Jessica Koss, Foundation For C.H.O.I.C.E.
TANO recently had the pleasure to interview Jessica Koss, co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Foundation for C.H.O.I.C.E (Consider How One Individual Changes Everything). Foundation for C.H.O.I.C.E provide support for hardworking students by securing college entry and providing college scholarships through the C.H.O.I.C.E Mentoring … Continue readingMEMBER SPOTLIGHT: Jessica Koss, Foundation For C.H.O.I.C.E.
Are You Ready For Greenlights' Mission Driven Summit? We Are!
Recently, TANO caught up with Tara Kirkland, Greenlights' Chief Programs & Services Officer to talk about Mission Driven, a summit that will convene the best and brightest social changemakers, mission investors, and community leaders to explore bold, new strategies and partnerships that have the power to solve complex social … Continue readingAre You Ready For Greenlights' Mission Driven Summit? We Are!
THE 2015 TANO NONPROFIT COMPENSATION REPORT IS NOW AVAILABLE! ORDER YOURS TODAY!
The TANO Team is proud to announce that the 2015 Nonprofit Compensation Report is now available! Produced and prepared by experts with over 30 years of experience in conducting regional nonprofit compensation studies, this annual salary survey is designed specifically for nonprofits and associations. With … Continue readingTHE 2015 TANO NONPROFIT COMPENSATION REPORT IS NOW AVAILABLE! ORDER YOURS TODAY!
TANO Members – Order Your 2015 Nonprofit Compensation Report at a 50% Discount!
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Nominations are now open for the 32nd Annual Governor's Volunteer Awards!
Do you know an exceptional volunteer, group, or organization that exemplifies community service? Now is the time to honor them for their exemplary volunteer service to the Lone Star State. TANO is proud to show our support for the volunteers and the invaluable work they do … Continue readingNominations are now open for the 32nd Annual Governor's Volunteer Awards!


text:
Reinhold Stanitzek (* 1. August 1939 in Guttentag, Oberschlesien; † 7. Juni 2011) war ein deutscher Jurist und Politiker (CDU).

Leben

Herkunft und Ausbildung
Seine Familie stammte aus Oberschlesien, wurde in Folge des 2. Weltkrieges vertrieben und ließ sich nach der Flucht 1946 in Heringen (Werra) nieder. Dort legte er 1959 das Abitur an der Werratal-Schule ab und absolvierte anschließend den Wehrdienst in einer Panzergrenadier-Einheit. 1960 folgte ein Studium der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften an den Universitäten Universität Marburg und Universität Bonn und machte 1965 machte er sein erstes juristisches Staatsexamen.

Seine Referendarzeit begann er am Institut für Völkerrecht der Universität Bonn. Nach der zweiten juristischen Staatsprüfung 1972 war er Richter u. a. an den Landgerichten Kassel und Fulda; später arbeitete er neben seiner politischen Tätigkeit als Rechtsanwalt.

Politische Tätigkeit
1968 wurde Stanitzek für die CDU in den Kreistagsmitglied des Landkreises Hersfeld, ab 1972 Landkreis Hersfeld-Rotenburg, gewählt, dem er bis 2011 angehörte. Von 1974 bis 1987 war er Landtagsabgeordneter in Hessen. Danach war er vier Jahre Staatssekretär im Hessischen Innenministerium unter Gottfried Milde, Karl-Heinz Koch und Hartmut Nassauer und dadurch auch Aufsichtsratsvorsitzender der landeseigenen Hessischen Heimstätte. Mit der Abwahl der Regierung von Walter Wallmann endete diese Tätigkeit, Stanitzek war wieder einfacher Landtagsabgeordneter.

Geschäftsführer der LEG Thüringen
1993 wurde er von der Thüringer Landesregierung (Kabinett Vogel I (Thüringen)) zum ersten Geschäftsführer und Sprecher der kurz zuvor gegründeten Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft Thüringen ernannt, die ihre Zentrale auf dem von der Treuhandanstalt erworbenen ehemaligen Industriestandort Brühl (Erfurt) in Erfurt bekam und schnell auf über 200 Mitarbeiter anwuchs. Zu den ersten Mitarbeitern gehörten u. a. der ehemalige NVA-Offizier Andreas Krey für die Konversion der ehemals militärisch genutzten Liegenschaften, der ehemalige Kriminalbeamte Michael Bußer für die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und der ehemalige Phoenix-Werkleiter und spätere Wirtschaftsminister Jürgen Reinholz als Projektleiter.

Die Entwicklung des früheren Optimageländes im Brühl machte Stanitzek zur Chefsache mit dem Ziel, dort zentralörtliche Funktionen der Landeshauptstadt wie ein Justizzentrum, ein Fünf-Sterne-Hotel, ein Medienzentrum sowie Einzelhandelseinrichtungen unterzubringen. Die Stadt Erfurt wollte jedoch keine Konkurrenz zum historischen Einkaufsbereich am Anger. 1994 wurde schließlich ein gemeinsamer Rahmenplan vorgelegt und von der Stadt beschlossen. Nachdem die Medienanstalten MDR Thüringen und KiKa einen Standort am Messegelände bekommen hatten, setzte Stanitzek durch, das ursprünglich für den teureren Standort am Hirschgarten geplante neue Opernhaus, für das der Stadt Erfurt unter OB Manfred Ruge (CDU) noch ein Finanzierungsanteil fehlte, auf ein vom Land subventioniertes Grundstück in das Brühl zu verlagern. Zur Realisierung des Fünf-Sterne-Hotels im Brühl stellte Stanitzek möglichen Hotelinvestoren eine 50%ige Höchstförderung des Freistaates Thüringen u. a. aus Wirtschaftsförderungsmitteln in Aussicht. Das Hotel wurde schließlich 2003 durch den Dortmunder Hotelinvestor Reinhard Baumhögger errichtet, nachdem durch die LEG das historische Grandhotel Erfurter Hof, dessen Sanierung zuvor von der Stadt und Teilen des Wirtschaftsministeriums favorisiert worden war, erworben und als Verwaltungsgebäude umgenutzt, um dort die Nutzung als Konkurrenzhotel zu verhindern. Das Erdgeschoss des Hotels wurde mit Mietzuschüssen des Freistaates an eine Spielbank vermietet, die 2014 ihren Betrieb einstellte. Diese Vorgänge wurde Gegenstand eines 2004 eingesetzten Untersuchungsausschusses des Thüringer Landtages, der 2009 seinen Abschlussbericht vorlegte.

2004 wurde der Vertrag von Stanitzek als LEG-Geschäftsführer nicht mehr verlängert.

Privates
Stanitzek war verheiratet und hatte zwei Töchter. Er starb 2011 an einem Krebsleiden, von dem er seit zwei Jahren wusste.

Parteiämter
 1962 Landesvorsitzender des RCDS Hessen
 1963 stellvertretender Bundesvorsitzender des RCDS
 1965 Vorsitzender der Jungen Union Osthessen
 1970–1974 Landesvorsitzender der Jungen Union Hessen
 1972 CDU-Kreisvorsitzender und Vorsitzender der CDU-Fraktion Landkreis Hersfeld-Rotenburg, Mitglied des Landesvorstandes der CDU Hessen

Politische Ämter
 1968–2011 Kreistagsmitglied Landkreis Hersfeld, ab 1972 Landkreis Hersfeld-Rotenburg
 1974–1987 und 1991–1992 Landtagsabgeordneter in Hessen.
 1977–1981 Stadtverordnetenvorsteher von Bad Hersfeld
 Ehrenvorsitzender des CDU-Kreisverbands Bad Hersfeld-Rotenburg

Sonstige Ämter
 1987–1991 Bundesvorsitzender der Landsmannschaft der Oberschlesier
 1996–1999 Präsident der Bundesvereinigung der Landesentwicklungsgesellschaften.

Auszeichnungen
 1984 Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande
 1992 Gregoriusorden
 2010 Thüringer Verdienstorden

Literatur

 Jochen Lengemann: MdL Hessen. 1808–1996. Biographischer Index (= Politische und parlamentarische Geschichte des Landes Hessen. Bd. 14 = Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen. Bd. 48, 7). Elwert, Marburg 1996, ISBN 3-7708-1071-6, S. 366.

Weblinks

 Thüringer Landtag, 4. Wahlperiode, Drucksachen 4/5470, 4/5306, 4/454 und 4/431, Bericht des Untersuchungsausschusses 4/1 "Hotelförderung, Möglicher Missbrauch von öffentlichen Mitteln und mutmaßliche unzulässige Subventionierung durch den Freistaat Thüringen zur Errichtung des Kongress-Hotels in Suhl sowie des Dom-Hotels in Erfurt und dessen Betreibung", 21. August 2009

Einzelnachweise

CDU-Mitglied
Landtagsabgeordneter (Hessen)
Staatssekretär (Hessen)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Träger des Verdienstordens des Freistaats Thüringen
Rechtsanwalt (Deutschland)
Richter (Landgericht Fulda)
Richter (Landgericht Kassel)
Vertriebenenfunktionär
Verbandsfunktionär (Deutschland)
Person (Bad Hersfeld)
Person (Erfurt)
Deutscher
Geboren 1939
Gestorben 2011
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
21st Hong Kong Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition
Works Collection
21st STIC Works Collection Download
The general evaluation and award ceremony of the 21st Hong Kong Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition, which was commissioned by the Gifted Education Section of the Curriculum Development Office of the Education Bureau of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government and hosted by the Hong Kong New Generation Cultural Association, was successfully held on March 30 and 31 at the Hong Kong Science Park.
This year, the Association is honored to have Ms. Yang He Beiyin, Permanent Secretary of the Education Bureau, and Dr. Liu Jianfeng, Deputy Director of the Education and Technology Department of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government, as officiating guests.
In her speech, the Permanent Secretary of the Education Bureau, Ms. Yeung Ho Pei-yin, encouraged students to actively participate in different types of STEM learning activities, learn more about the application and development of innovation and technology at different levels of society, and consider joining the ranks of innovation and technology in the future to contribute to the country and society.
She also highly praised and affirmed the efforts of the Hong Kong New Generation Cultural Association over the years. Through a comprehensive training program, as well as Hong Kong competitions, national competitions, international competitions, etc., the association provides a stage and growth opportunities for Hong Kong teachers and students, while cultivating Hong Kong. It has also discovered a large number of innovation and technology talents. I hope that the association will continue to work closely with the SAR government and all sectors of society to benefit the society.
This year's competition attracted a total of about 4,000 entries from nearly 400 primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong. The competition is mainly divided into six categories, including "Science Fantasy Painting", "Research and Invention", "Excellent STEM Activities", "Excellent STEM Teachers" ", "Excellent STEM Teaching Tool" and "Excellent STEM School". On the day of the judging, the participants in the research and invention and teacher categories are required to independently set up exhibitions and accept the rotating assessment by the jury. Representatives of the sci-fi and school categories will be judged at a designated time.
The competition format of the Science and Technology Innovation Competition is in line with international competitions. Whether it is the evaluation between the participants and the judges or the public exhibition model, they all draw lessons from international science competitions. This competition model not only enhances the communication between the participants and the judges, but also It also promotes mutual learning among the contestants and between them and the public.
For the second year this year, the Association invited overseas teams to participate in the competition, including 12 representative students from Beijing, Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Foshan, Macau, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines to participate in the competition, and organized a "Hackathon" with Hong Kong students. " supporting activities to promote exchanges and cooperation between Hong Kong, the Mainland and the "Belt and Road" countries in the field of technological innovation.
This year, the Association has also been sponsored by a number of government departments and technology companies to set up special awards, including Hong Kong Testing and Certification Authority, Occupational Safety and Health Council, Emerson, Huahui Wireless Co., Ltd. and Bull. B Tech. Staff will select outstanding works from the secondary school group that meet their judging criteria to compete for the award. The Association hopes to provide students with an opportunity to practice their research projects through the establishment of special awards to help students develop in the future.
More than 200 awards were presented at the awards ceremony of this year's Science and Technology Innovation Competition, including 19 first prizes, 27 second prizes, 40 third prizes, 22 special awards and more than 100 merit awards, grand prizes and special awards .
Over the years, the competition has connected local students with STEM competitions around the world. The winning students will have the opportunity to be recommended to represent Hong Kong to participate in the "National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition" and "Intel International Science and Engineering Award" and other national and international competitions. Science competition, bringing outstanding scientific research works to large-scale competitions outside Hong Kong, interacting with young scientific research talents from all over the world, and winning glory for Hong Kong!
20th Hong Kong Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition


text:
Wachenheim an der Weinstraße este un oraș din landul Renania-Palatinat, Germania.

Orașe din Renania-Palatinat


Exterior. A rugged trail along of a cliff. Fade up to an overhead shot of YOU, looking fierce in riding gear, racing along the edge of a mountain. CAMERA FOLLOWS above you as we see the rough rocky precipice on your right and the rolling sea below on your left. DRAMATIC MUSIC fades up as you take the sharp right turn and TITLE (LIFE IS AWESOME!) is superimposed over the shot. Let's face it: in the movie of your life, this is how it should begin. Maybe it's not cycling — maybe it's skateboarding or surfing or football or even parcour — but whatever it is, you'd like to see yourself in action from high above the earth. Up until recently, to get this point of view, you would have had to hire a helicopter and camera operator. Now, however, getting this shot is considerably easier, thanks to AirDog.
AirDog is a small drone with camera mounts; it can hold either a GoPro or a Sony Action Cam. When connected wirelessly to the companion AirLeash — a small controller meant to be worn on the wrist — the AirDog will follow along in the sky and record overhead video. The AirDog can also be synced with a companion app and programmed to hover, circle, and more, with more following options becoming available soon.
Whether you're coming or going, the AirDog drone is totally portable. It folds up for easy storage in a backpack or bag, and it weighs in at under 2 kg. The only thing that's less than impressive about it is its battery life — a maximum of just 20 minutes.
The AirDog is cool, but it's also pretty expensive. Its preorder price was £860, while its full retail price is running closer to £995. If you're serious about extreme videos of extreme sports, though, this is a one-of-a-kind product that will yield one-of-a-kind shots. It's shipping in early 2016.


text:
The Aterno-Pescara (ancient Aternus from the Greek Aternos, Άτερνος) is a river system in Abruzzo, eastern central Italy. The river is known as the Aterno near its source in the mountains, but takes the name Pescara, actually a tributary, nearer the city of Pescara and the Adriatic Sea.

Having the greatest discharge basin of the rivers flowing into the Adriatic Sea  south of the Reno, the Aterno has its origin in the Monti della Laga, near Montereale and Lago di Campotosto in the province of L'Aquila. The river flows in a southeastern direction past Pizzoli, L'Aquila, Paganica, San Demetrio ne' Vestini, and Castelvecchio Subequo through the Appennino Abruzzese mountains. It subsequently flows until the Valle Peligna (or Sulmona plateau) near Raiano, where it curves northward and receives its main tributary, the Sagittario. Later, near Popoli, it crosses the border into the province of Pescara and joins with the short, but large volumed, Pescara, by which name it is thenceforth usually known. The river flows in a northeast direction past Tocco da Casauria and Torre de' Passeri before forming the border between the province of Pescara and the province of Chieti for a short distance. It flows into the Adriatic Sea at the city of Pescara.

References

Adriatic Italian coast basins
Rivers of the Province of L'Aquila
Rivers of the Province of Chieti
Rivers of the Province of Pescara
Rivers of Italy


Carpet cleaning is at the core of our specialty cleaning and restoration services. Not only do we do carpet cleaning in Fowlerville, MI and all of Livingston County, but we also offer tile and grout cleaning, upholstery cleaning, rug cleaning, and repair of flood damaged homes and businesses in Fowlerville, MI and the surrounding communities. We take pride in every job we do, whether small, medium, or large. Of course we also bring with us our honesty, integrity, and reputation which mean everything to us. You simply won't find another cleaning company more committed to your peace of mind and happiness than Team Rendall's!
Every carpet cleaning is performed to your exacting standards. When it comes to service, nobody is as important to us as you, our client, and nothing is as important to us as making you so happy that you'll tell your friends and family about our terrific work. We use a Code of Ethics that we have created and practiced since 1983, and it starts with the concept of "First, Do No Harm". This means we take every precaution to ensure that you, your family, your pets, your belongings and furnishings, and the environment are our first priorities to protect.
Inspection/consultation: When we arrive for cleaning, we start with a thorough inspection of the areas to be cleaned and restored. We consult with you on your areas of concerns, and select the best system of cleaning based on several factors including the type of soil, fiber, twist, strength, and pile. For residential carpet cleaning, most often we use Truck Mounted Hot Water Extraction for maximum soil removal and pile retention. For commercial carpet cleaning, we may select Hot Water Extraction or Low Moisture Soil Encapsulation, depending on several factors including predominant type of soil, type of carpet, twist, pile, and other issues. We may also combine the methods.
Pricing: After our consultation with you, we figure the price based on the square footage of the areas to clean. Keep in mind that we ONLY charge for the area we are going to clean. For example, if you want traffic lanes cleaned, we'll only charge you for the traffic lanes. If you would like wall-to-wall carpet cleaning, we'll measure wall-to-wall. The reason we do this is because we don't believe it's honest pricing to charge wall-to-wall pricing if we only clean your traffic areas.
Moving manageable furniture: We cheerfully move furniture that is manageable. By that we mean furniture like sofas, chairs, tables, most dressers, etc. Due to liability reasons we cannot move pianos, extremely heavy furniture, electronics, entertainment centers, or furniture with breakables inside them like china cabinets, desks, etc.
Detail Vacuuming: An important step in any cleaning process is to remove as much dry soil as possible, and we do so by providing a thorough, professional vacuuming. We never talk bad about other cleaners because that's not our way, but it's important for us to advise you that many carpet cleaners skip this important step, or rely on you to do it before they arrive. Not with Rendall's! Our profession is cleaning, and we do not skip steps to rush or expect you to do what the professionals should do as part of the standard cleaning process.
Why is vacuuming so important?
Hoover Vacuum Cleaner Company did a study back in the 1950s and determined that 1 pound of soil could be completely hidden in a 1 foot square (12″ x 12″) piece of carpet. That's a lot of soil! Keep in mind that newer generations of carpet of today hides even more soil than the fibers produced in the 1950s.
Preconditioning: After thoroughly vacuuming, the next step is to pretreat traffic and trouble areas with our safe and highly effective oxygenated preconditioner. This step helps lift sticky soil from the carpet via scientific principal called, "emulsification". Our preconditioner breaks up heavy soils like oils, food and beverage spills, tracked-in soil, pet spots and oils, and many other spills and spots.
Pretreatments: Sometimes we will need to treat spots, spills, and stains with specialty spotting solutions. Don't worry; our cleaning price is all-inclusive and at no time will we nickle and dime you.
Gentle Agitation: Next we agitate with a carpet groomer to further separate the soil from the carpet fibers.
Hot Water Extraction: Our next step is to remove the soil and preconditioner with Hot Water Extraction on residential carpet, or possibly another method for commercial carpet. Again, the method we choose will depend on the type of fiber, soil, pile, installation, and several other factors.
Extra Drying Strokes: After extraction, we do extra drying strokes to remove as much latent moisture as possible. At this point your carpet will be damp and cool to the touch, but never soaked or squishy wet.
Post-Spot Treatments: Some spills, spots, or stains – like coffee, tea, and yellowing – require post-cleaning treatments. Generally you'll just need to vacuum the area(s) after 24 hours, but we'll advise you of any post-spot treatments that need your attention.
Blocking and tabbing moved furniture: After we've cleaned under the furniture that we've moved, we place your furniture back where it came from and, depending on the furniture leg style, place Styrofoam blocks or plastic tabs under the furniture feet to prevent the dampened carpet from contacting the furniture legs. Please leave these blocks under the furniture for 24 hours before discarding.
Grooming: Tufted carpet dries faster and looks better after cleaning when it's groomed. We use a special carpet groomer that stands up the fibers.
Speed Drying: We feel it's important that you are able to use your carpeting as fast as possible, even after an extremely thorough cleaning like we do. We speed dry your carpet by using turbofans that are designed to move a high volume of air across the fibers, thus facilitating fast drying through evaporation. When we're done you can use your carpet immediately. Just please be sure to have clean feet as even slightly damp carpeting can easily pull in soil from shoes and feet to the carpet.
Final Inspection: Our last step is to do a final inspection. If needed we'll repeat some or all of the cleaning steps above to meet or exceed your (and our) exacting standards.
10-Day OOPS! Guarantee: Every carpet cleaning comes with an automatic "10-Day OOPS! Guarantee". If within 10 days of our cleaning you spill something on the carpeting we cleaned, we'll come back for free to remove the spill! No quibbles or fine print. It's just another added peace of mind when you choose Rendall's.
Carpet Protector: This step is optional, but usually recommended. After the cleaning we can apply Soil Blocker™, which is an invisible polymer shield that we apply after cleaning. When applied, Soil Blocker™ adheres to the carpet fibers creating a protective shell, which makes spots and spills difficult to penetrate, and easier to remove with just water, or our Rendall's Certified Carpet Spot Remover. If you choose our Value program, which costs just a little more, not only is the carpet protector included in the cost, but we also put our money where our mouth is. If you spill something on your carpeting, and you have chosen our Value Program which includes an application of Soil Blocker™, we will come back and spot clean the spill free of charge within 6 months of our cleaning.
Q: What makes you different than other cleaners?
We Care – Our sole reason for being in business, and more specifically the cleaning and restoration business, is to serve you, our awesome client! We take pride in all of our work and it shows – from the very first contact with us and all the way through the end of the service, we are on Team YOU! Our goal is to do such a great job that you will want to tell your friends and family about us. We want you to be proud of us and our work, and we can only do that if we truly care about you – and we do!
Never Rushed – Each of our crews only services a very small number of jobs a day, usually between 1 and 3, whereas many cleaning companies stack 5, 6, 7, or more jobs a day onto one crew. A cleaning crew cannot do a great job when they know they have to rush to get to their next jobs. Our craftsmen are prompt and fastidious, but never rush through their jobs – ever.
Highest Level of Cleaning Possible – We have been told by our clients over the past 30+ years that we are able to get out spots, spills, and stains that other cleaning companies can't touch. This is because we truly are cleaning craftsmen. Professional cleaning and restoration is our career path, not some cheap temporary summer job. As artisans of professional cleaning we continually study all facets of cleaning and restoration to include: client care, safety, protection of belongings and home, carpet construction, fiber identification, soil reactions on carpet, cleaning chemistry, advanced spot and stain removal techniques, proper equipment and tool usage, and every other subject pertaining to professional cleaning and restoration of carpet, tile/grout, upholstery, rugs, and water damage restoration.
Extensive Network – Being actively involved in the cleaning and restoration industry since 1983, we have created an extensive network of professionals surrounding the carpet, tile, upholstery, rug, and water damage restoration industries. Our extensive network includes partners in: carpet, upholstery, tile, and rug retailing, installing, manufacturing, inspecting, restoring, and other associated trades. We tap into our extensive network to help us become better at serving you!


The world and the media seem to be in a mental limbo about Colombia. Almost always they have to dredge up a terrible past before they can present anything positive. My simple advice is, get over it ! Colombia is an emerging country. Let´s look forward rather than backwards.
Colombia is on track to become one of the leaders in technology in Latin America !
Right now, Colombia is a great melting pot for tech start-ups. Believe it or not ! The country has a highly educated work for and a scale of economy that makes it very cost effective to grow new ideas and businesses.
Look at Ruta N in Medellin. This forward looking city plans to be the technologically advanced city in the world by 2021. They are investing in the neighbourhood of 700 million usd a year to drive this dream to fruition.
Cellphone coverage in Colombia is extensive. With a population of over 46 million people there are over 24 million cell phone users. The government recognizes that "increasing Internet penetration in Colombia is an effective way to generate employment, reduce poverty and increase competitiveness and productivity. By 2018, they intend to have broadband connections available to 63 percent of the country.
– That by aspring and deciding to have extraordinary growth allows businesses to move beyond the norms and conquer global markets instead of settling for less lofty goals..
– Innovation is the starting point to restructure markets, revolutionize industries and enhance business initiatives.
In 2013, investor groups establishing new operations in Colombia received grants of up to 800 k usd from iNNpulsa.
The tech industry is growing in this country. Facebook and Google both have established offices in Colombia in the past few years. While funding sources are still needed, there are now over 35 venture capital or private equity companies operating here.
So let´s get over the past and move on to a bright future. Colombia has a well educated, friendly, industrious people. It is an excellent place to invest and has a great economic climate to stimulate new business.
To learn more about Colombia, be sure to read more articles in the special EscapeArtist focus area on Colombia.
Expats: Don't Bother to Call the IRS!


Full range of Auxiliary equipment from Interpack Machinery.
Pallet centralisers are very useful for ensuring that loads are correctly positioned prior to Strapping and Wrapping.
The IMS Top Board Applicator is robustly designed to dispense wooden top boards onto loads as required without operator intervention. This unit removes the exertion required by operators to lift heavy wooden boards onto finished goods loads.
IMS stackers are designed to suit your specific machine width and board line. We can accomodate machine widths from 1.6m through to 4.5m and board lines from 600mm to 2.2m.
Standard design or "bomb door" attachment as required.
High board line machine stackers available for printers.
Manual or motorised raising of layboy section.