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You are here: Home › Art › Anti-Capitalism and Violence: Gord Hill Interviewed by Kersplebedeb
Anti-Capitalism and Violence: Gord Hill Interviewed by Kersplebedeb
Filed under: Art	and tagged with: book review, first nations, g20 toronto 2010, repression, revolution, riot	June 18, 2012
An interview conducted by Kersplebedeb in 2012 with Gord Hill, author the Anti-Capitalist Resistance, 500 Years of Resistance, and Antifa Comic Books, as well as the short history 500 Years of Indigenous Resistance. Gord Hill is a member of the Kwakwaka'wakw nation on the Northwest Coast. Writer, artist, and militant, he has been involved in Indigenous resistance, anti-colonial and anti-capitalist movements for many years, often using the pseudonym Zig Zag.
k: The opening graphic in The Anti-Capitalist Resistance Comic Book is striking, showing a Black Bloc member squaring off against a cop, each as representatives of the clash between Empire and free peoples from centuries past. To what degree do you feel that the clashes at today's summits represent a continuity with the history of anti-colonial resistance?
gh: To start with, I wouldn't limit the concept of anti-colonial resistance simply to counter summit mobilizations. But in general, I do think there's a connection in that free, autonomous societies have always resisted the rule of civilization and its empires, which the graphic you refer to was meant to depict. Looking at just the summit protests, however, they are in some ways the equivalent to battles fought against empire by tribal peoples, including forms of self-organization, autonomy, even tactics. For example, tribal peoples in Western Europe fought in a somewhat chaotic autonomous manner, while Roman legions were in massed units, lines of heavily armoured troops, etc. You can see similar forms of struggle among social movements opposing state security forces today, the Black Bloc being somewhat similar to the "barbarian" tribes fighting Roman soldiers (who look very similar to modern day riot cops).
k: In the section of your comic book where you talk about the fall of the Roman Empire, you show how assimilated tribal chiefs took advantage of the power vacuum to establish their own kingdoms. Some comrades argue that we're now in a period of the decline of imperialism, but is there anything we can do to prevent history from repeating itself, and today's "assimilated tribal chiefs" in the neo-colonies from similarly filling the power vacuum as warlords to set up their own fiefdoms?
gh: The "assimilated tribal chiefs" are already circulating and jockeying for position within our social movements, if we consider the collaborative role of union bureaucrats, political party members, pacifist ideologues, etc. Internally, we make efforts to keep our autonomy and decentralized manner of organizing while defeating those that would control and contain us. In the event of a systemic collapse, what would prevent warlords as such from rising? Organized resistance capable of defeating such forces, the seeds of which must be planted now so that when the crisis matures so does the resistance. it should also be noted that even among the European tribes collaborator chiefs were targeted with death and there was significant internal struggles among tribes in responding to both the advance of the Roman empire and its collapse.
k: The Anti-Capitalist Resistance Comic Book focuses almost exclusively on clashes at protests that have occurred in the media spotlight. Do you consider these protests, which some people have criticized as "summit hopping", to be particularly strategic? Is there a particular importance in telling these stories?
gh: The summits depicted in the comic are historical events that involved tens of thousands of people directly in the streets, and which affected many more (via corporate and alternative media, etc.). They inspired many and showed the power of the people when mobilized, despite the vast deployment of state security forces. This is a strategic gain that is absolutely necessary for resistance movements. In regards to telling these stories, it is up to us to maintain our history of resistance, no one else will do it for us. It is in fact in the interests of the ruling class that such histories be erased because they are such "bad examples." I personally don't like the term "summit hopping" as it belittles the efforts of organizers attempting to mobilize against such events in their areas. It also arises from the false belief that we either organize "locally" or "summit hop," a division that doesn't exist in reality.
k: I think what you're saying there is really borne out by what we're seeing at the moment in Quebec, where some of the same people who were involved in the militant actions at the G20 or even at Montebello before that, have been participating in the present mobilization.
gh: Ya, I've heard the same thing about the #Spanish Revolution, which Occupy Wall Street was modeled after. Many of the organizers were 'veterans' of the so-called anti-globalization movement.
k: In your comic book, you show the Mohawk uprising and the Zapatistas in 1990, but then skip ahead to APEC in 1997 and then J18 in 1999. In many cities, the 90s were a decade where militant antifascist politics became an important area of action. Do you see any connection between the antifa activism of the 90s and then much broader antiglobalization movement that followed?
gh: Yes, certainly, in that many of the Anti-fa militants were key organizers in some of these mobilizations and also promoted militant tactics such as Black Blocs over those years. But I had limits on how much of the story could be told, and the anti-APEC and Zapatista rebellion more directly influenced the so-called anti-globalization movement with the focus on neo-liberalism, which I think really made people aware of the global restructuring then underway.
k: In Toronto there was Anti-Racist Action, and in Montreal we had the somewhat pathetic example of the "World Anti-Fascist League" and then (much better) RASH and SHARP; what kinds of groups were active on the West coast at the time?
gh: In Vancouver there was less of a fascist threat during this period. There were smaller numbers of neo-nazis organized around Aryan Nations, and there was an Aryan Resistance Movement, as well as Tony McAleer's "Canadian Liberty Net," mostly a telephone line that had racist messages and info. As a result there wasn't an active ARA chapter. We did set up a group called Anti-Fascist Info, which was mostly an informational group that organized film screenings, forums, etc. There were numerous autonomous anti-fascists who would show up at anti-racist rallies, for example in 1993 I think the Canadian Liberty Net attempted to organize a forum with Tom Metzger from the White Aryan REsistance (WAR). This meeting was shut down after militants learned of the meeting place. There was also a liberal reformist group called the BC Organization to Fight Racism (BCOFR) which had formed in the early 1980s when the KKK was more active here.
k: Your work over the years, both as an activist and a movement artist-intellectual, has focussed on Indigenous resistance struggles, which have been going on uninterrupted for over five hundred years. Yet you also obviously have an affinity for some of the traditions of resistance that emerged much more recently in Europe, especially the German Autonomen. There seem to be glaring differences between the circumstances that have given rise to these resistance struggles – to what degree do you see them as being compatible, or perhaps more to the point, what how do you see them as being relevant to one another?
gh: Yes, my main focus is anti-colonial and anti-capitalist resistance. As capitalism arose from Europe's colonization of the Americas, I see the two as intertwined. The imposition of capitalist relations among Indigenous peoples has resulted in class hierarchies, today manifested in the Aboriginal business elite and their collaborator political organizations. I think decolonization must include an anti-capitalist analysis or it risks simply being another form of assimilation (neo-colonialism). And since we have to develop anti-capitalist resistance it makes sense to study and understand such movements both historically and current. The Autonomen, as an autonomous and decentralized political force/social movement, share some qualities with Indigenous tribal society and also serve as a model for radical anti-capitalist resistance in a modern industrialized nation-state.
k: In the 1970s, at the time when the Autonomen were first developing in West Germany, and during the second wave of Autonomia in Italy, there was the related phenomenon of the "Urban Indians" – was this just a racist rip-off, or do you see there as something positive in this kind of identification, especially as the people who identifies this way may have been anti-imperialist, but really had no connection or contact with the anti-colonial Indigenous struggles here?
gh: The "Urban Indians" were probably sincere in their efforts to "decolonize" from Western Civilization, but ya it is a kind of racist appropriation of culture which would not go over very well here in North America. The ironic thing is they could have reached back to the tribal history of Europe itself–the Vandals, the Goths, Celts, etc. all resisted their colonization by the Romans and had numerous military victories, including the sacking of Rome itself on a few occasions, which seems like a great historical legacy of their own ancestors engaging in anti-colonial resistance.
k: At the Montreal Anarchist Bookfair, one of the best moments for me is when a guy came over to my table and was excited because he recognized himself in your comic – he had been arrested at the G20 and his story had made it into your pages. Other people i know also get a grin when they see someone who might be them. Leaving aside the question of how autobiographical your book may be, what is the significance of using art to keep alive the stories and anecdotes from these events?
gh: Tribal peoples have always used to art to maintain their histories and culture, as have social movements. In regards to the historical events depicted in the comic, I hadn't seen too much artwork attempting to maintain this history, for example with comics, which I find to be a great form of communication.
k: I imagine your art will continue to serve this function for the movement in the years to come. Do you have any future projects along similar lines that you'd like to tell us about?
gh: Not at the moment, perhaps you have some ideas?
k: Ha! Well, you could always come to Montreal, lots of interesting things happening here these days…
k: Violence is central to your stories, and the idea seems to be that the more of it, the better. Why is violence so important, and what do you have against peaceful protest?
gh: I would say violence is central to the stories I depict because they are a critical moment in the social conflict out of which they arise. It isn't every day that the state mobilizes thousands of cops and soldiers, or when thousands of militants converge on a specific battlefield as it were. In regards to levels of violence I think this is a tactical question that is very much dependent on conditions and context. In Seattle 1999 there was a fairly low level of violence engaged in by protesters, certainly in the downtown core where it was much more of a classic "police riot." In the Capitol Hill area there was more sustained street fighting, but of course the most spectacular impact arose from the small Black Bloc action in the downtown which saw a fairly low level of violence (there were no confrontations with riot police with a good amount of property destruction carried out). I have nothing against "peaceful protest" and have participated in many more such protests than "violent" ones. It's a question of tactics and strategy. I would say, however, that I am opposed to pacifist ideologues attempting to impose their beliefs on others while undermining militants.
k: Various writers have argued that violence against the oppressor can actually be psychologically liberating for people, a way of dealing with and healing from the violence of everyday day life under patriarchal colonial capitalism…
gh: Ya that was the message of Franz Fanon. I would say it can be psychologically liberating, and an important part of that is showing that the oppressor is not omnipotent, that they can be fought and even defeated. Without this people feel powerless, which contributes to apathy. People need a fighting spirit and the will to resist, and I don't think pacifism is very inspiring to a lot of people.
k: In the context of the antiglobalization movement, which you literally illustrate in your comic book, there were debates about nationalism, about cooperating with the right (i.e. Pat Buchanan, Ralph Nader, etc.), about conspiracy theories – but the only debate that appears in your comic book is the debate over violence. Did you purposefully decide to highlight this one question?
gh: Yes, I think it's a much more critical debate than those over larger strategic ones at this time, such as nationalism or conspiracy theories. I think within more radical social movements there is already an understanding around nationalism and the right-wing, a consensus of sorts that generally rejects these concepts. But within this there is a division over the question of violence and militant actions that must be resolved to some degree before greater unity of effort can be achieved. As for conspiracy theories, they certainly had an impact on the Toronto G20 due to the involvement of some conspiracists promoting the idea that the Black Bloc was a police operation, and maybe some debate on this should've been included, but by the end of the G20 comic I was seriously pressed for space…
k: This spring in Quebec there has been a student strike which has developed with strong anticapitalist politics and a rapid escalation on the streets. A lot of the protest tactics which were pioneered by small, even tiny, groups over the past fifteen years are now in the headlines every day, and being taken up by much larger numbers of people. How much potential do you see for this kind of urban militant resistance to spread in North America? Do you see any potential pitfalls?
gh: I think it can spread very far and wide in a very short period of time. I began to realize the potential for this after reading a report from Greece on the 2008/09 rebellion there, where a similar phenomenon of thousands of youths adopted the tactics and methods that had been used by smaller numbers of anarchists for years. This wasn't simply natural intuition–these kids and many others in Greek society have watched the anarchists in action for over two decades now. It's like "monkey see, monkey do" and that's the importance of showing examples of militant resistance and serving as a model of how it can be carried out. The Canucks Riot of 2011 here in Vancouver was similar–during the 1994 hockey riot there were no cars arsoned. In 2011, over 16 or 17 cars were torched, including 4 police cars. I'm sure many of these youth rioting had seen some coverage of the Toronto G20 and the four burning cop cars that resulted. The Occupy movement, whatever its shortcomings, shows that a large segment of the population believes that some form of social change is necessary. They weren't willing to join the Occupiers, but they're sitting there and observing all this social mobilization and conflict going on in the world. It might only take one incident or issue to instigate social revolt, and as conditions continue to deteriorate this potential grows. The potential pitfalls are greater repression of social movements and an increase in police controls over the population, but that's part of the process of resistance.
k: If or when things do fall apart, isn't there a risk that the racism, patriarchy, and capitalist values that people have internalized might lead significant sections of the oppressor nations, especially its middle classes, to veer to the far right?
gh: I'd say it's a very real possibility and one that we can see occurring even now, with the right-wing Christian patriot militia movement in the US. This movement expanded during the 1990s but then declined after 9/11 when the so-called "War on Terror" began. In 2008 however, when Obama was elected amidst an economic crisis, the patriot militia movement expanded rapidly with part of it mainstreaming as survivalism (itself a sign of the times). As of yet this right-wing has not coalesced into a unified movement, although all the ingredients are there for fascist style paramilitary organizing on a large scale. But the thing about the declining economic conditions is that significant segments of the middle-class may become working class, as occurred in Argentina during the 2001-02 economic crisis there.
k: Still thinking of Quebec, after a few weeks of demonstrations in which police were repeatedly sent running, both the federal government and the city of Montreal began drafting legislation and changing bylaws to criminalize wearing masks and increase penalties for even being present during a militant demonstration. With potential consequences of up to ten years in prison and thousands of dollars in fines, the movement is now going to face significantly heavier repression in the courtrooms, and perhaps in the prisons too. On top of that, the provincial government has passed Law 78 which criminlizes a broad range of protest activities, and is clearly meant to break the back of the movement. What will be necessary for radicals to break through this escalation on the part of the State, and what effect will this have on our struggles?
gh: People join resistance movements for a variety of reasons–some ideological, some for friendship, some for financial reasons or personal security. But an important factor is the potential for victory–only those committed ideologically will join a group doomed to failure or defeat. If movements surrender or abandon a struggle after the first act of repression many will see it as weak and impotent. If a movement overcomes this repression and continues to advance, it will more likely gain new members and inspire others. But it also depends on the context–what is the struggle and how much emotion is invested in it by the participants? Is it a matter of life or death, is it a significant part of the core beliefs of the participants, an important matter of principle? In regards to the Quebec student strike, it seems that many participate or sympathize because it is a matter of principle (the right to education, or the right to assembly and protest). They seem to be able to mobilize the numbers necessary to defy the ban on protests and masks for the moment, but the real question will be how social movements without such a large base will fair. To answer the question more directly, I would speculate that mass disobedience of the new law would be crucial to show that the movement cannot be intimidated and controlled so easily. The disruptions resulting from the protests can create political pressure to repeal the legislation, just as they did to create it. But the movement might have to raise the level of struggle to one that it cannot maintain, given that its base, even though large by our standards, is ultimately limited. The law itself will undoubtedly contribute to the radicalization of even more people, just as the student strike itself has.
k: What do you think of the North American left today?
gh: It has great potential considering the worsening socio-economic conditions, the convergence of ecological and economic crises, etc. In general, at the moment it seems weak and fixated on intellectual efforts rather than physical activities, dominated by middle-class social democrats and their suffocating pacifist doctrine, and likely to turn tail and run at the first sign of aggression by our class enemy. The only hope lies in the radicalizing influence of militants, which is why the state sees the bogey-man Black Bloc as the greatest threat, and not those sectors of the left which can be easily co-opted. Furthermore, I think many people don't join "leftist" struggles because they see little potential for victory, and little that actually inspires them.
The N. American left today largely inspires middle-class liberals and reformists, and the last thing they want is radical social change. The left or social movements in general will become far more effective when working class people actually join and participate in significant numbers, which I think will happen as the economic conditions decline further. I believe this is one of the reasons we must promote a diversity of tactics within out movements, because many working class people intuitively understand that radical social change requires some level of conflict, as opposed to middle-class reformists who seek to avoid both.
k: Violence aside, can you think of any other strategies or tactics that people are using presently that might challenge middle-class control of the left?
gh: I'm not sure, but I think some examples may be found in Occupy Oakland, where more people of colour and working class people were involved and radicalized what was a predominantly white middle-class movement. Another example might be the Wet'suwet'en in central 'BC' who are resisting the Enbridge pipeline as well as the Pacific Trails Pipeline, a couple of years ago they severed their connection to mainstream environmental NGO's and began working with grassroots resistance groups. But overall I think middle-class control will be undermined as social conditions continue to decline and more working class elements become mobilized in the resistance.
k: In the time that you have been involved in resistance movements, we have experienced numerous battles on multiple fronts, with both surges forward as well as defeats. What do you think we need to prepare ourselves for over the next ten years?
gh: Preparation must be based on our analysis of what may occur over the next ten years. Worsening economic conditions, ecological crisis, increased state repression… and potential systemic collapse in localized areas. Typically under such conditions there arises the need for greater solidarity and mutual aid to be practised, greater efforts at self-sufficiency (including food production, shelter, etc.), physical self-defense, survival skills, and better education on security culture. Given the growing cynicism with the current system, anti-capitalist resistance should find fertile ground for mobilizing. Anti-fascist or anti-racist efforts may become more important in some areas as well, as the state and ruling class typically resort to fostering fascist movements and racist sentiment among the population in times of crisis.
The Anti-Capitalist Resistance Comic Book
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They do need either more parking or additional access. The lots have not been improved since when? The list of other hikes isn't close to the same type of hike you get in that area. The 9N trip to Rocky Peak and Giant is classic and quite a bit more of elevation gain. The Crow lot is pretty busy already.
They do need either more parking or additional access. The lots have not been improved since when?
Most lots were designed the way they are now in the 70's as a means to control backcountry crowding, along with making it illegal to park along roads. This was later addressed in subsequent UMPs as having been ineffective. The parking bans were never enforced and it was very quickly realized that counting cars isn't an accurate means to determine backcountry usage.
I've always been a big advocate of "if you can't get there really early, get there really late." If you're up for the challenge of sunset summits, you'll find parking is much easier to deal with once the early risers have cleared the trails.
Last edited by ADKen47; 09-25-2018 at 11:12 AM.
...This was later addressed in subsequent UMPs as having been ineffective. The parking bans were never enforced and it was very quickly realized that counting cars isn't an accurate means to determine backcountry usage.
This is correct, and of course the inadequate parking is ineffective in reducing usage. All it does is create safety hazards, and headaches for the local communities.
But here they come to try it again, even though it has been proven stupid repeatedly. Very unfortunate (and textbook) management failure. And sadly, they have their cheerleaders in the local "green" groups.
Got a sence of how small some of these lots are. Weather wasn't the best for a long hike but I did go up to Roaring Brook Falls. I was lucky enough to get the last spot at Giant Mountain Trail-Head. In the few minutes it took to get ready for the short hike, several cars entered and had to leave. It also looks like it's a new no parking along 73 in that area.
Due to a stress fracture in my son's foot, a topic for me in 2019. Do I try and get 15 and 16 year old boys up early or pick a very remote area where a 10:00 start will have parking available?
Mike, it does not have to be a remote area. You just have to pick an area with plenty of parking.
There used to be only one category of "limited parking": Small lots on private land or land without nearby road shoulders. So the parking was always limited at Elk Lake and the Garden, and to some extent ADK Loj (big lot, but popular area).
Now there is a new category: Places where there was plenty of parking, but the state has decided to destroy the parking. So far, this includes Giant (Roaring Brook) and Cascade. Plans include expanding this idiocy to Chapel Pond.
But there's still plenty of road shoulder parking in other areas.
Here's where we'll get to see the serpent eating its own tail. King Andy will keep running his stupid f@cking TV ad campaigns in NY (downstate), PA, NJ, and elsewhere to get people to visit the ADK, while at the same time his own DEC/State Police have to deal with parking issues due to "overcrowding" in the High Peaks. The new slogan should be "Visit the ADK! You'll be able to see lots of pristine wilderness during all those miles of driving around looking for a place to park!" Hey, at least with parking the way it has previously been allowed, it isolated the majority of the trail damage to just a few peaks.
Oh, and since when is parking a state issue to control and not a municipality issue anyway? Did these towns contact the governor's office and ask for help because they can't deal with issue on their own, or is this just another heavy handed NYS initiative?
Towns (like my Town of Keene) are the victims here. Tons of tourists are invited to visit, but the State does nothing to support it.
>Local volunteers do trail work and SAR to the extent they can.
>The Town and its local businesses fund the (now state mandated) handicap accessible portapotties at the trail heads (not a penny from the State for those).
>The Town has to put up with overflow parking, and sometimes frustrated visitors parking on lawns and in driveways.
>The Town funds the parking lot shuttle (not a penny from the State).
This has been a problem for the towns for several years, and the State provides no help.
The towns certainly did not request this most recent "intervention" which is making the situation sharply worse. This is a State initiative.
Does the Town make a profit from the shuttle?
No. The fees for parking at the Garden, and for the shuttle, are barely enough to keep the program running. On the bright side, Keene was able (finally) to get a more reliable bus this year. Until this year, the program was using an ancient bus that was in the shop as often as it was on the road. This program runs on a shoestring, and barely breaks even.


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NEI Center Core Grant for Vision Research (P30 Clinical Trial Not Allowed)
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NOT-OD-19-128, Changes to NIH Requirements Regarding Proposed Human Fetal Tissue Research.
NOT-OD-19-137, Clarifying Competing Application Instructions and Notice of Publication of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Regarding Proposed Human Fetal Tissue Research.
The NEI Center Core Grant combines three or more Resource and/or Service Cores for a group of R01 investigators to enhance their research, consolidate resources, avoid duplication of efforts, and/or contribute to cost effectiveness by providing a service with lower costs or higher quality than could be attempted for independent projects by several individual Program Directors/Principal Investigators (PD(s)/PI(s)). Shared resources and facilities that are accessible to a group of independently funded investigators lead to greater productivity for the separate projects and can provide instrumentation and facilities that are too costly to be maintained by an individual investigator. The design and purpose of each Center Core may vary in how it serves its users. This program is designed to enhance an institution's environment and capability to conduct vision research and to facilitate collaborative studies of the visual system and its disorders.
September 30, 2020; September 30, 2021; September 30, 2022
All applicants are due by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization. All types of non-AIDS applications allowed for this funding opportunity announcement are due on the listed date(s). Applicants are encouraged to apply early to allow adequate time to make any corrections to errors found in the application during the submission process by the due date.
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The NEI Center Core Grant combines three or more Resource and/or Service Cores for a group of R01 investigators to enhance their research, consolidate resources, avoid duplication of efforts, and/or contribute to cost effectiveness by providing a service with lower costs or higher quality than could be attempted for independent projects by several individual PDs/PIs. Shared resources and facilities that are accessible to a group of independently funded investigators lead to greater productivity for the separate projects, and can provide instrumentation and facilities that are too costly to be maintained by an individual investigator. The design and purpose of each Center Core may vary in how it serves its users. This program is designed to enhance an institution's environment and capability to conduct vision research and to facilitate collaborative studies of the visual system and its disorders.
A NEI Center Core Grant should increase the productivity and impact of research in eligible projects of the Core users, and should create a collaborative environment to increase scientific interactions. A strong research base of funded projects is an eligibility requirement and a major factor in obtaining an NEI Center Core Grant award. Any institution or consortium applying for a NEI Center Core Grant must have an active, established program in basic, epidemiological, biomedical or behavioral research in one or more of the NEI mission areas described at https://www.nei.nih.gov/funding/nprp.
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Resource Cores facilitate the production of materials for research, or support the purchase, maintenance, and technical support of shared equipment. Examples may include, but are not limited to: confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, tissue and cell culture services, genotyping, microarray analysis, mass spectrometry, high throughput sequencing, database management, hybridoma production, laboratory animal resources, image analysis, and brain and eye imaging. Resource Cores may also help support computer experts, biostatisticians, and other individuals who can assist or collaborate with participating investigators in conducting vision research.
Service Cores support essential laboratory or technical services provided by one or more highly skilled persons. Examples of this type of core include, but are not limited to an electronics shop, a machine shop, and photography services.
Studies involving human subjects are not allowed. However, Core resources and services can be accessed for secondary studies that use human specimens, cell lines, or data provided that these have been stripped of identifiers and appropriate approvals have been obtained through the individual research grants that support collection of human subject material.
See Section VIII. Other Informationfor award authorities and regulations.
Institutions may request direct costs of up to $2,000,000 over a five-year period in support of a Core Grant to institutions having 8 to 19 eligible grants. Institutions having 20 or more eligible grants may request direct costs of up to $2,500,000 over a five-year period.
Only one application per institution (normally identified by having a unique DUNS number or NIH IPF number) is allowed
The applicant institution must have 8 or more eligible grants. Eligible grants are defined as active NEI-supported R01s. Grant applications in administrative extensions, with or without additional funds, are not eligible. Administrative supplements, revisions, and sub-contracts cannot be counted toward eligibility.
Core (use for Resource/Service Core)
Overall: required
Administrative Core: required; maximum of 1
Resource/Service Core: required; minimum of 3
Facilities & Other Resources: Describe and give examples of institutional commitment and support of the goal of fostering vision research.
Introduction to Application: For Resubmission applications, an Introduction to Application is required in the Overall component.
Specific Aims: List the outcomes that are expected to be achieved with this Center Core.
Research Strategy: The Research Strategy section should include the following subsections:
Background: Describe the overall Center Core and how it would be used to enhance the capabilities of participating NEI-funded investigators and the institution for conducting vision research. If pertinent, describe how Center Core resources and services would be used to help initiate or to continue collaborative studies, and/or to help attract scientists to research on the visual system.
Significance: Clearly show how the resources and/or services provided by the Center Core will meet the scientific needs of the research base and serve multiple investigators. Explain the likelihood that the Center Core will increase efficiency, accelerate progress, and promote new research directions and scientific collaborations among the Senior Persons and other users.
Innovation: Clearly explain how the Center Core uses innovative ways to communicate or integrate activities among the Resource/Service Cores, or across basic and clinical research. Also explain the innovative methods proposed for allocating resources or promoting new cross-departmental or multi-disciplinary collaborations.
Approach: Detail the plans to establish and maintain communication and cooperation among Senior Persons and other users. Provide an adequate management plan for the Research and Service Cores that should include including strategies for implementation, allocation, NEI-R01 grantee user prioritization, quality control, and utilization of the Cores. The management plan should address accountability, flow of authority, dispute resolution, evaluation and integration with the institution's fiscal and academic administrations.
Table: The table should only list NEI-supported R01s that will count towards eligibility. Eligible grants are defined as NEI-supported R01s. Grant applications in administrative extensions, with or without additional funds, are not eligible. Administrative supplements, revisions, and sub-contracts cannot be counted toward eligibility. The table should include the complete grant number, title, and PD/PI.
Letters of Support: Documentation confirming and describing institutional commitment and contribution should be included in the Overall Component.
Generally, Resource Sharing Plans are expected, but they are not applicable for this FOA.
Only limited items are allowed in the Appendix. Follow all instructions for the Appendix as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide; any instructions provided here are in addition to the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide instructions. The Appendix can only include the following additional material: maps, floor plans, questionnaires and examples of sign-in sheets. Information such as publication lists, person lists or biographical sketches are not acceptable appendix material.
Not Applicable. The NEI Center Core Grant does not allow the use of Human Subjects.
Type of Applicant (optional)
Descriptive Title of Applicant's Project
Proposed Project Start/Ending Dates
Human Subjects: Not Applicable. The NEI Center Core Grant does not allow the use of Human Subjects.
Project /Performance Site Location(s) (Administrative Core
In the Project Director/Principal Investigator section of the form, use Project Role of 'Other' with Category of 'Administrative Core Director' and provide a valid eRA Commons ID in the Credential field.
The PD/PI of the overall NEI Center Core Grant should be also named as the Director of the Administrative Core. This individual need not hold a qualifying R01.
Administrative Core Director: Salary support may not exceed 0.6 person months.
Secretarial and Administrative Staff: Salary support may be requested to the extent that it relates directly to the management of the Center Core activities.
Costs for all secretarial and administrative activities (including support for the Core Director) may not exceed 15% of the total direct costs of a Core Grant award in any year.
Introduction to Application: For Resubmission applications, an Introduction to Application is allowed for each component.
Specific Aims: List the goals of the Administrative Core.
Research Strategy: Describe the integration, coordination and evaluation of the activities of the Service/Resource Cores. Include the establishment of priorities, allocation of resources, and the scheduling for use of a Core among participating investigators.
All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed. Not Applicable. The NEI Center Core Grant does not allow the use of Human Subjects.
Note: Delayed onset does NOT apply to a study that can be described but will not start immediately (i.e., delayed start).All instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide must be followed. Not Applicable. The NEI Center Core Grant does not allow the use of Human Subjects.
Resource/Service Core
SF424 (R&R) Cover (Resource/Service Core)
Descriptive Title of Applicant's Core
Proposed Core Start/Ending Dates
PHS 398 Cover Page Supplement (Resource/Service Core)
Research & Related Other Project Information (Resource/Service Core)
The NEI Center Core Grant does not allow the use of Human Subjects.
Project /Performance Site Location(s) (Resource/Service Core)
Research & Related Senior/Key Person Profile (Resource/Service Core)
In the Project Director/Principal Investigator section of the form, use Project Role of 'Other' with Category of 'Core Director' and provide a valid eRA Commons ID in the Credential field.
In the additional Senior/Key Profiles section, list Senior/Key persons that are using the core.
Resource/Service Cores should be directed by a NEI-funded, independent investigator who has the expertise to supervise its use. Resource/Service Core Directors should have an active NEI R01 grant. Other arrangements may be proposed but must be well justified.
Budget (Resource/Service Core)
Director: Salary support may not exceed 0.4 person months.
Technical Support Personnel: Salary may be requested.
Equipment: Requests for shared equipment are allowed.
Supplies: Consumable supplies may be requested if they are directly related to the operation of the Cores (photographic supplies, electronic parts, machine shop stock, tissue culture media, etc.).
Travel: Not allowed.
Patient Care Costs: Not allowed.
Other Expenses: Equipment maintenance, computer time, and the leasing of computer lines are examples of the many types of allowable costs.
Human subject's reimbursement, animal care per diem charges (boarding), and costs associated with seminars, conferences, workshops, etc. are not allowed.
PHS 398 Research Plan (Resource/Service Core)
Specific Aims: List the goals of the Resource/Service Core.
Research Strategy: For the individual Resource/Service Core, describe how the Core resources or services will enhance the research activities and accomplishments of the projects using this Core. Include how the Resource/Service Core will provide increased or innovative capabilities, facilitate increased productivity or effectiveness through sharing expertise or centralizing labor-intensive tasks, foster collaborative or new research directions, bridge basic and clinical research, or attract new investigators into vision research. Methodologies already in use at the institution may be described briefly. Methodologies new to the institution need to be described in detail and strategies delineated for successful implementation.
Resource/Service Core Use and Impact: Describe how this Resource/Service Core will enhance the research capabilities of investigators using it citing some specific examples. Characterize the extent to which the Resource/Service Core will be used by each investigator, employing the terms "limited," "moderate," or "extensive". This information should be summarized in a table labeled with (Resource/Service name) Core Usage.
Appendix: Follow all instructions for the Appendix as described in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide. Appendix can only include the following additional material: maps, floor plans, questionnaires and examples of sign-in sheets. These must be specific for the Core otherwise they should be included in the appendix of the Overall Component. Information such as publication lists, person lists or biographical sketches are not acceptable appendix material.
PHS Human Subjects and Clinical Trials Information (Resource/Service Core)
When involving NIH-defined human subjects research, clinical research, and/or clinical trials follow all instructions for the PHS Human Subjects and Clinical Trials Information form in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, with the following additional instructions:
If you answered "Yes" to the question "Are Human Subjects Involved?" on the R&R Other Project Information form, you must include at least one human subjects study record using the
Study Record: PHS Human Subjects and Clinical Trials Information form or a Delayed Onset Study record.
Reviewers will provide an overall impact score to reflect their assessment of the likelihood for the Center Core to exert a sustained, powerful influence on the research field(s) involved, in consideration of the following review criteria and additional review criteria (as applicable for the Center Core proposed).
Reviewers will consider each of the review criteria below in the determination of scientific merit, and give a separate score for each. An application does not need to be strong in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact. For example, a Center Core that by its nature is not innovative may be essential to advance a field.
Does the Center Core address an important problem or a critical barrier to progress in the field? Is the prior research that serves as the key support for the proposed project rigorous? If the aims of the Center Core are achieved, how will scientific knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice be improved? How will successful completion of the aims change the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field? Does the Center Core provide resources and/or services to meet the scientific needs of the research base? Will the Center Core be used by multiple investigators? What is the likelihood that the Center Core will increase efficiency, accelerate progress, and promote new research directions and scientific collaborations among the Senior Persons and other users?
Does the application challenge and seek to shift current research or clinical practice paradigms by utilizing novel theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions? Are the concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions novel to one field of research or novel in a broad sense? Is a refinement, improvement, or new application of theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions proposed? Does the Center Core use innovative ways to communicate or integrate activities among the Resource/Service Cores, or across basic and clinical research? Are there innovative methods for allocating resources or promoting new cross-departmental or multi-disciplinary collaborations?
Are the overall strategy, methodology, and analyses well-reasoned and appropriate to accomplish the specific aims of the Center Core? Have investigators included plans to address weaknesses in the rigor of prior research that serves as the key support for the proposed project? Have the investigators presented strategies to ensure a robust and unbiased approach, as appropriate for the work proposed? Are potential problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success presented? If the project is in the early stages of development, will the strategy establish feasibility and will particularly risky aspects be managed? Have the investigators presented adequate plans to address relevant biological variables, such as sex, for studies in vertebrate animals or human subjects?
If the Center Core involves human subjects and/or NIH-defined clinical research, are the plans to address:
Are there plans to establish and maintain communication and cooperation among Senior Persons and other users? Are there adequate management plans for the Research and Service Cores, including implementation, allocation, NEI-R01 grantee user prioritization, quality control, and utilization of the Cores? How well does the management plan address accountability, flow of authority, dispute resolution, evaluation and integration with the institution's fiscal and academic administrations?
As applicable for the Center Core proposed, reviewers will evaluate the following additional items while determining scientific and technical merit, and in providing an overall impact score, but will not give separate scores for these items.
When the proposed Center Core involves human subjects and/or NIH-defined clinical research, the committee will evaluate the proposed plans for the inclusion (or exclusion) of individuals on the basis of sex/gender, race, and ethnicity, as well as the inclusion (or exclusion) of individuals of all ages (including children and older adults) to determine if it is justified in terms of the scientific goals and research strategy proposed. For additional information on review of the Inclusion section, please refer to the Guidelines for the Review of Inclusion in Clinical Research.
As applicable for the Center Core proposed, reviewers will consider each of the following items, but will not give scores for these items, and should not consider them in providing an overall impact score.
Applications will be evaluated for scientific and technical merit by (an) appropriate Scientific Review Group(s), convened by the National Eye Institute in accordance with NIH peer review policy and procedures, using the stated review criteria. Assignment to a Scientific Review Group will be shown in the eRA Commons.
Applications will be assigned to the appropriate NIH Institute or Center. Applications will compete for available funds with all other recommended applications . Following initial peer review, recommended applications will receive a second level of review by the National Advisory Eye Council. The following will be considered in making funding decisions:
Ellen Liberman, Ph.D.
Email: liberman@mail.nih.gov
Brian Hoshaw, Ph.D.
Email: schaffnera@mail.nih.gov
Email: Karen.Robinson.Smith@nei.nih.gov

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I'm so excited to be here!!! It feels like once everyone knows about this, we can pick up where we left off with the benefit of a fresh start! Skem9 was an awesome site and I absolutely love the friends I made there. I'm closer with a lot of them than I am with people I've known for years. I think we all were looking for something to fill the void Skem left us with. I, personally, missed the people and the togetherness. Yeah, we had more than our share of drama but when it came down to it, we did come together when we needed to. No site I've ever been a member of had that and I doubt ever will. This just seems like the perfect continuation of what we had. Can't wait to see when it takes off! HUGE thanks to Angella for this!!! Well, just wanted to post something quick. I'll definitely be here often!!!
You are all extremely welcome! I think you wrote the first blog! Now to find out if we can post layouts in them... hmmm?


Beautiful dark cement coloured fiber clay flower pot designed with a stylish pattern.
The flower pot measures H37xØ37 cm.
Let your plants, flowers or fresh herbs get the attention they deserve in this Sarah flower pot, which with its simple design goes with many different styles. We have a wide range of flower pots in all possible shades. Plants and flowers are for helping to create an authentic and cosy atmosphere in your interior design – irrespective of whether they are genuine or artificial.
Dry with a soft, old cloth rinsed in clean water without any type of soap or cleaning agents, as this may cause staining or other deposits. Or go the whole hog with a rinsing down with the garden hose.


On this Feast of the Transfiguration, the readings are attention-grabbing: they aim to capture our internal sight by tapping into our external vision. The author of 2 Peter emphasizes that the faith he testifies to is true because he is an eyewitness. The Book of Daniel uses vivid imagery of a court flowing with fire and the grand arrival on clouds of one like a son of Man. The Gospel of Mark describes the "dazzling white" of Jesus' clothing as he is transfigured, and the sudden appearance of Elijah and Moses.
Hearing this voice sends Jesus on his mission—first to the desert to confront temptation, then back to the people to preach repentance and conversion to the gospel, and eventually to his death and resurrection.
Since we don't encounter God's voice again for eight chapters after Jesus' baptism, hearing it during Jesus' transfiguration should make us sit up and take notice. Tone matters in determining meaning, and context is needed to get tone. Taken out of context, we might interpret God's statement to the disciples as a simple directive to listen to Jesus, or, more mildly, as good divine advice. After all the disciples are Jesus' students—they are supposed to be listening to him in order to learn from him.
The problem with interpreting "Listen to him" in this way is that the disciples are more than Jesus' students in Mark's gospel: they are Jesus' struggling students, and Peter, James, and John are the worst. Case in point: Back in chapter 5, this trio was invited to a special tutorial with Jesus that involved bringing the dead to life (Mark 5: 35-43). Later, in Mark 9:10, when Jesus instructs them not to tell others about the transfiguration until after the resurrection, the disciples "kept the matter to themselves" [so far so good] while "questioning what rising from the dead meant" [epic fail]. These are the disciples who witnessed Jesus bringing Jairus' daughter back to life from the dead. We would expect them to find rising from the dead awesome and mysterious, but not a complete unknown. It seems the disciples have seen, but haven't believed.
This is all part of a larger pattern for Peter, James, and John, who also do not listen to Jesus' teaching. For instance, just before the transfiguration, having declared Jesus the Messiah, Peter almost immediately contradicts Jesus for predicting his passion for the first time. Not to be out done, after the transfiguration James and John ever-so-tactfully follow up Jesus' third passion prediction by asking to sit at his right and left hand in glory. Really guys? Really?!?
In the context of Mark's gospel, the tone of God's voice at the transfiguration is not one of encouragement. Rather, God's tone is of stern intervention, a divine endorsement of Jesus meant to compel respect for Jesus's teaching: "In universal surveys, Jesus' prophecy is preferred by one out of one God." It is not kindly counsel, but rather a rebuke of the disciples' inability—or unwillingness—to be transformed through hearing what Jesus has to say.
What is the root of this inability to listen? Mark's gospel consistently presents fear as the enemy of faith. Note the description of the disciples just before God's voice is heard: "they were terrified" (Mark 9:6). Fear combined with a desire for glory—not at any cost but at no cost—makes the disciples difficult students to the very end of Mark's gospel.
I confess that one of the reasons I delight in the Gospel of Mark is that, as literature, it is so good at highlighting the disciples' ineptness. But if that's the only thing I have to confess after reading this gospel, then I've missed the point and avoided asking myself some hard questions: Do I listen to Jesus? What fears prevent me from hearing Jesus' voice? With what dreams of glory do I pave over the way of discipleship, ignoring that Jesus' road leads first to the cross rather than immediately to the triumph of an empty tomb? Do I have eyes and not see, ears and not hear?
My brother is really big on theology, so he made me follow you so he could read all your posts. We love them.
Lacey, thanks to you for your kind comment, and to your brother as well for his insistence. I'm glad you've both been enjoying the posts!
Amen!..We must keep our eyes and ears on the Lord!


I was downstairs late the other night, working on something, and Nathan climbed into bed upstairs with Jenny. The thunderstorm must have woke him up.
When I finally went to bed, I climbed in next to him and spent several minutes just watching him sleep and running my hand through his crew-cut hair - something you can't do with a picture 14 years from now, and an opportunity that rarely comes up during waking hours.
We're coming to the end of his snuggle/sippycup years, and I'm really excited for him. He deserves to grow up like his big brothers and is already very mature for his age. It would be a disservice to keep him at this stage (as if we could). But I have to admit I'm a little sad at the same time.
The next morning, he got up and showed me his first loose tooth.
The timing was just weird.


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text:
Q: Opencv get R and t from Essential Matrix I'm new to opencv and computer vision. I want to find the R and t matrix between two camera pose. So I generally follows the wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_matrix#Determining_R_and_t_from_E
I find a group of the related pixel location of the same point in the two images. I get the essential matrix. Then I run the SVD. And print the 2 possible R and 2 possible t.
[What runs as expected]
If I only change the rotation alone (one of roll, pitch, yaw) or translation alone (one of x, y, z), it works perfect. For example, if I increase pitch to 15 degree, then I would get R and find the delta pitch is +14.9 degree. If I only increase x for 10 cm, then the t matrix is like [0.96, -0.2, -0.2].
[What goes wrong]
However, if I change both rotation and translation, the R and t is non-sense. For example, if I increase x for 10 cm and increase pitch to 15 degree, then the delta degree is like [-23, 8,0.5], and the t matrix is like [0.7, 0.5, 0.5].
[Question]
I'm wondering why I could not get a good result if I change the rotation and translation at the same time. And it is also confusing why the unrelated rotation or translation (roll, yaw, y, z) also changes so much.
Would anyone be willing to figure me out? Thanks.

[Solved and the reason]
OpenCV use a right-hand coordinate system. This is to say that the z-axis is projected from xy plane to the viewer direction. And our system is using a left-hand coordinate system. So as long as the changes are related to the z-axis, the result is non-sense.

A: This is solved due to the difference of the coordinates using.
OpenCV use a right-hand coordinate system. This is to say that the z-axis is projected from xy plane to the viewer direction. And our system is using a left-hand coordinate system. So as long as the changes are related to the z-axis, the result is non-sense.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
← Wilderness Gardens Field Trip Report
Inside Bird Conservation – May 2017 →
Top 25 Wild Bird Photographs of the Week #84
Posted by Steve Boyes of National Geographic Expeditions in Bird Watch on April 21, 2017
The Narina Trogon was named by the famous ornithologist, Le Vaillant, after a beautiful woman, Narina, with whom he shred a brief love affair during his travels in South Africa. Photo by Tim Cockcroft
Wood Sandpipers in Pakistan. Photo by Farrukh Zafar
A Steppe Eagle shows off its impressive 7 foot wingspan. Photo by Ami Prabal.
The South Island Takahē is a flightless bird found only in New Zealand. They were thought to be extinct in 1898 but after a careful search, they were rediscovered on the South Island in 1948. Photo by Tony Stoddard.
Two Great Crested Grebes create a mirrored image. Photo by Dilipsinh Chudasama
Ornithologists have recently discovered that when temperatures are scorching, southern yellow-billed hornbills dilate blood vessels in their beaks to thermoregulate and cool off. Photo by Francois Rademeyer.
The Barking Owl is an Australian owl who gets its name from its "hoot" which is almost indistinguishable from the bark of a small dog. Photo by Chris McKay.
Unlike many other waterbirds like ducks and geese who have webbed feet, Common Coots have "lobed" feet which help them swim. Photo by Arindam Halder
Greater Flamingos at sunset in The Camargue, France. Photo by Christian Bagnol Photographe.
The state bird of Goa, the Flame-throated bulbul, caught in mid flight. Photo by Md Auwais Shaikh.
Burrowing Owls have a higher tolerance for carbon dioxide than other birds – an adaptation that allows them to live in underground burrows where carbon dioxide accumulates. Photo by Melissa Penta.
River Tern captured in Pakistan by NaiNy ShaH.
Red-footed Booby's are the smallest of the Booby species and are so nimble that they can catch flying fish from the air! Photo by Sjoerd Van Berge Henegouwen.
Perhaps not as glamorous as their senior counterparts, young male Peafowls at least have less trouble taking flight. For now… Photo by Anvita Paranjpe.
A Golden Oriole loses her lunch. Photo by Narahari Kanike.
The Yellow Eyed Penguin, also known at the Hoiho is a species of penguin native to New Zealand and is considered one of the rarest penguin species in the world. Photo by Chris McKay.
A female Great Horned Owl returns to her nest in Lecanto, Florida. These are one of the few animals who will eat skunks! Photo by Robert Strickland.
The Himalayan Monal is a bird of the pheasant family and is not only the state bird of Uttarakhand India, it is also the national bird of Nepal, where it is known as Danphe. Photo by Sunil Kadam.
Two Little egrets in an airborne altercation in Sailkot, Pakistan. Photo by Tahir Abbas Awan.
Mandarin Ducks are from East Asia but a couple of isolated populations exist in the United States that originated from collection escapees. Photo by Leslie Reagan.
You don't have to be pretty to be beautiful. The Lesser Adjutant stork uses its powerful bill to catch and eat fish, frogs, reptiles, and even small mammals! Photo by Arnab Rayc.
Reminiscent of a calico cat, the Ruddy Turnstone gets it's name from it's foraging strategy of flipping over stones and pebbles in search of food. Photo by Dilipsinh Chudasama.
Great Blue Heron feed their young fish, frogs and insects for about 80 days before they leave the nest. Photo by Teresa Hedden
Mallard ducks are Northern Hemisphere dabbling ducks that have been introduced to all corners of the globe from Peru to South Africa! Photo by Peter Chromik.
Hunting the threatened Houbara Bustard is banned but that hasn't stopped Arab princes and their wealthy friends hunting these birds both for the sport and because the meat is considered an aphrodisiac. Photo by Marzook Mohd.
Birds Permalink


text:
// Copyright 1998-2015 Epic Games, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

#include "UnrealEd.h"
#include "ISourceControlModule.h"
#include "Internationalization/InternationalizationManifest.h"
#include "Json.h"
#include "JsonInternationalizationManifestSerializer.h"

DEFINE_LOG_CATEGORY_STATIC(LogGenerateManifestCommandlet, Log, All);

/**
 *	UGenerateGatherManifestCommandlet
 */
UGenerateGatherManifestCommandlet::UGenerateGatherManifestCommandlet(const FObjectInitializer& ObjectInitializer)
	: Super(ObjectInitializer)
{
}

int32 UGenerateGatherManifestCommandlet::Main( const FString& Params )
{
	// Parse command line - we're interested in the param vals
	TArray<FString> Tokens;
	TArray<FString> Switches;
	TMap<FString, FString> ParamVals;
	UCommandlet::ParseCommandLine( *Params, Tokens, Switches, ParamVals );

	// Set config file.
	const FString* ParamVal = ParamVals.Find( FString( TEXT("Config") ) );
	FString GatherTextConfigPath;

	if ( ParamVal )
	{
		GatherTextConfigPath = *ParamVal;
	}
	else
	{
		UE_LOG( LogGenerateManifestCommandlet, Error, TEXT("No config specified.") );
		return -1;
	}

	// Set config section.
	ParamVal = ParamVals.Find( FString( TEXT("Section") ) );
	FString SectionName;

	if ( ParamVal )
	{
		SectionName = *ParamVal;
	}
	else
	{
		UE_LOG( LogGenerateManifestCommandlet, Error, TEXT("No config section specified.") );
		return -1;
	}

	// Get destination path.
	FString DestinationPath;
	if( !GetPathFromConfig( *SectionName, TEXT("DestinationPath"), DestinationPath, GatherTextConfigPath ) )
	{
		UE_LOG( LogGenerateManifestCommandlet, Error, TEXT("No destination path specified.") );
		return -1;
	}

	// Get manifest name.
	FString ManifestName;
	if( !GetStringFromConfig( *SectionName, TEXT("ManifestName"), ManifestName, GatherTextConfigPath ) )
	{
		UE_LOG( LogGenerateManifestCommandlet, Error, TEXT("No manifest name specified.") );
		return -1;
	}

	//Grab any manifest dependencies
	TArray<FString> ManifestDependenciesList;
	GetPathArrayFromConfig(*SectionName, TEXT("ManifestDependencies"), ManifestDependenciesList, GatherTextConfigPath);

	if( ManifestDependenciesList.Num() > 0 )
	{
		if( !ManifestInfo->AddManifestDependencies( ManifestDependenciesList ) )
		{
			UE_LOG(LogGenerateManifestCommandlet, Error, TEXT("The GenerateGatherManifest commandlet couldn't find all the specified manifest dependencies."));
			return -1;
		}

		ManifestInfo->ApplyManifestDependencies();
	}

	const FString ManifestPath = FPaths::ConvertRelativePathToFull(DestinationPath) / ManifestName;
	if( !WriteManifestToFile( ManifestInfo->GetManifest(), ManifestPath ) )
	{
		UE_LOG( LogGenerateManifestCommandlet, Error,TEXT("Failed to write manifest to %s."), *ManifestPath );
		return -1;
	}
	return 0;
}

bool UGenerateGatherManifestCommandlet::WriteManifestToFile( const TSharedPtr<FInternationalizationManifest>& InManifest, const FString& OutputFilePath )
{
	UE_LOG(LogGenerateManifestCommandlet, Log, TEXT("Writing manifest to %s."), *OutputFilePath);

	// We can not continue if the provided manifest is not valid
	if( !InManifest.IsValid() )
	{
		return false;
	}
	FJsonInternationalizationManifestSerializer ManifestSerializer;
	TSharedRef<FJsonObject> JsonManifestObj = MakeShareable( new FJsonObject );

	bool bSuccess = ManifestSerializer.SerializeManifest( InManifest.ToSharedRef(), JsonManifestObj );

	if( bSuccess )
	{
		bSuccess = WriteJSONToTextFile( JsonManifestObj, OutputFilePath, SourceControlInfo );
	}
	return bSuccess;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Home/Tobramycin (inhaled)
Tobramycin (inhaled)CFM2021-04-01T16:33:26+00:00
Tobramycin inhalation
The regular daily administration of a nebulised antibiotic has been an established treatment since Hodson et al published their paper in 1981 comparing nebulised gentamicin and carbenicillin with placebo in a double blind cross-over trial in 20 adult patients (Hodson et al, 1981). Subsequent studies using various antibiotics have shown improved lung function, a slower decline in respiratory function, decreased hospital admission rates, better clinical scores, and better weight profile in patients who receive daily nebulised antibiotic treatment.
The intermittent administration of nebulised colistin or tobramycin in combination with either oral ciprofloxacin or intravenous antipseudomonal antibiotics have proved effective in the early eradication of new isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA).
In this article we will review the evidence for the use of Tobramycin nebulised solution (TNS) in patients with cystic fibrosis.
What is Tobramycin nebulised solution (TNS)
Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic which acts on susceptible bacteria by irreversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting protein synthesis. Its spectrum of activity include coverage against most species of E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Shigella, Mycoplasma, and Staphylococcus. It is highly active against both mucoid and non mucoid strains of PA (Govan, 2002).
Inhalation of 300 mg of Tobramycin is associated with significantly higher sputum concentrations than those achieved following intravenous administration of the usual therapeutic doses of Tobramycin, with bactericidal levels being reached which are well above MIC90 for PA.
Prior to the introduction of TNS, the standard intravenous formulation of Tobramycin had to be used for nebulisation. This has now been superseded by the introduction of TNS (TOBI®), a drug which has been specifically developed as a preservative free, formulation, which approximates the pH and osmolarity of the lung.
TNS is licensed for the long term management of chronic pulmonary infections caused by P. aeruginosa in patients with CF aged six years and older.
Evidence for the use of Tobramycin nebulised solution
In 1993, Ramsey et al reported their findings of a short term randomised multicentre crossover study evaluating the safety and efficacy of aerosolized TNS in patients with cystic fibrosis and PA infections (Ramsey et al, 1993). Each patient was randomized to receive either tobramycin (600 mg) for 28 days followed by placebo for two 28 day periods or placebo for 28 days followed by tobramycin for two 28 day periods. A total of 66 out of 71 patients completed the study. Active treatment was associated with a significant reduction in sputum PA density. The frequency of tobramycin resistance was similar during both placebo and tobramycin administration. Active treatment with tobramycin resulted in improvements in mean FEV1, FVC and FEF25-75, which declined on discontinuation of therapy. While there was no difference between the two study groups in the frequency of exacerbations, more patients on placebo received antibiotic treatment (oral and parenteral) by the third month (p=0.006). The study found no association with the use of tobramycin and increased ototoxicity. Rather surprisingly, creatinine concentrations rose transiently by 50% in six and five patients during tobramycin and saline administration respectively. The administration of TNS was associated with 100 fold reduction in PA density in sputum. There was a trend towards a reduction in the peripheral blood neutrophil count.
More recently the results of two large multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled studies have been published (Ramsey et al, 1999). A total of 520 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 300 mg of inhaled TNS (n=258) or placebo (n=262) twice daily for four weeks followed by four weeks without inhaled therapy. Each patient received a total of three cycles, with each cycle consisting of 28 days during which the drug was administered and 28 days during which it was not (total 24 week study period). The primary end point was FEV1 and PA sputum density. The secondary points included hospitalisation and intravenous antibiotic therapy.
TNS was associated with a dramatic improvement in FEV1 following the first two weeks of therapy and this remained elevated throughout the study period. At week 20, active treatment was associated with an average 10% and 8% increase in FEV1 and FVC respectively as compared to 2% and 1% in the placebo group. Patients who were 13 to 17 years old had significantly greater increase in FEV1 compared with individuals who were either younger or older. Treatment with TNS was also associated with improvement in quality of life scores.
The density of P. aeruginosa in sputum decreased during each of the three 28 day periods of TNS administration and approached baseline during the period when the drug was withheld. It is interesting to note that the treatment effect of TNS on bacterial density was greatest two weeks following the introduction of TNS (average reduction 2.2 log10 cfu/g of sputum) and this progressively decreased by week 20 (average reduction 0.8 log10 cfu/g). The effect of treatment on PA density appears to be influenced by age with the effect decreasing with increasing age. There was a trend towards an increase in the MIC of tobramycin in the PA isolates of patients receiving TNS but not in the placebo group.
Patients receiving TNS were 26% less likely to be hospitalised and 36% less likely to require intravenous antipseudomonal antibiotics than patients receiving placebo. TNS was associated with improvement in global rating of health related quality of life although the magnitude of this effect decreased over time (Quittner et al, 2002).
When compared to placebo, TNS was associated with an increased incidence of tinnitus (3.1%) and voice alteration (12.8%). Tinnitus was transient and mild to moderate in severity and did not lead to withdrawal from the study. Voice alteration was minimal in most cases and did not increase with subsequent cycles of TNS administration.
Nine patients in each group had a transient increase of 50% or more in creatinine levels. Audiology studies were carried out in 302 patients. In the 148 patients receiving TNS there was no evidence of hearing loss.
Long term follow up data is now available from the original 24 week trial. A total of 396 patients elected to continue to receive open label TNS. 285 completed 72 weeks and 242 completed 96 weeks (Nickerson et al, 1999; Bowman, 2002). While improvements in % predicted FEV1 were maintained above baseline throughout the 96 weeks treatment period, the absolute levels fell from 12.6% at 2 weeks to 9% at 44 weeks 5.4% at 68 weeks and 4.7% at 92 weeks. In patients who had been on placebo, the addition of tobramycin at week 24 resulted in a significant improvement in lung function but at a lower level than those who had been on active treatment throughout the study period.
Moss reported the long term benefits of inhaled tobramycin in a sub group of adolescent patients (Moss, 2002). They found that TNS therapy was associated with increased weight gain and body mass index and that the number of hospitalisations and intravenous antibiotic courses did not increase over the 96 weeks. While improvement in pulmonary function was significantly correlated with reduction in PA colony forming unit density, PA susceptibility to tobramycin appeared to decrease slightly over time. While this did not correlate with clinical response, long term monitoring is required.
Eradication of new isolates of PA
Gibson et al conducted a study looking at the microbiological impact of TNS in 98 children aged greater than six years with a positive oropharyngeal culture for PA within two weeks to 12 months before screening (Gibson et al, 2003). Following interim analysis of data from the first 21 patients, the study was stopped due to a statistically significant treatment effect. In 23 children who were randomised (eight active) and underwent BAL at baseline and on day 28, there was a significant difference between treatment group and placebo in the reduction of PA density. No PA was detected on day 28 in those on treatment (n=8). Twelve of the 13 in the placebo group remained P. aeruginosa positive. TNS is not recommended for children under six years and further studies are underway to examine the safety and efficacy in this age group.
TNS vs Colomycin
In a randomised clinical trial, Hodson et al investigated the efficacy of colomycin and tobramycin nebulised solution in 115 patients with cystic fibrosis who were chronically infected with P aeruginosa (Hodson et al, 2002). Patients were randomised to receive either TNS (n=53) or colistin (n=62) twice daily for four weeks. Primary end points included the relative change in lung function from baseline. Secondary end points included change in PA density, change in MIC and safety. Only seven patients withdrew from the study, three within the TNS group and four in the colomycin group. Treatment with TNS resulted in a significantly greater improvement in FEV1 (6.7%) when compared to colomycin (0.37%). Treatment with TNS was also associated with a greater improvement in the global rating of change questionnaire with patients having a relatively greater improvement in medical condition. While this study clearly provides evidence for the effectiveness of TNS, there are a few weaknesses in its design. Firstly, most patients entered into the study were naïve to TNS but many patients had been previously exposed prior to the washout period to nebulised colomycin. This exposure was significantly greater than prior exposure to intravenous or nebulised tobramycin in either group. Furthermore the dose of colomycin used was 1 mu bd which is half the standard dose used by many specialist units in the UK and this may have reduced clinical effectiveness of the drug.
TNS was associated with a mean decrease of 0.86 log10 cfu/ml as compared to 0.60 log10 cfu/ml in colistin treated patients. TNS was associated with 10% increase in the percentage of isolates with a MIC > 4 mg/l (38% to 49%) whereas in the colomycin treated group this remained unchanged. There was no evidence of the development of highly resistant PA in either group.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability
Geller et al measured tobramycin sputum and serum concentrations, at 10 and 60 minutes respectively during a 20 week study, where 258 patients with CF, received 300mg twice daily in three 28 day on / 28 day off treatment cycles (Geller et al, 2002). The mean peak sputum concentrations were 1,237 mµ/g with 95% of patients achieving sputum concentrations > 25 times the minimum inhibitory concentration of PA isolates. One hour after nebulisation, the mean serum concentration was 0.95 mµ/ml. The estimated systemic bioavailability after aerosol administration was 11.7% of the nominal dose. Sputum and serum concentrations of tobramycin did not accumulate over the study period. Although patients gargled three times with 30 ml normal saline, sputum samples may have overestimated drug concentration due to upper airway and oral pharyngeal drug accumulation. Interestingly there was no association between sputum tobramycin concentration and pulmonary function either at week 0 or week 20. However, Gibson et al found that at 28 days following tobramycin, BAL samples in children showed drug concentrations ranging from 8.2 to 145.8 mµ/ml at various time intervals from last dose. Serum tobramycin concentrations were also measured as part of the Ramsey study. Median serum concentration was 0.94 mµ/ml (0.18-3.62) at 1 hour post dose (Ramsey et al, 1993).
TNS comes in a single dose, ready-to-use ampoule containing 300 mg tobramycin. Each box contains a 28-day supply—56 ampoules packaged in 14 foil pouches. Each foil pouch contains 14 ampoules for one week of TOBI therapy.
TNS solution
The 300 mg dose is the same for patients regardless of age or weight.
TNS has not been studied in patients less than six years old.
Doses should be inhaled as close to 12 hours apart as possible and not less than six hours apart.
TNS should not be mixed in the nebulizer with dornase alfa (PULMOZYME®, Genentech). Pulmozyme should not be given within one hour of TOBI therapy.
A bronchodilator such as salbutamol should be considered prior to administration in those individuals who develop bronchospasm. Patients must be formally assessed prior to commencing treatment.
TNS is prescribed in repeated cycles of 28 days on drug followed by 28 days off drug. A dose of 300 mg should be given twice daily during the 28 day period on drug.
The rational for intermittent therapy is based on the observation that a "drug holiday" allows susceptible pathogens to repopulate the airways in patients with cystic fibrosis. However some patients who are declining despite maximal therapy, have been treated by alternating a month of colomycin with a month of TNS, although no clinical data are available to support the efficacy of this approach.
TNS is specifically formulated for inhalation using a PARI LC PLUS™ Reusable Nebuliser and a suitable air compressor with a flow rate of 4-6 l/minute and/or back pressure of 110-217 KPa.
Adverse events.
The incidence of adverse effects in the head to head study with colomycin were comparable for both drugs. Pharyngitis appears to be one of the most common adverse events. Up to 11.3 % of patients on TNS develop an element of airway reactivity with a greater than 10% loss in FEV1 after 30 minutes of nebulisation. In the study by Ramsey et al, TNS was associated with an increase incidence of tinnitus (3.1%) and voice alteration (12.8%). Tinnitus was transient and mild to moderate in severity and did not lead to withdrawal from the study. Voice alteration was minimal in most cases and did not increase with subsequent cycles of TNS administration. Nine patients in each group had a transient increase of 50% or more in creatinine levels. It is not clear from the paper whether these patients had received intravenous antibiotics. Audiology studies were carried out in 302 patients and in the 148 patients receiving TNS there was no evidence of hearing loss.
Although nephrotoxicity did not occur in the randomised studies, acute renal failure has been reported following the administration of inhaled tobramycin and oral ciprofloxacin (Hoffmann et al, 2002).
Bronchoconstriction has been well described with both the preservative containing solution and the preservative free solution (Nikolaizik et al, 1996; Nikolaizik et al, 2002; Alothman et al, 2002). Patients should have reversibility studies carried out before starting therapy and monitoring should be continued thereafter. Patients who show bronchoconstriction after drug administration should be prescribed a bronchodilator before each dose. Some patients will not be able to tolerate therapy due to significant bronchoconstriction.
Economic evaluation of TNS
TOBI is expensive, costing up to £10,000 per annum. Studies looking at the economic evaluation of TNS have been undertaken. Iles et al concluded in a small study of 42 UK patients receiving TNS for 24 months that treatment was associated with a reduction in hospital attendance and parenteral antibiotics resulting in an offset cost of between £3500 to £6200 (Iles et al, 2003). A further study by LeLorier et al suggested that assuming that the percentage of reduction in hospital days observed in the US studies would be maintained then the use of TOBI would reduce the use of health care services, particularly hospital days and lead to savings which would offset the cost of the drug (LeLorieret al , 2000).
The intermittent administration of TNS in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic PA colonisation has been shown to be effective in improving and stabilizing lung function, decreasing requirement for intravenous antibiotic therapy and hospital admissions, improving quality of life scores, and in adolescent patients, increasing body weight. Long term microbiological surveillance studies need to be carried out to ensure that significant tobramycin resistance does not ensue.
Alothman GA, Alsaadi MM, Ho BL, et al. Evaluation of bronchial constriction in Children with cystic fibrosis after inhaling two different preparations of tobramycin. Chest 2002;122:930-934. [PubMed]
Bowman CM. The long term use of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 1 (2002) S194-198. [PubMed]
Geller DE, Pitlick WH, Nardella PA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of aerosolized tobramycin in cystic fibrosis. Chest 2002;122(1):219-226. [PubMed]
Gibson RL, Emerson J, McNamara S, et al. Significant microbiological effect of inhaled tobramycin in young children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Crit Care Med 2003;167:841-849. [PubMed]
Govan J. TOBI:reducing the impact of pseudomonal infection. Hospital med 2002;63(7):421-5. [PubMed]
Hodson ME, Penketh ARL, Batten JC. Aerosol carbenicillin and gentamicin treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1981; ii: 1137-1139. [PubMed]
Hodson ME, Gallagher CG, Govan JRW. A randomized clinical trial of nebulised tobramycin or colistin in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2002;20:658-664. [PubMed]
Hoffman IM, Rubin BK, Iskandar SS, et al. Acute renal failure in cystic fibrosis:Associated with inhaled tobramycin. Pediatr Pulmonol 2002;34:375-377. [PubMed]
Iles R, Legh-Smith J, Drummond M, et al. Economic evaluation of Tobramycin nebuliser solution in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2003;2(3):120-8. [PubMed]
LeLorier J, Perreault S, Birnbaum H, et al. Savings in direct medical costs from the use of tobramycin solution for inhalation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Clinical Therapeutics 2000;22:140-151. [PubMed]
Moss RB. Long term benefits of inhaled tobramycin in adolescent patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 2002:121(1); 55-63. [PubMed]
Nikolaizik WH, Jenni-Galovic V, Schoni MH. Bronchial constriction after nebulised tobramycin preparations and saline in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Pediatr 1996;155:608-611. [PubMed]
Nikolaizik WH, Trociewicz K, Ratjen F. Bronchial reactions to the inhalation of high dose tobramycin in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2002:20;122-126. [PubMed]
Nickerson B, Montgomery AB, Kylstra JW, Ramsey BW. Safety and effectiveness of 2 years of treatment with TOBI ® (Tobramycin solution for inhalation) in CF patients. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999; Suppl 19: 243.
Quittner AL, Buu A. Effects of tobramycin solution for inhalation on global ratings of quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 2002;33:269-276. [PubMed]
Ramsey BW, Pepe MS, Quan JM, et al. Intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Inhaled Tobramycin Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999 Jan7;340(1):23-30. [PubMed]
Ramsey BW, Dorkin HC, Eisenberg JD, et al. Efficacy of aerolised tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1740-1746. [PubMed]


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text:
10 Things You Need to Know for the Waste & Recycling Industry Today (December 18, 2014)
David Bodamer | Dec 17, 2014
St. Louis County Council cites 'growing consensus' on West Lake Landfill dangers "The St. Louis County Council says there is 'growing consensus' that the radioactively contaminated West Lake Landfill in Bridgeton 'presents an active danger to the community,' and it's putting new pressure on federal regulators to take action." (St. Louis Post-Dispatch)
Maryland environmental officials introduce zero-waste plan "The Maryland Department of the Environment has introduced a 25-year zero-waste plan in an effort to reduce the amount of trash in the state. Taking that extra step to recycle paper, bottles and cans has really caught on over the past 20 years, but MDE officials said much more can be done." (WBALTV.com)
Evaporator paying dividends for landfill, counties "The future is bright for the Montmorency-Oscoda-Alpena landfill financially and operationally. Several changes to how the landfill disposes of leachate have helped save the landfill more than a half-million dollars in just over a year's time. As a result it has been able to significantly increase its cash allocations to the three counties, which can use the money for county needs." (The Associated Press)
Clean Harbors reverses decision to continue accepting Love Canal waste at landfill near Brigden "Eighty truckloads of Love Canal waste destined for a southwestern Ontario landfill will now be finding a new home on U.S. soil. In a surprise move, Clean Harbors reversed its decision Monday to continue accepting contaminated soil from the ill-famed New York neighbourhood at its hazardous waste landfill near Brigden." (Wallaceburg Courier Press)
Recycling Twist Cuts Ford Truck Costs "Ford Motor Co.'s decision to build a lighter-weight pickup truck using aluminum body-panels has been billed largely as a way to achieve better fuel economy. The company's boss says it is also a recycling play." (The Wall Street Journal)
Volvo's Making Trucks With Landfill Gas "While Volvo works on an emissions-free truck, its Virginia assembly plant is running on 100% renewable energy. As of November, all the electricity used at Volvo's New River Valley assembly plant comes from methane gas captured from 13 landfills in the region. The company produces all its trucks for North America there." (Sustainable Business)
City to install 22 more solar-powered trash compactors "Next year, Main Street garbage bins will have a whole new look, as the city is planning to replace the traditional cans with solar-powered trash and recycling compactors that alert the public works department when they are full. Officials anticipate the new feature will reduce collection frequency, fuel costs and overtime labor." (Newark Post)
In B.C., 80% of each junked car is recycled "The days when a car was automatically relegated to the junkyard at the end of its life are in the past. Nowadays, an end-of-life vehicle, or ELV in industry parlance, doesn't become waste in the traditional sense. Up to 80 per cent of the vehicle can be recycled or reused, sometimes at a profit." (Vancouver Sun)
Commission wants to help keep recycling alive in Kanawha County "Kanawha County commissioners want to make sure public recycling remains available in the county through the Kanawha County Solid Waste Authority, though the question of how exactly to do so remains. 'We've just really got to start over again,' Commission President Kent Carper said. 'Unless we want to see recycling fail in this county, we're going to have to prop it up again.'" (Charleston Daily Mail)
Proposed solid waste processing facility in Hampden "A proposal for a new municipal solid waste processing facility in Hampden was introduced publicly at Monday night's Hampden town meeting. The plan has been developed by the Municipal Review Committee, a non profit organization made up of 187 towns in the Eastern Maine region who send their municipal solid waste, or household trash, to PERC- a waste-to-energy processing facility in Orrington. That facility burns trash and turns it into electricity." (WCSH6.com)