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Spring Chinook Numbers on
Snake, Columbia Rivers Improving
Spokesman-Review, May 19, 2018
The daily count surpassed 1,000 this week at Lower Granite Dam,
as the salmon make the journey back to Idaho spawning streams.
LEWISTON, Idaho -- Spring chinook counts in the Snake and Columbia rivers are improving after a late start to this year's run, but fishery managers in Idaho, Oregon and Washington are still unsure how strong the final run will be.
Flows on the lower Columbia River have surged in recent weeks and may be the reason for a dip in the number of chinook passing Bonneville Dam last week and this week, the Lewiston Tribune reported.
Idaho's harvest share for the Clearwater River and its tributaries could range between 1,000 and 2,500, said Joe DuPont, regional fisheries manager for the Idaho Department of Fish and Game at Lewiston. The lower number is based on how strong the run will be if its timing lines up with an average of other late runs. The larger number is based on a run timing that matches last year's run, the latest ever recorded.
Likewise, the harvest share projection on the lower Salmon and Little Salmon rivers ranges between 363 and 1,200.
DuPont said there is some evidence the run will end up being similar to last year's, as far as timing.
"We don't know when the flows at Bonneville are going to drop. Last year, the flows dropped for just a few days and a huge pulse of fish came through, and right now I don't really see that," he said.
But the number of fish passing both Bonneville Dam on the Columbia and Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River is on the rise.
On Wednesday, 1,160 adult chinook were counted at Lower Granite, the first day in which the daily count surpassed 1,000. The cumulative count through Wednesday was 2,846. The 10-year average is 26,413.
At Bonneville Dam, the daily count was more than 4,500 Wednesday. It's been higher, but marks a recovery from last week's dip, which saw a low of 852. The cumulative count at Bonneville on Wednesday was 55,618. The 10-year average is more than 125,000.
"I would expect some harvest to occur but not much (this week), and then the following interval (harvest) will start to pick up," DuPont said.
Fishing on the Snake River in Washington continues, with another two-day season near Ice Harbor Dam today and Saturday, and a two-day season near Little Goose Dam and Clarkston Sunday and Monday. Fishing on the Columbia River has been halted.
Ryan Lothrup, Columbia River policy coordinator for the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, said the cumulative fish counts at Bonneville Dam need to hit about 80,000 to 85,000 to account for harvest that has already taken place and harvest projected on the Snake River.
While the strength of the run remains unclear, Lothrup said there are likely many upriver-bound chinook that have yet to pass Bonneville Dam.
He believes the run will at least be strong enough to cover harvest that has already happened, but will likely fall short of the preseason forecast of 167,000 chinook.
"It's going to be a very slim chance for us to hit the preseason forecast. We would have to have almost the latest run timing on record," he said.
Fisheries Managers Forecast 'Unprecedentedly Low' Summer Steelhead by George Plaven, East Oregonian, 5/22/17
Spring Chinook Numbers on Snake, Columbia Rivers Improving


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Cells Of The Human Body
30 Mar, 2019 Free Essays 0
Cells are the basic living units of all plants and animals. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms. There are a wide variety of cell types, such as nerve, muscle, bone, fat, and blood cells. Each cell type has many characteristics, which are important to the normal function of the body as a whole. One of the important reasons for maintaining hemostasis is to keep the trillions of cells that form the body functioning normally. An averaged size cell is one-fifth the size of the smallest dot you can make on a sheet of paper with a sharp pencil.
Although cells may have quite different structures and functions, all cells share some common characteristics. The plasma, or cell membrane, forms the outer boundary of the cell through which the cells interacts with its external environment. The nucleus is usually located centrally and functions to direct cell activities, most of which take place in the cytoplasm, located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane is the outer part of a cell. The plasma membrane is made up of 45% – 50% lipids, 45% – 50% proteins, and 4% – 8% carbohydrates. The main lipids are phospholipids and cholesterol. Phospholipids easily come together to form a lipid bilayer, a double layer of lipid molecules, because they have a polar head and a nonpolar tail. The charged water-loving heads are exposed to water inside and outside the cell, whereas the uncharged water-fearing tails face one another in the interior of the plasma membrane. The other major lipid in the plasma membrane is cholesterol, which is mixed among the phospholipids and makes up about a third of the total lipids in the plasma membrane. Cholesterol is too hydrophobic to extend to the hydrophilic surface of the membrane but lies within the hydrophobic region of the phospholipids. The amount of cholesterol in a given membrane is a major factor in determining the fluid nature of the membrane, which is important to its function.
The fluid-mosaic model suggests that the plasma membrane is highly flexible and can change its shape and composition through time. The lipid bilayer functions as a liquid in which other molecules such as proteins float. The fluid nature of the lipid bilayer is very important. It provides an important means of distributing molecules within the plasma membrane. In addition, slight damage to the membrane can be repaired because the phospholipids tend to reassemble around damaged sites and seal them closed. The fluid nature of the lipid bilayer enables membranes to fuse with one another.
Although the basic structure of the plasma membrane is determined mainly by its lipids, the functions of the plasma membrane are determined mainly by its proteins. Integral, or intrinsic proteins, penetrate the lipid bilayer from one surface to the other. Peripheral, or extrinsic proteins, are attached to either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer. Integral proteins consist of regions made up of amino acids with hydrophobic R groups and other regions of amino acids with hydrophilic R groups. The hydrophobic regions are located within the hydrophobic part of the membrane, and the hydrophilic regions are located at the inner or outer surface of the membrane or line channels through the membrane. Peripheral proteins are usually bound to integral proteins. Some membrane proteins form channels through the membrane or act as carrier molecules. Other membrane proteins are receptors, markers, enzymes, or structural supports in the membrane. The ability of membrane proteins to function depends on their three-dimensional shape.
Channel proteins are one or more integral proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane. The hydrophobic regions of the proteins face outward toward the hydrophobic part of the cell membrane, and the hydrophilic regions of the proteins line channel. Small molecules or ions of the right shape, size, and charge can pass through the channel. The charges in the hydrophilic part of the channel protein determine which typed of ions can pass through the channel.
The function of a channel protein is determined by its shape. The channel can be open or closed, depending on the shape of the channel proteins. Some channel proteins change shape to open the channel when a ligand binds to a specific receptor site on the protein. This is called a ligand-gated channel. Other channel proteins change shape to open the channel when there is a change in charge across the cell membrane. This is called a voltage-gated channel.
Receptor molecules are proteins in the cell membrane with an exposed binding site on the outer cell surface, which can attach to specific ligand molecules. The receptors and the ligands they bind are part of an intercellular communication system that controls coordination of cell activities. The binding acts as a signal that triggers a response, such as contraction in the muscle cell. The same chemical messenger would have no effect on another cell that lacks the receptor molecule. Some receptor molecules function by means of a G protein complex located on the inner surface of the cell membrane. G proteins may function in one of several ways. For example, when a ligand such as a hormone attaches to the receptor molecule, the G protein complex binds guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and is activated. The activated G protein, in turn, activated adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP functions as a second messenger inside the cell, stimulating a variety of cell functions.
Marker molecules are cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify and attach to each other. They are mostly glycoproteins or glycolipids.
The nucleus, which contains most of the genetic information of the cell, is a large, membrane-bound structure usually located near the center of the cell. It may be spherical, elongated, or lobed, depending on the cell type. All cells of the body have a nucleus at some point in their life cycle, although some cells, such as red blood cells, lose their nuclei as they develop. Other cells, such as skeletal muscle cells and certain bone cells, called osteoclasts, contain more than one nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of surface of the nuclear envelope, the inner and outer membranes fuse to form porelike structures, the nuclear pores. Molecules move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm through these nuclear pores.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and associated proteins are mixed throughout the nucleus as thin strands about 4-5 nanometers (nm) in diameter. The proteins include histones and other proteins that play a role in the regulation of DNA function. The DNA and protein strands can be stained with dyes and are called chromatin. Chromatin is distributed throughout the nucleus but is more condensed and more readily stained in some areas than in others. The more highly condensed chromatin apparently is less functional than the more evenly distributed chromatin, which stains lighter. During cell division the chromatin condenses to form the more solid bodies called chromosomes.
DNA ultimately determines the structure of proteins. Many structural components of the cell and all the enzymes, which regulate most chemical reactions in the cell, are proteins. By determining protein structure, DNA therefore ultimately controls the structural and functional characteristics of the cell. DNA does not leave the nucleus, but works by means of an intermediate, ribonucleic acid (RNA), which can leave the nucleus. DNA determines the structure of messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA moves out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm, where it determines the structure of proteins.
Because mRNA synthesis occurs within the nucleus, cells without nuclei accomplish protein synthesis only as long as the mRNA produced before the nucleus degenerates remains functional. The nuclei of developing red blood cells are expelled from the cells before the red blood cells enter the blood, where they survive without a nucleus for about 120 days. In comparison, many cells with nuclei, such as nerve and skeletal muscle cells, survive as long as the individual person survives.
A nucleolus is a somewhat rounded, dense region within the nucleus that lacks a surrounding membrane. There is usually one nucleolus per nucleus, but several smaller, accessory nucleoli may also be seen in some nuclei, especially during the latter phases of cell division. The nucleolus contains portions of 10 chromosomes, called nucleolar organizer regions. These regions contain DNA from which rRNA is produced. Within the nucleolus, the subunits of ribosomes are manufactured.
Cytoplasm, the cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane, is about half cytosol and half organelles.
CYTOSOL
Cytosol consists of a fluid portion, a cytoskeleton, and cytoplasmic inclusions. The fluid portion of cytosol is a solution with dissolved ions and molecules and a colloid with suspended molecules, especially proteins. Many of these proteins are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of molecules for energy or the synthesis of sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides, amino acids, and other molecules.
The cytoskeleton supports the cell and holds the nucleus and organelles in place. It is also responsible for cell movements, such as changes in cell shape or movement of cell organelles. The cytoskeleton consists of three groups of proteins: microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.
Microtubules are hollow tubules composed primarily of protein units called tubulin. The microtubules are about 25 nm in diameter, with walls that are about 5 nm thick. Microtubules vary in length but are normally several micrometers (um) long. Microtubules play a variety of roles within cells. They help provide support and structure to the cytoplasm of the cell, much like an internal scaffolding. They are involved in the process of cell division and form essential parts of certain cell organelles, such as centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella.
Actin filaments, or microfilaments, are small fibrils about 8 nm in diameter that form bundles, sheets, or networks in the cytoplasm of cells. Actin filaments provide structure to the cytoplasm and mechanical support for microvilli. Actin filaments support the plasma membrane and define the shape of the cell. Changes in cell shape involve the breakdown and reconstruction of actin filaments. Actin filaments are involved in cell movement. Cell movement in cells that can move about is accomplished by changes in cell shape controlled by the actin cytoskeleton. Muscle cells contain a large number of highly organized actin filaments responsible for the muscle's contractile capabilities.
Intermediate filaments are protein fibers about 10 nm in diameter. They provide mechanical strength to cells. For example, intermediate filaments support the extensions of nerve cells, which have a very small diameter but can be a meter in length.
CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS
The cytosol also contains cytoplasmic inclusions, which are collections of chemicals either produced by the cell or taken in by the cell. Dust, minerals, and dyes can also accumulate in the cytoplasm.
Organelles are small structures within cells that are specialized for particular functions, such as manufacturing proteins or producing ATP. Most organelles have membranes that are similar to the plasma membrane. The membranes separate the organelles from the rest of the cytoplasm, creating a subcellular compartment with its own enzymes that is able to carry out its own unique chemical reactions. The nucleus is an example of an organelle.
The number and type of cytoplasmic organelles within each cell are related to the specific structure and function of the cell. Cells secreting large amounts of protein contain well-developed organelles that synthesize and secrete protein. Cells actively transporting substances such as sodium ions across their plasma membrane contain highly developed organelles that produce ATP. The following sections describe the structure and main functions of the major cytoplasmic organelles found in cells.
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Each ribosome is composed of a large subunit and a smaller one. The ribosomal subunits, which consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, are assembled separately in the nucleolus of the nucleus. The ribosomal subunits then move through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm, where they come together to form the functional ribosome during protein synthesis. Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or associated with a membrane called the endoplasmic reticulum. Free ribosomes primarily synthesize proteins used inside the cell, whereas endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes can produce proteins that are secreted from the cell.
The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with a series of membranes distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cell, referred to as the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum consists of broad, flattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules. The interior spaces of those sacs and tubules are called cisternae and are isolated from the rest of the cytoplasm.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes. The ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum produce proteins for secretion for internal use. The amount and make up of the endoplasmic reticulum within the cytoplasm depend on the cell type and function. Cells with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize large amounts of protein that are secreted for use outside the cell.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes, produces lipids, such as phospholipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, and carbohydrates such as glycogen. Cells that synthesize large amounts of lipid contain dense accumulations of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Enzymes required for lipid synthesis are associated with the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum also participates in the detoxification processes by which enzymes act on chemicals and drugs to change their structure and reduce their toxicity. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle stores calcium ions that function in muscle contraction.
GOLGI APPARATUS
The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened membranous sacs, containing cisternae, that are stacked on each other like dinner plates. The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula. Proteins produced at the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are surrounded by a vesicle, or little sac, that forms from the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. The vesicle moves to the Golgi apparatus, fuses with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus, and releases the protein into the cisterna of the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus concentrates and, in some cases, chemically modifies the proteins by synthesizing and attaching carbohydrate molecules to the proteins to form glycoproteins or attaching lipids to proteins to form lipoproteins. The proteins are then packaged into vesicles that pinch off from the margins of the Golgi apparatus and are distributed to various locations. Some vesicles carry proteins to the plasma membrane where the proteins are secreted from the cell by exocytosis; other vesicles contain proteins that become part of the plasma membrane; and still other vesicles contain enzymes that are used within the cell.
The Golgi apparatuses are most numerous and most highly developed in cells that secrete large amounts of protein or glycoproteins, such as cells in the salivary glands and the pancreas.
SECRETORY VESICLES
The membrane-bound secretory vesicles that pinch off from the Golgi apparatus move to the surface of the cell, their membranes fuse with the plasma membrane, and the contents of the vesicle are released to the exterior by exocytosis. The membranes of the vesicles are then incorporated into the plasma membrane.
Secretory vesicles accumulate in many cells, but their contents frequently are not released to the exterior until a signal is received by the cell. For example, secretory vesicles that contain the hormone insulin do not release it until the concentration of glucose in the blood increases and acts as a signal for the secretion of insulin from the cells.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that pinch off from the Golgi apparatus. They contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that work as intracellular digestive systems. Vesicles taken into the cell fuse with the lysosomes to form one vesicle and to expose the phagocytized materials to hydrolytic enzymes. Various enzymes within lysosomes digest nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. Certain white blood cells have large numbers of lysosomes that contain enzymes to digest phagocytized bacteria. Lysosomes also digest organelles of the cell that are no longer functional in a process called autophagia. Also, when tissues are damaged cells release their enzymes, which digest both damaged and healthy cells. In other cells the lysosomes move to the plasma membrane, and the enzymes are secreted by exocytosis. For example, the normal process of bone remodeling involves the breakdown of bone tissue by specialized bone cells. Enzymes responsible for that degradation are released into the extracellular fluid from lysosomes produced by those cells.
PEROXISOMES
Peroxisomes are membrane-bound vesicles that are smaller than lysosomes. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids. Hydrogen peroxide which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Cells that are active in detoxification, such as liver and kidney cells, have many peroxisomes.
Mitochondria usually are small, rod-shaped structures. In living cells, time lapse photomicrography shows that mitochondria constantly change shape from spherical to rod-shaped or even to long, threadlike structures. Mitochondria are the major sites of ATP production, which is the major energy source for most endergonic chemical reactions within the cell. Each mitochondrion has an inner and outer membrane separated by an intermembranous space. The outer membrane has a smooth contour, but the inner membrane has numerous infoldings called cristae that project like shelves into the interior of the mitochondria.
A complex series of mitochondrial enzymes forms two major enzyme systems that are responsible for oxidative metabolism and most ATP synthesis. The enzymes of the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle are found in the matrix, which is the substance located in the space formed by the inner membrane. The enzymes of the electron transport chain are embedded within the inner membrane. Cells with a greater energy requirement have more mitochondria with more cristae than cells with lower energy requirements. Within the cytoplasm of a given cell, the mitochondria are more numerous in areas in which ATP is used.
Increases in the number of mitochondria result from the division of preexisting mitochondria. When muscles enlarge as a result of exercise, the number of mitochondria within the muscle cells increases to provide the additional ATP required for muscle contraction.
The information for making some mitochondrial proteins is stored in DNA contained within the mitochondria themselves, and those proteins are synthesized on ribosomes within the mitochondria. The structure of many other mitochondrial proteins is determined by nuclear DNA, however, and these proteins are synthesized on ribosomes within the cytoplasm and then transported into the mitochondria. Both the mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial ribosomes are very different from those within the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell. In addition, unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA does not have associated proteins.
CENTRIOLES AND SPINDLE FIBERS
The centrosome is a special area of the cytoplasm close to the nucleus that contains two centrioles. Each centriole is a small, cylindrical organelle about 0.3 – 0.5 um in length and 0.15 um in diameter, and the two centrioles are usually found perpendicular to each other within the centrosome. The wall of the centriole is made up of nine evenly spaced, side by side units, or triplets. Each unit consists of three microtubules located side by side and joined together.
The centrosome is the center of microtubule formation. Microtubules appear to have some control over the distribution of actin and intermediate filaments. Through its control of microtubule formation, the centrosome is closely involved in determining cell shape and movement. The microtubules extending from the centrosomes are constantly growing and shrinking.
Before there is cell division, the two centrioles double in number, the centrosome divides into two, and one centrosome, containing two centrioles, moves to each end of the cell. Spindle fibers extend out in all directions from the centrosome. These microtubules grow and shrink even more rapidly than those of nondividing cells. If a spindle fiber comes in contact with a kinetochore, the fiber attaches itself to the kinetochore and stops growing or shrinking. Eventually spindle fibers from each centromere attach to the kinetochores of all the chromosomes. Then the chromosomes are pulled apart and moved by the microtubules toward the two centrosomes during cell division.
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
Cilia are appendages that come from the surface of cells and are capable of movement. They are usually found on only one surface of a given cell and vary in number from one to thousands per cell. Cilia are cylindrical in shape, about 10 um in length and 0.2 um in diameter, and the shaft of each cilium is covered by the plasma membrane. Two centrally located microtubules and nine peripheral pairs of fused microtubules extend from the base to the tip of each cilium. Movement of the microtubules past each other, a process that requires energy from ATP, is responsible for movement of the cilia. A basal body is located in the cytoplasm at the base of the cilium. There are many cilia on surface cells that line the respiratory tract and the female reproductive tract. In these regions cilia move with a power stroke in one direction and a recovery stroke in the other direction. Their motion moves materials over the surface of the cells.
Flagella have a similar structure like cilia but are longer, and there is usually only one per cell. Whereas, cilia moves small particles across the cell surface, flagella moves the cell.
MICROVILLI
Microvilli are cylindrically shaped extensions of the plasma membrane about 0.5-1 um in length and 90 nm in diameter. Many microvilli are on each cell increasing the cell surface area. Microvilli are only one tenth to one twentieth the size of cilia. Microvilli does not move, and they are supported with actin filaments, not microtubules. They are found in the intestine, kidney, and other areas in which absorption is an important function. In some locations of the body, microvilli are highly modified to work as sensory receptors.
SUMMARY OF CELL PARTS
CELL PARTS STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Plasma Membrane Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and Outer boundary of cells that controls entry
cholesterol with proteins that extend across and exit of substances; receptor
or are buried in either surface of the lipid molecules function in intercellular
bilayer communication; marker molecules enable cells to recognize one another
Nuclear envelope Double membrane around the nucleus; the Separates nucleus from cytoplasm and
outer membrane is continuous with the controls movement of materials into and
endoplasmic reticulum; nuclear pores go out of the nucleus
through the nuclear envelope
Chromatin Thin strands of DNA, histones, and DNA controls protein synthesis and the
other proteins; condenses to form chemical reactions of the cell; DNA is
chromosomes during cell division the genetic or hereditary material
Nucleolus One to four dense bodies making up of Large and small ribosomal subunits are made
ribosomal RNA and proteins here
Cytoplasm: Cytosol
Fluid Part Water with dissolved ions and molecules; Contains enzymes that start
colloid with suspended proteins decomposition and synthesis reactions; ATP is produced in glycolysis reactions
Microtubules Hollow tubes composed of the protein Support the cytoplasm and form centrioles,
tubulin; 25 nm in diameter spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella; responsible for cell movements
Actin filaments Small fibrils of the protein actin; 8 nm in Support the cytoplasm and form centrioles,
diameter microvilli, responsible for cell movement
Intermediate filaments Protein fibers; 10 nm in diameter Support the cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic inclusions Groups of molecules made or taken in Function depends on the molecules; energy
by the cell; may be surrounded storage, oxygen transport, skin color,
by a membrane and others
Cytoplasm: Organelles
Ribosome Ribosomal RNA and proteins form large and Site of protein synthesis
small subunits; attached to endoplasmic
reticulum or free
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Membranous tubules and flattened sacs with Protein synthesis and transport to Golgi
attached ribosomes apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Membranous tubules and flattened sacs with Makes lipids and carbohydrates;
attached ribosomes makes harmful chemical; stores calcium
Golgi apparatus Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other Modification, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use
Secretory vesicle Membrane-bound sac pinched off Golgi Carries proteins and lipids to cell surface
apparatus for secretion
Lysosome Membrane-bound vesicle pinched off Golgi Contains digestive enzymes
Peroxisome Membrane-bound vesicle One site of lipid and amino acid breakdown and breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Mitochondria Round, rod-shaped, or threadlike Major site of ATP production when oxygen
structures; surrounded by double membrane; is available
inner membrane forms cristae
Centrioles Pair of cylindrical organelles in the centrosome Centers for microtubule formation;
consisting of triplets of parallel microtubules determine cell polarity during cell division; form the basal bodies of cilia and flagella
Spindle fibers Microtubules extending from the centrosome to Assist in the separation of chromosomes
chromosomes and other parts of the cell during cell division
Cilia Extensions of the plasma membrane containing Move materials over the surface of cells
doublets of parallel microtubules
Flagellum Extensions of the plasma membrane containing In humans, responsible for movement of
doublets of parallel microtubules spermatozoa
Microvilli Extension of the plasma membrane containing Increase surface area of the plasma
microfilaments membrane for absorption and secretion; modified to form sensory receptors
Cell metabolism is all the decomposition and synthesis reactions in the cell. The breakdown of food molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins releases energy that is used to synthesize ATP. Each ATP molecule has a portion of the energy stored from the chemical bonds of the food molecules. The ATP molecules are small energy packets that are used to drive other chemical reactions or processes such as active transport.
ATP production takes place in cytosol and in mitochondria through lots of chemical reactions. Food molecules transfer energy to ATP. If a cell was to receive all the energy from food molecules, it would literally burn up.
To show ATP production from food molecules: the breakdown of sugar glucose. For example: sugar from a candy bar. Once glucose is put into a cell, lots of reactions takes place inside the cytosol. These chemical reactions, glycolysis, change the glucose to pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid can go into different biochemical pathways, if oxygen is available.
Aerobic respiration happens when oxygen is available. Pyruvic acid molecules enter mitochondria through chemical reactions called citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain, which are then changed to carbon dioxide and water. Energy stored in each glucose molecule can produce 36-38 ATP molecules through aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration happens without oxygen and includes the change of pyruvic acid to lactic acid. There is a production of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule used. Anaerobic respiration doesn't produce as much ATP as aerobic respiration. But it does allow cells to work for a short time when oxygen is too
Medicine and Health Care
BIO4: Genetics
Stem Cell Research Paper
AIDS And Retroviruses
Maintaining A Balance
Cell Permeability
Tags: Human

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home Infrastructure Food Indian Agtech Startup DeHaat Scores $2.8 Million to Unlock "Upstream"
Indian Agtech Startup DeHaat Scores $2.8 Million to Unlock "Upstream"
Scarlett Kuang
On Our Radar: Deals we are paying attention to, for their impact on industry.
DeHaat, an agricultural tech startup, raised $2.8 million in venture debt funding from Mumbai-based Trifecta Capital as investors seek more opportunities in farming-focused companies, which have long been overshadowed by startups catering to consumers.
DeHaat is an online platform providing Indian farmers with equipment and materials including seed and fertilizer. The new debt will be used to launch credit and insurance products, according to YourStory. DeHaat's total funds raised have reached $7.7 million, putting it at the heels of Indian agribusiness heavyweight players such as Lawrencedale, EM3, and Agrostar.
"Our larger goal is to become a one-stop destination for Indian farmers, which can meet all of their agricultural needs," said Shashank Kumar, co-founder and CEO of DeHaat, in an interview with YourStory. DeHaat serves 100,000 farmers in India's rural states, and the company is aiming to reach 250,000 by the end of the year.
Demand from India's growing middle class for convenience and quality food has been the driving force in the country's agrifood industry. "Downstream" startups focused on delivery, restaurants and consumers raised almost $1.5 billion in 2013 to 2017, compared with only "upstream" agtech companies raised only $189 million over the same period, according to online venture capital firm Agfunder.
"We can't help thinking that great opportunities upstream are being missed and underfunded in the rush to appease consumers," an AgriFood Tech Investing Report said.
The investment in DeHaat continued a recent emphasis on upstream agtech investments, which grew almost seven times from 2013 to 2017 in India, Agfunder said. Worldwide, upstream investments surged 44% in 2018 from a year earlier.
Upstream and downstream investments are more balanced in mature agrifood markets such as the U.S. Globally, upstream investments reached $6.9 billion last year, led by agricultural biotechnology, and downstream investment was about $10 billion, according to Agfunder.
Trifecta Capital is a venture debt company with $2.7 billion of equity. Its portfolio includes online grocery and food delivery companies BigBasket and Box8. Kumar said DeHaat will benefit from Trifecta's deep relationships with financial institutions and agribusiness corporations.
The Trifecta funds come on the heels $4.17 million seed money from investors including funder and VC firm Omnivore that DeHaat received in March.
Founded in 2012, DeHatt set out to supply farmers with quality equipment "at the right time, price, and quality.
Rob Leclerc, a founding partner of AgFunder, told Karma Network that there were three factors that compelled him to invest in DeHaat: "Rapid growth, clear customer advantage, and elegant technology solutions."
Leclerc said that he saw an opportunity to disrupt "a really broken distribution and supply chain." DeHaat cultivated relationships with farmers by providing personalized farming advice through smart phones and community events. That deep connection with farmers is what's missing with big agriculture suppliers. DeHaat's commission rates are not disclosed.
"It's pretty incredible for them to get where they are today by bootstrapping off practically nothing" before they had funding, Leclerc said.
DeHaat
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Scarlett Kuang is a staff reporter at Karma. She has also worked as a reporter and video journalist for New York Daily News, The Philadelphia Inquirer and Xinhua China's National News Agency.
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Romanch Mehtha to re-enter 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala' days before it wraps up
Samsung Galaxy Note 10 Lite launched
Photos / Event Gallery / Goa Gallery
Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition
Last updated on - Mar 29, 2012
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Archana and Sumeet Bhobhe at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino
Archana and Sumeet Bhobhe at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)
See more of : Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition pics, Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition
Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition pics, Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition
Archana and Sumeet Bhobhe at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino.&... Read More
Archana and Sumeet Bhobhe at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)Read Less
Shalini and Niharika Srivastava at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino
Shalini and Niharika Srivastava at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)
Shalini and Niharika Srivastava at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Al... Read More
Shalini and Niharika Srivastava at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)Read Less
Sucheeta and Ghanashyam Halkar at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino
Sucheeta and Ghanashyam Halkar at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)
Sucheeta and Ghanashyam Halkar at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Alt... Read More
Sucheeta and Ghanashyam Halkar at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)Read Less
Suhas Shilkar at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino
Suhas Shilkar at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)
Suhas Shilkar at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/J... Read More
Suhas Shilkar at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)Read Less
Sunil and Sheetal Pai Kane at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino
Sunil and Sheetal Pai Kane at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)
Sunil and Sheetal Pai Kane at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino.... Read More
Sunil and Sheetal Pai Kane at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)Read Less
Yolanda D'Souza and Rudolf at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino
Yolanda D'Souza and Rudolf at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)
Yolanda D'Souza and Rudolf at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino.... Read More
Yolanda D'Souza and Rudolf at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)Read Less
Nandini Sahai at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino
Nandini Sahai at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)
Nandini Sahai at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/J... Read More
Nandini Sahai at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)Read Less
Guests at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino
Guests at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)
Guests at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'S... Read More
Guests at Devi Prasad Rao's art exhibition where he exhibited his works of past five years at an art gallery in Altino. (BCCL/John D'Souza)Read Less
Revellers from all over the world attend the bigge...
Goans let their hair down at nightlong Christmas d...
Motorcycling enthusiasts participate in India Bike...
Thousands of pilgrims throng Old Goa to honour Goe...
Traditional Boat Festival 2019
Elli AvrRam
Manveer Gurjar
Mohanlal Starrer


A team of medical missioners including TWU professor Nola Schrum, RN, MS, CCRN pose for a picture in Kenya before heading off to work.
Walking through the dirt streets of Menara, a Kenyan village, Lauren Jones made her way from the clinic to her firsthome visit of the day to see what medical aid she could provide.
Jones, a senior Nursing student, and ten other nursing students from TWU's Dallas campus served on a medical mission in Kenya over the summer break. These students decided to serve after hearing about TWU Dallas professor Nola Schrum's organization, Bless the Children African Missions.
Working in teams, the medical missioners ran clinics in a central location and dispatched personnel to visit villagers in their homes accompanied by translators.
Jones and her classmates encountered villagers with dehydration, HIV and AIDS, hypertension, dermatitis, intestinal worms, arthritis, infected cuts and impaired eye sight among other ailments. Jones explained that only villagers with money to spare or who had extreme medical problems, such as a stroke, were able to seek medical attention throughout the year when a clinic did not provide free care, leaving some villagers to sufferfrom tooth aches or stomach pains for years.
TWU's team of medical missioners were also given the opportunity to visit an orphanage in the Kisumu slum for children three to 14 years old living with HIV and AIDS.
Schrum explained Jones and her peers from TWU demonstrated excellent nursing skills while working in Kenya.


INDIANAPOLIS (AP) Maybe the Russell Westbrook-Kevin Durant show is becoming so routine, even the Oklahoma City Thunder are taking it for granted.
After Westbrook finished with his league-leading 14th triple-double of the season and Durant had 33 points and 13 rebounds to help the Thunder overcome Paul George's 45 points in a 115-111 victory Saturday night at Indiana, first-year coach Billy Donovan sounded more impressed with something else.
It may sound strange for a team that leans heavily on two perennial All-Stars, but Donovan is now playing for more than wins or numbers.
With a playoff spot already locked up, the No. 1 seed out of reach and the No. 2 seed virtually out of reach, the first-year coach is trying to get his team into postseason shape.
Based on what Westbrook and Durant are doing these days, they're raring to go.
Westbrook had 14 points, 11 rebounds and 14 assists for his second triple-double in two nights. He has more triple-doubles in one season than anyone since Magic Johnson had 17 in 1988-89.
Durant, meanwhile, has scored at least 20 points in 55 consecutive games and can match his career-best streak Tuesday night against Houston.
Together, they have each had 20 points, five rebounds and five assists in 22 games this season - extending their own NBA record, according to Elias Sports Bureau.
George sure didn't make it easy.
He wound up 14 of 29 from the field and 13 of 15 from the free-throw line, had seven rebounds, four assists and four 3-pointers.
But it was the one he missed, with 5.9 seconds left, that will gnaw at him. Instead of tying the score at 112, the Pacers were forced to foul Durant twice.
Durant made the first three before intentionally missing the final free throw to run out the clock.
Durant gave Oklahoma City a scare, too. On the final play of the third quarter, he jumped to make a block and appeared to have his legs inadvertently taken out from underneath and landed on his right elbow. Durant stayed down for a few moments as teammates tried to help him up. Eventually, he got up and walked to the bench under his own power.
The sellout crowd at Bankers Life Fieldhouse was watching more than an NBA game Saturday night. Many fans could were glued to their cellphones in the first quarter - when the Indiana-Kentucky NCAA Tournament game was winding down. When that game ended, a smattering of applause could be heard from those watching the game on TV. A louder roar came when the final score was announced.
Thunder: Kanter had 15 points and 10 rebounds off the bench. ... Oklahoma City has won four straight overall and three straight road games. ... The Thunder improved to 6-7 on the second night of back-to-backs this season.
Pacers: All five starters reached double figures including George Hill, who had 20 points and nine assists. ... Indiana failed to extend league's longest active streak of consecutive winning seasons on its home court (26). ... Guard Ty Lawson missed his fifth straight game with a sprained left foot but Vogel hopes Lawson will play Monday night.
Thunder: Host Houston on Tuesday.
Pacers: Host 76ers on Monday.


text:
Newmarket Racecourse
'Wrong horse' from Newmarket stables wins race at 50/1 odds
Newmarket trainer Charlie McBride said he made an 'genuine mistake' sending a different horse into the race
A Newmarket-trained horse accidentally masquerading as her stablemate won a race at Great Yarmouth at 50/1 odds.
It was initially believed that Mandarin Princess, ridden by John Egan, won the novice auction stakes this afternoon (July 26) but it was really her three-year-old stable companion, Millie's Kiss.
Stewards only discovered the mix-up when the horse's microchip was scanned at a urine sampling, The Telegraph reported.
Charlie McBride, who trains the two bay fillies, said it was a "genuine, honest mistake" made in the rush to prepare the horse for the race, according to Racing Post.
McBride told the publication that he could correctly identify the horses if they were lined up side-by-side, but he did not glance at the horse in the chaos of the race.
Dramatic news - the 'winner' of Yarmouth's opener, 2yo Mandarin Princess, was in fact 3yo stablemate Millie's Kiss. More to follow... pic.twitter.com/nbmK7rpc8l
— At The Races (@AtTheRaces) July 27, 2017
Bookmakers shelled out for the bets based on the original outcome because the mystery was only cleared up after the official weighed in announcement.
Newmarket horse rider slams 'inconsiderate' drivers after three near misses
After this happens, the race stewards are powerless to change the outcome. Officials revealed the mix-up to the public more than two hours after the race and 45 minutes after they realised what happened.
British Horseracing Authority officials said a case of mistaken identity has not occurred as far as they know since the introduction of the microchips. The head office plans to investigate the situation.
BHA statement regarding the incident @GTYarmouthRaces involving Mandarin Princess➡
Link to stewards report here: https://t.co/pWDaJZBbx8 pic.twitter.com/2KLQgvUJft
— BHA Press Office (@BHAPressOffice) July 27, 2017
They said: "The issue had not been established until after the result had been made official. After the weighed in has been declared on the racecourse, the result cannot be amended by the stewards.
"The responsibility lies with the trainer to present and run the correct horse in the race. Having said that, and while we have not seen an incident of this nature in recent times, we will of course determine what steps need to be put in place to prevent it from happening again. We sympathise with the betting operators and betting public who have potentially been affected by this incident."


text:
Justia Dockets & Filings Fourth Circuit North Carolina Eastern District Grant Love v. Southeastern Hospital DO NOT DOCKET IN THIS CASE.
Grant Love v. Southeastern Hospital DO NOT DOCKET IN THIS CASE.
Daniel T. Grant Love
Southeastern Hospital
US District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina
Louise Wood Flanagan
Civil Rights: Other
28 U.S.C. § 1983
This docket was last retrieved on September 30, 2021. A more recent docket listing may be available from PACER.
September 30, 2021 Filing 6 Order - At the direction of the Court, and for the continued efficient administration of justice, the above-captioned case is redesignated as a Southern Division case. The Honorable Louise Wood Flanagan, United States District Judge, will remain the presiding judge. All future documents should reflect the new case number of 7:21-CV-164-FL. No further filing shall be made in 5:21-CV-398-FL. Signed by Peter A. Moore, Jr., Clerk of Court on 9/30/2021. A copy of this Order was sent via US mail to Daniel T. Grant Love, 1834497, Pinellas County Jail, 14400 49th Street North, Clearwater, FL 33762. (Collins, S.)
September 30, 2021 Filing 5 Notice to Pro Se Party Regarding Transfer of Case to the Eastern District of North Carolina. The party should read the notice in its entirety for additional information. (Rudd, D.)
September 30, 2021 Filing 4 Case transferred in from District of North Carolina Western. Case Number 3:21-cv-00499. Transfer order and docket sheet obtained from transferring district.
September 30, 2021 Intradistrict Transfer to Southern Division. New Case Number 7:21-cv-164-FL. (Collins, S.)
September 29, 2021 Filing 3 ORDER that Plaintiffs action is transferred to the Eastern District of North Carolina. Signed by District Judge Frank D. Whitney on 9/29/21. (Pro se litigant served by US Mail.)(clc) [Transferred from North Carolina Western on 9/30/2021.]
September 21, 2021 Filing 2 MOTION (Sealed - Participants) to Proceed in forma pauperis by Love T. Grant Daniel. (Attachments: #1 Envelope) (eef) [Transferred from North Carolina Western on 9/30/2021.]
September 21, 2021 Filing 1 Pro Se COMPLAINT against Southeastern Hospital, filed by Love T. Grant Daniel. (Attachments: #1 Envelope)(eef) [Transferred from North Carolina Western on 9/30/2021.]
Access this case on the North Carolina Eastern District Court's Electronic Court Filings (ECF) System
Search for this case: Grant Love v. Southeastern Hospital DO NOT DOCKET IN THIS CASE.
Plaintiff: Daniel T. Grant Love
Defendant: Southeastern Hospital


text:
Incarceration of Christians and Han Chinese in Xinjiang shows broad reach of forced indoctrination campaign
Nathan VanderKlippeU.S. correspondent
Published September 24, 2019 Updated September 27, 2019
This photo taken on June 2, 2019 shows a facility believed to be a re-education camp where mostly Muslim ethnic minorities are detained, in China's western Xinjiang region.GREG BAKER/AFP/Getty Images
Chinese authorities are sending Christian Uyghurs and even members of the Han Chinese majority to internment camps in China's northwestern Xinjiang region, an indication that the regime's indoctrination strategy is broader than previously understood.
Most of the hundreds of thousands of people – perhaps more than a million – sent to a sprawling network of centres for political indoctrination and vocational training are Muslims, members of minority groups such as Uyghurs and Kazakhs, according to former detainees and instructors. Beijing has said the centres are being used to stamp out extremism.
But six accounts from people who have recently lived in the region or have family there – three Christian Westerners, a lawyer, a Chinese petitioner and a Uyghur family living in France – reveal that others are also being incarcerated.
'I felt like a slave:' Inside China's complex system of incarceration and control of minorities
Some are Uyghurs who have converted to Christianity. Others are Han Chinese – the ethnic group that comprises more than 90 per cent of China's population – who have challenged local authorities by petitioning for official redress, as well as people considered politically unreliable.
The reports indicate that Beijing's campaign in the region goes beyond the stated goal, published in an August white paper on Xinjiang, of countering "the breeding and spread of terrorism and religious extremism." The strategy claimed to be focused on quelling Islamic radicalization rather than a unique cultural group inside China.
But "all signs point to cultural assimilation" as the chief goal of the Chinese campaign, said Timothy Grose, a scholar at Terre Haute, Ind.'s Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology who studies Uyghur culture and is the author of an upcoming book about Uyghurs who study elsewhere in China. What is taking place in Xinjiang is an "accelerated, comprehensive and violent program to jettison meaningful markers of Uyghur identity, such as language, Islam and tangible connections to Central Asia, and replace them with elements of a Han-centric Chinese culture."
Indeed, "even secular, atheist and Christian Uyghurs are being targeted, I believe, because their milieu has still been largely shaped by Central Asian and Islamic norms."
Over the past year, Uyghurs living outside China have documented the incarceration of dozens of scholars, artists, musicians and other cultural leaders who have been taken to facilities that China calls vocational skills and training centres but which foreign critics call re-education camps.
In a July white paper, Chinese authorities directly linked Islamic belief with the spread of separatist ideology by what it called "anti-China forces attempting to split China."
But the incarceration of Christians on extremism grounds underpins an argument that Chinese authorities have used extremism as a cover to conduct a broader campaign of sinification, irrespective of religion.
"We know of at least 14 Christians" who have been taken away by authorities in Xinjiang, said Robert Paix, a Christian businessman who has lived and worked in the region, in part to share his faith. "Islam is just one of the matrix of problems the Chinese government has with Uyghur people," he said.
suspected Internment camps
in xinjiang region
The heat map below shows the size and distribu
tion of at least 28 camps compiled last November
by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. There are
thought to be many more. The darker shade
represents a higher density of camps.
KAZAK.
Amanxia
THE GLOBE AND MAIL, SOURCE: australian
strategic policy institute; graphic news
(base map); google maps
The heat map below shows the size and distribution of at least
28 camps compiled last November by the Australian Strategic
Policy Institute. There are thought to be many more. The
darker shade represents a higher density of camps.
THE GLOBE AND MAIL, SOURCE: australian strategic
policy institute; graphic news (base map); google maps
suspected Internment camps in xinjiang region
The heat map below shows the size and distribution of at least 28 camps compiled last
November by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. There are thought to be many more.
The darker shade represents a higher density of camps.
TARIM BASIN
AFG.
THE GLOBE AND MAIL, SOURCE: australian strategic policy institute;
graphic news (base map); google maps
In Xinjiang, "any ideology which really captures someone's conscience that is other than the [Communist] Party is a threat," Mr. Paix said. "So in essence, it doesn't matter what religion it is – or even if it was a non-religious ideology."
Xinjiang is home to an estimated 11 million Uyghurs, a people whose customs, language, architecture and art are among the most distinct of the country's 55 official minorities.
One Westerner who lived in the regional capital, Urumqi, with his family described the case of a Christian Uyghur woman who lived with a Han Chinese roommate. The Uyghur woman spoke Mandarin and ran a business teaching English. But in December, 2017, police took her from her apartment, put her in a prison uniform and handed her clothes, glasses and national identification card back to her roommate, said the source, a Christian whose identity The Globe and Mail is not disclosing out of concern for the safety of the person's friends in Xinjiang.
Police said they had found questionable content on her computer, according to the source.
"The sentencing basically was very quick. From what we could understand, it was just 'You are a terrorist,' and there was a document that she had to sign – basically like a confession."
Christian Uyghurs likely number only in the thousands, according to foreigners who have lived in the region. Most Uyghurs are practising Muslims or maintain cultural ties to that faith.
But from what the Westerner could see, the incarceration of Uyghurs "did not seem religious in nature. It seemed just from our experience there that the religious extremist angle was being used to really just suppress the entire people group and culture."
Another Christian, Gulbahar Haitiwaji was incarcerated for two years, her family said. "She converted to Christianity several years ago and eschews violence," her husband, Kerim Haitiwaji, told religious liberty magazine Bitter Winter early this year. "There is no reason to imprison her. She is not a danger to China." The family has declined further public statements since Ms. Hatiwaji was released, and she is now with her husband and daughter in France.
Any responsible government must "remove the malignant tumour of terrorism and extremism" and ensure its people "enjoy a peaceful and harmonious social environment," the State Council Information Office wrote in an August white paper. It defended Xinjiang's indoctrination and training apparatus as a "deradicalization" project in line with international principles, providing free education to trainees who "have fallen under the influence and control of religious extremism."
At the same time, the construction of a system of internment centres has provided local authorities new options for punishment outside the formal legal system – even for people who are ethnic Chinese.
Authorities can send people to the centres for making statements deemed contrary to government dictates; for spreading politically unwelcome thoughts among colleagues; and for posting politically incorrect views to Chinese social-media platform WeChat, according to a lawyer who has travelled in the region and whose identity is not being disclosed because describing the camps could lead to his own incarceration.
The Globe reviewed documents collected by a Chinese human-rights activist that described the case of a Chinese man in Xinjiang who spent years fighting embezzlement charges that dated back to 2004. He disappeared last year but reappeared this spring.
"I studied for seven months," he said in a recorded interview with an activist reviewed by The Globe. "Studying" is a common word to describe time in indoctrination facilities. "There are Han people" in such centres, he added.
Gulzira Auelhan, an ethnic Kazakh and former detainee, told The Globe this year that she had seen four ethnic Chinese people in the centre where she was held.
Political enforcement has been employed against Uyghurs, too. One Uyghur woman who recently left Xinjiang described how her father-in-law had been sentenced to eight years in prison for "distributing incorrect political views." The charges were rooted in an incident that, authorities said, occurred more than two decades earlier, when he was working at a government office and complained that ethnic Chinese farmers were receiving a larger allocation of water than ethnic Uyghurs. He was held for 10 months before being tried and sentenced in a single day of court proceedings, the woman said.
The woman's identity is not being revealed because she fears retribution against members of her family still in Xinjiang. The Globe verified elements of her account with a Canadian family member and with a Western embassy that helped her leave China.
She spoke out, she said, because "I want the world to know how insane it is" for Uyghurs in Xinjiang.
Follow Nathan VanderKlippe on Twitter: @nvanderklippeOpens in a new window
U.S. will 'call out' China over Uighurs at UN, Pompeo says
Senior U.S. senator urges Canada to protest China's abuse of Uyghur minority
Nathan VanderKlippe
Communities and cultures


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Gens ace lipo 4400mah 6s1p 45C/90C battery Suited to the following models: 500 size helicopter. Such as Mikado LOGO, Align Trex, Gaui, etc..


text:
7 Results of Landed Property For Rent, Under S$ 1 K, in Farrer Park / Serangoon Rd
Farrer Park / Serangoon Rd
7 Results of Landed Property For Rent, Under S$ 1 K, in Farrer Park / Serangoon Rd.
Property Type Terraced Houses or Detached Houses or Semi-Detached Houses or Corner Terraces or Bungalow Houses or Good Class Bungalows or Shophouses or Residential Lands or Town Houses or Conservation Houses or Cluster Houses
Districts Farrer Park / Serangoon Rd
7 Terraced Houses or Detached Houses or Semi-Detached Houses or Corner Terraces or Bungalow Houses or Good Class Bungalows or Shophouses or Residential Lands or Town Houses or Conservation Houses or Cluster Houses for rent in Singapore, S$ 1,000 Max., in Farrer Park / Serangoon Rd
Sing Joo Walk
3 mins (220 m) to NE8 Farrer Park MRT
Listed by JD Chen 陈嘉定
Pocket Room - Little India
Dunlop Street
100 sqft (floor), 100 sqft (land)
3 mins (210 m) to DT13 Rochor MRT
Listed by Rachel Lim
"Forest Pocket Room"
Pocket Rooms (Dunlop/Rowell/Desker)
"Forest at Dunlop Room with shared bathroom"
96A Rangoon Road
Listed by Stephen Koh
LORONG ONG LYE
7 mins (540 m) to CC12 Bartley MRT
Listed by Ashley Loh
Joo Avenue
300 sqft (floor), 1200 sqft (land)
Listed by Eva Qiu
7 mins (520 m) to NE12 Serangoon MRT
Listed by Kelly Neo
Albert Peh
Shermeen Chow
Spices, culture and colour encapsulate the totality of District 8 which has come to be known as a tourist attraction, a cultural centre and a thriving commercial and residential hub. Little India has become synonymous with District 8, as it forms the main attraction of the area with its treasure troves of historical insight , authentic Indian cuisine, spices and textiles exported all the way from the Arab world. A common oversight is the property potential that Little India has, for it is close enough to the city without even acquiring the same hefty property prices. The average prices for a condominium like Cityscape and Oxford Suites generally ranged from $1,750 psf for a one-bedroom unit and $1,450 psf to $1,550 psf for a three-bedroom unit. As the Singapore property market continues to grow, and as new developmental initiatives are implemented, it is no surprise that investors are watching Little India closely. As the name suggests, Little India was originally an extension of the prior Tamil enclave Chulia Kampong. It was allocated by the British colonialists to accommodate the overwhelming number of Tamil immigrants flocking to Singapore. The location made it attractive to Tamil immigrants due to its location along the Serangoon River. It was easier for raising cattle and trade in livestock which formed their main livelihood. Today, ethnic Tamils no longer occupy the area, and more heterogeneous communities have sprung up in Little India under the modern People's Action Party (PAP) policy of racial harmony and cohesion. In fact, Little India has become more urbanized, and is now surrounded by several malls like the 24-hour shopping centre Mustafa Centre, The Verge, Little India Arcade, Serangoon Plaza and Singapore's first eco-friendly mall City Square Mall. A wet market called Tekka Market also provides the freshest vegetables, fish, meat, spices and flowers. Sim Lim Square, Singapore's perennial IT mall is also a few minutes' walk away from Little India, making it especially convenient for residents in the area to purchase the latest IT gadgets.
There are 7 landed properties For Rent, under S$ 1 K, In Farrer Park / Serangoon Rd, you can use our elegant property search tool to find the right rental properties with detailed information , including maps and photos. The options in our database is limitless. Our property evaluation tool makes the market transparent for you, so that you can make a confident decision to buy your property in Singapore. Start your property search above, or refine your search using these most popular searches on Landed Properties for rent.
CC22 Buona Vista MRT Station
DT3 Hillview MRT Station
DT2 Cashew MRT Station
DT7 Sixth Avenue MRT Station


A great fall look I put together based on some pictures from fashion week and street style here in downtown Montreal this month. I adore simple looks for back to school with strong accent pieces or accessories because if you spend as much time as I do studying, you want to be comfortable but still look presentable. This look can be recreated with a simple pair of jeans and a tank, a jacket or shirt with a pop of color, comfy sneaker wedges or converse with your skinny jeans cuffed at the bottom and toped off with some silver rings and/or other accessories.
Very simple and guaranteed to be in most people's closets already.
Ps: I picked the $555 red jacket for the colour and not the price. I've seen similar ones at Zara and Forever 21 in the past for about 8-10% of that price!


text:
Q: How to Generate N random numbers in Python 3 between 0 to infinity How do I generate n random numbers in python 3? n is a to be determined variable. preferably natural numbers (integers > 0),
All answers I've found take random integers from a range, however I don't want to generate numbers from a range. (unless the range is 0 to infinity)

A: I think you probably need to rethink what it is you're trying to do with the random number you want. In particular, what distribution are you sampling the number from?
If you want your random numbers uniformly distributed (equal probability of each number being chosen), you can't: you'd need an infinite amount of memory (or time, or both).
Of course, if you allow for non-uniform distributions, here are some random numbers between 1 and (roughly) the largest float my system allows, but there are gaps due to the way that such numbers are represented. And you may feel that the probability of "large" numbers being selected falls away rather quicker than you'd like...
In [254]: [int(1./random.random()) for i in range(10)]
Out[254]: [1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 117, 1, 3, 2, 6]

A: To paraphrase Wittgenstein, the limits of your machine is the limits of your language. i.e. There is no such thing as infinity in computers/computation world. However, regarding the maximum supported size of data structures you can use sys.maxsize (sys.maxint in python 2) to get that limit which for example could be used as the maximum list index or string length etc. You could also pass it to random.randint function in order to get an arbitrary very large random integer but still you may be able to increase that threshold based on your machine's processing power.
>>> import sys
>>> sys.maxsize
9223372036854775807
>>> random.randint(0,sys.maxsize)
7512061515276834201

And for generating multiple random numbers you can use a list comprehension like following:
>>> N = 10
>>> [random.randint(0,sys.maxsize) for _ in range(N)]
[3275729488497352533, 7487884953907275260, 36555221619119354, 1813061054215861082, 619640952660975257, 9041692448390670491, 5863449945569266108, 8061742194513906273, 1435436865777681895, 8761466112930659544]

For more info about the difference of sys.maxint and sys.maxsize  in python 2.X and 3.X:

The sys.maxint constant was removed, since there is no longer a
limit to the value of integers. However, sys.maxsize can be used as an
integer larger than any practical list or string index. It conforms to
the implementation's "natural" integer size and is typically the same
as sys.maxint in previous releases on the same platform (assuming the
same build options).

A: Here we have a memory limitation, so we can get the random numbers to the maximum a system can reach. Just place the n-digit numbers you want in the condition, and you can get the desired result. As an example, I tried for 6-digit random numbers. One can try as per the requirements. Hope this solves your question to an extent.
import sys

from random import *

for i in range(sys.maxsize):
print(randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),randint(0,9),sep='')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It was difficult to pass the exam.
It was difficult for her to pass the exam.
= For her to pass the exam was difficult.
There are many books for him to read.
He came up with a good idea for his kid to want to do his homework.
He stood aside in order for her to go though.
This room is large enough for him to live in alone.
This milk is too hot for the baby to drink.
It is kind of him to hold the door.
It was careless of her to leave her wallet on the train.


text:
Relaciones Geográficas
On May 25, 1577, King Philip II of Spain ordered by royal decree the preparation of a general description of Spain's holdings in the Indies. Instructions and a questionnaire, issued in 1577 by the Office of the Cronista Mayor-Cosmógrafo, were distributed to local officials in the Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru to direct the gathering of information. The questionnaire, comprised of fifty items, was designed to elicit basic information about the nature of the land and the life of its peoples. The replies, known as "relaciones geográficas," were written between 1579 and 1585 and were returned to the Cronista Mayor-Cosmógrafo in Spain by the Council of the Indies.
The collection consists of forty-three relaciones geográficas prepared by local officials in New Spain in response to the questionnaire. Forty-one relaciones pertain to territory in present-day Mexico; two relate to what is now Guatemala. The relaciones contain historical, cultural, and geographical information on New Spain and its peoples during the 16th century and before the Conquest. For these handwritten accounts, please consult them in the UT Libraries' FromThePage platform.
Thwenty-six relaciones are accompanied by one or more maps, known as pinturas, presented here. The 37 pinturas are significant in their own right, not only as adjuncts to the texts. In addition to conveying historical information about such topics as 16th-century architecture, the spread of European religion in New Spain, and the colonial economy, the pinturas are artifacts for the study of the history of Latin American art and manuscript painting.
Spanish, Nahuatl
Art--16th century--New Spain.
Indians of Mexico--Art
Indians of Mexico--History--Sources.
Manuscripts, Mexican
New Spain--Description and travel.
New Spain--History--Sources.
New Spain--Maps, Manuscript.
Spain--Colonies--History--Sources.
Mexico--History--16th century--Sources.
Guatemala--History--16th century--Sources.
Relaciones Geográficas of Mexico and Guatemala, 1577-1585
This material is in the public domain. If publishing in print or electronically, please contact Christina Bleyer, Head of Special Collections, at bensonspecialcollections@austin.utexas.edu.
Please consult the handwritten descriptions that accompany these maps through UT Libraries' FromThePage platform.
Items in the Relaciones Geográficas Collection (20/33)
Peñoles (Oaxaca), 1579
Treviño, Diosdado 1579
Ixcatlán, Quiotepeque, & Tecomavaca (Oaxaca), 1579
[Velásquez de Lara, Gonzalo] 1579
Tistla & Muchitlan, Zumpango (Tlaxcala), 1582
Quatlatlauca & Gueguetlan (Tlaxcala), 1579
Mizantla (Tlaxcala), 1579
Zacatlán (Tlaxcala), 1581
Tenanpulco & Matlactonatico (Tlaxcala), 1581
Tecolutla (Tlaxcala), 1581
Papantla (Tlaxcala), 1581
Matlatlan & Chila (Tlaxcala), 1581
Jojupango (Tlaxcala), 1581
Hueytlalpan (Tlaxcala), 1581
Cholula (Tlaxcala), 1581


Read our Application Note on detection of Amyloid β 1-40 and 1-42 and total and phospho-Tau (Thr181).
Looking for a little more information on autism and the immune system?
Learn about exciting Alzheimer's research presented at Neuroscience 2017 demonstrating a powerful application of immunoassay technology.
A biomarker of a neurological disorder is, by definition, differentially expressed between a normal subject's nervous system and that of a subject bearing a neurological disorder. Traditionally, neuroscience biomarkers could only be detected after a subject already exhibit cognitive decline or other symptoms of disease; however, recent, sensitive assays have shown biomarkers to be present even in advance of other symptoms.
No single biomarker has the power to give you a complete picture of nervous system functions such as perception, cognition, motor and homeostatic control, or of disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Bead-based MILLIPLEX® MAP neuroscience immunoassays, using trusted Luminex xMAP® technology, enable multivariate analysis of the processes that underlie neural development, homeostasis and pathogenesis—all this while conserving your precious samples.
MILLIPLEX® MAP multiplex assays enable you to measure neuroscience-related biomarkers, of which a subset are shown below. Download the Analyte Quarterly brochure for a complete, updated list of assays.
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Browse MilliporeSigma's neuroscience antibodies and assays.


CAPTAIN AMERICA SHIELD - 75TH ANNIVERSARY - 2016 2 oz Proof Silver Domed Coin - Fiji. This year marks Captain Americas 75-year milestone, and to celebrate, Marvel & Fiji has commissioned this 2 oz domed Captain America shield coin. The coin has the shape of a shield and is domed (concave shape). Limited mintage of 7500 coins. Certificate of authenticity made of.
The obverse of this coin displays the coat of arms used by Fiji. It shows 2 figures along with a decorated shield. This side of the coin displays the weight and fineness inscriptions as well as the date and face value. The reverse shows the colorized design. This side looks just like the outside of Captain America's shield.
This dome-shaped coin is in GEM Proof condition and comes with its original Mint packaging. The original packaging includes a satin lined display box, a pin, and a certificate of authenticity. However, this certificate is made of. 999 fine silver and has a Captain America design. Material: Pure Silver (99.99%). Weight: 62.2 g (2 oz). The item "2016 Fiji 2 oz. Proof Silver Domed Marvel Captain America Shield Coin" is in sale since Wednesday, April 4, 2018. This item is in the category "Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ World\Australia & Oceania\South Pacific". The seller is "shockwaves-the3cccs" and is located in Oshawa, Ontario.


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Q: grunt uglify keep minified file in same folder as of src I have application code structure where js files are distributed in multiple folders. Can we create grunt uglify task so that minified files will be put in same folder as of src or max it should be put under /dist under same folder as of src and this will be done recursively scanning all src js files in application.
In html we have to include all js files but want to keep normal js for development and debugging purpose and minified while testing and deployment. Do it have any better option so I do not have to change main.html each time.
  uglify: {
        options: {
            report: 'min',
            mangle: false
        },
        controllers: {
            files: {
                'src/main/webapp/app/controllers/dist/controllers.min.js': ['src/main/webapp/app/controllers/*.js', '!src/main/webapp/app/controllers/dist/*.js']
            }
        }
    }

This is uglify task but i want it to recursively look in all folders and sub folders in src/main/webapp/app/ for *.js file and create *.min.js in same location.

A: uglify: {
        options: {
            report: 'min',
            mangle: false,
            compress: {},
            banner: '/* minified JS file */'
        },
        js: {
            files: [{
                expand: true,
                src: ['src/main/webapp/app/**/*.js', '!src/main/webapp/app/**/*.min.js'],
                ext: '.min.js'
            }]
        }
    }

This will uglify looking into src recursively for *.js and make minified copy in  same directory as of source .js file.


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Building From The Bottom: Parts Of The Bass Guitar
The bass guitar is one of the most important instruments in modern music, whether it's laying down a sympathetic foundation or taking a more prominent lead role.
1 The Body
2 The Bridge
3 Pickups
4 Tone And Volume Controls
5 Output Jack
6 Pickguard
7 Neck and Fretboard
8 Truss Rod
9 Headstock
10 Tuners
12.1 What Is Different About A Bass Guitar?
12.2 Who Invented The Bass Guitar?
12.3 How Many Frets Does A Bass Guitar Have?
The old saying says that bass players are failed guitarists, but anyone who has spent some time playing bass will know that it's an instrument with a character all of its own that should be treated as such.
While the bass guitar and the electric guitar share a lot of similarities in terms of construction, it's still important to know what all the parts of your bass do and why they're there!
We're going to take you through the bass guitar from end to end, looking at each part in isolation and explaining what they do.
Let's start with the largest and most obvious part of the bass guitar.
The body is one of the two main physical sections of the instrument. It functions as the mounting point for the lion's share of the hardware of the bass; the bridge, pickups, and all of the electronics live on and in the body.
However, it's not just a functional foundation for other parts. The body also determines three very important factors in any bass guitar; the sound, the feel, and the look.
The material that the body of a bass guitar is made out of is an important contributor to the overall tone of the instrument. Different woods emphasise different resonant frequencies and provide differing levels of sustain.
Classic guitar-making woods like ash, alder, and mahogany are commonly used in bass guitar bodies, but in some high-end builds you'll find exotic, heavy woods like bubinga which have an almost unreal sustain.
Every tonewood weighs a different amount, which can be an important consideration when buying a bass. Not everyone wants to strap a slab of bubinga or mahogany around their neck for long periods of time!
Also playing into the weight of the bass is how the body is constructed. Most bass guitars are solid-body, but there are hollow- or semi-hollow basses available as well, which are lighter in the body for obvious reasons.
The body of a bass guitar can come in almost any shape though there are some classics that function as the template for a lot of basses on the market, those being the Fender Precision and Jazz Bass shapes.
The shape of the body influences how comfortable the bass is to play, with different contours suiting different players. You can only find your perfect shape by trying them out!
The body shape also plays a big part in determining the style of the bass. If you're into a vintage vibe, then your classic Fender or Gibson shapes are a great starting point, or you could plump for iconic shapes like the Rickenbacker or Hohner Violin bass.
If you're looking for a more modern look, Warwick and Ibanez shapes are a good direction to go.
The same also goes for finishes, with many brands offering classic and retro colors along with natural wood finishes for a more modern look that appeals to a lot of jazz, R&B and metal players.
Let's move on to the hardware mounted on the body, starting with the bridge.
This is one of the two anchor points for your strings, the other being the tuners on the headstock. As well as providing a secure foundation for the strings, the bridge also plays an important role in the intonation of the bass.
A correctly intonated instrument is perfectly in tune wherever you play on the fretboard, whereas an incorrectly intonated one may be in tune in some positions but sharp or flat in others.
Intonation is adjusted using the bridge saddles, which are the parts that the string 'breaks' over. They are adjustable with screws that allow them to move forwards or backwards in tiny increments.
The saddles are also height adjustable, which allows you to fine-tune the action of your instrument, or the height of the strings from the fretboard.
A higher action means less fret buzz, but it also means you have to apply more pressure to get the string to contact the fretboard. Lower action is generally desirable for easier playing.
Pickups are super-important on a bass guitar. Without them, you wouldn't be able to get the sound of your strings to an amplifier. To put it simply, a pickup is a magnet that creates a field above it, which the strings vibrate in.
The pickup is wound with conductive wire that transforms this physical vibration into electrical energy, which is the signal that you route out of the guitar into your amp. Pretty smart physics, right?
Pickups are generally rectangular and have little metallic circles on top. These are called pole-pieces, and they are what shapes the magnetic field. Some pickups don't have visible pole pieces.
Pickups are also very important in shaping the overall tone of your bass. A Fender Precision Bass has one pickup that gives its specific tone, whereas the Jazz Bass has two, one closer to the bridge and one closer to the neck, which give different tonal characteristics.
A P/J bass has a Precision-style pickup and a Jazz-style bridge pickup. Then there's the active-versus-passive debate.
Active pickups have an onboard preamp and powered circuitry, making them more powerful, but some players feel they lack the vintage warmth of passive pickups. Whatever your desired bass sound, there's a pickup out there to suit you.
Tone And Volume Controls
You'll see a couple of little knobs on the body of a bass guitar. These are volume and tone knobs.
They control how much of the signal from the pickup is being sent to the output, and (in the case of most passive tone circuits) how much of the treble end of that signal is being sent.
If you turn down the volume, as you'd imagine, you turn down the loudness of the sound. If you turn down the tone, you get a progressively less and less bright sound.
Depending on the pickup configuration and wiring of the circuit you may find you have more or fewer knobs to work with, but they all function in the same way.
Output Jack
You'll see a little socket on your bass' body, which is the output jack. This is where you plug the lead in. They are positioned in different places on different models of bass guitar, and there are advantages and disadvantages to all of the positionings.
The most important thing is to always be careful when the bass is plugged in. If you crunch a plugged in bass against something solid you could break the lead, the output jack, or even the body if you do it hard enough.
Most bass guitars have a pickguard, which is the plastic shape attached to the body under the strings and around the pickups. This prevents scratch damage to the body if you are playing the bass with a pick, hence the other common name of scratchplate.
Neck and Fretboard
Moving along to the next big part of the bass guitar, let's take a look at the neck. This is where a whole lot of the action happens, in that the neck is where you actually choose which notes you're generating.
The neck of a bass is longer than that of a regular guitar, and generally a good deal thicker too.
Made of a range of different woods, with alder, ash, and mahogany being commonplace choices, and fitted with a fretboard, often ash, rosewood, or other more exotic woods like ebony, the way the neck feels is very important in your choice of bass as a player.
One thing that bass guitars sometimes have that regular electric guitars tend not to is a fretless neck.
This is a neck without the fret wires (the metal lines across the neck of the bass that delineate the notes) making it more like the neck on an upright bass or violin.
This permits smooth, organic playing that some players have made a real feature out of, and also changes the tone of the bass to something woodier due to there being no metallic vibration in the fretted sound.
To an inexperienced bass player transitioning to fretless can be a challenge due to the lack of position markers, but it's a great way to add something interesting to your playing and a fantastic challenge as a musician.
At the top of the neck there is a little raised ridge called the nut. The nut is traditionally made from bone, but is often nowadays plastic, synthetic bone, or graphite.
The nut keeps your strings aligned, and also helps create the correct break angle, or the angle at which they meet the tuners. This helps to prevent undue stress on the strings and therefore cut down on breakages.
Within the neck there is a metal rod, sometimes two, called the truss rod. The truss rod provides additional strength against the forward flexing force of the strings, and can be adjusted to make sure that the neck stays true and isn't bowed by that force.
Adjustments are made by turning a bolt at the junction of the neck and headstock.
At the top of the neck, you'll find the headstock. This is the piece of wood that the tuners are mounted to.
Some headstocks have all of their tuners on one side, like the classic Fender arrangement, whereas others have them arranged on either side, or in the case of Musicman basses and some other brands a combination of the two.
There are arguments that the different placements have an effect on tuning stability, with the two-either-side arrangement being more stable, but it's not something that has a particularly huge impact if the rest of the instrument is set up properly and is really more of a matter of personal taste.
The big keys and winders on the headstock are the tuners, tuning pegs, or tuning machines. These are used to adjust the tuning of the bass to ensure that it is harmonized with the other instruments you are playing with.
They are larger on a bass than on a regular guitar due to the amount of force required to hold the larger strings in tune and to make adjustments easily.
If you tried to tune a bass with tuning pegs the same size as those on a Stratocaster, you would have a real struggle on your hands!
This brings us to the last part of the bass, which is the strings. Much longer and thicker than guitar strings, bass strings are designed to be rugged and dependable.
They come in two main varieties, roundwound or flatwound. With roundwound strings, which are the most commonly used today, the wire wrap around the core has a round profile, which you can feel under your fingers.
Flatwounds use a flat wrap wire, which produces a smooth surface. Roundwound strings have more presence and top end, which is why they are the strings of choice for most rock, pop, punk, and metal bass players.
Flatwounds have a fuller bottom end and more low mids, and are generally sought after by jazz, R&B, and reggae players. It's really a matter of personal preference though, and you may find that your perfect tone doesn't lie where you originally thought!
Outside of roundwounds and flatwounds, you can also find tapewound strings. These are effectively flatwounds but the outer wrap is not a metal wire, but instead a material like nylon.
These produce a rubbery, flexible sound and are even slicker than flatwounds, and are often used by hip-hop, dub, and soul players for extra-warm, pliable tone.
Now you've got a bit more knowledge about the parts of a bass guitar, but you might still have some questions. After all, there's a bunch to learn! Here are some answers to the most frequently asked questions about the bass guitar, all in one handy place.
What Is Different About A Bass Guitar?
Besides being bigger, the most important difference is the pitch of the two instruments. The bass guitar sounds notes an octave lower than a standard guitar, which makes it perfect for anchoring harmony in a huge range of musical styles.
The bass is also used as a lead instrument at times, but its general role is supportive.
Who Invented The Bass Guitar?
Leo Fender is popularly credited with inventing the bass guitar in 1951.
He built upon designs that had been emerging since the 1930s as players tried to find ways to electrify their basses, and with his first design created the prototype of almost every bass guitar that's in production today.
How Many Frets Does A Bass Guitar Have?
The standard number of frets for a bass is 20, though you'll find models available with more.
While some people are of the opinion that there's no money above the seventh fret, there are plenty of players who use the full range of the bass for higher supporting parts, melody, and even chord playing.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5V_pA1Kqn4
Video can't be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: Learn All The Parts Of The Bass Guitar | Beginner Bass Lesson (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5V_pA1Kqn4)
Which Is Best: Acoustic Vs Acoustic-Electric Guitar?


Last week Elizabeth and I were able to visit the Hutt River Province where we met H.R.H. Prince Leonard. We have a passport entry to prove it!
I'm sure you all know how on the 21st April 1970 the Hutt River Province seceded from Australia and became an Independent Sovereign State.
We really enjoyed our visit and the gracious way Prince Leonard showed us his treasures of independence. I couldn't help feeling that I had met someone who had done what many of us have felt like doing at different times in our lives. Who hasn't, at some time or other, wished to 'buck the system': reject the rules, toss the beaurocracy and assert INDEPENDENCE?
Actually the strong desire for independence is intrinsic to human nature. However, when it asserts itself against God himself we are in deep water. It is of the utmost importance that we acknowledge our predicament and renounce our declaration of independence. Then we can accept God's offer of free pardon which we can claim through faith in Jesus.
There will be wonderful surprises!


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New article: An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation
Posted on May 24, 2017 by Nathan J. Bennett
A group of colleagues and I have just published an open access paper titled "An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation" in Marine Policy. In this paper, we propose that:
Poor governance and social issues can jeopardize the legitimacy of, support for and long-term effectiveness of marine conservation.
A comprehensive set of social standards is needed to provide a solid platform for conservation actions.
This paper reviews key principles and identifies next steps in developing a code of conduct for marine conservation.
The objectives of a code of conduct are to promote fair, just and accountable marine conservation.
A code of conduct will enable marine conservation to be both socially acceptable and ecologically effective.
Abstract: Marine conservation actions are promoted to conserve natural values and support human wellbeing. Yet the quality of governance processes and the social consequences of some marine conservation initiatives have been the subject of critique and even human rights complaints. These types of governance and social issues may jeopardize the legitimacy of, support for and long-term effectiveness of marine conservation. Thus, we argue that a clearly articulated and comprehensive set of social standards – a code of conduct – is needed to guide marine conservation. In this paper, we draw on the results of an expert meeting and scoping review to present key principles that might be taken into account in a code of conduct, to propose a draft set of foundational elements for inclusion in a code of conduct, to discuss the benefits and challenges of such a document, and to propose next steps to develop and facilitate the uptake of a broadly applicable code of conduct within the marine conservation community. The objectives of developing such a code of conduct are to promote fair conservation governance and decision-making, socially just conservation actions and outcomes, and accountable conservation practitioners and organizations. The uptake and implementation of a code of conduct would enable marine conservation to be both socially acceptable and ecologically effective, thereby contributing to a truly sustainable ocean.
Code of conduct needed for ocean conservation, study says – Eureka Alert
Does marine conservation need a "Hippocratic Oath"? – CBC
Marine conservation must consider human rights – Nereus Program
Policy Brief: An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation (PDF LINK)
Reference: Bennett, N.J., Teh, L., Ota, Y., Christie, P., Ayers, A., Day, J.C., Franks, P., Gill, D., Gruby, R.L., Kittinger, J.N., Koehn, J.Z., Lewis, N., Parks, J., Vierros, M., Whitty, T.S., Wilhelm, A., Wright, K., Aburto, J.A., Finkbeiner, E.M., Gaymer, C.F., Govan, H., Gray, N., Jarvis, R.M., Kaplan-Hallam, M. & Satterfield, T. (2017). An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation. Marine Policy, 81, 411–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.035 [OPEN ACCESS]
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Aichi Target 11, code of conduct, Conservation Social Science, environmental governance, environmental justice, environmental management, equity, Lydia Teh, marine conservation, marine management, Nathan Bennett, Nereus Program, Ocean conservation, Patrick Christie, social justice, Yoshitaka Ota by Nathan J. Bennett. Bookmark the permalink.


Curse of Cassandra's new album Nekonomicon is the follow up to their underground hit Cult of Cats. Nekonomicon is darker, witchier and kittier than ever! The electronic duo from Cincinnati, Ohio mixes ghostly vocals, glittering dance beats and industrial saxophone, to conjure worlds of 'witch dance' and 'grave wave.' Traveling with their sphynx cats Armand and Asia on the 80+ show Cult of Cats tour, Curse of Cassandra opened for dark alternative music greats like My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult, September Mourning and Angelspit. The witch dance duo is on the road again with Nekonomicon, only with more spells and charms. meow.
Voted Best Electronica 2015-2017 for Best of Dayton Underground, they have had successful radio play on more than 150 stations nationally, and licensing deals with 10 networks including E!, A&E, and MTV.
Curse of Cassandra incorporates live theatrical elements such as lighting, fog and audience interaction during their performance by gifting cat ears to fans from the stage and bringing them into the 'cult of cats.' Mixing EBM style beats with live acoustic drums, lead vocal changeups from song to song between two singers, and industrial saxophone, Curse of Cassandra brings a live band experience that bridges the gap between electronic DJ-based venues and traditional live performance venues crossing easily among different genres.
Nicole sings through a vocal processor (Boss ve-20 Processor). She needs 1 XLR to board. She has her own mic and mic stand.
Jacob needs 1 XLR to board and a boom stand with mic if available. The music needs 2 XLR to board with 2 sources of power.
The venue will need to supply a PA system with speakers, subs, monitors & mixer. The venue will also need necessary cords, cables and power hook-ups for the PA system. If this is not possible, please contact the band to come up with alternative solutions. The band provides a fog machine and some ambient lighting as part of stage show. The band needs a 4 x 6 space that is visible to set up merchandise table.