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Jung's Portrait of the ENTJ / ESTJ Types
Jung did not distinguish between the ENTJ and ESTJ types. Instead he focused on what was common to these two types as both were dominated by Extroverted Thinking (Te). Jung has been noted by many to be a forbidding and inaccessible writer and reading him is indeed difficult.
by Carl Gustav Jung, first published 1921
Extroverted Thinking [Te] in General
As a result of the general attitude of extraversion, thinking is orientated by the object and objective data. This orientation of thinking produces a noticeable peculiarity.
Thinking in general is fed from two sources, firstly from subjective and in the last resort unconscious roots, and secondly from objective data transmitted through sense perceptions.
Extraverted thinking is conditioned in a larger measure by these latter factors than by the former. judgment always presupposes a criterion ; for the extraverted judgment, the valid and determining criterion is the standard taken from objective conditions, no matter whether this be directly represented by an objectively perceptible fact, or expressed in an objective idea ; for an objective idea, even when subjectively sanctioned, is equally external and objective in origin. Extraverted thinking, therefore, need not necessarily be a merely concretistic thinking it may equally well be a purely ideal thinking, if, for instance, it can be shown that the ideas with which it is engaged are to a great extent borrowed from without, i.e. are transmitted by tradition and education. The criterion of judgment, therefore, as to whether or no a thinking is extraverted, hangs directly upon the question: by which standard is its judgment governed — is it furnished from without, or is its origin subjective? A further criterion is afforded by the direction of the thinker's conclusion, namely, whether or no the thinking has a preferential direction outwards. It is no proof of its extraverted nature that it is preoccupied with concrete objects, since I may be engaging my thoughts with a concrete object, either because I am abstracting my thought from it or because I am concretizing my thought with it. Even if I engage my thinking with concrete things, and to that extent could be described as extraverted, it yet remains both questionable and characteristic as regards the direction my thinking will take; namely, whether in its further course it leads back again to objective data, external facts, and generally accepted ideas, or not. So far as the practical thinking of the merchant, the engineer, or the natural science pioneer is concerned, the objective direction is at once manifest. But in the case of a philosopher it is open to doubt, whenever the course of his thinking is directed towards ideas. In such a case, before deciding, we must further enquire whether these ideas are mere abstractions from objective experience, in which case they would merely represent higher collective concepts, comprising a sum of objective facts ; or whether (if they are clearly not abstractions from immediate experience) they may not be derived from tradition or borrowed from the intellectual atmosphere of the time. In the latter event, such ideas must also belong to the category of objective data, in which case this thinking should also be called extraverted.
Although I do not propose to present the nature of introverted thinking at this point, reserving it for a later section, it is, however, essential that I should make a few statements about it before going further. For if one considers strictly what I have just said concerning extraverted thinking, one might easily conclude that such a statement includes everything that is generally understood as thinking. It might indeed be argued that a thinking whose aim is concerned neither with objective facts nor with general ideas scarcely merits the name 'thinking'. I am fully aware of the fact that the thought of our age, in common with its most eminent representatives, knows and acknowledges only the extraverted type of thinking. This is partly due to the fact that all thinking which attains visible form upon the world's surface, whether as science, philosophy, or even art, either proceeds direct from objects or flows into general ideas. On either ground, although not always completely evident it at least appears essentially intelligible, and therefore relatively valid. In this sense it might be said that the extraverted intellect, i.e. the mind that is orientated by objective data, is actually the only one recognized.
There is also, however — and now I come to the question of the introverted intellect — an entirely different kind of thinking, to which the term I "thinking" can hardly be denied: it is a kind that is neither orientated by the immediate objective experience nor is it concerned with general and objectively derived ideas. I reach this other kind of thinking in the following way. When my thoughts are engaged with a concrete object or general idea in such a way that the course of my thinking eventually leads me back again to my object, this intellectual process is not the only psychic proceeding taking place in me at the moment. I will disregard all those possible sensations and feelings which become noticeable as a more or less disturbing accompaniment to my train of thought, merely emphasizing the fact that this very thinking process which proceeds from objective data and strives again towards the object stands also in a constant relation to the subject. This relation is a condition sine qua non, without which no thinking process whatsoever could take place. Even though my thinking process is directed, as far as possible, towards objective data, nevertheless it is my subjective process, and it can neither escape the subjective admixture nor yet dispense with it. Although I try my utmost to give a completely objective direction to my train of thought, even then I cannot exclude the parallel subjective process with its all-embracing participation, without extinguishing the very spark of life from my thought. This parallel subjective process has a natural tendency, only relatively avoidable, to subjectify objective facts, i.e. to assimilate them to the subject.
Whenever the chief value is given to the subjective process, that other kind of thinking arises which stands opposed to extraverted thinking, namely, that purely subjective orientation of thought which I have termed introverted. A thinking arises from this other orientation that is neither determined by objective facts nor directed towards objective data — a thinking, therefore, that proceeds from subjective data and is directed towards subjective ideas or facts of a subjective character. I do not wish to enter more fully into this kind of thinking here; I have merely established its existence for the purpose of giving a necessary complement to the extraverted thinking process, whose nature is thus brought to a clearer focus.
When the objective orientation receives a certain predominance, the thinking is extraverted. This circumstance changes nothing as regards the logic of thought — it merely determines that difference between thinkers which James regards as a matter of temperament. The orientation towards the object, as already explained, makes no essential change in the thinking function; only its appearance is altered. Since it is governed by objective data, it has the appearance of being captivated by the object, as though without the external orientation it simply could not exist. Almost it seems as though it were a sequence of external facts, or as though it could reach its highest point only when chiming in with some generally valid idea. It seems constantly to be affected by objective data, drawing only those conclusions which substantially agree with these. Thus it gives one the impression of a certain lack of freedom, of occasional short-sightedness, in spite of every kind of adroitness within the objectively circumscribed area. What I am now describing is merely the impression this sort of thinking makes upon the observer, who must himself already have a different standpoint, or it would be quite impossible for him to observe the phenomenon of extraverted thinking. As a result of his different standpoint he merely sees its aspect, not its nature; whereas the man who himself possesses this type of thinking is able to seize its nature, while its aspect escapes him. judgment made upon appearance only cannot be fair to the essence of the thing-hence the result is depreciatory. But essentially this thinking is no less fruitful and creative than introverted thinking, only its powers are in the service of other ends. This difference is perceived most clearly when extraverted thinking is engaged upon material, which is specifically an object of the subjectively orientated thinking. This happens, for instance, when a subjective conviction is interpreted analytically from objective facts or is regarded as a product or derivative of objective ideas. But, for our 'scientifically' orientated consciousness, the difference between the two modes of thinking becomes still more obvious when the subjectively orientated thinking makes an attempt to bring objective data into connections not objectively given, i.e. to subordinate them to a subjective idea. Either senses the other as an encroachment, and hence a sort of shadow effect is produced, wherein either type reveals to the other its least favourable aspect, The subjectively orientated thinking then appears quite arbitrary, while the extraverted thinking seems to have an incommensurability that is altogether dull and banal. Thus the two standpoints are incessantly at war.
Such a conflict, we might think, could be easily adjusted if only we clearly discriminated objects of a subjective from those of an objective nature. Unfortunately, however, such a discrimination is a matter of impossibility, although not a few have attempted it. Even if such a separation were possible, it would be a very disastrous proceeding, since in themselves both orientations are one-sided, with a definitely restricted validity; hence they both require this mutual correction. Thought is at once sterilized, whenever thinking is brought, to any great extent, under the influence of objective data, since it becomes degraded into a mere appendage of objective facts; in which case, it is no longer able to free itself from objective data for the purpose of establishing an abstract idea. The process of thought is reduced to mere 'reflection', not in the sense of 'meditation', but in the sense of a mere imitation that makes no essential affirmation beyond what was already visibly and immediately present in the objective data. Such a thinking-process leads naturally and directly back to the objective fact, but never beyond it ; not once, therefore, can it lead to the coupling of experience with an objective idea. And, vice versa, when this thinking has an objective idea for its object, it is quite unable to grasp the practical individual experience, but persists in a more or less tautological position. The materialistic mentality presents a magnificent example of this.
When, as the result of a reinforced objective determination, extraverted thinking is subordinated to objective data, it entirely loses itself, on the one hand, in the individual experience, and proceeds to amass an accumulation of undigested empirical material. The oppressive mass of more or less disconnected individual experiences produces a state of intellectual dissociation, which, on the other hand, usually demands a psychological compensation. This must consist in an idea, just as simple as it is universal, which shall give coherence to the heaped-up but intrinsically disconnected whole, or at least it should provide an inkling of such a connection. Such ideas as "matter" or "energy" are suitable for this purpose. But, whenever thinking primarily depends not so much upon external facts as upon an accepted or second-hand idea, the very poverty of the idea provokes a compensation in the form of a still more impressive accumulation of facts, which assume a one-sided grouping in keeping with the relatively restricted and sterile point of view; whereupon many valuable and sensible aspects of things automatically go by the board. The vertiginous abundance of the socalled scientific literature of to-day owes a deplorably high percentage of its existence to this misorientation.
The Extraverted Thinking [ENTJ / ESTJ] Types
It is a fact of experience that all the basic psychological functions seldom or never have the same strength or grade of development in one and the same individual. As a rule, one or other function predominates, in both strength and development. When supremacy among the psychological functions is given to thinking, i.e. when the life of an individual is mainly ruled by reflective thinking so that every important action proceeds from intellectually considered motives, or when there is at least a tendency to conform to such motives, we may fairly call this a thinking type. Such a type can be either introverted or extraverted. We will first discuss the extraverted thinking type.
In accordance with his definition, we must picture a, man whose constant aim — in so far, of course, as he is a pure type — is to bring his total life-activities into relation with intellectual conclusions, which in the last resort are always orientated by objective data, whether objective facts or generally valid ideas. This type of man gives the deciding voice-not merely for himself alone but also on behalf of his entourage-either to the actual objective reality or to its objectively orientated, intellectual formula. By this formula are good and evil measured, and beauty and ugliness determined. All is right that corresponds with this formula; all is wrong that contradicts it; and everything that is neutral to it is purely accidental. Because this formula seems to correspond with the meaning of the world, it also becomes a world-law whose realization must be achieved at all times and seasons, both individually and collectively. Just as the extraverted thinking type subordinates himself to his formula, so, for its own good, must his entourage also obey it, since the man who refuses to obey is wrong — he is resisting the world-law, and is, therefore, unreasonable, immoral, and without a conscience. His moral code forbids him to tolerate exceptions; his ideal must, under all circumstances, be realized; for in his eyes it is the purest conceivable formulation of objective reality, and, therefore, must also be generally valid truth, quite indispensable for the salvation of man. This is not from any great love for his neighbour, but from a higher standpoint of justice and truth. Everything in his own nature that appears to invalidate this formula is mere imperfection, an accidental miss-fire, something to be eliminated on the next occasion, or, in the event of further failure, then clearly a sickness.
If tolerance for the sick, the suffering, or the deranged should chance to be an ingredient in the formula, special provisions will be devised for humane societies, hospitals, prisons, colonies, etc., or at least extensive plans for such projects. For the actual execution of these schemes the motives of justice and truth do not, as a rule, suffice; still devolve upon real Christian charity, which I to do with feeling than with any intellectual 'One really should' or I one must' figure largely in this programme. If the formula is wide enough, it may play a very useful rôle in social life, with a reformer or a ventilator of public wrongs or a purifier of the public conscience, or as the propagator of important innovations. But the more rigid the formula, the more, does he develop into a grumbler, a crafty reasoner, and a self-righteous critic, who would like to impress both himself and others into one schema.
We have now outlined two extreme figures, between which terminals the majority of these types may be graduated.
In accordance with the nature of the extraverted attitude, the influence and activities of such personalities are all the more favourable and beneficent, the further one goes from the centre. Their best aspect is to be found at the periphery of their sphere of influence. The further we penetrate into their own province, the more do the unfavourable results of their tyranny impress us. Another life still pulses at the periphery, where the truth of the formula can be sensed as an estimable adjunct to the rest. But the further we probe into the special sphere where the formula operates, the more do we find life ebbing away from all that fails to coincide with its dictates. Usually it is the nearest relatives who have to taste the most disagreeable results of an extraverted formula, since they are the first to be unmercifully blessed with it. But above all the subject himself is the one who suffers most — which brings us to the other side of the psychology of this type.
The fact that an intellectual formula never has been and never will be discovered which could embrace the abundant possibilities of life in a fitting expression must lead — where such a formula is accepted — to an inhibition, or total exclusion, of other highly important forms and activities of life. In the first place, all those vital forms dependent upon feeling will become repressed in such a type, as, for instance, aesthetic activities, taste, artistic sense, the art of friendship, etc. Irrational forms, such as religious experiences, passions and the like, are often obliterated even to the point of complete unconsciousness. These, conditionally quite important, forms of life have to support an existence that is largely unconscious. Doubtless there are exceptional men who are able to sacrifice their entire life to one definite formula; but for most of us a permanent life of such exclusiveness is impossible. Sooner or later — in accordance with outer circumstances and inner gifts — the forms of life repressed by the intellectual attitude become indirectly perceptible, through a gradual disturbance of the conscious conduct of life. Whenever disturbances of this kind reach a definite intensity, one speaks of a neurosis. In most cases, however, it does not go so far, because the individual instinctively allows himself some preventive extenuations of his formula, worded, of course, in a suitable and reasonable way. In this way a safety-valve is created.
The relative or total unconsciousness of such tendencies or functions as are excluded from any participation in the conscious attitude keeps them in a relatively undeveloped state. As compared with the conscious function they are inferior. To the extent that they are unconscious, they become merged with the remaining contents of the unconscious, from which they acquire a bizarre character. To the extent that they are conscious, they only play a secondary rôle, although one of considerable importance for the whole psychological picture.
Since feelings are the first to oppose and contradict the rigid intellectual formula, they are affected first this conscious inhibition, and upon them the most intense repression falls. No function can be entirely eliminated — it can only be greatly distorted. In so far as feelings allow themselves to be arbitrarily shaped and subordinated, they have to support the intellectual conscious attitude and adapt themselves to its aims. Only to a certain degree, however, is this possible; a part of the feeling remains insubordinate, and therefore must be repressed. Should the repression succeed, it disappears from consciousness and proceeds to unfold a subconscious activity, which runs counter to conscious aims, even producing effects whose causation is a complete enigma to the individual. For example, conscious altruism, often of an extremely high order, may be crossed by a secret self-seeking, of which the individual is wholly unaware, and which impresses intrinsically unselfish actions with the stamp of selfishness. Purely ethical aims may lead the individual into critical situations, which sometimes have more than a semblance of being decided by quite other than ethical motives. There are guardians of public morals or voluntary rescue-workers who suddenly find themselves in deplorably compromising situations, or in dire need of rescue. Their resolve to save often leads them to employ means which only tend to precipitate what they most desire to avoid. There are extraverted idealists, whose desire to advance the salvation of man is so consuming that they will not shrink from any lying and dishonest means in the pursuit of their ideal. There are a few painful examples in science where investigators of the highest esteem, from a profound conviction of the truth and general validity of their formula, have not scrupled to falsify evidence in favour of their ideal. This is sanctioned by the formula; the end justifieth the means. Only an inferior feeling-function, operating seductively and unconsciously, could bring about such aberrations in otherwise reputable men.
The inferiority of feeling in this type manifests itself also in other ways. In so far as it corresponds with the dominating positive formula, the conscious attitude becomes more or less impersonal, often, indeed, to such a degree that a very considerable wrong is done to personal interests. When the conscious attitude is extreme, all personal considerations recede from view, even those which concern the individual's own person. His health is neglected, his social position deteriorates, often the most vital interests of his family are violated — they are wronged morally and financially, even their bodily health is made to suffer — all in the service of the ideal. At all events personal sympathy with others must be impaired, unless they too chance to be in the service of the same formula. Hence it not infrequently happens that his immediate family circle, his own children for instance, only know such a father as a cruel tyrant, whilst the outer world resounds with the fame of his humanity. Not so much in spite of as because of the highly impersonal character of the conscious attitude, the unconscious feelings are highly personal and oversensitive, giving rise to certain secret prejudices, as, for instance, a decided readiness to misconstrue any objective opposition to his formula as personal ill-will, or a constant tendency to make negative suppositions regarding the qualities of others in order to invalidate their arguments beforehand-in defence, naturally, of his own susceptibility. As a result of this unconscious sensitiveness, his expression and tone frequently becomes sharp, pointed, aggressive, and insinuations multiply. The feelings have an untimely and halting character, which is always a mark of the inferior function. Hence arises a pronounced tendency to resentment. However generous the individual sacrifice to the intellectual goal may be, the feelings are correspondingly petty, suspicious, crossgrained, and conservative. Everything new that is not already contained formula is viewed through a veil of unconscious and is judged accordingly. It happened only in middle of last century that a certain physician, famed his humanitarianism, threatened to dismiss an assistant for daring to use a thermometer, because the formula decreed that fever shall be recognized by the pulse. There are, of course, a host of similar examples.
Thinking which in other respects may be altogether blameless becomes all the more subtly and prejudicially, affected, the more feelings are repressed. An intellectual standpoint, which, perhaps on account of its actual intrinsic value, might justifiably claim general recognition, undergoes a characteristic alteration through the influence of this unconscious personal sensitiveness; it becomes rigidly dogmatic. The personal self-assertion is transferred to the intellectual standpoint. Truth is no longer left to work her natural effect, but through an identification with the subject she is treated like a sensitive darling whom an evil-minded critic has wronged. The critic is demolished, if possible with personal invective, and no argument is too gross to be used against him. Truth must be trotted out, until finally it begins to dawn upon the public that it is not so much really a question of truth as of her personal procreator.
The dogmatism of the intellectual standpoint, however, occasionally undergoes still further peculiar modifications from the unconscious admixture of unconscious personal feelings; these changes are less a question of feeling, in the stricter sense, than of contamination from other unconscious factors which become blended with the repressed feeling in the unconscious. Although reason itself offers proof, that every intellectual formula can be no more than a partial truth, and can never lay claim, therefore, to autocratic authority; in practice, the formula obtains so great an ascendancy that, beside it, every other standpoint and possibility recedes into the background. It replaces all the more general, less defined, hence the more modest and truthful, views of life. It even takes the place of that general view of life which we call religion. Thus the formula becomes a religion, although in essentials it has not the smallest connection with anything religious. Therewith it also gains the essentially religious character of absoluteness. It becomes, as it were, an intellectual superstition. But now all those psychological tendencies that suffer under its repression become grouped together in the unconscious, and form a counter-position, giving rise to paroxysms of doubt. As a defence against doubt, the conscious attitude grows fanatical. For fanaticism, after all, is merely overcompensated doubt. Ultimately this development leads to an exaggerated defence of the conscious position, and to the gradual formation of an absolutely antithetic unconscious position; for example, an extreme irrationality develops, in opposition to the conscious rationalism, or it becomes highly archaic and superstitious, in opposition to a conscious standpoint imbued with modern science. This fatal opposition is the source of those narrow-minded and ridiculous views, familiar to the historians of science, into which many praiseworthy pioneers have ultimately blundered. It not infrequently happens in a man of this type that the side of the unconscious becomes embodied in a woman.
In my experience, this type, which is doubtless familiar to my readers, is chiefly found among men, since thinking tends to be a much more dominant function in men than in women. As a rule, when thinking achieves the mastery in women, it is, in my experience, a kind of thinking which results from a prevailingly intuitive activity of mind.
The thought of the extraverted thinking type is, positive, i.e. it produces. It either leads to new facts or to general conceptions of disparate experimental material. Its judgment is generally synthetic. Even when it analyses, it constructs, because it is always advancing beyond the, analysis to a new combination, a further conception which reunites the analysed material in a new way or adds some., thing further to the given material. In general, therefore, we may describe this kind of judgment as predicative. In any case, characteristic that it is never absolutely depreciatory or destructive, but always substitutes a fresh value for one that is demolished. This quality is due to the fact that thought is the main channel into which a thinking-type's energy flows. Life steadily advancing shows itself in the man's thinking, so that his ideas maintain a progressive, creative character. His thinking neither stagnates, nor is it in the least regressive. Such qualities cling only to a thinking that is not given priority in consciousness. In this event it is relatively unimportant, and also lacks the character of a positive vital activity. It follows in the wake of other functions, it becomes Epimethean, it has an 'esprit de l'escalier' quality, contenting itself with constant ponderings and broodings upon things past and gone, in an effort to analyse and digest them. Where the creative element, as in this case, inhabits another function, thinking no longer progresses it stagnates. Its judgment takes on a decided inherency-character, i.e. it entirely confines itself to the range of the given material, nowhere overstepping it. It is contented with a more or less abstract statement, and fails to impart any value to the experimental material that was not already there.
The inherency-judgment of such extraverted thinking is objectively orientated, i.e. its conclusion always expresses the objective importance of experience. Hence, not only does it remain under the orientating influence of objective data, but it actually rests within the charmed circle of the individual experience, about which it affirms nothing that was not already given by it. We may easily observe this thinking in those people who cannot refrain from tacking on to an impression or experience some rational and doubtless very valid remark, which, however, in no way adventures beyond the given orbit of the experience. At bottom, such a remark merely says 'I have understood it — I can reconstruct it.' But there the matter also ends. At its very highest, such a judgment signifies merely the placing of an experience in an objective setting, whereby the experience is at once recognized as belonging to the frame.
But whenever a function other than thinking possesses priority in consciousness to any marked degree, in so far as thinking is conscious at all and not directly dependent upon the dominant function, it assumes a negative character. In so far as it is subordinated to the dominant function, it may actually wear a positive aspect, but a narrower scrutiny will easily prove that it simply mimics the dominant function, supporting it with arguments that unmistakably contradict the laws of logic proper to thinking. Such a thinking, therefore, ceases to have any interest for our present discussion. Our concern is rather with the constitution of that thinking which cannot be subordinated to the dominance of another function, but remains true to its own principle. To observe and investigate this thinking in itself is not easy, since, in the concrete case, it is more or less constantly repressed by the conscious attitude. Hence, in the majority of cases, it first must be retrieved from the background of consciousness, unless in some unguarded moment it should chance to come accidentally to the surface. As a rule, it must be enticed with some such questions as 'Now what do you really think?' or, again, 'What is your private view about the matter?' Or perhaps one may even use a little cunning, framing the question something this: 'What do you imagine, then, that I really think about the matter?' This latter form should be chosen when the real thinking is unconscious and, therefore projected. The thinking that is enticed to the surface this way has characteristic qualities; it was these I had in mind just now when I described it as negative. It habitual mode is best characterized by the two words 'nothing but'. Goethe personified this thinking in the figure of Mephistopheles. It shows a most distinctive tendency to trace back the object of its judgment to some banality or other, thus stripping it of its own independent significance. This happens simply because it is represented as being dependent upon some other commonplace thing. Wherever a conflict, apparently essential in nature, arises between two men, negative thinking mutters 'Cherchez la femme'. When a man champions or advocates a cause, negative thinking makes no inquiry as to the importance of the thing, but merely asks 'How much does he make by it?' The dictum ascribed to Moleschott: "Der Mensch ist, was er isst" (" Man is what he eats ") also belongs to this collection, as do many more aphorisms and opinions which I need not enumerate.
The destructive quality of this thinking as well as its occasional and limited usefulness, hardly need further elucidation. But there still exists another form of negative thinking, which at first glance perhaps would scarcely be recognized as such I refer to the theosophical thinking which is to-day rapidly spreading in every quarter of the globe, presumably as a reaction phenomenon to the materialism of the epoch now receding. Theosophical thinking has an air that is not in the least reductive, since it exalts everything to transcendental and world-embracing ideas. A dream, for instance, is no longer a modest dream, but an experience upon 'another plane'. The hitherto inexplicable fact of telepathy is ,very simply explained by 'vibrations' which pass from one man to another. An ordinary nervous trouble is quite simply accounted for by the fact that something has collided with the astral body. Certain anthropological peculiarities of the dwellers on the Atlantic seaboard are easily explained by the submerging of Atlantis, and so on. We have merely to open a theosophical book to be overwhelmed by the realization that everything is already explained, and that 'spiritual science' has left no enigmas of life unsolved. But, fundamentally, this sort of thinking is just as negative as materialistic thinking. When the latter conceives psychology as chemical changes taking place in the cell-ganglia, or as the extrusion and withdrawal of cell-processes, or as an internal secretion, in essence this is just as superstitious as theosophy. The only difference lies in the fact that materialism reduces all phenomena to our current physiological notions, while theosophy brings everything into the concepts of Indian metaphysics. When we trace the dream to an overloaded stomach, the dream is not thereby explained, and when we explain telepathy as 'vibrations', we have said just as little. Since, what are 'vibrations'? Not only are both methods of explanation quite impotent — they are actually destructive, because by interposing their seeming explanations they withdraw interest from the problem, diverting it in the former case to the stomach, and in the latter to imaginary vibrations, thus preventing any serious investigation of the problem. Either kind of thinking is both sterile and sterilizing. Their negative quality consists in this it is a method of thought that is indescribably cheap there is a real poverty of productive and creative energy. It is a thinking taken in tow by other functions.


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By Unique Unique September 27, 2017 47 No comment
In a bid to create a conductive platform for the effortless implementation of the digital revolution, the central government is set to launch new IT, e-Commerce and IoT policies.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


N'hésitez pas!! Ludovic et Patrick sont au top! L'organisation est ultra rodée, rien a faire, juste à se laisser porter. Pick up devant l'hotel, nourriture, confort sur le bateau, aucun detail n'est negligé. Et l'equipage est vraiment sympathique. Ludo est tres pro et saura calmer et rassurer les plus angoissés. Et en bonus plein de photos et un t shirt en souvenirs!! Journée au top! Merci encore et bonne continuation !
"Fun, safe and cool" decision to go diving was a bit spontaneous, so I had little time and no equipment with me. My phone call to the Scuba Diving Fun put me at ease and they were very responsive in getting all details and logistics ready. Pat the dive coach was very focused on safety and was very personable. He worked with me to adjust my weighting and other small issues as they came up. He knew the dive spots very well from everything from currents to fish life to visibility. At the end he shared a bunch of photos with me on FB which my friends and family could see. Very friendly service. FYI the website is in French and those at the site are French, but Pat speaks English too.
... from the start, it was a well organized, clearly professionally run, at the same time welcoming and an all around fun experience! Ludovique came to our hotel to finalize arrangements and gave us exact details and a clear idea of what we could expect. We got picked up/dropped off on time. The dive boat was clean (including bathroom), all staff welcoming, helpful and friendly. We had breakfast and lunch of good quality and taste on board as well as water/coffee in between. Well maintained equipment, clear briefings and - only two divers to one dive guide - which shows me that a quality experience for the guests is really a priority! Very good choice of dive sites; protected areas with clear water, excellent visibility and varied marine life. During the dive I felt that the dive guide was safety conscious, was keeping an eye on things, and pointed out numerous interesting details in the marine environment. Mooring was done responsibly. Ludovique took photos and a short movie of the dive, which I got delivered the next day to the hotel because I am not using fb. In short, I have done 1000+ dives and extensive training, and can wholeheartedly recommend this dive company for all experience levels, and we will certainly be back for more!
Diving in Phuket The trip format is one day of 2 or 3 dives. That includes a breakfast, a lunch and afternoon tea. We went to Koh Racha Yai and Koh Racha Noï and all the dives were with great visibility and full of fishes and corals. We wanted to go to Koh Phi Phi Islands but that was not a good period of the year to make dives there (we were in October). In summary, Great Team, Great diving spots!
Au top! 3 eme sortie en mer avec ludo..2 baptemes et aujourd hui open water! Tout est au top..l encadrement avec instructeurs parlant français, mettant parfaitement a l aise et pour ne rien gacher..des plus sympathiques! N hesitez pas a faire appel a eux, vous pouvez y aller les yeux fermés! Encore merci a Ludo et son equipe pour ces moments magiques!!


and the brews that come out of it.
a web page, you always know where it is.
heroin lab down in some dried up wadi under a discarded Rusian tent circa 1989.
should become a keezer, soon as I get some kegs...man, I hate bottling.
is the easy part. You know why the country isn't awash in bootleg homebrew?
Bottles. Where do you hide all the bottles?
As a critical aside, I have wondered why people record their brewing recipies. To impress? As proof? Of what and for whom? Maybe to look professional, detailed and methodological?
But as a memory aid? I ask, what kind of memory do you possess if you have to keep writing down important points so you can remember? Isn't it like cooking or fine art, or physics? Once you learn how to do something, how to mix that exact exotic colour, how just the tiniest pinch of a spice changes everything, how a certain temperature is the point of chemical reaction, why would you not be able to remember?
because you don't have to and don't need to.
Sheet music, recipies, colour studies, same shirt.
But I will never forget what I heard Bobby Hull say, in a bar in Toronto, where they were filming an interview for some local sports show (I never found out which one, probably cable...), and he was asked "Out of almost a thousand goals, which stands out the most, which ones do you remember?" And Hull answered: "Every one. I remember each and every goal I ever scored."
NOTES: On equipment and basic practices.
First, I apologize for mixing British Imperial units and metric units. It's whatever is on the package or how I purchase my supplies, or something I've picked out of a recipe or whatever my scale happens to be set at, at that moment.
These are all five gallon batches. I am not set up for ten gallons.
I confess that the only reason I use liquid extract is convenience.
for sure but generally consistently better results on the malt side.
I use seven gallon steel and aluminum pots for extra boiling room.
And a bunch of big plastic pails.
I use a propane burner.
and salts as needed. You can absolutely tell the difference.
I use a floating thermometer, a turkey fryer thermometer, a hygrometer (obviously), and a 2.5 gallon lauter tun.
but I don't have the equipment anymore. Gotta get me a another stand and a pot with a drain.
and are pretty much guaranteed to be sterile.
in them, they're too big a pain to clean.
I made a chiller that drops 7 gallons from 100 C to 22 C (212F to about 72F) in 15 mins.
When priming home-brew, I always use about a litre of the beer and a cup of dextrose or DME brought to a boil first.
which I believe aids in the conditioning process.
(the only thing I had at brew time) or just go with a lite beer. I went lite.
why they pasteurized the rye extract. Ergot.
Everything touched by the wort and not sterilized (like the outside of my fermenter) grew black mould. The beer itself was unaffected, yah!, and of course I sterilized everything twice.
10 gr. of fresh picked, Mount Hood hops (from my vines)for dry hopping.
mash the malt and oatmeal for 60 min. at 150 F. in 2 gallons.
Add the extract. And 37 gr. of bullion for 60 minutes on boil.
Chill. Pitch yeast at 65 F. Add the Mount Hood for dry hopping.
You should get a nice, crisp, very light rye ale, balanced with a very nice nose and lingering rye finish. Pain in the arse, tho. Won't bother again.
2 oz. of mount hood, full cones, dry hopping.
In 5 gallons of rain water with brewing salts, add the 'grains'.
put the chocolate malt in a boiling bag.
Boil the Cascade for 90 mins.
boil the willamette for 60 mins.
boil the Goldings for about 15 mins.
Yeast was Coopers Ale Yeast, pumped up with a starter.
After the first 24 hrs. of ferment, dry hop with the 2 oz of Mount Hood.
This is a high gravity, very hop forward beer. There is no malt fullness or balance from malt.
"Balance" comes from the ABV that clocked in around 8% and the choco malt and smoky bite of the daemerarra.
Could have used a better yeast, but didn't.
This beer was a sleeper...two and you were tipsy.
Yeast: some ten year old packet that I got from my stash. Munton or John Bull or whatever.
In 4 gallons of rain water with 3 tsp. of brewing salts boil the dark malt (in a bag), bullion and cascade for 60 mins.
SEPARATELY, mash the Choco malt and ground coffee in 1.5 gal. 150 F strike water for 30 mins. DO NOT continue to heat.
Add this through a filter / gauze to the wort, return to boil, add the Mount Hood for the last 15 mins.
Cool quickly, pitch yeast. Pray to the coffee Gods.
OG was 7.8, Final was 6.5 . Delicious!!
Similar to the Stout above.
Made a starter from two litres of fermenting wort taken from the Black Coffee Stout, above.
No rain water this time, just tap water.
Steep the med roast coffee and chocolate malt in 2 gallons of water at 140 F strike temp. for 40 mins.
At same time, boil the daemerarra and extract in 4 gallons of water. Boil Cluster and Cascade IN BAGS for 60 mins.
Boil the Goldings IN A BAG for 30 mins.
Add the steeped coffee malt mix, remove the hops, bring to boil for 5 mins.
Chill quickly, pitch the yeast starter.
Result: Not enough malt. Didn't take gravity readings but it was over 5%. Smooth, very coffee, nice hops, (maybe too much cascade), but thin. English extract wasn't as malty as I'd hoped.
In JUST WATER (2 gallons) Boil Cluster and tettnanger for 1 hour.
Mash the dark malt and crystal malt separately from the hops, for 40 mins in 140 F water, about 2 gallons.
Sparge with 2 gallons boiled water, and the 2 gallons of hops water, just off the boil.
Boil Goldings for 45 mins.
from a starter, White Labs English bottom fermenting Ale yeast. A big flocker!
Not sure why I boiled the Goldings for so long, but it made a very complex hop finish. OG was 5.9, final was 5 %.
Surprisingly nice, well rounded beer.
The Brain: "Charlie Sheen, Ben Vereen, shrink to the size of a lima bean..."
Well, I used a vanilla bean.
Water: 7 gallons Rain water with 3 tsp of brewing salts.
Tapioca Starch: In a half gallon of COLD rain water whisk in the tapioca starch. Slowly raise to about 50 C. Do not boil. cover and set aside.
Do a simple mash with a rest at 90 F for ten mins. on the way to 140 F. for 60 mins in at least 4 gallons of water.
Sparge with the boiled rain water to 7 gallons.
boil the willamette for 50 mins. boil the tett for 35 mins.
Chill quickly and pitch a starter of top fermenting lager yeast.
Once going well, slice the vanilla bean down the length and add to the fermenter.
If all goes well with the tapioca, there will be a different mouth feel and a little more alcohol.
brew where the vanilla balances well with the hops.
This was a splendid old world lager, crisp and light.
1 kilo of light dry malt extract.
Wyeast 2633 - German pilsner yeast.
Soft water is needed and I did not have rain water. Use tap water and 1 tsp of gypsum salt for brewing added to soften the water.
Mash the malts in a bag in 3 gallons of water with the 1 tsp. of gypsum brewing salts added.
DO an acid rest at 90 - 95 F for at least 20 mins. to help the ph along.
Raise to 156 F for 45 mins.
Raise to 170 F and hold for 10 mins.
as possible, without getting the cloudy stuff. Use heavy rubber gloves.
Add in the extracts and bring to boil.
also in bags: 7 grams of cascade and 20 grams of Saaz. for 60 mins.
20 grams of Saaz for 45 mins.
10 grams of Saaz for 15 mins.
Give these hop bags a good squeeze too.
After fermentation starts keep the fermenter around 65 F.
After fermentation rack off for a week, and then rack off again.
Keep the secondary fermenters cool. Bottle after a month.
Made a superb old world style Czech lager.
Wonderfully crisp and clean with that lovely Saaz hoppiness.
Yummy!...I think. It's still fermenting.
Mash the grains in 2.5 gallons at 150 F for 75 minutes and sparge with water at 150 F to reach 6 gallons.
Add the extract and molasses and bring to boil. Boil the Bullion hops for 60 mins.
Boil the Fuggles for 30 mins.
Chill quickly down to 70 F . Original Gravity was 9.1. Pitch the yeast without a starter.
This brew is still in the fermenter, so it's a month away.
The idea with this beer is to see what happens to a pale ale malt base layered with the rich Choco malt and molasses and then the old world hops for a more complex finish than a hard hopped IPA.
Will update when the first bottle is popped.


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Müller Dairy creates new jobs at yoghurt facility in Shropshire
Up to 50 new jobs are to be created in Shropshire at centres for production of yoghurt and chilled desserts owned by Müller Dairy.
The new roles at Müller's Telford and Minsterley facilities follow strong growth in demand for the private label yoghurt and desserts produced at these sites. The Company recently announced the potential loss of 43 posts in Market Drayton as part of a review of operational efficiencies, and is ensuring that those who may be affected are offered the opportunity to transfer.
Commenting on the announcement, Roger Emery, Müller Dairy's Operations Director, said, "We are excited by the growth in private label yoghurts and desserts and delighted to be able to create these new posts at Telford and Minsterley.
"We are offering careers in a business which continues to develop and aims to be the best dairy company in the UK.
"We currently employ almost 1,000 people in Shropshire and we intend to continue to build our business in the area."
Müller will host recruitment stands at jobs fairs in Telford, Manchester and Northampton throughout July, along with recruitment advertising and internal notices aimed at existing employees.
Müller Dairy is the UK's leading branded yoghurt manufacturer, with major brands such as Müller Corner, Müllerlight and Müller Rice.
Müller Dairy also supplies the UK private label yoghurt market from its yoghurt facility in Telford, Shropshire.
By Victoria White
Source: new food


text:
Highlighting an Undervalued Gold Company
By Stephen Leeb • January 26, 2018
Pretium Resources (NYSE:PVG) one of our favorite small gold companies is presenting investors with a gift. The deep decline the stock has experienced this week is a "golden" chance to add to positions in a company whose current price we expect to multiply several times in the longer term.
Though the stock sports a gain of over 60 percent from our initial recommendation in July 2015, the current price is a chance to add to positions or to take initial positions if you missed our initial recommendation.
Quality Management and Attractive Assets
Pretium's Chairman is Robert Quartermain, equally gifted as geologist and manager and a man of unquestioned integrity is an iconic figure in the world of the development of precious metal ventures. The recent drop came on the heels of what analysts interpreted as disappointing results for the fourth quarter, which was the second quarter of production for its Brucejack mine, located in British Columbia, Canada. Gold produced was a somewhat lower than in the third quarter, which was the first quarter of production.
If anything, the sharp downdraft in the stock is testimony to how close the project has run to its timetable. Thus, even a hint that the project was not proceeding in a perfectly linear fashion was taken as a near catastrophe.
The initial quarters of production, while dedicated to producing profits, are also being used to put into place mechanisms for maximizing long-term returns. Important in this process is setting up systems that manage grades of ore so that the company has as much control of the amount gold (and silver) produced per quarter as possible. Establishing grade management, which is essential in maximizing returns in a mine whose current life expectancy is about 18 years, is not necessarily consistent with consistent increases in production in the earliest stages.
Noteworthy, is that the "miss" in production should not be deemed in any way a disappointment. In any underground mining project, it is the nature of the beast that small obstacles are nearly impossible to avoid in the very early stages.
Company Undervalued
In the wake of the recent drop PVG's market cap has fallen to 1.36 billion. Based on a gold price of $1400, the after tax net present value of the mine remains about $2.4 billion. At gold $2000 the figure would be approximately $4 billion. Over the next 18 years even $2000 would be a huge downside surprise for me.
Bluejack is just the first project of several the company plans on the area it controls in British Columbia. In conjunction with Bluejack. In the early part of next decade the company will begin to develop Snowfield, a mine whose potential could exceed that of Brucejack. Beyond Brucejack and Snowfield there is the Browser area, where initial explorations have revealed extremely high gold grades, which could also have exceptional potential.
This year will be the company's first full year of production. We expect free cash flow to exceed $200 million or a free cash flow yield of about 15 percent. How many companies – mining or otherwise – can boast of a FCF yield of 15 percent after only one year. If you have another example, please let us know. In the meantime, take advantage of an exceptional beginning of the year gift.
Benefiting from Solar Tariffs
Recently President Trump announced import tariffs on solar modules. While these tariffs may have a deleterious effect on the growth of solar in the U.S., one company will likely benefit. First Solar (NASDQ: FSLR), currently our only solar pick, is the dominant worldwide player in thin-film solar technology, which is unaffected by the tariffs.
More precisely the company's position in the industry is strengthened as the cost of the competing technology will rise. As we have said before, FSLR, though not for the faint-hearted because of its volatility, is one of the strongest companies in the emerging and critical renewable energy industries.
Though there will be bumps along the way, long-term growth – and I mean very long-term, 20 years or more, could approach 20 percent. The tariff ruling makes an already strong buy an even stronger buy.
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Stephen Leeb, Ph.D. is the Chief Investment Strategist of The Complete Investor and Real World Investing.
Dr. Leeb's books have been notable for predicting the secular bull market that started in the 1980s (Getting in on the Ground Floor, Putnam, 1986); the tech stock crash and rise of real assets, including oil and gold (Defying the Market: Profiting in the Turbulent Post-Technology Market Boom, McGraw-Hill, 1999); and the surge in oil prices (The Oil Factor: Protect Yourself and Profit from the Coming Energy Crisis, Warner Books, 2004). His national bestseller, The Coming Economic Collapse: How You Can Thrive When Oil Costs $200 a Barrel (Warner Books, 2006), co-authored with Glen Strathy, outlined the biggest challenges facing the US economy, and accurately predicted the 2008 sub prime mortgage crisis as well as the vicious subsequent economic cycle requiring massive infusions of government stimulus, near zero interest rates and much higher federal debt levels. Game Over: How You Can Prosper in a Shattered Economy (Business Plus, 2009) predicted a permanent peak in global commodity production. Dr. Leeb's eighth and latest book, Red Alert (Hachette, 2011), outlined China's growing prosperity and the ways in which its demands on increasingly scarce resources threaten the American way of life.
Among his many speaking engagements, he has been the keynote speaker at both a JPMorgan Chase energy conference and a Royal Bank of Canada commodities conference.
Dr. Leeb received his bachelor's degree in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business. He then earned his master's degree in Mathematics and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Illinois in just three years, an academic record that stands to date. He is frequently quoted in the financial media, including Investors Business Daily, USA Today, Business Week, The New York Times, NPR and The Wall Street Journal. In addition, Dr. Leeb is a regular guest on Fox News, Bloomberg, CNN and Neil Cavuto.


Maybe we have been living in a well all these while but the wife and I are rather impressed by the marketing efforts from the folks who are developing/marketing Quartermile in Edinburgh.
And even a monthly newsletter on the latest happenings at the development?
Some may deem us naïve but such proactive engagements do help inject confidence to both existing owners and potential buyers about the development. Maybe something for our local developers to think about?
No Comment to " Now this is what we call a marketing campaign! "


How Can We Increase Likes On Facebook: As a result of modifications on Facebook, the natural reach of organisation posts are down. This implies that fewer people are seeing exactly what you're posting from your service account. Consequently, you're obtaining less likes on your posts, photos, and also Facebook page. Small business proprietors who market their business on Facebook are enduring but there are methods to utilize Facebook for organisation that make it worth your time.
posts about organisation promotions and upcoming occasions aren't efficient unless people see them on Facebook. What can you do to obtain even more likes and shares on your Facebook posts?
Shareable content includes posts, images, and updates that people will like as well as share on Facebook. Shareable content engages users to like and also share the info on their own Newsfeeds. The more likes and also shares a post has, the a lot more it will certainly turn up in individuals' Newsfeeds.
Individuals engage and also share web content that they could connect to or desire other individuals to see. Skip the meaningless posts about the weather condition and also Post something that individuals wish to know, learn about, or see! Share article, images, graphics, as well as info from your blog, Instagram account, or industry resources-- helpful, relevant content will certainly engage new consumers.
Hashtags are a terrific way to get your organisation posts discovered by people who are interested in the topic you're posting about. Customers wanting to streamline information regarding a particular subject or occasion look for hashtags on Facebook and also various other social networks websites. Facebook curates a list of trending hashtags that are getting a lot of focus.
Labeling people or other business web pages in your Facebook posts will increase the reach of your posts. a post that has consumers or services tagged in it will turn up in the Newsfeeds of friends and fans of the labelled customers. Marking people or businesses will certainly enhance the variety of individuals who see, like, and also share the Post.


Continuing our series of Landmarks within easy reach from major UK cities, we've chosen a handful of special Landmarks that are less than a three-hour drive from Glasgow.
For further inspiration, browse all our Scottish Landmarks here, or all those in northern England here. Read our previous blogs on historic escapes within easy reach of Leeds, or London, and look out for our next instalment coming soon.
Designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh at the time he was doing his very best work, the delightful Mackintosh Building sits in the heart of Comrie, Perthshire. Only a short drive from Perth or Stirling, Comrie is a typical highland town, with a whitewashed church and a small square – on the corner of which stands this distinguished, surprising building.
The light and airy first floor flat retains much characteristic Mackintosh detailing. The comfortable sitting room runs unto the projecting turret, or tourelle, which Mackintosh added to the outer angle of the building in a nod towards Scottish Baronial architecture. From these spacious rooms you can soak in views of the River Earn and wooded hills beyond.
One hour five minutes from Glasgow. Sleeps 4.
Four nights from £221, equivalent to less than £14 per person per night.
Recently upgraded with a new heating system, brand new bathroom and new double bedroom, Tangy Mill on the Mull of Kintyre is one of our most remote and atmospheric Landmarks.
The whitewashed 19th-century watermill still retains the dressing, drying, hoisting and grinding machinery, the stones and shuts and the backshot wheel of its former life – and you live and sleep amongst it. Perched on the bank of the fast flowing burn, the nearby coastline, mountains and lochs may at times be weathered and wild but are always majestic.
Three hours from Glasgow. Sleeps 6.
Four nights from £346, equivalent to less than £15 per person per night.
Built in 1590 and improved in the 18th century, Castle of Park's deceptively austere exterior hides light and spacious rooms. Living within these walls gives a very different impression of the life of a Jacobean laird from the stony shells of so many less fortunate and abandoned towers in Scotland today.
After standing empty for over a century, our sensitive restoration created comfortable living spaces – a fine fireplace survives in the 30 foot long hall, which can now be admired from our signature snug linen covered armchairs. A house perfect for games of hide and seek, a favourite spot is the little room at the top of the wide main stair, situated in its own tower, from which you can glimpse the sea.
Two hours ten minutes from Glasgow. Sleeps 7.
Recently recommended by The Guardian for a winter weekend away, Causeway House is the only house in Northumberland still thatched with heather. Situated on a Roman road on the edge of the Northumberland National Park and near Hadrian's Wall, this little cottage is full of history. Built in 1770, the original arrangement of living room on one side of the cross-wall and byre for cattle on the other, with a loft above, survives. The loft is now a warm-weather twin bedroom, where you fall sleep admiring the knotted tent-like thatch in canopied four post beds.
Two hours five minutes from Glasgow. Sleeps 2+2.
Set among the imposing ruins of 14th-century fortifications, the present Rosslyn Castle dates to 1622. A most dramatic Landmark, the Castle is implausibly perched on the edge of a river gorge - the ancient woodland Roslin Glen - and is just a short walk away from the famous Rosslyn Chapel.
The Castle, reached along narrow lanes and by crossing a stone bridge, is a comfortable house with elegant panelled rooms, a fine moulded plaster ceiling in the sitting room and views of the treetops from every room. There is a sense of drama about the site - on one side it is a two storey building, on the other it drops five storeys down the side of the rock to reach the ground 60 feet below.
Just over seven miles from the centre of Edinburgh (with regular bus services into town), it is possible to, in one weekend, enjoy long walks and country pursuits along the picturesque valley and take in the highlights of the Scottish capital. All by public transport.
One hour from Glasgow. Sleeps 6.
Without a roof when Landmark first took it on, 18th-century Coop House near Carlisle is atmospherically perched on the edge of the River Esk. It stands on a high unfenced platform which once was at the end of a stone weir, in front of which coops (or traps) where set to catch salmon. While the weir was a practical improvement introduced by a progressive landowner, Coop House itself was – and remains – likely built simply as an ornament in the landscape, a summerhouse from which to enjoy fine views of the river. From cosy comfort of the polygonal main room with three large windows, you can enjoy babbling river whatever the weather.
One hour 40 minutes from Glasgow. Sleeps 3.
An eccentric 18th-century summerhouse built in the shape of an exotic fruit, The Pineapple is one of our most iconic Landmarks. Began in 1761 as a one storey pavilion, the fruity dome was added after 1777 by Lord Dunmore on his return from serving as Governor of Virginia.
You live in simple rooms either side of the grand dome, venturing outside to get from one side to another, which were once stone bothies lived in by gardeners. Built of the very finest masonry, the summerhouse presides over an immense walled garden open to the public and run by the National Trust for Scotland – though a more secluded, private garden behind the prickly building awaits you as well.
45 minutes from Glasgow. Sleeps 4.


Alexandria, VA (March 12, 2013) – The Sullivan Alliance to Transform the Health Professions (The Sullivan Alliance) has been awarded a new two-year grant to support their continuing work to increase the diversity of the health professions workforce. This grant, provided by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation (Kellogg Foundation), will make it possible for The Sullivan Alliance to focus on expanding the numbers of minority dentists and mid-level dental providers in the United States.
Dental disease is the number one chronic childhood disease. Much of it is preventable with access to proper treatment. Yet, currently there aren't enough dentists to serve many poor and rural areas. Emergency room visits were the first line of treatment for 830,000 people in 2009. And in 2010, more than 14 million lower income children received no dental care at all.
The lack of minorities within the health professions is considered one of the major contributors to health disparities – and significant disparities exist within the dental and allied dental workforce. Minorities are disproportionately underrepresented compared to their numbers in the general population. Currently only 7% of dentists are underrepresented minorities.
One in three Americans is a member of a racial or ethnic minority group, with African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and American Indians making up more than a quarter of the nation's population. The U.S. Census Bureau predicts that by 2042, there will be no majority population in the United States.
The W.K. Kellogg Foundation (WKKF), founded in 1930 as an independent, private foundation by breakfast cereal pioneer, Will Keith Kellogg, is among the largest philanthropic foundations in the United States. Guided by the belief that all children should have an equal opportunity to thrive, WKKF works with communities to create conditions for vulnerable children so they can realize their full potential in school, work and life. The Kellogg Foundation is based in Battle Creek, Mich., and works throughout the United States and internationally, as well as with sovereign tribes. Special emphasis is paid to priority places where there are high concentrations of poverty and where children face significant barriers to success. WKKF priority places in the U.S. are in Michigan, Mississippi, New Mexico and New Orleans; and internationally, are in Mexico and Haiti. For more information, visit www.wkkf.org.


Increasing adult involvement in exercise was a key priority for the HEBS in 1995. Featuring Gavin Hastings a Scottish sportsman, the campaign changed the perception of walking as exercise, (56% felt it was valuable against 20% feeling that way before the campaign) and changed behaviour, (50% respondents 10 weeks after said they were now more physically active). Consumers were also aware of the advertising and the proposition. Financial return on investment appeared to be in the region of over 500%.


text:
За́лман Миха́йлович Бененсо́н (1922—2006) — военный конструктор.

Крупный советский, российский учёный в теории:
 автоматизированных систем управления;
 радиолокационных измерений;
 цифровой обработки сигналов;
 создания больших комплексов программ реального времени;
 автоматизации проектирования электронных схем;
 численного моделирования физических процессов;
 разработки аппаратуры для ультразвуковой медицинской диагностики.
Автор работ в области обработки радиолокационной информации; программной инженерии, работ по численному моделированию и оптимизации на ЭВМ электронных схем; работ по моделированию физических процессов: дифракции волновых полей, адаптивной оптике и обращению волновых фронтов (ОВФ).
Автор оригинальных методов цифровой обработки сигналов для ультразвуковой медицинской диагностической аппаратуры.

Биография

Начало творческого пути
Родился 4 марта 1922 года в Борисове (ныне Минская область, Беларусь) в семье служащего. В 1939 году поступил на механико-математический факультет МГУ. В 1942 году после окончания 3-х курсов МГУ добровольно вступил в РККА и был направлен на курсы командиров Красной Армии. В том же году по приказу Верховного Главнокомандования был направлен на учёбу в Артиллерийскую академию РККА имени Ф. Э. Дзержинского, которую с отличием окончил в 1944 году по специальности «Электромеханические ПУАЗО» с присвоением звания инженер-капитан.

На действительной службе в Вооружённых силах СССР З. М. Бененсон находился в 1942 — 1977 годах, инженер-полковник.

Работа в НИИ-5
В 1944 году З. М. Бененсона направили на работу в Научно-исследовательскую лабораторию артиллерийского приборостроения Красной Армии (НИЛАП КА). Впоследствии НИЛАП КА была преобразована в институт № 5 Главного артиллерийского управления МО СССР (ныне ОАО Московский НИИ приборной автоматики (МНИИПА)), где он работал по 1970 год.

После окончания Великой Отечественной войны Залман Михайлович заочно продолжил учёбу на мехмате МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова и успешно завершил её в 1946 году. В 1947 году З. М. Бененсон сдал кандидатский минимум и успешно защитил кандидатскую диссертацию по спецтеме в МВТУ имени Н. Э. Баумана.

В 1940—1950 годах во всём мире для борьбы с высоколетящими целями разрабатывались приборы управления зенитным артиллерийским огнём (ПУАЗО). З. М. Бененсон разработал теорию сглаживания погрешностей в нелинейно изменяющихся упреждениях координат цели, обосновал целесообразность нового построения схем ПУАЗО. Его предложение получило одобрение, и в 1947 году он был назначен официальным руководителем разработки ПУАЗО-57. В 1949 году ПУАЗО-57 успешно прошёл государственные испытания с присвоением наименования ПУАЗО-5. В то же время в 1949 году предприятиям НИИ-20 и НИИ-5 было выдано задание усовершенствовать ПУАЗО-5. Назначили двух главных конструкторов: К. Н. Богданова от НИИ-20 и З. М. Бененсона от НИИ-5.. Комплекс ПУАЗО-5 был предшественником знаменитого ЗРК «Тор».

В основополагающей работе Н. Винера «Кибернетика», вышедшей в свет в 1948 году, даётся краткое описание статистической гипотезы о законе движения самолёта за время полёта зенитного снаряда, определяемом его корреляционной функцией. Это описание отражает работы Винера над математическим аппаратом для систем наведения зенитного огня, в результате которых в годы Второй мировой войны была создана действенная вероятностная модель управления силами ПВО США. В разработке ПУАЗО-5 ещё до выхода в свет упомянутой работы Н. Винера З. М. Бененсоном было предложено собственное оригинальное решение задачи о точке встречи снаряда с целью, причём координаты цели вычислялись сразу в сферической системе координат. Предложенное решение позволяло отказаться от применения ламповых операционных усилителей, что дало возможность достичь высочайшего уровня надёжности этого изделия. В работе над ПУАЗО-5 коллективом НИЛАП под руководством З. М. Бененсона совершенно независимо от американских и английских исследований были проделаны всесторонние теоретические, технические и конструкторские разработки систем предсказания и сглаживания, а также систем управления с обратной связью.

Во второй половине 1950-х годов З. М. Бененсон был главным конструктором радиооптического гиростабилизированного приборного комплекса управления огнём 57-мм зенитного орудия самоходной установки ЗСУ-57-2. Эта разработка представляла собой радиоприборный комплекс, который впервые в мировой практике зенитного приборостроения обеспечивал стрельбу по воздушным целям на ходу. Комплекс проектировался на базе аналоговой техники и был предназначен для поражения низколетящих целей. В дальнейшем подобные приборы стали широко использоваться (например, в ЗСУ-23-4 «Шилка»).

В 1953 году институту была задана ОКР под шифром «Воздух-1» — первая территориальная автоматизированная система оповещения, управления и наведения истребительной авиации. Основой комплекса «Воздух-1» была аппаратура для решения задачи наведения истребителей-перехватчиков (ИП) «Каскад». В этой работе З. М. Бененсоном было аргументировано решение о переходе на аналитические методы решения задачи о точке встречи ИП с целью на базе электромеханических и счётно-решающих приборов. В 1957 году аппаратура «Каскад» успешно прошла испытания и стала серийно выпускаться.

В 1956 году в Артиллерийской академии имени Ф. Э. Дзержинского З. М. Бененсон успешно защитил докторскую диссертацию по спецтеме.

В 1960 году директором НИИ-5 и генеральным конструктором разработки единого комплекса управления войсками ПВО СССР в тактическом соединении (шифр «Электрон») был назначен выдающийся учёный, д.т. н., профессор А. Л. Лившиц. Заместителем директора по науке и первым заместителем генерального конструктора стал З. М. Бененсон (на этой должности он находился по 1970 год).

В этот период в институте были созданы и приняты на вооружение АСУ «Электрон» и комплекс автоматизированного управления средствами ПВО страны в тактическом соединении на базе цифровой вычислительной техники «Луч-1». «Луч-1» являлся первой в СССР крупной автоматизированной системой цифровой обработки радиолокационной информации и управления, содержавшей комплекс программ в сотни тысяч команд. При создании комплекса «Луч-1» З. М. Бененсоном была выдвинута идея использования математических методов оптимизации ресурсов для получения автоматического целераспределения. В соответствии с разработанной З. М. Бененсоном идеологией построения АСУ был реализован целый ряд базовых принципов и методов построения больших комплексов программ реального времени. Многие из принятых решений оказались универсальными для вычислительных систем реального времени различного назначения. Именно З. М. Бененсон создал в МНИИПА научную школу проектирования территориальных АСУ ПВО.

В 1962 году З. М. Бененсону было присвоено учёное звание «профессор» по специальности «Системы управления». В 1962 — 1971 годах З. М. Бененсон — профессор АВТФ МЭИ, автор курсов лекций по теории кодирования и методам обработки радиолокационной информации. C 1971 по 2006 г. — профессор ФУПМ МФТИ.

Свои широкие знания профессор З. М. Бененсон в течение многих лет передавал молодому поколению исследователей и учёных, среди его воспитанников более 40 докторов и кандидатов наук.

Работа в ЦКБ «Алмаз»
В 1970 — 1985 годах работал заведующим лабораторией в ЦКБ «Алмаз» имени А. А. Расплетина.

В 70—80-х годах XX века в мировой электронной промышленности происходил переход на новую технологическую базу. На смену транзисторам пришли схемы средней и большой интеграции и микропроцессоры. Стал актуальным вопрос создания систем автоматизации проектирования (САПР) радиоэлектронных устройств (РЭУ). В это время под руководством и при активном участии З. М. Бененсона был разработан комплекс программ анализа и оптимизации электронных схем «КАПР-Э».

З. М. Бененсоном были разработаны принципы построения математических моделей РЭУ в САПР, предложены универсальные алгоритмы анализа нелинейных радиоэлектронных схем и электрических цепей по методу динамического программирования, разработан метод решения задачи оптимизации и моделирования теплового режима РЭУ, разработаны оригинальные алгоритмы решения систем линейных и нелинейных алгебраических уравнений РЭУ. По результатам этих работ была написана монография.

В это же время З. М. Бененсоном был выполнен ряд работ, связанных с численным моделированием на ЭВМ физических процессов. Впервые было проведено теоретическое исследование и численное моделирование вынужденного рассеяния Мандельштама-Бриллюэна (ВРМБ) в «бегущем режиме». Был предсказан эффект изменения спектра стоксова сигнала в среде с неоднородностями показателя преломления.

Совместно с сотрудниками ИОФАН было проведено экспериментальное наблюдение ВРМБ в стеклянном волоконном световоде и воде в «бегущем» режиме. Полученные в этих работах результаты показывают, что режим бегущего ВРМБ может быть использован для дистанционного зондирования как случайных, так и регулярных неоднородностей среды.

Работа в НСК РАН и ВЦ РАН
В 1985 — 2005 годах З. М. Бененсон работал в должности заведующего лабораторией в Научном совете по комплексной проблеме «Кибернетика» АН СССР и РАН, а с января 2005 по июль 2006 года — руководителем отдела в отделении «Кибернетика» в ВЦ РАН.

В 1989 году в связи с начавшейся конверсией военного производства началась разработка отечественного ультразвукового медицинского диагностического прибора экспертного класса под условным названием «Узор». В качестве прототипа для создаваемого изделия был выбран прибор Ultramark-9HDI американской компании «ATL Ultrasound». Был оформлен госзаказ Министерства здравоохранения СССР. Головной организацией по разработке стало ЦКБ «Алмаз», а куратором проекта был назначен академик Б. В. Бункин. К сожалению, наступившие вскоре распад страны, экономические потрясения и развал промышленности не позволили выполнить проект в полном объёме. Была разработана линейка ультразвуковых сканеров среднего класса, выпускаемых под торговой маркой «Сономед» (производитель — ЗАО «Спектромед» ).

Лаборатории З. М. Бененсона, входившей тогда в НСК РАН, были поручены работы по теоретической проработке и моделированию алгоритмов формирования луча акустической фазированной решётки. Это задание послужило толчком для обширной и плодотворной научной деятельности на протяжении многих последующих лет. Наряду с традиционными алгоритмами фокусировки ультразвука были исследованы оригинальные методы ультразвукового сканирования и формирования луча, позволяющие значительно повысить диагностическую эффективность систем УЗИ.

В этот период были разработаны методы адаптивной динамической фокусировки сигналов, призванных улучшить разрешающую способность ультразвуковых сканеров, а также уменьшить время получения изображения. Методы обработки сигналов двумерной ультразвуковой фазированной решётки и методы быстрого трёхмерного сканирования с высоким разрешением решают актуальную проблему увеличения скорости получения трёхмерного изображения: разработанный подход позволяет получать до 100 объёмных изображений в секунду по сравнению с ~10, получаемыми в существовавших в то время системах трёхмерной визуализации. Были предложены методы адаптивного подавления фазовых аберраций, в том числе и неизопланатических. Исследовались методы улучшения энергетических характеристик сигналов без увеличения пиковой мощности посредством использования ЛЧМ-сигналов. Была теоретически обоснована и экспериментально проверена возможность использования модулированных сигналов для среды с нелинейным распространением волны. Разработан ряд методов подавления шумов некогерентных изображений (как ультразвуковых после детектирования сигналов, так и рентгеновских). Полученные результаты опубликованы в ведущих отечественных и зарубежных изданиях. В частности, методу адаптивной динамической фокусировки посвящена центральная статья в наиболее престижном в данной области журнале «IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control».

Исследования в области медицинской визуализации под руководством З. М. Бененсона были начаты и продолжаются в сотрудничестве с производителями ультразвукового диагностического оборудования (американская компания «ATL Ultrasound», отечественная фирма ООО ПКФ «Изомед»  и др.), с медицинскими учреждениями (Московский маммологический диспансер, РНЦХ РАМН ), с научными организациями (Биоакустическая лаборатория Иллинойсского университета ). Исследования в данной области З. М. Бененсон проводил все последние годы своей жизни. В настоящее время эти работы продолжаются его учениками в ВЦ РАН.

Научную деятельность З. М. Бененсона характеризует широта интересов в сочетании с цельностью научного мировоззрения, а также умение доводить научные исследования до практического результата. Важным направлением научных интересов Залмана Михайловича было создание универсальных математических методов решения задач в различных областях науки и техники: таких как кибернетика, радиолокация, оптика, рентгеновская и ультразвуковая визуализация. На протяжении многих лет он постоянно совмещал работу над очень несхожими между собой темами, и в каждой из них добивался таких результатов, которые сделали бы честь любому узкому специалисту в данной конкретной области.

З. М. Бененсон скончался 4 июля 2006 года. Похоронен в Москве на Перепечинском кладбище.

Награды и премии
 Сталинская премия второй степени (1951) — за работу в области приборостроения (ПУАЗО-5)
 орден «Знак Почёта»
 медали

Публикации
Автор более 130 научных трудов, в том числе 4 монографий и 7 изобретений

Монографии

Статьи в научных журналах

Статьи в специализированных сборниках
З. М. Бененсон, А. Н. Смирнов. Алгоритмы и процессоры обработки сигналов на основе концепции параллельно-конвейерных вычислений // АН СССР, Научный совет по комплексной проблеме «Кибернетика», 30 с. ил. 20 см, Препр. М. Б. и. 1988

Выступления на научных конференциях

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Его статьи на Math-Net.Ru

Преподаватели МЭИ
Преподаватели Московского физико-технического института
Сотрудники ВЦ РАН
Конструкторы СССР
Инженеры СССР
Выпускники Военной академии РВСН имени Петра Великого
Похороненные на Перепечинском кладбище

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


WATCH: Has Thom Yorke Revealed Two New Radiohead Songs?
The Radiohead frontman performed new tracks, Silent Spring and Desert Island Disk in Paris.
Fans are speculating that Thom Yorke debuted two new Radiohead tracks in Paris this weekend. The 47-year-old played the Pathway Through Paris event at Le Trianon, which was organised alongside the city's UN Climate Change Conference.
After telling the crowd he'd be playing two new songs, the Radiohead frontman gave a touching acoustic performance of Silent Spring.
Stumbling halfway through at 2:28, he told the crowd: "This is Jonny's bit, so I can't play it," referring to Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood.
The singer then went on to perform a track called Desert Island Disk, to a captivated audience.
It's no secret that the band have been working on new material together, with Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood putting the record straight after a "mistranslation" led to reports suggesting their album was complete.
Taking to his Twitter he assured fans that they'd made "lots" of material, which they're reviewing and "hope" to tour.
No official statement has been made confirming if the album is now wrapped, but if Silent Spring and Desert Island Disk are anything to go by, we could be looking at another absolute classic Radiohead album!


text:
package de.danoeh.antennapod.dialog;

import android.content.res.TypedArray;
import android.graphics.Color;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuInflater;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import com.joanzapata.iconify.Icon;
import com.joanzapata.iconify.IconDrawable;
import com.joanzapata.iconify.fonts.FontAwesomeIcons;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import de.danoeh.antennapod.R;
import de.danoeh.antennapod.core.dialog.DownloadRequestErrorDialogCreator;
import de.danoeh.antennapod.core.feed.FeedItem;
import de.danoeh.antennapod.core.storage.DBTasks;
import de.danoeh.antennapod.core.storage.DBWriter;
import de.danoeh.antennapod.core.storage.DownloadRequestException;
import de.danoeh.antennapod.core.util.LongList;

public class EpisodesApplyActionFragment extends Fragment {

    public String TAG = "EpisodeActionFragment";

    private ListView mListView;
    private ArrayAdapter<String> mAdapter;

    private Button btnAddToQueue;
    private Button btnMarkAsPlayed;
    private Button btnMarkAsUnplayed;
    private Button btnDownload;
    private Button btnDelete;

    private final Map<Long,FeedItem> idMap;
    private final List<FeedItem> episodes;
    private final List<String> titles = new ArrayList();
    private final LongList checkedIds = new LongList();

    private MenuItem mSelectToggle;

    private int textColor;

    public EpisodesApplyActionFragment(List<FeedItem> episodes) {
        this.episodes = episodes;
        this.idMap = new HashMap<>(episodes.size());
        for(FeedItem episode : episodes) {
            this.idMap.put(episode.getId(), episode);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setHasOptionsMenu(true);
    }

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
                             Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.episodes_apply_action_fragment, container, false);

        mListView = (ListView) view.findViewById(android.R.id.list);
        mListView.setChoiceMode(ListView.CHOICE_MODE_MULTIPLE);
        mListView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
            public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> ListView, View view, int position, long rowId) {
                long id = episodes.get(position).getId();
                if (checkedIds.contains(id)) {
                    checkedIds.remove(id);
                } else {
                    checkedIds.add(id);
                }
                refreshCheckboxes();
            }
        });

        for(FeedItem episode : episodes) {
            titles.add(episode.getTitle());
        }

        mAdapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(getActivity(),
                android.R.layout.simple_list_item_multiple_choice, titles);
        mListView.setAdapter(mAdapter);
        checkAll();

        btnAddToQueue = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.btnAddToQueue);
        btnAddToQueue.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                queueChecked();
            }
        });
        btnMarkAsPlayed = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.btnMarkAsPlayed);
        btnMarkAsPlayed.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                markedCheckedPlayed();
            }
        });
        btnMarkAsUnplayed = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.btnMarkAsUnplayed);
        btnMarkAsUnplayed.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                markedCheckedUnplayed();
            }
        });
        btnDownload = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.btnDownload);
        btnDownload.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                downloadChecked();
            }
        });
        btnDelete = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.btnDelete);
        btnDelete.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                deleteChecked();
            }
        });

        return view;
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu, MenuInflater inflater) {
        super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu, inflater);
        inflater.inflate(R.menu.episodes_apply_action_options, menu);

        int[] attrs = { android.R.attr.textColor };
        TypedArray ta = getActivity().obtainStyledAttributes(attrs);
        textColor = ta.getColor(0, Color.GRAY);
        ta.recycle();

        menu.findItem(R.id.sort).setIcon(new IconDrawable(getActivity(),
                FontAwesomeIcons.fa_sort).color(textColor).actionBarSize());

        mSelectToggle = menu.findItem(R.id.select_toggle);
        mSelectToggle.setOnMenuItemClickListener(new MenuItem.OnMenuItemClickListener() {
            @Override
            public boolean onMenuItemClick(MenuItem item) {
                if (checkedIds.size() == episodes.size()) {
                    checkNone();
                } else {
                    checkAll();
                }
                return true;
            }
        });

        menu.findItem(R.id.select_options).setIcon(new IconDrawable(getActivity(),
                FontAwesomeIcons.fa_caret_down).color(textColor).actionBarSize());
    }

    @Override
    public void onPrepareOptionsMenu (Menu menu) {
        Icon icon;
        if(checkedIds.size() == episodes.size()) {
            icon = FontAwesomeIcons.fa_check_square_o;
        } else if(checkedIds.size() == 0) {
            icon = FontAwesomeIcons.fa_square_o;
        } else {
            icon = FontAwesomeIcons.fa_minus_square_o;
        }
        mSelectToggle.setIcon(new IconDrawable(getActivity(), icon).color(textColor).actionBarSize());

    }

    @Override
    public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
        int resId = 0;
        switch(item.getItemId()) {
            case R.id.select_options:
                return true;
            case R.id.check_all:
                checkAll();
                resId = R.string.selected_all_label;
                break;
            case R.id.check_none:
                checkNone();
                resId = R.string.deselected_all_label;
                break;
            case R.id.check_played:
                checkPlayed(true);
                resId = R.string.selected_played_label;
                break;
            case R.id.check_unplayed:
                checkPlayed(false);
                resId = R.string.selected_unplayed_label;
                break;
            case R.id.check_downloaded:
                checkDownloaded(true);
                resId = R.string.selected_downloaded_label;
                break;
            case R.id.check_not_downloaded:
                checkDownloaded(false);
                resId = R.string.selected_not_downloaded_label;
                break;
            case R.id.sort_title_a_z:
                sortByTitle(false);
                return true;
            case R.id.sort_title_z_a:
                sortByTitle(true);
                return true;
            case R.id.sort_date_new_old:
                sortByDate(true);
                return true;
            case R.id.sort_date_old_new:
                sortByDate(false);
                return true;
            case R.id.sort_duration_long_short:
                sortByDuration(true);
                return true;
            case R.id.sort_duration_short_long:
                sortByDuration(false);
                return true;
        }
        if(resId != 0) {
            Toast.makeText(getActivity(), resId, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    private void sortByTitle(final boolean reverse) {
        Collections.sort(episodes, new Comparator<FeedItem>() {
            @Override
            public int compare(FeedItem lhs, FeedItem rhs) {
                if (reverse) {
                    return -1 * lhs.getTitle().compareTo(rhs.getTitle());
                } else {
                    return lhs.getTitle().compareTo(rhs.getTitle());
                }
            }
        });
        refreshTitles();
        refreshCheckboxes();
    }

    private void sortByDate(final boolean reverse) {
        Collections.sort(episodes, new Comparator<FeedItem>() {
            @Override
            public int compare(FeedItem lhs, FeedItem rhs) {
                if (lhs.getPubDate() == null) {
                    return -1;
                } else if (rhs.getPubDate() == null) {
                    return 1;
                }
                int code = lhs.getPubDate().compareTo(rhs.getPubDate());
                if (reverse) {
                    return -1 * code;
                } else {
                    return code;
                }
            }
        });
        refreshTitles();
        refreshCheckboxes();
    }

    private void sortByDuration(final boolean reverse) {
        Collections.sort(episodes, new Comparator<FeedItem>() {
            @Override
            public int compare(FeedItem lhs, FeedItem rhs) {
                int ordering;
                if (false == lhs.hasMedia()) {
                    ordering = 1;
                } else if (false == rhs.hasMedia()) {
                    ordering = -1;
                } else {
                    ordering = lhs.getMedia().getDuration() - rhs.getMedia().getDuration();
                }
            if(reverse) {
                return -1 * ordering;
            } else {
                return ordering;
            }
        }
    });
        refreshTitles();
        refreshCheckboxes();
    }

    private void checkAll() {
        for (FeedItem episode : episodes) {
            if(false == checkedIds.contains(episode.getId())) {
                checkedIds.add(episode.getId());
            }
        }
        refreshCheckboxes();
    }

    private void checkNone() {
        checkedIds.clear();
        refreshCheckboxes();
    }

    private void checkPlayed(boolean isPlayed) {
        for (FeedItem episode : episodes) {
            if(episode.isPlayed() == isPlayed) {
                if(!checkedIds.contains(episode.getId())) {
                    checkedIds.add(episode.getId());
                }
            } else {
                if(checkedIds.contains(episode.getId())) {
                    checkedIds.remove(episode.getId());
                }
            }
        }
        refreshCheckboxes();
    }

    private void checkDownloaded(boolean isDownloaded) {
        for (FeedItem episode : episodes) {
            if(episode.hasMedia() && episode.getMedia().isDownloaded() == isDownloaded) {
                if(!checkedIds.contains(episode.getId())) {
                    checkedIds.add(episode.getId());
                }
            } else {
                if(checkedIds.contains(episode.getId())) {
                    checkedIds.remove(episode.getId());
                }
            }
        }
        refreshCheckboxes();
    }

    private void refreshTitles() {
        titles.clear();
        for(FeedItem episode : episodes) {
            titles.add(episode.getTitle());
        }
        mAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
    }

    private void refreshCheckboxes() {
        for (int i = 0; i < episodes.size(); i++) {
            FeedItem episode = episodes.get(i);
            boolean checked = checkedIds.contains(episode.getId());
            mListView.setItemChecked(i, checked);
        }
        ActivityCompat.invalidateOptionsMenu(EpisodesApplyActionFragment.this.getActivity());
    }

    private void queueChecked() {
        DBWriter.addQueueItem(getActivity(), episodes.toArray(new FeedItem[0]));
        close();
    }

    private void markedCheckedPlayed() {
        DBWriter.markItemPlayed(FeedItem.PLAYED, checkedIds.toArray());
        close();
    }

    private void markedCheckedUnplayed() {
        DBWriter.markItemPlayed(FeedItem.UNPLAYED, checkedIds.toArray());
        close();
    }

    private void downloadChecked() {
        // download the check episodes in the same order as they are currently displayed
        List<FeedItem> toDownload = new ArrayList<FeedItem>(checkedIds.size());
        for(FeedItem episode : episodes) {
            if(checkedIds.contains(episode.getId())) {
                toDownload.add(episode);
            }
        }
        try {
            DBTasks.downloadFeedItems(getActivity(), toDownload.toArray(new FeedItem[0]));
        } catch (DownloadRequestException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            DownloadRequestErrorDialogCreator.newRequestErrorDialog(getActivity(), e.getMessage());
        }
        close();
    }

    private void deleteChecked() {
        for(long id : checkedIds.toArray()) {
            FeedItem episode = idMap.get(id);
            if(episode.hasMedia()) {
                DBWriter.deleteFeedMediaOfItem(getActivity(), episode.getMedia().getId());
            }
        }
        close();
    }

    private void close() {
        getActivity().getSupportFragmentManager().popBackStack();
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub