text:
3Attributed artworks
4Telegraph
5Relays
6Federal support
7Patent
8.1Anti-Catholic
8.2Pro-slavery
9Later years
9.1Litigation over telegraph patent
9.2Foreign recognition
9.3Transatlantic cable
9.4Last years and death
10Honors and awards
11Patents
(Redirected from Samuel F.B. Morse)
American inventor and painter (1791–1872)
For other uses, see Samuel Morse (disambiguation).
Samual F. B. Morse, c. 1857
Samuel Finley Breese Morse
(1791-04-27)April 27, 1791
Charlestown, Massachusetts, U.S.
April 2, 1872(1872-04-02) (aged 80)
Painter, inventor
The invention and transmission of Morse code
Lucretia Pickering Walker
Sarah Elizabeth Griswold
Jedidiah Morse (father)
Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese (mother)
Sidney Edwards Morse (brother)
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor and painter. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of Morse code and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.
Birthplace of Morse, Charlestown, Massachusetts, c. 1898 photo
Daguerreotype of Samuel Morse Professor of Art while at NYU in 1839. One of the earliest existing American photographs by Dr John William Draper
Samuel F. B. Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the first child of the pastor Jedidiah Morse[1] (1761–1826), who was also a geographer, and his wife Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese (1766–1828).[2] His father was a great preacher of the Calvinist faith and supporter of the Federalist Party. He thought it helped preserve Puritan traditions (strict observance of Sabbath, among other things), and believed in the Federalist support of an alliance with Britain and a strong central government. Morse strongly believed in education within a Federalist framework, alongside the instillation of Calvinist virtues, morals, and prayers for his first son. His first ancestor in America was Anthony Morse, of Marlborough, in Wiltshire, who had emigrated to America in 1635, and settled in Newbury, Massachusetts.[3]
After attending Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Samuel Morse went on to Yale College to study religious philosophy, mathematics, and science. While at Yale, he attended lectures on electricity from Benjamin Silliman and Jeremiah Day and was a member of the Society of Brothers in Unity. He supported himself by painting. In 1810, he graduated from Yale with Phi Beta Kappa honors.
Morse married Lucretia Pickering Walker on September 29, 1818, in Concord, New Hampshire. She died on February 7, 1825, of a heart attack shortly after the birth of their third child.[4] (Susan b. 1819, Charles b. 1823, James b. 1825). He married his second wife, Sarah Elizabeth Griswold on August 10, 1848, in Utica, New York and had four children (Samuel b. 1849, Cornelia b. 1851, William b. 1853, Edward b. 1857).
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Self-portrait of Morse in 1812 (National Portrait Gallery)
Morse expressed some of his Calvinist beliefs in his painting, Landing of the Pilgrims, through the depiction of simple clothing as well as the people's austere facial features. His image captured the psychology of the Federalists; Calvinists from England brought to North America ideas of religion and government, thus linking the two countries.[citation needed] This work attracted the attention of the notable artist, Washington Allston. Allston wanted Morse to accompany him to England to meet the artist Benjamin West. Allston arranged—with Morse's father—a three-year stay for painting study in England. The two men set sail aboard the Libya on July 15, 1811.
In England, Morse perfected his painting techniques under Allston's watchful eye; by the end of 1811, he gained admittance to the Royal Academy. At the academy, he was moved by the art of the Renaissance and paid close attention to the works of Michelangelo and Raphael. After observing and practicing life drawing and absorbing its anatomical demands, the young artist produced his masterpiece, the Dying Hercules. (He first made a sculpture as a study for the painting.)
Dying Hercules, Morse's early masterpiece
To some, the Dying Hercules seemed to represent a political statement against the British and also the American Federalists. The muscles symbolized the strength of the young and vibrant United States versus the British and British-American supporters. During Morse's time in Britain, the Americans and British were engaged in the War of 1812. Both societies were conflicted over loyalties. Anti-Federalist Americans aligned themselves with the French, abhorred the British, and believed a strong central government to be inherently dangerous to democracy.
As the war raged on, Morse's letters to his parents became more anti-Federalist in tone. In one such letter, Morse wrote:
I assert ... that the Federalists in the Northern States have done more injury to their country by their violent opposition measures than a French alliance could. Their proceedings are copied into the English papers, read before Parliament, and circulated through their country, and what do they say of them ... they call them [Federalists] cowards, a base set, say they are traitors to their country and ought to be hanged like traitors.[5]
Jonas Platt, New York politician, by Morse. Oil on canvas, 1828, Brooklyn Museum.
The House of Representatives. Oil on canvass, 1822, National Gallery of Art.
Although Jedidiah Morse did not change Samuel's political views, he continued as an influence. Critics believe that the elder Morse's Calvinist ideas are integral to Morse's Judgment of Jupiter, another significant work completed in England. Jupiter is shown in a cloud, accompanied by his eagle, with his hand spread above the parties and he is pronouncing judgment. Marpessa, with an expression of compunction and shame, is throwing herself into the arms of her husband. Idas, who tenderly loved Marpessa, is eagerly rushing forward to receive her while Apollo stares with surprise.
Critics have suggested that Jupiter represents God's omnipotence—watching every move that is made. Some call the portrait a moral teaching by Morse on infidelity. Although Marpessa fell victim, she realized that her eternal salvation was important and desisted from her wicked ways. Apollo shows no remorse for what he did but stands with a puzzled look. Many American paintings throughout the early nineteenth century had religious themes, and Morse was an early exemplar of this. Judgment of Jupiter allowed Morse to express his support of Anti-Federalism while maintaining his strong spiritual convictions. Benjamin West sought to present the Jupiter at another Royal Academy exhibition, but Morse's time had run out. He left England on August 21, 1815, to return to the United States and begin his full-time career as a painter.
The decade 1815–1825 marked significant growth in Morse's work, as he sought to capture the essence of America's culture and life. He painted the Federalist former President John Adams (1816). The Federalists and Anti-Federalists clashed over Dartmouth College. Morse painted portraits of Francis Brown—the college's president—and Judge Woodward (1817), who was involved in bringing the Dartmouth case before the U.S. Supreme Court.
Morse maintained a studio at 94 Tradd St., Charleston, South Carolina, for a short period.
Morse also sought commissions among the elite of Charleston, South Carolina. Morse's 1818 painting of Mrs. Emma Quash symbolized the opulence of Charleston. The young artist was doing well for himself. Between 1819 and 1821, Morse went through great changes in his life, including a decline in commissions due to the Panic of 1819.
Morse was commissioned to paint President James Monroe in 1820. He embodied Jeffersonian democracy by favoring the common man over the aristocrat.
Morse had moved to New Haven. His commissions for The House of Representatives (1821) and a portrait of the Marquis de Lafayette (1825) engaged his sense of democratic nationalism.[citation needed] The House of Representatives was designed to capitalize on the success of François Marius Granet's The Capuchin Chapel in Rome, which toured the United States extensively throughout the 1820s, attracting audiences[6] willing to pay the 25-cent admission fee.
The Chapel of the Virgin at Subiaco, 1830
The artist chose to paint the House of Representatives, in a similar way, with careful attention to architecture and dramatic lighting. He also wished to select a uniquely American topic that would bring glory to the young nation. His subject did just that, showing American democracy in action. He traveled to Washington D.C. to draw the architecture of the new Capitol and placed eighty individuals within the painting. He chose to portray a night scene, balancing the architecture of the Rotunda with the figures, and using lamplight to highlight the work. Pairs of people, those who stood alone, individuals bent over their desks working, were each painted simply but with faces of character. Morse chose nighttime to convey that Congress' dedication to the principles of democracy transcended day.
The House of Representatives failed to draw a crowd when exhibited in New York City in 1823. By contrast, John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence had won popular acclaim a few years earlier. Viewers may have felt that the architecture of The House of Representatives overshadows the individuals, making it hard to appreciate the drama of what was happening.
Portrait of Marquis de Lafayette
Portrait of Lafayette
Morse was honored to paint the Marquis de Lafayette, the leading French supporter of the American Revolution. He felt compelled to paint a grand portrait of the man who helped to establish a free and independent America. He features Lafayette against a magnificent sunset. He has positioned Lafayette to the right of three pedestals: one has a bust of Benjamin Franklin, another of George Washington, and the third seems reserved for Lafayette. A peaceful woodland landscape below him symbolized American tranquility and prosperity as it approached the age of fifty. The developing friendship between Morse and Lafayette and their discussions of the Revolutionary War affected the artist after his return to New York City.
In 1826, he helped found the National Academy of Design in New York City. He served as the academy's president from 1826 to 1845 and again from 1861 to 1862.
From 1830 to 1832, Morse traveled and studied in Europe to improve his painting skills, visiting Italy, Switzerland, and France. During his time in Paris, he developed a friendship with the writer James Fenimore Cooper.[7] As a project, he painted miniature copies of 38 of the Louvre's famous paintings on a single canvas (6 ft. x 9 ft), which he entitled The Gallery of the Louvre. He completed the work upon his return to the United States.
In 1832, after his return to the United States, Morse was appointed professor of painting and sculpture at the University of the City of New York, now New York University.[8]
On a subsequent visit to Paris in 1839, Morse met Louis Daguerre. He became interested in the latter's daguerreotype—the first practical means of photography.[9] Morse wrote a letter to the New York Observer describing the invention, which was published widely in the American press and provided broad awareness of the new technology.[10] Mathew Brady, one of the earliest photographers in American history, famous for his depictions of the Civil War, initially studied under Morse and later took photographs of him.
Some of Morse's paintings and sculptures are on display at his Locust Grove estate in Poughkeepsie, New York.[11]
Morse artworks
Captain Demaresque of Gloucester, Massachusetts, Princeton University Art Museum
Portrait of John Adams
The Gallery of the Louvre 1831–33
Portrait of James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (c. 1819)
Eli Whitney, inventor, 1822. Yale University Art Gallery
Chart of Colors, drawn to illustrate his palette of colors
Attributed artworks
1820 Latham Avery (c. 1820), oil on canvas (attributed to Samuel F. B. Morse) view Subject: lived 1775–1845; husband of Betsey Wood Lester (m. 1816). IAP 8E110005
1820 Mrs. Latham Avery (c. 1820), oil on canvas (attributed to Samuel F. B. Morse) Subject: Betsey Wood Lester (1787–1837). IAP 8E110006
Original Samuel Morse telegraph
While returning by ship from Europe in 1832, Morse encountered Charles Thomas Jackson of Boston, a man who was well schooled in electromagnetism. Witnessing various experiments with Jackson's electromagnet, Morse developed the concept of a single-wire telegraph. He set aside his painting, The Gallery of the Louvre.[12] The original Morse telegraph, submitted with his patent application, is part of the collections of the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution.[13] In time, the Morse code that he developed would become the primary language of telegraphy in the world. It is still the standard for rhythmic transmission of data.
Meanwhile, William Cooke and Professor Charles Wheatstone had learned of the Wilhelm Weber and Carl Gauss electromagnetic telegraph in 1833. They had reached the stage of launching a commercial telegraph prior to Morse, despite starting later. In England, Cooke became fascinated by electrical telegraphy in 1836, four years after Morse. Aided by his greater financial resources, Cooke abandoned his primary subject of anatomy and built a small electrical telegraph within three weeks. Wheatstone also was experimenting with telegraphy and (most importantly) understood that a single large battery would not carry a telegraphic signal over long distances. He theorized that numerous small batteries were far more successful and efficient in this task. (Wheatstone was building on the primary research of Joseph Henry, an American physicist.) Cooke and Wheatstone formed a partnership and patented the electrical telegraph in May 1837, and within a short time had provided the Great Western Railway with a 13-mile (21 km) stretch of telegraph. However, within a few years, Cooke and Wheatstone's multiple-wire signaling method would be overtaken by Morse's cheaper method.
In an 1848 letter to a friend, Morse describes how vigorously he fought to be called the sole inventor of the electromagnetic telegraph despite the previous inventions.[14]
I have been so constantly under the necessity of watching the movements of the most unprincipled set of pirates I have ever known, that all my time has been occupied in defense, in putting evidence into something like legal shape that I am the inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph! Would you have believed it ten years ago that a question could be raised on that subject?
—  S. Morse.[15]
Leonard Gale, who helped Morse achieve the technological breakthrough of getting the telegraphic signal to travel long distances over wire
Morse encountered the problem of getting a telegraphic signal to carry over more than a few hundred yards of wire. His breakthrough came from the insights of Professor Leonard Gale, who taught chemistry at New York University (he was a personal friend of Joseph Henry). With Gale's help, Morse introduced extra circuits or relays at frequent intervals and was soon able to send a message through ten miles (16 km) of wire. This was the great breakthrough he had been seeking.[16] Morse and Gale were soon joined by Alfred Vail, an enthusiastic young man with excellent skills, insights, and money.
At the Speedwell Ironworks in Morristown, New Jersey on January 11, 1838, Morse and Vail made the first public demonstration of the electric telegraph. Although Morse and Alfred Vail had done most of the research and development in the ironworks facilities, they chose a nearby factory house as the demonstration site. Without the repeater, Morse devised a system of electromagnetic relays. This was the key innovation, as it freed the technology from being limited by distance in sending messages.[17] The range of the telegraph was limited to two miles (3.2 km), and the inventors had pulled two miles (3.2 km) of wires inside the factory house through an elaborate scheme. The first public transmission, with the message, "A patient waiter is no loser", was witnessed by a mostly local crowd.[17]
Morse traveled to Washington, D.C. in 1838 seeking federal sponsorship for a telegraph line but was not successful. He went to Europe, seeking both sponsorship and patents, but in London discovered that Cooke and Wheatstone had already established priority. After his return to the US, Morse finally gained financial backing by Maine congressman Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith. This funding may be the first instance of government support to a private researcher, especially funding for applied (as opposed to basic or theoretical) research.[18]
Morse made his last trip to Washington, D.C., in December 1842, stringing "wires between two committee rooms in the Capitol, and sent messages back and forth" to demonstrate his telegraph system.[19] Congress appropriated $30,000 (equivalent to $872,000 in 2021) in 1843 for construction of an experimental 38-mile (61 km) telegraph line between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore along the right-of-way of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.[20] An impressive demonstration occurred on May 1, 1844, when news of the Whig Party's nomination of Henry Clay for U.S. president was telegraphed from the party's convention in Baltimore to the Capitol Building in Washington.[20]
Plaque at the first telegraph office
On May 24, 1844, the line was officially opened as Morse sent the now-famous words, "What hath God wrought," from the Supreme Court chamber in the basement of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C., to the B&O's Mount Clare Station in Baltimore.[21] Annie Ellsworth chose these words from the Bible (Numbers 23:23); her father, U.S. Patent Commissioner Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, had championed Morse's invention and secured early funding for it. His telegraph could transmit thirty characters per minute.[22]
In May 1845, the Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed in order to build telegraph lines from New York City toward Philadelphia; Boston; Buffalo, New York; and the Mississippi.[23] Telegraphic lines rapidly spread throughout the United States in the next few years, with 12,000 miles of wire laid by 1850.
Morse at one time adopted Wheatstone and Carl August von Steinheil's idea of broadcasting an electrical telegraph signal through a body of water or down steel railroad tracks or anything conductive. He went to great lengths to win a lawsuit for the right to be called "inventor of the telegraph" and promoted himself as being an inventor. But Alfred Vail also played an important role in the development of the Morse code, which was based on earlier codes for the electromagnetic telegraph.
Morse with his recorder. Photograph taken by Mathew Brady in 1857.
Morse received a patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861–1865 on the same location) in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid, who personally tested the new invention.[24] He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849.[25] The original patent went to the Breese side of the family after the death of Samuel Morse.
In 1856, Morse went to Copenhagen and visited the Thorvaldsens Museum, where the sculptor's grave is in the inner courtyard. He was received by King Frederick VII, who decorated him with the Order of the Dannebrog for the telegraph.[26] Morse expressed his wish to donate his Thorvaldsen portrait from 1831 in Rome to the king.[27] The Thorvaldsen portrait today belongs to Margrethe II of Denmark.[28]
The Morse telegraphic apparatus was officially adopted as the standard for European telegraphy in 1851. Only the United Kingdom (with its extensive overseas empire) kept the needle telegraph of Cooke and Wheatstone.[a]
In 1858, Morse introduced wired communication to Latin America when he established a telegraph system in Puerto Rico, then a Spanish Colony. Morse's oldest daughter, Susan Walker Morse (1819–1885), would often visit her uncle Charles Pickering Walker, who owned the Hacienda Concordia in the town of Guayama. During one of her visits, she met Edward Lind, a Danish merchant who worked in his brother-in-law's Hacienda La Henriqueta in the town of Arroyo. They later married.[30] Lind purchased the Hacienda from his sister when she became a widow. Morse, who often spent his winters at the Hacienda with his daughter and son-in-law, set a two-mile telegraph line connecting his son-in-law's Hacienda to their house in Arroyo. The line was inaugurated on March 1, 1859, in a ceremony flanked by the Spanish and American flags.[31][32] The first words transmitted by Samuel Morse that day in Puerto Rico were:
Puerto Rico, beautiful jewel! When you are linked with the other jewels of the Antilles in the necklace of the world's telegraph, yours will not shine less brilliantly in the crown of your Queen![30]
Cover of Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States by Samuel F.B. Morse, 1835 edition
Morse was a leader in the anti-Catholic and anti-immigration movement of the mid-19th century. In 1836, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York under the anti-immigrant Nativist Party's banner, receiving only 1,496 votes. When Morse visited Rome, he allegedly refused to take his hat off in the presence of the Pope.
Morse worked to unite Protestants against Catholic institutions (including schools), wanted to forbid Catholics from holding public office, and promoted changing immigration laws to limit immigration from Catholic countries. On this topic, he wrote, "We must first stop the leak in the ship through which muddy waters from without threaten to sink us."[33]
He wrote numerous letters to the New York Observer (his brother Sidney was the editor at the time) urging people to fight the perceived Catholic menace. These were widely reprinted in other newspapers. Among other claims, he believed that the Austrian government and Catholic aid organizations were subsidizing Catholic immigration to the United States in order to gain control of the country.[34]
In his Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States,[35] Morse wrote:
Surely American Protestants, freemen, have discernment enough to discover beneath them the cloven foot of this subtle foreign heresy. They will see that Popery is now, what it has ever been, a system of the darkest political intrigue and despotism, cloaking itself to avoid attack under the sacred name of religion. They will be deeply impressed with the truth, that Popery is a political as well as a religious system; that in this respect it differs totally from all other sects, from all other forms of religion in the country.[36]
In the same book, published in 1835 under the name of "Brutus", in speaking of "the foreign Emissaries of Popery re-warded in their own country," said : "Where is Bishop Kelly of Richmond, Va.? He also sojourns with us until his duties to foreign masters are performed, and then is rewarded by promotion."[37] (Patrick Kelly was a native of Ireland, and the first bishop of Richmond, Virginia. When after a couple of years, differences regarding questions of jurisdiction arose between him and Ambrose Maréchal, Archbishop of Baltimore, Kelly was offered the recently vacant See of Waterford and Lismore in his homeland.)
Pro-slavery
In the 1850s, Morse became well known as a defender of slavery, considering it to be sanctioned by God. In his treatise "An Argument on the Ethical Position of Slavery," he wrote:
My creed on the subject of slavery is short. Slavery per se is not sin. It is a social condition ordained from the beginning of the world for the wisest purposes, benevolent and disciplinary, by Divine Wisdom. The mere holding of slaves, therefore, is a condition having per se nothing of moral character in it, any more than the being a parent, or employer, or ruler.[38]
Litigation over telegraph patent
In the United States, Morse held his telegraph patent for many years, but it was both ignored and contested. In 1853, The Telegraph Patent case – O'Reilly v. Morse came before the U.S. Supreme Court where, after very lengthy investigation, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Morse had been the first to combine the battery, electromagnetism, the electromagnet, and the correct battery configuration into a workable practical telegraph.[39] However, in spite of this clear ruling, Morse still received no official recognition from the United States government.
The Supreme Court did not accept all of Morse's claims. The O'Reilly v. Morse case has become widely known among patent lawyers because the Supreme Court explicitly denied Morse's claim 8[40] for any and all use of the electromagnetic force for purposes of transmitting intelligible signals to any distance.[41]
Morse's "repeater" circuit for telegraphy was the basis for the Supreme Court's holding some claims of Morse's patent valid.
The Supreme Court sustained, however, Morse's claim to such telecommunication when effectuated by means of Morse's inventive "repeater" apparatus. This was an electrical circuit in which a cascade of many sets comprising a relay and a battery were connected in series, so that when each relay closed, it closed a circuit to cause the next battery to power the succeeding relay, as suggested in the accompanying figure. This caused Morse's signal to pass along the cascade without degrading into noise as its amplitude decreased with the distance traveled. (Each time the amplitude of the signal approaches the noise level, the repeater [in effect, a nonlinear amplifier] boosts the signal amplitude well above the noise level.) This use of "repeaters" permitted a message to be sent to great distances, which was previously not feasible.
Effect of repeaters
The Supreme Court thus held that Morse could properly claim a patent monopoly on the system or process of transmitting signals at any distance by means of the repeater circuitry indicated above, but he could not properly claim a monopoly over any and all uses of electromagnetic force to transmit signals. The apparatus limitation in the former type of claim limited the patent monopoly to what Morse taught and gave the world. The lack of that limitation in the latter type of claim (i.e., claim 8) both gave Morse more than was commensurate with what he had contributed to society and discouraged the inventive efforts of others who might come up with different and/or better ways to send signals at a distance using the electromagnetic force.[42]
The problem that Morse faced (the deterioration of the signal with distance)[43] and how he solved it is discussed in more detail in the article O'Reilly v. Morse. In summary, the solution, as the Supreme Court stated, was the repeater apparatus described in the preceding paragraphs.
The importance of this legal precedent in patent law cannot be overstated, as it became the foundation of the law governing the eligibility of computer program-implemented inventions (as well as inventions implementing natural laws) to be granted patents.[44]
Foreign recognition
Portrait of Samuel F. B. Morse taken by Mathew Brady, in 1866. Medals worn (from wearer's right to left, top row): Nichan Iftikhar (Ottoman); Order of the Tower and Sword (Portugal); Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark); cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain); Legion of Honour (France); Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy). Bottom row: Grand cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)
Assisted by the American ambassador in Paris, the governments of Europe were approached about their long neglect of Morse while their countries were using his invention. There was a widespread recognition that something must be done, and in 1858 Morse was awarded the sum of 400,000 French francs (equivalent to about $80,000 at the time) by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Russia, Sweden, Tuscany, and the Ottoman Empire, each of which contributed a share according to the number of Morse instruments in use in each country.[45] In 1858, he was also elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Transatlantic cable
Morse lent his support to Cyrus West Field's ambitious plan to construct the first transoceanic telegraph line. Morse had experimented with underwater telegraph circuits since 1842. He invested $10,000 in Field's Atlantic Telegraph Company, took a seat on its board of directors, and was appointed honorary "Electrician".[46] In 1856, Morse traveled to London to help Charles Tilston Bright and Edward Whitehouse test a 2,000-mile-length of spooled cable.[47]
After the first two cable-laying attempts failed, Field reorganized the project, removing Morse from direct involvement.[48] Though the cable broke three times during the third attempt, it was successfully repaired, and the first transatlantic telegraph messages were sent in 1858. The cable failed after just three months of use. Though Field had to wait out the Civil War, the cable laid in 1866 proved more durable, and the era of reliable transatlantic telegraph service had begun.
In addition to the telegraph, Morse invented a marble-cutting machine that could carve three-dimensional sculptures in marble or stone. He could not patent it, however, because of an existing 1820 Thomas Blanchard design.
Last years and death
Samuel Morse gave large sums to charity. He also became interested in the relationship of science and religion and provided the funds to establish a lectureship on "the relation of the Bible to the Sciences".[49] Though he was rarely awarded any royalties for the later uses and implementations of his inventions, he was able to live comfortably.
Morsemere in Ridgefield, New Jersey takes its name from Morse, who had bought property there to build a home, but died before its completion.[50]
He died in New York City on April 2, 1872,[51] and was interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. By the time of his death, his estate was valued at some $500,000 ($11.3 million today).[52]
Statue of Samuel F. B. Morse by Byron M. Picket, New York's Central Park, dedicated 1871
Morse was honored on the US Famous Americans Series postal issue of 1940.
Morse was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815.[53]
Despite honors and financial awards received from foreign countries, there was no such recognition in the U.S. until he neared the end of his life when on June 10, 1871, a bronze statue of Samuel Morse was unveiled in Central Park, New York City. An engraved portrait of Morse appeared on the reverse side of the United States two-dollar bill silver certificate series of 1896. He was depicted along with Robert Fulton. An example can be seen on the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's website in their "American Currency Exhibit":[54]
A blue plaque was erected to commemorate him at 141 Cleveland Street, London, where he lived from 1812 to 1815.
In 1848, Morse was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.[55]
According to his The New York Times obituary published on April 3, 1872, Morse received respectively the decoration of the Atiq Nishan-i-Iftikhar (English: Order of Glory) [first medal on wearer's right depicted in photo of Morse with medals], set in diamonds, from Sultan Abdülmecid of Turkey (c.1847[56]), a "golden snuff box containing the Prussian gold medal for scientific merit" from the King of Prussia (1851); the Great Gold Medal of Arts and Sciences from the King of Württemberg (1852); and the Great Golden Medal of Science and Arts from Emperor of Austria (1855); a cross of Chevalier in the Légion d'honneur from the Emperor of France; the Cross of a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog from the King of Denmark (1856); the Cross of Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, from the Queen of Spain, besides being elected member of innumerable scientific and art societies in this [United States] and other countries. Other awards include Order of the Tower and Sword from the kingdom of Portugal (1860), and Italy conferred on him the insignia of chevalier of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus in 1864. Morse's telegraph was recognized as an IEEE Milestone in 1988.[57]
In 1975, Morse was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
On April 1, 2012, Google announced the release of "Gmail Tap", an April Fools' Day joke that allowed users to use Morse Code to send text from their mobile phones. Morse's great-great-grandnephew Reed Morse—a Google engineer—was instrumental in the prank, which became a real product.[58]
Coat of Arms of Samuel Morse
US Patent 1,647, Improvement in the mode of communicating information by signals by the application of electro-magnetism, June 20, 1840
US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #79), Improvement in the mode of communicating information by signals by the application of electro-magnetism, January 15, 1846
US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #117), Improvement in electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13, 1848
US Patent 3,316, Method of introducing wire into metallic pipes, October 5, 1843
US Patent 4,453, Improvement in Electro-magnetic telegraphs, April 11, 1846
US Patent 6,420, Improvement in electric telegraphs, May 1, 1849
Harrison Gray Dyar -contemporary inventor
Daniel Davis Jr.
Seconds pendulum
^ "It was in the month of J, a century ago, that Franklin made his celebrated experiment with the Electric Kite, by means of which he demonstrated the identity of electricity and lightning".[29]
^ In Lightning Man (listed below under "References"), Kenneth Silverman spells the name "Jedediah."
^ Mabee 2004.
^ Munro, John (1891). Heroes of the Telegraph . London: Religious Tract Society. p. 45 – via Wikisource.
^ "The Heartbreak That May Have Inspired the Telegraph". National Geographic News. April 26, 2016. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
^ Morse, Edward; Morse, Samuel (1912). "Letters of Samuel Morse 1812. I.". The North American Review. 195 (679): 773–787. JSTOR 25119774.
^ Bellion 2011, pp. 289–291.
^ McCullough (2011), pp. 61–62.
^ JacksonKellerFlood2010.
^ Natale, Simone (November 1, 2012). "Photography and Communication Media in the Nineteenth Century". History of Photography. 36 (4): 451–456. doi:10.1080/03087298.2012.680306. ISSN 0308-7298.
^ Morse 2006, Letter.
^ "The Collection at Locust Grove". Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
^ Standage 1998, pp. 28–29.
^ "Morse's Original Telegraph". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
^ McEwen 1997.
^ Morse 2013.
^ Standage 1998, p. 40.
^ a b McCullough (2011), pp. 80-88.
^ Audretsch; et al. (2002). "The Economics of Science and Technology". The Journal of Technology Transfer. 27 (2): 159. doi:10.1023/A:1014382532639. S2CID 143820412.
^ a b Stover 1987, pp. 59–60.
^ Wilson 2003, p. 11.
^ Gleick 2011, p. 144.
^ "Istanbul City Guide: Beylerbeyi Palace". Archived from the original on October 10, 2007.
^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
^ Silverman 2004.
^ Morse 2013, pp. 347–348 + 370–374, Letter. The portrait of Thorvaldsen became the property of Philip Hone.. ..and John Taylor Johnston
^ "Samuel Morse". Thorvaldsens Museum. July 3, 2016. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
^ NYT staff 1852.
^ a b NY/ Rafael Merino Cortes, "Taking the PE Out of PRT", NY Latino Journal, 20 July 2006 Archived 3 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ "150th. Anniversary of the Foundation of Arroyo, Puerto Rico". Elboricua.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
^ "Welcome to Puerto Rico". Topuertorico.org. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
^ Jstor.org Billington, Ray A. "Anti-Catholic Propaganda and the Home Missionary Movement, 1800–1860" Archived October 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, (December, 1935), pp. 361–384
^ Curran, Thomas J. International Migration Digest, Vol. 3, No. 1, (Spring, 1966), pp. 15–25 Published by The Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc. Jstor.org Archived October 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Foreign conspiracy against the liberties of the United States (1835)". Retrieved May 14, 2012.
^ Terry Golway (February 9, 2007). "America | The National Catholic Weekly – Return of the Know-Nothings". America. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ Magennis, Michael I. J., "Bishop Patrick Kelly of Richmond, Va.", The American Catholic Historical Researches, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 4 (October,1910), pp. 347–349 American Catholic Historical Society This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Morse, Samuel (1863), "An Argument on the Ethical Position of Slavery in the Social System, and its Relation to the Politics of the Day", New York, Papers from the Society for the Diffusion of Political Knowledge (12) in Slavery Pamphlets # 60, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript library, Yale University Quoted in Yale, Slavery, & Abolition, archived from the original on September 21, 2019, retrieved October 17, 2009 — an online report about Yale honorees and their relation to slavery
^ Standage 1998, pp. 172–173.
^ Morse's actual language in his claim 8 was: "Eighth. I do not propose to limit myself to the specific machinery or parts of machinery described in the foregoing specification and claims, the essence of my invention being the use of the motive power of the electric or galvanic current, which I call electro-magnetism, however developed, for marking or printing intelligible characters, signs, or letters, at any distances, being a new application of that power of which I claim to be the first inventor or discoverer."
^ The Supreme Court said: "Professor Morse has not discovered that the electric or galvanic current will always print at a distance, no matter what may be the form of the machinery or mechanical contrivances through which it passes. You may use electro-magnetism as a motive power, and yet not produce the described effect, that is, print at a distance intelligible marks or signs. To produce that effect, it must be combined with, and passed through, and operate upon, certain complicated and delicate machinery, adjusted and arranged upon philosophical principles, and prepared by the highest mechanical skill. And it is the high praise of Professor Morse, that he has been able, by a new combination of known powers, of which electro-magnetism is one, to discover a method by which intelligible marks or signs may be printed at a distance. And for the method or process thus discovered, he is entitled to a patent. But he has not discovered that the electro-magnetic current, used as motive power, in any other method, and with any other combination, will do as well."
^ See O'Reilly v. Morse, 56 U.S. 62, 113, 120 (1853).
^ The Supreme Court said, "The great difficulty in their way was the fact that the galvanic current, however strong in the beginning, became gradually weaker as it advanced on the wire; and was not strong enough to produce a mechanical effect, after a certain distance had been traversed." 56 U.S. at 107.
^ See, for example, Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd v CLS Bank International, 573 U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014); Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., 566 U.S. __, 132 S. Ct. 1289 (2012); Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 130 S. Ct. 3218 (2010); Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63 (1972) – all building on the Morse case as the seminal case in the field.
^ Standage 1998, p. 174.
^ Carter 1968, p. 104.
^ "History of Ridgefield – Ridgefield, New Jersey". www.ridgefieldnj.gov. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2019. Among the noted people who owned property in the new borough was Samuel F. B. Morse. He owned property running from Morse Avenue east to Dallytown Road (Bergen Boulevard). Morse bought the property with the intention of building a home here. A barn was the only structure completed when the inventor died in 1872.
^ Invent Now staff 2007.
^ "MemberListM". American Antiquarian Society. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
^ "American Currency Exhibit: Silver Certificate, $2, 1896". Frbsf.org. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^ According to Turkish PTT e-telegraph page history section Archived 2009-09-11 at the Wayback Machine, the Ottoman ruler was the first head of state to award a medal to Morse and it was issued after the demonstration in Istanbul.
^ "Milestones:Demonstration of Practical Telegraphy, 1838". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
^ Introducing Gmail Tap Archived September 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Mail.google.com. Retrieved on 2013-10-06.
Bellion, Wendy (2011), Citizen Spectator: Art, Illusion, and Visual Perception in Early National America, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-0-8078-3388-9
Bellis, Mary (2009), Biography of Samuel F.B. Morse, Inventor of the Telegraph, retrieved April 27, 2020
Bellis, Mary (2009a), Samuel Morse and the Invention of the Telegraph, retrieved April 27, 2020
Carter, Samuel III (1968), Cyrus Field: Man of Two Worlds, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons
Gleick, J. (2011), The Information: a History, a Theory, a Flood, London, Fourth Estate
Invent Now staff (February 19, 2007), Inventor profile: Samuel F. B. Morse, National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation, archived from the original on October 27, 2013, retrieved October 20, 2013
Jackson, Kenneth T.; Keller, Lisa; Flood, Nancy, eds. (2010), The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.), Yale University Press, p. 855, ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2
Mabee, Carleton (2004), Samuel F. B. Morse, archived from the original on December 12, 2006, retrieved February 14, 2007
McCullough, David (2011), The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-1-4165-7176-6
McCullough, David (September 2011), "Reversal of Fortune", Smithsonian, 42 (5): 80–88
McEwen, Neal (1997), Morse Code or Vail Code? Did Samuel F. B. Morse Invent the Code as We Know it Today?, The Telegraph Office, retrieved October 17, 2009
Morse, Samuel (December 26, 2006) [1839], "Letter to the New-York Observer Vol. 17, No. 16 (April 20, 1839) p. 62.", The Daguerrotipe, The Daguerreian Society, archived from the original on November 15, 2008, retrieved September 25, 2008
Morse, Samuel F. B. (May 2, 2013) [19], Samuel F. B. Morse, His Letters and Journals (Part 5 of 9), FullTextArchive.com — Produced by Carlo Traverso, Richard Prairie, and PG Distributed Proofreaders. This file was produced from images generously made available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica)
Morse, Samuel F. B. (June 20, 1840), U.S. Patent No. 1647, Telegraph Signs
NYT staff (November 11, 1852), "Franklin and his Electric Kite – Prosecution and Progress of Electrical researches – Historical Sketch of the Electric Telegraph – Claims of Morse and others – Uses of Electricity – Telegraphic Statistics", The New York Times
Silverman, Kenneth (2004), Lightning Man: The Accursed Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, Hachette Books, ISBN 978-0-306-81394-8
Stover, John F. (1987), History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, pp. 59–60, ISBN 978-0-911198-81-2
Standage, Tom (1998), The Victorian Internet, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
Swayne, Josephine Latham (1906), The Story of Concord Told by Concord Writers, Boston: E.F. Worcester Press
Wilson, Courtney B. (2003), The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum: The Birthplace of American Railroading, Baltimore, Maryland: Traub Company, p. 11, ISBN 978-1-932387-59-9
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Morse, Samuel Finley Breese". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Booknotes interview with Kenneth Silverman on Lightning Man: The Accursed Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, February 22, 2004, C-SPAN
Reinhardt, Joachim, Samuel F. B. Morse (1791–1872), Congo, 1988.
Mabee, Carleton, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, (1943, reissued 1969); William Kloss, Samuel F. B. Morse (1988); Paul J. Staiti, Samuel F. B. Morse (1989) (Knopf, 1944) (Pulitzer Prize winner for biography for 1944).
Samuel F. B. Morse, Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States: The Numbers Under the Signature (Harvard University Press 1835, 1855)
Paul J. Staiti, Samuel F. B. Morse (Cambridge 1989).
Lauretta Dimmick, Mythic Proportion: Bertel Thorvaldsen's Influence in America, Thorvaldsen: l'ambiente, l'influsso, il mito, ed. P. Kragelund and M. Nykjær, Rome 1991 (Analecta Romana Instituti Danici, Supplementum 18.), pp. 169–191.
Samuel I. Prime, Life of S. F. B. Morse (New York, 1875)
E. L. Morse (editor), his son, Samuel Finley Breese Morse, his Letters and Journals (two volumes, Boston, 1914)
Iles, George (1912). "Leading American Inventors". New York: Henry Holt and Company: 119–157. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Andrew Wheen, DOT-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet (Springer, 2011) pp. 3–29
James D. Reid, The Telegraph in America: Its Founders, Promoters and Noted Men New York: Arno Press, 1974.
Robert Luther Thompson, Wiring A Continent, The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States 1832–1866 Princeton University Press, 1947.
Vail, J. Cummings (1914). Early History of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph, from Letters and Journals of Alfred Vail: Arranged by his Son, J. Cummings Vail. New York: Hine Brothers.
Wolfe, Richard J. / Patterson, Richard (2007). Charles Thomas Jackson – "Head Behind The Hands" – Applying Science to Implement Discovery and Invention in Early Nineteenth Century America. Novato, California: Historyofscience.com. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samuel Finley Breese Morse.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Samuel F. B. Morse.
Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Morse (see index)
Samuel Morse at Find a Grave
Speech of Morse given at the National Academy of Design, 1840, regarding the daguerreotype
Reminiscence by Morse regarding the early days of the daguerreotype
Samuel Finley Brown Morse Papers, 1911–1969 (call number JL016; 42.5 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
Locust Grove (official site)
Works by Samuel Finley Breese Morse at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Samuel Morse at Internet Archive
Samuel Finley Breese Morse papers at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library
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NextLabs Entitlement Manager for Enovia integrates with Enovia PLM to provide an out-of-the-box solution to control access to critical product data. It extends Enovia PLM's native authorization model to provide Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) across the product lifecycle, from early development through the transition to the factory and obsolescence.
Entitlement Manager for Enovia provides centralized policy-based authorization to protect product data, including data in Engineering Central. Authorization policies use attributes or characterizations about the user, the data and the environment to determine access rights. This allows for fine-grained controls over your most critical engineering data. NextLabs Entitlement Manager works with the Control Center to provide centralized authorization management of policies governing data access across Enovia PLM.
Automated Data Classification Entitlement Manager simplifies and automates the classification of product data for proper data access control. It leverages existing associations between PLM data objects (e.g., Part Specification) to automatically inherit existing security classifications.
Attribute Based Access Control or Fine Grained Authorization Entitlement Manager extends the native PLM authorization model beyond the use of roles to provide fine-grained access control based on attributes, such as nationality, part family, vault, and current location. The use of attributes about who, what, when and where delivers better authorization decisions and requires far fewer policies to enforce the same level of security.
Attribute Based Access Control for Fine Grained Authorization Entitlement Manager extends the native PLM authorization model beyond the use of roles to provide fine-grained access control based on attributes, such as nationality, part family, vault, and current location. The use of attributes about who, what, when and where delivers better authorization decisions and requires far fewer policies to enforce a higher level of security.
Centralized Audit and Reporting The solution provides an audit trail on the access and usage of critical product data and facilitates compliance and audit reporting. Compliance information, including end user activity is consolidated in a central Activity Journal. Log information from the Activity Journal is presented in the reporting feature which includes graphical analysis, charting, and dashboards.
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Protects Confidential Product Data Fine grained authorization decisions and centralized management increases the level of protection for all sensitive data. Decisions are made with the most relevant information, and policies are consistently enforced across the enterprise so unauthorized users cannot gain access to protected information.
Facilitates Consolidation of PLM Instances to Reduce Costs Centralized policy-driven authorization reduces the need to maintain multiple Enovia PLM instances and manage individual authorization or user groups.
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Eliminate Expensive Customizations There is no need to implement and maintain costly Enovia customizations to meet changing compliance requirements. Since authorizations are external to the application, you can remove the burden of costly change management initiatives. When compliance requirements change, simply modify the policies to automatically enforce current requirements.
Automate Compliance Audit The system automates the process of auditing authorization and data-level access to demonstrate compliance to auditors, regulators, and customers.


A great country setting, yet modern w income producing Cherry & Walnut orchards. 2 houses, a shop,3 stall barn,2 arenas. A branch of the Calaveras River runs through it. Fish off your own private bridge. Circular driveway,plenty of RV/Boat parking. Shop has bathroom and 3 sliding doors.1st home is approx. 1720 sqft. Not including partial finished basement.2.5 car detached garage with 2 carports. Newer HVAC, duct work, roof w/ solar,3bed 2ba, large room w bar. Gorgeous oak cabinets in kitchen, mud room/laundry room. Great yard w established landscaping. Covered front porch to watch Beautiful sunsets from. 2nd home is almost 1800 sqft. 3 bed plus office. Laundry/mud room. Light and open. Large family room and master w vaulted ceilings. Rock fireplace. Master contains walk in closet, large bathroom w his & her sinks. Shower stall and deep bathtub. Live in one house and rent out the other. This property would make an ideal horse training facility with access to trails.


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Your family is growing, but your home is not. You face the big question, then: Should you renovate your home or should you sell it and find a bigger residence?
The Chicago Tribune recently took a look at this debate in a feature story on its website. And the story does a good job listing the questions that you need to consider before deciding to sell or renovate.
You might love your home and your neighborhood. In that case, renovating might be the better choice. You can add space or make your home more modern, without leaving the Chicago neighborhood that you love.
But renovating isn't the easiest process to live through. Renovations tend to take longer than you think, and they're certainly not cheap. Before committing to a large-scale renovation project, make sure to consider whether you are willing to live with the mess and inconvenience that comes with big home-improvement jobs.
You should also consider the value of real estate in your neighborhood. If you sell your Chicago condo or single-family home, will you be able to land a big sales price? If so, then moving to a home that is already fit for your family might be the smarter choice.
And if you're not in love with your neighborhood? Then selling and buying a new home again might be the better choice. Chicago is a city filled with interesting neighborhoods. Some are perfect for singles, others for families and still others for empty nesters. Depending on where you are in life, selling a home that was once but no longer is a good fit might make the most sense.
If you do decide to sell, make sure to work with a Chicago REALTOR® familiar with the neighborhoods in which you want to live. This is the best way to ensure that you nab the highest possible sales price after listing your home.


I feel my body is moonlit.
I know what I want is the Force.
I got to knockity-knock, got to zap into my soul.
I will meet and I got to ensoul.
For all, what I need is the Force.
I wonder how I grab the Force as my own.
I will find a way.
Focus my attention to continue.
I got to get my own Force.
I say, I am ready to go for it with my desperation.
I believe in my quiet inspiration.
Sometimes, I follow after my silent imagination.
Let the process take me where it will.
I don't attempt to change or control them.
I try to see how I can be.
So now, I wanna walk calmly even in the wind ahead.
And then, there can be helpful signs from my predestination.
So why, I won't stop even there is my Waterloo ahead.
I see, there must be the way to lead to my confirmation.
Be alert, stand firm to myself.


text:
Society for Neuroscience Promotion of Women in Neuroscience Awards
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Society for Neuroscience (SfN) will honor several highly accomplished researchers who have made significant contributions to the advancement of women in neuroscience. The awards will be presented during Neuroscience 2021, SfN's annual meeting and the world's largest source of emerging news about brain science and health.
"SfN is proud to recognize these researchers who act as critical nodes in the network of neuroscience, both as pioneering and highly accomplished researchers and for their support of young investigators who will drive the field toward its future," said SfN President Barry Everitt. "In particular, the efforts to bring more women to the forefront of neuroscience deserve significant commendation as this enhances the quality and broadens the relevance of neuroscience research."
Bernice Grafstein Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Mentoring: Jill Becker
The Bernice Grafstein Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Mentoring recognizes individuals dedicated to developing the careers of female neuroscientists. Named after the first female president of SfN, the award recognizes leaders who have aided the early careers of women neuroscientists and facilitated their retention in the field. The award includes a $2,500 prize.
Jill Becker is a professor at the University of Michigan and senior neuroscience scholar of the Michigan Neuroscience Institute. Becker has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of sex differences in drug addiction and other motivated behaviors, including how differences in the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in male and female brains contributes to the enhanced vulnerability of females to chronic drug use. She is a fellow of both the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology and the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society and is the editor-in-chief of the journal Biology of Sex Differences.
Throughout her research career, Becker has been an effective advocate for female neuroscientists both at the individual and community level. As a mentor, Becker is said to be a tireless mentor and advisor who eagerly assists mentees with research questions as well as advice about career steps, especially in early career stages. She has directly mentored 17 graduate students (most of whom are women), eight postdoctoral fellows, and over 300 undergraduate students. Becker has also promoted women in neuroscience at the institutional and national levels. At the University of Michigan, she was instrumental in creating formal mentoring opportunities and increasing transparency in faculty promotion. As assistant director of the neuroscience program at Michigan, she increased flexibility for students with family or health complications. In addition, she conducted workshops for neuroscience departments across the country to advise chairs and administrators about fair hiring and promotion practices for women. Becker has previously been recognized for her dedication to the promotion of women in neuroscience with the Louise Hanson Marshall Special Recognition Award from SfN in 2010, the Sarah Goddard Power Award from the University of Michigan in 2011, and the Health Education Visionary Award from the Society for Women's Health Research in 2020, among many others.
Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award: Catherine Dulac
The Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award recognizes neuroscientists with outstanding achievements in research who have significantly promoted the professional advancement of women in neuroscience. The award includes a $5,000 prize.
Catherine Dulac of Harvard University is a global leader in neuroscience and has been recognized at both national and international levels. She is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the French Academy of Sciences, and has served as chair of the department of molecular and cell biology at Harvard and co-chair of the NIH Advisory Committee to the NIH director on the BRAIN initiative. Dulac is a member of numerous scientific advisory boards in the U.S. and abroad, including for the Whitehead Institute at MIT, the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research in Switzerland, and the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research. Dulac's accomplishments have been honored with several awards and fellowships, including the French Legion d'Honneur, the National Academy's Pradel Research Award, the American Philosophical Society Karl Spencer Lashley Award and the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences.
As a researcher, Dulac has made fundamental discoveries in the neuroscience of behavior, including the molecular and functional identification of neural circuits underlying instinctive social behaviors of mice. She revealed vital roles for the pheromone system in providing the sex-specific control of social behaviors and uncovered specific neuronal populations and brain circuits controlling parenting and other social behaviors in both males and females, demonstrating how different brain areas participate in the positive and negative controls of parental care.
In addition to these remarkable achievements, Dulac has proven to be a fierce advocate for women in science and a beloved mentor. Her colleagues say that Dulac is that rare mentor who can balance encouragement with uncompromising standards for trainees. She generously commits her time and other resources to ensure that young scientists get the training they need to excel. Within her lab, Dulac has trained 38 postdoctoral fellows (including 14 women), 22 graduate students (nine of whom are women) and 37 undergraduates (including 20 women). She is also known to go out of her way to support young female neuroscientists who are not her direct trainees and recently used an award she received in recognition of her scientific achievements to establish a fellowship at Harvard University for women interested in neuroscience research.
Janett Rosenberg Trubatch Career Development Award: Shane Liddelow and Lauren O'Connell
The Janett Rosenberg Trubatch Career Development Award promotes successful academic transitions prior to tenure by recognizing early-career professionals who have demonstrated originality and creativity in their research. Supported by the Trubatch Family, the award includes a $2,000 prize.
Lauren O'Connell is an assistant professor of biology at Stanford University who studies the neurogenetics of parental care and other behaviors in poison frogs. As a graduate student at the University of Texas at Austin, she examined sex steroid hormone signaling in fish and compared neurochemical gene expression profiles across multiple brain regions in 88 different species. This comparison laid the groundwork for studying the molecular basis of social behavior in many nontraditional species. As an independent Bauer fellow at Harvard University, O'Connell expanded her work to exploring how poison frogs store and tolerate toxins collected from ants and other insects in their diet to better understand how evolutionary innovations in behavior co-occur with ecologically-relevant changes in physiology. Since moving to Stanford, O'Connell has developed technologies to create genetic changes in poison frogs and has further explored social behaviors related to parent-offspring interactions. Her work has revealed how neonatal imprinting in tadpoles can affect adult behavior and how the experience of providing parental care leads to changes in hormone levels, brain activity, and gene expression. In addition to her pioneering work developing the poison frog as a model organism for neuroscience, O'Connell has also demonstrated a commitment to science outreach by developing an educational program called Little Froggers, which uses the charismatic amphibians to engage elementary and middle school students with neuroscience.
Shane Liddelow, an assistant professor in the NYU Grossman School of Medicine Neuroscience Institute, is a pioneering researcher in glial biology with a focus on neurodegenerative disease. Astrocytes and other glial cells were long thought to be supportive cells for the nervous system, but Liddelow's novel research has revealed a more active role in the injured and diseased brain. As a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford, he found that a type of astrocyte that is activated during inflammation and several neurodegenerative diseases. These astrocytes switch from helpful to harmful – killing neurons. He was the first to describe an exact set of molecules released by microglia that cause this functional change in astrocytes, which in turn can drive the death of neurons. As an independent researcher at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Liddelow has shown that astrocytes can drive retinal cell death in a mouse model of glaucoma and that blocking astrocyte responses to the disease can stop neurons from dying, thereby establishing reactive astrocytes as a putative therapeutic target for eye disease and injury. Most recently, his work has uncovered the elusive toxic molecule released by astrocytes – a saturated long-chain fatty acid. Liddelow's work on astrocytes now extends into other models of neurodegeneration including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
Patricia Goldman-Rakic Hall of Honor: Leslie Ungerleider
The Patricia Goldman-Rakic Hall of Honor posthumously recognizes a neuroscientist who has pursued career excellence and exhibited dedication to the advancement of women in neuroscience. The award was established in 2001 and later named for Dr. Patricia Goldman-Rakic after her death in 2003. Leslie Ungerleider was chief of the laboratory of brain and cognition at the National Institute of Mental Health from 1995 until the time of her death in 2020. Using a combination of anatomical, physiological, imaging, and behavioral methods, Ungerleider made numerous groundbreaking discoveries regarding the functional organization of the visual cortex in humans and nonhuman primates. Her work revealed that the primate visual cortex contains two separate neural systems for perceiving "what" things are and "where" they are located and thereby established one of the most impactful and influential concepts in vision science. Ungerleider later extended the concept of the two visual pathways to the human brain, using positron emission tomography to show a similar organization of spatial and object vision. Later, with functional magnetic resonance imaging, she pioneered studies of the neural basis of cognition in the human brain and branched into many other cognitive domains, including object and face perception, selective attention, perceptual decision making, emotional behavior, and motor learning.
In addition to her superlative scientific achievements, she inspired many young female neuroscientists. Ungerleider, who received her PhD in experimental psychology in 1970, knew all too well about the challenges facing her female mentees, and she did everything she could to prepare them for the next stages of their careers. Described as both intimidating and warm, she demanded the best of her trainees and in return, gave her best. She taught her female trainees how to negotiate their salaries and was part of the fight to rectify gender-based salary disparities at the NIH. Through her mentoring, she pushed her trainees to always consider the interpretation of evidence ('What does it mean?') rather than the empirical findings alone.
Ungerleider was one of the most influential neuroscientists of her time, and her passion for her research as well as the research of her trainees was recognized by many prestigious awards, including membership in the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In addition, she received the SfN's Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001 and the NIH Award for Mentoring in 2004.
The Society for Neuroscience (SfN) is an organization of basic scientists and clinicians who study the brain and the nervous system.
Related Topics SfN News
Apply now for the Neuroscience Scholars Program!
Council and Committee nominations now open through Feb. 3
Wealth Inequality in Distribution of NIH Funding to Rural States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Child marriage, a widespread problem in many countries in East and Southern Africa, is a serious violation of girls' human rights. It denies their right to health care, to education, to live in security and to choose when and whom they marry. Child marriage has dire consequences for girls.
It reinforces and compromises the health and security of women and girls. It prevents girls from achieving their full economic and social potential. It subjects girls to sexual violence, risky pregnancies, fistula and HIV. And it is linked with early childbearing, leading to death and injury for many young mothers.
In East and Southern Africa, 27 per cent of women have given birth by age 18 – and the majority of these births occur within marriage. Death in childbirth and HIV-related diseases are the two main causes of mortality among young women in sub-Saharan Africa.
Child marriage jeopardizes girls' rights, such as the right to education, because new brides are usually forced to drop out of school to bear children and to provide household labour. In addition, married girls have few social connections, restricted mobility, limited control over resources and little or no power in their new households. They are thus especially vulnerable to domestic violence.[1]
The practice excludes girls from making decisions regarding the timing of their marriage and choice of spouse. It marks an abrupt and violent initiation into sexual relations, often with a husband who is considerably older, and a relative stranger.
Why marriage should be delayed
When a girl delays marriage, everyone benefits:
A girl who marries later is more likely to stay in school, work, and reinvest her income in her family, which helps lead her family and eventually, her community out of poverty.
A girl who marries later is more empowered to choose whether, when, and how many children to have.
She and her family are also more educated and healthier.
Most countries with high rates of child marriage have laws that prohibit the practice, which persists because of strong traditional norms, as well as the failure to enforce existing laws. In some countries where the legal age of marriage is 18, there are provisions that allow marriages to occur earlier with parental consent.
Child marriage has a devastating effect
Child marriage can lead to life-threatening health consequences. These young girls are neither physically mature enough nor psychologically ready to become wives and mothers.
Girls are often pressured to have a child soon after getting married, despite being children themselves. Early pregnancy is filled with risks. Preventing child marriage would help reduce the risks of HIV infection, maternal death and disabilities, including obstetric fistula. Complications from pregnancy and childbearing are the number one cause of death for girls aged 15-19 years.
Child brides have limited access to and use of contraception, sexual and reproductive health services and information. Only 15 per cent of married adolescent girls aged 15-19 years old are currently using contraception.
Why child marriage limits girls' life options
Why we need to invest in adolescent girls
Population Council, Child marriage: Overview, Accessed: July 2012
http://www.popcouncil.org/topics/youth_childmarriage.asp
Mozambique programme empowers girls to fight gender inequality, child marriage
"We are equal to boys and can also contribute to society," said 17-year-old Lidia Suale Saide. Lidia knows what it means to stand up for these...
Women and Drought in Southern Mozambique: More Responsibilities, Less Power, and Increased Vulnerabilities
This study looks at the gendered impact of the 2016 drought in southern Mozambique, specifically the ways in which it affected women and girls. It is...
Child Marriage and Adolescent Pregnancy in Mozambique: Causes and Impact
When it comes to preventing adolescent pregnancies, a crucial factor is women's empowerment, especially the ability of young women to request...


text:
Lockdown 2.0: what it means for vehicles and the auto Industries
Auto/Tech Top News
by Team NC April 16, 2020 0597
Government guidelines on lockdown 2.0 have given some relief to those who have to go out in their vehicles. The guidelines state that private vehicles will be allowed to purchase emergency services and essential items, including medical and veterinary care. In such cases, a passenger may be allowed to sit in the back seat in addition to the driver of a private vehicle in a four-wheeler. In the case of two-wheelers, only the driver of the vehicle is allowed.
The new lockdown guidelines also allow some self-employed professionals to have a direct impact on the lives of ordinary people. The good thing is that the motor mechanic has also been included in this list. If you are facing any problem in your car, you can seek help from your local mechanic.
The new guidelines will not be applicable in areas which have been delimited by states, union territories and district administrations in view of the epidemic.
BS4 vehicle sales
However, the question of what will happen to unsold inventory of BS4 vehicles still remains. The Supreme Court recently allowed the sale and registration of BS4 vehicles for 10 days after the end of the corono virus lockdown, which was to end on 15 April. Vehicle dealers were permitted to sell only 10 per cent of BS4 stock and subject to registration.
Now, with the lockdown going up, the showrooms will also be closed until 3 May. The remaining BS4 vehicles can only be sold from May 4 to 13. According to the FADA, there are more than 7 lakh BS4 vehicles in India, including two-wheelers that have not been sold.
Some automakers have said they will withdraw their remaining BS4 inventory. But still, it is unlikely that all the remaining BS4 vehicles will be sold.
Redmi launches AirDots S with great design, know price and specification
The month of March was one of the worst months of the auto industry by sales. However it is now expected to resume production operations in some plants with a limited workforce. But the cost of unsold and outdated BS4 inventory will only add to the crisis of an already decaying industry.
autobs4lockdown2.0
Apple launches iPhone SE 2, Know features and price
Bank of Baroda launches bob World Yoddha Debit Card for armed forces
Team NC August 25, 2022
Delhi Water Crisis: Water shortage to remain in Delhi on Tuesday
Team NC January 5, 2021 January 5, 2021
Apple's iPhone 13 to be launch with 60Hz refresh rate display


text:
Q: How to prevent duplicated records and only update it? i want to add some records to another table model without duplicated it
i create a function to check the table data and return specific values to add it in another table
here is my code
def lol_hah(self,cr,uid,ids,context=None):
        noobs_data=[]
        cr.execute("select DISTINCT ON (subject_id)subject_id from fci_attendance_line")
        noobs1 = cr.dictfetchall()
        ages = [li['subject_id'] for li in noobs1]
        print (ages)
        for k in ages:
            cr.execute(
            "select DISTINCT ON (student_id)student_id, count(present) AS Number_of_Absenece,present,subject_id as subject_name, s.name  AS Student_Name,s.standard_id,s.group_id  from fci_attendance_line ,fci_student s where subject_id=%d and present=False and  s.id=student_id group by student_id ,s.sit_number,present, s.name,s.standard_id,s.group_id ,subject_id "% (
                k))
            noobs = cr.dictfetchall()
            cr.execute(
            "select DISTINCT ON (student_id)student_id, count(present) AS Number_of_Absenece,present,subject_id as subject_name, s.name  AS Student_Name,s.standard_id,s.group_id  from fci_attendance_line ,fci_student s where subject_id=%d and present=False and  s.id=student_id group by student_id ,s.sit_number,present, s.name,s.standard_id,s.group_id ,subject_id "% (
                k))
            noobs_details = cr.dictfetchall()
            for details_ids in noobs_details:
                for data in noobs:
                    details_ids[data['student_id']] = str(data['number_of_absenece'])+str(data['student_id']) + str(data['standard_id'])+str(data['group_id'])+str(data['subject_name'])
                noobs_data.append(details_ids)
        print (noobs_data)
        subo_obj = self.pool.get('fci.attendance.subjects')
        count=0
        for name in noobs_data:
            count =count+1
            student_ids=self.search(cr,uid,[('student_id.id','=',int(name['student_id']))])
            if student_ids and int(name['number_of_absenece']) >= 3:
                subo_obj.create(cr, uid,{'student_id':int(name['student_id']),
                                                         'number_of_absence':int(name['number_of_absenece']),
                                                         'subject_id':int(name['subject_name']),
                                                         'standard_id':int(name['standard_id']),
                                                         'standard_group':int(name['group_id'])})
        print ('Number of times LOL : ',count)
        return True

my function work perfectly but when i add another value to my table and try to add to the other fields it duplicated but i want to just update the already date if excist i try to change my function like this but it didn't work :
def lol_hah(self,cr,uid,ids,context=None):
        noobs_data=[]
        cr.execute("select DISTINCT ON (subject_id)subject_id from fci_attendance_line")
        noobs1 = cr.dictfetchall()
        ages = [li['subject_id'] for li in noobs1]
        print (ages)
        for k in ages:
            cr.execute(
            "select DISTINCT ON (student_id)student_id, count(present) AS Number_of_Absenece,present,subject_id as subject_name, s.name  AS Student_Name,s.standard_id,s.group_id  from fci_attendance_line ,fci_student s where subject_id=%d and present=False and  s.id=student_id group by student_id ,s.sit_number,present, s.name,s.standard_id,s.group_id ,subject_id "% (
                k))
            noobs = cr.dictfetchall()
            cr.execute(
            "select DISTINCT ON (student_id)student_id, count(present) AS Number_of_Absenece,present,subject_id as subject_name, s.name  AS Student_Name,s.standard_id,s.group_id  from fci_attendance_line ,fci_student s where subject_id=%d and present=False and  s.id=student_id group by student_id ,s.sit_number,present, s.name,s.standard_id,s.group_id ,subject_id "% (
                k))
            noobs_details = cr.dictfetchall()
            for details_ids in noobs_details:
                for data in noobs:
                    details_ids[data['student_id']] = str(data['number_of_absenece'])+str(data['student_id']) + str(data['standard_id'])+str(data['group_id'])+str(data['subject_name'])
                noobs_data.append(details_ids)
        print (noobs_data)
        subo_obj = self.pool.get('fci.attendance.subjects')
        count=0
        for name in noobs_data:
            count =count+1
            student_ids=self.search(cr,uid,[('student_id.id','=',int(name['student_id']))])
            if student_ids and int(name['number_of_absenece']) >= 3:
                    ds_ids=subo_obj.search(cr,uid,[('student_id.id','=',int(name['student_id']))])
                    print('Here is ids found',ds_ids)
                    if ds_ids != []:
                        subo_obj.write(cr, uid, ds_ids, {'number_of_absence': int(name['number_of_absenece'])}, context=context)
                    else:
                        subo_obj.create(cr, uid,{'student_id':int(name['student_id']),
                                                         'number_of_absence':int(name['number_of_absenece']),
                                                         'subject_id':int(name['subject_name']),
                                                         'standard_id':int(name['standard_id']),
                                                         'standard_group':int(name['group_id'])})
        print ('Number of times LOL : ',count)
        return True

I hope you got what i want :)

A: Do you mean you're trying to merge 2 list but want to have only 1 unique instance of each item?
If this is the case you could add all of the data to the list then run something like noobs_data_trimmed = list(set(noobs_data))
Making a list into a set will obliterate exact duplicates within the set. Then you can turn it back into a list for easier processing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Random Anny .Com: Balloons are People!
If only those balloons impressed anyone over 3 years old!
My friend Robbie *waves to Robbie* just released two balloon making instructional videos. Forget trite dogs and androgynous dinosaurs - Robbie makes PEOPLE!
Well...not like the bible made people. He makes balloons in the image of people...and animals and plants and foliage and stuff.
You can snag the dvds here then go to his website for head scratching surprise.
Wow, he's amazing! I love the octopuss in that clump of ballon madness!


text:
Agents, Characters, Featured Articles
Avak
Name Avak
Age 0, appears to be in mid-teens
Introduced In "Insert Reincarnated Evil Here"
Avak is an agent of the Anti-Cliché and Mary-Sue Elimination Society.
3 Weapons/Abilities
3.1 Abraxis
Avak is the first character created by Ben for Project Warpath. Michael was originally hesitant towards the idea of Project Warpath when Ben presented it, but he agreed to allow Ben to create one character as a test case, which led to Avak entering the Society.
Avak is middlingly short, and stocky, with messy brown hair and brown eyes. He wears the baggy red shirt from The World Ends With You known as "Sabotage" and camoflague shorts. Like Ben with Bahamut, he's in the habit of carrying Abraxis around on his back with him.
Upon his creation, Avak was extremely shy and reclusive, relying heavily on Ben and Valerie for support and fleeing when confronted with almost anyone else. Upon Valerie's request, though, Lily made friends with Avak on a shopping trip and helped bring him out of his shell. Due to her kindness to him, Avak is almost fanatically loyal to Lily, nearly to the point of infatuation.
Avak is an avid reader, thanks to hanging around Valerie in the medical wing for so long, and nine times out of ten he can be found with his nose buried in a thick book.
For Avak, disobeying Ben is nearly impossible, a side-effect of Ben developing Avak without any memories or any kind of past.
Prior to Avak's entry, Ben gave him the choice between either becoming a Society Agent or becoming a character in one of Ben's stories with a guaranteed happy ending. Avak found it difficult to go against his creator's wishes and chose to enter the Society. Other than that, though, Avak has no history or backstory to call his own, as Valerie discovered when Ben first introduced Avak to her. Born with a clean slate and no past, Avak was originally extremely shy and reclusive (never having met anyone before) and he hid in the medical wing for about a week after his creation, with Ben and Valerie being his only contacts.
Valerie finally asked Lily to befriend him, in the hopes that she would help Avak gain some confidence and social skills. While on a shopping trip to 104 in The World Ends With You, Lily set about doing just that, and she and Avak quickly became friends.
For his first training misson, Lily took Avak to The One in order to capture Ashley Harken, a low-level Sue. Once they found her, they encountered Ash Harth, a Level 7 Stu who was trying to kill Ashley and absorb her powers so he could become The One himself. After a vicious battle, Lily, Ashley and Avak managed to defeat Ash with the help of Gabriel Law, a canon character, only to have Ash try to escape. Only some quick thinking on Avak's part managed to stall Ash long enough for Cristoph and Rhia to intervene and capture Ash. While being escorted down to the basement, Ash made a threat against Lily, which sent Avak into a rage, beating Ash into a bloody pulp before finally regaining enough presence of mind to throw the Stu into a cell.
During the mission to Demigod with Lily to recover The Book of Prophecy from Matthew Slaymaker, Avak was nearly beaten by a demigod named Oak, only to spontaneously develop the ability to absorb Sue energy, which not only enabled him to defeat Oak, but Holly and Matthew as well, rescuing Lily in the process. Unfortunately, he was unable to control his new power and ended up creating an explosion of energy that knocked Matthew, Lily and himself out.
Avak was the bassist in the same band as Ben, Jess, Shirley and Valerie. At the time of events in Insert Absolute Finale Here, his feelings for Lily had grown so strong that they provoked matching feelings of hatred towards Ben. Anxious that Lily was overextending herself in caring for an injured Ben, he tried to kiss her, but she responded with a punch to the face. Avak determined that he must kill his creator, but after plotholing Ben to another location to fight, Lily interrupted them. Avak asked Lily if she loved Ben, and then if she loved him, but her responses angered him so much that he tried to attack her too. Lily transformed Bahamut into Power Metal Bahamut in order to fight him off, but the battle concluded with her killing Avak. Ben enlisted the help of Marcus to construct a statue in memorial of Avak inside the Library.
Weapons/Abilities[edit | edit source]
During the mission to Demigod, Avak developed the ability to absorb Sue energy from corrupted characters and Sues themselves. The energy is absorbed into his body, which then creates a purple aura around him, capable of deflecting blows. As Avak himself is not a Sue, his body inherently rejects the presence of the energy, so it has a negative effect on him - causing dizzyness, clouded vision and slight disorientation, as well as causing him intense pain. As a self-defence mechanism, his body does its best to expel the foreign energy as soon as possible. Unfortunately, expelling the energy is nearly always violent and destrucutive, partially due to the nature of Sue energy. The absorbing, storing and releasing of the energy requrires titanic amounts of effort on Avak's part; the trauma of taking such actions causes him to lose consciousness after the energy is expelled.
Abraxis[edit | edit source]
Main article: Abraxis
After his induction into the band, Charis transformed his bass into a battleaxe she named Abraxis.
The name Avak is Armenian for 'The First', denoting Avak's status as the first character developed as a part of Project Warpath.
Avak's theme song is Papa Roach's "To Be Loved"
Retrieved from "https://acmses.fandom.com/wiki/Avak?oldid=12447"


If you have ever been arrested, you understand the freedom "posting bail" provides; it prevents the defendant from sitting in a jail cell until a judge is available for the bail hearing. It gives the defendant a chance to spend time with loved ones, make arrangements, and take care of unfinished business before being potentially incarcerated. It also allows defendants to return to work and preserve their job.


For this project, students investigated an "issue of history" stemming from Japan's Empire in East Asia and produced a website that examined the context, events, contending interpretations, and present-day implications of that issue. An "issue of history" (历史问题) is a term borrowed from Chinese that invokes a connection between a problem originating in the past with significant implications today. Research for this project incorporated both primary documents and secondary scholarly sources and was intended matched the rigor expected of a research paper.
"Emperor Hirohito and the People of Japan"
"Asian Forced Labor in the Empire of Japan"
"Comfort Women and Japanese-Korean Relations"
"The Issue of Comfort Women"


After teasing the H5D-50c in January, Hasselblad has now officially launched its first medium-format camera equipped with a CMOS sensor. This means the new 50-megapixel – and US$27,500 – camera features improved high ISO performance, better capture rates, and faster Live Video than its predecessors.
When the H5D-50c was initially announced, it was due to be the world's first medium-format CMOS sensor camera. But, since then, Phase One started shipping the IQ250 medium-format camera back, which also boasts a CMOS sensor. As such, the H5D-50c officially launches with the slightly long-winded title of the "world's first fully integrated medium format camera system to use CMOS sensor technology."
At the heart of the camera is a 50-megapixel CMOS sensor which measures 32.9 x 43.8 mm. While this is almost twice the physical size of that in 35-mm DSLRs, it's still considerably smaller than most other medium-format cameras, including the CCD-sensored H5D-50 it's based on. That said, the adoption of a CMOS sensor brings a number of benefits which are likely to be welcomed by medium-format shooters.
One of the key improvements is lower-light performance. An ISO range of 100-6400, up from ISO 50-800 in the H5D-50, means the H5D-50c will not have to be confined to the perfect lighting conditions of a studio. Shutter speeds also now range from 1/800 sec up to 12 minutes, where they previously maxed out at two minutes. The H5D-50c can shoot at 1.5 fps compared to the 1.1 fps of its predecessor.
Improved read-out times of the CMOS sensor also allow for a faster Live Video frame rate (10-15 fps), which should make it easier to use when setting up shots with the Phocus or Phocus Mobile Hasselblad image processing software. The H5D-50c also has an impressive high dynamic range (up to 14 stops) for preserving detail in shadow and highlight areas of images.
Measuring 153 x 131 x 205 mm (6 x 5.2 x 8 in) with the HC 80-mm lens, and weighing 2,290 g (5 lb) with the HC 80-mm lens, a battery and a CF card, the H5D-50c features a familiar design. It consists of the new 50c sensor unit, the H5D camera body, and the HVD 90x viewfinder, though others are also compatible. On the rear there's a three-inch screen with 460k dots and, being part of the Hasselblad H System, the H5D-50c takes those lenses.
The Hasselblad H5D-50c is available now for $27,500, or $30,000 with the HC F2.8 80-mm lens. While that might sound like a lot, it's still pretty much the same as the current price of the H5D-50.