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Pursuant to Standing Order 108(2), our study is on the role of the private sector in achieving Canada's international development interests. We'll begin.
I want to welcome Wendy Hannam, who is the executive vice-president of sales and service, products and marketing for Scotiabank international banking.
Wendy, thank you very much for being here today.
Colleagues, we have changed the order today because we wanted to make sure we would have as much time as we could with the ministers this afternoon. We appreciate everyone's flexibility.
Wendy, we certainly appreciate your flexibility as well in meeting with us.
We're probably going to have bells in, I'm going to suggest, the next 20 or 25 minutes. We'll see if we can go for at least half an hour—I think that would be reasonable—so that we can get some testimony and then have at least one round of questioning. When we come back we'll be with the minister.
I'm going to turn the floor over to you, Wendy. You have an opening statement. Then we'll have questions back and forth from both sides of the table.
Again, welcome. The floor is yours.
Thank you very much, Mr. Chair and committee members, and thank you for the invitation.
I'm Wendy Hannam, executive vice-president for sales and service, products and marketing, in international banking with Scotiabank. Scotiabank is Canada's most international bank, with operations in 55 countries and a team of more than 75,000 employees serving over 19 million customers around the world.
Our international banking division encompasses all of the bank's personal and commercial banking services outside Canada, primarily in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Asia. I am responsible for strategic planning, management, and delivery of personal banking services and small business banking services through our team of 36,000 employees in 45 countries.
I've been engaged in conversations throughout the past year with the Canadian International Development Agency on enhancing collaboration between Scotiabank and CIDA. I'm pleased to have the opportunity to address this committee about Scotiabank's experience and its ideas about achieving international development goals.
The committee has specifically noted an interest in how private sector entities can be catalysts in generating long-term economic growth and alleviating poverty in developing countries. We strongly support this vision and approach. There's a growing consensus that growth, poverty reduction, and improving people's lives require a vibrant private sector and active partnership in economic development.
Today I'd like to speak with you about Scotiabank's history and approach in developing markets, the link between development objectives and the business of banking, and some relevant success Scotiabank has had in this area. I'll also offer some recommendations based on what has worked well.
First I'll speak about our approach to developing markets. The issue of how best to achieve development goals in emerging markets is a very important one for Scotiabank, given our deep roots and more than 120 years of history in developing countries, beginning with the opening of our first branch in Jamaica in 1889.
We take a grassroots approach and keep a long-term view of how best to contribute to the growth and development of local economies. We learn the market first, build strong relationships with governments and the private sector, establish a presence, and grow our operations over time. We hire locally and build our teams as much as possible with people who understand the unique local context. Because of our approach and long-term commitment, we are seen as a local bank in each market, and in many important ways we operate as a local bank.
Part of our commitment to corporate social responsibility is to have a very strong presence in local communities, which we do through our support of hundreds of local and regional charities, civic causes, and non-profit organizations. Scotiabank Bright Future, our global philanthropic and employee volunteer program, is aimed at addressing the needs of local communities at a grassroots level.
Scotiabank supports financial literacy initiatives that provide customers with access to education, resources, and advice related to personal finances. For example, we're partners with Junior Achievement on the Economics for Success program in 10 countries in Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean. This program teaches students the fundamentals of personal finance and explores related education and career opportunities.
But while philanthropy does have a meaningful impact on local communities in developing markets and is a major component of what might be considered traditional CSR, it is not what I want to highlight today. Over 90% of jobs in developing countries are in the private sector. The pace of job growth and quality of employment in the private sector are critical to development. The involvement of the poor in economic growth through formal markets—known as pro-poor growth—is the best way to get people out of poverty and represents the exit strategy for government aid.
Making businesses more inclusive is essential. An inclusive business is one that seeks to alleviate poverty by including lower-income communities within its value chain, while not losing sight of the ultimate goal of business, which is to generate a profit. A real impact can be made by leveraging these for-profit businesses.
Inclusive growth is both broad-based across sectors and inclusive of the large part of the country's labour force. It includes attention to the welfare of the poor, but also to the opportunities for the majority of the labour force, poor and middle class alike. The inclusive growth approach looks to productive employment as an important means of increasing incomes of excluded groups.
I'll now be looking at the special role of the banking sector. The banking sector has a critical role to play. Generally it alleviates poverty and inequality by enabling economic growth through the provision of credit. In addition, the institutional infrastructure of the financial sector contributes by bringing down the cost of information, contracting, and transactions, which in turn accelerate growth.
In addition, with governments facing the challenge of developing infrastructure with limited budgets, banks help to address this gap through the design, structuring, and implementation of financial solutions for infrastructure projects. Scotiabank has a specialized unit, Global Infrastructure Finance, with dedicated teams for Latin America, Europe, and Asia. For the developing countries in Latin America, we focus mainly on those countries where the bank has a banking presence—Mexico, Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil.
Perhaps most important, banks directly address poverty by providing access to basic banking services in a formal market, acting as a force of inclusion. In most developing countries, access to formal financial services is limited to 20% to 50% of the population. There is now growing awareness that access to a wide set of financial tools, such as savings products, payment services, and microfinance, provides the poor with much greater capacity to increase or stabilize their income, build assets, and become more resilient to economic shocks while increasing family security.
Speaking to our success in Haiti, Scotiabank's experience in Haiti following the devastating earthquake in January 2010 provides a good example of the different roles philanthropy and inclusive business each play in a crisis in a developing country. Immediately following the earthquake, our team in Haiti worked around the clock to ensure branches were safe and secure for the return of our customers and employees, opening three of our four Haitian branches within just a few days. Scotiabank assisted international agencies in distributing aid to 100,000 people, donated funds to the Red Cross and our employee relief fund, and helped arrange temporary housing for those who needed it.
In late 2010 the bank, together with Digicel, launched a mobile wallet financial service under the brand name TchoTcho Mobile. This service helped make banking accessible in a country where only 10% of people have a traditional bank account but 85% of households have access to a mobile phone. With much of the country's infrastructure damaged or destroyed by the earthquake, the service allowed customers to safely perform basic financial functions such as withdrawals, deposits, transfers, and payments to keep the economy moving. Businesses used the mobile wallet to accept payments from customers for goods and services and to pay their employees. The project has been a huge success in terms of financial inclusion and supporting development. It is also profitable.
At the end of 2011, TchoTcho Mobile had more than 473,000 users and handled almost 10,000 transactions a day in a country where just 4 million people have cellphones. The project is supported by a nationwide network of more than 900 correspondent agents. This project received international acclaim for its contribution to economic development, including the beyondBanking award of the Inter-American Development Bank and the 2011 Global Telecoms Business Innovation Award for consumer service innovation.
We're now preparing to launch a mobile wallet in Peru and El Salvador, and we plan to offer the service in other Latin American and Caribbean countries.
Another inclusive business initiative we've been very successful with is microfinance. Scotiabank provides innovative microfinance services to small-scale entrepreneurs and micro-business owners in Peru, Chile, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, and Jamaica. Our CrediScotia subsidiary in Peru is the bank's biggest microfinance operation. We define microfinance clients as self-employed or micro-business owners with annual gross revenues below $100,000 Canadian who need funding to invest in the development and growth of their business.
Microfinance has been shown to be an important driver of economic development in underserved communities. It is a key tool for supporting the goals and aspirations of women in particular. Approximately 60% of our microfinance clients in Peru are women. It also helps to grow the formal economy by providing accessible financing to people who would otherwise have to turn to informal channels.
To end with some recommendations, CIDA's three priority themes are already closely aligned with Scotiabank's values and activities. As described above, there is strong evidence that financial sector development provides a high impact on development overall. In Haiti, the Caribbean region, and Peru, there are already successes where the bank is working with CIDA, but there is clearly potential for our two organizations to do more. I have had very open and productive discussions with CIDA over the past year and look forward to continuing those discussions in specific areas we've identified.
Specifically, one, encourage CIDA to publish a private sector development strategy.
Two, as the role of the private sector becomes the increasing focus of governments, development agencies, and international financial institutions, the contributions of the private sector are not well understood or communicated by other stakeholders or the public. Increased communication among CIDA, private sector partners, and the public would help.
Three, given the limited resources and focus on budget restraint, the efficiency of assistance and maximum impact becomes critical. It is important that the public and private sectors leverage their comparative advantages. In light of this, CIDA should have flexibility to fund feasibility studies, co-invest, or assist in risk mitigation for private sector projects.
Four, scale is a key factor in maximizing impact and needs to be recognized. This means leveraging the strengths of large private sector partners and collaborating with multiple partners.
Five, ask whether CIDA is currently structured to have the flexibility and mandate to effectively engage with the private sector. There are a range of models for development agencies, development banks, and international finance institutions. The committee should consider whether CIDA has the structure and the mandate to effectively partner with these institutions and with the private sector. For instance, some national development agencies—in the U.K., the U.S., and Germany, for example—have established funds or development finance institutions specifically to support their private sector development efforts.
Finally, six, directly engage in building basic financial infrastructure: property rights, secure transaction laws, collateral rights, credit bureaus, small and medium enterprise tool kits, financial literacy, regional regulatory harmonization, and financial regulation.
I believe that Scotiabank's history and our deep commitment to the development of emerging markets, including our recent inclusive business successes, put us in a unique position to offer our insights on this matter. I hope these recommendations are helpful to you in your deliberations.
I'll be very pleased to answer any questions you may have.
Thank you very much, Ms. Hannam.
We're going to start with Ms. Sims, please. You have seven minutes.
Jinny Sims NDP Newton—North Delta, BC
Thank you very much, and thank you for your presentation.
I certainly appreciated having a copy a bit ahead of time so we could read it before we came to the meeting.
I think there is an acknowledgement around the table that there are some benefits to microfinance and microcredit programs, because they can help the world's poorest communities, and they also give women hope and some equity.
The microfinance sector has come under some scrutiny recently, particularly in India. In February, the Winnipeg Free Press published a story entitled, "Indian state pushes microfinance prosecutions after revelations of lender links to suicides". The government there blamed a spate of suicides on aggressive lending and collection tactics.
I'm not saying that Scotiabank had anything to do with this, nor am I trying to tie your practices to the ones that may have led to the problems in India. However, we know that when lending and borrowing are not conducted in a responsible way, there can be a significant social and economic consequence. We've just seen that south of the border with the housing market meltdown and the mortgage foreclosures.
We also know that some of the poorest and most vulnerable communities here in Canada have been the targets of ruthless, predatory lending practices from the payday loan industry. How can Canadian institutions like yours make sure that predatory lending practices do not take place in the microfinance systems of developing countries?
Executive Vice-President, Sales and Service, Products and Marketing, International Banking, Scotiabank
Wendy Hannam
Scotiabank's involvement in microfinance started when we purchased a bank in Peru. Peru is the most developed country in terms of microfinance, with a long, long history. As we've built the microfinance business inside Scotiabank, we've used the Peruvian model to expand to the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Chile, and other markets.
I just spoke at the University of Ottawa before coming here, and some of the students asked how microfinance works; does it look like traditional banking? I explained that as a Canadian with 25 years of banking experience in Canada, two years ago going to Peru and seeing our microfinance business for the first time was quite enlightening for me too. I am fascinated by the opportunities it provides to allow entrepreneurs to provide a living for families and create jobs.
The way microfinance works is quite different from what we would know as branch banking. In our case, our officers travel by motorcycle to the communities where customers live and work. They go with pen and paper, and they will actually have a discussion with the business owner about who they're selling to, how much their sales are, how much they are paying in supplies, how much the utilities are. Financial statements aren't common in this business, so the officer actually has to figure out how much this business makes and how much they can afford to pay. Based on that knowledge, they'll make a decision around the lending criteria.
That same officer is also responsible for collecting the loans. So on another day they'll go back on their motorcycle to the community to collect as well. Obviously we don't condone or engage in any kind of predatory collection practices.
We have a very, very large distribution network of branches and kiosks in retail stores and a number of non-traditional distribution outlets that we'd be used to here in Canada—places where people can go to make their payments. We make it very easy for them to find an outlet to make a payment.
Not to belabour it, but the business that is fascinating to me and is going to transform the world is the mobile bank—the bank that's held in a cellphone. Increasingly we will be able to distribute loans onto the phone, and people will be able to make payments, again, through these distribution outlets, through the phones.
As you know, one of the stated goals of CIDA's overseas development assistance is to reduce poverty. We believe there can be no substitute for the role of the public sector, though we do believe there is a role the private sector can play.
Would you agree that when it comes to international development there must be a strong role for public institutions like CIDA, whose goal is to reduce poverty?
We think there's absolutely a role, and we think there's an opportunity for an even closer partnership than what exists today. As I said, I've been working with CIDA for the last year, and we've had some very good discussions. We definitely see opportunities to partner, to work together more closely on the ground when we're both doing work in the countries, to share what we're doing, to share best practices and knowledge.
Especially on the last point I made, we in the lending business need to rely on property rights. We need to be able to rely on collateral. Where this doesn't exist, we can't make loans. When we can't make loans, we can't fund those business owners who are trying to make a living for their families and grow their businesses.
We track, and we've seen migration from the microfinance, which is really just a family owned business, to creating jobs, growing into small businesses. We've seen a big migration—
Throughout your report I read a couple of times about your ongoing collaboration and relationship with CIDA. I was pleased to hear that.
Can you expand on what that looks like?
I've had several meetings with the minister, and also with Margaret Biggs and some of her team, to talk about ways we can partner.
Some of the things we've done are sharing names of CIDA and bank officials on the ground so we can facilitate them getting together to talk about the projects they're working on.
I'm delighted to hear that, because we're hearing from a lot of NGOs who are coming to meet with us that they're finding it very hard to communicate or establish any links.
Yes, likewise. Exactly.
We're now going to move over to Mr. Dechert for seven minutes, please.
Thanks, Ms. Hannam, for being here today.
I was very interested to hear about the microfinance programs Scotiabank operates in Peru and in other places. I noticed you didn't mention that you have a microfinance operation in Haiti at the moment—or maybe I got that wrong and you could clarify.
A number of us—Ms. Laverdière, Mr. LeBlanc, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and I—had the opportunity to visit Haiti in January. We met with Scotiabank officials there, and they were very helpful and told us some very interesting things that Scotiabank is doing, including the cellphone payment mechanism.
I have a couple of questions for you. First, is the cellphone payment service a service that would allow Canadians who have relatives in Haiti to remit amounts to them as a way of getting some of that necessary seed capital? If I'm a Scotiabank customer and account holder here in Canada, can I go to Scotiabank and have it transfer funds to Scotiabank in Haiti and then distribute them to my relative via the cellphone transfer? If so, what is the cost of doing that?
Second, can you tell us what steps need to be taken—what conditions need to be put in place in Haiti—to enable you to offer a microfinance service there as you're doing in Peru? What preconditions were available in Peru that allowed Scotiabank to carry out that kind of business that need to be put in place in Haiti?
I think you mentioned property issues, and we've heard previously in this committee that there are some very significant problems with the land title system in Haiti. Is that part of the problem you're talking about?
Thank you for your questions.
First to the mobile phone question. Today, the service doesn't exist where you can remit funds from Canada to the phone in Haiti; it's an internal Haiti service right now between Digicel and ourselves. But the next evolution of the mobile wallet, while it certainly would be cross-border...we're just over a year old in the wallet itself in Haiti, and we need to continue to build the functionality for intra-Haiti transfers, first of all. They're so vital.
You asked about cost. Before the cellphone, the only way for a family member in one community to transfer funds to a family member in another community a hundred miles away was to physically take that cash and find what they hoped was a trusted taxi driver or bus driver or somebody who would get the funds there. Sometimes they wouldn't get there. When they did get there, it was often at quite a cost: 20%, 30%, 40%. Now it's pennies, literally, to make that transfer by phone. The family member in the next community receives a text message and the money is on their phone.
To the microfinance, we do not have a microfinance business in Haiti right now; we are interested in establishing one. We just set one up in Jamaica this year. We'd like to do a feasibility study on the market, as we would in any market: what is the size of the market? We expect that it's sustainable.
Your point is very valid on property rights on land and on titles and so on. If we need to register collateral, we need to be able to rely on that collateral. That doesn't exist in Haiti today.
Is it your view that governments like the Canadian government, through CIDA and similar organizations, could play a role in helping to prepare the legal framework in countries like Haiti so that microfinance could play a role in helping those countries?
We think that's a perfect example of ways that we could work with CIDA to foster economic development.
Can you compare the situation in Peru and in other countries where you do microfinance to the situation in Haiti and point out to us the types of things we need to do to get Haiti to that level?
I think it's a matter of 30 years—30 to 40 years' headstart in Peru. The business of microfinance had its origins in Peru and Bolivia. It's very well established. Those people who make the loans understand the risks in the business. Obviously, there are much higher loan losses in this business than in a traditional lending business.
They've learned the risk management. What's unique to Scotiabank is that because we have all that expertise in Peru, we're able to transfer it to other parts of the world. We don't need to recreate the wheel; we just export that Peruvian business model—bring some of the risk people and some of the business people and get it started in Haiti as well.
You mentioned financial literacy. How important is that to developing countries? And how can governments play a role in partnering with the private sector, with organizations such as Scotiabank, to help provide that level of financial literacy that will allow people to take their country and their businesses to the next level?
I think it's absolutely critical everywhere. I think financial literacy should be taught at a much earlier age than it is anywhere in the world today, but especially in developing economies.
I mentioned we partner with Junior Achievement. We also produce our own financial education materials for microfinance: business basics, inventory management, collections, that type of thing. Again, I think to partner with CIDA, or any NGO, either in the production or distribution of that kind of education training material, is a natural.
I need to seek unanimous consent now to sit through the bells. You have about 30 seconds left, and Mr. LeBlanc should get a round.
Is that all right? Can we do that?
I'm happy to defer to Mr. LeBlanc.
Okay. Do I have unanimous consent just to finish off with Mr. LeBlanc?
You can't ask me to give unanimous consent to my own questions.


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Rilwan was abducted, confirms police
The Maldives police have confirmed links between The Maldives Independent reporter Ahmed Rilwan's disappearance and an abduction reported outside his apartment building on August 8, 2014, some 600 days ago.
The Maldives police say they have established links between the disappearance of The Maldives Independent reporter Ahmed Rilwan and an abduction reported outside his apartment on August 8, 2014, some 600 days ago.
Chief Inspector Abdulla Satheeh confirmed today allegations made by human rights NGO, the Maldivian Democracy Network, in a 2014 comprehensive report into Rilwan's disappearance, and said that members of Malé's Kuda Henveiru gang had followed Rilwan for over two hours on the night he went missing.
The police now believe Rilwan was abducted at knifepoint outside his apartment and taken into a red car that belongs to Aalif Rauf, a senior member of Kuda Henveiru, Satheeh said.
DNA analysis of hairs lifted from the trunk of Aalif's car matched that of Rilwan's mother, Satheeh said.
The admission marks a stark reversal as the police had previously insisted that DNA analysis was insufficient to link the August 8 abduction with Rilwan's disappearance.
Satheeh said Rilwan's abduction was planned well in advance, but declined to comment on whether politicians were involved in the act.
The chief inspector revealed that the car used in the abduction was transported illegally to Hulhumalé on August 1 and brought back to Malé in mid-August that year.
He also identified one of the men caught trailing Rilwan on CCTV footage as Mohamed Suaid, 18 years. He was arrested but released by the criminal court in November 2014, and has since left the country since.
According to local media, Suaid left the Maldives for Syria in early January with Aalif's brother Azleef Rauf, who is also a suspect in the 2012 brutal murder of a parliamentarian. The pair are reported to have died in battle, but Satheeh said the police are not able to confirm this.
Aalif was never arrested over Rilwan's disappearance, Satheeh said, but added that the police may re-arrest suspects in light of new evidence.
The police are also looking into an attempt at forging Rilwan's passport last March "to make it appear as if he had left or was out of the country," Satheeh said. At the time, several pro-government websites, citing a blog that later turned out to be fake, had reported that Rilwan had died in battle in Syria.
When asked why it had taken the police over 600 days to reveal information already detailed in Maldivian Democracy Network's report, Satheeh said: "The police will decide when and how and how much information we will reveal to the public."
The police had labeled MDN's report politically motivated at the time, and claimed Rilwan's family was being subject to political influence in their campaign to find him.
Days after the report's release, a machete was lodged in the front door of The Maldives Independent's offices. This paper was formerly known as Minivan News.
Satheeh went on to deflect questions over police conduct on the night of the disappearance, saying officers on duty had done all they could.
He said that the police were not able to collect clues from the knife that was dropped after the abduction, and added that the police officers on duty had followed up on the report by searching red cars in Hulhumalé that night.
Aalif's car was found locked and parked near the Hulhumalé ferry terminal, and police officers left the car after noting down its license plate, he said.
In January, President Abdulla Yameen broke his silence on Rilwan's disappearance and requested the home minister to "do everything the government can" to find him.
When questioned on Rilwan's case in 2014, Yameen had said: "No, I have no comment on that. A reporter has gone missing. I think the search for him will proceed right? God willing, the search will be successful."
The case has received global attention with Reporters Without Borders referring the case to the UN working group on enforced or involuntary disappearances. The US government and the European Union parliament have also expressed concern.
Home Minister Umar Naseer in November revealed that former Vice President Ahmed Adeeb, detained on suspicion of links to an explosion on the president's speedboat, had been questioned over Rilwan's disappearance.
Rilwan's family has asked oversight bodies, the National Integrity Commission and the Human Rights Commission of the Maldives, for help in pressuring the police for an independent inquiry.
Members of Rilwan's family were pepper sprayed at a silent march commemorating the anniversary of his disappearance.
Latest suspects in Rilwan's abduction transferred to house arrest
Suspects in Rilwan's abduction moved back to police custody
Suspects in Rilwan's abduction transferred to house arrest
Brother of abducted journalist makes Maldives legal history
Rilwan's family goes to court for truth behind disappearance
Maldives government denies involvement in journalist's disappearance
Related Topics:abductionAhmed Rilwandisappearancemaldivesmaldives news
Government wants to grant police prosecution powers
Trials begin for boat blast suspects

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Caitlin Kunkel and Elly Lonon
Caitlin Kunkel (writer) is a writer, satirist, and teacher. Her work has been featured in The New York Times, The New Yorker, McSweeney's and public radio. She co-wrote the gift book New Erotica for Feminists: Satirical Fantasties of Love, Lust, and Equal Pay (named one of the 10 Best Comedy Books of 2018 by Vulture), created the Online Satire Program for The Second City, and co-founded the Satire and Humor Festival. Elly Lonon (writer and illustrator) is the author of Amongst the Liberal Elite: The Road Trip Exploring Societal Inequities Solidified by Trump (RESIST), a graphic novel based on her political satire column at McSweeney's Internet Tendency. Her writing has been featured at The New York Times, Real Simple, Scary Mommy, and a disappointing number of now defunct sites. She's also appeared in print within the pages of O Magazine and several parenting humor anthologies. Elly really, really hates writing in the third person.
"Humans of New York," But Make It the End Times
Apr 2 - Caitlin Kunkel and Elly Lonon
Ann Beattie
At the Fairmont
Christopher Gonzalez
Stories About Queer Self Discovery in a Migrant Worker Camp
Yo Mama Wants to Know what Kind of Shit You're Reading
Phil Klay


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Overactive bladder syndrome occurs in adults who have urinary urgency with or without urgency urinary incontinence (leakage of urine). People usually empty their bladders frequently during the day and also at night (nocturia). It is a major problem affecting quality of life, in over 22 million people. It affects men and women, and is more common in women and in older people. It is also expensive for both patients and the health service. It is not clear exactly why it occurs, and there are many treatments including drugs and behavioural treatments such as bladder training and pelvic floor exercises. It is not clear which treatments work best, have the fewest side effects and which are most economical. Twenty three trials with 3685 participants were included in the review. Participants were more likely to improve if they were using an anticholinergic drug compared with bladder training alone, and also when using a combination of an anticholinergic drug plus bladder training. More people reported an improvement in their overactive bladder symptoms when using electrical stimulation than an anticholinergic drug, but this was only significant in one trial for one type of electrical stimulation, percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation. These results have to be viewed with caution as different types and doses of the anticholinergic drugs were used in the trials. The main adverse effect reported was dry mouth, in about a third of the people taking an anticholinergic drug.
The use of anticholinergic drugs in the management of overactive bladder syndrome is well established when compared to placebo treatment. During initial treatment of overactive bladder syndrome there was more symptomatic improvement when (a) anticholinergics were compared with bladder training alone, and (b) anticholinergics combined with bladder training were compared with bladder training alone. Limited evidence from small trials might suggest electrical stimulation is a better option in patients who are refractory to anticholinergic therapy, but more evidence comparing individual types of electrostimulation to the most effective types of anticholinergics is required to establish this. These results should be viewed with caution in view of the different classes and varying doses of individual anticholinergics used in this review. Anticholinergics had well recognised side effects, such as dry mouth.
Overactive bladder syndrome is defined as urgency with or without urgency incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia. Pharmacotherapy with anticholinergic drugs is often the first line medical therapy, either alone or as an adjunct to various non-pharmacological therapies after conservative options such as reducing intake of caffeine drinks have been tried. Non-pharmacologic therapies consist of bladder training, pelvic floor muscle training with or without biofeedback, behavioural modification, electrical stimulation and surgical interventions.
To compare the effects of anticholinergic drugs with various non-pharmacologic therapies for non-neurogenic overactive bladder syndrome in adults.
We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Register (searched 4 September 2012), which includes searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and MEDLINE, and the reference lists of relevant articles.
All randomised or quasi-randomised, controlled trials of treatment with anticholinergic drugs for overactive bladder syndrome or urgency urinary incontinence in adults in which at least one management arm involved a non-drug therapy. Trials amongst patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction were excluded.
Two authors evaluated the trials for appropriateness for inclusion and risk of bias. Two authors were involved in the data extraction. Data extraction was based on predetermined criteria. Data analysis was based on standard statistical approaches used in Cochrane reviews.
Twenty three trials were included with a total of 3685 participants, one was a cross-over trial and the other 22 were parallel group trials. The duration of follow up varied from two to 52 weeks. The trials were generally small and of poor methodological quality.
During treatment, symptomatic improvement was more common amongst those participants on anticholinergic drugs compared with bladder training in seven small trials (73/174, 42% versus 98/172, 57% not improved: risk ratio 0.74, 95% confidence interval 0.61 to 0.91). Augmentation of bladder training with anticholinergics was also associated with more improvements than bladder training alone in three small trials (23/85, 27% versus 37/79, 47% not improved: risk ratio 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.38 to 0.88). However, it was less clear whether an anticholinergic combined with bladder training was better than the anticholinergic alone, in three trials (for example 74/296, 25% versus 95/306, 31% not improved: risk ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.62 to 1.04). The other information on whether combining behavioural modification strategies with an anticholinergic was better than the anticholinergic alone was scanty and inconclusive. Similarly, it was unclear whether these complex strategies alone were better than anticholinergics alone.
In this review, seven small trials comparing an anticholinergic to various types of electrical stimulation modalities such as Intravaginal Electrical Stimulation (IES), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), the Stoller Afferent Nerve Stimulation System (SANS) neuromodulation and percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) were identified. Subjective improvement rates tended to favour the electrical stimulation group in three small trials (54% not improved with the anticholinergic versus 28/86, 33% with electrical stimulation: risk ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 2.34). However, this was statistically significant only for one type of stimulation, percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (risk ratio 2.21, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 4.33), and was not supported by significant differences in improvement, urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, incontinence episodes or quality of life.
The most commonly reported adverse effect among anticholinergics was dry mouth, although this did not necessarily result in withdrawal from treatment. For all comparisons there were too few data to compare symptoms or side effects after treatment had ended. However, it is unlikely that the effects of anticholinergics persist after stopping treatment.


text:
Утирик (Кутузова) (,  ) — атолл из 10 островов в Тихом океане (цепь Ратак). Площадь сухопутной части составляет 2,43 км², вместе с прилегающей лагуной 57,76 км².

Согласно западным источникам, открыт 29 декабря 1527 года А. де Сааведра на корабле «Флорида». Согласно российским источникам, открыт в мае 1816 года русской экспедицией на бриге «Рюрик» под командованием О. Е. Коцебу, который назвал его в честь М. И. Кутузова.

Население атолла составляет 435 человек (2011); это один из наиболее северных островов Маршалловых Островов с постоянным населением.

Примечания

Цепь Ратак
Острова Австралии и Океании

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec:intro}
The electron cloud develops quickly as photons,
striking the vacuum chamber wall, knock out electrons  which are
subsequently accelerated by the beam and strike the chamber
again, producing further electrons in an avalanche process.
Most studies \cite{ecloud} performed so far were based on
 computer simulations (e.g. ECLOUD \cite{ecloud_sof}) taking into account
photoelectron production, secondary electron emission, electron
dynamics, and space charge effects, and providing a very detailed
description of the electron cloud evolution. In \cite{iriso1} it was shown that, for the typical parameters
of  the \emph{Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider} (RHIC), the evolution of
the longitudinal electron cloud density evolution  from bunch to bunch
can be  described (locally, i.e., at an arbitrary chosen point along
the beam path)  specific by  a simple "cubic map" of the form:

\begin{equation}
\rho_{m+1}\,=\,\alpha \, \rho_m +\beta \,{\rho_m}^2+\gamma \,{\rho_m}^3
\label{eq:cubic_map}
\end{equation}
where $\rho_m$ is the average electron cloud density after the $m$-th
passage of the bunch. A similar  map  was next suggested and found to be
reliable also for the \emph{Large Hadron Collider} (LHC) \cite{demma}. The coefficients $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ are
extrapolated from simulations, and are functions of the beam
parameters and of the beam pipe features. The linear term  describes the linear growth and the coefficient $\alpha$
is larger than unity in the presence of electron cloud formation. The quadratic term describes the space charge effects, and is negative reflecting
the concavity to the curve $\rho_{m+1}$ vs $\rho_m$. The cubic term corresponds to
a variety of subtler effects, acting as perturbations to the above simple
scenario.

From Figure \ref{fig1} one can see that the bunch-to-bunch
evolution contains enough informations about the build-up or the
decay time, although the details of the line electron density
oscillation between two bunches are lost. The average longitudinal
electron density as function of time grows exponentially until the
space charge due to the electrons themselves produces a saturation
level. Once the saturation level is reached the average electron
density does not change significantly. The final decay corresponds
to the empty interval between successive bunches.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics*[width=7cm]{fig1.jpg}
\caption{Time evolution of the electron density (green line) computed with
ECLOUD. The black dots mark the average electron density between
two consecutive bunches obtained with the map formalism.
The machine/beam parameters used are
listed in Table 1.}
	\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

Fig. \ref{fig2} shows the behavior of the average electron
density $\rho_{m+1}$ as
function of the average electron density  $\rho_{m}$ for different
values of the bunch population (number of particles in a bunch, $N_b$).
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics*[width=7cm]{fig2.jpg}
\caption{Average longitudinal electron density  for different bunch populations
(green: $N_b\,=\,8*10^{10}$, blue: $N_b\,=\,16*10^{10}$). The lines
correspond to cubic fits.
The red line corresponds to the identity map
$\rho_{m+1}\,=\,\rho_m$. By comparison with Fig. 1, points above this line
describe the initial growth and saturation of the bunch-to-bunch evolution of the
electron density, those below describe the decay. The black line
represents the cubic fit of the points corresponding to the first
empty bunches.}
	\label{fig2}
\end{figure}
\begin{table}[htb]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{||l|c|c|r||}
\hline\hline
Parameter& Quantity & Unit & Value \\
        \hline
        Beam pipe radius & $b$ & m & $.045$ \\
        Beam size & $a$ & m & $.002$ \\
        Bunch spacing & $s_b$ & m & $1.2$\\
        Bunch length & $h$ & m & $.013$\\
        Particles per bunch & $N_b$ & $10^{10}$& $4\,\div\,9$\\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Input parameters for analytical estimate and ECLOUD
simulations.} \label{tab:tab1}
\end{table}
The markers in Fig. \ref{fig2} were obtained  from ECLOUD; the
lines are the cubic fits among these points.

The electron cloud dynamics can be roughly described
as follows: starting with a small
initial linear electron density, after some bunches the density
takes off and reaches the corresponding saturation line
($\rho_{m+1}\,=\,\rho_m$, red line) where the space charge effects, due
to the electrons in the cloud itself, take place. In this
situation, points corresponding to successive passages of filled
bunches, are in the same spot.

Until recently, the map coefficients have been extrapolated
from simulations, in a purely empirical way, so as to obtain
the best fit. An analytical expression of the linear coefficient $\alpha$ has been computed
in  a drift space \cite{iriso1},  and in the presence of a
magnetic dipole field \cite{demma}.

In this paper we summarize our recent results  \cite{demma2}
on the calculation of  an analytical expression for the quadratic coefficient
$\beta$ in  Eq. (1),  under the simple assumptions
of round chambers and free-field motion of the
electrons in the cloud. The coefficient $\beta$ turns out to depend
on few  beam and  machine parameters,  and
can be computed analytically once and for all,
saving a huge computational time compared to
 numerical simulations obtained using ECLOUD \cite{ecloud}.

This paper is accordingly organized as follows.
In  the next section we calculate the saturation  density of cloud electrons,
adopting a gaussian-like distribution for the secondary
electrons, producing an energy barrier near the
chamber wall. Later we deduce the formula
for the linear coefficient $\alpha$,  already given in \cite{iriso2},
and also for the  quadratic coefficient, which is a new result. Finally we report the conclusions.

\section{CLOUD SATURATION DENSITY}
\label{density}

Electrons in the cloud include both primary electrons,
generated by synchrotron radiation  at the pipe wall,
and secondary electrons,
produced  by  beam induced multi-pactoring. Primary electrons interact with the parent bunch,
and  are accelerated to a velocity
$v_p\!=\!2 c \bar{N}_b r_e/b$,
$r_e$ being the classical electron radius,
$b$ the pipe radius,
and $\bar{N}_b$ the linear particle density of
a longitudinally-uniform (coasting) beam having the same total
charge as the actual bunched beam,
\begin{equation}
\bar{N}_b\,=\,\frac{h}{h+s_b}N_b
\end{equation}
with  $s_b$   the intra-bunch spacing, and $h$ the  bunch length.

Secondary electrons
are produced with a low (typically a few $eV$)  energy  ${\mathcal{E}}_0$,
and move from the pipe wall,
with  velocity  $v_s\,=\,c \,\sqrt{2{\mathcal{E}}_0/mc^2}$
until the next bunch arrives. For large  $N_b$, $v_s < v_p$. Cloud buildup turns out to depend basically on two parameters \cite{Heifets}:
\vspace*{-1mm}
\begin{equation}
k=\frac{2\bar{N}_br_eh}{b^2} = b^{-1} v_p  \frac{h}{c},
\label{eq:k}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\xi =\frac{h}{b}\sqrt{\frac{2{\mathcal{E}}_0}{mc^2}} = b^{-1} v_s \frac{h}{c},
\label{eq:xi}
\end{equation}
The parameters $k$ and $\xi$  are measures of the distances (in units of the pipe radius $b$)
traveled, respectively, by primary and secondary electrons during the bunch transit time. At low currents, $k\! \ll \!1$,  primary electrons interact with several bunches
before eventually  reaching the wall.
In the opposite extreme case,  $k\! >\! 2$, they travel from wall to wall
in a single bunch transit-time. The transition between the two regimes can be expected to occur at  $k\!\sim\! 1$.

For $k\!\!>\!\!1$  secondary electrons are confined in
a layer $\xi\!<\!r/b\!<\!1$  near the pipe wall,
and are wiped out of the region $0\!<\!r/b\!<\!\xi$
close to the beam by each passing bunch. Operating in the range of parameters
 ($k\!>\!1$ and $2-k\!<\!\xi\!<1$)
is thus clearly desirable to suppress the adverse effects
of the e-cloud on the beam dynamics \cite{Heifets}. In this range secondary electrons  create a  space-charge energy barrier
near the wall,  where they  are locked up,
and their density  grows until this barrier exceeds
their native energy  ${\mathcal{E}}_0$, viz.
\begin{equation}
-e\,V(1-\xi)\, \geq \,{\mathcal{E}}_0
\label{condition}
\end{equation}
where  $V$ is  the electric potential generated by the electron cloud,
and $-e$  is the electron charge.
The saturation condition corresponds to the equality in eq. (\ref{condition}).

To compute the potential in (\ref{condition}) we assume
a Gaussian radial dependence for the electron cloud charge density,
peaked at $r_0$, with std. deviation $\sigma$, viz.
\begin{equation}
\rho(r)\,=\,\rho_0\exp
\left[
-\frac{(r-r_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}
\right],
\label{radialdensity_1}
\end{equation}
where $\rho_0$ is fixed by the condition
\begin{equation}
2\pi h\int_a^b\rho(r)rdr\,=\,-N\,e
\end{equation}
$N$ being  the total number of electrons in the cylindrical shell
with radii $a,b$ and height $h$ around each bunch. Introducing the dimensionless quantities
$\tilde{a}=a/b$, $\tilde{r}=r/b$, $\tilde{r}_0=r_0/b$, $\tilde{\sigma}=\sigma/b$,
$g=\bar{N}_b/N$ and $V_0=Ne/2\pi\epsilon_0h$,
the (total) electric field and potential in the beam pipe can be written:
\begin{equation}
  \mathbf{E}(\tilde{r})\,=\,V_0
\left[g -\frac{F(\tilde{r})}{F(1)}
\right]\frac{\hat{\mathbf{r}}}{r},
\label{electricfield}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
V(\tilde{r})\,=\,
-V_0
\left[g\ln
\tilde{r}+\frac{G(\tilde{r})}{F(1)}
\right]
\label{radialpotential}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
F(\tilde{r})=\int_{\tilde{a}}^{\tilde{r}}
\exp\left[-\frac
{(y-\tilde{r}_0)^2}{2\tilde{\sigma}^2}
\right]y\,dy=
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
G(\tilde{r})=\int_{\tilde{r}}^1\,\frac{F(y)}{y}dy,
\end{equation}

The limiting form of the potential for $\tilde{\sigma}\! \gg \!1$  (i.e., for a
uniform cloud charge density), and  $\tilde{a}\,\rightarrow\,0$ (vanishingly
thin beam) is:
\begin{equation}
V \rightarrow -V_0\biggl[g\ln \tilde{r}+\frac{1-\tilde{r}^2}{2}\biggr].
\label{potentialuniform}
\end{equation}
Figure \ref{plotpotential} displays the potential (\ref {radialpotential}) as
a function of $\tilde{r}$,  for various values of  $g$. The limiting form
(\ref{potentialuniform}) is also shown for comparison (dashed lines).
The potential  (\ref{potentialuniform})
is minimum at $\tilde{r}\,=\,\tilde{r}_m\,=\sqrt{g}$.
For $g\!>\!1$ it decreases monotonically with $\tilde{r}$
throughout the beam pipe $(0\!\leq\!\tilde{r}\!\leq\!1)$.
The condition $g\,=\,1$  corresponding  to  $N=N_b$,
i.e., to the well known condition of  neutrality \cite{Heifets}.
The potential (\ref{radialpotential}) obtained from the Gaussian
cloud density profile (\ref{radialdensity_1}) behaves similarly.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering\includegraphics[width=7cm]{fig3.jpg}
\caption{The potentials in Eq. (\ref{radialpotential}) (dashed lines),
and (\ref{potentialuniform})  (solid lines)  as functions of $\tilde{r}$
for various values of $g$ and  $\tilde{a}\!=\!0.04$, $\tilde{r}_0\!=\!0.8$,
$\tilde{\sigma}\!=\!0.2$.}
\label{plotpotential}
\end{figure}

The space-charge energy barrier
${\mathcal{E}}(r)\,=\,-e\,V(r)$
faced by the electrons originated at the walls
is  compared in  Figure  (\ref{plot_density_energy})
to the the electron density
$n(\tilde{r})=-\rho(\tilde{r})/e$.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering\includegraphics[width=7.2cm]{fig4.jpg}
\caption{The electron density  $n(\tilde{r})$  (solid line)
and  the energy barrier ${\mathcal E}(\tilde{r})$  (dashed line)
for $\tilde{\sigma}\,=\,0.1(0.1)0.3$, $\tilde{r}_0\,=\,0.8$, $N_b\,=\,6\cdot10^10$.}
\label{plot_density_energy}
\end{figure}
It is seen that the position of the peak of the energy barrier
corresponds to the maximum concentration of the electrons,
and the barrier height goes to zero where the electron density vanishes. The saturation condition eq.(\ref{condition}) yields the following
critical number  of electrons in the cloud
\begin{equation}
N_{sat}\,=\, \frac{F(1)}{G(1-\xi)}
\left[
\frac{{\mathcal E}_0\,h}{2m\,c^2\,r_e}
-\bar{N}_b\ln(1-\xi)
\right]
\end{equation}
where $r_e$ is the classical radius of electron. Assuming the electrons as confined
in a cylindrical shell with inner radius $r_0-3\sigma$ and external radius $b$ the average saturation density can be written as
\begin{equation}
n_{sat}\,=\,\frac{\rho_{sat}}{-e}\,=\,
\frac{N_{sat}}{\pi h b^2 [
1-(\tilde{r}_0-3\tilde{\sigma})^2
]},
\label{nsatgauss}
\end{equation}
If the electrons are uniformly distributed
in the region $a\!\leq\!r\!\leq b$ we get
\begin{equation}
\bar{n }_{sat}\,=\,\frac{\bar{\rho}_{sat}}{-e}\,=\,\frac{\bar{N}_{sat}}{\pi h b^2 [1-\tilde{a}^2]}.
\label{nsatunif}
\end{equation}
In Figure \ref{plotdensitysaturation} we show the behavior of
the saturation densities (\ref{nsatgauss}) and (\ref{nsatunif}).
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering\includegraphics[width=7cm]{fig5.jpg}
\caption{The saturation electron density vs $N_b$.  Equation (\ref{nsatunif})
 (solid line)   and   eq.  (\ref{nsatgauss})  (dashed lines)
 for $\tilde{\sigma}\,=\,0.1(0.1)0.3$, with $\tilde{a}\,=\,0.04$, $\tilde{r}_0\,=\,0.8$. }
\label{plotdensitysaturation}
\end{figure}

\section{ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION of COEFFICIENTS}
\label{coefficients}
Let  $N_m$ the total number of electrons in the cloud
at the passage of bunch-$m$. After the passage of the bunch
they are brought to an energy
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal{E}}_g\,=\,m_ec^2\frac{r_eN_b}{\sqrt{2\pi}h}
\left[
\log\biggl(\frac{b}{1.05a}\biggr)-\frac{1}{2}
\right]
\end{equation}
(see \cite{Berg} for derivation).
After a first collision with the pipe wall,
two electron jets are created:
a reflected (back-scattered) one, containing of $\delta_r({\mathcal E}_g)N_m$ electrons,
with  energy ${\mathcal{E}}_g$,
and a "true" secondary one, containing $\delta_t({\mathcal E}_g)N_m$ electrons,
with energy ${\mathcal E}_0$.
The quantities $\delta_{r,s}$  are referred to as $SEY$
(\emph{Secondary Emission Yield}) \cite{furman}),
and the process proceeds in cascade until the next bunch arrives, as sketched in Figure \ref{fig:ecloud}.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering\includegraphics[width=7cm]{fig6.jpg}
\caption{
Sketch of the electron cloud evolution in the time interval between
two successive bunches. The $m$-th bunch accelerates the $N_m$
electrons  towards  the chamber wall with energy ${\mathcal{E}}_g$.
The first collision (C1) at the wall producwa two jets: the first one consisting
of $N_m\delta_r$  backscattered electrons (black line), with energy
${\mathcal{E}}_g$; the second one consisting of $N_m\delta_t$
secondary  electrons  (red dotted line) with low energy .
Before the $(m+1)$-th bunch arrives, these two jets undergo
further collisions, originating further jets.
The sum of over all these jets gives  $N_{m+1}$}
\label{fig:ecloud}
\end{figure}
During the interval  $t_{sb}=h/\beta c$ preceding the passage of the next bunch,
electrons with  ${\mathcal E}\!=\!{\mathcal E}_g$  undergo a total number of collisions
with the pipe wall given by
\begin{equation}
S\,=\,\frac{t_{sb}-t_f({\mathcal{E}}_g)}{t_f({\mathcal{E}}_g)},
\label{eq:S}
\end{equation}
where  $t_f({\mathcal E_g})$  is the wall-to-wall flight time for an electron
with energy ${\mathcal E_g}$  (averaged over all possible angles w.r.t.
to the pipe axis), obtained from
\begin{equation}
t_f({\mathcal{E}})\,=\,\frac{4b}{\pi\sqrt{2{\mathcal{E}}/m_e}}
\end{equation}
Hence the total numer of high-energy electrons at the arrival of bunch-$(m\!+\!1)$ is
\begin{equation}
N_{m+1}({\mathcal E}_g)\!=\!N_m \delta^S_r({\mathcal E}_g).
\label{eq:reflected}
\end{equation}
The jet of low-energy secondary electrons originating after the $p-th$ collision
of the high energy electrons contains
\vspace*{-2mm}
$$
\delta_s({\mathcal E}_g)\delta_r^{p-1}({\mathcal E}_g)N_m
$$
electrons with energy ${\mathcal E}_0$. These low energy electrons, will undergo
a further number of collisions with the walls, before the next bunch arrives,
given by
\begin{equation}
k_p=\frac{t_{sb}-p\mbox{}t_f({\mathcal E}_g)}{t_f({\mathcal E}_0)}
\end{equation}
and at each collisions the number of these (slow) electrons
will change by a factor  $\delta_r({\mathcal E}_0)\!+\!\delta_r({\mathcal E}_0)$,
since both the reflected and secondary electrons will have
{\it the same} energy ${\mathcal E}_0$.
The total number of low-energy electrons at the
arrival of bunch-$(m+1)$ will accordingly be
\vspace*{-2mm}
$$
N_{m\!+\!1}({\mathcal E}_0)\!=\!N_m \delta_s({\mathcal E}_g)\cdot
$$
\vspace*{-5mm}
\begin{equation}
\cdot \sum_{p=1}^{S}
\delta^{p-1}_r({\mathcal E}_g)
\left[
\delta_t({\mathcal E}_0)\!+\!\delta_r({\mathcal E}_0)
\right]^{k_p}
\end{equation}
The number of (fast and slow) electrons $N_{m+1}$ on the arrival
of bunch-$(m+1)$  is  thus given by:
$$
N_{m+1}\,=\,N_{m}\left[{\delta_r}^S({\mathcal E}_g)\!+\!
\delta_t({\mathcal E}_g)\right.\cdot
$$
\vspace*{-4mm}
\begin{equation}
\cdot\left. \sum_{p=1}^S{\delta_r}^{p-1}({\mathcal E}_0){\delta_{tot}^{k_p}({\mathcal E}_0)}
\right]
\label{eq:dens}
\end{equation}
having set $\delta_{tot}=\delta_r+\delta_s$.
The above argument ignores saturation effects,
and can be consistently used to express the linear coefficient in the cubic map (\ref{eq:cubic_map})
in terms of the SEY coefficients, whose dependence from energy is known \cite{furman}, as follows
\vspace*{-2mm}
$$
\alpha\!=\!
\frac{N_{m+1}}{N_m}\!=\!
\delta_r^S({\mathcal E}_g) +
$$
\begin{equation}
+ \delta_t({\mathcal E}_g)
\delta_{tot}^{\eta}({\mathcal E}_0)
\frac{\delta_{tot}^{\eta S}({\mathcal E}_0)\!-\!\delta_r^{S}({\mathcal E}_0)}
{\delta_{tot}^{\eta}({\mathcal E}_0)\!-\!\delta_r({\mathcal E}_0)}
\end{equation}
where $\eta=t_f({\mathcal E}_g)/t_f({\mathcal E}_0)=({\mathcal E}_0/{\mathcal E}_g)^{1/2} \ll 1$.

The coefficient $\beta$ in the cubic map (\ref{eq:cubic_map}) can now
be found by considering the saturation condition, where
\begin{equation}
\label{quadratic_coeff}
n_{sat}\,=\,\alpha\,n_{sat}+\beta\,{n_{sat}}^2\,\,\,\,
\end{equation}
yielding
\begin{equation}
\beta\,=\,\frac{1-\alpha}
{n_{sat}}
\label{eq:beta}
\end{equation}
Note that as $ {\mathcal E}_g \rightarrow \infty $, the quantity $S$
diverges, according to (\ref{eq:S}),
and hence the contribution of the high-energy electrons to eq. (\ref{eq:dens}) becomes negligible,
given that $\delta_r(\infty) < 1$  \cite{furman}.
We may accordingly use the saturation density of the secondary electrons,
derived in Section \ref{density},  to evaluate the quadratic coefficient
via  (\ref{eq:beta}).
In Figure  (\ref{plot_b}) we compare our analytic result for $\beta$
to the outcomes of simulations (ECLOUD code)
using the parameters in Table
\ref{tab:tab1}. A good qualitative agreement is obtained,
for the assumed Gaussian charge distribution.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering\includegraphics[width=7.4cm]
{fig7.jpg}
\caption{The quadratic coefficient $\beta$  Eq. (\ref{quadratic_coeff})
versus $N_b$ (dashed lines), for
$\tilde{\sigma}=0.1(0.1)0.3$ and $\tilde{r}_0=0.95$,
and the corresponding values from ECLOUD  simulations (markers).
The solid line is obtained using in  (\ref{eq:beta}),
the uniform electron density (\ref{nsatunif}) .}
\label{plot_b}
\end{figure}

\section{CONCLUSIONS}
\label{sec:conclu}
The main results in this paper can be summarized as follows.
A simple analytic form for the quadratic map coefficient $\beta$ has been derived,
and found to be in good  agreement compared to results obtained from
ECLOUD simulations. The map formalism can thus be easily applied
to determine safe regions in parameter space where the accelerator
can be operated without suffering from problems originated
by the electron clouds.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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All through one altercation, protesters formed a abandon line, taunting police with song after that dance, while driving them away as of the Stonewall. Sunday through Thursday nights feature karaoke, while drag shows control the stage on Friday and Saturday. Tender Trap opens its doors all day at 4: Visitors can ban by for a drink every calendar day from 2: But as the sun sets, the disco ball twirls after that colored lights shine. Tender Trap, Greenpoint Avenue, Brooklyn The Tender Trap attracts a trendy, millennial crowd of transgender men and women, urban hipsters, bicycle messengers, club kids, punk rockers, artists, gays and lesbians. And most nights, the Stonewall hosts shows and events, including singing competitions, dance parties, be never-ending shows and karaoke nights. There, you can learn about the national gravestone and see sculptures by artist George Segal, which depict life on Christopher Street during the days of the Gay Liberation Movement. For more in a row about becoming a member, visit our Membership page.
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Accordingly if you want to join our mailing list, click on the emblem to the left. Before heading en route for the Stonewall, drop by Christopher Common, located just down the street as of the bar. During one altercation, protesters formed a kick line, taunting constabulary with song and dance, while compelling them away from the Stonewall. The club opened inand since its activation, Tender Trap has attracted a balanced stream of glowing media attention. TransCentralPA is a c 3 nonprofit association - contributions to which are accuse deductible to the fullest extent allow by law. In the late s, the Stonewall Inn was a dodgy, mafia-run dive bar that catered en route for gays, lesbians and transgender clientele.
Aching Trap opens its doors every calendar day at 4: Some historians claim so as to a transgender woman named Marsha P. So if you want to adhere our mailing list, click on the icon to the left. Due en route for the large number of people arrange our mailing lists, we have switched to a group mailing program.


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Foo Fighters, Press Releases
FOO FIGHTERS CONFIRM ALL-CHICAGO ALL-STAR WRIGLEY FIELD LINE-UP
CHEAP TRICK, NAKED RAYGUN & URGE OVERKILL TO SUPPORT ON SATURDAY AUGUST 29
TICKETS ON SALE 10am CT MONDAY, OCTOBER 27
Foofighters.com Pre-Sales Begin 10am CT October 24
Sonic Highways Out November 10 on Roswell/RCA
Foo Fighters Wrigley Field Lineup
Foo Fighters Wrigley
Fresh off the critically lauded, ratings smash Chicago-centric debut of their HBO series Foo Fighters: Sonic Highways and a packed to the gills premiere shindig at Wrigleyville's Cubby Bear, Foo Fighters have confirmed the Windy City as the site of the band's first ever U.S. stadium headline show: On August 29, 2015, Dave Grohl, Taylor Hawkins, Nate Mendel, Chris Shiflett and Pat Smear will return to the same neighborhood where Grohl saw his first ever live show, this time to play the storied Wrigley Field.
And now it has been confirmed that Foo Fighters' Wrigley extravaganza will feature a day-long multigenerational celebration of Chicago's musical heritage: Kings of the Chicago underground Urge Overkill will open the festivities, followed by Naked Raygun a/k/a the band that played that same Cubby Bear gig that was teenage Dave Grohl's first live show. In the penultimate spot will be the local and international multi-platinum legends Cheap Trick, whose Rick Nielsen both appears in the Sonic Highways series and contributes his unmistakable guitar tones to the album's lead track and current Rolling Stone Playlist #1 "Something From Nothing."
Tickets for Foo Fighters' historic Wrigley Field stand will be on sale to the public Monday, October 27 at 10am CT at cubs.com/foo, with fan club pre-sales beginning 10am CT Friday, October 24 and running through 5pm CT Sunday, October 26. A 4 ticket limit for the general admission floor, and 6 ticket limit for the reserved sections will be strictly enforced.
For further information stay tuned to foofighters.com
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The isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of blends of PP and PA 6 was investigated. A nucleation effect of PA 6 over the PP was observed in these blends. For compatibilized blends coincidental crystallization of PP and PA 6 was observed, while for non-compatibilized blends separate crystallization was observed. A modified Nakamura-Ziabicki equation was successfully used to model the non-isothermal crystallization for cooling rates up to 175 °C/min.


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Home/Politics/Anti-Semitism campaigners accuse Corbyn allies of trying to smear whistleblowers
Anti-Semitism campaigners accuse Corbyn allies of trying to smear whistleblowers
The European New- Jeremy Corbyns allies have been accused of using a report to smear whistleblowers in a bid to discredit allegations of anti-Semitism in the Labour Party during his tenure.
An extensive internal investigation carried out in the final month of Corbyns reign has concluded that "factional opposition" in the upper echelons of the party towards the Islington North MP contributed to "a litany of mistakes" that hindered the effective handling of the issue.
The report claims to have found "no evidence" of anti-Semitism complaints being handled differently to other forms of complaint, or of current or former staff being "motivated by anti-Semitic intent".
The 860-page document was intended as a internal report and was not planned to be submitted to the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) for consideration during its probe into Labours handling of the crisis.
It states that in 2019, half of all anti-Semitism complaints came from a "one individual" who the reports accuses of being "rude and abusive" to party staff.
The dossier was compiled after its authors trawled through 10,000 emails, along with thousands of private WhatsApp communications between former senior party officials, with whistleblowers who gave evidence to last years BBC Panorama investigation on anti-Semitism within Labour singled out for criticism.
Those include the former general secretary Lord McNicol and Sam Matthews, the former acting head of the governance and legal unit.
It was put together to enhance the partys understanding of how disciplinary processes have operated over a number of years, sources said.
But the Campaign Against Anti-Semitism, the group that filed the complaint about Labour to the EHRC, has demanded the file be handed over for consideration as part of the inquiry.
Gideon Falter, chief executive of the campaign, told the PA news agency: "In the dying days of Jeremy Corbyns leadership, the Labour Party appears to have invested in a desperate last-ditch attempt to deflect and discredit allegations of antisemitism.
"Rather than properly dealing with cases of anti-Semitism and the culture of anti-Jewish racism that prevailed during Mr Corbyns tenure, the party has instead busied itself trawling through 10,000 of its own officials e-mails and WhatsApp messages in an attempt to imagine a vast anti-Corbyn conspiracy and to continue its effort to smear whistleblowers.
"It is a disgrace that the 450,000-word report, which itself claims to prove the scale of anti-Semitism in the party and serves as an exhibit of the partys failure to address the crisis, is being kept secret."
A Labour spokeswoman said: "The party has submitted extensive information to the EHRC and responded to questions and requests for further information, none of which included this document."
The post Anti-Semitism campaigners accuse Corbyn allies of trying to 'smear whistleblowers' appeared first on News Wire Now.


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< Back to Residents
STEEL & FORM
Steel & Form is a London-based metal fabrication studio with a rigorous approach to design, collaboration, and project execution. We specialise in working on projects at all stages of their journey, from concept and design to production and installation.
When we were approached by Coalbrook to help them create some key features for the Market Building, we couldn't wait to get involved. Our technical expertise helped the architects, Holloway Li, refine each idea into a functioning design for production, while our detailed knowledge of manufacturing processes and specialist finishes meant the installations were executed in line with Coalbrook's vision.
We were incredibly proud to work with Coalbrook and Holloway Li on the Market Building. As a project, it cultivated an environment that let each of the collaborator's individual strengths and creative skills shine through for a truly amazing end result – exactly the kind of work Steel & Form is passionate about.
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Classic puzzle - Easy
Dead men's shot
By WildSmilodon
Approved by SinOfWrath bbb000bbbyyy crashtestdummy
This puzzle can be solved using the following concepts. Practice using these concepts and improve your skills.
Captain Jack Sparrow and his pirate friends have been drinking one night. After plenty of rum, they got into an argument about who is the best shot. Captain Jack takes up some paint and paints a target on a nearby wall. The pirates take out their guns and start shooting.
Your task is to help the drunk pirates find out which shots hit the target.
Captain Jack Sparrow drew the target by drawing N lines. The lines form a convex shape defined by N corners. A convex shape has all internal angles less than 180 degrees. For example, all internal angles in a square are 90 degrees.
A shot within the convex shape or on one of the lines is considered a hit.
Line 1: An integer N for the number of corners.
Next N lines: Two space-separated integers x and y for the coordinates of a corner. The corners are listed in a counterclockwise manner. The target is formed by connecting the corners together with lines and connecting the last corner with the first one.
Line N+1: An integer M for the number of shots.
Next M lines: Two space-separated integers x and y for the coordinates of each shot.
M lines with either "hit" or "miss" depending on whether the shot hit the target or not.
1 ≤ M ≤ 10
-10000 < x,y < 10000
-100 -100
100 -100
-100 100
0 -100


Short article about a young woman who claims to have suffered over 400 bed bug bites during her stay at the Renaissance Marriott Hotel in Palm Springs California. She is now suing the hotel for the permanent scars all over her body and face and the impact this has had on her social life. We often hear stories where bed bug victims are no longer invited to social gathrings with friends due to the fear of transimitting hickhiking bed bugs.


DIY Tie-Dyed Necklace | MeetMinnie.
INSTRUCTIONS: Step 1: Remove bead end from collar necklace and feed necklace through fabric cord to measure for length. Step 2: Cut fabric cord to size, leaving a bit of extra length. Step 3: Prepare work surface for fabric dye. Step 4: Tie cord into several knots to achieve desired look. Step 5: Following instructions on fabric dye, apply dye as desired and let dry. Step 6: Untie knots and set color using instructions on fabric dye. Step 7: Once dye is set, feed necklace through fabric cord. Step 8: Trim cord as necessary and reattach bead end.


Patek Philippe Calatrava 5119R-001 manual-winding men's watch, features a 36 mm 18kt rose gold case surrounding a white lacquer dial on a geniune Patek Philippe alligator strap with a 18k rose gold buckle. The movement is Caliber 215 PS which displays the hours, minutes and small seconds. This watch features a 44 hour power reserve and is water resistant to 30m.


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ben vereen movies and tv shows
Ben Vereen Celebrity Profile - Check out the latest Ben Vereen photo gallery, biography, pics, pictures, interviews, news, forums and blogs at Rotten Tomatoes! From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. ", "Donny and Marie," and "The Muppet Show." Ben Vereen. Capitalizing on Ben Vereen's popularity in the Roots mini-series, NBC offered the star his own summer variety show. Find out when and where you can watch Ben Vereen movies and tv shows with the full listings schedule at TVGuide.com. Movies and TV shows starring Ben Vereen. [03] The Ben Vereen Show In June 1992, Vereen was struck by a car on the Pacific Coast Highway. Find every Ben Vereen title available on Netflix. During the events leading up to his wedding, Lionel crosses paths with E.L. "Tenspeed" Turner (Ben Vereen), a smooth-talking fast-thinking con artist. Add something. Fozzie gets stuck in a magician's trick cabinet. Our searchable database includes every movie or TV show featuring Ben Vereen available on any version of Netflix from around the world! Ben Vereen (b. Ben Vereen became a familiar face on TV variety shows throughout the 1970s, such as "Carol Burnett," "The Gladys Knight & the Pips Show," "Dinah! Jeff Goldblum (The Grand Budapest Hotel, Jurassic Park), in his first starring television role, plays Lionel, a "brown shoe" accountant, who through an unlikely set of circumstances forms a private detective agency with Tenspeed, a masterful con-man, played by Ben Vereen (Roots, All That Jazz). More . Actor. Watch Ben Vereen movies and tv shows on The Roku Channel. Hello, Sign in. Ben Vereen stands at a height of 1.73 m. Ben Vereen Net worth Ben Vereen Height. Movies & TV. He is 72 years old as of 2018. Ben Vereen may have played the Wonderful Wizard of Oz in Broadway's "Wicked," but tech wiz is not a role he ever imagined himself in. Ben Vereen Age. The misstep did not damage Vereen's reputation, however, and he went on to star in a run of made-for-TV movies, including the Emmy-winning biopic of 1930s Olympic athlete "The Jesse Owens Story" (syndicated, 1984) and the historic epic miniseries "Ellis Island" (CBS, 1984), which earned the actor a Golden Globe nomination. Crazy Harry, who makes frequent appearances (and frequent explosions) during the show, blows up the cage before the end of the show so that Fozzie can escape. All people starting with B. FlixList Network. 10/10/1946 (74 years old) Laurinburg, North Carolina, United States music featured in movies, TV shows and video games: Don't Dream It. Ben Vereen was born on October 10, 1946 in Laurinburg, North Carolina U.S. Pick the flag closest to you for the fastest FlixList experience. Ben Vereen Biography. Ben Vereen is an American actor, dancer, and singer best known for appearing in numerous Broadway theatre shows. Actor Ben Vereen - The following is a filmography of his work. Broadway Celebrates Veterans Day Ben Vereen (2020) Tales Harry (2019) Star Calvin (2018-2019) Bull Willie Lambert (2019) Magnum P.I. He appeared on stage in the musicals Hair, Fosse, Chicago, and Wicked, and won a … Separate from membership, this is to get updates about mistakes in recent releases. 1946) is a lively and energetic dancer, singer, and actor who served as the guest star on The Muppet Show episode 117. [02] The Ben Vereen Show 14Aug1975 NBC Thurs 7pm Guests singer Wayne Newton Highlights: Ben and Wayne sing "My Way". Vereen Sr's career in entertainment spans over 50 years of theater, film and TV performances. Tenspeed and Brown Shoe is an American detective/comedy series originally broadcast by the ABC network between January and June 1980. Ben Vereen. Starring. Directed by David Sheehan. The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again (2016 Fox TV Cast) with Laverne Cox, Tim Curry, Ryan McCartan, Victoria Justice. Vereen won Broadway's 1973 Tony Award as Best Actor (Musical) for Pippin. Vereen graduated from Manhattan's High School of Performing Arts. Pippin: Vereen,Ben: Amazon.com.au: Movies & TV Shows. In 1984-85, Vereen played Uncle Philip, the diabetic relative of WEBSTER on the ABC sitcom, but by 1986, he was the mayor of ZOOBILEE ZOO, the syndicated kids' show, off prime time TV. Ben Vereen full list of movies and tv shows in theaters, in production and upcoming films. Ben Vereen (born October 10, 1946) is an American actor, dancer, and singer who has appeared in numerous Broadway theatre shows. Skip to main content .com.au. Ben Vereen became a familiar face on TV variety shows throughout the 1970s, such as "Carol Burnett," "The Gladys Knight & the Pips Show," "Dinah! With Ben Vereen, William Katt, Leslie Denniston, Benjamin Rayson. Skip to main content.com.au. Ellis Island: Vereen,Ben: Amazon.com.au: Movies & TV Shows. At the goading of the ominous and omnipresent Leading Player, Pippin, the eldest son of King Charlemagne, samples life's pleasures to discover his place in the world and the meaning of his life. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. When Tenspeed needs a job to make parole, Lionel fulfills his life's ambition, start a detective agency, and hires Tenspeed as his partner. Ben Vereen. Rent Ben Vereen Movies and TV Shows on DVD and Blu-ray. Ben Vereen Bio, Age, Family, Children, Wife, Height, Movies, Net Worth, TV Shows Ben Vereen is an actor, dancer, and singer from Laurinburg, North Carolina U.S.A. ", "Donny and Marie," and "The Muppet Show." Capitalizing on Ben Vereen's popularity in the Roots mini-series, NBC offered the star his own summer variety show. Roots (1977 TV show) Mistakes Trivia Quotes. 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ben vereen movies and tv shows 2021


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New floodgates installed on Whatcom County farms protect fish and farmland
FERNDALE, Wash. - New technology is helping protect both fish and farmland along the Nooksack River, thanks to collaboration between farmers, the Whatcom Conservation District, and other local, state, and federal government agencies. Appel Family Dairy recently helped install a new fish-friendly floodgate on their farmland along the river, and other farms are working on similar projects.
WA Gov. Jay Inslee (right) talks with Whatcom Family Farmers Vice President Rich Appel about the newly-installed fish-friendly floodgate at Appel Family Dairy in April 2018.
For decades, old-style floodgates have kept floodwaters back from thousands of acres of land along the Nooksack by only allowing water from streams to drain into the river, and not back up onto fields when the river runs high, said Frank Corey, Whatcom Conservation District Resource Coordinator. But while those old floodgates helped with high water, the rest of the time they blocked fish from moving upstream into those small tributaries, essentially cutting off important habitat area that the fish need to grow and spawn, Corey explained.
New-style "self-regulating" floodgates, including the one installed at Appel Family Dairy, allow fish through, giving them new access to miles of streams where young salmon and other species can thrive and grow large before continuing their journey. They also do a better job of protecting nearby farmland from flooding, creating a win-win for fish and farming, said Corey.
He said another benefit of the new floodgates is that it protects small, young fish during floods. When the Nooksack River runs high, the fast water is dangerous for juvenile salmon, and if the river begins to rise, they move to side streams to wait out a possible flood. According to Corey, the self-regulating floodgates allow them to escape the main river before a flood happens, protecting countless smolts from being killed or prematurely swept out to sea.
Crews using heavy machinery install the new fish-friendly floodgate at Appel Family Dairy near Ferndale in the fall of 2017. The improved technology creates new access to miles of streams where young salmon and other species can thrive, provides a safe haven for young fish during floods.
These improvements to habitat do come with a cost. Grants from the federal Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), as well as funding from Whatcom County and other agencies and groups helped pay for the new fish-friendly floodgate at Appel Family Dairy. The Appels also allowed access to the area, and contributed a few acres of farmland that the project managers needed to use when the heavy equipment used to build the new floodgate was brought in.
But to farmers, the costs and the disruption to their normal operation is worth it. Appel Family Dairy co-owner Rich Appel said it's incredibly important to them to protect the environment around their farm and in the larger Whatcom County community. "We have been farming here on the banks of the Nooksack River for three generations, and hope to continue for many more," said Appel. "Taking care of the land, the streams, and the life that lives in them is crucial to our family's future."