Frederick Munawa here. I'm a mindset nerd and peak performance enthusiast. I'm also obsessed with health and fitness. The Giant Mindset Podcast is where I interview Olympic Athletes, Pro Athletes, Ultra-Successful Entrepreneurs, and Top Researchers. Why? To break down their mindsets and determine what makes them so successful – so you can borrow their strategies, tools, and tactics for your own success. Learn about mental toughness, focus, visualization, high intensity interval training (HIIT), and much more. Join me every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday to learn how you can dream big and think like a winner.
This is a raw, uncut, bonus Q&A episode with Evan Carmichael and me discussing affirmations, why live interaction with your tribe is critical, and Evan's new book.
As I mentioned in last week's episode, Evan Carmichael is an entrepreneur, author, speaker, and YouTube phenom.
At 19, he built and sold a biotech software company. At 22, he helped raise millions as a Venture Capitalist. He now runs EvanCarmichael.com, a popular website for entrepreneurs.
His goal is to help 1 billion entrepreneurs! He also just released his first book - Your One Word.


Bring back the functionality of your mobile devices with Cell Phone Savers' complete cell phone, tablet, and gaming repair services. We fix gadgets of all makes and models.
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At 4 years old, Melanie has learned more than 100 behaviors.
July 16, 2015, 10:12 a.m.
Four-year-old Melanie can clap, dance, sweep the floor and even ride a bicycle. Melanie is also a raccoon.
While raccoons are intelligent animals, Melanie is particularly gifted for her species.
Raccoons' intelligence made them popular test subjects during the early 20th century; however, they eventually fell out of favor — partly because they were smart enough to make frequent jailbreaks.
Melanie has committed more than 100 different behaviors to memory, and Unger's photos and videos of these tricks have turned Melanie into an Internet sensation. She recently even got her own TV show, which will air in the U.K., where they live.
Unger adopted Melanie when she was just 8 weeks old and said they established an "unbelievable bond." She began socializing and training the tiny raccoon at a young age so she'd be comfortable in a variety of situations.
"She's so friendly with people of all ages and with other animals. She's used to traveling in cars, buses, trains, walking alongside traffic, going shopping, and she's even been to primary school."
While Unger says Melanie makes a wonderful pet, she cautions that not all raccoons are suited for domestic life.
"Raccoons don't tend to make good pets for most people because they can be mischievous and temperamental."
In the United States, raccoons can be legally kept as pets in more than 20 states, according to MyPetRaccoons.com. However, many states require permits to keep the animals, and it may be challenging to find a veterinarian willing to treat what's considered a wild animal.
Check out some more photos of Melanie below, and be sure to check out her impressive bike-riding skills.
At 4 years old, Melanie has the intelligence of a human toddler and has learned more than 100 behaviors.


To communicate over an ad hoc sensor network, many routing protocols usually collect information from the whole of the network. Thus, for transmitting a message, they consume an amount of power that is proportional to the size of the network.
Now, we restrict the problem so that messages can be transferred only in a certain direction on a two-dimensional surface. If we solve this problem by employing a protocol using only local information, the protocol would consume an amount of power that is proportional to not the size of the network, but the length of the transmission path since only the nodes near the path would consume power.


text:
Two films by Zata Banks screened at LACE (Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions) + Femmes Video Art Festival, 6-30 April 2016
by PoetryFilm on April 7, 2016
Delighted to hear that my poetry films Full Stop and PoetryFilm Blackboard have been selected to be screened at LACE (Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions) and at the Femmes Video Art Festival 2016 at The Situation Room gallery (LA). Screenings between 6-30 April 2016. Thanks to curator Micol Hebron.
Full Stop features a poem communicated in Morse Code, and PoetryFilm Blackboard was a participatory co-creation poetry project commissioned by Southbank Centre in 2014.
The full programmes are below.
THEMATIC PROGRAMMING AT LOS ANGELES CONTEMPORARY EXHIBITIONS, APRIL 6-17TH:
TRUTHS AND FICTIONS:
Rebeca Ora, Porn for the Blind, 2016, 11'40"
LJ Roberts, Inflamed, 2015, 6'02
Emma Robertson, I Want To Be Loved By You, 2015, 8'15"
Annetta Kapon, The Line Between, 2013, 2'00"
Dina Ronecevic, Concretizing, 2014, 10'03"
Muriel Montini, (Dream) of a distant land, 2013, 10'20"
Yoshie Sakai, Koko's Love, 2014, 11'14"
Meike Redeker, The Bridge, 2015, 3'57"
Georgie Flood, Glorious Bodied Woman, 2014, 5'16"
Tracy Rosenthal, RiRi (Re)Vision, 2015, 13'00
BY LAND OR BY SEA
Christina McPhee, Solar Circuit, 2016, 5'06"
Karyl Newman, AVE K, 2016, 0:29'
Diana Sofia Estrada, Mountain Through a Peephole, 2015, 5'41"
Anna Ayeroff, Arrive with a Wall Twice, 2015,
Elise Kermani, Agamemnon's Daughter, 2016, 4'23"
Ginny Sykes and Kim Dotty Hachman, Healing Grounds, 2013,
Cara Despain, Augustina Woodgate, Kenny Riches, Sebastian Bellver, Cracked, 2015
Gina Cunningham, Boat, 2015, 11'48"
Margarit Lehmann, Versuch Einer Metamorphose, 2016, 5'39"
FROM WITHOUT/FROM WITHIN:
Carla Dellabeffa, Dresscode, 2016, 2'150"
Teresa Ascencao, Dressing, 2015, 2'14"
Meike Redeker, The Threshold, 2015, 2'15"
Lynn Estomin, Fashion to Die For, 2015, 5'38"
Dani Dodge, The Weight of Fabric, 2015
Evelin Stermitz, Room Thoughts, 2014, 3'04
Nancy Baric, Pour Gently, 2014, 2'08
Jenifer Yeurokis, Her Zealous Preservation 2, 1'40"
Jana Doell, The Rehearsal, 2015, 3'25"
Simone Stoll, Meer, 2013, 4'16"
Perry Bard, Out My Window, 2015, 4'33"
LANGUAGE, IMAGE AND (THE DIVIDED) SELF
Zata Banks, Full Stop, 2014, 4'46"
Tamara Lai, I & Them, 2015, 1'52"
Eden Mitsenmacher, STYLE, 2015, 3'21"
Lisa Heissenberg, What's Love Got To Do With It, 2014, 11'43"
Cole Lu, Palmist, 2015, 2'04"
Amy Jorgensen, Well Behaved Women, 2014, 5'05"
Nannaly Hansen, Miss, 2013, 10'58"
Muriel Montini, Je Vais Où Je Suis, 2014, 2'51"
Chrischa Oswald, M(O)USE, 2015, 6'50"
PERFORMATIVITY:
Marianne Magne, I Get Nervous At Times, 2016, 1'17"
Marianne Magne, Phantom Limbs, 2015, 3'36"
Urszula KluzKnopek, Vernal, 2015, 2'18"
Isabel Perez del Pulgar, Corpus Speculado, 2014, 4'30"
Nataša Prosenc Stearns, Marianne and the Water Veil, 2015, 4'13"
Beatriz Albuquerque, Happy Birthday Mr. President, 2015, 9'29"
Katya Grokhovsky, Status Update, 2013, 3'00"
Amanda Seddon, I Am UNICORN, 2014, 2'18"
Katy Plummer, Pieta, 2014, 4'09"
Jana Doell, Beltrane, 2015, 6'26"
Chrischa Oswald, MMXIII, 2013, 4'52"
Melissa Vogley Woods, I'm Painting Fucking, 2015, 7'39"
Meital Yaniv, Blood Flows in Blue, 2015, 11'59"
Kelsy Gossett, TICK TOCK, 2016
Sanja Burazin, Eat Me!, 2015, 5'26"
Theresa Anderson, Twister, 2015, 6'36"
Julischka Stengele, All Eyes on Us, 2015, 11"35"
Nina Lassila, Lostchild, 2015, 11"35"
Brigette Lucas, Alopecia, 2015, 3'03"
FEMMES' VIDEO ART FESTIVAL 2 running at LACE, and screening on APRIL 23 at The Situation Room, 8-11pm:
Marlena Novak, Dining Tsars, 2015-16, 3'19" (Chicago/Amsterdam)
http://www.localstyle.tv/
Ting Ting Cheng, Ten Thousand Chinese Things, 2016, 7'43" (Taipei/London)
http://www.chengtingting.com/work.html
Julie Weitz, Sole Archaeologist, 2015, 4'30" (Los Angeles, CA)
http://www.julieweitz.com/
Zui Kumar-Reddy, Goef Josef, 2015, 4'17" (Bangalore, India/Asheville, North Carolina)
http://www.downdirtyword.com/authors/kaeyazuikumarreddy.html
United Colors of Bitchaton Not Your Bitch, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gd-2WOyl9W0
Yoshie Sakai, You're Married, Now What, 2015, 7'36" (Los Angeles, CA)
http://www.yoshiesakai.com/
Julie Weitz, Natural Woman, 2015, 3'19" (Los Angeles, CA)
Amy Jorgensen, Far From the Tree, 2014, 7'15" (Ephraim, UT)
http://www.amyjorgensen.com/
Nataša Prosenc Stearns, Night Spring, 2015, 2'56" (Ljubljana, Slovenia)
http://www.natasaprosencstearns.com/
Julie Orser, Untitled, 2013, 3'28" (Los Angeles, CA)
http://www.julieorser.com/
Melissa Vogley Woods, Monochrome Suite 1, 2013, 3'15" (Columbus, OH)
http://melissavogleywoods.com/
Christen Clifford, Interior, 2015, (Queens, NY)
http://christenclifford.tumblr.com/
Annique Delphine, Abundance, 2015, 3'10" (Berlin, Germany)
http://anniquedelphine.com/
Katya Grokhovsky, Hotness, 2016, 1'24" (Ukraine/Australia/New York)
http://www.katyagrokhovsky.net/
Christy Roberts Berkowitz, Floral Brew, 2015 8'15 (Upland, CA)
http://christyrobertsart.com/index.html
Katy Plummer, Suffragist, 2015, 5'06" (Sydney, Australia)
http://www.katybplummer.com/
Carolina Loyola-Garcia, Constant Friendship, 2014, 1'47" (Pittsburg, PA)
http://www.carolinaloyolagarcia.net/
Carla Dellabeffa, Masters & Mentors, 2015, 3'00" (Milan, Italy)
http://www.carladellabeffa.com/
Elizabeth Ross, Biography, 2013, 6'28" (Mexico City/Madrid)
http://www.elizabethrossmx.com/video/video.htm
Mariana Collares, ISTO, 2014, 4'31" (Porto Alegre, Brasil)
http://www.marianacollares.com.br/biografia/
Barbara Gilivanka and Kedzior Friedman, Double Bind #3, 2013, 3'50" (Toulouse, Fance)
http://www.kedzior-friedman.org/
Chrischa Oswald, Mother Tongue, 2013, 4'10 (Berlin/Lisbon)
http://www.chrischa-oswald.com/
Julia-Charlotte Richter, Promised Land, 2013, 11'24" (Berlin, Germany)
http://juliacharlotterichter.com/
Blair Bogin, I'm Crazy, 2015, 1'01" (Chicago, IL)
http://blairbogin.com/
Zata Banks, Poetry Film Blackboard, 2014, 6'55" (London, UK)
https://poetryfilm.org/
Jody Zellen, Fragments, 2014, 5'01" (Los Angeles, CA)
http://www.jodyzellen.com/
Jennifer Stefanisko, Double Wig Tragedy, 2014, 1'00" (Los Angeles, CA)
https://vimeo.com/cherryames
Georgie Flood, Chatter, 2016, 5'13" (Australia/Los Angeles)
http://www.georgieflood.com/
Heather Trawick, Jenny & John, 2015, 3'06" (Los Angeles, CA)
http://www.heathertrawick.com/
Cole Lu, But You Know It's Often All I Want, 2015, 3'42" (St. Louis, MO)
http://www.cole-lu.com/
Cindy Hinant, Summer Hit 2015, 0'59" (New York, NY)
http://cindyhinant.com/home.html
FEMMES VIDEO ART FESTIVAL 2,running at LACE, and screening on APRIL 30TH at The Situation Room, 8-11pm:
Vanessa Vox, In the Heart of the Kaleidoscope, 2015, 2'25"
Andrea Huber, Line Drawing No. 1, 2015, 3'55"
Kedzior Friedman and Barbara Glivanka, Inside 2013, 2'46
Ewa Surowiec, Touch, 2013, 13'52"
Rebecca Lavoie and Maurice Kim, Homosexuals Amasesquals, 2016, 1'24"
Rebecca Ora, Habibibuah, 2013, 1'03"
Cindy Hinant, Summer Hit, 2014, 0'17"
AdrienneRose Gionta, Simitation, 2013, 2'32"
Michele Jaquis and Jeremy Quinn, Negotiations, 2016 2'18
Bryne Rasmussen-Smith, Your Baby Your Way, 2015, 4'36"
Marianne Magne, HandMade Cells, 2013, 1'55"
Catherine Cartwright, DoubleConscioussness, 2016, 4'57"
Elizabeth Wurst, Super Pregnant Gangsta Bitch, 2015, 2'14"
Alisa Yang, Please Come Again, 2016, 3'24"
Tomorrow Girls Troop, Beautiful Single Mother, 2015, 3'19"
Shannon Willis, Unforeseeable Distance, 2016, 10'33"
Eija Temiseva, Something To Tell, 2014, 4'22"
Jenn Berger, You Were Holding Me In California While My Grandfather Was Dying in Maryland, 2014, 1'30"
Itzia Pintado, Brokenness, 2015, 10"50"
Kerrie Welsh, Both-and, 2015, 7'49"
Eugenia Barbuc, Kitchen Time & Space, 2015, 5'03"
Blair Bogin, Twelve, 2014, 5'59"
Abigail Child, ELSA merdelamerdelamer, 2013, 3'43"
Cindy Rehm, Dora Dreams, 2015, 7'35"
Meike Redeker, Here Is Where I Long To Be, 2014, 8'53"
Minkyung Choi, Perfect Picture, 2014, 5'18"
Nina Lassila, To The Audience, 2014, 5'37"
Eden Mitsenmacher, A Poem For You, 2014, 1'58"
Blair Bogin, Clean Room, 2015, 0'40"
Muriel Montini, Les Cheminbleus, 2015 8'00"
From: PoetryFilm
← PoetryFilm at Backup Festival, Weimar, 18-22 May 2016
PoetryFilm News: April 2016 →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What's the Best 2018 Ford Expedition Trim Level for Me?
The Ford F-150 is the best-selling pickup truck in North America, and it has been for more than two decades. If you think that's an accident, think again. It's because Ford trucks are the toughest, most versatile, and most reliable pickup trucks on the market.
When it comes time to choose the right 2018 Ford F-150 for your lifestyle, you'll find you have a bunch of options. The Southern California Ford dealers can help. Here are some of the key features for each of the 2018 Ford F-150 trim levels.
The 2018 Ford F-150 XL comes standard with the new 3.3-liter V6 engine with Auto Start-Stop Technology, while the 5.0-liter Ti-VCT V8, the 2.7-liter EcoBoost, and the 3.5-liter EcoBoost V6 are optional. A 6-speed transmission with selectable driving modes is in every F-150 XL, and 4x4 is optional as well.
Cloth seats are standard equipment on this base trim, although valuable features like air conditioning, cruise control, and Rear-view Camera with Dynamic Hitch Assist are all standard features.
The same powertrain options are available on the F-150 XLT as the XL trim with the 3.3-liter V6 as standard equipment.
Heated seats are optional on the F-150 XLT, and Ford SYNC with AppLink is found in all XLT models. Power windows are standard equipment as is SecuriCode Keyless Entry. A twin-panel moonroof is available to elevate the inside experience.
A major step up happens in the 2018 Ford F-150 Lariat trim. The base engine is a powerful 2.7-liter EcoBoost V6, and the transmission included is a 10-speed automatic with driver-selectable modes.
18-inch machined aluminum wheels are fitted as standard equipment, and you'll find BoxLink, LED box lighting, and fog lamps on every Lariat. The front seats are heated and ventilated leather upholstery for an upscale experience. SYNC 3, an 8-inch touchscreen, ambient lighting, Intelligent Access, power pedals, and a trailer hitch are all included.
It gets real interesting with the 2018 Ford F-150 Raptor. It's an off-road mammoth with 4x4, FOX Racing Shox, off-road suspension with Terrain Management System, and a high-output 3.5-liter EcoBoost V6 with 465 horsepower. 17-inch cast aluminum wheels, flared fenders, block-style FORD lettering, quad-beam LED headlights and LED taillights, running boards, and skid plates are all standard on the Ford F-150 Raptor. Cloth seating is available while leather heated and ventilated seats are a nice option to choose. You also have option of SYNC or SYNC 3 infotainment and a wide range of selectable add-ons.
A hardworking, rugged pickup truck trim is the 2018 Ford F-150 King Ranch. It comes equipped with a 5.0-liter Ti-VCT V8 with the 3.5-liter EcoBoost V6 as an option. King Ranch-badged wheels, seats, and interior trim make this model uniquely detailed.
Leather heated and ventilated front seats are included along with heated rear seats, SYNC 3, SYNC Connect with Wi-Fi Hotspot, voice-activated navigation, a 110V inverter, ambient lighting, and much more.
The same powertrain goes for the Platinum edition as the King Ranch. 20-inch aluminum wheels are fitted, body-color bumpers replace the chrome detail, and power deployable running boards are standard equipment. Blind Spot Information System is included on the Platinum trim along with rain-sensing wipers, automatic high beam headlights, and premium leather upholstery.
This high-end trim for Ford trucks includes a 3.5-liter EcoBoost V6 engine, 22-inch aluminum wheels, satin chrome exterior detail, and a twin-panel moonroof as standard. Advanced features are part of the Limited trim, including a 360-degree camera, Adaptive Cruise Control, Lane Keeping System, and pre-collision assist.
Everyone's needs in a pickup truck are different. With the 2018 Ford F-150, there are seven incredible options to choose from. You'll find the right one for you and the work you do at your local Southern California Ford dealer.


I am California-based designer, Amy Gallaher Hall. Welcome to my portfolio; please browse and make yourself at home, and let me know how I can help you.
I will make your project great, whether it's a web site, book, brand launch, ad campaign or product. With clients around the world and in every corner of commerce and communications, I'm like a one-person ad agency.


text:
Cummington, MA
Cummington receives $70K grant to connect buildings to internet
By BERA DUNAU - 12/15/20
CUMMINGTON – The town has received a $69,631 state grant that will allow its broadband network for town buildings to connect to the internet.The...
'Gut-wrenching': Cummington Fair canceled for 2020
By BERA DUNAU - 5/21/20
CUMMINGTON — The historic Cummington Fair has been canceled this summer after organizers determined it could not be held safely during the...
Hilltown Voices: Army National Guard delivers PPE to Goshen
By FRAN RYAN - 4/10/20
Fire Chief Sue Labrie breathed a sigh of relief Wednesday, when the Goshen Fire Department received a delivery of personal protection equipment, or...
Hilltowns declare states of emergency in response to COVID-19
The six hilltowns of Hampshire County have all declared states of emergency because of concerns about the new coronavirus, joining a list of...
Hilltown Voices: Mystery at Meekins, St. Patrick's Day dinner at Creamery, and more
In the depths of the Meekins Library's original 1896 basement, nooks and crannies conceal long-forgotten items from the past.While doing a little...
Hilltown Voices: Cummington Creamery seeks feedback on vision and goals for the future
As the Cummington Creamery enters its eighth year as a co-op, its board of directors is seeking feedback from members on the values, mission and...
Hilltown Voices: Mobile market considers additional sites for summer
In the summer of 2019, the Hilltown Mobile Market distributed close to $9,000 of Hilltown-grown produce, increasing the amount of fresh food...
Hilltowns prepare for the effects of climate change
WORTHINGTON — The hilltowns of western Massachusetts are known for both their rural landscape and the resiliency and self-sufficiency of the people...
State awards roadway safety grants to Hilltowns
WILLIAMSBURG — The Baker-Polito administration announced on Thursday that grants totaling $5.3 million have been awarded to five towns in western...
Hilltown Voices: Forums and film festival put spotlight on environment
As climate change, and its multiple effects on the environment, takes a more prominent place on the world stage, residents in the Hilltowns are...
Hilltown Voices: Hilltown Community Health Centers wins award for patient care
Hilltown Community Health Centers Wins Patient Experience AwardHilltown Community Health Centers, Inc. has received an award from Massachusetts...
Federal grant boosts municipal broadband networks
By SCOTT MERZBACH - 1/4/20
Several Hampshire, Franklin and Berkshire county towns, including Shutesbury, Cummington, Goshen, Chesterfield and Plainfield, will have their...
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text:
Palmarès
1932 (individuale, una vittoria)
Milano-Mantova

1935 (individuale, una vittoria)
Gran Premio Agostano

1936 (individuale, una vittoria)
Gran Premio Agostano

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
You are here: Home > Participate > Meetings and Events > General Meetings > Meetings > May 2022 > Executive Board Election > Candidate Biographies
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Candidate Biographies The biographies of candidates for the RIPE NCC General Meeting May 2022. https://www.ripe.net/participate/meetings/gm/meetings/may-2022/eb-elections/candidate-biographies https://www.ripe.net/logo.png
Julius Cicenas
Ondřej Filip
Remco van Mook
I have a Bachelor of Informatics Engineering, a Master's degree in Electronics Engineering and I have worked in IT and telecommunications for 14 years. In 2008 I started my job in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania in the Information Technology and Security Department as Senior Officer. In 2011, I joined the Western Union company and worked on major IT incidents globally. In 2015, I moved to the Telecom Delivery team as a Provisioning Engineer, responsible for global network and delivery processes inside and outside the organisation, on projects finance internal audits. In 2020, I joined the Oxylabs company where I currently work as IT Supply Team Lead, responsible for global network delivery.
I have applied for this position with enthusiasm and want to share ideas which I would be honoured to bring to the RIPE NCC:
1. At the moment we are going through hard times, when a lot of countries and companies should review their positions and agreements due to ongoing war. I think every legal entity should work based on ethical and moral values and make sure that the outcome does not help the aggressor. In my opinion, the RIPE NCC should be technically neutral to provide Internet resources for all countries, and at the same time, review policies regarding economic resources.
2. RIPE NCC has a good set of tools and this can be expanded to other RIRs. The cooperation between other RIRs would allow other regions to grow their expertise.
3. RIPE NCC as a training lab hub for the Internet and Networks. RIPE NCC can cooperate with other companies and be an aggregator for the network world - sharing experiences and involving young talents in problem-solving.
Ondřej has more than 20 years of experience in the telecommunications industry and the Internet. He studied Computer Science at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University and Executive MBA at University of Pittsburgh - Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business. During his studies at Charles University he founded an important open source project – routing daemon BIRD - and started working for the company IPEX, a nation-wide ISP in the Czech Republic. He later became Technical director and a member of the board at IPEX.
Since December 2004, Ondřej has been CEO of the CZ.NIC association. CZ.NIC currently covers many activities for the local and global community, e.g. developing open source software and hardware like BIRD, Knot DNS and Turris. It runs the national cyber security team of the Czech Republic (CSIRT.CZ). Over the course of Ondřej's career, he has served on the boards of many Internet related bodies and additionally supported many activities. He is the Chair of the board of NIX.CZ, and a member of the boards of Euro-IX and IX-F. He is also a committee member of SSAC and on the programme committee for CSNOG. He has regularly attended RIPE meetings since 2003.
Ondřej's hobbies include basketball, travelling and programming open source software. He speaks Czech and Slovak, is fluent in English and partly understands German and Russian.
LinkedIn profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ondrejfilip/
During my career, I have been involved in almost all aspects of the current Internet ecosystem, this includes working for ISP, IXP, domain name registry, government regulator, academic NREN, ICANN and also RIPE working groups. This helps me to understand various aspects of the community and members, their needs, strategies and also how they interact with each other. I am also used to working in a culturally diverse environment.
I was elected three years ago, and like many others, I did not expect such an exhaustive three years. I had very little time for an onboarding process, but I managed to get the picture quickly with my experience of being CEO of a registry for more than 18 years. A process of a Managing Director transition started a few weeks after my election. I was involved since the beginning and I hope you can confirm, that this task has been completed smoothly. The new Managing Director just started work when the global pandemic hit. As for may others, this was a real challenge for a community driven organisation. My fellow board members appointed me to a role of RIPE NCC Treasurer to help the organisation in this very challenging period. I fulfil my promise to keep the membership fees low and I started to work on a new Charging Scheme, which I presented to the membership. The quickly changing environment also needs a review of Treasury Statutes, which is currently one of my main tasks in this role.
Unfortunately, the new horrible global conditions are even more challenging for an organisation with an international and very diverse membership. Also the current Chairman indicated that he will not run again after his election term. So I have decided to volunteer again because I believe RIPE NCC requires a person with management and board experience, as well as a person with a detailed knowledge of our organisation, to ensure stability, business continuity and smooth leadership transition.
For the next three years, I would like to concentrate mainly on organisation stability, keeping the member fees low and to maintain the global and open Internet.
Remco van Mook is the CEO of Asteroid International BV. He was previously director of interconnection at Equinix, where he looked after the company's global interconnection strategy as well as the company's Internet Exchanges. As part of that position, he got involved with all sides of the company - from datacenter engineering and network architecture to marketing and corporate development.
He was CTO of NDIX, responsible for architecture and technical strategy, from 2000 until 2009. NDIX was the first Internet Exchange spanning across an international border, with the intention to promote regional development. NDIX has evolved into an exchange platform connecting a diverse range of companies across a multitude of cities in the Netherlands and the states of Nordrhein/Westfalen and Niedersachsen in Germany.
During that same time, he was founder and manager of Virtu, a Dutch datacenter company that got accolades for being one of the fastest growing technology companies in the Netherlands for three consecutive years. After he sold Virtu to Equinix in 2008, he was country manager for Equinix in the Netherlands for the remainder of that year.
Previously an active contributor to EURO-IX, he involves himself mostly with network design challenges, the European datacenter market and regulatory affairs. He is co-author of a few RFCs, including RFC 5452, to upgrade the security of current DNS (non-DNSSEC) implementations against Kaminsky-style attacks and the widely used RFC 2322.
He is a regular speaker at conferences and RIPE Meetings and advisor to various government organisations on Internet-related affairs. He also currently serves as the co-chair of the Connect Working Group within the RIPE community and is a member of the RIPE NCC Executive Board.
When Remco is not sitting on a plane, attending conferences or taking over the world, he lives near Deventer, the Netherlands with his wife and two daughters.
LinkedIn profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/remcovm/
Created: 12 Feb 2021 - Last updated: 18 May 2022 — general meeting
10 March – Registration open for General Meeting
10 March – Open call for Executive Board Candidate nominations
20 April – All supporting documents for the GM published
27 April – Close nominations for EB Elections
2 May – Publish all Executive Board Candidate biographies
4 May – Deadline for proxy vote nominations
4 May – Deadline for members to propose resolutions
4 May – Deadline to publish final GM agenda
11 May – RIPE NCC Open House: Meet the Executive Board Candidates
18 May - Close registration for voting at 14:30 (UTC+2)
18 May - GM begins at 16:30 (UTC+2)
20 May - GM closes with announcement of voting results at 10:30 (UTC+2)
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Graphene is a one-atom thick crystal membrane with extraordinary
mechanical and electronic properties
\cite{sci04nov,PNA05nov,RMP09cas}.  Experimental characterization of
suspended graphene shows that it is covered with ripples.  These
ripples are several nanometers long waves of the sheet without a
preferred direction \cite{nature07mey,pss09ban}, modify the electronic
band structure \cite{PRB08gui}, and are expected to be relevant in the
understanding of electronic transport in graphene
\cite{PTRS08kat}. Also, more recently, buckling in which the unit
structures consist of only two-three unit cells of the graphene
honeycomb lattice has been experimentally observed \cite{ASC11mao}.

There have been many studies of ripples.  The earliest studies using
Monte Carlo \cite{nat07fas} or molecular dynamics simulations
\cite{PRB07abe} have shown that ripples may be connected to variable
length $\sigma$ bonds of carbon atoms and may be caused by thermal
fluctuations. Other studies have explored the connection between
rippling and electron-phonon coupling \cite{EPL08Eun,PRB09gaz}. In
particular, it has been suggested that, at zero temperature, the
electron-phonon coupling may drive the graphene sheet into a quantum
critical point characterized by the vanishing of the bending rigidity
of the membrane \cite{PRL11san}. The continuation of this work by
J.~Gonzalez \cite{PRB14gon} discusses the nonzero expectation value of
the mean curvature (the Laplacian of the flexural phonon field) once
the bending rigidity of the membrane vanishes, and its role as order
parameter. Alternatively, assuming that the graphene membrane is
fluctuating in $2+d$ dimensions (with $d\gg 1$), Guinea \textit{et
  al.\/} have calculated the dressed two-particle propagators of the
elastic and electron interactions. They have found a collective mode
which becomes unstable at a nonzero wave vector and causes the
appearance of Gaussian curvature \cite{PRB14gui}. Amorim et al.\/
\cite{PRB14amo} estimate the crossover temperature between quantum and
classical descriptions to be 70-90 K. Thus a quantum description of
ripples is not necessary at room temperature. All these studies
investigate and characterize rippling as equilibrium phenomena.

We are interested in rippling dynamics and stability of static
corrugations under disturbances. In experiments to visualize ripples
using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the suspended graphene
sheet is hit by a low-intensity electron beam that may push atoms
out-of-plane upward or downward in a random fashion. An alternative
technique to visualize ripples is using a scanning tunneling
microscope (STM)\cite{zan12}. In this case, the graphene sheet is
pushed and locally heated in the region close to the tip. Depending on
the tunneling current and the voltage between tip and sheet, the
latter may undergo a phase transition from a flexible (rippled) to a
rigid (buckled) state \cite{sch15}.

In Ref.~\cite{nl12oha}, the authors simplify the distortion
of the $2$d crystal by modeling it with two-state spin-like variables
($+1$ upward, $-1$ downward). There are antiferromagnetic interactions
among these spins, because the out-of-plane shift of the atoms in
opposite directions stabilize the strictly $2$d system while keeping
the gapless band structure of graphene \cite{nl12oha}. A rich phase
diagram is found, including paramagnetic, ordered and glassy phases,
depending on the temperature and the values of the nearest-neighbor
and next-nearest-neighbor couplings. In this way, they describe the
formation and origin of the atomic scale rippling found in
Ref.~\cite{ASC11mao}. On the other hand, there are also models that
investigate rippling by considering at each lattice site a continuous
variable $u$ describing the out-of-plane displacement of the carbon
atom coupled to a spin variable ($\sigma=\pm 1$) representing an
internal degree of freedom \cite{pre12bon,jsm12bon}. This may be
understood as a mechanical system coupled to a spin system. The spin
at each lattice site represents the non-saturated fourth bond that, by
a physical mechanism similar to the one discussed in \cite{nl12oha},
tries to pull the corresponding atom upward ($u>0$) or downward
($u<0$) from the flat sheet configuration. Mathematically, this is
done by introducing a linear coupling term in the system energy,
proportional to $-u\sigma$ for each lattice site.  In these simple
models, the mechanical system is either a chain of oscillators
\cite{pre12bon} or a discrete elasticity model of the hexagonal
graphene lattice \cite{jsm12bon}, while the spins are in contact with
a thermal bath and flip randomly according to Glauber dynamics at the
temperature $T$ of the thermal bath.  In both models, the system forms
metastable but long-lived ripples assuming slow spin relaxation
\cite{pre12bon,jsm12bon}.

It is worth investigating a combination of the two approaches
described in the previous paragraph. Firstly, it seems sensible to
model the out-of-plane displacement at each lattice site by a
continuous variable as in Refs.~\cite{pre12bon,jsm12bon}, which is
driven by the internal degree of freedom represented by the
spin. Secondly, these spins certainly interact among themselves, by
the mechanism proposed in \cite{nl12oha}. Thus, in this paper we
discuss the formation and dynamics of ripples in graphene through a
system of atoms connected by harmonic springs and coupled to
interacting Ising spins. We start from the spin-oscillator chain model
\cite{pre12bon,jsm12bon,jstat10} and add interactions among spins that
produce stable rippling states.  There appear different phases and
transitions between them depending on parameter values.

The plan of the paper is as follows. In Section \ref{model}, we
introduce the one-dimensional model and calculate analytically the
equilibrium state.  We also present the equations that determine the
dynamics of the system. Section \ref{2d} is devoted to the expansion
of the model to $2$ dimensions on a hexagonal lattice, with first and
second-neighbors interactions between spins. Besides, we do a
systematic analysis of the system modifying the parameters and
studying the stationary configuration after the transitory, using a
phase diagram in Section \ref{pd}, and describing the different
phenomenology of each phase in Section \ref{rc}. The main conclusions
are presented in Sec. \ref{con}. Relevant information that is not
covered in the main text is presented in the Appendices: some
geometrical expressions for the hexagonal lattice are discussed in
\ref{AC}, while images of the different phases are collected in
\ref{img}.

\section{The one-dimensional model}\label{model}

To start with, we consider a one-dimensional chain of $N$ oscillators
with nearest-neighbor interactions, in which each oscillator is
linearly coupled to an Ising spin $\sigma_i=\pm 1$. A detailed
investigation of this model can be found in
Ref.~\cite{pre12bon}. Therein, it was shown that, for appropriate
temperatures, the stable equilibrium configuration has only one
ripple, although there appeared some more complex long-lived
metastable rippled states. To explore whether stable multi-rippled
equilibrium configurations are possible, we add an anti-ferromagnetic
term to the hamiltonian,
\begin{equation}
 \mathcal{H}=\sum_{j=0}^{N} \biggl[ \frac{p_j^2}{2m}+ \frac{k}{2}(u_{j+1}-u_j)^2-fu_j\sigma_j
 + J \sigma_{j+1}\sigma_j\biggr].
\label{H1}
\end{equation}
Here $u$ and $p$ are the vertical displacement and momentum
respectively, and the extreme oscillators and spins are fixed
($u_0=p_0=\sigma_0=u_{N+1}=p_{N+1}=\sigma_{N+1}=0$) \cite{bc}.
The dynamics {of the model} is  as follows: (i) the oscillators{'} equations of motion,
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:mot}
m\,\ddot{u}_j - k\, (u_{j+1}+u_{j-1}-2u_j)=f\sigma_j,
\end{equation}
{are the usual ones,} whereas the spins {evolve according to} Glauber dynamics \cite{Gl63}. The transition
rate from the configuration $(\bm{u},\bm{p},\bm{\sigma})$ to
$(\bm{u},\bm{p},R_j \bm{\sigma})$ (obtained from $\bm{\sigma}$ by
flipping the $j$-th spin) is
\begin{align}
W_j(\bm{\sigma}|\bm{u},\bm{p})=\frac{\alpha}{2}(1-\beta_j \sigma_j), \\
\beta_j= \tanh\! \left[\frac{f}{T} u_j -\frac{J}{T} (\sigma_{j-1}+\sigma_{j+1})\right]\!,
\end{align}
in which $\alpha$ is the characteristic attempt rate for the spin
flips. The Glauber transition rates ensure that the system
satisfies detailed balance, and therefore the system reaches
equilibrium for long enough times. In equilibrium, the probability of
a certain configuration $(\bm{u},\bm{p},\bm{\sigma})$ is proportional
to $e^{- \mathcal{H}/T}/Z$, where we measure the temperature $T$ in units of energy.

As explained in \cite{pre12bon}, for $J=0$ rippling appears
provided the temperature is less than
\begin{equation}
T_0=\frac{f^2K_{N}^{2}}{k}, \quad K_{N}\sim \frac{N}{\pi},
\end{equation}
as $N\to\infty$. To guarantee that the diffusive term in \eqref{eq:mot} remains finite in the continuum limit, it is convenient to nondimensionalize the equations of motion as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
&&
    u_j^*=\frac{k u_j}{f K_{N}^2},
   \quad t^*=\frac{t}{K_{N}}\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}},\label{nondim_u_t} \label{par1}\\
&& \kappa=\frac{J}{ T_{0}},\quad\delta=\frac{\alpha K_N\sqrt{m}}{\sqrt{k}},
   \quad
   \theta=\frac{T}{T_{0}}=T \frac{k}{f^{2}K_{N}^{2}}.
\label{par2}
\end{eqnarray}
Then the transition rates and the equations of motion become
\begin{eqnarray}
&&W_j^*(\bm{\sigma}|\bm{u}^*,\bm{p})=\frac{\delta}{2}(1-\beta_j \sigma_j), \nonumber\\
&&\beta_j= \tanh\! \left[\frac{u^{*}_{j}}{\theta} -\frac{\kappa}{\theta} (\sigma_{j-1}+\sigma_{j+1})\right]\!,\nonumber\\
&&\frac{d^2u^*_j}{dt^{*\, 2}}-K_{N}^2(u^*_{j+1}+u^*_{j-1}-2u^*_j)= \sigma_j.  \label{nondim}
\end{eqnarray}
We will omit the asterisks in nondimensional equations from now on. In
order to obtain the scaling of the critical temperature, we need to
know the scaling of the model parameters with the system size. In
principle, this could be done by deriving our model from a fundamental
microscopic one, but this is outside the scope of this
paper. Nevertheless, we discuss some possible scalings in the
following. If both the elastic constant $k$ and the antiferromagnetic
coupling constant $J$ are considered to be independent of the system
size, the only remaining parameter is $f$, the coupling between the
elastic and internal (spin) degrees of freedom. If $f$ is also
independent of the system size, the critical temperature $T_{0}$
diverges as $N^{2}$. In this case, rippling would be observed at all
temperatures. On the other hand, a finite value of $T_{0}$ in the
large system size limit is obtained when $f\propto N^{-1}$. Then,
rippling would be observed only for $T<T_{0}$. In principle, both
situations are compatible with current experiments, in which rippling
is observed over a wide temperature range.

Let us consider now the equilibrium situation.
Equation \eqref{nondim} can be averaged, with the result
\begin{equation}\label{curv}
 \frac{1}{\pi^{2}} \frac{d^{2}}{dx^{2}} \langle u\rangle=-\langle
 \sigma\rangle,
\end{equation}
in which $\langle u\rangle$ and $\langle\sigma\rangle$ are the
equilibrium average height and spin at position $x=i/N$;
the system has unit size in the continuous space variable
  $x=i/N$, $0\leq x\leq 1$.  Therefore, the average curvature of the
ripples is directly linked to the average spin. Very recently, this
idea has been used to develop a phenomenological Ising model to study
rippling in graphene in scanning tunneling microscopy experiments, in
which each spin represents a whole ripple and the spin sign gives its
corresponding convexity \cite{sch15}. Interestingly, {we can derive}
an  effective free energy for the string, by integrating
  the canonical distribution over the momenta $\bm{p}$ and the spins
  $\bm{\sigma}$: the resulting probability $\mathcal{P}$ becomes a
  functional of the string profile $u(x)$, which in dimensionless
  variables reads \cite{unpub}
\begin{subequations}\label{F-cont}
\begin{equation}
  \mathcal{P}[u] \propto \exp{\left(-\frac{\mathcal{F}}{\theta}\right)}, \quad
  \mathcal{F}[u]=N \int_{0}^{1} dx \,
  \underbrace{\left[\frac{1}{2\pi^{2}}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial
        x}\right)^{2}-\theta \ln\zeta\left(
\frac{u}{\theta},\frac{\kappa}{\theta} \right)\right]}_{f(u,\frac{du}{dx})},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\zeta\left(
\frac{u}{\theta},\frac{\kappa}{\theta} \right)=\exp\left(-\frac{\kappa}{\theta}\right)
         \cosh\left(\frac{u}{\theta}\right)+\exp\left(\frac{\kappa}{\theta}
\right)                \sqrt{1+\exp\left(-\frac{4\kappa}{\theta}\right)\sinh^{2}\left(\frac{u}{\theta}\right)}.
\end{equation}
\end{subequations}
The quantity $\ln\zeta$ is the logarithm of the spins
  partition function per site, which depends on the ``field''
  $f u_{j}/T \to u/\theta$ and the coupling $J/T\to
  \kappa/\theta$.
  The particularization of this free energy to the $J=0$ case was
  obtained in Ref.~\cite{pre12bon}. For $J\neq 0$, in order to
  calculate $\ln\zeta$, the system is divided into a set of nearly
  independent subsystems with $N_{s}\gg 1$ sites each, but such that
  $N_{s}\ll N$ and the ``field'' $u$ can be considered almost constant
  within each subsystem. We may denote the subsystems by $S(x)$, in
  which $x$ corresponds to the position of the subsystem in the
  continuum limit. In each subsystem, the local average magnetization
  $\mu=N_{s}^{-1}\sum_{j\in S(x)}\langle\sigma_{j}\rangle$ and
  correlation
  $C=N_{s}^{-1}\sum_{j\in S(x)}\langle\sigma_{j}\sigma_{j+1}\rangle$
  are {given by} the usual formulas
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:magn_corr}
  \mu=\theta\frac{\partial\ln\zeta}{\partial u}, \quad C=-\theta\frac{\partial\ln\zeta}{\partial\kappa}.
\end{equation}
{as} $u$ plays the role of the external field and {$\kappa$} is the
  coupling constant. Global order parameters may be defined as
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq-global-or-param}
  M=\left|\,\int_{0}^{1} dx \, \mu \,\right|, \quad \mathcal{DL}=\frac{1}{2}\left(1-\int_{0}^{1} dx \, C\right),
\end{equation}
{in which $M$ is} the absolute value of the total magnetization
per site and the fraction of spin pairs in an antiferromagnetic
configuration {is $\mathcal{DL}=1$ } ($\mathcal{DL}=0$) for
perfect antiferromagnetic (ferromagnetic) ordering.

Equation~\eqref{F-cont} clearly shows that the
  free energy is an extensive quantity if the dimensionless variables
  are of the order of unity, which {is consistent with} our
  scalings.  Taking into account the expressions for the free energy,
  Eq.~\eqref{F-cont}, and the average magnetization,
  Eq.~\eqref{eq:magn_corr}, the equation giving the equilibrium
  profile \eqref{curv} is nothing but the Euler-Lagrange equation for
  the free energy functional, as it should be: the string profile
  minimizes the free energy.

In what follows, we summarize the main physical implications
  of the short-ranged antiferromagnetic interaction, as compared to
  the $J=0$ case. The flat profile $u=0$ is always a solution of
  Eq.~\eqref{curv}, but it becomes unstable for
  $\exp(-2\kappa/\theta)/\theta>1$. For $J=0$, {there appear} rippled configurations
  with non-zero magnetization {that are stable} for
  $\theta<1$ \cite{pre12bon}{. F}or $J\neq 0$ the bifurcation
  condition $\exp(-2\kappa/\theta)/\theta=1$ {produces two temperatures}
  $\theta_{1}$ and $\theta_{2}$ for $\kappa<0.18$, as seen in the left
  panel of Fig.~\ref{bif}.  Specifically, these rippled configurations
  become unstable for low (high) enough temperatures,
  $\theta<\theta_{1}$ ($\theta>\theta_{2}$). The transitions at
  $\theta_{1}$ and $\theta_{2}$ are of second order, the order
  parameters $M$ and $\mathcal{DL}$ are continuous because $u$
  bifurcates continuously from the solution $u=0$, similarly to the
  behaviour found in the $J=0$ case. For $\kappa>0.18$, this rippled
  ferromagnetic phase no longer exists because the antiferromagnetic
  coupling is too strong.

\begin{figure}
  \centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{bifurcation_condition_2ndorder.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{bifurcation_condition_low_T.pdf}
\caption{\label{bif} (Left) Function controlling the bifurcation to the
  ferromagnetic phase. The bifurcation condition
  $\exp(-2\kappa/\theta)/\theta=1$ is equivalent to
  $y(\theta)=-\frac{1}{2}\theta\ln\theta=\kappa$. It is clearly seen
  that the bifurcation condition is fulfilled by two temperatures
  $\theta_{1}$ and $\theta_{2}$ for $\kappa$ smaller than the maximum $y_{\text{max}}=(2e)^{-1}$
  of $y$, that is, $\kappa<y_{\text{max}}$. (Right) Function controlling the
length $x_{0}$ of the antiferromagnetic regions near the borders of
the system at low temperatures. This length is given by
$\pi^{2}x_{0}(1-2x_{0})/4=\kappa$, which has two solutions $x_{01}$
  and $x_{02}$, $x_{02}=1/2-x_{01}$, for $\kappa<\pi^{2}/32\simeq 0.3$
  and no solutions for $\kappa>0.3$. At the limit value
  $\kappa=0.3$, it is $x_{01}=x_{02}=1/4$. }
\end{figure}

In the limit $\theta\to 0^{+}$, the partition function {of the spins becomes}
\begin{subequations}
  \label{eq:T=0}
\begin{equation}
\lim_{\theta\to 0}\theta\ln\zeta\left(
\frac{u}{\theta},\frac{\kappa}{\theta} \right)=\kappa+(|u|-2\kappa)\, \eta(|u|-2\kappa),
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\lim_{\theta\to 0}\mu= \text{sgn}(u)\,\eta(|u|-2\kappa), \quad \lim_{\theta\to
0}C=\text{sgn}(|u|-2\kappa).
\end{equation}
\end{subequations}
where $\eta(x)$ is the Heaviside step function, $\eta(x)=1$
  for $x>0$ and $\eta(x)=0$ for $x<0$, and $\text{sgn}(x)$ is the sign
  function, $\text{sgn}(x)=2\eta(x)-1$. In the flat configuration, $\mu=0$
  and $C=-1$ everywhere. {There appears a new rippled low temperature phase,
  that is antiferromagnetic near the boundaries because of} the clamped
  boundary conditions{. I}nside an interval of length
  $x_{0}$ close to the boundaries, $|u|<2\kappa$, and
  $\mu=0$, $C=-1$ therein. Then, the simplest configuration is
  composed of (i) two straight lines ($u''=0$) near the boundaries,
  that is, in the intervals $(0,x_{0})$ and $(1-x_{0},1)$, and (ii) a
  parabolic ripple with $|u|>2\kappa$ ($u''=\pm 1$) in between, for
  $x\in(x_{0},1-x_{0})$, which corresponds to ferromagnetic ordering
  because $\mu= \pm 1$ and $C= 1$ for $|u|>2\kappa$. The continuity of
  $u$ and $u'$ at $x=x_{0}$ implies that
  $\pi^{2}x_{0}(1-2x_{0})=4\kappa$, which determines two possible
  values of $x_{0}$ for $\kappa<0.3$, as seen in the right panel of
  Fig.~\ref{bif}.  The configuration corresponding to the smallest
  value $x_{01}$ is the absolute minimum of the free energy for
  $0\leq x_{0}<1/8$, whereas both the flat string and the
  configuration corresponding to $x_{02}$ are metastable. For
  $1/4>x_{01}>1/8$, the absolute minimum of the free energy
  corresponds to the flat string, whereas both configurations
  corresponding to $x_{01}$ and $x_{02}$ are metastable. The
  transition at $x_{c}=1/8$ (which corresponds to $25$ percent of the
  spins being antiferromagnetic) is first order, because the order
  parameters $M$ and $\mathcal{DL}$ change discontinuously: in the
  zero temperature flat configuration, it is $M=0$ and
  $\mathcal{DL}=1$, whereas in the rippled state we have $M=1-2x_{0}$
  and $\mathcal{DL}=2x_{0}$. Moreover, as is usually the case in
  first-order phase transitions, the string has many other metastable
  configurations: they have $n$ internal nodes $x_{i}$,
  $i=1,\ldots,n$, at which $u$ changes sign. The existence of the
  different phases and their relative stability will be thoroughly
  discussed elsewhere \cite{unpub}.

\section{The two-dimensional model} \label{2d}

Here, we extend the model to dimension $d=2$, in the
hope that this will make it possible to find more complex behaviors.
This extension is almost direct and, as we are
interested in applying the model to mimic a graphene sheet, we
consider a hexagonal lattice. Due to the symmetry, it is important to
write the hamiltonian carefully. First, each atom is indexed: $i$ will
be the row index and $j$ the column index, with the peculiarity that
each row comprises atoms with two different heights in a zigzag
distribution, see Figure \ref{esq}.  It is important to note that the
form of the equations will be qualitatively different for atoms for
which $|i-j|$ is an even number \textit{(e-atoms)}, which have one
nearest neighbor above and two below, and those for which $|i-j|$ is
an odd number \textit{(o-atoms)}, which have one nearest neighbor
below and two above, that is, the opposite situation. It is quite
obvious that if the plane is rotated by an angle of $\pi$, the two
types of atoms are interchanged.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{esq.pdf}
\caption{Figure summarizing the atoms indexes and the
  parameters of the unit cell of the hexagonal lattice.}
\label{esq}
\end{figure}

Taking into account the notation described above, we can write down
the extension of the 1$d$ Hamiltonian to $d=2$. Moreover, we introduce
next-nearest-neighbor interactions,
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{H} &=&\sum_{ij} \left[\frac{p_{ij}^2}{2m}-fu_{ij}\sigma_{ij}
  + J'
  \sigma_{ij}(\sigma_{i-1,j-1}+\sigma_{i,j-2}+\sigma_{i+1,j-1})\right]
  \nonumber
 \\ &+& \sum_{|i-j|=\text{even}} \Bigg\{\frac{k}{2}\left[
  (u_{ij}-u_{i+1,j})^2+
  (u_{ij}-u_{i,j-1})^2+(u_{ij}-u_{i,j+1})^2\right] \nonumber \\
  && \qquad\qquad+ J
  \sigma_{ij}(\sigma_{i+1,j}+\sigma_{i,j-1}+\sigma_{i,j+1})\Bigg\},
\label{H}
\end{eqnarray}
where $i$ and $j$ take values $1 \to i_{\text{max}}$ and $1 \to
j_{\text{max}}$, respectively.
Following the same steps as in the previous section, the
nondimensional equation of motion for each atom and the expressions
for the transition rate become
\begin{equation}
 \ddot{u}_{ij} - K_N^2 (u_{i+1,j}+u_{i,j-1}+u_{i,j+1}-3u_{ij})= \sigma_{ij}, \label{mov}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\omega_{ij}(\bm{\sigma}|\bm{u})=\frac{\delta}{2}(1-\gamma_{ij}
\sigma_{ij}),
\end{equation}
\begin{eqnarray}
\gamma_{ij}&=&\tanh[\frac{u_{ij}}{\theta} -\frac{\kappa}{\theta}(\sigma_{i+1,j}+\sigma_{i,j+1}+\sigma_{i,j-1})\nonumber
\\ &&  \;\;
      -\frac{\lambda}{\theta}(\sigma_{i,j-2}+\sigma_{i,j+2}+\sigma_{i-1,j-1}
+\sigma_{i-1,j+1}+\sigma_{i+1,j-1}+\sigma_{i+1,j+1})],
\label{gamma}
\end{eqnarray}
where $K_N$ is a large scale parameter to be calculated later. As we
said before, the difference between e-atoms with o-atoms follows from
the rotation by $\pi$ of the plane. For that reason, only equations
for e-atoms have been written. In the latter equations, the height
variable $u$ and time are dimensionless.  In the
nondimensionalization, the same parameters as in equations
\eqref{par1} and \eqref{par2} appear, with the addition of
$\lambda=J'/T_{0}$, which corresponds to the new next-nearest-neighbor
interaction.

The length of each side of the finite hexagonal lattice is
$\tilde{L}=[3(n-1)+1]\tilde{l}/2$, where $\tilde{l}$ is the side of a
unit hexagonal cell and $n$ is the maximum value of the row index $i$
in Fig.\ \ref{esq}. Let us measure all lengths in units of
$\tilde{L}$, so that $l=\tilde{l}/\tilde{L}$ tends to zero as the
hexagonal lattice fills the plane. Then the expression within
parenthesis in \eqref{mov} has the limit
\cite{prb08car,prb12bon86,jsm12bon}
\begin{equation}
 u_{i+1,j}+u_{i,j-1}+u_{i,j+1}-3u_{ij} \rightarrow  \frac{a^2}{4}(\partial_x^2 u +\partial_y^2 u), \label{lap}
\end{equation}
as $a=\sqrt{3}l\to 0$.
Therefore, we take $K_{N}$ proportional to $a^{-1}$, namely
\begin{equation}
K_N=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\pi} a^{-1}=\frac{3n-2}{\sqrt{6}\pi}\propto n,
\end{equation}
to guarantee that the diffusive term in \eqref{mov} remains finite as
$l\to 0$ (continuum limit). Note that the increments of the
  continuous variables are $\Delta x(i\to i+1)=3l/2$ and
  $\Delta y(j\to j+1)=a/2=\sqrt{3}l/2$, as seen in Fig.~\ref{esq}, so
  that the hexagonal lattice goes to the unit square $0\leq x,y \leq
  1$ in the continuum limit. For details, see \ref{AC}.

Once the system reaches the stationary state, equation \eqref{mov} can be averaged ignoring thermal fluctuations. Thus, using equation \eqref{lap} for $n \gg 1 $ we get
\begin{equation}
\label{cont_2d}
\frac{1}{2\pi^{2}}\nabla^2 \langle u\rangle=- \langle \sigma \rangle,
\end{equation}
where $\langle u\rangle$ and $\langle \sigma\rangle$ are the
average height and spin at the point $(x,y)$ of the
  unit square. For $\kappa=\lambda=0$, we have that
  $\langle\sigma\rangle=\tanh(u/\theta)$ and the flat configuration
  $\langle u\rangle=0$ becomes unstable at $\theta=1$, similarly to
  the situation in the 1d case. This kind of rigidly buckled
  configurations have been observed in graphene in recent STM
  experiments \cite{sch15}. Equation \eqref{cont_2d} tells us that there is a correspondence between lattice
patterns given by the average height profile and the spin
configuration. Specifically, the curvature of the rippling is
  directly proportional to the average spin. Therefore, in the
following section we will mainly characterize the phases by the spin
configuration.

\subsection{Phase diagram} \label{pd}

{As it has already been said, the stable steady state is a rigidly buckled configuration below the critical temperature ($\theta<1$), provided there is no interaction between spins}. We expect that the introduction of the nearest neighbour interaction among the spins should introduce new phases{. By analogy with the 1d system, an antiferromagnetic nearest neighbour
  interaction should make antiferromagnetic ordered phases
  to appear} for low enough temperatures. Looking for a more
complex phenomenology, we introduce a next-nearest-neighbor
interaction, as in Ref.~\cite{nl12oha}. This term appears in \eqref{H}
through $J'$ and in \eqref{gamma} through its dimensionless
counterpart $\lambda$.

It is important to note that both $J$ ($\kappa$) and $J'$
($\lambda$) may take positive or negative values, corresponding to
antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions,
respectively. However, only positive values of $\lambda$ will be
considered, since a next-nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic interaction
just strengthens the nearest-neighbor one \cite{note}.  For positive
values of $\kappa$ and $\lambda$ the qualitative behavior is quite
different. The nearest-neighbor interaction provides a defined minimum
energy distribution in which each spin and its nearest-neighbors point
in opposite directions. However, the next-nearest-neighbor interaction
does not yield a defined minimum energy distribution. In fact, the
second-neighbors of each atom are second-neighbors to each other, and
therefore the next-nearest-neighbor interaction causes the system to
be frustrated \cite{nl12oha}. An enlightening discussion about
frustration is given in the introduction of \cite{mezard}. In
  principle, it is tempting to exclude negative values of $\kappa$
  from the analysis. On intuitive grounds, one may conclude that the
  nearest-neighbour ferromagnetic coupling with $\kappa<0$ should only
  strengthen the already long-ranged ferromagnetic interaction among
  the spins induced by the spin-lattice coupling term
  $-f u_{ij}\sigma_{ij}$ \cite{pre12bon}. Nevertheless, the situation
  is a little bit more complex, as discussed below.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{diag3_v2.pdf}
\caption{Phase diagram for a hexagonal lattice coupled to Ising
  spins. Different regions have been delimited using the domain-wall
  parameter, the magnetization and the specific heat. Once
  the equilibrium state is reached, each region has a
  different behavior, which is explained in the
  text. Also plotted is the line $\kappa/\lambda=4$, which is
    a good estimate for the transition line between zones $C$ and $D$.
    This agrees with the line separating phases Ordered $1$ and $2$ in
    Ref.~\cite{nl12oha}.}
 \label{diag}
\end{figure}

We plot a phase diagram to show in only one graph all the different
behaviors, see Figure \ref{diag}. In our simulations, we have chosen
{a nondimensional temperature $\theta=0.01$,} which is far
below critical for $\kappa=\lambda=0$. A key parameter is
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{DL}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{|i-j|=even} [3+\sigma_{ij}(\sigma_{i+1,j}+\sigma_{i,j-1}+\sigma_{i,j+1})],
\end{equation}
where $N$ denotes the number of atoms in the lattice.
This parameter estimates the domain-wall length
\cite{nl12oha}, and it is equal to $3$ (resp.~$0$) for
completely ferromagnetic (resp.~antiferromagnetic) behavior. In
addition, to delimit the regions on the diagram, we have used the
absolute value of the usual magnetization
\begin{equation}
M=\left|\frac{1}{N}\sum_{ij}\sigma_{ij}\right|\!,
\end{equation}
and energy fluctuations (proportional to the specific heat),
\begin{equation}
F=\sqrt{\langle(\Delta^{*}
e)^{2}\rangle}.
\end{equation}
Here $e$ is the system energy and $\Delta^{*}e=(e-\langle e\rangle)$,
where the angular brackets stands for the mean value that is calculated once the stationary state has been reached.

\subsection{Region characterization} \label{rc}

The different regions in the phase diagram have been characterized
using the three parameters $\mathcal{DL}$, $M$ and $F$. Figure
\ref{diag} is the superposition of the projections of $M$ and
$\mathcal{DL}$ on the plane $\lambda/\theta-\kappa/\theta$. Each region of the plane
correspond to different combinations of $M$ and $\mathcal{DL}$ values.
Once the regions have been delimited using the magnitudes described
above, the system is allowed to evolve with $\kappa$ and $\lambda$ in
one of the regions. Next, we verify that the system reaches the
equilibrium state and we obtain the basic structures in the spin
domains. Moreover, to check that we have actually reached the
equilibrium state, another simulation is carried out with this
distribution as the initial condition: if, aside from thermal
fluctuations, no evolution is found, equilibrium has been reached.

\begin{itemize}
\item Region $A$. $\mathcal{DL}\sim 3$, $M\sim 1$. The plane is
  completely curved, and the spins are all pointing in the same
  direction. This situation corresponds to small values of
    $\kappa$ { and $\lambda$}, for which the interaction that dominates is the one
  between the surface and the spins, in agreement with the simple
  picture already present in the 1$d$ model, see Section \ref{model}.
\item Region $B$. It is the zone surrounding $A$, on which
  $\mathcal{DL}$ and $M$ decrease from the $A$ values to those on the
  other regions. Here, the system displays a behavior that is
  analogous to the one described at the end of Section \ref{model} (in
  1$d$). The interaction between the surface and the spins is an
  effective ferromagnetic interaction with an intensity that decreases
  from the center to the border. Thus, the plane is curved but the
  spins close to the border are antiferromagnetically arranged.
\item Region $C$. $\mathcal{DL}\sim 0.5$, $M\sim 0$. The predominant
  interaction is the antiferromagnetic first-neighbor one. The
  equilibrium state (starting from a random initial spin distribution)
  is composed of antiferromagnetic domains.
\item Region $D$. $\mathcal{DL}$ increases from $0.5$ to $1.2$, $M\sim
  0$. The states in this region are metastable. Taking the
  distribution corresponding to the equilibrium state of $C$ or $E$ as
  the initial condition, the system does not evolve to the other
  state, at least in a simulation time much greater than the
  relaxation time from random initial conditions.
\item Region $E$. $\mathcal{DL}\sim 1.2$, $M\sim 0$. In this case, the
  spins are distributed in rows of two atoms in the lowest energy
  configuration. Beginning with random initial conditions, these
  two-atoms domains were created, with the rows in any of the three
  symmetrical directions.
\item Region $F$. $\mathcal{DL}\sim 1.5$, $M\sim 0.2$. The interaction
  between the plane and the spins is relevant again, since the
  antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbor interaction (with $\kappa
  \sim 0$) has no defined minimum energy distribution.  The plane is
  curved, leading to a non-zero magnetization.
\item Region $G$. $\mathcal{DL}\sim 1.8$, $M\sim 0$. The typical
  equilibrium configurations are long serpentine lines, with zero
  magnetization. Taking as initial conditions the spins arranged in
  rows, the system remains static.
\item Regions $H$ and $I$. In them, the system evolves from the
  characteristic configurations of $G$ to the ferromagnetic
  configurations of $J$, with the difference that in $H$ the
  magnetization is different from zero whereas in $I$ it is not.  $I$
  is a ferromagnetic first-neighbor state, but with domains smaller
  than in $J$ ($\mathcal{DL}$ smaller than in $J$).
\item Region $J$. $\mathcal{DL}\sim 2.5$, $M\sim 0.1$. In this case
  the system behaves as a completely ferromagnetic first-neighbor
  system. Starting from random initial conditions, ferromagnetic
  domains grow until reaching a stationary state. In this case $M$ is
  close to zero since spins are pointing to different directions in
  adjoining domains.
\end{itemize}
The plots of the typical equilibrium configurations for each region
are in \ref{img}.

It should be noted that our phase diagram does not contain a
paramagnetic state because the chosen temperature, $\theta=0.01$, is
far below the critical temperature for $\kappa=0$ and
  $\lambda=0$ (unity in our dimensionless variables). Each point of
the phase diagram corresponds to the energy minimum to which the
system evolves for the considered parameters. Once it is in the
neighborhood of this minimum, the energy barriers are so high that
ergodicity is no longer valid, and the system remains \textit{frozen}
\cite{hemmen}. This causes an Edwards-Anderson order parameter
\cite{edw},
 \begin{equation}
  q_{EA} \equiv \frac{1}{N} \sum_{ij} \mu_{ij}^{2}, \quad \mu_{ij} \equiv  \langle \sigma_{ij} \rangle,
  \label{q}
 \end{equation}
to be different from zero at every point of the
  plotted phase diagram. On the other hand, close to
$\kappa=\lambda=0$, the order parameter $q_{EA}$ will vanish as
  $\theta\to \infty$, once ergodicity is recovered. In
Eq.~\eqref{q} the average should be understood as a time average or an extended Gibbs average in a phase space composed of disjoint ergodic components \cite{hemmen}.

 \section{Conclusions}
 \label{con}

 We have studied a system of atoms connected by harmonic springs and
 coupled to Glauber spins. The spins are in contact with a thermal
 bath and interact with their neighbors. The $1d$ system forms one
 ripple and becomes antiferromagnetic at the boundaries as $\rho$
 increases, until it becomes completely antiferromagnetic. When the
 system is on a $2d$ hexagonal lattice, each spin interacts with its
 nearest-neighbors and next-nearest-neighbors, aside from the coupling
 with the out-of-plane displacement. This situation generates
 different phases which are included in a phase diagram.

 The range of parameters in our phase diagram includes negative values
 for the nearest neighbor coupling constant $\kappa$ and is thus wider
 than the one used in \cite{nl12oha}, in which only antiferromagnetic
 interactions were considered. The change in the sign of the spin-spin
 interaction can be produced by the scattering of the conduction
 electrons at the spins, see \cite{ruder,binder}. We are interested in
 zero magnetization phases since they correspond to no overall
 bending. Our model provides different phases obeying this constraint:
 I and J are long wave length phases, similar to those observed in
 \cite{nature07mey,pss09ban}, whereas C, E and G are phases with
 atomic wave length. G is a stripy phase (see Figure \ref{FG}),
 which could be associated with patterns seen in
 \cite{ASC11mao}. The atomic wave length phases C and E correspond
 with phases Ordered 1 and 2, respectively, from
 Ref. \cite{nl12oha}. Therein, the line between these two phases is
 (in our variables) $\kappa/\lambda=4$, which agrees with the limit of
 true stability of C here. Interestingly, neither the metastable phase
 $D$ or the other phases (including the long wavelength phases I and
 J) were found in Ref.~\cite{nl12oha}. In that reference, (i) only
 positive values of $\kappa$ were considered, and (ii) there was no
 spin-atom coupling.

The buckling phase A is surrounded by rippled phases C, E, and G with
no overall bending.  Starting from a point of the phase
  diagram belonging to region C (rippled phase), if we
increase the temperature while keeping $\kappa$ and $\lambda$
  (supposed temperature independent)
  fixed, we move along a straight line of slope $\lambda/\kappa$ in
  Figure \ref{diag} from phase C to the buckled phase A.  In
experiments with STM at fixed current, the temperature is locally
increased at the tip region and this triggers a transition from a
rippled flexible phase to a rigid buckled phase \cite{sch15}. Thus our
model contains the ripples-to-buckling transition observed in
experiments although more work needs to be done to explain STM
observations in detail \cite{unpub}.

To conclude, our model is based in a few parameters controlling simple interactions
which generate complex collective behaviors. This allows us to
identify the interactions responsible for each pattern.  In addition,
the elastic feature of the model makes it possible to visualize and
quantify the magnitude of the rippling, which could be compared with
experiments once height measurements had been improved.

\ack
This work has been supported by the Spanish Mi\-nisterio de Econom\'\i
a y Competitividad grants FIS2011-28838-C02-01 (MRG \& LLB), and
FIS2011-24460 (AP). MRG acknowledges  support from Ministerio de
Educaci\'on, Cultura y Deporte through the FPU program grant FPU13/02971.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Cambodian People's Party (Khmer: គណបក្សប្រជាជនកម្ពុជា, Kanakpak Pracheachon Kâmpuchéa; CPP; French: Parti du peuple cambodgien), founded as the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (Khmer: គណបក្សប្រជាជនបដិវត្តន៍កម្ពុជា, KPRP), is the current ruling political party of Cambodia. It was the sole legal party in the country at the time of the People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989) and during the first two years of the State of Cambodia. Its name was changed during the final years of the State of Cambodia, when the single-party system as well as the Marxist–Leninist ideology were abandoned. Having governed Cambodia since 1979, it is one of the longest-ruling parties in the world. The General Secretary of the party from 1979 to 1981 was Pen Sovan. The KPRP was originally a Marxist–Leninist party, although it took on a more reformist outlook in the mid-1980s under Heng Samrin's leadership. In the 1990s, the KPRP officially dropped its commitment to socialist ideology altogether when it renamed itself the Cambodian People's Party. It is also currently the oldest active party in Cambodia.
The original Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP) was founded in French colonial times on 28 June 1951, when the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP), founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1930, was dismembered into three national parties, the KPRP, the Vietnam Workers' Party and the Lao Itsala, prior to the independence of the three countries. On 21 September 1951, the People's Revolutionary Party Khmer established in North Vietnam (Vietnam), Son Ngoc Minh was appointed as Acting Chairman of the party. Second Party Congress meeting in September 1960.
The name of the party was changed to the Workers Party of Kampuchea (WPK) in 1960 and then to the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK, whose followers became known as the Khmer Rouge) in 1966. In one sense, the KPRP was a new organization, but in another sense it is the continuation of the parties that preceded it. The date of the KPRP founding is uncertain, although the First Party Congress held publicly was convened in May 1981 and the party may have come into existence after mid-1978.
In early 1979, a group of dissident CPK members held a congress. At this gathering, the dissident group declared itself the true successor of the original KPRP founded in 1951 (which had evolved into the CPK) and labelled the congress as the Third Party Congress, thus not recognizing the 1963, 1975 and 1978 congresses of CPK as legitimate. The party considered 28 June 1951 as its founding date. A national committee led by Pen Sovan and Roh Samai was appointed by the Congress. The women's wing of the party, the National Association of Women for the Salvation of Kampuchea, was also established in 1979 with a vast national network of members that extended to the district level.
The existence of the party was kept secret until its 4th congress in May 1981, when it appeared publicly and assumed the name KPRP. The name-change was stated to be carried out "to clearly distinguish it from the reactionary Pol Pot party and to underline and reassert the continuity of the party's best traditions".
Very little is known about the Third Party Congress, also known as the Congress for Party Reconstruction, except that Pen Sovan was elected first secretary of the Central Committee and that the party had between sixty-two and sixty-six regular members. The congress elected a Central Committee of 7 members: General Secretary Pen Sovan, Permanent Members: Heng Samrin and Chea Sim; and Central Members: Hun Sen, Bou Thang, Van Son and Chan Sy. Chan Kiri is Head of the Party Commission for Inspection. March 1979, Van Son and Chan Kiri was dismissed and Pen Sovan, Chea Sim and Say Phouthang (chair of the Central Organization Committee of the Party) formation of the Party' Central Standing.
In Pen Sovan's political report to the Fourth Party Congress held 26 to 29 May 1981, he was careful to distance the KPRP from Pol Pot's CPK and he denounced the CPK as a traitor to the party and to the nation. The KPRP decided at the Fourth Party Congress to operate "openly". This move seemed to reflect the leadership's growing confidence in its ability to stay in power despite the ongoing guerrilla war with the Khmer Rouge. The move may have had a practical dimension as well because it involved the people more actively in the regime's effort to build the country's political and administrative infrastructure.
The Fourth Party Congress reviewed Pen Sovan's political report and defined the party's strategy for the next several years. The Congress adopted five "basic principles of the party line", which were to uphold the banners of patriotism and of international proletarian solidarity; to defend the country (the primary and sacred task of all people); to restore and to develop the economy and the culture in the course of gradual transition toward socialism; to strengthen military solidarity with Vietnam, Laos, the Soviet Union and other socialist nations; and to develop "a firm Marxist–Leninist party". At the Congress, it was decided that henceforth the party would be known as the KPRP in order to distinguish it from "the reactionary Pol Pot party and to underline and reassert the community of the party's best traditions". The Fourth Party Congress also proclaimed its resolve to stamp out the "reactionary ultra-nationalist doctrine of Pol Pot", to emphasize a centralized government and collective leadership and to reject personality cults. The "ultra-nationalist doctrine" issue was an allusion to Pol Pot's racist, anti-Vietnamese stance. The Congress, attended by 162 delegates, elected twenty-one members of the party Central Committee, who in turn elected Pen Sovan as general secretary and the eight members of the party inner circle to the Political Bureau (Heng Samrin, number 2 member; Chea Sim, number 4 member; Hun Sen, number 6 member; Chan Sy, minister of defense and prime minister from December 1981; number 7, including Chea Soth, deputy prime minister, Bou Thang, chair of the Party's Central Propaganda Committee, deputy prime minister from 1982 to 1992 and minister of defense from 1982 to 1986; and Chan Sy), seven member of Secretariat (including Hun Sen). It also adopted a new statute for the party, but did not release the text.
According to Michael Vickery, veterans of the independence struggle of the 1946 to 1954 period dominated the party Central Committee. A majority of the Central Committee members had spent all or part of the years 1954 to 1970 in exile in Vietnam or in the performance of "duties abroad".
The KPRP's pro-Vietnamese position did not change when Heng Samrin suddenly replaced Pen Sovan as party leader on 4 December 1981. Heng Samrin and Chea Sim is the first and second positions in the Politburo. Pen Sovan, who was reportedly flown to Hanoi under Vietnamese guard, was "permitted to take a long rest", but observers believed that he was purged for not being sufficiently pro-Vietnamese. In any case, the new general secretary won Hanoi's endorsement by acknowledging Vietnam's role as senior partner in the Cambodian-Vietnamese relationship. The party recognized the change in leadership symbolically by changing the official founding date of the KPRP from 19February 1951 to 28 June 28 1951 in deference to the Vietnam Workers' Party (Dang Lao Dong Viet Nam), which was established in March 1951.
In mid-1981, the KPRP was essentially a skeleton organization. It had few party branches except for those in Phnom Penh, in Kampong Saom and in the eighteen provincial capitals. Party membership was estimated at between 600 and 1,000, a considerable increase over 1979, but still only a fraction of the number of cadres needed to run the party and the government. In 1981, several of the 18 provinces had only one party member each and Kampong Cham, the largest province with a population of more than 1 million, had only 30 regular members, according to Cambodia specialist Ben Kiernan. Since 1 February 1983 Say Phouthang (Secretary, Head of the Party Commission for Inspection), Chan Sy and Bou Thang occupied respectively the third, fourth and fifth positions in the Politburo. On 1 May 1985, Hun Sen was named the fourth, just behind the Heng Samrin, Chea Sim and Say Phouthang, but in the "updated list of executives NRPK" in which Hun Sen took the third position Say Phouthang moved into fourth position.
The party held its Fifth Party Congress from 13 to 16 October 1985 to reflect on the previous five years and to chart a new course for the next several years. The party's membership had increased to 7,500 regulars (4,000 new members joined in 1985 alone). The party had an additional pool of 37,000 "core" members from which it could recruit tested party regulars. There were only 4,000 core members in mid-1981. According to General Secretary Heng Samrin's political report, the KPRP had twenty-two regional committees and an undisclosed number of branches, circles and cells in government agencies, armed forces units, internal security organs, mass organizations, enterprises, factories and farms. The report expressed satisfaction with party reconstruction since 1981, especially with the removal of the "danger of authoritarianism" and the restoration of the principles of democratic centralism and of collective leadership. However, it pointed out "some weaknesses" that had to be overcome. For example, the party was "still too thin and weak" at the district and the grass-roots levels. Ideological work lagged and lacked depth and consistency; party policies were implemented very slowly, if at all, with few, if any, timely steps to rectify failings; and party cadres, because of their propensities for narrow-mindedness, arrogance and bureaucratism were unable to win popular trust and support. Another major problem was the serious shortage of political cadres (for party chapters), economic and managerial cadres and technical cadres. Still another problem that had to be addressed "in the years to come" was the lack of a documented history of the KPRP. Heng Samrin's political report stressed the importance of party history for understanding "the good traditions of the party".
The report to the Fifth Congress noted that Heng Samrin's administration, in coordination with "Vietnamese volunteers", had destroyed "all types" of resistance guerrilla bases. The report also struck a sobering note: the economy remained backward and unbalanced, with its material and technical bases still below pre-war levels and the country's industries were languishing from lack of fuel, spare parts and raw materials. Transition toward socialism, the report warned, would take "dozens of years".
To hasten the transition to socialism, the Fifth Congress unveiled the PRK's First Plan, covering the years 1986 to 1990. The program included the addition of the "private economy" to the three sectors of the economy mentioned in the Constitution (the state sector, collective sector and the family sector). Including the private economy was necessary because of the "very heavy and very complex task" that lay ahead in order to transform the "nonsocialist components" of the economy to an advanced stage. According to the political report submitted to the congress, mass mobilization of the population was considered crucial to the successful outcome of the First Plan. The report also noted the need to cultivate "new socialist men" if Cambodia were to succeed in its nation-building. These men were supposed to be loyal to the fatherland and to socialism; to respect manual labor, production, public property and discipline; and to possess "scientific knowledge".
Heng Samrin's political report also focused on foreign affairs. He recommended that Phnom Penh strengthen its policy of alliance with Vietnam, Laos, the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. He stressed—as Pen Sovan had in May 1981—that such an alliance was, in effect "a law" that guaranteed the success of the Cambodian revolution. At the same time, he urged the congress and the Cambodian people to spurn "narrow-minded chauvinism, every opportunistic tendency, and every act and attitude infringing on the friendship" between Cambodia and its Indochinese neighbors. He was apparently alluding to the continued Cambodian sensitivity to the presence of Vietnamese troops and of about 60,000 Vietnamese settlers in Cambodia. CGDK sources maintained that there were really about 700,000 Vietnamese settlers in the country.
The KPRP's three objectives for the period 1986 to 1990 were to demonstrate military superiority "along the border and inside the country" for complete elimination of all anti-PRK activities; to develop political, military and economic capabilities; and to strengthen special relations with Vietnam as well as mutual cooperation with other fraternal countries. Before Heng Samrin's closing address on 16 October, the 250 party delegates to the congress elected a new Central Committee of 45 members (31 full members and 14 alternates). The Central Committee in turn elected Heng Samrin as general secretary, a new Political Bureau (nine full members: Heng Samrin, Chea Sim, Hun Sen as Second Secretary, Say Phouthang, Bou Thang, Chea Soth, Men Sam An, Math Ly, Ney Pena and two alternates), a five-member Secretariat (Heng Samrin, Hun Sen, Bou Thang, Men Sam An and Ney Pena) and seven members of the Central Committee Control Commission.
After the Fifth Congress, the party's organizational work was intensified substantially. The KPRP claimed that by the end of 1986 it had more than 10,000 regular members and 40,000 candidate members who were being groomed for regular status.
As of 1990, members of the Politburo were Heng Samrin (General Secretary), Chea Sim, Hun Sen, Chea Soth, Math Ly, Tea Banh, Men Sam An, Nguon Nhel, Sar Kheng, Bou Thang, Ney Pena, Say Chhum and alternate members included Sing Song, Sim Ka and Pol Saroeun. Members of the Secretaria were Heng Samrin, Say Phouthang, Bou Thang, Men Sam An and Sar Kheng.
In 1991, the party was renamed Cambodian People's Party (CPP) during a United Nations-sponsored peace and reconciliation process. Politburo and the Secretariat to enter into the new Standing Committee, Chea Sim as President and Hun Sen as Vice-president. However, academics such as John Ciorciari have observed that the CPP still continues to maintain its communist-era party structures and that many of its top-ranking members were derived from KPRP. These reminders of its KPRP origins have led to opposition parties to continue labelling the CPP as communist on several occasions. Also, despite Hun Sen is the deputy leader of the party until 2015, he de facto control the party.
Prime Minister Hun Sen has continued to lead the party to election victories after the transition to democracy. It won 64 of the 123 seats in the National Assembly in the 1998 elections, 73 seats in the 2003 elections and 90 seats in the 2008 elections, winning the popular vote by the biggest margin ever for a National Assembly election with 58% of the vote. The CPP also won the 2006 Senate elections. The party lost 22 seats in the 2013 elections, with opposition gained.
Since 2018, the party commands all 125 seats in the National Assembly, and 58 of 62 seats in the Senate. Hun Sen, the Prime Minister of Cambodia, has served as the party's President since 2015.
^ Diamond, Larry (April 2002). "Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 13 (2): 31, 32. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ McCargo, Duncan (October 2005). "Cambodia: Getting Away with Authoritarianism?" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 16 (4): 98. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0067. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ Hughes, Caroline (January–February 2009). "Consolidation in the Midst of Crisis" (PDF). Asian Survey. 49 (1): 211–212. doi:10.1525/as.2009.49.1.206. ISSN 1533-838X. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ Cochrane, Liam (3 March 2017). "Cambodia changes political rules in 'triumph of dictatorship', critics say". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress document: Ross, Russell R., ed. (1987). "Cambodia: A country study". Federal Research Division.
^ Guo (2006), p. 69.
^ Frings, K. Viviane, Rewriting Cambodian History to 'Adapt' It to a New Political Context: The Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party's Historiography (1979–1991) in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Oct., 1997), pp. 807–846.
^ ALEX WILLEMYNS AND MECH DARA (29 June 2015). "CPP Celebrates 64 Years Since Communist Birth". The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Guo, Sujian (2006). The Political Economy of Asian Transition from Communism. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754647358.


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text:
Japan's Hanyu Wins Skating Gold; Chen Finishes 5th
Chen attempted six quad jumps and landed five of them cleanly — two Olympic firsts
By Barry Wilner	• Published February 16, 2018 • Updated on April 9, 2018 at 12:21 pm
Yuzuru Hanyu was introduced as the Olympic gold medalist, skated over to the podium and jumped high onto it. With a perfect landing, naturally.
He also leaped into the figure skating history books Saturday, becoming the first man to repeat as Olympic champion since Dick Button in 1952.
"Just happy. I can't say anymore, just happy," Hanyu said through his ever-present smile. "I just did my best today. I don't know if this is the best of my skating life, but I can say from my heart that I skated my best today."
He held off countryman Shoma Uno and Spain's Javier Fernandez in the free skate.
Coach Brian Orser met Hanyu as he left the ice after his strong but slightly flawed performance. Then Orser, a two-time Olympic silver medalist who also coaches Fernandez, rushed back to behind the sideboards to help encourage the Spaniard.
Fernandez couldn't match Hanyu.
Hanyu later congratulated Fernandez and told him he wished both of them could have won.
"I told him, 'Yes, Yuzu, but only one can be champion. Only one can have the gold medal,'" Fernandez said.
Uno moved from third Friday to second, loading a high-scoring quad and three triples into the final minute of his routine.
"I knew which level of performance I performed," he said through a translator. "I did what I intended to do."
American Nathan Chen surged from a fiasco of a short program, when he was 17th, by winning the free skate to wind up fifth. He did it with an historic routine featuring six quads.
As always, Hanyu skated to raucous support from the crowd , with thousands of Japanese flags filling the stands. He was terrific, though not perfect, particularly messing up a combination jump.
As always, he left the ice to a swarm of cascading Winnie The Pooh dolls flooding the ice.
Uno might have won the gold if not for his magnificent countryman. His energy throughout, particularly in the back end of his routine to "Turandot," permeated the arena, and he pumped his arms wildly when he finished.
Fernandez, skating to "Man of La Mancha," was a worthy medalist, finishing just 1.66 points behind Uno.
"It means a lot for my country," Fernandez said. "We've never had a figure skating Olympic medal. We have such few Winter Olympic medals in any sports, so I hope it means a lot to everyone back home."
The 18-year-old Chen had succumbed to the pressure and massive expectations in the short program, a day earlier . On Saturday, he nailed virtually every element. He even did the sixth quad, a loop, getting full credit for the four rotations though he put his hands down on the ice on it.
"I think after having such a disastrous short program and being so, so low in the ranking — lower than I usually ever am — it allowed me to completely forget the results and focus on enjoying myself out on the ice," Chen said, "and getting rid of expectations helped a lot."
He led all three U.S. skaters into the top 10 as his 127.64 points for technical virtuosity put him in another stratosphere, and his 215.08 points for the free skate were a personal high.
Chen's 17-year-old teammate Vincent Zhou, put down five quads — as if to say, "Hey buddy, I can do this, too" — in another spectacular jumping show. Zhou also soared in the standings, winding up sixth.
"It's been such a wild ride over my short 17 years," Zhou said. "I've been through so much, it would take me hours to say it all. But to skate like that, to have a successful performance means so much to me."
Adam Rippon doesn't do quads, but his presentation and dramatic flair earn him points. The 28-year-old dropped from seventh to 10th, but these were successful games for him, and his arm pumps to bolster the audience's cheers when he was done lent a comical touch.
"They usually say that like, after the Olympic Games, somebody's life changes forever," Rippon said. "A lot of times it's the gold medalist, but I have a feeling that my life has changed forever."
AP Sports Writers Dave Skretta and Jake Seiner contributed.
Copyright NBC Olympics - Pyeongchang
ChinaCanadacoachKazakhstanAdam Rippon


text:
Q: Bitwise AND and : symbol I have been coding for almost two months now and I am just starting to get "fluent" with the basics of the language. Recently, I stumbled upon a piece of code that looked like so:
if (! (n & 1)) {
    median += a[n / 2 - 1];
    median /= 2;
}

map<int, int> f;

for (int e : a) {
    f[e]++;
}

int mode = 0;

for (auto e : f) {
    if (e.second > f[mode]) {
        mode = e.first;
    }
}

I understand that the first if uses the Bitwise operator but I can't seem to understand how it is being used there. I have read a couple of tutorials but they don't make much sense to me.
The second question I have regards the two for loops. They use the : symbol and have only one parameter? Isn't for supposed to have three?

A: For the bitwise AND it is checking if n is even. It works in the following way: if the last bit in n is a 1 (which it is for every odd number) the result of n & 1 will be 1, else it will be 0. Since anything != 0 is evaluated to true in c++ it is inverting this check. Since the entire expression is flipped by the "!" it will evalutate to false when n is odd and true when n is even.
As an example lets take n=3, n=4, n=5 and represent them in binary:
n=3:
0101 & 0001 = 0001

n=4:
1000 & 0001 = 0000

n=5:
1001 & 0001 = 0001

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/bitwise-and-operator-amp?view=vs-2017
For the range operation
for (int e : a)

it is
https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/range-for

A: !(n & 1)
Lay them out as a bitfields, example:
       101010101
     & 000000001
       ---------
result 000000001

The non-zero result value will in a boolean true or false context be promoted to true. Only the result 0 would be promoted to false. The ! (not) reverses the result so that true becomes false and vise-a-versa.
The second question is about the range-based for loop:
for (auto e : f) {

It's (since C++11) a simplified version of:
for(auto it=std::begin(f); it!=std::end(f); ++it) {
    auto e = *it;

A: if n is even, converting it to binary will result in something like 1010, with the Least significant bit always being 0.
If you & 0 and 1, you get 0.  The first if loop is to check if n is even.
For Bitwise operations -
 1. Convert number to binary.
 2. Perform operation on individual bit.
 e.g. 3&6 = 011&110 = 010 = 2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Weekly Call to Action
Call to Action - Wednesday, September 15, 2021
Michael Tamony | September 15, 2021
Compiled by RADC Member - Tracy Wise
1. Voting Rights: Re-Districting Process
Background: Ensuring a fair redistricting process is key to our efforts to move the dial in Redlands over the next 10 years. However, the San Bernardino County Redistricting process (https://sbcountyredistricting.com/) is ultimately tied to our County Board of Supervisors (and not an independent group). The process itself is being handled by an advisory redistricting commission that is refusing to hold any hearings in Redlands (for our county district, which is the 3rd District). The Yucaipa meeting on 9/15 was intended to cover Redlands, Loma Linda, Colton, Highland, Grand Terrace, and Mentone. That hearing was in the middle of the morning, when the majority of people are at work and cannot attend.
Call to Action: Email (see below) or use the public comment function (https://sbcountyredistricting.com/public-comments/) to send a message requesting hearings in Redlands, at least one of which is in the evening:
Supervisor Rowe Phone: 909-387-4855 Email: [email protected]
Redistricting Commission Phone: 909-387-3841 [email protected]
Sample template for Supervisor Rowe and Redistricting Commission Chair:
Supervisor Dawn Rowe and the Honorable Keith Davis:
It has been brought to my attention that the City of Redlands has not been included as a host for an Advisory Redistricting Commission Meeting. As a resident of Redlands, with a population of over 71,000, I find this troubling. Yucaipa, a city with a population of 53,000, has a meeting scheduled from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. on a Wednesday. Apparently, that meeting is intended to cover Highland (population 56,000), Colton (population 55,000), Loma Linda (population 25,000), and other valley cities. I am respectfully asking you to hold at least two Advisory Redistricting Commission Meetings in Redlands, with one of those meetings occurring in the evening. Thank you for your prompt action to involve all your constituents in this important process.
Background: Access to voting has been under attack ever since the Supreme Court helped gut the Voting Rights Act. Senator Schumer is planning to bring a voting rights bill to the floor as early as next week. It modifies what was previously proposed in order to get Senator Joe Manchin (D, WV) to support it. However, it likely will still run into a GOP-led filibuster.*
Call to Action: Contact our two senators, Feinstein and Padilla, and ask that they support this new legislation and, if it runs into a filibuster, insist on a carve out for voting rights legislation so that the Democrat majority can pass this bill. We must do this in order to protect the 2022 midterms.
To email Senator Feinstein: https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/e-mail-me
To email Senator Padilla: https://www.padilla.senate.gov/
*For further information: https://www.npr.org/2021/09/14/1036812609/senate-democrats-offer-a-new-voting-bill-but-a-gop-filibuster-likely-blocks-the-
3. California Legal Reform: The Recall Process
Background: What we have just gone through with the recall process for Governor Gavin Newsom has not been an exercise in direct democracy. Instead, it was the result of moneyed interests gaming the system (which has a very low threshold for the number of signatures required for a recall) to waste our money a year before a regular election.
Call to Action: Contact our legislative representatives in the California State Assembly and Senate and ask that they begin to review and reform the recall process ASAP. They need to look into requiring more signatures, toughening reasons for a recall, establishing distributive partisan requirements for signatures, amending the succession so that it adds recalls to the list directing the lieutenant governor to take over should the governor be recalled, and/or increasing filing requirements.*
Assemblymember James C. Ramos, CA Assembly District 40: https://lcmspubcontact.lc.ca.gov/PublicLCMS/ContactPopup.php?district=AD40
Senator Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh, CA Senate District 23: https://ochoa-bogh.cssrc.us/my-offices
*For further information:
https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/571991-california-democrats-ponder-reforms-amid-newsom-recall-effort
https://calmatters.org/commentary/2021/07/4-needed-reforms-of-californias-recall-election-rules/
STICK A PIN IN THIS ITEM
Stick a pin in this: With the restrictive abortion bill in Texas, which will likely be replicated by other states, and a further anticipated future direct review by SCOTUS of Roe v. Wade, California may become a state to which women turn if they need an abortion and cannot get one where they live. What on-the-ground, grassroots efforts can we put into place here in California to support women in those states?


text:
Q: Integrate DocuSign using RestAPI I'm trying to implement the DocuSign embedded signing. I'm kind of successful with few things left.
Without a developer account it's not possible to use the API, isn't it? I both have a pro account and a free account. Then I created a developer account with the same email and password I have for the free account. But when signing a document it says:

Demonstration Document Only.

Please see the image for better understanding:

Why is this appearing? Is it because I am using a developer account that has the same credentials as the free account? Will it disappear if I create a developer account with the same email and password I have for the pro account?
If I want to work with the API then will I have to control everything from developer account? I mean add template and other relevant signing stuff. Then what's the pro account for, which I've purchased?
Also, recipient is not receiving any email. Please see the images for better understanding:

I've asked the same thing at DocuSign support, but left with no answers.

A: DocuSign - API Certification Process
Integrations using DocuSign APIs must go through the Certification process to operate in the DocuSign production environment. During API Certification, the Integration is examined for following DocuSign's Security & Design Requirements. We recommend reviewing our API Requirements Guide prior to beginning development as it will streamline the certification process later.
In order to avoid delays in processing please make sure the following items have been satisfied prior to beginning the process. These are explained in further detail in the API Certification Guide.

*

*1) Customer or Partner sales contract has been executed.

*2) 20+ test
transactions have already been executed.

Please review the following guides prior to beginning the API Certification process, a sample list of questions that will be asked has also been provided:
API PDF Security & Design Requirements | API PDF API Certification InfoSheet
Please e-mail any questions regarding the API Certification process to apicertifications@docusign.com or your DocuSign Account Manager.