★You would never know it, but Salma Hayek suffers from stage fright. The 50-year-old star of 'How to be a Latin Lover' says she gets stage fright 'really, really bad' whenever she is set to appear front of a crowd. Although she manages to do ok once she gets onto the stage, she says that she can't do anything else the rest of the day because she is so exhausted.
★ Mark Ruffalo has sold his three-story Brooklyn townhouse for $3.125 million. Ruffalo, who wraps up his Broadway theater debut in "The Price" this weekend, bought the four-bedroom townhouse for $3.5 million in 2015. That's about a 10% loss.
★ The Walking Dead's Josh McDermitt has deactivated his social media accounts following a scary backlash to some of his character's actions. 'Eugene' switched allegiances in Season 7 after being captured by the Saviors and many fans weren't too happy with him. Unfortunately, some took to social media to rant at the actor for his character's actions, and he even received a number of death threats.
★ When Harrison Ford sat at the helm of the Millennium Falcon in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, it had been awhile. However, he still noticed one thing that was off about the new set. J.J. Abrams says that Ford immediately noticed that unlike in the original Star Wars movies, set builders this time around designed the ship's controls to include springs which keep the control yokes in place. Apparently, because the original Star Wars had to run on such a low budget, the original control yokes, the devices that steer the ship, weren't built with any springs that kept them in place.
★ Brad Pitt is ready for a comeback after a stressful year. The 53-year-old is on the cover of US GQ Style, his first magazine cover since his split with Angelina Jolie last August. But it does appear as if things are improving between him and his family. He says that he quit drinking 6 months ago. And last week there were reports that his six children stayed with him at his Los Angeles for the first time in seven months. Next up: Netflix movie 'War Machine' May 26.
• Chelsea married a 31 year old last July when she was 19. Rosie found out 6 months later.
• She suffered a miscarriage but says Rosie never came to see her in the hospital.
• She made headlines in August 2015 after O'Donnell posted a message to her website saying her daughter was missing and had ran away from home. But Chelsea claims the comedienne kicked her out of their New York home and knew where she was the whole time.
• In June 2015, it was reported the two had reconciled as they posed for a happy photo after they re-established communication following several months of silence.
• Rosie says her daughter is sick and on drugs, and is 'not capable of truth or reason'. And points out that her daughter is probably being paid by publications for her comments.
• "The 32nd Annual Stellar Gospel Music Awards" (My Network): Honoring the best of gospel music artists, writers and industry professionals.
• The Weeknd – has been given the seal of approval by Selena Gomez's mother after she said she was "happy" with their relationship.
• Sting – is selling his penthouse in the world's 'most powerful' building at Central Park West, NY. Price? $56 million.
• Mariah Carey – It's not often she gets told what to do. But her inner circle are taking no risks in their bid to stop her from getting back together with boy toy Bryan Tanaka. Apparently her people took her phone away to prevent her from contacting the dancer, whom she began dating after the end of her relationship with billionaire fiancé James Packer.
• Pete Wentz – thinks Jaden Smith could be the next Nirvana. The Fall Out Boy bassist thinks rock music is dying and that hip-hop is leading the way among the younger generation, however, he thinks the 18-year-old star – the son of actors Will and Jada Pinkett Smith – has the potential to be the next genre-killer act like Kurt Cobain's group.
• Michael Bublé – is coming back. After months spent out of the spotlight to be at his 3-year-old son Noah's side as he underwent chemotherapy, the Grammy winner has marked his official return to the public with an appearance to accept Canada's National Arts Centre Award in Ottawa on June 28. The next day, he will participate in a live telecast from the Arts Centre.
• Katy Perry and Jennifer Lopez – are tuning up for James Corden's upcoming primetime special of "Carpool Karaoke." This will be the second primetime special spawned from Corden's popular Late Late Show segment, and the second time that J-Lo is a part of it. The Late Late Show Carpool Karaoke Primetime Special 2017 airs May 22.
• Glen Campbell – The title song from his farewell album, 'Adios' has been released to YouTube.
• Sara Evans – Her seventh album, 'Words' will be out July 21. Fourteen female songwriters contributed to the project. In addition to Evans, those names include Ashley Monroe, Caitlyn Smith, Hillary Lindsey and Hillary Scott.
• "The Lovers" ( R Adventure Romance): Debra Winger and Tracy Letts play a long-married, dispassionate couple who are both in the midst of serious affairs. But on the brink of calling it quits, a spark between them suddenly reignites, leading them into an impulsive romance.
Two or three beers may be a better painkiller than the stuff you get in the drugstore, a British study has determined. Researchers at Greenwich University say they discovered strong evidence that alcohol is an effective painkiller. They also concluded the more beer people drank, the less pain they felt. The study's results found beer to be better at offering pain relief than Tylenol, and about as effective as codeine.
-a blood alcohol content of .08, about three or four drinks, can reduce pain by up to 25 percent.
– the same amount also increases pain tolerance a little.
The researchers were careful to point out that this does not mean we should crack a beer every time we feel some discomfort, as long-term alcohol use for pain relief would cause more harm than good. Long-term, the hope is that drugs may be developed which relieve pain as effectively as alcohol without the harmful side-effects.
1. The film was a way for Myers to honor his dad.
2. A lot of that groovy dialogue was totally improvised.
Yeah, baby, really. Myers estimated that "about 30 to 40%" of the film was made up on the spot.
3. There was a Seinfeld-Austin Powers casting connection.
Soup Nazi Larry Thomas traded his ladle for playing cards for his role as a casino dealer. Brian George, who played a Pakistani restaurant owner who blamed Jerry for his deportation, played a U.N. Secretary.
4. Giggity, giggity: Two Family Guy voice actors are also in the flick.
Nearly two years after the first Austin Powers movie was released, Seth Green (aka Scott Evil) settled into his long-running voice role as Chris Griffin on Family Guy. Carrie Fisher, who played a therapist with the thankless task of repairing the Dr. Evil/Scott Evil father-son relationship, voiced Peter Griffin's boss, Angela, in nearly two dozen episodes.
During the process, which took a while to comp … compl… complete, Powers underwent laser cutting, the warm liquid goo phase, reanimation, cleansing and evacuation — all in that order. That last one just took a long time.
6. Powers was in good company at the cryogenic storage facility.
Vanilla Ice and Gary Coleman were also preserved in the celebrity vault.
Rock drummer Bill Kreutzmann (Grateful Dead) is 71; Indie rock drummer Matt Helders (Arctic Monkeys) is 31; TV actor Alexander Ludwig ("Vikings") is 25; TV actress Dylan Gelula ('Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt") is 23.
• "Cinco de Mayo", a Mexican holiday commemorating the 1862 victory over French troops at the Battle of Puebla. Mexicans everywhere celebrate with parades and fiestas. That's likely the reason today is also called "Totally Chipotle Day", a celebration of the smoked jalapeño pepper.
• "Cartoonists Day", kicking off "Cartoon Art Appreciation Week", to create greater public awareness of and appreciation for the cartoon. Why today? "The Yellow Kid", the first newspaper comic strip, was initially published on this day 122 years ago (1895). What's your favorite? Least favorite?
• "Hoagie Day", celebrating the super-sized sandwich also known as a sub, grinder, hero, Italian sandwich, po' boy, wedge, zeppelin, or torpedo. What's the best combo?
• "International Midwives Day", observed since 1991 in over 50 nations worldwide to recognize and honor these healthcare professionals who are experts in women's reproductive health.
• "International Roller Derby Day", an unofficial worldwide holiday celebrating the unique sport.
• "Free Comic Book Day", the 1st Saturday in May each year, when participating comic book shops around-the-world give away comic books absolutely free to anyone who comes in.
• "Kentucky Derby", the first jewel in the Triple Crown of horse racing, in Lexington KY. Lady Antebellum is singing the anthem ahead of the 143rd annual 'Run for the Roses'.
• "National Beverage Day", observed annually on May 6. This is a day to sit back, relax and enjoy your favorite beverage. It may be hot, cold, blended, shaken, alcoholic, non-alcoholic, sweet, sour, smooth, dry, freshly squeezed, frozen or any other type.
• "Lemonade Day" a time to enjoy a refreshing glass of lemonade, but more importantly, it is a day to give youth an opportunity to experience the taste of success.
• "Paste Up Day" is about remembering those times before desktop publishing and computerized digital imaging when newspapers, magazines and catalogs were compiled by hand and those that worked so tediously in their positions.
• "Barrier Awareness Day" We are charged with dissolving stigmas that keep people with disabilities from advancing in education. It's an opportunity to tear down walls and build ramps that will help provide access.
√ DoReMiFaSaLaTiDo – Tough to say. Tougher for the track announcer in the middle of a race.
√ Maythehorsebewithu – Fair to say this horse did have the force. Darth Vader was not his father, it was in fact top-class New Zealand sire.
√ Ha Ha Ha – A nightmare for TV commentators to say without looking stupid, it seems the last laugh was actually on those who named him. In a six-race career, he finished last twice and was pulled up on two other occasions.
√ Hoof Hearted – Say it quickly.
√ Passing Wind – Another of a flatulent nature, You wouldn't have wanted to be behind him when finishing. It is probably why he won by a 'distance' in both of his victories.
√ Whykickamoocow – We're not really sure how this came to light, probably a little bit too much whisky was consumed when filling in the forms. Still, absolutely hilarious when called home.
√ Geespot – The naming is superb based on its pedigree. By the sire 'Pursuit of Love' and out of the mare 'My Discovery', you can only admire the creativity of the naming of this mare. Genius.
√ AARRRRRRR – Clearly named on 'Speak Like A Pirate' Day. Possibly the only animal able to say his own name.
☎What was your worst restaurant experience?
It's funny how Cinco de Mayo always seems to fall on May 5.
Question: 11% of new parents say they've been known to fall asleep here. Where is it?
Since I didn't believe in reincarnation in any of my other lives, why should I believe in it in this one?


text:
Doctor Soren Blau
Senior Forensic Anthropologist, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM)
Dr Soren Blau is the Senior Forensic Anthropologist at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) where she has been employed since 2005. She is an Adjunct Senior Lecturer in the Department of Forensic Medicine at Monash University, Founding Fellow Faculty of Science, The Royal College of Pathologists of Australiasia, Chair of the Medical Sciences Specialist Advisory Group, and a recipient of a Churchill Fellowship (2013). Soren undertakes domestic forensic anthropology casework, including Disaster Victim Identification (DVI), and has undertaken consultancies for the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Soren has participated in the recovery and analysis of human remains from archaeological and forensic contexts in numerous countries (including Australia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guam, Indonesia, Israel, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and Uzbekistan), and has delivered training to forensic practitioners and related stakeholders in Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Uganda and Botswana. In addition to publishing in peer reviewed journals and contributing chapters to over 15 books, Soren is the co-editor of the Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology (2009; 2016).
Professor Roger Byard
Senior Specialist Forensic Pathologist at Forensic Science SA, Adelaide
Professor Roger Byard AO PSM holds the George Richard Marks Chair of Pathology at The University of Adelaide and is a Senior Specialist Forensic Pathologist at Forensic Science SA in Adelaide, Australia. He has published, or has in press, over 680 papers in peer-reviewed journals, 47 chapters and a number of texts. He is the Editor-in-Chief/Managing Editor of Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology. He is a Professorial Fellow at The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health in Melbourne, Australia, and received Distinguished Alumni Awards from The University of Adelaide in 2013 and the University of Tasmania in 2016. In 2016 he was also the recipient of the Distinguished Researcher Award from the International Society for the Study and Prevention of Perinatal and Infant Death (ISPID) and was elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences.
Professor Stephen Cordner
Professor Forensic Pathology (International), Monash University
Professor Stephen Cordner was the Foundation Professor of Forensic Medicine at Monash University and Director of the VIFM from 1987- 2014. Under his direction the VIFM was developed to provide its independent expert forensic medical and scientific services to the justice system, tissue for transplantation and postgraduate medical and scientific teaching and research services. Over the years, he has developed a particular interest in mass casualty management, human rights and humanitarian forensic action. Stephen has worked for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and has undertaken forensic medical investigative work in Kosovo, East Timor, Fiji, and Indonesia as well as his case work in Australia. On behalf of the ICRC (or WHO) he has undertaken missions to Iraq, countries of the former Yugoslavia and Myanmar, the Philippines and Liberia. He particularly enjoys teaching and has undertaken or organised training in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Middle East, Botswana and Uganda. His most recent book is, as co-author, the 4th edition of: Good Medical Practice: Professionalism, Ethic and the Law published in 2016 by the Australian Medical Council.
Nicholas Cowdery
Former Director of Public Prosecutions for New South Wales
Nicholas Cowdery AM QC was the Director of Public Prosecutions for the State of New South Wales (heading the largest prosecuting agency in Australia) from 1994 to 2011 and has been practising in criminal justice for 50 years. He is now a professor and teaching at several universities in NSW. He was a legal expert consultant to the Commonwealth Secretariat, London and was a consultant to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). In 1987 he was appointed one of Her Majesty's Counsel (QC). He is a member of: the Advisory Committee of the Sydney Institute of Criminology; the Centre for Crime, Law and Justice at UNSW; the Criminal Law Committee of the NSW Bar Association; the National Human Rights Committee of the Law Council of Australia; and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law and Honorary Fellow of the Australasian College of Biomedical Scientists. He is a former member of: the NSW Sentencing Council; the DNA Review Panel; the Advisory Panel of the National Institute of Forensic Sciences, and the Advisory Committee of the DNA Laboratory. He was inaugural Co-Chair of the Human Rights Institute of the International Bar Association (of which he is an honorary life member) and President of the International Association of Prosecutors (of which he is also an honorary life member). He is a life member of LAWASIA. He was appointed a Member in the Order of Australia (AM) in 2003 for service to the development and practice of criminal law, and for fostering international relations in the area of human rights.
Professor James Curran
Professor of Statistics, University of Auckland
Professor Curran joined the Statistics Department at the University of Auckland in 2005 after six years at the University of Waikato. Professor Curran's research focuses on statistical problems in forensic science. These range from issues associated with the statistical assessment of the weight of evidence, to modelling and data analysis involved in the fundamental science behind new forensic techniques and evidence types. He is currently the President of the New Zealand Forensic Science Society (and the Vice-President New Zealand of the Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society). He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics, and a past-President of the New Zealand Statistical Association. He serves on the editorial board of Forensic Chemistry. Professor Curran is a Fellow of the United Kingdom's Charted Society of Forensic Sciences (CSFS).
Professor Olaf H. Drummer
Deputy Director at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine
Professor Olaf H. Drummer, is a forensic pharmacologist and toxicologist. Currently, he is Deputy Director (Academic Programs) at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, and Professor and Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University. Professor Drummer completed his Applied Chemistry Degree at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) in 1973 and his PhD a few years later from Melbourne University. In 1989 he took up a position as an Assistant Director at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine to form Victoria's new forensic toxicology laboratories. He has received a number of awards such as: the International Association of Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT) TIAFT Alan Curry award (2016); Jean Servais Stas award from the German Society of Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry (GTFCh) (2013); and Excellence in Higher Degree supervision, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (2013). He has also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Antwerp (2016). He has published extensively in the fields of forensic pharmacology and analytical toxicology. He has acted as an expert forensic pharmacologist and toxicologist in court cases in Australia and across the world. He is a past President as well as having served as treasurer, and is the past and inaugural President of the Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Association of Australia.
A/Professor John AM Gall
President of the International Association of Clinical Forensic Medicine
John Gall is a forensic physician in private practice, Director of Southern Medical Services, Principal of Era Health, Senior Consultant with the Victorian Paediatric Forensic Medical Service, Royal Children's Hospital and Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, and an Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne. He is President of the International Association of Clinical Forensic Medicine, and a member of the International Editorial Board of the Journal of Legal and Forensic Medicine and Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. John qualified initially as a biochemist, completed his doctorate in the Department of Pathology at the University of Melbourne and engaged in postdoctoral research in anatomy. He undertook training in anatomical and forensic pathology and clinical forensic medicine. He has practised Clinical Forensic Medicine for in excess of twenty years. John has been extensively involved in undergraduate and postgraduate education both at the University of Melbourne and Monash University. He wrote and taught the subject 'Custodial Medicine' in Monash University's Graduate Diploma of Forensic Medicine, devised, developed and administered an international continuing education programme in forensic medicine, and with co-authors, wrote and edited a colour guide in Forensic Medicine. He and Jason Payne-James edited and contributed two editions of Current Practice in Forensic Medicine. John has been involved in pathology and forensic medical research and much of these findings have been published. In addition to forensic medicine, he owns and manages a private super clinic (general practice, dental, psychology, physiotherapy and podiatry) and practices occupational medicine. Beyond medicine, his activities include tennis, scuba diving and flying.
Professor Alastair Ross
Alastair is a former director of the ANZPAA National Institute of Forensic Science (NIFS), Australia being the inaugural Director from 1992 to 2003.
From 2003 to 2008 Alastair was Director of the Victoria Police Forensic Services Department, a full service forensic facility with over 300 staff. He returned as director of NIFS from 2008 to 2015. Alastair holds a Graduate Diploma in Business Administration and a Master of Applied Science (Research) from the University of South Australia. Alastair received the Adelaide Medal from the International Association of Forensic Sciences for international contributions to forensic science in 2002 and the John Harber Phillips Award in 2017. He is a life member of the Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS) and a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).
Michael Symonds
Executive Director, NSW Health Pathology Forensic & Analytical Science Service
Michael is the Executive Director of the NSW Health Pathology Forensic & Analytical Science Service. Prior to his appointment in late 2017, Michael held the roles of Director Hunter New England Imaging, encompassing radiology, nuclear medicine & medical physics, and Director BreastScreen NSW HNE. He was previously General Manager of the John Hunter Hospital NSW for a period of two years. With a background in Medical Radiation Science, Michael has extensive clinical and leadership experience spanning over 30 years in the acute health care sector with an emphasis on medical imaging, patient care, the introduction of digital technology and organisational change. His experience includes forensic radiology imaging in a number of high profile cases. Michael has attained Master of Health Science Education from the University of Sydney, is a Conjoint Lecturer with the Faculty of Health & Medicine at University of Newcastle, operates as a technical cooperation expert for the International Atomic Energy Agency and is engaged in research with colleagues from Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI). Michael is a member of the Australia New Zealand Forensic Executive Committee (ANZFEC) and the Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS).
Doctor Jill Vintiner
Forensic Program Manager, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), New Zealand
Dr Jill Vintiner is the Forensic Programme Manager at the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) and her responsibilities include the leadership and management of ESR's forensic science services including the financial performance, science development and quality assurance aspects of the programme. ESR provides forensic science services primarily to the New Zealand Police and other government agencies and has a number of international linkages with other forensic organisations. Dr Vintiner completed a Doctorate in Molecular Genetics from University College London and joined ESR in 2000 to take a leadership role in the NZ DNA Profile Databank operation. In 2003 Dr Vintiner was appointed the Forensic Research Programme Manager and developed linkages and collaborations with national and international agencies to foster and grow forensic research at ESR. Prior to working at ESR, Dr Vintiner held research positions in the field of genetics both in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Dr Vintiner is a member of the NZ National Disaster Victim Identification Committee, the University of Auckland Forensic Science Board of Studies and the Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society.
Doctor Simon Walsh
National Manager Specialist Operations, Australian Federal Police (AFP)
Dr Simon Walsh is the National Manager Specialist Operations leading a critical capability portfolio that amalgamates the AFP's Forensics and Intelligence functions. Simon has held the role of AFP Chief Forensic Scientist where he developed a reforming vision for AFP Forensics and implemented the associated structural and cultural transformation. Simon led specialist input into the design and functioning of the new AFP Forensic Facility, associated change management initiatives, the establishment of forensic intelligence and the National Forensic Rapid Lab. From 2008 to 2016 Simon held the role of the AFP National Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) Commander and led numerous responses to major operations including taking an international Forensic and DVI operational leadership role in Operation Bring Them Home (the downing of MH17). Simon has authored literature, a textbook on DNA Evidence Interpretation, and over 80 book chapters and refereed articles. Simon received his PhD in 2009 for a thesis evaluating the role and impact of forensic DNA profiling on the criminal justice system is an Adjunct Associate Professor of the University of Canberra. In 2014 Simon was awarded the UTS Vice-Chancellor's Award for Excellence and the Faculty of Science Alumni of the Year. In July 2015 Simon was awarded the Public Service Medal for outstanding public service in forensic science particularly disaster victim identification.
Doctor Linzi Wilson-Wilde
Director of the ANZPAA National Institute of Forensic Science Australia New Zealand
Dr Linzi Wilson-Wilde gained a BSc and a PGDipSc at La Trobe University and a PhD at the University of Canberra in species identification for wildlife crime investigations using Diprotodontia. Linzi has 20 years' experience in forensic science working for Victoria Police, New South Wales Police and the Australian Federal Police. During this time Linzi has worked on the investigation of a number of high-profile murder cases, cold case reviews and the highly publicised mass DNA screen in the town of Wee Waa. Linzi also served on the Working Party on Law Enforcement and Evidence for the Australian Law Reform Commission Report into the Protection of Human Genetic Information, released in 2003 and coordinated the DNA analysis of all samples involved in the disaster victim identification and criminal investigation of the Bali Bombing in October 2002. Recently Linzi has been involved in the development of forensic specific Australian and international Standards and is the current Chair of ISO TC272. Linzi has received a Medal in the Order of Australia for her work and was inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2014. Linzi is currently Director of the National Institute of Forensic Science at the Australia New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency.
Professor Noel Woodford
Professor of Forensic Medicine, Monash University Director, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM)
Professor Noel Woodford is the Director of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine and Professor of Forensic Medicine at Monash University. He is a forensic pathologist who has worked at the VIFM for 12 years, prior to which he was a consultant Home Office Pathologist and Senior Lecturer in Forensic Pathology in the Department of Forensic Pathology at Sheffield University UK. Whilst in the UK he obtained a Master of Laws in Medical Law from the University of Cardiff. His special interests include sudden unexpected natural adult death and radiological imaging as an adjunct to medico-legal death investigation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Removing the bullets of the subsections in toc? I am working with the beamer, to create some slides.
How can I remove the bullets of the subsections in the table of contents ?

A: You can redefine the subsection in toc template; after a new request made in a comment, one can use
\tableofcontents[sectionstyle=show/shaded,subsectionstyle=show/show/shaded]

for the inner ToCs:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usetheme{Warsaw}

\setbeamertemplate{subsection in toc}{\leavevmode\leftskip=2em\inserttocsubsection\par}

\AtBeginSection[]{%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Contents}
\tiny\tableofcontents[sectionstyle=show/shaded,subsectionstyle=show/show/shaded]
\end{frame}}

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{General Outline}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

\section{Test Section A}
\subsection{Test Subsection One}
\begin{frame}test\end{frame}
\subsection{Test Subsection Two}
\begin{frame}test\end{frame}
\section{Test Section B}
\subsection{Test Subsection One}
\begin{frame}test\end{frame}
\subsection{Test Subsection Two}
\begin{frame}test\end{frame}

\end{document}

The general ToC:

The inner ToC for the first section:

The inner ToC for the second section:

By the way, \tiny doesn't receive arguments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Shetland Visitor
Established 1872. Online since 1996.
Fishing & Sea
Next Month & On
Posts tagged with Ranger Service
Ranger service gets nod to continue
19/12/2008, by Shetland Times in
TWO RANGERS will continue to roam the hills and plains of Shetland for at least another two years after a new funding arrangement was agreed this week. The planning board unanimously agreed to pass on a grant of £38,000 from the Scottish government to Shetland Amenity Trust to part fund the servic... Read more...
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Man airlifted off Fair Isle after being electrocuted
UPDATED – Scottish Conservatives announce by-election candidate
Preliminary football squad announced for County
Police appeal for witnesses after weekend assault
Far Haaf will take to the water again during boat week
Chatty Man to come to Shetland
Exciting new designs in latest ShetlandMade exhibition
Successful test launch of space research balloon
July 15, 2019, 1 comment
Hotel damage results in birthday bus ban
SIC deputy convener Wishart will fight seat for Liberal Democrats
Brian Smith - I've just seen this comment by James. He is spot on: the 1950s was the period in...
on Educational folly (Gussie Angus)
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on Successful test launch of space research balloon
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on Ferry fares 'crippling' locals, meeting told
ian tinkler - Why bother, just sensationalist rhetoric. Typical Guardian read for the socialis...
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Home Brand Hyundai
News and Headlines
The New 2020 Hyundai Sonata Sports A New Look, $750 Higher Price Tag
The new model starts at $24,330
Zach Butler
[Photos: Hyundai]
The new Sonata is available in three trim levels.
The 2020 Hyundai Sonata is a radical departure from the previous model on styling as well as standard technology. Official pricing has emerged for the revised eighth-generation model, set to hit dealerships soon.
Two new powertrains are on offer: a 2.5-liter "Smartstream" engine as the base unit or a 1.6-liter turbo on higher trims. The 2.5-liter engine manages 191 horsepower and 181 lb-ft of torque, while the smaller turbo unit puts out 180 horsepower and 195 lb-ft of torque. Both come mated to an eight-speed automatic transmission, rather than the six-speed in the old models. A new Sonata Hybrid is coming as well, but that won't launch until next year.
Beyond the powertrain, all 2020 Hyundai Sonata models come with the company's Smartsense suite of safety features. That includes forward collision mitigation braking, lane keep and lane follow assist, driver attention warning, high-beam assist and radar cruise control. LED lights are standard all around, as is an 8.0-inch infotainment display. Base SE models start at $24,330 including Hyundai's $930 destination fee.
Step up to the $26,430 SEL model, and you get a host of features beyond the base equipment. A different front and rear fascia, heated seats and mirrors, a 4.2-inch LCD instrument cluster display and a center rear armrest are included, among other smaller features. You also get blind spot monitoring and rear cross-traffic assist.
2020 Hyundai Sonata SEL Packages
The 2020 Hyundai Sonata SEL comes with four different packages, although you can't spec all of them individually. The $1,200 Convenience Package is available on its own, but you can also get it with the $1,000 Sunroof Package or the $1,850 Premium Package, or both. The Drive Guidance Package is $950, but only available with the other three packages. Spec out an SEL with all four package, and the price rises to $31,430.
Here's what each package includes:
SEL Convenience Package: $1,200
12.3-inch digital instrument cluster
Hyundai Digital (smartphone) Key
2nd-row air vents
2nd-row USB charge ports
Premium Package: $1,850 (+Convenience Pkg)
12-speaker Bose audio system
Panoramic Sunroof: $1,000 (+Convenience or Premium Pkg)
Drive Guidance: $950 (+Premium and Sunroof Pkg)
10.25-inch infotainment w/ navigation
Highway Drive Assist
Blue Link support (3 years)
SEL Plus, Limited trims
If you want to skip over the volume SEL model, then you can get the SEL Plus trim. That includes the 1.6-liter turbo engine, 18-inch wheels, and better performing tires. Hyundai's Digital Key comes standard, as does suede and leatherette seats. The SEL Plus model starts at $28,380. Another package option at this level is the $2,750 Technology Package.
Finally, there's the 2020 Hyundai Sonata Limited. The top-end model includes all the other features from the SEL Plus, as well as a color head-up display and Remote Smart Parking Assist. That feature stops short of full summoning capability, but it does allow the driver to use their smart key to move the car into or out of a parking space.
The top-end limited model starts at $34,230.
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text:
Wilton girl, 7, reports man tried to abduct her
Police say man was driving maroon pickup truck
Wilton police say a man attempted to abduct a 7-year-old girl from her driveway Wednesday afternoon.Police said the girl was playing in her Potter Road driveway about 2:30 p.m. when a man pulled up, got out of his truck and chased her. Police said the girl was able to safely get back into the home, and the man drove off.The man was described as white, 6 feet tall, with a medium build and short brown hair. He was clean-shaven and wearing a light blue T-shirt and jeans that were either brown or grey.He was last seen headed in the direction of Abbott Hill Road in Wilton.Police said he was driving an older, maroon, midsized pickup truck. The girl told police a passenger was in the truck, but she couldn't provide a description.Police said the incident appears to have been random. They have not had any other reports.Police said they're asking people to report anything suspicious by calling 603-654-9452 or sending an email to tips@wiltonnhpd.com.
WILTON, N.H. —
Wilton police say a man attempted to abduct a 7-year-old girl from her driveway Wednesday afternoon.
Police said the girl was playing in her Potter Road driveway about 2:30 p.m. when a man pulled up, got out of his truck and chased her. Police said the girl was able to safely get back into the home, and the man drove off.
The man was described as white, 6 feet tall, with a medium build and short brown hair. He was clean-shaven and wearing a light blue T-shirt and jeans that were either brown or grey.
He was last seen headed in the direction of Abbott Hill Road in Wilton.
Police said he was driving an older, maroon, midsized pickup truck. The girl told police a passenger was in the truck, but she couldn't provide a description.
Police said the incident appears to have been random. They have not had any other reports.
Police said they're asking people to report anything suspicious by calling 603-654-9452 or sending an email to tips@wiltonnhpd.com.


text:
Q: Android Notification Action is not fired (PendingIntent) I am trying to add an Notification action item in my app which is a music player. When a stream is started a notification should be triggered and an stop button for the stream should be displayed in the notfication. The notification working fine so far, I am having trouble with the stop action item. Here is how it is declared in the service starting the stream:
Intent stopIntent = new Intent(this, MusicPlayerNew.class);
stopIntent.putExtra("STOP", "STOP");
PendingIntent stopPendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0,
                stopIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT, null);
mBuilder.addAction(R.drawable.ic_stat_stop, "Stop", stopPendingIntent);

Now in the onResume()-method of my activity I check with getIntent().getStringExtra() for the "STOP" extra, but the intent I retrieved via getIntent() has no extras set :(
I also tried to check to send an broadcast (i have a broadcast receiver working to communicate from the service to the activity)
Intent stopIntent2 = new Intent(MusicPlayerNew.STOP_MEDIAPLAYER);
PendingIntent stopPendingIntent2 = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this, 0,
                stopIntent2, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);
mBuilder.addAction(R.drawable.ic_stat_stop, "Stop", stopPendingIntent2);

Now this works if the activity is currently in the foreground. If the activity is in the background the stop button does nothing :(
EDIT:
I have the BroadcastReceiver in my Activity as a private class
private class DataUpdateReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
        @Override
        public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
..
}}

In the onResume()  register my app for this receiver:
intentFilter = new IntentFilter(STOP_MEDIAPLAYER);
registerReceiver(dataUpdateReceiver, intentFilter);

onPause()
unregisterReceiver(dataUpdateReceiver);

Now if I remove the unregistering from the onPause()-method the broadcast is received even if the app/activity is not in the foreground anymore. But is this the right way to do it? I got this register/unregister-stuff from a tutorial on the web i think..

A: I ran into this problem today. In my case it was using cached intent extras from a previous instance of the intent as all the parameters for the pendingIntent constructors was same. I found two solutions for this...

*

*Using FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT as mentioned by Nik.

*Passing an unique requestCode to the pendingIntent as follows
PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getService(this, UNIQUE_ID, pi, 0);

In my case, the second method solved the problem as I need to keep the previous notifications alive. May be this will help someone with similar issue.

A: I ran into this problem today and it was caused by the activity not being registered or added to AndroidManifest.xml. I thought I had it in there but it wasn't. Also, no errors were being logged by trying to invoke the action with its intent.
I figured this out by creating an intent and then calling startAcitivty(intent) without using a notification. It then gave me an error stating the activity was likely missing from the manifest.
If none of the other answers solve your problem then hopefully this will. Usually tricky problems are the result of something simple and silly.

A: Do not use explicit Intent
In my case, I created a dynamically context registered BroadcastReceiver within my Service class for listening the notification actions.

class MyService:Service(){

private val receiver: BroadcastReceiver = NotificationActionReceiver()
...

inner class NotificationActionReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {
        override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
            ...
        }
 }

override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
        ...
        registerReceiver(receiver,IntentFilter("SOME_ACTION"))
        return super.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId)
 }

override fun onDestroy() {
        ...
        unregisterReceiver(receiver)
        super.onDestroy()
 }

PendingIntent with explicit Intent

val nextIntent = Intent(this, NotificationActionReceiver::class.java) //Explicit Intent
val nextPendingIntent: PendingIntent= PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this,0x11,nextIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT)

However with this setup, the BroadcastReceiver never triggered.
In order to make it work I need to replace my explicit intent with the implicit one
So all I did was,

val nextIntent = Intent("SOME_ACTION") //Implicit Intent
val nextPendingIntent: PendingIntent= PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this,0x11,nextIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT)

NOTE: Since the BroadcastReceiver is dynamically context registered, you don't have to worry about restrictions on implicit intents

A: More than using broadcast receiver, you should use a service and declare a new action in your service this way:
public final String ACTION_STOP = "yourpackagename.ACTION_STOP";

And then create your intents like this:
Intent stopIntent = new Intent(this, YourService.class).setAction(YourService.ACTION_STOP);
PendingIntent stopPendingIntent = PendingIntent.getService(this, 0, stopIntent, 0);

Of course, stop playback in your service's function startCommand, if the intent's action equals ACTION_STOP.
This should do the trick ;)

A: This is very late answer but it may help someone:
You should choose the right kind of Pending intent based on the intent you want to run. Here are some Examples:
For Activity use below:
Intent i = new Intent(this, YourActivity.class);
PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, i, 0);

For Service use below:
Intent i = new Intent(this, YourService.class);
PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getService(this, 0, i, 0);

For Broadcast Receiver use below:
Intent i = new Intent(this, YourReciver.class);
PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this, 0, i, 0);

You may need to change the request code and Flags if required

A: I find solution in this thread on google code https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=61850
To fix it you must add PendingIntent.FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT flag to your PendingIntent.
PendingIntent stopPendingIntent2 = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this, 0,
            stopIntent2, PendingIntent.FLAG_CANCEL_CURRENT);

A: You do not receive the broadcast when it is in the background because you are unregistering in  onPause. Move the unregisterReceiver code to onDestroy function. This will be called only when the activity is destroyed. Or you can unregister once the expected event has occurred.

A: There are multiple questions here:
Part 1: Why is your intent not receiving the "STOP" extra?
Though it is not seen in the code you have provided, I wanted to confirm if you are using the flag FLAG_ACTIVITY_SINGLE_TOP for the notification intent ?  If so, the intent you receive in your activity would be the intent that started the activity and hence the "STOP" extra will not be available.  You will need to extend the onNewIntent() is this case (where the new intent is sent). More info here.
If you have not used FLAG_ACTIVITY_SINGLE_TOP, then it means that a new activity is created when notification is tapped, in which case the Intent must have the "STOP" parameter. If you can provide me all relevant code, I can help you better.
Part 2: Using Broadcast Receiver
This is not straight forward, as you already discovered. You would need to unregister in onDestroy and if your activity is closed by the user, the onDestroy may be called and your broadcast receiver may not active at the time the notification is tapped by the user. If you dont unregister at all, it may seem to be working, but this is a memory leak, GC may clean up anytime which could lead to a crash in your program, ie., you MUST unregister. If you need to go with broadcast receiver approach, you need to have a service to do this and service comes with its own pitfalls -> restart by system, battery drain etc.  I would strongly recommend you go with your first approach.

A: I had a very similar issue but a very different solution. Pending intent is also not fired if you have declared <service android:enabled="false"></service> in your manifest.xml file.
Replace from android:enabled="false" to android:enabled="true"
This might not be a direct issue of the problem. But if you create the service in android studio using default template it automatically adds these properties to the service.

A: For me, the solution was to set the flags of the intent :
resultIntent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK |
                Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TASK);


text:
Lindsay Vaughan (@crossfitgingervaughan) finished 5th at the DUC, but still earned an invite to the 2019 CrossFit Games! • We caught up with her shortly after her final Heat in Wollongong, when she was unaware she was still a chance to compete in Madison, Wisconsin! • 🎥 @leviappleton.studios @win_entertainment_centre @reebokau @rogueaustralia @bullitt_fit_gear #crossfitgames #roadtomadison
A post shared by DownUnderCrossFitChampionship (@downundercrossfitchampionship) on Jul 8, 2019 at 5:37pm PDT
After more than eight years of competing at Regional and Sanctional CrossFit Events, Lindsay Vaughan has finally secured an invite to compete at the CrossFit Games.
The 34 year-old American finished 5th overall at this year's Down Under CrossFit Championship. And at the time it appeared that wasn't enough to see her head to Madison, Wisconsin in August.
With the podium finishers, Amanda Barnhart, Jamie Greene and Courtney Haley all already securing their spot at this year's Games, the prized female invite went to fourth place finisher Alethea Boon.
At the time, Vaughan, who was also awarded the "Spirit of the Games' award by the DUC staff, thought her dream of competing at the Games would be put on hold for at least another 12 months.
"This is a really fun Event (DUC)," she said shortly after her final Heat. "I was just really happy to get here and I was just happy to see what I can do."
But after Boon decided to decline the invite and compete as a Master at this year's Games, the invite was passed down to Vaughan, who wasted no time in accepting it.
"I didn't even know that was a rule (invites being passed down)," she joked.
Check out our interview with Vaughan during this year's Down Under CrossFit Championship above.
DUC Teams Competing at the 2019 CrossFit Games
While only one Team Invite was given out at the 2019 Down Under CrossFit Championship, two Teams that competed at this year's Event will be heading to next month's CrossFit Games. Here's a quick look Read more…


text:
Much of Charlestown, Westerly, Richmond and Hopkinton to be sprayed against mosquitoes
State Announces Second Round Of Targeted Aerial Spraying To Control Risk Of EEE
With areas of Rhode Island still at critical risk for the EEE virus, parts of 12 communities are expected to be aerially treated with mosquito pesticide next week
As a part of continued work to protect public health by minimizing Rhode Islanders' exposure to mosquitoes that could be carrying Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (DEM) and the Rhode Island Department of Health (RIDOH) announced today that they will be coordinating a second round of aerial mosquito spraying in two areas next week.
Weather permitting, state officials are estimating that the next round of spraying could occur on the night of Monday, September 23.
For a discussion of the effects of the pesticide Anvil, CLICK HERE.
The areas to be sprayed have been identified using several factors, including information about new human cases of EEE, cases of EEE in non-human mammals, positive mosquito samples in Rhode Island and in neighboring states, and information about the habitats in which mosquitoes most readily breed.
The two areas to be sprayed include one surrounding West Warwick and one in the southwest part of Rhode Island. A map of the two areas to be sprayed is attached. All four of the areas that already were sprayed September 8-10, however, are considered "critical risk" areas for EEE.
The area surrounding West Warwick includes all West Warwick and parts of Cranston, Warwick, East Greenwich, West Greenwich, Coventry, and Scituate. Some of this area was previously sprayed on September 9, but officials have expanded this zone westward to Route 102 in Coventry and both westward and southward in West Greenwich.
The southwest area to be sprayed includes much of Westerly and parts of Hopkinton and Charlestown that were already sprayed on September 10. This expanded area of critical risk now also encompasses new swaths of Hopkinton, Richmond, and Charlestown as well as the southwestern section of South Kingstown.
Since four areas of Rhode Island were aerially sprayed with pesticide between September 8 and September 10, two additional human cases of EEE have been diagnosed in Rhode Island. One individual lives in Coventry and one lives in Charlestown. Both have been discharged from the hospital and are recovering. A third person from West Warwick who was diagnosed with EEE in 2019 passed away.
This has been a year with significantly elevated EEE activity in Rhode Island and southeastern New England. This week RIDOH's State Health Laboratories have identified EEE in a mosquito pool from western Coventry. EEE has been detected by RIDOH's State Health Laboratories in seven mosquito pools to date: two from Central Falls, three from Westerly, one from Block Island, and one from western Coventry.
Additionally, one horse from Westerly has tested positive for EEE and RIDOH and DEM have previously announced that three deer have tested positive for EEE (one in Coventry, one in Richmond, and one in Exeter). Deer, like horses, cannot transmit EEE to humans. However, they are an indication that infected mosquitoes are present in the area and people need to continue to take precautions.
Officials at DEM and RIDOH have identified these areas for additional spraying in close consultation with entomologists on the Rhode Island Mosquito-Borne Disease Advisory Group. Aerial spraying depends on calm conditions and temperatures above 58 degrees.
Spraying will not occur over fish hatcheries, certified organic farms, surface drinking water supplies, or other open water bodies and coastal areas. The state will use the same pesticide, Anvil 10+10, that it used in its previous adulticiding operations September 8-10. It will be applied at the same low concentration by the same company as the last time.
In its first round of spraying, the state treated 115,179 total acres. Approximately 6/10 of an ounce, aerosolized, was used to treat each acre (slightly less than four teaspoons per acre). The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has used this same pesticide when spraying this year.
No adverse health risks are expected with this product's use for mosquito control. However, it is generally good for people to limit their exposure to pesticides. While spraying is occurring, it is best to err on the side of caution and limit time outdoors and keep windows closed.
DEM and RIDOH will work with the Rhode Island Emergency Management Agency to urge the 12 affected communities to activate "code red" alerts to update residents with this information, and additional information about spraying.
EEE is a rare but serious illness that occurs when people are bitten by infected mosquitoes. It can affect people of all ages. Aerial spraying is only one tool used to combat risk from mosquito-borne disease.
The foundation of all risk reduction remains personal protection (mosquito repellent, long sleeves and pants, avoiding outdoor activities between dusk and dawn, repairing window and door screens, and dumping standing water).
If possible, people should limit their time outdoors at sunrise and sunset. If they are going to be out, people should wear long sleeves and pants and use bug spray. Aerial spraying effectively reduces the risk of mosquito-borne disease but if does not eliminate the risk completely. In addition, fewer mosquitoes are active as evening temperatures get cooler, but those mosquitoes that are active are more likely to be infected with EEE.
The risk from mosquito-borne disease will continue until the first hard frost. However, mosquito spraying efficacy substantially decreases once nighttime temperatures fall below 60 degrees and cannot occur once temperatures fall below 50 degrees. More information on health and spraying is available here. For FAQs on the impact of spraying on pets and livestock, click here.
Aerial Spray Map
DEM Mosquito Control
Topics: bugs, Charlestown, Health, pesticides
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text:
\section{Introduction}

The neutrino mass states can be marked by amount
of the electron flavor
in such a way that the $\nu_e$ admixture
decreases with increase of the state number.
The normal mass hierarchy (NH) corresponds then to the  ordering 1-2-3,
whereas the inverted hierarchy (IH) has
the ordering 3-1-2. Therefore  ``inversion'' of the hierarchy
means actually the cyclic permutation of the mass states.
The hierarchy is related to the sign
of $\Delta m_{31}^2 \equiv m_3^2 - m_1^2$.

Establishing the mass hierarchy is one of the key objectives
in neutrino physics. The mass hierarchy has important  phenomenological consequences  for the
supernova neutrinos, for cosmology, for the atmospheric
and accelerator neutrinos propagating in the matter of the Earth.
The hierarchy is important whenever the matter
effects  on  oscillations or conversion
driven by the 1-3 mixing and mass splittings are important \cite{blennow}.
The strongest effect is in the resonance region
where
\begin{equation}
E \approx \frac{\Delta m_{31}^2}{2 V},
\label{xparam}
\end{equation}
and  $V$ is the matter potential. In particular, for the Earth matter density the relevant interval
is $E \sim (4 - 10)$ GeV.

From theoretical point of view the NH case is closer to the situation
in the quark sector with certain rescaling of mixing.
NH can be easily obtained from the seesaw and with NH realization of the
quark - lepton symmetry and unification is simpler.
In contrast, the IH implies strong degeneracy of the two mass states with $\Delta m_{21}/ m_1  \leq \Delta m_{21}^2/ (2\Delta m_{31}^3) \leq 1.6 \cdot 10^{-2}$.
This, in turn, indicates certain flavor symmetry.
In the first approximation the mass spectrum can be considered
as a combination of one pseudo-Dirac neutrino and one Majorana neutrino. The former implies maximal 1-2 mixing
and substantial deviation from maximal one follows from the charged
leptons.

The race for the mass hierarchy has been started.
The idea is to explore the matter effects on the 1-3 mixing.
This can be realized  by studying propagation of
high energy neutrinos inside the Earth (see, e.g. \cite{hiermatt}) .
The possibilities include  (i) Detection of   atmospheric neutrino
fluxes with magnetized spectrometers like INO
\cite{INO}
or with huge atmospheric neutrino detectors
PINGU~\cite{PINGU},  ORCA~\cite{ORCA},  HyperKamiokande~\cite{HK};
(ii) Long base-line (LBL) experiments
NO$\nu$A~\cite{NOVA}, LBNE~\cite{LBNE}, LBNO~\cite{LBNO}.
The  ultimate proposal here could be the LBL experiment Fermilab -  PINGU~ \cite{winter}
for which neutrinos will cross the core of
the Earth and undergo the parametric enhancement of oscillations;
(iii) detection of low energy supernova neutrinos.

The paper is organized as follows.
We first (sec. \ref{sec2}) consider mixing and level splitting
in matter and their dependence on the mass hierarchy.
Signatures of two hierarchies in supernova neutrinos
will be summarized in sec.~\ref{sn}.
Sec. \ref{sec4} is devoted to effects of neutrino
propagation in the matter of the Earth.
A possibility to establish the hierarchy with huge atmospheric neutrino detectors
will de discussed in sec. \ref{hand}. Different ways to improve sensitivity
of these detectors to the hierarchy will be presented in sec. \ref{impr}.
Sec. \ref{conc} summarizes the results.

\section{Mixing and level splitting in matter}
\label{sec2}

The mixing is determined with respect to the flavor states
$\nu_f =   (\nu_e, \nu_\mu, \nu_\tau)$, and mixing
matrix connects the flavor states with the  eigenstates
of the Hamiltonian. Thus, the vacuum mixing connects
the flavor  states with the mass states:
$\nu_f = U_{PMNS} \nu_{mass}$, whereas
the mixing in matter connects the flavor states with
the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian in matter:
$\nu_f = U_{PMNS}^m \nu_H$.

The mixing (flavor composition of the eigenstates)
and the level splitting depend on density of matter and
neutrino energy,  and these dependences
are different for NH and IN.
Furthermore, the  mass and flavor spectra change differently
for neutrinos and antineutrinos.  In Fig.~\ref{fff-1}
we show the neutrino  spectra for different densities
in the cases of normal (left)  and inverted (right) hierarchies.
For antineutrinos  the spectra are shown in Fig.~\ref{fff-2}.
In vacuum spectra for neutrinos and antineutrinos differ
for non-zero $\delta_{CP}$. Specifically, the distribution of the
$\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\tau$ flavors in the $\nu_1$ and $\nu_2$
are different. Resonances correspond to  configuration when
two levels have small splitting and equal admixtures of the
electron flavor.

With increase of density the electron flavor
becomes heavier, so that for NH it shifts from the lightest  state
to the heaviest one. It  passes through two resonances,
and at large densities $\nu_e$  concentrates in the heaviest state.
For IH the change is less significant: $\nu_e$ ``passes''
through one resonance only.
At very high densities the effective mass and flavor
spectra are  similar for both hierarchies.
They would be the same for maximal 2-3 mixing.
The strongest difference is in the range of 1-3 resonance.

In the antineutrino channel with increase of density
the electron flavor becomes lighter.
It shifts from the highest to the lowest energy level.
There is no resonance in the case of NH, whereas
for inverted hierarchy the 1-3 resonance is realized and the change is more substantial.
Again the spectra for both hierarchies are similar at high densities.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=2.9in]{others1f}\hskip 3mm
\includegraphics[width=2.9in]{others2f}
\caption{Dependence of the neutrino mass and flavor
spectrum on  matter density for NH ({\it left panel}), IN ({\it right panel}).
The density increases from  the left to right. }
\label{fff-1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=2.9in]{others3f}\hskip 3mm
\includegraphics[width=2.9in]{others4f}
\caption{
The same as in Fig. 1 for antineutrinos. }
\label{fff-2}
\end{figure}

Inversion  of the  mass hierarchy is related
to the neutrino - antineutrino interchange \cite{parke}.
Indeed, the $\nu - \bar{\nu}$ substitution
changes  sign of the potential:
$V \rightarrow - V$. On the other hand, in the $2\nu-$ approximation
the inversion of the mass hierarchy
means  $\Delta m^2 \rightarrow  - \Delta m^2$.
Therefore under simultaneous transformations
$ NH \rightarrow  IH$ and
$\nu \rightarrow \bar{\nu}$  the quantity
$\Delta m_{31}^2/(2E V)$,
which determines characteristics of oscillations in matter,
is invariant.  This means that both mixing  and
moduli of the oscillation
phase do not change. Thus, in the $2\nu$ case
\begin{equation}
P^{NH} = \bar{P}^{IH}, ~~~~P^{IH} = \bar{P}^{NH}.
\end{equation}
Consequently,  the difference of numbers of events for NH and IH,
$\Delta N  \equiv  N^{NH} - N^{IH} = \sigma F (P^{NH} - P^{IH})$,
has opposite sign for neutrinos and antineutrinos:
\begin{equation}
\Delta \bar{N}  \equiv  \bar{N}^{NH} - \bar{N}^{IH}
= \bar{\sigma}\bar{F} (\bar{P}^{NH} - \bar{P}^{IH}) =
- \bar{\sigma}\bar{F} (P^{NH} - P^{IH}) =
- \frac{\bar{\sigma}\bar{F}}{\sigma F} \Delta N ,
\end{equation}
where bars indicate  characteristics for antineutrinos.
Therefore when summed the  neutrino and antineutrino
signals cancel each other  partially
because of difference of cross-sections and fluxes
for neutrinos and antineutrinos.

Let us consider effect of hierarchy on solar neutrinos. Recall that
the 1-2 ordering is normal and this has been established
due to matter effects on the 1-2 mass splitting and mixing using
the solar neutrinos. Essentially the hierarchy is fixed by the fact
that suppression of the neutrino flux in the high energy part of the spectrum
is weaker than in the  low energy part. For the survival probability we have
for low energies $P_{ee} \approx 0.5 \sin^2 2 \theta_{12} \approx 0.58$ and for high
energies:
\begin{equation}
P_{ee}  = |U_{e2}|^2 \approx \sin^2 \theta_{12} \approx 0.3~~~
(NH), ~~~~~
P_{ee}  =  |U_{e1}|^2 \approx \cos^2 \theta_{12} \approx 0.66~~~(IH).  \end{equation}

The solar neutrinos have low  sensitivity to the 1-3 ordering
because of  small matter effect on the 1-3 mixing:
$
\sin \theta_{13}^m \approx \sin \theta_{13}
(1 \pm (2EV/\Delta m_{31}^2));
$
here $+/-$ correspond to NH/IH. Then the correction to the
survival probability due to matter effect on the 1-3 mixing equals~\cite{solar}
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Delta P_{ee}}{P_{ee}} \approx \mp 2
\sin^2 \theta_{13} \frac{2EV_c}{\Delta m_{31}^2},
\label{h-solar}
\end{equation}
where $V_c$ is the value of potential in the neutrino production
region in the Sun. Minus sign corresponds to NH and
the correction increases with energy.
For $E = 10$ MeV we obtain from  (\ref{h-solar})
$\Delta P_{ee} \sim 10^{-3}$
which  is below the sensitivity of existing experiments on solar neutrinos.

\section{Supernova neutrinos}
\label{sn}

For supernova neutrinos the matter effects dominate,
and consequently,  the type of hierarchy is crucial.
With measured value of the 1-3 mixing
the level crossing in the H- (high density) resonance
is highly adiabatic. This removes many
ambiguities and the picture of flavor
conversion in the MSW resonance region becomes very simple.
Adiabaticity can be broken in shock wavefront only.
Results of the  MSW conversion  can be affected also by the collective
neutrino effects that happen in the deeper regions of a star.

The following hierarchy-sensitive effects can be observed.

1) Shock wave breaks adiabaticity of the flavor conversion in the 1-3 resonance.
This leads to  softening of the spectrum of the electron neutrinos
since $\nu_e \rightarrow \nu_{\mu, \tau}$ conversion becomes less efficient in certain energy interval.
The interval shifts with time (during the burst) from low to high energies~\cite{tomas}.
Observation of this effects in the neutrino (antineutrino)
channel will imply normal (inverted) hierarchy.

2) Neutrino collective effects are
more profound in the IH case and can  be realized
when neutrino density near the core of a star becomes
comparable or larger than usual density.
If the spectral splits are observed at high energies,
the hierarchy  should be inverted~\cite{fuller},~\cite{dasgupta}.

3) Sharp time-rise of the  $\bar{\nu}_e$ flux and signal
in the initial phase of neutrino burst will testify for IH
\cite{serpico}.

4) Strong suppression of the $\nu_e-$ neutronization peak
is the signature of  NH.  In this case  $\nu_e \rightarrow \nu_3$
transition occurs and the $\nu_e$ survival probability
equals $P_{ee} = \sin^2 \theta_{13} \approx
0.02$, as compared to  $P = \cos^2 \theta_{12} \approx 0.68$
in the case of IH~\cite{dighe}.

5) At the accretion and cooling phases a strength of partial permutation of the electron and
non-electron neutrino spectra depends on the type of mass hierarchy.
As a result, the $\nu_e$ energy spectrum (and similarly
the $\bar{\nu}_e$ spectrum)
becomes two-component:
a mixture of the original  $\nu_e$ and $\nu_\mu$ spectra.
Precise composition depends on the  mass hierarchy~\cite{dighe}, \cite{lunardini}.

6) The Earth matter effects consist of
an oscillatory modulation of the neutrino energy spectrum and difference of signals in
detectors situated in different places of the Earth \cite{dighe}, \cite{earth}.
These effects are due to the 1-2 mixing,
however their appearance depends on conversion in a star
driven by the 1-3 mixing.
Being observed in the antineutrino channel
the effects  will be the evidence of NH,
if this happens  in the neutrino channel,  IH
is established.

The problem here is that in the antineutrino channel,
which is the most suitable for detection, the difference
of original fluxes of the electron and non-electron
antineutrinos, and consequently, the oscillation effects
are small.

\section{Propagation in the Earth}
\label{sec4}

Inside the Earth we deal with oscillations in multi-layer medium.
The oscillation effects are best presented in the oscillograms --
lines of equal oscillation probabilities in the
($\cos \theta_z - E$) plane, where  $\theta_z$   is the zenith angle of neutrino trajectory
\cite{osc1}, \cite{maltoni} (see Fig.~\ref{fff-3} from \cite{ARS}).
The oscillograms depend on mass hierarchy and inverting
the hierarchy means approximately an interchange of the $\nu$ and  $\bar{\nu}$
channel, especially at high energies. Thus, propagation of neutrinos with $E \sim (3 - 20)$ GeV
can be used to establish the hierarchy.
According to Fig.~\ref{fff-3} constructed for neutrinos,
salient features of the oscillograms are
\begin{itemize}

\item
the resonance peak (for $P_{e\mu}$, $P_{e\tau}$, $P_{\mu e}$)
or dip (for $P_{ee}$) in the mantle domain ($\cos \theta_z > - 0.83$) at $E \sim 6$ GeV and $\cos \theta_z = - 0.8$;

\item

three parametric ridges in the core  domain
($\cos \theta_z < - 0.83$) at $E_\nu = (2 - 10)$ GeV.

\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=4.7in]{Fig03.png}
\end{center}
\caption{
Neutrino oscillograms of the Earth for different oscillation
channels for normal mass hierarchy. Shown are the oscillation
probabilities normalized by their maximal values (from \cite{ARS}).}
\label{fff-3}
\end{figure}

The most transparent and easiest way to understand these effects
is to use graphic representation based on  analogy
of the neutrino oscillations
with  the  electron spin precession in the magnetic field (see Fig.~\ref{graph1}, left).
(For definiteness we consider the two neutrino system,
$\nu_e$ and  $\nu_{\tau}^{\prime}$, with $\nu_{\tau}^{\prime}$ being certain mixture of $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\tau$.)
Precession of the neutrino vector ${\bf P}$ leads to periodic change of its projection
onto axis $z$,  which is  equivalent to oscillations.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=3.0in]{revslidesf}
\includegraphics[width=2.9in]{revsl3f}
\caption{
Graphic representation of the neutrino oscillations.
{\it Left panel:} generic case with explanations;
{\it right panel:} motion of the neutrino
vector which corresponds to the peak
in oscillogram due to the
resonance enhancement of  the $\nu_e - \nu_\tau^{\prime}$
oscillations in mantle. The oscillation phase
equals $\pi$.
}
\label{graph1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=2.9in]{revsl1f}
\includegraphics[width=2.9in]{revsl2f}
\caption{
Graphic representation of the
parametric enhancement of the $\nu_e - \nu_\tau^{\prime}$ oscillations.
{\it Left panel:}  motion of the neutrino
vector which corresponds to the parametric ridge in
oscillogram due to  the  1-3 mixing.
In the lower box shown  is the probability
as function of distance  (from \cite{maltoni}).
{\it Right panel:} the same as in the left panel but for oscillations driven
by the 1-2 mixing.
}
\label{graph2}
\end{figure}
In Figs. \ref{graph1},  \ref{graph2} we show graphic representations of the main
effects involved in propagation of neutrinos
inside the Earth:

1. Resonance enhancement of oscillations (Fig.~\ref{graph1},  right).
The MSW resonance condition is  fulfilled in the mantle at 6 GeV.
In resonance $2\theta_m = \pi/2$,  so that the cone axis is directed
along the axis $x$ and precession occurs
with maximal amplitude. For the zenith angle  $|\cos \theta_z | = 0.8$
the length of trajectory
in the mantle is such that $L = l_m /2$ and therefore
the oscillation phase equals $\pi$, so that in final state ${\bf P}_z = -1/2$.
This corresponds to complete flip of ${\bf P}$
and maximal probability of the $\nu_e \rightarrow \nu_\tau^{\prime}$ transition.
and happens in  the peak in the oscillogram at $E = 6$ GeV.

2. Parametric enhancement of oscillations
(Fig.~\ref{graph2}) occur for the core crossing trajectories when
neutrinos experience propagation through three layers with slowly changing density and
two density jumps on the border between the layers \cite{param}. This  leads to the parametric ridges.
The cone axis  has different directions in the mantle and core (Fig.~\ref{graph2}).
The axis changes its direction suddenly at the
border between the mantle and the core.
So,  the vector ${\bf P}$ precesses in the core and mantle around two different directions.
For certain $E$ and $\theta_z$ the phases in the core and mantle
can be such that the probability of transition builds up to maximal one  without return  and oscillations (see lower boxes).
This produces strong transition even if in each layer
the transition is  small.  Two such  possibilities are shown in Fig.~\ref{graph2}.

\section{Hierarchy with Huge atmospheric neutrino detectors}
\label{hand}

The atmospheric neutrino fluxes, being cost free,  cover complete zenith angle range and
huge interval of energies which includes the resonance region relevant
for determination of the hierarchy.
The original fluxes produced in atmosphere contain $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_e$
and corresponding antineutrinos. Furthermore,
the flavor content changes with the neutrino  energy.
The main challenges here are (i) uncertainties of the original fluxes;
(ii) reconstruction  of the neutrino  direction;
(iii) the neutrino energy resolution; (iv) flavor identification.
According to earlier
estimations~\cite{mena} the  DeepCore detector with the energy threshold above 10 GeV
has rather low sensitivity to the hierarchy.
High statistics and even mild technological developments
which will be achieved in  Multi-megaton under ice (water) cherenkov
detectors with relatively low energy threshold
$E_\nu \sim (2 - 3)$  GeV can resolve these problems~\cite{ARS}, \cite{winter-at}.
Thus, PINGU detector \cite{PINGU} will have up to
$10^5$ events in the  range (2 - 20) GeV which
covers the 1-3 resonance region.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=3.7in]{Fig04.png} \hskip-2cm
\includegraphics[width=2.8in]{Fig05.png}
\end{center}
\caption{
{\it Left panel:} The distribution of the  $\nu_\mu$ events  in the
($E_\nu - \cos \theta_z$) plane that can be collected
by PINGU detector during about 3 years. NH is  assumed.
{\it Right panel:} The hierarchy asymmetry of $\nu_\mu$ events in the
$E_\nu - \cos \theta_z$ plane without smearing (adapted from \cite{ARS}).}
\label{dist}
\end{figure}

Important sample of events is due to the $\nu_\mu-$ charged current interactions
(the $\mu-$ track events):
$\nu_\mu + n \rightarrow \mu + h$. With
densely instrumented detector it is possible to measure
the muon energy $E_\mu$ and muon direction, $\theta_\mu$, $\phi_\mu$,
as well as the energy of hadron cascade, $E_h$.
This becomes possible analyzing
time development of the event.
Consequently, the neutrino energy, $E_\nu = E_\mu + E_h$ and, to some extend,
the neutrino direction can be reconstructed. In Fig.~\ref{dist} (left)
we show a distribution of the $\nu_\mu$ events
in the $E_\nu - \cos \theta_z$ plane.

Quick estimation of discovery potential can be obtained
using  the hierarchy (H-) asymmetry. For each $ij-$bin
in the ($E_\nu - \cos \theta_z$) plane the H-asymmetry  is defined as \cite{ARS}
\begin{equation}
S_{ij} = \frac{N^{IH}_{ij} - N^{NH}_{ij}}{\sqrt{N^{NH}_{ij}}}.
\label{disting}
\end{equation}
If NH is the true hierarchy,  $N_{ij}^{NH}$
can be considered as the ``experimental'' number of events,
whereas  $N_{ij}^{IH}$ -- as the ``fit''  number  of events.
Then  $|S_{ij}|$ reflects statistical
significance of establishing true hierarchy.
Clearly this quantity does not take
into account fluctuations and therefore
more appropriate term could be {\it distinguishability}.
Still $S_{ij}$  is very useful characteristic which allows one
to study dependence of the discovery
potential on values of involved
parameters, uncertainties, degeneracies, {\it etc.}.

The uncorrelated systematic errors can be introduced
adding to the denominator of (\ref{disting})
\begin{equation}
N_{ij}^{NH} \rightarrow \sigma_{ij}^2 =
N_{ij}^{NH} + (f N_{ij}^{NH})^2 ,
\label{syst}
\end{equation}
where $f$ determines the level of systematic errors.
If measurements in each bin
are independent the total significance is then given by
\begin{equation}
S_{tot} = \sqrt{\sum_{ij} |S_{ij}|^2}.
\label{totsig}
\end{equation}
In Fig.~\ref{dist} (right) we show the binned distribution
of the H-asymmetry. As follows from the figure,
there are regions with different
signs of asymmetry,  and  size of these regions
increases with energy. To enhance effect,
integration over regions with different
signs of $S$ should be avoided, which requires good enough energy and angle reconstruction.
Reconstruction of the neutrino energy depends on
the experimental energy resolution for  muon and
cascade. Reconstruction of the
neutrino direction includes both the experimental
and kinematic uncertainties. The latter is related
to the scattering angle between muon and neutrino.
These uncertainties can be taken
into account performing smearing of the distribution
with Gaussian functions characterized by (half) widths
\begin{equation}
\sigma_E = A E_\nu, ~~~~~\sigma_\theta = B (m_p/E_\nu).
\end{equation}
Here $A$ and $B$ are the parameters which can be  varied in the intervals
$A = 0.2 - 0.3$ and $B = 0.3 - 1.5$, $m_p$ is the mass of proton.
Total significance is given by  formula
(\ref{totsig}) for smeared $S_{ij}$.

In Fig.~\ref{smearing} we show the smeared asymmetries
for two different width $\sigma_\theta$.
Smearing (i) eliminates fine structures, especially
at low energies, (ii) shifts the region of  high sensitivity
to hierarchy to higher energies
$(8 - 15)$ GeV and larger $|\cos \theta_z|$;
(iii) reduces significance in the individual bins, and consequently,
total significance.
Systematics further reduces significance by factor $\sim 2$ \cite{ARS}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=2.6in]{Fig13.png}\hskip 4mm
\includegraphics[width=2.6in]{Fig14.png}
\end{center}
\caption{Smeared H-asymmetry distribution
of the $\nu_\mu$ events in the $E_\nu - \cos \theta_z$ plane
for two different values of  width of
the angular resolution function: $\sigma_\theta = \sqrt{m_p/ E_\nu}$
({\it left panel}) and $\sigma_\theta = 0.5 \sqrt{m_p/ E_\nu}$
({\it right panel}). We use $\sigma_E = 0.2 E_\nu$ for the width of the energy
reconstruction function (from \cite{ARS}).
}
\label{smearing}
\end{figure}

For parameters  $A = 0.2$ and $B = 1$ (which are rather close to
the parameters given by PINGU collaboration) one obtains
that with $f = 5\%$ (uncorrelated systematic errors) the $5\sigma$
distinguishability can be achieved in 2 years. The
distinguishability
increases up to $7\sigma$ after 5 years of operation.
These computations correspond to rather large
effective volume. Optimized volume which implements
an additional cut of events by threshold of 21 DOM hits
is about 3 time smaller \cite{PINGU} which  further reduces significance
by $\sim \sqrt{3}$. Still $3\sigma$ distinguishability can be achieved
after 5 years under conservative assumptions.

Another problem is degeneracy of the hierarchy
effects with other effects and parameters  involved.
The strongest degeneracy is related to
not well known value of $\Delta m_{31}^2$. The smeared
distribution of quantity
$A_m \equiv [N_{\mu}^{NH}(\Delta m_{31}^2 + 1\sigma) -
N_{\mu}^{NH} (\Delta m_{31}^2)]/N_{\mu}^{NH}(\Delta m_{31}^2)$
is very similar to the H-asymmetry distribution. Furthermore,
maximal significance of $A_m$ in the individual bins
in about 2 times larger \cite{ARS}. The difference is that
region of strong $\Delta m_{31}^2$ effect is at
larger energies $(13 - 18)$ GeV and in vertical direction,
$\cos \theta_z \approx - 1.0$,
as compared with (8 - 14) GeV and $\cos \theta_z = - 0.8$
for the mass hierarchy. Unfortunately, NOvA and T2K will not be able to
measure $\Delta m_{31}^2$ with high enough accuracy to avoid
this degeneracy. Essentially, PINGU will have higher sensitivity
to $\Delta m_{31}^2$. This means that in analysis
of the PINGU data one needs to
consider $\Delta m_{31}^2$  as free fit parameter along
with the mass hierarchy.
The $\Delta m_{31}^2-$ dependent asymmetry,
\begin{equation}
S_{ij}^2(\Delta m_{31, fit}^2)  =
[N_{ij}^{NH}(\Delta m_{31, fit}^2) -
N_{ij}^{NH} (\Delta m_{31, true}^2)]^2/\sigma_{ij}^2,
\end{equation}
should be minimized with respect to $\Delta m_{31, fit}^2$.
In the minimum of  $S_{tot}^2(\Delta m_{31}^2)$
the shift of mass squared difference equals
$(\Delta m_{31, fit}^2 - \Delta m_{31, true}^2)
\sim 5 \cdot 10^{-5}$ eV$^2$ which  is about $0.5\sigma$
only \cite{ARS}. So, distinguishability is reduced, e.g.,  from
$6\sigma$ (for fixed $\Delta m_{31}^2$)
down to $3.8 \sigma$, {\it i.e.} by $37\%$ \cite{ARS}.

\section{Improving sensitivity to mass hierarchy}
\label{impr}

The main challenges for  huge detectors are

(i) Flavor identification:
in particular, identification of the $\nu_\mu-$ events in view of
additional contribution of the
$\nu_\tau  - \tau  - \mu$  events,  the $\mu - \pi$   misidentification,
contamination of the $\nu_\mu- $ sample
by the CC  $\nu_e$ and the neutral current interactions, {\it etc.}.

(ii) Smearing over energies and directions.
This includes both kinematic smearing, that is,  integration over
the angle  between the neutrino and muon,  and
the experimental smearing.

(iii) Degeneracy of parameters related to uncertainties
in $\Delta m_{31}^2$, $\theta_{23}$, $\delta$.
Degeneracy of hierarchy with
$\delta$ is small~\cite{ARS}: the effect of $\delta$
is substantially smaller, and furthermore, it  is mainly at low energies.

(iv) Systematics.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{asym-p05-x07-psi20deg-ymin0-ymax02}
\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{asym-p05-x07-psi20deg-ymin02-ymax04}
\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{asym-p05-x07-psi20deg-ymin04-ymax06}\\
\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{asym-p05-x07-psi20deg-ymin06-ymax08}
\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{asym-p05-x07-psi20deg-ymin08-ymax1}
\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{asym-p05-x07-psi20deg-ymin0-ymax1}
\caption{
Smeared hierarchy asymmetry distribution
of the $\nu_\mu$ events in the $E_\nu - \cos \theta_z$ plane
for different intervals of $y$. The last panel ({\it bottom, right})
shows the $y-$integrated distribution (from \cite{ribordy}).}
\label{ydistr}
\end{figure}

Cancellation of the $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ hierarchy asymmetries reduces the total significance.
As we have mentioned, if the
$\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ signals are not separated,  they partially cancel each other in
the total significance:
\begin{equation}
S^{tot} \approx |S_\nu| - |\bar{S}_\nu|.
\end{equation}
In the case  when $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ signals are measured separately, one would have
\begin{equation}
S^{tot} \approx \sqrt{S_\nu^2 + z \bar{S}_\nu^2},
\end{equation}
where $z = 0 (1)$ depends on the
ratio of numbers of $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$  events.
The ideal separation enhances the significance
by factor 2 - 3. However,
due to finite accuracy  of separation,   improvement
of significance is by factor 1.1 - 1.2 only \cite{ribordy}.

There are different ways to improve sensitivity to hierarchy.

1) Use the inelasticity ($y-$ distribution)
in addition to $E_\nu$ and $\theta_\mu$, that is,
the 3 dimensional distributions
of events over $(E_\nu, c_\mu, y)$ or $(E_\mu, E_h,  c_\mu)$, here $c_\mu \equiv \cos \theta_\mu$.

2) Include other types of events in analysis.
In particular, the $\nu_e$ events have high sensitivity to the hierarchy \cite{ARS}, \cite{brunner}.
The problem here is that
these events have bad angular resolution and they are
contaminated by the neutral current interactions of all flavors,
by the $\nu_\tau$ events,
as well as by the $\nu_\mu$ events with faint muons or muon misidentified with pion.

3) Direction of cascades.  Already
$90^{\circ} - 180^{\circ}$ accuracy of the determination would lead
to substantial improvement of sensitivity to the hierarchy of both  $\nu_e$ and $\nu_\mu$ events.

Measurements of the inelasticity, {\it i.e.}
fraction of the total energy transferred to hadrons,
\begin{equation}
y = \frac{E_\nu - E_\mu}{E_\nu},
\end{equation}
open up a possibility of \cite{ribordy}:

\begin{itemize}

\item
Partial separation  (on statistical ground)
of the neutrino and  antineutrino signals, since
\begin{equation}
N_\nu \sim 1, ~~~~ N_\nu \sim (1 - y)^2.
\end{equation}
Fitting the measured $y$  distribution for each bin allows one
to extract fractions of $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$.

\item
Better reconstruction of the neutrino direction,
and therefore reduction of the kinematic smearing:
Indeed, the angle between neutrino and muon, $\beta$,
is determined by
\begin{equation}
\sin^2 \beta/2 = \frac{x y m_N}{2 E_\mu},
\end{equation}
where $x$ is the Bjorken variable.
Selection of events with small $y$ reduces
possible values of $\beta$.

\item
Better control over systematics.

\item
Reduction of degeneracy. In fact,
this gives the largest gain in significance \cite{ribordy}.

\end{itemize}

In Fig.~\ref{ydistr}  we show the H-asymmetries for different intervals of $y$.
Two improvements, $\nu - \bar{\nu}$ separation and
reduction of the kinematic smearing anticorrelate:
For small $y$ the angular distribution is good, but
the $\nu - \bar{\nu}$ separation is bad. On the contrary,
for large $y$  the $\nu - \bar{\nu}$ separation
improves, but the angular resolution worsens.
As a result, the largest contribution
to the significance comes from the intermediate region of $y$.
Without loss of information and introduction of new systematics
both effects are taken into account automatically
if one uses immediately the 3D distribution of events.
According to Fig. \ref{ydistr}
with increase of $y$ the region of highest sensitivity shifts
to larger energies and
$|\cos \theta_z|$. The change of distribution with $y$
allows one to reduce systematics.

The distribution of events over $E_\nu, c_\mu, y$
is given by \cite{ribordy}
\begin{equation}
n (E_\nu, c_\mu, y) = \frac{1}{\pi}
\int d c_\mu \rho (E_\nu , c_\nu) g(E_\nu, c_\nu, c_\mu, y),
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\rho (E_\nu , c_\nu) = 2\pi N_A n_{ice}
V_{eff} T  \Phi_\mu \left[P_{\mu\mu} - r^{-1} P_{e\mu} \right]
\end{equation}
is the density of the neutrino events,  $c_\nu \equiv \cos \theta_z$,
$r = \Phi_\mu/ \Phi_e$
is the ratio of $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_e$ fluxes, $n_{ice}$ is the density of ice,
$N_A$ is the Avogadro number, $V_{eff}$ is the effective volume of detector, $T$
is the exposure time. Here
\begin{equation}
g(E_\nu, c_\nu, c_\mu, y) = \int dx \frac{d^2 \sigma}{dx dy}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{(s_\mu s_\beta)^2 -(c_\nu - c_\mu c_\beta)^2}},
\end{equation}
can be considered as the kinematic smearing function.
For antineutrinos one needs to change fluxes and the probabilities correspondingly.
The probabilities (as well as the effective volumes)
are different for NH and IH.
Then the  total number of events is given by
$n = n + \bar{n}$.
All these distributions should be smeared over the
experimental resolution functions.
Total significance of events is given by
\begin{equation}
|S_{tot}| = \left\{\int dc_\mu \int dE_\nu \int dy
\frac{[n^{IH}(E_\nu, c_\mu, y)  - n^{NH}(E_\nu, c_\mu, y)]^2}{n^{NH}(E_\nu, c_\mu, y)}
\right\}^{1/2},
\label{sss}
\end{equation}
if the $y$-distribution is taken into account.
Here summation over bins is substituted by integration.
Without y-distribution (y-integrated) we would have
\begin{equation}
|S_{tot}^{int}| =
\left\{\int dc_\mu \int dE_\nu
\frac{(\int dy ~ [n^{IH}(E_\nu, c_\mu, y)
- n^{NH}(E_\nu, c_\mu, y)])^2}{\int dy~ n^{NH}(E_\nu, c_\mu, y)}
\right\}^{1/2} .
\label{ssstot}
\end{equation}
Notice that in Eq. (\ref{ssstot}) the density of events
is integrated over $y$
before computing the significance (under squared).

Results on the total significance (distinguishability)
which can be obtained during 1 year of exposure
(for the  effective volume from \cite{ARS}) can be summarized in the following way.
Without experimental  smearing we would have  $S_{tot} = 6.4$.
Degeneracy reduces this number down to $S_{tot} = 3.6$.
The use of inelasticity increases it up to $4.8$.
The  experimental smearing with $\sigma_E = (0.7 E_\nu)^{0.5}$
and $\sigma_\psi = 20^{\circ} \sqrt{m_p/E_\mu}$ reduces  these numbers as
$3.54 \rightarrow 1.90 \rightarrow 2.17$.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{conc}

1. Interaction with matter changes the neutrino mixing
and effective mass splitting
in a way that depends on the mass hierarchy.
Consequently, results of
oscillations and flavor conversion
are different for the two hierarchies.

2. Sensitivity to the mass hierarchy appears whenever the
matter effect on the 1-3 mixing and mass splitting becomes substantial.
This happens in supernovae in large energy range,  and in the matter of the Earth.

3. The Earth density profile is a multi-layer medium where the resonance enhancement
of oscillations as well as the  parametric enhancement
of oscillations occur. The enhancement  is  realized  in neutrino (antineutrino )
channels  for normal (inverted) mass hierarchy.

4. Multi-megaton scale under ice (water) atmospheric
neutrino detectors with low energy threshold ($2 - 3$ GeV)  may establish mass
hierarchy with $\sim (3 -  10) \sigma$  confidence level in few years.

5. The main challenges of these experiments are
flavor identification of events,
accuracy of measurements of energies and directions,
systematics, degeneracy of parameters.

6. There are various ways to improve the sensitivity
to the hierarchy.  This includes in particular,
consideration of the $\nu_e$ events,  reconstruction of the cascade direction, {\it etc.}.
Inelasticity  measurements will allow to
increase  significance of the hierarchy
identification by $20 - 50 \%$ .

7.  Detection of a neutrino burst from relatively close supernovae
(which may occur any time) may resolve the issue of neutrino
mass hierarchy.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Q: Battery percentage on iPod touch 5G iOS 8 How do I get the battery percentage on the top right of my screen please help I tried many other things but didn't work

A: The iPod Touch does not allow you to view battery percentage. Only the iPhone and iPad.
"You can see what percent the battery is at on your iPhone or iPad, but not your iPod touch." -- http://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201102

A: To enable it you will need to use a 3rd party application (no jailbreak required!).
Steps:

*

*Backup your device to iTunes (don't think encrypted backup will work)

*Download iBackupBot

*Open iBackupBot

*Select your most recent backup

*Double click on the file called Library/Preferences/com.apple.springboard.plist

*Add this under the first <dict>

<key>SBShowBatteryLevel</key>
    <true/>
<key>SBShowBatteryPercentage</key>
    <true/>

*

*Save the file

*Restore via iBackupBot
To undo it just take the code out.Note: the code may be later on in the file due to how plist files are saved.
I would recommend making 2 backups just incase you mess up the edit (you shouldn't mess it up though)