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SATAN the DEVIL or LUCIFER
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The Devil is a title given to the supernatural entity, who, in Christianity, Islam, and other religions, is a powerful, evil entity and the tempter of humankind. In conservative Christianity, God and the Devil are usually portrayed as fighting over the souls of humans, with the Devil seeking to lure people away from God and into hell. The Devil commands a force of lesser evil spirits, commonly known as demons. The Devil is destined to be destroyed at the end of this age, but not before he has led many humans, some say the vast majority, to perdition. The Devil is commonly associated with heretics, infidels, and other unbelievers. The Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) does not assign this level of personification to a devil, but rather identifies all good and evil as originating in the will of God. In humour, concept of something as evil as Satan is often mocked.
The Devil popular image
Satan, from the Hebrew word for "adversary" (Standard Hebrew: שָׂטָן, Satan; Tiberian Hebrew Śāān; Koine Greek: Σατανάς, Persian: اهریمن, Satanás; Aramaic: סטנא, Saänä; Arabic: شيطان, Šayān, Ge'ez: Sāyān, Turkish: Şeytan), is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally applied to an angel. Ha-Satan is the accuser, a member of the divine council, who challenged the religious faith of humans, especially in the books of Job and Zechariah. Religious belief systems other than Judaism relate this term to a demon, a rebellious fallen angel, devil, minor god and idolatry, or as an allegory for evil.
Etymology and other names
The word Satan (meaning "adversary" or "accuser"), and the Arabic شيطان (shaitan), derive from a Northwest Semitic root śn, meaning "to be hostile", "to accuse".
In the New Testament, Satan is a name thought to refer to a supernatural entity who appears in several passages and possesses demonic god-like qualities. The name is found in passages alongside Diabolos (Greek for the devil) more than thirty times, referring to the same person or thing as Satan.
The most common English synonym for Satan, "the Devil", is descended from Middle English devel, from Old English dēofol, which represents an early Germanic borrowing of Latin diabolus (also the source of diabolical). This in turn was borrowed from Greek diabolos 'slanderer', from diaballein, 'to slander': dia- 'across, through' + ballein, 'to hurl'. In Greek, the term diabolos (Διάβολος, 'slanderer'), carries more negative connotations than the Hebrew ha-satan (שָׂטָן, 'accuser', 'obstructer', 'adversary') which possesses no demonic qualities in the Torah writings and is believed by many to be a great and glorious Angel who was created on the sixth day of creation.
Ha-satan is called Baal Davar by Chasidic Jews of the eighteenth century, so this could also be taken as a name for Satan. Lucifer is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, from a reference to Isaiah 14:12-14. Though other Christians suggest that in context it referred to none other than the King of Babylon himself, having figuratively fallen from heaven and ate grass like an ox.
In Jewish theology, this figure (Helel in Hebrew) has nothing to do with Satan. It is generally agreed among Rabbinical sources that Isaiah was in fact referring to King Nebuchadnezzar. Beelzebub (meaning "Lord of Flies") is actually the name of a Philistine god, but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for Satan. A corrupted version, "Belzeboub," is used in the The Divine Comedy.
"The dragon" and "the old serpent" in the Book of Revelation 12:9, 20:2 have also been identified with Satan, as have "the prince of this world" in the Book of John 12:31, 14:30; "the prince of the power of the air" also called Meririm, and "the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience" in the Book of Ephesians 2:2; and "the god of this world" in 2 Corinthians 4:4.
Satan and the Angel of death and destruction, "Abaddon," are sometimes claimed to be identical. This is observed in John Bunyan's, Pilgrim's Progress. He is also equated with "Ahriman," the Persian "Prince of Evil". The angel "Leviathan" is described as "that crooked serpent," which is also used to describe Satan in Revelation 12:9. "Sar ha Olam," a possible name for Metatron, is described by Michael, Jehoel and St. Paul, as Satan.
In the Hebrew Bible
Satan is to be better understood as an "accuser" or "adversary". The term is applied both to supernatural entities and human beings. The term Satan in Hebrew is derived from the root meaning "to oppose", "to be an adversary" or "to act as an adversary".
Different uses of the word "Satan" in the Tanakh
The Hebrew "Satan" is used in the Hebrew Bible with the general connotation "adversary", or those who act as adversaries, as with:
An enemy in war and peace
An accuser before the judgment-seat
An antagonist who puts obstacles in the way, as in Numbers 22:22, where the angel of God is described as opposing Balaam as an adversary.
In the Book of Job, ha-satan("the adversary") is a prosecuting attorney against mankind in the heavenly court of God. Other angels are not mentioned by name. He is known as the accuser and is the angel which questions mankind's loyalty to God. He argues that man is only loyal because God gives them prosperity. He is the one who actually delivers all the ills upon Job to test his faith on Gods command.
In 1 Chronicles 21:1, Satan incites David to commit the sin of taking a census of Israel. Five hundred years earlier, this same story portrayed Yahweh as the one who incited David to take the census (2 Samuel 24:1). The later story was written after the Hebrews had been in exile in Babylon and had been exposed to Zoroastrianism.
The Strong's Concordance number for the Hebrew word "Satan" is 07853 and 07854.
"7853 satan saw-tan' a primitive root; to attack, (figuratively) accuse:-- (be an) adversary, resist."
"7854 satan saw-tawn' from 7853; an opponent; especially (with the article prefixed) Satan, the arch-enemy of good:--adversary, Satan, withstand."
This can be used to research the Biblical usage of this word.
The Devil is cast from heaven Gustave Doré's depiction of Satan
from John Milton's Paradise Lost
Satan as an accuser
Where Satan does appear in the Bible as a member of God's court, he plays the role of the Accuser, much like a prosecuting attorney for God. The following information has been taken directly from the article on 'Satan' in the Jewish Encyclopaedia:
"Such a view is found, however, in the prologue to the Book of Job, where Satan appears, together with other celestial beings or "sons of God," before the Deity, replying to the inquiry of God as to whence he had come, with the words: "From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it." Both question and answer, as well as the dialogue which follows, characterize Satan as that member of the divine council who watches over human activity, but with the evil purpose of searching out men's sins and appearing as their accuser. He is, therefore, the celestial prosecutor, lawyer who sees only iniquity; for he persists in his evil opinion of Job even after the man of Uz has passed successfully through his first trial by surrendering to the will of God, whereupon Satan demands another test through physical suffering.
"Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest Joshua, and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the "angel of the Lord" who bids him be silent in the name of God.
"In both of these passages Satan is a mere accuser who acts only according to the permission of the Deity; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke David to destroy Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of Israel. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even Zechariah, were influenced by Zoroastrianism, even though in the case of the prophet Jewish monism strongly opposed Iranian dualism. An immediate influence of the Babylonian concept of the "accuser, persecutor, and oppressor" is impossible, since traces of such an influence, if it had existed, would have appeared in the earlier portions of the Bible."
With regard to the 1 Chronicles 21:1 passage, it is known that, at times, Yahweh gives Satan the authority to carry out wicked deeds, as in the book of Job. It has similarly been argued that Satan entered Judas so that the Son of Man could be delivered over to the officials. (Luke 22:3)
In the Hebrew Apocrypha
A large part of this "secret" literature was the apocalypses. Based on unfulfilled prophecies, these books were not considered scripture, but rather part of a literary form that flourished from 200 BC to AD 100. These works usually bore the names of ancient Hebrew worthies in order to establish their validity among the true writers' contemporaries. To reconcile the late appearance of the texts with their claims to primitive antiquity, alleged authors are represented as "shutting up and sealing" (Dan. XII. 4:9) the works until the time of their fulfillment had arrived; as the texts were not meant for their own generations but for far-distant ages (also cited in Assumption of Moses I. 16:17).
In the Book of Wisdom Satan is represented, with reference to Gen. 3, as the being who brought death into the world. He is also mentioned in Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) 21:27, "Flee from sins as from the face of a serpent", and "Who will pity an enchanter struck by a serpent, or any that come near wild beasts? So is it with him that keepeth company with a wicked man, and is involved in his sins.".
The 2nd Book of Enoch also called the Slavonic Book of Enoch contains references to a Watcher Grigori called Satanail. The text describes Satanail as being the prince of the Grigori and "rejected the Lord of light". It contains a number of references to him including 29:4 which reads "4. And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless". It also describes the Devil in 31:4 saying "4. The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona (9) from the heavens as his name was Satanail (10), thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things." The book of 2 Enoch is not accepted by the mainstream of studying Christians. As it is likely that it was written in the first century. The same story is played out in the book of 1 Enoch however in that book the leader of the Grigori is called Semjâzâ.
The doctrine of the fall of Satan, as well as of the fall of the angels, is found also in Babylonia. Satan rules over an entire host of angels. Mastema, who induced God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature, Azazel of the Apocalypse of Abraham and the Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit is likewise to be identified with him, especially in view of his licentiousness. As the lord of satans, he frequently bears the special name of Samael.
It is difficult to identify Satan in any other passages of the Apocrypha, since the originals in which his name occurred have been lost, and the translations employ various equivalents. An "argumentum a silentio" can not, therefore, be adduced as proof that concepts of Satan were not wide-spread; but if Satan is true it must rather be that reference to him and his realm is often implied in the mention of evil spirits. On the other hand there is little substantiation to prove that concepts of Satan were widespread and that the books were written at the times claimed and not rather written between 200BC and 100AD
Satan in Mainstream Christianity
In mainstream Christianity's understanding of the holy Hebrew scriptures, the Torah, Satan is a synonym for the Devil. He is believed to be an angel who rebelled against God — and also the one who spoke through the serpent and seduced Eve into disobeying God's command. His ultimate goal is to lead people away from the love of God — to lead them to fallacies which God opposes. Satan is also identified as the accuser of Job, the tempter in the Gospels, the secret power of lawlessness in 2 Thessalonians 2:7, and the dragon in the Book of Revelation. Before his insurrection, Satan was the highest of all angels and the "brightest in the sky." His pride is considered a reason why he would not bow to God as all other angels did, but sought to rule heaven himself. In Christianity he is called "the ruler of the demons" (Matt. 12:24); "the ruler of the world" and even "the god of this world." (2Cor. 4:4). The Book of Revelation describes how Satan will be cast out of Heaven, down to the earth, having "great anger" and waging war against "those who obey God's commandments and hold to the testimony of Jesus". Ultimately, Satan is thrown forever into the "lake of fire" (Revelation 20:10), not as ruler, but as one among many, being treated no different than all the others who have been cast there as well.
Satan in Islam
Shaitan (شيطان) is the equivalent of Satan in Islam.
While Shaitan(شيطان, from the root šṭn شطن) is an adjective (meaning "astray" or "distant") that can be applied to both man ("al-ins", الإنس) and Genie, Iblis (pronounced /'ib.liːs/) is the personal name of the Shaitan who is mentioned in the Qur'anic account of Genesis, and whose origin is unclear but it is more likely to be made of fire. However, the name Iblis is likely a contraction taken from the Greek "Diabolos".
Whenever the Qur'an refers to the creature who refused to prostrate before Adam at the time of the latter's creation, it refers to him as Iblis. The Islamic view of Iblis (English:Lucifer) has both commonalities and differences with Christian and Jewish views.
Satan, Adam, and Eve
As per the Qur'an, before the creation of Man, Allah created the Angels out of light— and which had no free will — and the Genie, made of smokeless fire, with semi-free will. Later Allah created Adam, and ordered all the angels to bow to him. All the angels did, except a Genie called Iblis, who was elevated to be one of the leaders of the Angels. Iblis was proud and considered himself superior. Iblis argued that he is superior to Adam, who is made of modified clay, while he himself is made of smokeless fire. For this Allah damned him to Hell for eternity, but gave him respite till the Doomsday at his request. Then and there Iblis swore that he would use his time to lead all men astray to burn in hell. Allah replied that there would always be followers of Allah, and that the paradise of heaven was available for them, and those who followed Iblis would go with him to Hell.
After their creation, Adam and Hawwa' (حواء, Adam and Eve) dwelt in Paradise (الجنة, AlJannah), where Allah forbade them to go near the cursed tree. "The Satan" (or al-Shaitan in Arabic), tricked Adam and Hawwa' into eating from the tree. Allah then expelled both of them from Heaven and onto Earth, to wander about not as a punishment. In Islam, Allah created humans to send them on to Earth, which he created for them. He was just to see how long the humans, Adam and Hawwa could stay in heaven or paradise. Then Adam sought to repent to Allah, and Allah taught him the words by which to do so. Allah forgave Adam and Hawwa' and told them "Get ye down all from here; and if, as is sure, there comes to you Guidance from me, whosoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve." Iblis will try to influence as many of their descendants as he possibly could into sin, so as to be his companions in his final destiny into Hell.
Adam remained weeping for 40 days, until he repented.
Bahá'í interpretation of Satan
The Bahá'í Faith teaches that Satan is a metaphor for the "insistent self" which is a self-serving inclination within each individual. The insistent self is often referred to in the Bahá'í Writings as "the Evil One". Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Bahá'í Faith wrote:
"Watch over yourselves, for the Evil One is lying in wait, ready to entrap you. Gird yourselves against his wicked devices, and, led by the light of the name of the All-Seeing God, make your escape from the darkness that surroundeth you."[1]
Satan is not seen as being an independent evil power, but as our own lower nature. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Bahá'u'lláh's successor, wrote:
"This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan -- the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside."[2]
The Bahá'í Faith teaches that evil is non-existent. Evil is simply the absence of goodness, and consequently, there can be no evil powers.
"...there is no evil in existence; all that God created He created good. This evil is nothingness; so death is the absence of life. When man no longer receives life, he dies. Darkness is the absence of light: when there is no light, there is darkness. Light is an existing thing, but darkness is nonexistent. Wealth is an existing thing, but poverty is nonexisting. Then it is evident that all evils return to nonexistence. Good exists; evil is nonexistent."[3]
St Augustine and the Devil, by Michael Pacher
Much "Satanic" lore does not originate from actual Satanists, but from Christians. Best-known would be the medieval folklore and theology surrounding demons and witches. A more recent example is the so-called Satanic ritual abuse scare of the 1980s; beginning with the memoir Michelle Remembers - which depicts Satanism as a vast conspiracy of elites with a predilection for child-molesting and human sacrifice. This genre regularly describes Satan as actually appearing in person in order to receive worship. Claims of Satanic child-molesting or murder rings are largely unsubstantiated.
People claiming to be Satanists—or outsiders claiming to describe Satanism—ascribe a wide variety of beliefs to this movement. These range from the literal worship of a malevolent spiritual being (Theistic Satanism); to a kind of subversive ritual performance stressing the mockery of Christian symbols (most notably the Black Mass); to the claimed rediscovery of an ancient but misunderstood religion (e.g. Setianism, which conflates Satan with the Egyptian god Set); to an excuse for hedonistic recreation, and the celebration of selfishness and pleasure.
LaVeyan satanism
The most prominent and widely known Satanist in recent years is, and was Anton Szandor LaVey, who founded the Church of Satan in 1966. LaVey wrote The Satanic Bible (1969) and other works which remain highly influential (though controversial) among avowed Satanists. LaVey rejects the Black Mass, cruelty to animals, or a literal belief in (or worship of) Satan, instead considering Satan as the human instinct within ourselves, which is what LaVeyan Satanism celebrates. Instead he supports a view of human beings as animals and rejects many social structures that he believes inhibit human instincts.
Similar figures
Not all faiths define a central evil entity such as Satan set in opposition to God. However, some of these faiths, such as Zoroastrianism, recognize evil figures or entities which are sometimes likened to Satan.
Satan in fiction and popular culture
The Satan in fiction and popular culture is mostly influenced by Christianity and their concepts of devil, evil forces and original sin. Satan is of minor importance in the Hebrew Bible, the Jewish faith and Judaism.
CUSTOMS, TRADITIONS and MYTHOLOGY
COUNT DRACULA
ST VALENTINES DAY
SATAN THE BIBLE THE HOLY GRAIL VAMPIRES
WEREWOLVES WITCHES ZOMBIES
LINKS and REFERENCE
Audio recording of a folktale involving the Devil as trickster
Children of the Devil
The Devil - Unjustly Maligned
League of Independent Satanists
Online Etymology Dictionary
Origin and Fate of Satan
Devil as Kali Purusha in Bhavishya Purana
Lucifer - Know His Devices
Jewish Encyclopedia
Internet Infidels - The Implausibility of Satan by Paul Doland
GNU free documentation license
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Die Grenke Chess Classic sind Schachturniere, deren Hauptsponsor die Grenke AG ist.

Grenke Chess Classic 2013
2013 fand das Turnier vom 7. bis 17. Februar in Baden-Baden statt. Das erste Turnier wurde doppelrundig ausgetragen.

Grenke Chess Classic 2014
2014 fand das Turnier vom 6. bis 12. September in Baden-Baden statt.

Grenke Chess Classic 2015
2015 fand das Turnier vom 2. bis 9. Februar in Baden-Baden statt.

Über den ersten Platz entschied der Tiebreak.

Grenke Chess Classic 2017
2017 fand das Turnier vom 15. bis 22. April in Karlsruhe und Baden-Baden statt.

Grenke Chess Classic 2018

2018 fand das Turnier vom 31. März bis 9. April in Karlsruhe und Baden-Baden statt.

Grenke Chess Classic 2019

2019 fand das Turnier vom 20. bis 29. April in Karlsruhe (Runden 1 bis 5) und Baden-Baden (Runden 6 bis 9) statt. Magnus Carlsen gewann das Turnier mit 7½ Punkten aus 9 Partien.

Weblinks

 Homepage der Turniere Grenke Chess Classic
 GRENKE Chess Classic & Open auf YouTube

Einzelnachweise

Schachturnier
Schachwettbewerb in Deutschland
Sport (Baden-Baden)
Veranstaltung in Baden-Baden
Sportveranstaltung in Karlsruhe
Erstveranstaltung 2013

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


KAP Member for Kennedy, Bob Katter will be introducing into Parliament a Bill to enact a Reserve Resource Policy, (a policy where some of the gas is kept for Australians).
Mr Katter said, "We've already instructed the Parliamentary Draftsman to move on the Bill.
"We will be having discussions with a number of key players in the industry. We feel that there are at least three Government Members who will stand up on this issue.
"Almost every fertiliser producing country on earth (di-ammonium phosphate) has a Reserve Resource Policy. They get the ammonia (natural gas) for three or four dollars but Australian fertiliser companies are paying nearly 15 dollars.
"We have a steel industry with threatened closure, copper refineries closing, aluminium expansions abandoned, nickel refineries closed.
"And the Government's answer is to call a meeting with Mr Foreign Gas Corporation? 'Oh please, can you please give us some of our gas?' We won't be asking – we will be telling them!
"We will see if any of the LNP Members have the guts to stand up for Australian industry and Australian workers or if they're going to be a bunch of cowards.
"The PM's bleating is humiliating for all of 'we Australians' putting the begging-bowl out to giant foreign gas corporations who are not there to provide security of supply. They are there to maximise profits from the gas that we gave them for virtually nothing.
"It sure would be nice if an LNP person stood up on Economic Sovereignty where some of them will die in the ditches on social policy. It sure would be nice if they would show the same commitment on Economic Sovereignty and the morality of selling all of our resources to foreign corporations so that the southern states are left shivering in winter and the north swelters in summer. Neither can afford to pay the prices that gas owners (all foreign corporations) are charging Australians for their own gas.
"Huey Long, the 40th Governor of Louisiana was the most popular politician in human history. He introduced a Reserve Resource Policy on Louisiana's gas so the people of the Louisiana were entitled to that gas for no more than the cost of production.
"Now Qld is on the National Grid and pays National Competition Policy prices and so we suffer the second highest electricity prices in the world.
"Successive governments have brought us to this impasse: no manufacturing, no mineral processing, and some of the highest electricity prices in the world.
"Pensioners can have a feed or turn the lights on; but they can't do both. That's of course when you can get the electricity to turn on. It will become increasingly unreliable.
"As Minister (in the QLD Government), we kept a 30 per cent spending reserve in electricity. We had transmission lines that enabled the 30 per cent reserve in almost every part of the state. We had absolute security of supply. We could lose six of our 22 major generating units and not a have single light out in Qld.
Australia will again ride on the back of surging coal and iron ore export prices as prices jump 180 per cent above the market doldrums of earlier this year.
Iron ore is our second largest export at 15 per cent, being ahead of coal by just four per cent.
Queensland's high-quality coking coal hit $253.50 a tonne, up from $90 in June, a rise of 180 per cent.
Thermal coal has smashed the $100US barrier and is now $108.60US, a long way from its $54 a tonne just months ago.
On their present course, if the present spot prices flow through to contract prices for coking and thermal coal, exports could be boosted by $40 billionUS.
The much-maligned Adani coal mine proposed for Central Queensland may have taken a step closer after the Labor State Government, in spite of impending doomsday cries from the Greens, seems set for it to go ahead.
If the $21.7 billion Indian – owned mine should begin construction in 2017, pending last- stand legal action by green and indigenous groups, Queensland will hugely benefit in terms of construction jobs.
When the coal starts to be exported after a two year construction period, the State will reap royalties that have been absent since the mining downturn began three years ago.
As well, the project's special "prescribed project" status has been renewed and expanded to include its water infrastructure.
State Development Minister Dr Anthony Lynham said his decision would mean less red tape for the proposed project and the jobs and business opportunities it offered.
This step bundles together major elements of the project for the first time – the mine, the 389 kilometre rail line, and the water infrastructure, including a pipeline, pumping stations and a dam upgrade," he said.
It makes it more efficient to establish easements for infrastructure like the water pipeline and the rail, and expands the Coordinator-General's power to ensure timely approvals." Dr Lynham said the declaration was based on advice from the independent Coordinator-General, who continued to meet regularly with Adani to progress the project.
When this government came to power in early 2015, it is fair to say that there was a long way to go with the approvals that Adani needed before they could start construction.
Katters Australia party has long championed the mine with Bob Katter telling the State Government it would be a "no brainer" to stop it.


Climbers and their local guides were descending from Everest base camp yesterday as officials said a sherpa boycott and fresh avalanches had ended hopes of any group reaching the summit this year from the more popular Nepal side.
More than 300 climbers had hoped to scale Everest this season but the deaths of 16 sherpas last week in the worst ever accident on the mountain left the local guides distraught and angry. They were swept away by an ice avalanche as they fixed ropes up to camp two at above 19,000 feet.
It will be the first time in 27 years that the Everest route will be closed to climbers, although dozens are attempting to reach the summit from the northern Tibetan side.


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September 10, 2022 September 11, 2022 karendawnandrews
Prior Park Garden Visit
Palladian Bridge with reflection in water at Prior Park Landscape Garden, National Trust. © Karen Andrews
Bath has killer hills. Keen cyclists regard them as a challenge. During a weekend in mid-June, I enjoyed the challenge of climbing up one of Bath's hills to visit the National Trust property of Prior Park. Its major conservation work is nearing completion.
Overlooking Bath
It was easy to see why Ralph Allen (1693-1764), Prior Park's original owner, chose the site for the construction of his mansion. As a self-made man, he was out to impress Bath's Georgian society. Prior Park overlooks the city of Bath standing proud on the hill.
View of Bath from Prior Park House. © Karen Andrews
Bath Stone
Ralph Allen made his fortune by reorganising the postal system. He then invested his money in the nearby stone quarries. Prior Park House is built from the honey-coloured stone that is so characteristic of Georgian Bath. Today, the house is an educational establishment like Stowe House (see previous blog). Meanwhile, the garden is managed by the National Trust.
Ralph Allen's Mansion with its honey-coloured Bath stone is now home to Prior Park College. © Karen Andrews
Walk Downhill
I followed a path downhill through the woods. I came across a water cascade and the occasional glimpse of the house through the trees. At one point, lots of tiny toads/frogs jumped across my path. I gingerly tiptoed between them. To my delight, I found Pyramidal Orchids in the wild meadow below the house.
Cascade in the woodland. © Karen Andrews
Peeping through the trees at Prior Park House. © Karen Andrews
Woodland path winds down to the Palladian bridge at Prior Park. © Karen Andrews
Pyramidal Orchid, Anacamptis pyramidalis, in Prior Park's meadow. © Karen Andrews
Palladian Bridge
The dominant feature of Prior Park's Landscape Garden is the Palladian bridge. You can admire it from multiple angles as you walk around the lakes at the end of the garden. During my visit, I could see a young man proposing to his girlfriend on the bridge and then celebrating on the grassy banks with a champagne picnic.
Side view of the Palladian bridge. © Karen Andrews
Inspired by the Italian Renaissance
Palladian bridges were inspired by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio (1508-1580). Prior Park's Palladian bridge is one of the most elaborate, colonnaded superstructures. It is a copy of the Palladian bridge at Wilton House in Wiltshire (as is that at Stowe).
Dam and Garden Restoration
The National Trust has been restoring the historic dams to meet the future challenges of climate change. Improvements mean that it should now safely overtop in the event of an extreme flood event. The water in the lakes was still low during my visit in mid-June. The restoration work had only been recently completed. The intention is now to replant trees and 18th-century-inspired shrubberies so that the garden will appear more like it did in Ralph Allen's time.
View of the Palladian bridge and woodland from Prior Park's lower lake. © Karen Andrews
© Karen Andrews
National Trust (2009): Prior Park Landscape Garden, Bath. A souvenir guide.
National Trust (2017): Discover Prior Park Landscape Garden. (Leaflet).
National Trust (2022): Prior Park Landscape Garden. Celebrating the dams' restoration as we begin reinstating the garden. (Leaflet available at the entrance).
Symes, Michael (2006): A Glossary of Garden History. A Shire Book
Taylor, Patrick (2003): The Gardens of Britain & Ireland. Dorling Kindersley. (p.58)
Karen does not seek or receive any commercial interest or advantage from this blog. She is not promoting any business venture. She simply loves to share fascinating facts about plants. These pages illustrate her love of plants, botany, biodiversity, gardens and creative expression. There is always so much to learn about plant diversity. This blog is designed as a showcase for photography, commentary on plants and wildlife, gardens and other places visited, horticulture and related topics. Viewpoints are her own, not those of her employer.
Published by karendawnandrews
Botanist. View all posts by karendawnandrews
Categories Garden Design, Garden History, Garden History, Garden Visits, TreesTags Bath, landscaped garden
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


© 2012 Living Hope Faith Center. All rights reserved.
Our mission is to bring hope to the world by God's principles and through his Word. Without hope you are lost. God's Word says, "for we are saved by hope" (Romans 8:24). Through teaching and fellowship, you will know how to bring hope back into your family. Whether you are single, married, divorced, or in your teens, there is hope for a better life. You will learn the benefits of your salvation, how prosperity works, how healing works, and much more. We are a multicultural worship and training facility where all God's people can worship as one. (God made of one one blood all nations of men Acts 17:26).
Our vision is to advance the kingdom of God in the earth. Jesus came preaching "Repent for the kingdom of heaven is at hand" (Matt.4:17). You should not have to die and go to heaven to see the kingdom. It is our (the body of Christ, the church) responsibility to manifest the kingdom to the world.
Our goal is to be totally submitted to God's will. To walk in purpose and live in victory. We must win the unchurched and train people to serve. We will give hope back to our youth; they are the future NOW!
The totality of ministry will meet the needs of every human being in every aspect of their life. We will address education by building a school to educate and train our leaders of tomorrow. Through the message of the Kingdom of God the poor will become prosperous, the homeless will have a home, the sick will be made whole, lives will be put back together.
"Kingdom People Living By Gods Principles"
© 2015 Living Hope Faith Center. All rights reserved.


Jetradar compares cheap flights from Ancona to 2,500 cities across 728 airlines and hundreds of travel websites from all over the world. We can find the cheapest flights from Ancona with no commission or additional cost to you.
The peak season for flights from Ancona is August, September and November. The low season for purchasing tickets is January, May and July.
Direct flights from Ancona are offered by 2 airlines.
Depending on the number of days remaining before departure, the cost of flight from Ancona could increase more than twofold.
Jetradar suggests buying flights from Ancona in advance in order to choose the conditions for your flight based on your preferences and financial resources.
Ancona is in Italy. The IATA code (ID) for this city is AOI. The population of Ancona is approximately 100 000 people.
Time zone in Ancona: +1 GMT. Please keep in mind that airplane tickets show the local departure time, so you will have to set your watch prior to your flight.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


financial and cultural capital of the world.
vibrant city an incredible place to work and live.
8,405,000 people call New York City Home.
duties of a phlebotomist, without holding their certification.
can prove to be a key part to your future success.
schools do offer aid programs or payment plans, it's just a matter of finding them.
you are current on all of your vaccinations.
Knowing what to expect from your training course can help you to better prepare.
be sure that you keep track of it.
Phlebotomy is often a great launching board for other careers in the healthcare field.
medical assistant, ultrasound technician, nurse assistant, and more.
background check and drug test.
to meet the requirements of the course.
additional courses for expanding upon your medical career.
The average salary for Phlebotomists came from Salary.com.


As the ad says. I am looking for a friend (or couple) with benefits to share an apartment/house. If you have a place (or extra room) I can assist you with rent and I work alot so you will have the place to yourself alot. If not we can find an apartment and agree on sharing it. Again, I work alot so you will have the place to yourself most of the time. I am clean, 420 friendly and enjoy a drink and social smoke. I drive and like to go out, if you wanna come too you are more than welcome. If you want a non-polygamous relationship if we click or something we can come to that agreement. Message me for more information.


If you hold a mining lease or mining sublease, you must lodge returns and pay royalty on the minerals that are recovered from the mining lease area.
Royalty returns are lodged to Revenue NSW through Royalty Online Services.
The minerals listed in Schedule 1 of the Mining Regulation 2016 are subject to royalty.
Royalty returns and payment will be due either annually or quarterly.
The lodgement period and the return and payment due dates for royalties are set out below.
The Guidelines for Compliance (Ad valorem royalty) issued by the Department of Planning and Environment details what you need to include in your royalty return.
Royalty rates are determined by whether the mineral appears in Schedule 6 of the Mining Regulation 2016 and are applied at the following rates.
Find the 'quantity of minerals recovered' during a royalty period using the formula at Clause 73(2) of the Mining Regulation.
Apply the rate per tonne to the 'quantity of minerals recovered' as shown in the table below.
The Guidelines for Compliance (Ad valorem royalty) issued by the Department of Planning and Environment, Resources and Geoscience provides details of how to calculate the value of minerals recovered and the royalty payable.
Royalty is payable on the following minerals at the rate of 4% of the value of the mineral recovered.
The Guidelines for Compliance (Ad valorem royalty) issued by the Department of Planning and Environment set out the deductions that may be claimed.
Generally, deductions are confined to the direct costs incurred in upgrading the material and bringing it to market after the first stockpile.
An application for an exemption from royalty must be made to the Minister of Resources by the holder of the mining lease in accordance with the Mining Act 1992 section 287.
If the royalty period was three months (March, April and May), this would equate to 92 days.
As defined in the Taxation Administration Act 1996, a tax default means a failure by a taxpayer to pay, in accordance with a taxation law, the whole or part of tax that the taxpayer is liable to pay.
For royalty purposes, the taxpayer is the holder of the mining lease/sub-lease or petroleum title.