text:
https://piction.clevelandart.org/cma/ump.di?e=D7BDA35789ADB14891DCE0A23A8C4BC2AFEE3B14EB7E61DBFBAB6C2B64C7D38C&s=21&se=388807216&v=5&f=1927.423.1det01_o2.jpg
https://piction.clevelandart.org/cma/ump.di?e=9000A265425B6352D7898D75BC92473D08D42D62ED6F493DCD7CB9DA83BACF7C&s=21&se=388807216&v=1&f=%5C1927.423.1_o2.jpg
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https://piction.clevelandart.org/cma/ump.di?e=2C112B842EAAB56DCD2EB2D264785C2BDC05C7069F9860CE824CCEDF78EB18C2&s=21&se=388807216&v=1&f=%5C1927.423.1det03_o2.jpg
https://piction.clevelandart.org/cma/ump.di?e=2C112B842EAAB56DE17057072B41BF4383B6296DE88F4BB73A65336A64BBEB1E&s=21&se=388807216&v=1&f=%5C1927.423.1det04_o2.jpg
Armchair (Fauteuil) (1 of 2)
fabricated by
Jean-Baptiste II Tilliard
(French, 1797)
Carved and gilded wood
Overall: 101.9 x 73.7 x 63.5 cm (40 1/8 x 29 x 25 in.)
Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund 1927.423.1
202 French Neoclassical Decorative Arts
(Arnold Seligmann, Rey & Co., New York)
The Cleveland Museum of Art. Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art/1966. Cleveland, OH: The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1966. Reproduced: p. 156 archive.org
MOCA Cleveland (6/9/2006 - 8/20/2006): "The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art", no. 31, p. 117, color repr. p. 84.
Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (November 9-December 2, 1934).
Neo-classicism: Style and Motif. The Cleveland Museum of Art (organizer).
The Persistence of Geometry: Form, Content and Culture in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland (MOCA), Cleveland, OH (June 9-August 20, 2006).
{{cite web|title=Armchair (Fauteuil) (1 of 2)|url=https://clevelandart.org/art/1927.423.1|author=Jean-Baptiste II Tilliard|year=c. 1765|access-date=17 January 2021|publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art}}
Furniture and woodwork
Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund


One lucky Lotto ticket holder will have been celebrating the past few days after winning Saturday's Lotto top prize. The single ticket holder in question won the £4.2 million Lotto jackpot after matching all six of the numbers drawn in Saturday's draw and becoming the latest jackpot winner in this lottery. Little is known about this jackpot winner so we shall have to wait and see if they come forward to claim their winnings or remain anonymous.
If you are yet to see the numbers from Saturday's Lotto draw they were 8, 15, 24, 40, 43, 45 and the Bonus Ball was 33. A single ticket won the jackpot that came out at £4,293,105, originally estimated at £3.8 million, however whether this ticket was purchased by a single player or as part of a syndicate remains to be seen. To view the results in more depth from Saturday's Lotto draw please click here.
This jackpot win now means that out of nine Lotto draws that took place in March 2013 the top prize was won a total of seven times. This means that the jackpot winnings for March stand at an impressive £27.8 million which was won over seven draws by a total of 16 ticket holders, so it will be interesting to see if players have the same luck for April.
The first Lotto draw of April 2013 takes place tonight and there is an estimated jackpot of £2 million on offer to win so make sure you have your tickets ready if you fancy scooping this jackpot and becoming the first top prize winner in the Lotto for April 2013.


text:
Home News Hospital acquired disease testing Market – Global Industry Analysis, Key Players, Size,...
Hospital acquired disease testing Market – Global Industry Analysis, Key Players, Size, Share, Growth, Outlook, Trend, Growth and Share Estimation Analysis
TMR's report on the global hospital acquired disease testing market studies past as well as current growth trends and opportunities to gain valuable insights of these indicators of the market during the forecast period from 2019 to 2027. The report provides revenue of the global hospital acquired disease testing market for the period 2017–2027, considering 2018 as the base year and 2027 as the forecast year. The report also provides the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the global hospital acquired disease testing market during the forecast period.
The report has been prepared after an extensive primary and secondary research. Primary research involved bulk of research efforts, wherein analysts carried out interviews with industry leaders and opinion makers. Extensive secondary research involved referring to key players' product literature, annual reports, press releases, and relevant documents to understand the global hospital acquired disease testing market.
Request Brochure for Report –
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Global Hospital acquired disease testing market Witness Most Promising Rise in Demand
According to Transparency Market Research's latest report on the global hospital acquired disease testing market for the historical period 2017–2018 and forecast period 2019–2027, Increase in prevalence of hospital acquired infections and rise in the number of drug resistant pathogens and Establishment of government guidelines and code for prevention of hospital acquired infections are projected to drive the global hospital acquired disease testing market during the forecast period
According to the report, the global hospital acquired disease testing market was valued at US$ 798.6 Mn in 2018 and is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 14.7% from 2019 to 2027
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According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, hospital acquired infection prevention costs around US$ 28.0 Bn to US$ 33.0 Bn annually. In order to reduce the burden on hospitals resulting from extended stay of patients in hospitals, governments are taking initiatives to reduce hospital acquired infection prevalence in the respective countries.
Developed countries have hospital acquired infection prevention and control authorities, with established guidelines for detection and treatment of hospital acquired infection. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends nucleic acid amplification test for detection of C. difficile, while the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) recommends two-step detection process for identification of C. difficile.
Key Players of hospital acquired disease testing Market Report:
The hospital acquired disease testing market is highly fragmented with a number of international and local players operating in the market. The companies profiled in the report include, Abbott Laboratories, Alere, Inc.,, Becton, Dickinson and Company, bioMérieux SA, F, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Hologic, Inc, Siemens Healthcare, Diatherix Laboratories, Inc., Meridian Bioscience, Inc.,, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
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Transparency Market Research is a global market intelligence company providing global business information reports and services. Our exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trends analysis provides forward-looking insight for several decision makers. Our experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyze information.
Our data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts so that it always reflects latest trends and information. With a broad research and analysis capability, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques in developing distinctive data sets and research material for business reports.
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The Perfect Dance Partner: Clothes: Clothes for Perfect Dance Moves
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


PELETIER, N.C. – Bobby Watson's Carteret County Speedway is set for 17 events throughout the upcoming season of racing.
The highlights of the schedule include the INEX Legends Asphalt Nationals on Oct. 19, the CARS Response Energy Tour on July 13, the $10,000-to-win Solid Rock Carriers 150 on Aug. 10 and the Carolina Mini-Stock Challenge on Nov. 16.
The season will commence on Saturday, March 30 with a $5,000-to-win late model race. In addition to late models, the season opener will feature racing for Street Stocks, Mini-Stocks, U-CARs, Legends, Mini Cups and Champ Karts. The race will have a 2pm start time.
The season continues on April 13 with a race headlined by Street Stocks. Events will also take place on April 27, May 11, May 26, June 8, June 22, July 6, July 27, Sept. 1, Sept. 21, Oct. 5 and Nov. 2.
In addition to the CARS Tour and Legends Nationals, the Virginia Mini Cups will make their first appearance at Bobby Watson's Carteret County Speedway on Saturday, July 27. The East Coast Flathead Fords will compete on Saturday, April 13 and September 21 while the Southern Ground Pounders will make appearances on May 26 and Nov. 2. Super Trucks will headline racing on Oct. 5. Other touring series races may be added to the schedule in the weeks ahead.


Local homeless education liaisons are Local Educational Agency (LEA) staff responsible for ensuring the identification, school enrollment, attendance, and opportunities for academic success of students in homeless situations. Some of these activities may be performed by the local liaison himself or herself, while others are accomplished by coordinating the efforts of other staff. National evaluations have found that local liaisons are an important factor contributing to the success of a school district's homeless education program; therefore, the McKinney-Vento Act now requires every LEA to appoint a local homeless education liaison and specifies his or her legal responsibilities. Local liaisons play a critical role in stabilizing students and promoting academic achievement at the individual, school, and district level.


Earn 4.00% CashCoins at deewatch just like I did.
Deewatch is an online watches and jewellery retailor specialising in watches and bracelets for both men and women. they combine Scandinavian quality and simplicity with an exclusive, romantic and bold design from southern Europe.
Cashback from deewatch will be granted for actual, registered purchases which are done directly, without visits to other websites during purchase. These purchases should also be done fully online, without telephone or other contact with deewatch. Never use any discount codes from other websites. Also always accept cookies on our website and on the webshop you are shopping at. That way your transaction will be registered correctly and you will receive CashCoins.


Since the holidays are fast-approaching, more festive makeup looks are flooding my social media feeds. Personally, I would rock a red lip all year long, but I can completely understand why most people reserve it for special occasions. It's a bright, in-your-face pop of color that commands attention, not appropriate for your everyday wallflower. And while you might get tired of seeing all the red lippies, don't be fooled--not every red lipstick was created equal. There are red lipsticks with a blue undertone that make your teeth look whiter and there are also red lipsticks with an orange base that bring warmth to the complexion. As you can see most of my favorites come in liquid lipstick form and that's simply because they tend to provide an ease of application, as well as increased longevity. That being said, these reds are all my favorite as they suit me differently depending on the look I'm going for. See for yourself!
♥ Covergirl Lip Perfection Lipstick in 305 Hot - While some drugstore lipsticks are good, I've never been WOW!'d before by them...that is, until I tried this lipstick. I remember taking a risk and trying it out the same night I had a date and boy did that risk pay off. This lipstick has such a glossy formula that it glides on like a dream, yet it also doesn't feather outside my lip line (what voodoo did you put in this stuff?!) Not only that, but it lasts through eating and drinking. It was still there at the end of the day! This is hands down my favorite lippie if I'm feeling like a shiny red lip.
♥ Jeffree Star Velour Liquid Lipstick in Hoe Hoe Hoe - The brand might not be the most accessible, nor the most clean-cut, but the rockstar edge certainly allows for the uniqueness that brought about this shade. The dark base contrasted against the pink micro glitter seems to attract the light like a highlight does for your face, making your lips look instantly more plump, while still remaining matte. And you don't have to worry about any grittiness; you don't feel the glitter at all. However, I have found that it takes some work to make the glitter really show. If you wait some time for the lipstick to completely dry down, you can run your finger over your lips and BAM, the pink glitter "activates".
♥ LA Girl Matte Flat Finish Pigment Gloss in Secret - When I first saw these pop up at a local beauty supply, I was instantly made a happy camper. LA Girl is so insanely affordable, so to see them enter into the liquid lipstick trend was pleasing. More people would have access to this trend and enjoy its benefits--I love it! Now I picked up this particular shade because I was going for the "vampy" look and I think this lippie succeeds in that area. It is a beautiful wine shade that is as matte as matte can get. And while being the most affordable, I find this lipstick to have the best applicator--it's long, yet slightly rigid, which is perfect for getting sharp lines AND it distributes just the right amount of product to cover my entire lips.
♥ Sephora Cream Lip Stain in 01 Always Red - I know that blue-based reds are a standard must-have, but if you have yellow or olive undertones, you need this! It is an orange-red, which is more flattering on warmer skin tones. I just love how much it pops on me compared to my other reds and yet I would feel comfortable rocking it at any time. Generally, Sephora Cream Lip Stains are much more affordable compared to higher end alternatives, but they're my absolute favorite formula because of how comfortable they are. I don't feel like I sucked all the hydration out of my lips when I wear them.
♥ Stila Stay All Day Liquid Lipstick in Fiery - Stila was the first brand of liquid lipstick I ever tried and as such, it holds a special place in my heart. The formula is much different than all of the others as it is a thicker cream consistency. The Stay All Day Liquid Lipsticks are incredibly pigmented, which means you probably won't even need nearly as much as is dispensed on the applicator. As for this particular shade, I was expecting a warmer red based on the name, but on me it looks like your classic red. And who doesn't need one of those in their arsenal?
That sums up my top five. What are your favorite reds?


text:
Official ANTI- Records Merch
anti records Store
Down in Mississippi
Waiting For My Child
This Little Light
Why Am I Treated So Bad
Freedom Highway
Circle Intro (encore)
Will The Circle Be Unbroken (encore)
On My Way (encore)
I'll Take You There (encore)
On Monday June 23rd a lucky few Chicagoans were treated to an intimate performance at the Hideout by the leading lady of protest, Mavis Staples. Accustomed to appearances at large venues, particularly in her hometown – the Windy City itself – Staples played with a stripped down, raw and swampy three-piece band and just a handful of back-up singers, providing a rare opportunity for fans to get close and sweaty with a figure who has led the musical charge towards equality and justice for the past five decades.
Fortunately, the magical set was captured on tape, and now the rest of us can experience the righteous protest and joyful inspiration Mavis imparted that evening via Mavis Staples Live: Hope at the Hideout. "Anyone who was hearing this American treasure in concert for the first time learned precious lessons about where we have been and where we are today." – Dave Hoekstra, Chicago Sun Times
Live: Hope At The Hideout - CD
Please select an option. CD ($12.99)
by anti-records


I returned to a full-time faculty position in Economics, in 2012, after a 20 year adminstrative hiatus where I served as Associate Dean and Interim Dean in the College of Liberal Arts, and as Director of the University Honors Program. I am currently in the second year of a three-year Transitional Appointment to retirement. I teach in spring semester where my primary teaching areas are U. S. economic history and the history of economic ideas.
ECON/HIST 379, Economic History of the U. S.
The evolution of the U. S. economy with a special emphasis on transformation and economic growth from 1870 to 2017.


Arctic Spas UK have won the WhatSpa holiday park awards for our Baffin 45 and Timberwolf models.
Both have proven extremely popular this year with the rise in holiday lets, and the addition of holiday parks upgrading previous purchases to these spa models.
Remember any Arctic model can be adapted to suit a holiday let/park installation, which no other manufacturer can offer!


From one kid to another, here's what you need to know about self-esteem.
From one kid to another, here's what you need to know about self-esteem.
What kinds of thoughts do you have about yourself in your head? That's called self-esteem! Self-esteem is what you think about yourself. Kids with good self-esteem feel pretty good about themselves: their looks, their abilities, their friends. But kids with bad self-esteem feel pretty bad about themselves.
What about YOU? On a scale of 1-10, how good is your self-esteem?
People-pleasers just do whatever anyone tells them – even if it's wrong or embarrassing.
Self-haters have very negative thoughts or feelings about themselves, and sometimes they even wish they were someone else.
Bullies usually have low self-esteem, so they pick on other kids because they feel bad about themselves.
Pay attention to what you're good at. Every kid does something well, and nobody does everything well. Try a lot of things, and find what you're good at!
Don't worry as much about what you're bad at. Nobody's perfect. If you're not good at something, just admit it. That doesn't mean you should give up, but don't put pressure on yourself to be the best.
Pay attention to your self-talk. Those are like the little voices in your head.
Surround yourself with "pluses". A "plus" is a positive kid. A "minus" is a negative kid.
Celebrate sometimes. Do you ever celebrate when you do something good? Do it! With your family, friends, or even by yourself.
Help someone. The best way to feel good about yourself is to look outward. If you only focus on yourself and your needs, you'll eventually feel like a failure.
Psalm 139:14 Thank you for making me so wonderfully complex! Your workmanship is marvelous—how well I know it.
What kinds of thoughts do you have about yourself in your head?
On a scale of 1-10, how good is your self-esteem?
Which one is most like you: people-pleaser, self-hater, or bully? Explain. What can you do about it?
Talk about the 6 ways to work on your self-esteem. Which one(s) will you work on?


text:
Q: Discussing Ex 13. Section 3. p-29, Munkres' Topology 2E. In Exercise 13, section 3 on page 29 of Munkres' Topology 2E, the problem is stated as follows.
Prove the following:
Theorem. If an order set $A$ has the least upper bound property, then it has the greatest lower bound property.
The following is my attempt to prove the above theorem.
Proof:
Let $A$ be an order set that has the least upper bound property.
Suppose $E$  be a nonempty subset of $A$ that does not have the greatest lower bound.
Then, consequently, $ E^c $ the complement of $E$ which is also a nonempty subset of $A$ will not have the least upper bound, contrary to the fact that $A$ has the least upper bound property.
Thus, every nonempty subset of $A$ must have the greatest lower bound.
Thus, we conclude that $A$ has the greatest lower bound property. ∎
I'd like to know whether it is a preferable one or not, and if it isn't, I'd like to request your counter-part if you don't mind.
If there is already a similar question, I'd like to keep it as a duplicate one.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Thanks to Brad for letting us know about this Model 14, now up and running at his restaurant, the Junction Diner, in Forest Park, outside Chicago.
Brad writes, "This is a restored original 1965 Model 14 black and white photobooth that was manufactured in Los Angeles. This booth was known to spend most of its life in the New Jersey boardwalk Arcade. It was taken out of service in the mid '80s and forgotten about in a warehouse as it was replaced by its digital/color substitution. In 2012 it was found in a Wisconsin warehouse liquidation and came very close to making its way to the scrap yard. After bringing it back to Chicago, the cabinet was restored by The Junction Diner, and the mechanics were brought to life by Anthony Vizzari of A&A Studios. 1 Token produces a strip of 4 photos. Tokens are sold by servers for $3.00."
UPDATE 11/9/16: Andrew writes that the Junction booth is in good condition as of a visit today.


text:
Lodge #4
FOP News
The Fourword
Contracts & Legislation
L.E.O.S.A. (HR 218)
Baltimore County Property Tax Credit
L.e.o.b.r
Memorandum of Understanding (M.O.U.)
H.E.L.P.S. Retiree Act
$5,000 Income Tax Subtraction Modification
Pension Subtraction Modification for Retired Public Safety
F.O.P. Tags
Lodge Hall
Life Insurance and Other Beneficiary Changes
Membership Passes to the National Aquarium
Free College Benefit
Baltimore County Police Dept. Honored Fallen
Baltimore County Police Memorial Fund
Baltimore County Police Memorial History
Lodge #4 Fallen Heroes Memorial Scholarships
National F.O.P.
Maryland State F.O.P.
Maryland C.O.P.S.
National C.O.P.S.
National Law Enforcement Memorial
Nationwide Deferred Compensation
Association of Baltimore County Retired Police
Maryland Worker's Comp. Medical Release Form
Anne Arundel Co. Police Chief Subpoenaed in Leopold Probe
Posted on Fri 12/16/2011 by d3admin
… Grand jury is investigating whether the county executive misused government resources …
By Nicole Fuller, The Baltimore Sun
7:30 PM EST, December 15, 2011
The Anne Arundel County police chief appeared Thursday before a grand jury investigating whether County Executive John R. Leopold misused government resources, sources said.
Col. James E. Teare, Sr., the highest-ranking county employee subpoenaed since the state prosecutor began investigating Leopold's use of his security detail, arrived Thursday morning at the county Circuit Court in downtown Annapolis and strode through the courthouse wearing his police uniform and shaking hands with acquaintances.
Teare, who said he does not have an attorney, entered the state's attorney's office, where the grand jury meets, and emerged 31/2 hours later. He declined to comment, saying he was "not at liberty" to say whether he had testified.
Anne Arundel Police Lt. Scott Davis also was subpoenaed, according to sources, and appeared Thursday morning at the courthouse. Davis, commander of the department's Office of Professional Standards, declined to comment. Davis was appointed in May to oversee Leopold's executive protection detail as part of a shakeup of the unit.
"Can't talk about that," he said, when asked whether he was testifying in the Leopold investigation.
A spokesman for Leopold, a two-term Republican, declined to comment Thursday.
Teare's appearance marks the latest development in the months-long probe. The state prosecutor's office began investigating Leopold's use of his county-financed police security detail earlier this year.
The president of the county's firefighters union, Craig Oldershaw, said in March that he was interviewed by an investigator from the state prosecutor's office about a $4,000 check — a campaign contribution from the union to Leopold's 2010 re-election campaign — that an officer from Leopold's security detail picked up from him.
Leopold's Democratic opponent for county executive last year, Joanna L. Conti also said she was contacted by an investigator from the state prosecutor's office about allegations that Leopold may have directed members of his security detail to remove Conti's campaign signs.
Leopold has denied any wrongdoing, though he has said he probably should have picked up the check himself. As he campaigned for re-election last year, Leopold underwent two back surgeries, and he has said he relied more heavily on his staff to perform chores.
The state prosecutor in March subpoenaed Leopold's public schedule from 2008 to early 2011, which showed that members of the security detail and other county staffers performed a myriad of personal tasks for Leopold, including taking his shoes to a repair shop and picking up his girlfriend from the airport.
A recent examination of his public schedule by The Baltimore Sun showed that in the last six months, Leopold has changed the way his schedule is compiled, now offering only limited details. He also has significantly decreased the amount of overtime spent on his county-paid security detail, according to records provided by the county. In 2010, the detail was paid $104,000 in overtime. In the first 11 months of this year, that figure shrank to $7,000.
nicole.fuller@baltsun.com
Copyright © 2011, The Baltimore Sun
This entry was posted in General News by d3admin. Bookmark the permalink.
January General Membership Meeting – Canceled
February General Membership Meeting
President Rose
1st Vice President Massey
2nd Vice President DiCara
Lodge Secretary Donna Patterson
Baltimore County Police Memorial
Baltimore County Fraternal Order of Police Lodge #4
9304 Harford Rd., Baltimore, MD, 21234
(410) 668-0004 | (410) 668-8126 FAX | 1-(888) 313-3501 (Outside the 410 + 443 Area Code)
General Email Address:
Copyright © 2021 Baltimore County Fraternal Order of Police Lodge #4
Website Design by D3Corp Ocean City Maryland


Breast Surgery Archives - Plastic Surgery News for New York City from Dr. Thomas P. Sterry.
The next direction in breast augmentation is heading towards textured implants. Textured implants are very popular overseas and gaining traction in the states. Clinical studies show they significantly decrease the risk of capsular contraction. All of the major manufacturers carry silicone, saline, and "gummy" textured implant. Time will tell what challenges will appear with the new advancements.
Gummy Bear Breast Implants Are Here!


text:
Close call between 2 planes at New York's JFK airport is under investigation, FAA says
2 weeks ago ravadateja
(CNN) — The Federal Aviation Administration announced it is starting a probe into how a commercial airliner taxied in front of a flight that was taking off from New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport Friday evening.
The crew of a Delta Air Lines Boeing 737 aborted its takeoff, ultimately stopping within 1,000 feet of the taxiing American Airlines Boeing 777, the FAA said. No one was hurt in the incident, which took place around 8:45 p.m. Friday.
Air traffic controllers had "noticed another aircraft crossing the runway in front of the departing jetliner," the FAA said in a statement. "According to a preliminary analysis, Delta Air Lines Flight 1943 stopped its takeoff roll approximately 1,000 feet before reaching the point where American Airlines Flight 106, a Boeing 777, had crossed from an adjacent taxiway."
According to Delta, its flight — a 737-900 bound for Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic — had 145 customers and six crew members on board.
Audio recordings detail swift action by an air traffic controller kept the airplanes from colliding as they drew closer.
"S–t!" exclaimed the controller from the tower of John F. Kennedy International Airport on Friday night. "Delta 1943 cancel takeoff clearance!"
The flight returned to the gate and then could not depart due to staffing issues, Delta said. The flight ultimately left Saturday morning, and Delta said it provided customers with a hotel stay.
"The safety of our customers and crew is always Delta's number one priority," Delta said in a statement to CNN, adding that it will cooperate with the National Transportation Safety Board with any analysis.
"Delta will work with and assist the NTSB on a full review of flight 1943 on Jan. 13 regarding an aborted takeoff procedure at New York-JFK. We apologize to our customers for the inconvenience and delay of their travels."
The NTSB announced on Twitter that it was investigating the incident.
"NTSB is investigating the Jan. 13 runway incursion at JFK airport involving an American Airlines Boeing 777 and a Delta Boeing 737," it said.
American Airlines did not comment, referring all questions to the FAA. FlightAware data shows American Airlines Flight 106 was a London Heathrow-bound flight that took off on time Friday night from JFK and arrived on time in London Saturday morning.
Tags: Close call between 2 planes at New York's JFK airport is under investigation, FAA says - CNN, travel
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58 mins ago ravadateja


Plastic welding is welding for semi-finished plastic materials, and is described in ISO 472 as a process of uniting softened surfaces of materials, generally with the aid of heat (except solvent welding). Welding of thermoplastics is accomplished in three sequential stages, namely surface preparation, application of heat and pressure, and cooling.
Hot air/gas welding is a common fabrication technique for manufacturing smaller items such as chemical tanks, water tanks, heat exchangers, and plumbing fittings.
In the case of webs and films a filler rod may not be used. Two sheets of plastic are heated via a hot gas (or a heating element) and then rolled together. This is a quick welding process and can be performed continuously.
With speed welding, the plastic welder, similar to a soldering iron in appearance and wattage, is fitted with a feed tube for the plastic weld rod. The speed tip heats the rod and the substrate, while at the same time it presses the molten weld rod into position. A bead of softened plastic is laid into the joint, and the parts and weld rod fuse. With some types of plastic such as polypropylene, the melted welding rod must be "mixed" with the semi-melted base material being fabricated or repaired. These welding techniques have been improved over time and have been utilized for over 50 years by professional plastic fabricators and repairers internationally. Speed tip welding method is a much faster welding technique and with practice can be used in tight corners. A version of the speed tip "gun" is essentially a soldering iron with a broad, flat tip that can be used to melt the weld joint and filler material to create a bond.
This is the same as spot welding except that heat is supplied with thermal conduction of the pincher tips instead of electrical conduction. Two plastic parts are brought together where heated tips pinch them, melting and joining the parts in the process.
Related to contact welding, this technique is used to weld larger parts, or parts that have a complex weld joint geometry. The two parts to be welded are placed in the tooling attached to the two opposing platens of a press. A hot plate, with a shape that matches the weld joint geometry of the parts to be welded, is moved in position between the two parts. The two opposing platens move the parts into contact with the hot plate until the heat softens the interfaces to the melting point of the plastic. When this condition is achieved the hot plate is removed, and the parts are pressed together and held until the weld joint cools and re-solidifies to create a permanent bond.
Hot-plate welding equipment is typically controlled pneumatically, hydraulically, or electrically with servo motors.
This process is used to weld automotive under hood components, automotive interior trim components, medical filtration devices, consumer appliance components, and other car interior components.
High Frequency welding, also known as Dielectric Sealing or Radio Frequency (R.F.) Heat Sealing is a very mature technology that has been around since the 1940s. High frequency electromagnetic waves in the range of Radio Frequencies can heat certain polymers up to softening the plastics for joining. Heated plastics, under pressure weld together. Heat is generated within the polymer by the rapid reorientation of some chemicals dipoles of the polymer, which means that the heating can be localized, and the process can be continuous.
When an electrical insulator, like a plastic, is embedded with a material having high electrical conductivity, like metals or carbon fibers, induction welding can be performed. The welding apparatus contains an induction coil that is energised with a radio-frequency electric current. This generates an electromagnetic field that acts on either an electrically conductive or a ferromagnetic workpiece. In an electrically conductive workpiece, the main heating effect is resistive heating, which is due to induced currents called eddy currents. Induction welding of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic materials is a technology commonly used in for instance the aerospace industry.
In a ferromagnetic workpiece, plastics can be induction-welded by formulating them with metallic or ferromagnetic compounds, called susceptors. These susceptors absorb electromagnetic energy from an induction coil, become hot, and lose their heat energy to the surrounding material by thermal conduction.
Injection welding is similar/identical to extrusion welding, except, using certain tips on the handheld welder, one can insert the tip into plastic defect holes of various sizes and patch them from the inside out. The advantage is that no access is needed to the rear of the defect hole. The alternative is a patch, except that the patch can not be sanded flush with the original surrounding plastic to the same thickness. PE and PP are most suitable for this type of process. The Drader injectiweld is an example of such tool.
In ultrasonic welding, high frequency (15 kHz to 40 kHz) low amplitude vibration is used to create heat by way of friction between the materials to be joined. The interface of the two parts is specially designed to concentrate the energy for the maximum weld strength. Ultrasonic can be used on almost all plastic material. It is the fastest heat sealing technology available.
In friction welding, the two parts to be assembled are rubbed together at a lower frequency (typically 100–300 Hz) and higher amplitude (typically 1 to 2 mm (0.039 to 0.079 in)) than ultrasonic welding. The friction caused by the motion combined with the clamping pressure between the two parts creates the heat which begins to melt the contact areas between the two parts. At this point, the plasticized materials begin to form layers that intertwine with one another, which therefore results in a strong weld. At the completion of the vibration motion, the parts remain held together until the weld joint cools and the melted plastic re-solidifies. The friction movement can be linear or orbital, and the joint design of the two parts has to allow this movement.
Spin welding is a particular form of frictional welding. With this process, one component with a round weld joint is held stationary, while a mating component is rotated at high speed and pressed against the stationary component. The rotational friction between the two components generates heat. Once the joining surfaces reach a semi-molten state, the spinning component is stopped abruptly. Force on the two components is maintained until the weld joint cools and re-solidifies. This is a common way of producing low- and medium-duty plastic wheels, e.g., for toys, shopping carts, recycling bins, etc. This process is also used to weld various port openings into automotive under hood components.
This technique requires one part to be transmissive to a laser beam and either the other part absorptive or a coating at the interface to be absorptive to the beam. The two parts are put under pressure while the laser beam moves along the joining line. The beam passes through the first part and is absorbed by the other one or the coating to generate enough heat to soften the interface creating a permanent weld.
In solvent welding, a solvent is applied which can temporarily dissolve the polymer at room temperature. When this occurs, the polymer chains are free to move in the liquid and can mingle with other similarly dissolved chains in the other component. Given sufficient time, the solvent will permeate through the polymer and out into the environment, so that the chains lose their mobility. This leaves a solid mass of entangled polymer chains which constitutes a solvent weld.
This technique is commonly used for connecting PVC and ABS pipe, as in household plumbing. The "gluing" together of plastic (polycarbonate, polystyrene or ABS) models is also a solvent welding process.


text:
Q: History of "literally": Who changed the definition of "literally" to no longer mean "figuratively" in the first place? According to my research, "literally" used to mean "figuratively", or at least it was used by many people to mean "figuratively" several centuries ago. Yet, although there were some detractors, I can't place where or who officially separated "literally" and "figuratively" to how we understood it in the past few decades, and I'd like to know how it all came about.

A: Your research, which you have not told us about, but should have done, is wrong because of a lack of research:
The simplest way to find the origins of a word and its history is Online Etymology Dictionary
A better way is to gain access to the Oxford English Dictionary, which, for literally, gives:

1. a. In a literal, exact, or actual sense; not figuratively, allegorically, etc.
c1429   Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 553   Litteraly haf ȝe herde this dreme and what it ment. [Literally you have heard this dream and what it meant.]

So we see that this is the earliest meaning and literally still has that meaning today.
But a few lines down, we have:

1. c. colloquial. Used to indicate that some (frequently conventional) metaphorical or hyperbolical expression is to be taken in the strongest admissible sense: 'virtually, as good as'; (also) 'completely, utterly, absolutely'.
Now one of the most common uses, although often considered irregular in standard English since it reverses the original sense of literally ('not figuratively or metaphorically').

The earliest record of this sense is

1769   F. Brooke Hist. Emily Montague IV. ccxvii. 83   He is a fortunate man to be introduced to such a party of fine women at his arrival; it is literally to feed among the lilies.

Both meanings exist side by side in current English. You should be able to tell which is which by the context.

I can't place where or who officially separated "literally" and "figuratively".

And you never will be able to. English has no "official body" that says how the language may be used or what a word may mean.
Dictionaries are merely a record of the [almost] present meaning


My new obsession with pumpkin spice started after a co-worker and I made a trip to starbucks and I was immediately hooked on pumpkin spice latte. (Usually I order black tea/lemondate) In a perfect world I would make a trip to Starbucks every morning but their isn't one on my route to school! (Probably good for the budget!) On a late night run to wal-mart for craft supplies, I found Pumpkin Spice coffee from Dunkin Donuts and Pumpkin Spice Creamer which has been a FABULOUS way to start my mornings this fall!
Tomorrow my teacher cadett will complete a follow up election activity with my class on writing a letter to the President! She has already prepared an example letter on a poster board to use as an example and the students will get a chance to write their own letters! This group has totally blown me away with their enthusiasm, opinions, and creativity with the election activities! I can't wait to see the look on their face when we tell them the letters will be mailed to the White House on Friday!!!!! I cannot take credit for this activity but this has been a great addition to our week of election activities!
This was another amazing activity from Teacher to the Core!
Check out her blog to see all of her other fabulous ideas!


What is gently buzzing, buzzing at my freezer door?
The answer was a bit unnerving, but it provided an opportunity for a brief lesson on spontaneous generation.
Life does not simply arise from meat in a freezer after a few days or even weeks. Even after millions of years, your home freezer is unlikely to form some primordial ooze capable of life (if it does, I want to know what you were storing in there). However, until the 17th century, it was believed that life could quickly spring forth from rotting meat through a process called spontaneous generation or abiogenesis; maggots were believed to come directly from meat (not from adult flies). This was the case until Francesco Redi showed that maggots only appear on the meat if flies can reach the meat. When the meat was left in an open container, maggots appeared, which is consistent with the concept of spontaneous generation. However, when the meat was placed in a jar covered with gauze, no maggots appeared. He then watched as the maggots developed into flies, which was the first observation of the fly life cycle. This showed that the maggots did not appear spontaneously from within the meat, but were instead placed there by something that could not get through the gauze–namely, the flies. In 1864, Louis Pasteur (you may recognize his name from the term "pasteurization") helped solidify the fact that contamination comes from exposure to living organisms. After pasteurization/heating a contaminated solution and sealing it from the air, it remained sterile. The very flask he used is still on display and remains sterile nearly 150 years later!
So how does this relate to the flies in the freezer? Well, since the freezer was supposedly sealed shut, no flies came in to lay eggs, which leaves only that stomach-churning answer you may have already realized. There were probably fly eggs on the food that went into the refrigerator. Generally, freezing will kill the eggs, larvae and adult flies; most likely, the flies are a result of dormant eggs in the refrigerator that found their way through to the freezer after the thaw (refrigerators contain a vent connecting the freezer and refrigeration sections). Does this mean that the food was bad or unsafe? Not at all. The insects may not have come in contact with the food and the eggs may have been deposited on the packaging. Nonetheless, I'd hope that any meat in there was going to be cooked before consumption (if everything had not thawed, of course). We are seldom aware of the extra seasoning that sprinkles our food, but rarely does it cause any problems. Certain contaminants can be dangerous and we are made aware of them from time to time, whether it is food poisoning on our chicken (Salmonella) or parasites in our pork (Trichinella), proper handling and cooking takes care of almost all of these. (That can of food with a sudden bulge in the side is another matter entirely; don't try to salvage that one.) I'll go into detail on why you should learn to stop worrying and love your symbiotic bacteria some other time.
Thank you to my parents and their friends for submitting this question.
This entry was posted in Biology, Questions and tagged answers. Bookmark the permalink.
2 Responses to What is gently buzzing, buzzing at my freezer door?
Can't wait for your post about living symbiotically with bacteria. I think we are all way too germophobic these days!
Thanks, Melanie! Here's the post (part 1) on living with bacteria. Enjoy!


text:
Entrepreneurial ennui part 2: Is our housing market Australia's greatest failure?
Narcissism: a founder's best friend?
Professional personalities: the many faces of your company
A chance at redemption: can tokenising carbon credits save crypto's abysmal eco credentials?
Far outdating crypto, carbon credits have been around since the '90s. Is the new breed of tokenised credits the future of the voluntary market, or a new way for the new cryptocurrency contenders to greenwash the blockchain?
The low-down Hide
The dark history of carbon offsetting
Greenwashing the corporate world
What's crypto got to do with the voluntary market?
A (very) unlikely saviour
An ecological disaster
Is education enough?
With melting glaciers, rising temperatures, and proliferating tropical storms, global warming is making its presence known.
Nonprofits and world nations from the WWF to the 350 to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals are uniting in battle. And now a surprising new ally has stepped in: crypto.
It's surprising because of the irony. Bitcoin alone kicks out around 22 million metric tons of CO2 a year, and burns through 150 terawatt-hours annually – more energy than the population of Argentina. Its immense power usage is due to its decentralised network, which requires multiple computers to verify a single transaction. And alt coins share a similar story.
But moving carbon credits onto the blockchain is the next big idea in offsetting corporate carbon dioxide emissions.
Toucan, a crypto platform largely responsible for tokenizing carbon credits, views this as an improvement of a market that's "disorganized, archaic, and lack[ing] incentive".
With the voluntary market hitting an astounding USD $6.7 billion margin at the end of 2021, can we all take a breath of fresh air (pun intended) and trust crypto to save our planet?
The first carbon offsetting project occured way back in 1989, long before Bitcoin was a twinkle in a tech bro's eye.
In 1989, the Applied Energy Services (AES) planted forestry in Guatemala to offset carbon emissions from their new coal power plant in Connecticut. Experts state this power plant would have generated an astounding 19 million tons of carbon over the plant's 40-year lifespan.
It was an innovative plan – the first of its kind. CARE International, a major humanitarian agency, praised AES' attempts to offset greenhouse gas emissions as a "success", believing it would provide "a wealth of direct and indirect benefits for the people of Western Guatemala".
Did it succeed? Not even close.
In 2009, the Society and Natural Resources journal decided to review the project. They found that not only did AES fail to meet their carbon-reducing efforts spectacularly, they may have actually made matters worse for the citizens of Guatemala, summarising: "These recommendations compound the problem of requiring carbon sequestration in exchange for supporting ongoing poverty alleviation efforts."
Think tanks at AES, CARE, and WRI estimated between 15.5 and 16.3 million tonnes of carbon would be offset over 40 years. The final number? 270,000 tonnes.
AES was just the start of the carbon offset hype train.
Carbon credits were introduced after the 1997 UN Kyoto Protocol to tackle rising CO2 emissions and greenhouse gases (GHGs) worldwide.
A major project sanctioned by the UN was the Clean Development Mechanism which allowed countries (and big name corporations) to offset carbon emissions across nations.
In 2005, the EU introduced the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme as the world's first carbon trading system. Its goal, like the Kyoto Protocol, was to reduce GHGs worldwide. Did it work? To an extent, yes. Greenhouse emissions have been cut by 43% since 2005.
But, as with any positive environmental news, there was a catch.
Polluting companies began buying huge shares of carbon credits and then retiring them. This created tokens, which they would resell. Ironically, this led to the EU ETS system causing some of the worst additions to CO2 emissions since the voluntary market began.
After the creation of the Kyoto Protocol and EU ETS system, big corporations throughout the decades have been called out for greenwashing their business.
Corporations love to tout their carbon-neutral credentials. But actually cutting carbon emissions while balancing a profitable business is tough work.
A popular solution is to trade carbon credits to right their carbon wrongs.
The problem is that carbon credits don't really reduce GHGs. They simply move them. For example, if Company A wanted to offset its carbon emissions, it could invest in a solar power project in India without changing its business model of cutting down whole swathes of forests at a time.
Does carbon offsetting do any good? It's better than nothing. But they also provide polluting companies with a convenient option to stretch the truth.
Virgin Atlantic was involved in afforestation projects in Cambodia, and sold carbon credits to passengers wanting to offset their flight emissions. Since the initiative began, deforestation has actually escalated, but Virgin still sells the credits in their branding-exercise efforts to "protect the planet".
Fortune 500 countries often entangle themselves in afforestation projects to trade carbon credits; usually in poor, developing countries. And with the carbon market soon reaching USD $100 billion, business is booming.
Most experts are against the practice of the voluntary market, but there have been cases of companies or countries successfully reducing their emissions outright.
In 2004, the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso was considered the 10th largest emitter of greenhouse gases. This was primarily due to cutting down huge areas of forest to make way for increased soy and cattle production. After Brazil introduced the REDD+ program, Mato Grosso became the 77th largest emitter in 2014. And the best part? The state managed to miraculously increase soy and cattle production.
The concept of carbon trading isn't just a big scheme dreamt up by scary corporations to kill the Earth while making a profit. It's definitely possible to cut emissions to net-zero with carbon credits – if done correctly.
But too many corporations are paying lip service to green values while, behind the curtain, funding projects that emit untold tonnes of GHGs per year.
It's a nascent technology with server builds and energy processes still being developed. But so far, cryptocurrency has been terrible for the environment.
But it could be onto something by putting carbon credits into the blockchain and simplifying how the credits are traded. The theory goes that polluting companies will have to pay a higher premium for crypto carbon credits due to growing demand, or change their business model to become more environmentally friendly.
It's a win-win situation in the eyes of crypto enthusiasts and conservationists alike.
The voluntary market isn't just limited to cryptocurrency, either. The NFT community is hopping on the carbon hype train. ArtBlocks has offset over 23,000 tons of CO2 by investing in afforestation projects in Belize, Uruguay, and Brazil. While ArtBlocks is aware NFT art pieces require 211 kg of CO2 emissions for one sale, they're hedging their bets on Ethereum's Proof-of-Stake (POS) to reduce emission output. It's also believed solutions like rollups and sharding will further decrease energy costs per transaction.
Crypto carbon trading has been making waves this year. Adam Neumann (yes – that Adam Neumann) has raised USD $70 million in funding for Flowcarbon to sell tokenized carbon credits on the blockchain.
Flowcarbon CEO Dana Gibber is adamant tokenization will make carbon credits more transparent and lower transaction costs. It's the latest attempt at crypto's regenerative finance (ReFi) movement to help save the environment.
But experts aren't keen on Neumann's plan. Duke Global Financial Markets Center Director Lee Reiners has his doubts: "Flowcarbon combines two of the most hyped technologies, so-called feel-good technologies, which are blockchain and carbon credits. It may very well be a good business, but that doesn't necessarily mean it's a good thing for the environment or for the climate."
Even traditional carbon trading companies like Verra have opposed blockchain tokenization, blocking companies like Flowcarbon from creating them. Why? Because too many companies don't bother to 'retire' their credits, creating ambiguity, affecting traceability, and permitting double spending.
Flowcarbon welcomed Verra's announcement and looks forward to collaborating with the carbon trading company for safer practices on the voluntary market.
Millions of tokenized carbon credits hit the blockchain in October 2021 thanks to heavy campaigning by crypto environmental startups KlimaDAO and Toucan. The idea was to clean up the messy voluntary market. But their plan backfired.
Developers of the Dayingjiang-3 hydropower dam in China's Yunnan province sold 2 million credits on Toucan despite having existed since 2006. Many age-old projects before 2016 have attached themselves to Toucan's platform. Allowing projects which used up their carbon emissions years ago doesn't help the environment.
In essence, Toucan's platform has been negligible in the war against climate change. As a matter of fact, they've inadvertently helped corporations dodge the number of carbon emissions produced.
CarbonPlan Policy Director Danny Cullenward added his frustrations with Toucan, saying: "The problem we are seeing is that Toucan is creating incentives to bring zombie projects to life that have no environmental integrity".
But despite trading low-quality carbon credits, business is booming for Toucan. To date, the platform has come up with 21 million credits valued at USD $100 million in total.
Crypto enthusiasts are beginning to invest in startups like Toucan, KlimaDAO, and Flowcarbon. But some companies, like Offsetra, are going a step further and providing open-source documentation to detail how much carbon is released from a single Ethereum transaction.
Offsetra's business model is paved with good intentions. A client buys an Ethereum coin, Offsetra tracks the total amount of carbon emissions generated, and then the client pays Offsetra to purchase offsets on their behalf.
While the transparency is a step in the right direction, it again does nothing to stop pumping emissions into our fracturing ozone layer.
The big question is: are carbon credits a good thing? The simple answer is yes.
Considering how many corporations are taking advantage of the voluntary market to brand themselves as "green", it may not seem like it.
But Aussie startups like NetNada are emerging to offer truly green solutions, helping startups understand their carbon emissions with the intent of reducing them.
In the words of founder Lochie Burke:
The first step to reducing your carbon footprint is understanding how big the shoe is!
Offsetting is not a solution to sustainability and climate change as a whole. It has a role to play, but that role is not to offset all emissions generated.
The focus should first be on making complex and opaque data clear and actionable, so customers are empowered to become self-regulating and self-sufficient.
Strides are being made in blockchain tech to reduce the devastating impact of server operation, and tokenisation could still prove the answer.
But like all things crypto, the jury is still out.
Do tech founders need to be tech savvy? Thanks to tech, possibly not
A bundle of ROI: Why your startup is not your baby (Part 2)
"It's my baby" is something we hear a lot in corporate spaces, usually in reference to pet projects. When it comes to founders...
A practical guide to harvesting "thick" data
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Knowledge commercialisation: from the brains of boffins to the hands of the consumer
Translating scientific knowledge into working technologies is one of the most difficult and impactful challenges humanity...
What can AI do for AU? Maxus AI, robots, and indigenous art
We're all familiar with Alexa and Face ID. Some of us have experienced self-driving cars. But few have a true grasp of the...
Arable land is deteriorating, the price of equipment is skyrocketing, and population growth won't be slowing for another few...
byTom Law
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Humans are never more fickle than when facing new technology. We fear the unknown. We're hostile to new inventions. Then...
Quantum computing: the future or just another FOMO train?
Quantum computing (QC) is all the rage these days. China, the US, and the EU are jumping on the hype train, funnelling billions...


text:
package org.apache.atlas.typesystem.types;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.atlas.AtlasException;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;

public class HierarchicalTypeDependencySorterTest {

    @BeforeMethod
    public void setup() throws Exception {
        TypeSystem ts = TypeSystem.getInstance();
        ts.reset();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    @Test
    public void testSimpleModel() throws AtlasException {
        TypeSystem ts = TypeSystem.getInstance();
        HierarchicalType a = new ClassType(ts, "a", null, ImmutableSet.<String>of(), 0);
        HierarchicalType b = new ClassType(ts, "B", null, ImmutableSet.of("a"), 0);
        HierarchicalType c = new ClassType(ts, "C", null, ImmutableSet.of("B"), 0);

        List<HierarchicalType> unsortedTypes = Arrays.asList(c, a, b);
        List<HierarchicalType> sortedTypes = HierarchicalTypeDependencySorter.sortTypes(unsortedTypes);
        Assert.assertEquals(sortedTypes.size(), 3);
        Assert.assertEquals(sortedTypes.indexOf(a), 0);
        Assert.assertEquals(sortedTypes.indexOf(b), 1);
        Assert.assertEquals(sortedTypes.indexOf(c), 2);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    @Test
    public void testLargerModel() throws Exception {
        TypeSystem ts = TypeSystem.getInstance();
        HierarchicalType testObjectType = new ClassType(ts, "TestObject", null, ImmutableSet.<String>of(), 0);
        HierarchicalType testDataSetType = new ClassType(ts, "TestDataSet", null, ImmutableSet.of("TestObject"), 0);
        HierarchicalType testColumnType = new ClassType(ts, "TestColumn", null, ImmutableSet.of("TestObject"), 0);
        HierarchicalType testRelationalDataSetType = new ClassType(ts, "TestRelationalDataSet", null, ImmutableSet.of("TestDataSet"), 0);
        HierarchicalType testTableType = new ClassType(ts, "Table", null, ImmutableSet.of("TestDataSet"), 0);
        HierarchicalType testDataFileType = new ClassType(ts, "TestDataFile", null, ImmutableSet.of("TestRelationalDataSet"), 0);
        HierarchicalType testDocumentType = new ClassType(ts, "TestDocument", null, ImmutableSet.of("TestDataSet"), 0);
        HierarchicalType testAnnotationType = new ClassType(ts, "TestAnnotation", null, ImmutableSet.<String>of(), 0);
        HierarchicalType myNewAnnotationType = new ClassType(ts, "MyNewAnnotation", null, ImmutableSet.of("TestAnnotation"), 0);

        List<HierarchicalType> unsortedTypes = Arrays.asList(testTableType, testColumnType, myNewAnnotationType, testDataSetType,
            testDataFileType, testAnnotationType, testRelationalDataSetType, testObjectType, testDocumentType);
        List<HierarchicalType> sortedTypes = HierarchicalTypeDependencySorter.sortTypes(unsortedTypes);
        // Verify that super types were sorted before their subtypes.
        Assert.assertTrue(sortedTypes.indexOf(testObjectType) < sortedTypes.indexOf(testDataSetType));
        Assert.assertTrue(sortedTypes.indexOf(testObjectType) < sortedTypes.indexOf(testColumnType));
        Assert.assertTrue(sortedTypes.indexOf(testDataSetType) < sortedTypes.indexOf(testRelationalDataSetType));
        Assert.assertTrue(sortedTypes.indexOf(testDataSetType) < sortedTypes.indexOf(testDocumentType));
        Assert.assertTrue(sortedTypes.indexOf(testDataSetType) < sortedTypes.indexOf(testTableType));
        Assert.assertTrue(sortedTypes.indexOf(testRelationalDataSetType) < sortedTypes.indexOf(testDataFileType));
        Assert.assertTrue(sortedTypes.indexOf(testAnnotationType) < sortedTypes.indexOf(myNewAnnotationType));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}
\end{center}

	The twist-4 or inverse-power $1/Q^2$ corrections to scaling
in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) processes are an important subject
for a precision test of QCD and the analyses of deep inelastic
scattering (DIS) data [1-4].  Jaffe and Soldate (JS) used OPE method
to relate the inverse-power corrections to the target matrix elements of
local operators [2]. On the other hand, the QCD-improved parton model can
provide a simple and intuitive description of scaling phenomena as a
compensate method for the OPE technique. In this aspect,
Jaffe [4] recasted the results of work [2] in parton model. Ellis, Furmanski,
Petronzio [3] (EFP) and Qiu [4] try to construct a complete
QCD-improved parton model including the inverse-power short-distance
corrections based on the manipulation of stand Feynman diagrams. Where
EFP's diagram-approach needs a special complicate procedure to
pick up the short-distance contributions. Qiu advanced
the above technique and proposed that a set of special propagators can
isolate the short-distance effect in Feynman diagrams [4].
However, the dynamic origin of the special propagators and collinear
safeness of the theory are not yet clear. Obviously, we still lack a
consistent QCD-improved parton model to analyze the inverse-power
corrections in DIS processes.

	In this work, we try to realize the twist-4 short-distance
corrections to the hadron structure functions using time ordered perturbative
theory (TOPT). We find that the collinear singularity can be naturally
eliminated if we generalize TOPT to the collinear limit. In this framework,
the twist-4 short-distance corrections to the hadron structure functions
will present an intuitive space-time picture. In particular, we identify
Qiu's special propagators [4] with the backward propagators of partons in
time order. Our new method provides a consistent way to study higher-twist
processes in a QCD-improved parton model.

	The outline of the paper is as follows. In Sec. 2, we shall
generalize TOPT to the collinear limit. We find that the collinear and
infrared singularities in amplitude will transfer to the interaction-time
from the momentum-space in TOPT and they can be natural eliminated. Using
this TOPT-framework, we shall give a set of calculating rules, which pick
up the inverse-power short-distance corrections to the hadron
structure functions in Sec. 3. We shall discuss the factorization scheme
in Sec. 4. A summary is given in the last section.

\begin{center}
\section{Collinear safeness}
\end{center}

	As we know, TOPT is a natural way for studying space-time properties
of the twist-2 DGLAP evolution equation [5]. In principle, a Feynman
diagram can be decomposed to all possible time-ordered graphs in TOPT.
However, in the leading-twist processes many TOPT amplitudes, which contain
the backward-propagating partons, are suppressed in the infinite momentum
frame (see Fig. 1). The reason is straightforward. The cross section of DIS
is generally a function of the longitudinal momenta, $x_iP$ and transverse
momenta, $l_\perp^2$, of partons. The terms with $x_iP$ are canceled in
Fig. 1a due to the conservation of longitudinal momenta at every vertex
and the final results depend only on $l_\perp^{-2}$ and give
$\log Q^2$-corrections. Any backward-propagating parton in the splitting
vertex will violate the balance among $x_iP$ in the energy terms and lead
to $d l^2_\perp/P^2\rightarrow 0$. Thus, the backward-propagating partons
are suppressed and the scattering amplitudes only contain the
forward-propagating partons in the leading twist processes.  In this work
we find that the twist-4 amplitudes also expose the simple TOPT-form but
the contributions of backward moving partons are no longer neglected.

	The higher twist corrections to structure functions are separated
in the collinear expansion, where all transverse momenta of partons
are taken as zero [4]. Therefore, we first generalize the TOPT-amplitude
to the collinear limit. As an example, we consider the process
$p_1+p_2\rightarrow p_1'+p_2'$, in which the parton momenta are parametrised
as

$$p_1:(p_{10}, l_\perp, p_{1z}), \hspace{0.15cm} p_2:(p_{20},-l_\perp, p_{2z}),
\hspace{0.15cm} p_1':(p_{10}', l_\perp, p_{1z}'), \hspace{0.15cm}
P_2':(p_{10}',-l_\perp, p_{2z}'), \hspace{0.15cm}
k:(k_0, 0_\perp, k_z) \eqno(1) $$
where the transverse momenta $l_\perp$ will be set to zero. We emphasize
that our following results are independent of the parameters (1).
We choose a coordinate frame such that

$$p^\mu=p\overline{n}^\mu, $$
$$q^\mu=-x_Bp\overline{n}^\mu+\frac{Q^2}{2x_Bp}n^\mu. \eqno(2)$$

The contributions of the Feynman propagator of fermion (quark or antiquark)
with the momentum $k$ to the amplitude are

$$\int d^4kS(k)=\int \frac{dk_0d^3\vec{k}}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{\gamma\cdot k}
{k_0^2-\omega^2+i\epsilon}(2\pi)^4\delta^4(p_1+p_2-k)(2\pi)^4\delta^4
(k-p_1'-p_2')$$
$$=\frac{i}{2\omega}\{\int^\infty_{-\infty}dt'e^{-it'(\omega-p_{10}'
-p_{20}')}\int^{t'}_{-\infty}dte^{-it(p_{10}+p_{20}-\omega)}
[-i\gamma\cdot k\delta(k_0-\omega)]+$$
$$\int^\infty_{-\infty}dte^{-it(p_{10}
+p_{20}+\omega)}\int^{t}_{-\infty}dt'e^{it'(p_{10}'+p_{20}'+\omega)}
[i\gamma\cdot k\delta(k_0+\omega)]\}$$
$$(2\pi)^3\delta^3(\vec{p}_1+\vec{p}_2-\vec{p}_1'-\vec{p}_2')$$
$$\equiv [S_F(k)+S_B(k)](2\pi)^4\delta^4(p_1+p_2-p_1'-p_2'), \eqno(3)$$
where $\omega=\sqrt{k_\perp^2+(k_z)^2}$. We use light-cone coordinates, in
which we define

$$\overline{n}^{\mu}\equiv (\overline{n}^0, \overline{n}_\perp,
\overline{n}^3)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(1, 0_\perp,1);\hspace{0.3cm}
n^{\mu}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(1, 0_\perp, -1),\eqno(4)$$
or equivalently

$$\overline{n}^{\mu}\equiv(\overline{n}^+,
\overline{n}^-,\overline{n}_\perp)
=(1, 0, 0_\perp);\hspace{0.3cm} n^{\mu}=(0,1, 0_\perp). \eqno(5)$$
Thus, $\overline{n}^2=0, n^2=0$, and $\overline{n}\cdot n=1$;
$x=k\cdot n/P\cdot n$ is the light-cone fraction. In the collinear limit,
we take $l_\perp\rightarrow 0$. In consequence, we have

$$\lim_{l_\perp\rightarrow 0}S_F(k)(2\pi)^4\delta^4(p_1+p_2-p_1'-p_2')$$
$$=\lim_{p_{10}+p_{20}\rightarrow \omega}\frac{\gamma\cdot k \delta(k_0-\omega)}{2\omega}\int^\infty_{-\infty}
dt'e^{-it'(\omega-p'_{10}-p'_{20})}$$
$$(\frac{e^{-it'(p_{10}+p_{20}-\omega)}}{p_{10}+p_{20}-\omega}-
\frac{e^{-iT(p_{10}+p_{20}-\omega)}}{p_{10}+p_{20}-\omega})
(2\pi)^3\delta^3(\vec{p}_1+\vec{p}_2-\vec{p}_1'-\vec{p}_2')$$
$$=\frac{\sqrt{2}\omega\gamma \cdot \overline{n}}{2\omega}\int^\infty_{-\infty}
dt'e^{-t'(\omega-p_{10}'-p_{20}')}(t'-T)(2\pi)^3\delta^3(\vec{p}_1
+\vec{p}_2-\vec{p}_1'-\vec{p}_2')$$
$$=\frac{\sqrt{2}\alpha \gamma\cdot \overline{n}}{2\omega}(2\pi)^4\delta^4(p_1+p_2
-p_1'-p_2'). \eqno(6)$$

	Usually, the lower limit T of the integral, which is relating to
the interaction time, is taken as $-\infty$. However, T is really a
finite quantity in physics and we denote $t'-T\equiv \alpha/\omega$, where
$\alpha$ is a dimensionless quantity. We emphasis that the term
$-e^{-iT(p_{10}+p_{20}-\omega)}/(p_{10}+p_{20}-\omega)$ in Eq. (6),
which vanishes in the noncollinear case, is important for the collinear
safeness.

	The second term in Eq. (3) is

$$\lim_{l_\perp\rightarrow 0}S_B(k)(2\pi)^4\delta^4(p_1+p_2-p_1'-p_2')$$
$$=\lim_{p_{10}'+p_{20}'\rightarrow \omega}-\frac{\gamma\cdot k \delta(k_0+\omega)}
{2\omega}\int^\infty_{-\infty}
dte^{-it(\omega+p_{10}+p_{20})}
\frac{e^{it(p_{10}'+p_{20}'+\omega)}}{p_{10}'+p_{20}'+\omega}
(2\pi)^3\delta^3(\vec{p}_1+\vec{p}_2-\vec{p}_1'-\vec{p}_2')$$
$$=-\frac{\gamma\cdot k\delta(k_0+\omega)}{4\omega^2}(2\pi)^4\delta^4(p_1+p_2
-p_1'-p_2')$$
$$=\frac{\gamma\cdot n}{2k\cdot n}(2\pi)^4\delta^4(p_1+p_2
-p_1'-p_2'). \eqno(7)$$

	The negative frequency solution $k_0=-\omega$ in $S_B(k)$ can
be understand as a backward-moving parton in time order since
$k\delta(k_0+\omega)=-(\omega,0_\perp,-k_z)\equiv \hat{k}$, $\hat{k}$ is
on-shell momentum in TOPT. We will refer
to $S_F(k)$ and $S_B(k)$ as the forward and backward propagators,
respectively. We can generalize $\hat{k}$ to the off-shell momentum k
in (6-7) since $n\cdot n=0$, where the transverse momentum of parton
is vanished. Obviously, the backward propagator
of quark is identical with the special propagator [4] or the instantaneous
part of quark propagator in the non-collinear case [6].
Qiu has pointed out that the special propagator offers no space separation
along the light-cone coordinate of two interaction points connected by
the propagator. One can straightforwardly understand the above mentioned
property as follows: the propagation of a backward parton "seems"
to be instantaneous in kinematics when $ P\rightarrow \infty$. It is
interesting that Fig. 2b shows that the virtual photon creates
a $q\overline {q}$ pair in the infinite-momentum frame.

	In general, the massless partons with the parallel
momenta can go on-mass-shell simultaneously in the collinear case
and collinear singularities may arise. Therefore, one might think that
divergence could arise in the forward propagator $S_F(k)$
if $k^2=0$ (we call it as the collinear propagator).
Fortunately, Eq. (6) shows that the collinear singularity is absent due to
the compensative contributions from the factor
$-e^{-iT(p_{10}+p_{20}-\omega)}/(p_{10}+p_{20}-\omega)$ and $\alpha/\omega$
is a finite quantity in Eq. (6). Furthermore, due to helicity conservation,
the contributions of the numerator containing the collinear forward
propagator to the twist-4 structure functions vanish. For example, the
emission of an on-shell massless collinear gluon along the quark line
is forbidden in the collinear approximation. Therefore,
one can neglect the collinear propagator $S_F(k)$ in the twist-4 component of
structure function provided $\alpha/\omega$ is finite.
Thus, we show a new way to eliminate collinear divergence: the
collinear singularities will be transferred from the momentum-space to the
interaction-time in TOPT and the later is really finite in physics.

	Now let us discuss the gluon propagator $G^{\alpha\beta}(k)$.
Similar to Eqs. (3-7), we have

$$\lim_{l_\perp\rightarrow 0}\int d^4kG^{\alpha\beta}(k)$$
$$=\frac{2\alpha \Gamma^{\alpha\beta}(k)\delta(k_0-\omega)}{(k\cdot n)^2}
(2\pi)^4\delta^4(p_1+p_2-p_1'-p_2')
-\frac{\Gamma^{\alpha\beta}(k)\delta(k_0+\omega)}
{(k\cdot n)^2}(2\pi)^4\delta^4(p_1+p_2-p_1'-p_2')$$
$$\equiv [G_F^{\alpha\beta}(k)+G_B^{\alpha\beta}(k)](2\pi)^4\delta
^4(p_1+p_2-p_1'-p_2'), \eqno(8)$$
where $\Gamma^{\alpha\beta}$ is the gauge-dependent polarization sum.
In the light-cone gauge and limit $l_\perp\rightarrow 0$,

$$\Gamma^{\alpha\beta}(k)\delta(k_0-\omega)
=-g^{\alpha\beta}+\frac{k^\alpha n^\beta+k^\beta n^\alpha}{2\omega}
\delta(k_0-\omega)$$
$$=\delta^{ij}_\perp, \eqno(9)$$
in $G_F^{\alpha\beta}(k)$

and

$$-\Gamma^{\alpha\beta}(k)\delta(k_0+\omega)
=g^{\alpha\beta}-\frac{k^\alpha n^\beta+k^\beta n^\alpha}{2\omega}
\delta(k_0+\omega)$$
$$=g^{\alpha\beta}+n^\alpha n^\beta, \eqno(10)$$
in $G_B^{\alpha\beta}(k)$, respectively. Where we use $\omega=xp$. Therefore,

$$G_F^{\alpha\beta}(k)
=\frac{2\alpha \delta^{ij}_\perp}{(k\cdot n)^2}, \eqno(11)$$

and

$$G_B^{\alpha\beta}(k)
=\frac{g^{\alpha\beta}}{(k\cdot n)^2}+\frac{n^\alpha n^\beta}{(k\cdot n)^2},
\eqno(12)$$
where $\delta^{ij}_\perp$ and $g^{\alpha\beta}$ collect the contributions
of the terms with $l^2_\perp$ in the numerator. Thus, in the collinear limit,
we need only consider the contributions of

$$G_B^{\alpha\beta}(k)
=\frac{n^\alpha n^\beta}{(k\cdot n)^2} \eqno(13)$$
in calculations of the twist-4 structure functions.
Equation (13) is the special propagator $G^{\alpha\beta}_s(k)$ [4] or the
instantaneous propagator for gluon in the noncollinear case [6].

	From the above discussions, we can conclude that the
contributions of the vertices (Figs. 3a and 3b) vanish due to collinear
safeness, where F and B label the forward- and backward-moving partons,
respectively. Furthermore, the vertices in Figs. 3c and 3d also are forbidden due to
$\gamma\cdot n\gamma\cdot n=0$ and $n\cdot n=0$.

	The amplitude with twist-4 corrections in the collinear
expansion can contain the noncollinear propagators with off-shell momenta
although parton transverse momenta are neglected.
Any noncollinear propagators can be decomposed to a non-vanishing
forward and backward components in TOPT, in which $S_B(k)$ and
$G_B^{\alpha\beta}(k)$ have the same form as (7) and (13), respectively. On
the other hand, we can use stand TOPT to calculate $S_F(k)$ and $G_F(k)$
and get

	$$S_F(k)=\frac{\gamma\cdot \overline{n}}{2k\cdot \overline{n}},
\eqno(14)$$

and

	$$G_F^{\alpha\beta}(k)
=\frac{\delta^{ij}_\perp}{k\cdot \overline{n}(k\cdot n-k\cdot\overline{n})},
\eqno(15)$$
where k are off-shell momenta. From the discussions about the propagators,
we can find that the backward-propagating gluon is longitudinally polarized,
while the forward-propagating gluon is transversely polarized in the
collinear approximation. A parton will inverse (or will keep)
its moving direction after absolving a forward (or backward) gluon due to
helicity conservation (Fig. 4). It means that the vertices of Figs. 3e-g
are forbidden. Thus, a backward-moving gluon only couples with two
forward-moving partons, while a forward-moving gluon couples with a pair
of quark and antiquark moving oppositely.

	The selecting rules (Fig. 4) simplify the calculations of the
twist-4 corrections in the collinear expansion. In fact, we have the
following TOPT-procedure for calculating the high-twist contributions
in the collinear expansion:
(1) to list all possible time-ordered diagrams of a photon-parton forward
scattering amplitudes; (2) to label B or F on the parton lines according
to Fig. 4, and note that all loop momenta are forward while the cut
propagator is denoted by F or B for gluon or fermion, respectively, since
the polarization sums of initial and final gluons have the same form
$\delta^{ij}_\perp$; (3) the contributions of the backward and noncollinear
forward propagators are calculated by
$S_B(k)$, $G_B^{\alpha\beta}(k)$, $S_F(k)$ and $G_F^{\alpha\beta}(k)$, respectively.
One can find that every cut-diagram only corresponds to a non-vanished
TOPT-graph due to the coupling of partons in space-time (Fig. 4).  In
opposition to our TOPT-method, the covariant perturbative methods [3,4]
do not tell whether forward propagator or backward propagator is more
important, since they mix together all possible time ordering in Feynman
diagram. Obviously, the gauge invariance is preserved if we include $all$
TOPT-diagrams of a physical process at given order of coupling constant.

\begin{center}
\section{Power corrections to structure functions}
\end{center}

	One can simply reproduce all results of Ref. [4] using our
TOPT-programs in Sec. 2. In deep inelastic scattering of lepton-hadron,
the hadronic tensor $W^{\mu\nu}(p,q)$ can decompose to

$$W^{\mu\nu}(p,q)=e^{\mu\nu}_L(x_B,Q^2)+e^{\mu\nu}_T(x_B,Q^2), \eqno(16)$$
where $e^{\mu\nu}_L$ and $e^{\mu\nu}_T$ are the longitudinal and transverse
tensors, respectively.  Using the definition (4),

$$e^{\mu\nu}_L=\frac{1}{2}\left (g^{\mu\nu}+\frac{(x_Bp)^2}{Q^2}
\overline{n}^\mu\overline{n}^\nu+\frac{Q^2}{(2x_Bp)^2}n^\mu n^\nu
-\frac{1}{2}(\overline{n}^\mu\overline{n}^\nu)\right),\eqno(17)$$

$$e^{\mu\nu}_T=\frac{1}{2}\left (\overline{n}^\mu n^\nu+
n^\mu \overline{n}^\nu-g^{\mu\nu}\right)=\frac{1}{2}d^{\mu\nu}. \eqno(18)$$
The standard structure functions are defined as

$$2F_1(x_B,Q^2)=F_T(x_B,Q^2),$$

$$F_2(x_B,Q^2)=x_B[F_T(x_B,Q^2)+F_L(x_B,Q^2)]. \eqno(19) $$

The inverse-power corrections of the twist-4 QCD processes to the structure
functions $F_1$ and $F_2$, or the hadronic tensor $W^{\mu\nu}$ are from
Fig. 5 (for quark-gluon-to-quark-gluon) and Fig. 6
(for two-quark-to-two-quark), respectively. In the concrete,
$W^{\mu\nu}_4\sim\int\sigma^{\mu\nu}T$, where $\sigma^{\mu\nu}$ are the
cross section of the processes in Figs. 5 and 6, T is the contributions
from the target part [4,7]. Using our calculating program in TOPT, we can
easy write $\sigma^{\mu\nu}$ in Fig. 5 as

$$\sigma^{\mu\nu}_{qga}(x,x_1,x_2)$$
$$=\frac {d^{\alpha\beta}}{16\pi}Tr[\gamma^\alpha\frac{\gamma\cdot n}
{2k\cdot n}\gamma^\mu\frac{Q^2}{2x_Bp}\gamma\cdot n\gamma^\nu
\frac{\gamma\cdot n}{2k\cdot n}\gamma^\beta p\gamma\cdot \overline{n}]
2\pi\delta(x-x_B)\frac{x_B}{Q^2}$$
$$=2n^\mu n^\nu\delta(x-x_B)(\frac{1}{2xp})^2, \eqno(20)$$

$$\sigma^{\mu\nu}_{qgb}(x,x_1,x_2)$$
$$=\frac {d^{\alpha\beta}}{16\pi}Tr[\gamma^\mu\frac{x_Bp}{Q^2}
\gamma\cdot \overline{n}\gamma^\alpha\frac{Q^2}{2x_Bp}\gamma\cdot n
\gamma^\beta\frac{x_Bp}{Q^2}\gamma\cdot\overline{n}\gamma^\nu p\gamma
\cdot \overline{n}]
2\pi\delta(x-x_B)\frac{x_B}{Q^2}$$
$$=2\overline{n}^\mu\overline{n}^\nu\delta(x-x_B)(\frac{px}{Q^2})^2,
\eqno(21)$$

$$\sigma^{\mu\nu}_{qgc}(x,x_1,x_2)$$
$$=\frac {d^{\alpha\beta}}{16\pi}Tr[\gamma^\mu\frac{Q^2}{2x_Bp}
\gamma\cdot n\gamma^\alpha\frac{x_Bp}{Q^2}\gamma\cdot \overline{n}
\gamma^\beta\frac{\gamma\cdot n}{2(x_1-x_B)xp}\gamma^\nu p\gamma\cdot\overline{n}]
2\pi\delta(x_2-x_B)\frac{x_B}{Q^2}$$
$$=e_T^{\mu\nu}\delta(x_2-x_B)\frac{x_2}{(x_1-x_2)Q^2}, \eqno(22)$$

$$\sigma^{\mu\nu}_{qge}(x,x_1,x_2)$$
$$=\frac {d^{\alpha\beta}}{16\pi}Tr[\gamma^\mu\frac{x_Bp}{Q^2}
\gamma\cdot \overline{n}\gamma^\alpha\frac{Q^2}{2x_Bp}\gamma\cdot n
\gamma^\nu\frac{\gamma\cdot n}{2xp}\gamma^\beta p\gamma\cdot\overline{n}]
2\pi\delta(x-x_B)\frac{x_B}{Q^2}$$
$$=\overline{n}^\mu n^\nu\delta(x-x_B)\frac{1}{Q^2}. \eqno(23)$$
Note that the contributions of Figs.5g-5j are vanished since in Figs. 5g
and 5h the propagators F$_1$ contributes
$\sim \gamma\cdot \overline{n}/p$ and leads to $\sigma_T^{\mu\nu}/p^2
\rightarrow 0$ if $p\rightarrow \infty$; Figs. 5i and 5j include
$Tr[\gamma^\mu\gamma\cdot n\gamma^\alpha\gamma\cdot\overline{n}
\gamma^\nu\gamma\cdot n\gamma^\beta\gamma\cdot\overline{n}]=0$.

Similar, the contributions of four-quark process to the leading
inverse power corrections in Fig. 6 are

$$\sigma^{\mu\nu}_{qqa}(x,x_1,x_2)$$
$$=\frac {d^{\alpha\beta}}{16\pi}Tr[\gamma^\mu\frac{\gamma\cdot n}
{2(x_2-x_B)p}\gamma^\alpha p\gamma\cdot \overline{n}
\gamma^\beta\frac{\gamma\cdot n}{2(x_1-x_B)p}\gamma^\nu p\gamma\cdot
\overline{n}]
2\pi\delta(x-x_B)\frac{x_B}{Q^2}$$
$$=e_T^{\mu\nu}\delta(x-x_B)\frac{x}{(x_1-x)(x_2-x)Q^2}, \eqno(24)$$

$$\sigma^{\mu\nu}_{qqb}(x,x_1,x_2)$$
$$=\frac {d^{\alpha\beta}}{16\pi}Tr[\gamma^\mu\frac{\gamma\cdot n}
{2(x_2-x_B)p}\gamma^\alpha p\gamma\cdot \overline{n}
\gamma^\beta\frac{Q^2}{2(x_2-x_B)p}\gamma^\alpha p\gamma\cdot
\overline{n}]\frac{2x_1}{(x-x_1)Q^2}
2\pi\delta(x_1-x_B)\frac{x_B}{Q^2}$$
$$=e_T^{\mu\nu}\delta(x_1-x_B)\frac{x_1}{(x-x_1)(x_2-x_1)Q^2}. \eqno(25)$$
Thus, we reproduce the results of Refs. [3,4] using TOPT. They are

$$\sigma^{\mu\nu}_{qg}(x,x_1,x_2)$$
$$=\frac{8}{Q^2}(e_T^{\mu\nu}+e_L^{\mu\nu})\delta(x-x_B)-\frac{2x_B}{Q^2}
e_T^{\mu\nu}\left [\frac{\delta(x_2-x_B)-\delta(x_1-x_B)}{x_2-x_1}\right ],
\eqno(26)$$

$$\sigma^{\mu\nu}_{qq}(x,x_1,x_2)$$
$$=\frac{x_B}{Q^2}e_T^{\mu\nu}\left [\frac{\delta(x_2-x_B)-\delta(x_1-x_B)}
{(x_2-x)(x_2-x_1)}-\frac{\delta(x-x_B)-\delta(x_1-x_B)}{(x_2-x)(x-x_1)}\right.$$
$$\left.+\frac{\delta(y_2-x_B)-\delta(y_1-x_B)}
{(y_2-x)(y_2-y_1)}-\frac{\delta(y-x_B)-\delta(y_1-x_B)}{(y_2-x)(x-y_1)}
\right ], \eqno(27)$$
where $y_1=x_1-x$ and $y_2=x-x_2$.

	In the above mentioned calculations we considered the processes of
two-parton-to-two-parton. We also should pick up the contributions from
all cut diagrams of the interference process of one-parton-to-one-parton
and three-parton-to-one-parton. For example,
we need include contributions of Fig. 7, which are corresponding to Fig. 5c.
One can find that the contributions of Figs. 7a
and 7b are the same as that of Fig. 5c. Therefore, we should multiply
the above mentioned results (26) and (27) by a factor 3 for including the
contributions of the interference processes.

\begin{center}
\section{Factorization scheme in TOPT}
\end{center}

	A relating subject with the above mentioned statements of
power corrections to structure functions is the factorization scheme in
TOPT. As we know that factorization theorem allows us to separate the calculable
short-distance effects from incalculable long-distance part.
A complete derivation of the factorization theorem in DIS
has been given by many authors [8]. The discussion of this section
intends to provide an intuitive understanding of the existing
factorization scheme.

	 A simplest amplitude of DIS process contains a pair of
(left and right) loop Feynman propagators and it can be written as

$$M^{\mu\nu}(p,q)=Tr[\gamma\cdot pTDHNH^*D^*T^*], \eqno(28)$$
where $D$ and $D^*$ are Feynman propagators of quarks connecting with the
target-part $T$ $(T^*)$ and hard-part $H$ $(H^*)$, respectively.
According to the view of parton model, in a factorization scheme,
all virtual (off-shell) partonic lines joining $T$ and $H$
can be broken to the free (on-shell) partonic lines.
In this case, we can re-stipulate those on-shell partons as incoming and
outgoing partons in the target- and hard-parts, respectively.

	Any Feynman propagator is decomposed to the forward $F$ and backward
$B$ propagators and the propagating partons are evaluated on-shell in TOPT.
The diagram including two forward propagators in Fig. 8a gives the leading
twist-2 contribution and we can separate the calculable
short-distance effects from incalculable target part, since two
on-shell-forward
propagators can be broken to incoming and outgoing partons in the
target and hard parts in a factorization scheme, i.e.,

$$M^{\mu\nu}(p,q)=Tr[\gamma\cdot pT\gamma\cdot \hat{k}
HNH^*\gamma\cdot \hat{k} T^*]$$
$$=Tr[T^*\gamma\cdot pT\gamma\cdot \hat{k}]Tr[HNH^*\gamma\cdot \hat{k}],
\eqno(29)$$
where $\hat{k}$ is on-shell momentum of the propagator $F$.
The first factor in Eq. (29) is the trace of the (soft) forward virtual
quark-target scattering amplitude, and the second factor relates to the
(hard) probe-parton subprocess.

	On the other hand, the backward
propagator implies the contact (or instantaneous) correlation and we
can not re-stipulate the backward propagator in any factorization
scheme. Therefore, one of the factorization conditions is that
we can avoid the backward propagators between
$T$ and $H$. For this end, we note that a backward parton always
couples with a pair of forward partons according to Fig. 4.  After
"pulling down" two forward propagators from the target matrix, the
backward propagator can be isolated into a hard-subgraph of a next twist
amplitude. In consequence, we get the twist-3 (Figs. 8b and 8c) and
twist-4 contributions (Fig. 8d), respectively. In this case, all initial
partons are forward moving along the direction of target and we can
break and recombine those parton lines between two factorized parts in
the factorization scheme. Through the above TOPT-expansion, we also show
a clear picture where the different twist contributions are separated.

\begin{center}
\section{Summary}
\end{center}

In this work, we presented following physical picture about the inverse-power
corrections to the hadron structure in parton model:
(i) a hadron is assumed to be consisted by forward initial partons along
the target momentum in the infinite momentum frame (i.e., the positively
of initial parton momentum) and the transverse momentum of parton can be
neglected if comparing with its longitudinal momentum; (ii) a probe strikes
with a parton and forms a covariant Feynman propagator connecting with
the target matrix and probe; (iii) the Feynaman propagator decomposes to
the forward and backward propagators in TOPT and the backward propagator
"pulls down" two forward propagators from the target matrix; (iv) after
factorization, two-parton-correlation function has the dimension of
$[length]^{-2}$, therefore, the hard-amplitude of
two-parton-to-two-parton will provide a contribution with $1/Q^2$ to the
total amplitude. This leads an inverse power correction to the hadron
structure function.

	In summary, we have generalized time-ordered perturbative theory
to the collinear limit, where the collinear singularities are eliminated
in a natural way. We find that a clear space-time picture of the twist-4
amplitude is presented in its TOPT-form. In particular, we identify the
special propagators with the backward propagators of partons. Our method
provides a new way to analyze the twist-4 processes in a consistent
QCD-improved parton model.

\noindent {\bf Acknowledgments}:
We would like to thank J.W. Qiu for his encouragement and enlightening
discussions. We would also like to acknowledge D. Indumathi
for useful comments. This work was supported by National Natural Science
Foundation of China and `95-climbing' Plan of China.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
package poisondog.net;

import java.io.InputStream;
/**
 * @author Adam Huang <poisondog@gmail.com>
 */
public class SocketParameter {
	private String mHost;
	private int mPort;
	private int mTimeout;
	private InputStream mInput;

	public SocketParameter() {
		mHost = "localhost";
		mPort = 80;
		mTimeout = -1;
	}

	public String getHost() {
		return mHost;
	}

	public void setHost(String host) {
		mHost = host;
	}

	public int getPort() {
		return mPort;
	}

	public void setPort(int port) {
		mPort = port;
	}

	public InputStream getInputStream() {
		return mInput;
	}

	public void setInputStream(InputStream input) {
		mInput = input;
	}

	public int getTimeout() {
		return mTimeout;
	}

	public void setTimeout(int timeout) {
		mTimeout = timeout;
	}
}


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text:
Q: How to COMPLETELY hide the drawer hamburger in Android? I have a drawer in my Android App. The drawer has a hamburger icon on the left side of the toolbar. I want to hide the hamburger icon. I use the following code:
mDrawerToggle.setDrawerIndicatorEnabled(false);

The hamburger disappear, however, there is still a white space left, as is shown in the following img.

How can I make the white space disappear?

A: set your toolbar navigation icon to null.
 toolbar.setNavigationIcon(null);

Refer doc it says

Parameters icon
  Drawable to set, may be null to clear the icon

------------Update----------
If results remain same then create drawable of the color which is background  of your toolbar. And set it as navigation icon.This hack should work.
naviation_drawable_icon.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<shape xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:shape="rectangle" >
    <solid android:color="YOUR_COLOR_CODE"/>
</shape>

toolbar.setNavigationIcon(R.drawable.naviation_drawable_icon).


This marquee Christmas decoration is hand-crafted in the USA for a look and quality you won't find anywhere else. Made from rolled metal, welded and powder coated to withstand outdoor use, it is designed to last for years. Send a Christmas greeting to everyone with these large marquee letters lit by C9 bulbs. Beautiful when lit, rustic always. This just may be the most iconic Christmas decor you ever own.


text:
Released to collectors January 23, 2014, along with
Oregon, Nebraska, Wyoming, Minnesota, and Iowa
Upon failing to lead his people to safety in Canada, Chief Joseph said, "I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs
are killed. The old men are dead...It is cold. We have no blankets. The little children are freezing to
death. Hear me my chiefs. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."
Greetings from
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"Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain" aka Chief Joseph, leader of the Wallowa band of Nez Perce, a Native American tribe in northeastern Oregon. He was the younger Joseph as his father was "Old Joseph" or "Joseph the Elder." He succeeded his father as leader of the tribe in 1871, upon his father's death. Prior to his death, the elder Joseph instructed his son to stop his ears whenever asked to sign a treaty selling your home. He said, "Never sell the bones of your father and your mother." Chief Joseph commented, "I clasped my father's hand and promised to do as he asked. A man who would not defend his father's grave is worse than a wild beast." So with this promise made to a dying man, Chief Joseph was empowered to stand his ground when approached by the federal government and in 1873 he negotiated a policy that would allow his tribe to stay on their land in the Wallowa Valley. But that didn't last long because settlers wanted more Indian lands. By 1877, the government had reversed its policy and threatened attack on the Wallowa band if they did not relocate to the Idaho Reservation along with the other Nez Perce. You see, back in 1855, the elder Joseph and other Nez Perce chiefs signed a treaty with the United States establishing a Nez Perce reservation in present-day Idaho, Washington, and Oregon.
Read the complete article in the Bevil Newsletter,
which accompanies the cover when collected!
GREETINGS FROM OREGON
FIRST DAY OF ISSUE
See the Color Studies!
Learn about Chief Joseph's courageous attempt to lead his people to their new safe haven beyond the Canadian border. It's all in the newly designed
and executed Bevil Newsletter.
Share your thoughts and opinion on the Greetings From Oregon issue!


text:
UK Government Announces Higher Feed-in Tariffs
Posted on 04th February 2010
Posted on February 4, 2010 (February 5, 2018) by David Holmes
Having come under fire from opposition parties – most notably the Liberal Democrats – the incumbent Labour Government has finally announced revisions to its proposed feed-in tariffs (FITs). The tariffs are available to any household, business or community that generates electricity from various renewable sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines.
Essentially, this means money is paid to those who produce so-called 'green' power which can be fed back into the National Grid. Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, Ed Miliband, claimed the new feed-in tariffs demonstrate Labour's ambitiousness in bringing small-scale low-carbon electricity generation online. Predictably, however, the proposed feed-in tariffs have attracted strong criticism on a number of fronts.
The new feed-in tariffs offer fixed prices for a set period of time. In terms of numbers, retro-fitted solar photovoltaic panels (PV) will attract the highest feed-in tariff of 41.3p/kWh, whilst micro-wind turbines will be subject to a tariff of 34.5p/kWh. According to Mr Miliband, the plans "represent a significant level of ambition and are comparable to countries that are leading in this area"; in fact, Mr Miliband also claimed a typical domestic installation of a 2.5 kilowatt peak photovoltaic system would earn the household £900 each year and save £140 on its annual electricity bill. Whilst these numbers may seem appealing, there remains a degree of uncertainty as to how realistic they are, which clouds the issue of return on investment. Based on Mr Miliband's £900/year prediction, the ROI is likely to fall somewhere between 5 and 8%, which is considerably short of the Renewable Energy Association's target of 10% (which happens to be the typical level in Germany).
Perhaps the most contentious issue surrounding the Government's new feed-in tariffs is that of its ambitiousness in terms of overall production; indeed, despite the increased tariffs, Mr Miliband has stressed the aim to produce 2% of the country's electricity via small-scale low-carbon systems (or 'microgeneration') by 2020 remains unchanged. Campaigners claim that a 6% output is realistic, which may appear insignificant but is actually the equivalent of two Sizewell B sized nuclear power stations. Therefore, it would seem microgeneration is not a top priority for the current Labour Government.
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Noah de Nassau, 2nd child of Louis and Tessy de Nassau has been baptizes in the Gilsdorf Church today, 27-10-2007.
great news! the pictures are lovely, although we can't really see noah and unfortunately there's no picture of cute gabriel or any other family member appart from the grand duchess and grand duke jean. tessy's hair looks so long compared to the last time we saw her! from what i read, guillaume is the godfather! lots of people lately chose him to be the godparent, apparently! the pictures aren't yet up in the official webpage, so i wonder where royalblog.nl took those from..
tessy's hair looks so long compared to the last time we saw her!
That was the first thing I noticed. I think she used hair extentions. Her hair is a different colour as well. It looks good on her! The short hair made her look older!
Awwww...thanks so much for the pictures. The baby was beautiful!
The baby is so cute! It's great to finally see pictures!
Also, it's really wonderful that Guillaume is getting these close links with his royal cousins. He is now a godfather to four royal children (his brother Sebastien, Emmanuel of Belgium, Ariane of the Netherlands, and now baby Noah) which is really good for him to have these connections, as well for Ariane and Emmanuel to have a future Grand Duke of Luxembourg as their godfather. I think it really helps relationships between the royal families. I just wish the British Royal Family would really start mingling more. When was the last time we saw Prince William going to a big royal event? Guillaume's gone to Queen Sonja and Willem-Alexander's birthdays, and he's been really active in a lot of royal events lately. You rarely ever see William at royal events, and they are about the same age. Maybe it's because Guillaume is crown prince that he has more responsibility. Who knows.
Anyway, Noah is really cute, and Gabriel is such a handsome little boy Does anyone know who the godmother was? Tessy's sister, maybe?
I was wondering about the names too. Since Gabriel has four names, it would be strange if Noah didn't recieve more names as well. I think Guillaume is a good guess, and perhaps a name from Tessy's family?
In the picture of HGD Guillaume signing the book you can see Louis and Tessy in the background with a lady who looks like she could be Tessy's sister. Perhaps s he is godmother?
Yes, she is the godmother!
is her name Patty Antony?
how many siblings does Tessy have?
They are a very good-looking family, IMO.
Louis and Tessy are a handsome couple, Gabriel looks so cute (he looks alot like Louis ) and Noah is simply adorable!