Christian Academy for the Deaf is currently undergoing a reconstruction process. We are committed to providing a Bible-based Christian Education for Deaf children in grades Pre-K to 12 and taking time in fervent prayer for our next steps. In the meantime, we are supporting a once-per-week ministry, Deaf Children and Youth Ministry, which is an after-school program. Check them out below and watch our website for updates on the Academy coming soon!
The Christian Academy for the Deaf strives to create a seat of learning and research for children who are deaf or hard of hearing so that they may receive an exemplary education without discrimination or restraint by using American Sign Language as the accessible language of instruction with dual literacy in English.
We believe that God has called us to provide children who are deaf and hard of hearing a Christian school so that they may thrive.
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To honor God, creator, Christ, Savior, and with the Holy Spirit, counselor, as our guide creating a place of educational freedom and social justice for children who are deaf or hard of hearing where they can grow in the nurture and admonition of the Lord while receiving academic instruction that meets their communication, emotional and social needs.
Expanded Core Curriculum for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing is the current best practice in deaf education based on research primarily from Gallaudet University.
Family Education assists families in becoming advocates for their children and promotes family involvement in the school experience.
At the Christian Academy for the Deaf students will be taught that God is present in every aspect of life. The students will lead daily devotions and prayer using a variety of media. Teachers will meet regularly to pray together and will have time planned in the school day for personal and corporate devotions.
Christian Academy for the Deaf offers children an ASL, printed English, Bilingual, Christian learning environment that is nurturing, consistent, safe and peaceful. We promote the developmental needs of children by building academic, social, emotional and moral skills and values.
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"Pacific Standard" features a story about Gallaudet and the Deaf President Now and how #DPN is not just a campus story—it's a story of American Civil Rights and a watershed moment for the nation.
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"The Book of Job" is now available in sign language on the Deaf Missions app and Deaf Bible app. What a great opportunity to learn more about the Old Testament!
On this Good Friday, we reflect on the great sacrifice Jesus made for each one of us when he was mocked and crucified for our sins.


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Clay Shirky: The Real Revolution is Openness
Culture, Education, Knowledge
Clay Skirky
The Real Revolution Is Openness, Clay Shirky Tells Tech Leaders
Wired Campus, November 7, 2012, 9:29 pm
By Marc Parry
Denver — Clay Shirky is one of the country's most prominent Internet thinkers—"a spiritual guide to the wired set," as The Chronicle Review put it in a 2010 profile of him. In his latest book, Cognitive Surplus,the New York University professor argues that a flowering of creative production will arise as the Internet turns people "from consumers to collaborators."
On Wednesday, Mr. Shirky took that message to a group of higher-education-technology leaders who have been buffeted by a rapidly evolving ed-tech landscape. Mr. Shirky, in a keynote speech kicking off this year's Educause conference, explored how technology was changing everything, from research to publishing to studying. (The talk starts about 20 minutes into this link.)
Among his most vivid examples was the tale of the mathematician Timothy Gowers and the "quiet revolution" that began after Mr. Gowers posed a question on his blog: "Is massively collaborative mathematics possible?" This led to The Polymath Blog, Mr. Shirky said, an experiment in letting anyone participate in mathematical research, rather than confining it to individuals or small groups.
The big theme of Mr. Shirky's talk was openness. Taking advantage of technology, he argued, will require "doing more sharing than we're used to and then learning to live with results." He underscored the power of sharing with an anecdote about what happened when the Smithsonian Institution made a cache of photographs available on Flickr, the photo-sharing site. Users catalogued the archive with tags that reflected an unpredictable range of interests, including facial hair, the history of photography, and the fiction genre known as Steampunk.
"There's all kinds of hidden value in our systems which you can't even understand until you open them up to see what people do with them," Mr. Shirky said. "The thing that drives me craziest in conversations with large institutions about large data sets is they want to know in advance what will happen. Why should we open up our data? To which the answer is, you open up your data to see where the value is. It's the value you can't even predict until you try it that you get back."
Mr. Shirky also offered some advice to people interested in experimenting with openness: "Do not put together an interdisciplinary team from 12 departments and give them a budget of a quarter of a million dollars, and a year and a half deadline. Find five people and ask them what can you do in a month—for free. I think the results will surprise you."
Open Source List
Open Source Agency
THE OPEN SOURCE EVERYTHING MANIFESTO: Transparency, Truth & Trust (paperback)
THE OPEN SOURCE EVERYTHING MANIFESTO: Transparency, Truth & Trust (Kindle)
Books on Intelligence & Information Operations by Robert David STEELE Vivas et al
CategoriesCulture, Education, Knowledge
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1999-07-19 Assigned to BANQUE NATIONALE DE PARIS reassignment BANQUE NATIONALE DE PARIS SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER CORP.
A MOSFET die is mounted onto the bottom surface of a lead frame pad of a lead frame which has increased heat conducting capacity. The pad includes a plurality of at least four integral pins extending therefrom. The lead frame also includes isolated pins which are connected to the MOSFET source and drain using wire bonds. The lead frame and MOSFET are molded in a housing. The pins extend outside the molded housing for external connection, and the pins extending from the lead frame pad provide a path for heat removal from the MOSFET by a heat conduction path formed of the MOSFET drain electrode, the lead frame pad, their interconnection material and the pins.
This application is related to U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,226, issued Apr. 29, 1997 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/308,739 filed Sep. 19, 1994, now abandoned, both which are entitled "SURFACE MOUNT PACKAGE WITH IMPROVED HEAT TRANSFER" in the name of Daniel M. Kinzer, one of the present inventors, and assigned to the assignee of the present application.
This invention relates to semiconductor devices and, more specifically, to a novel device in which the die is fixed to the bottom surface of a lead frame within a package or housing and in which the lead frame serves to remove heat from the die in an improved manner.
Numerous electrical circuits, for example, dc to dc converters, synchronous converters, and the like, require a number of semiconductor components, such as MOSFETs. These components typically generate heat which can increase the on-resistance or forward voltage drop of the MOSFET. If the MOSFET is located near other components, such as a microprocessor, the heat generated can also interfere with their operation.
Typically, the components are each housed in a surface mount package which normally consists of the semiconductor component die mounted with its back surface in contact with the surface of a lead frame and with its front surface including wires extending from connection pads to the lead extensions of the lead frame. The bottom of the lead frame is then typically located atop a heat-conducting slug whose bottom surface is to be connected to a flat surface which is to receive the surface mount package. The assembly, consisting of the die, lead frame and heat-conducting slug, is then encapsulated so that the flat bottom surface of the slug is exposed for surface connection and so that the lead frames extend out of the molded housing for external connection.
Surface mounted packages typically have a large plastic insulation portion located beneath the main pad area of the lead frame, namely between the lead frame and the board to which the device is mounted, that is unused. Also, the semiconductor device die is mounted to the top of the lead frame, which necessitates increasing the thickness of plastic at the top of the package to protect the die, thereby increasing the height of the package. It is also desirable to reduce the height of the surface mount package.
Principally, however, it is desired that heat be removed from the package as efficiently as possible.
In accordance with the present invention, a conductive lead frame in a semiconductor device includes a main pad area. At least two pins extend from one edge of the main pad area, and at least two pins extend from another edge of the main pad area. The at least four pins are integral with the main pad area to more efficiently remove heat from the main pad area. Additional pins are separated from the main pad area as well as from one another.
A semiconductor die has a surface that is disposed in contact with the main pad area of the lead frame and has one or more electrodes in electrical contact therewith. An opposing surface of the die also has one or more electrodes which are electrically connected to respective pins.
A molded housing encapsulates the lead frame in the semiconductor die. The pins extend outside the molded housing for external connection. The at least four pins that are integral with the main pad area thus serve to remove heat from the surface of the semiconductor die.
According to this aspect of the invention, the surface that is disposed to the main pad area may contact the bottom surface of the main pad area, and may electrically contact the in-line pins that are integral with opposing edges of the main pad area. The semiconductor die may include a MOSFET die that has source, drain and gate electrodes. The die surface that contacts the main pad area includes the drain electrode, and the opposing surface includes the source and gate electrodes which are connected to respective pins. The drain electrode may contact the bottom surface of the main pad area and may electrically contact the two pairs of in-line pins that are integral with opposing edges of the main pad area.
At least one electrode may be wire bonded to a respective pin by one or more bonding wires. The pins may be bent downwardly along the side edges of the housing to define a surface-mount device. The pins may be arranged in a line and may include an enlarged bonding pad area which are coplanar with one another and with the main pad area.
The package may include six pins. The pins may include a plated bond post.
The electrode of the surface that contacts the main pad area may be soldered to the main pad area or conductively bonded using a conductive epoxy. The molded housing may be a plastic transfer mold compound.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a surface mount package includes a conductive lead frame and a MOSFET die.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a cross-sectional view of the package of FIG. 1.
The present invention provides for a novel package in which the height of the package is reduced and in which heat generated by the semiconductor die is conducted by the die pad and the pins of the lead frame, thereby, removing the heat from the device.
Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a surface mount package with six in-line pins that extend from a plastic insulation housing 30 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, a semiconductor die, such as a MOSFET die 10, is internally mounted on a conductive lead frame 40 from which the in-line pins 1 to 6 extend downward to enable external connection to the MOSFET.
FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic top view of the surface mount housing shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2, the drain electrode of the MOSFET die 10 is electrically connected to two pairs of in-line pins 1-2 and 5-6 on opposing sides of the surface mount housing, and the gate and source electrodes located on the opposing surface of the MOSFET die 10 are connected to isolated pins 3 and 4, respectively. According to the invention, the novel structure of the lead frame 40 in which four pins are integral with the main pad area and the connection of the drain of the MOSFET die 10 to the four pins more efficiently remove heat from the MOSFET drain electrode.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a cutaway portion of the surface mount package showing a bottom view of the lead frame 40 and the MOSFET 10. The lead frame 40 includes an enlarged main pad body 41 having edges from which the two pairs of in-line pins 1-2 and 5-6 integrally extend. The two pairs of opposing integral pins provide multiple heat conduction paths which draw heat from the lead frame and to the surface on which the package is mounted.
The lead frame may have a conventional lead frame solder finish. The drain electrode of the MOSFET die 10 is electrically connected to the bottom surface of the main bond pad 41 using an electrically conductive epoxy die attach compound, and is thus electrically connected to pins 1-2 and 5-6. Alternatively, the cathode electrode is soldered to die pad 41.
Thus, the drain electrode, the connection between the drain electrode and the main die pad, the main die pad and the two pairs of integral in-line pins 1-2 and 5-6, in addition to providing an electrical conduction path, combine to provide a more efficient heat conduction path. The increased heat conduction efficiency results from the inclusion of multiple pines that are integral with the main pad area and which increase the rate of heat flow from the main pad area. Heat generated during the operation of MOSFET 10 is conducted away from the device by the main pad area and the pairs of integral in-line pins 1-2 and 5-6 and to the outside of the surface mount package.
It should also be noted that, alternatively, a conductive glass containing silver particles may be used to attach and electrically connect the drain electrode to the main die pad which is then sintered to provide a conductive path between the drain electrode and the main die pad.
The lead frame 40 also includes pins 3 and 4 and corresponding bond pad extensions which are formed within the molded housing 30. The pins 3 and 4 are initially integral with the lead frame body 40 and are connected to the lead frame body by extensions that, after molding, protrude outside the molded housing 30 and are severed to isolate pins 3 and 4 from the lead frame body. FIGS. 3 and 4 show pins 3 and 4 in their severed condition and isolated from one another and from the main die pad 41. Typically, pins 3 and 4 have enlarged bond pad areas which are coplanar with each other and with the main bond pad 41.
According to the present invention, the MOSFET die 10 is mounted upside-down in the lead frame 40 with the drain electrode 10A contacting the bottom surface of the main die pad 41, and the source and gate electrodes 10B and 10C facing downwards, as shown in FIG. 5. As a result, the MOSFET die is located within the thicker, and otherwise unused, portion of the surface mount package, thus reducing the height of the package, rather than mounting the MOSFET die to the top of the package which would further increase the height of the package. As a result of mounting the die to the bottom of the main frame pad, the package has a height of 0.90 to 1.30 mm (when the leads are included, the height ranges from 0.90to 1.45 mm) as well as a length of 2.8 to 3.0 mm and a width of 1.50 to 1.75 mm (2.60 to 3.0 mm when the pin footprint is included).
It should also be noted that because the die is mounted to the bottom surface of the main pad area, heat generated during operation of the MOSFET 10 flows upward from the drain electrode to the lead frame 40. The upward flow of heat further increases the efficiency of heat removed from the MOSFET.
Turning back to FIGS. 3 and 4, prior to molding the housing 30, the gate electrode and source electrode of MOSFET 10 are bonded to the internal bonding extensions of pins 3 and 4, respectively, by gold bonding wires 50 and 51, respectively. Alternatively, aluminum bonding wires are used. The internal bonding extensions of the pins are typically silver or gold plated. The bonding wires are generally bonded to the electrodes of the die and to the internal bonding extensions of pins 3 and 4 using thermosonic ball bonding, as is known in the art, though other processes may be used.
After wire bonding, the molded housing 30 is formed around the die and lead frame using a conventional molding operation. Typically, the molding housing is a transfer mold compound, such as NITTO MP7400, though a ceramic housing, a hermetic housing or an injection molded metal housing may be used.
The resulting device may then be soldered down to a printed circuit board using conventional mass production soldering techniques.
The novel lead frame of the present invention results in a MOSFET device having greatly reduced on-resistance per silicon area and greatly increased current handling capacity. Typically, the on-resistance RDS(on) is 60% lower than the similar-sized conventional SOT-23 package and has an increased current handling capacity that is nearly 300% greater when compared to the SOT-23 package. As an example, for a VDSS value of −20V to −30V, RDS(on) typically has a value of 0.20 ohms.
said first and second plurality of pins being downwardly bent along the side edges of said housing and terminating on a common plane to define a surface mount device.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said molded housing has a height of substantially in the range of 0.9 to 1.45 mm.
3. The device of claim 1 wherein each of said second plurality of pins has an enlarged bonding pad area which are coplanar with one another and with said main pad area.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein said first and second plurality of pins comprises a total of six pins.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein each of said first and second plurality of pins includes a plated bond post.
6. The device of claim 1 wherein said source and gate electrodes are each wire bonded to a respective one of said second plurality of pins using at least one bonding wire.
PTO 99-2220—Translation of Japanese Kokai Patent Application No. Hei 3-286558 Dec. 1991.


text:
St. Patrick's Day weekend in EL: 1 injured officer, 3 sex assault reports
Christopher Haxel
EAST LANSING - Three sexual assaults were reported in East Lansing over the St. Patrick's Day weekend, and one police officer was kicked in the face, officials said.
At 2:47 p.m. Friday, East Lansing Police Department officers were sent to the department's own headquarters because a 22-year-old woman was lying on the floor of the lobby, crying, Gonzalez said.
The Frankenmuth woman was incapacitated, apparently due to alcohol, and "slightly combative," he said. Police accompanied paramedics as the woman was transported to a hospital for treatment.
On the way, the woman again became combative and kicked the officer in the face, Gonzalez said.
The officer did not seek medical treatment but the department is seeking assault charges against the woman, he said.
The first sexual assault incident, being investigated as third-degree criminal sexual conduct, was reported at 11:22 a.m. Saturday and alleged to have occurred about 2 p.m. Friday. Police are still working to confirm the address where the incident took place, Gonzalez said.
ALSO SEE: Police investigating sex assault in MSU dorm
A third-degree criminal sexual conduct charge relates to alleged non-consensual sexual penetration with force or coercion, the victim being incapacitated or other factors.
In the second incident, a woman told police at 1:44 a.m. Sunday she had been assaulted at the Delta Chi fraternity house, 101 Woodmere Ave., sometime between 11:30 p.m. and 12:45 a.m. that night.
That incident is being investigated as fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct, a misdemeanor relating to alleged non-consensual sexual contact with force or coercion or the victim being incapacitated.
The third incident, also being investigated as fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct, was reported at 3:35 a.m. Sunday and alleged to have occurred during the previous two hours at a residence in the 100 block of Cedar Street.
Police have not made an arrest or identified a suspect in any of the three incidents, Gonzalez said.
Overall, however, he said festivities were somewhat tempered by the cool weather.
ELPD officers made 18 arrests Friday, mostly for alcohol-related offenses. In 2016, when the holiday fell on a Thursday, the department made 25 arrests.
ALSO SEE: Happy 21st! MSU student drinks, celebrates, gets felony charges
"St. Patrick's day was as expected for us," said Lt. Steve Gonzalez, a department spokesman. "The level of calls that we experience on any given St. Patrick's day is in large part weather driven. We didn't have sunny skies and 60-degree weather — I think that tamed down the level of calls that we experienced throughout the 24-hour period."
Contact Christopher Haxel at 517-377-1261 or chaxel@lsj.com. Follow him on Twitter @ChrisHaxel.


text:
Q: Consider the singularly perturbed cubic equation $\epsilon x^3+x^2-1=0$ Question: "Consider the singularly perturbed cubic equation
$\epsilon x^3+x^2-1=0$
where $\epsilon >0$ is a small parameter. Obtain three-term astymptotic expansions for the two regularly perturbed roots as $\epsilon \to 0$. Use the substitution $x(\epsilon) = \frac{z(\epsilon)}{\epsilon}$ to obtain the first two terms of an asymptotic approximation of the singulary perturbed solution of this equation as $\epsilon \to 0$."
Look for a solution of the form
$x(\epsilon) = x_0 + \epsilon x_1 + \epsilon^2 x_2 +...$
formally sub into equation
$\epsilon(x_0 + \epsilon x_1 + \epsilon^2 x_2 +...)^3 + (x_0 + \epsilon x_1 + \epsilon^2 x_2 +...)^2  - 1 = 0$.
Then we have:
$\epsilon(x^3_0+\epsilon(3x^2_0x_1) + \epsilon^2(3x_0x_1^2+3x_0^2x_2)+...)+(x^2_0+\epsilon(2x_0x_1)+\epsilon^2(x_1^2+2x_0x_2)+...)-1=0$.
Comparing coefficients of powers of $\epsilon$:
$O(\epsilon^0) = x^2_0-1=0$
$ \implies x_0=+1,-1$
$O(\epsilon^1) = x^3_0+2x_0x_1=0$
$ \implies $ if $x_0=+1  \space$then $x_1=\frac{-1}{2}$ and if $x_0=-1$ then $x_1 = \frac{1}{2}$
$O(\epsilon^2) = 3x^2_0x_1+x^2_1+2x_0x_2=0$
$ \implies $ if $x_0=+1 \space$ and $x_1=\frac{-1}{2}$ then $x_2=\frac{5}{8}$ and if  $x_0=-1$ and $x_1 = \frac{1}{2}$ then $x_2=\frac{-5}{8}$
Giving the final answer of
$x(\epsilon)=1-\frac{1}{2}\epsilon + \frac{5}{8}\epsilon^2+...$
and
$x(\epsilon)=-1+\frac{1}{2}\epsilon - \frac{5}{8}\epsilon^2+...$
This is my solution for the first part, I have then gone onto begin the second part of the question by using the substitution and beginning to solve in the same way.
I have plugged in to give me
$\frac{(z(\epsilon))^3}{\epsilon^2} + \frac{(z(\epsilon))^2}{\epsilon} - 1=0$
then subbing in $x(\epsilon) = z(\epsilon)$ gives
$\epsilon(\frac{z(\epsilon)}{\epsilon})^3$ + $(\frac{z(\epsilon)}{\epsilon})^2 - 1 = 0$
simplifying gives
$\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}(z(\epsilon))^3$ + $(\frac{z(\epsilon)}{\epsilon})^2 - 1 = 0$
then using $z(\epsilon)=z_0+ \epsilon z + \epsilon z_2 +..$ and subbing into the above equation we have
$\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}(z_0^3+\epsilon(3z^2_0x_1)+\epsilon^2(3z_0z^2_1+3z^2_0z_2)+...) + \frac{1}{\epsilon}(z^2_0+\epsilon(2z_0z_1)+\epsilon^2(z_1^2+2z_0z_2)+...) -1 = 0$
Looking at problems at different powers of $\epsilon$:
$O(\epsilon^0) = 3z_0z^2_1+3z^2_0z_2-1=0$.
The above is what I have so far, which I dont believe is correct.
TIA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Olympiodorus
First published Tue Jun 12, 2007; substantive revision Fri May 18, 2018
Olympiodorus of Alexandria, presumably a late pupil of Ammonius Hermeiou, the commentator on Aristotle and teacher of Simplicius and Philoponus, was one of the last pagans to teach philosophy at the school of Alexandria in the 6th century. In his lectures, he interpreted classical philosophical texts, mainly by Plato and Aristotle; we still possess three of his commentaries on Plato and two on Aristotle. At times, these seem to be carefully crafted pieces of pedagogy, but at other times they read more like transcripts drawn up by one of the students. Although Olympiodorus comes across as a learned man and guardian of traditional paideia, both literary and philosophical, his œuvre compares unfavorably, from a philosophical standpoint, with commentaries written by either Ammonius or Olympiodorus' contemporaries such as Simplicius and John Philoponus. Still, his work is valuable in that it affords us vivid insights into the way in which pagan philosophy was taught to young members of the Christian elite who, for the most part, would move into careers in the clergy or at the Byzantine court. The 6th century Alexandrian Olympiodorus must be distinguished from another Olympiodorus who supposedly lived in the first half of the 5th century C.E. and was said by Marinus in his Life of Proclus to have been a teacher of the latter at Athens. No better evidence of this earlier figure survives. The relationship of the younger philosopher Olympiodorus to an alchemist, supposedly of the same name and provenance, remains a matter of dispute.
2. Commentaries on Plato
3. Commentaries on Aristotle
4. Olympiodorus the Alchemist
5. Influence
6. List of extant works
There are exactly three more or less solid facts on the basis of which one can reconstruct the general parameters of Olympiodorus' life. First, he held the chair of philosophy in Alexandria (the majority of manuscripts of his work refer to him as "the philosopher of Alexandria"). Second, he saw himself as intellectual heir to Ammonius (see in Meteor. 153,7; 175,14; 188,36; 238,19; 255,23; 256,27; Olympiodorus refers to Ammonius frequently as "the great philosopher", in one case as "our philosopher", in Gorg. §40.5; cf. §39.2, and he may have been Ammonius' pupil). Third, some of his lectures were delivered not long after 565 (cf. in Meteor. 52,31; the way Olympiodorus reminds his students about a comet that had appeared in March/April 565 suggests that the event occurred a couple of years earlier). It is generally assumed that Ammonius passed away (or at least stopped teaching) sometime in the period between 517 and 526. If these dates are correct, we can infer that Olympiodorus was a young man when he came to be one of the last pupils of Ammonius and that he led an active intellectual life into his late sixties, or early seventies of that century. Accordingly, the dates of Olympiodorus' life should be approximately 500–570, encompassing the entire reign of emperor Justinian the Great (527–565). Since John Philoponus was teaching philosophy actively until the mid-30s (without ever holding the chair of philosophy), it seems likely that Olympiodorus began his teaching career around that time to become the official successor to Ammonius.
The best way to understand the circumstances of his life is to get a sense of the final period of pagan philosophy in the age of Justinian (for a more detailed account, see Wildberg 2005, with further references). For our purposes, the most important factor is that in the age of Justinian, philosophy, as a discipline taught in schools of higher education, had acquired a highly ambiguous status. On the one hand, almost anyone in the empire was perfectly aware of the fact that Justinian had, right from the beginning of his reign, taken severe measures to eradicate philosophy as a way of pagan life and learning, both private and public. The closing of the Athenian School around 529 (with an apparent expropriation of its assets) is only the most notorious example. On the other hand, members of the elite were evidently also acutely aware that it was impossible to sustain the culture of the empire, both secular and clerical, without a classical education, part of which was and always had been, philosophy. A training in philosophy was all the more necessary since only a firm grounding in logic and ontology could prepare one in a meaningful way for participation in the subtle theological debates that dominated the best minds at the time, notably the intractable problem of the nature of Christ: Does Christ have two natures, one human, one divine, or one compound nature? How can one possibly understand the side-by-side of divinity and humanity in a single substance? One could not hope to become an expert in theology (then regarded as the highest form of philosophy) without having exposed oneself in a serious way to the works of Aristotle and Plato. And so, under the emperor who did perhaps more than anyone to cripple philosophy, philosophy flourished — in Alexandria especially, but also elsewhere — in a manner unparalleled in late antiquity.
This is the world to which Olympiodorus belonged, a highly trained pagan philosopher rendering his services to an (at least officially) entirely Christian audience. Undoubtedly, the religious presuppositions of his students, their needs, interests, and expectations, determined to a large extent the parameters and content of his classes, and, as we shall see, foregrounded the need for a considerable amount of pedagogy on the part of the lecturer. It is clear that even if he had wanted to, Olympiodorus could not have expounded the views of Plato and Aristotle with the same zeal and conviction as, for example, Simplicius, who had no audience to lecture to (once Justinian had closed the school in Athens). To be sure, philosophy was alive and well in the imperial institutions, but the latter were confined on all sides by the walls of orthodoxy and heresy. This is what has to be kept in mind before one joins the chorus of detractors who bewail the philosophical paucity of Olympiodorus' commentaries. (For a list of his works, see below, sect. 6.)
Olympiodorus begins his commentary on Plato's Alcibiades with a grand gesture: "Aristotle began his own Theology with the words: 'All men by nature desire to know, and evidence for this is our love of perception'. But as I begin to speak about Plato's philosophy, I would say this, which is better, that all men have a desire for Plato's philosophy, because all men want to draw something useful from it; they hurry to be spell-bound by its fountain and stand still only when they are full of Platonic enthusiasm." Olympiodorus is working hard to galvanize his audience with his own passion for Plato; but it is characteristic of his entire work that he holds out for them, in the first place, that something useful is to be gained from the study of Plato.
Useful in what sense? As if piecing together a Byzantine mosaic, Olympiodorus hands his students the shards and tesserae that could amount, in the appropriate number and arrangement, to classical paideia. His commentaries on Plato abound with references to Homer, Demosthenes, the 2nd-century C.E. orator Aelius Aristides, Plutarch, Epictetus and Aristotle as well as works of Plato other than the one being commented on, notably the Republic, even if his students had not read it yet. One gets the impression that Olympiodorus gently but firmly directs his pupils' attention to an intellectual world waiting for them to discover it — if they want to. We are entering a period in late antiquity in which Plato and Aristotle cease to be gateways to the 'truth' and turn into some kind of cultural heritage that was worth keeping alive for other reasons. Olympiodorus has rightly been called "the first classicist" (Tarrant 1997).
This effort to stem the tide of cultural pauperization was carefully packaged and structured, without depriving the lecturer of the necessary amount of flexibility: each class (praxis) was divided into three sections. The reading of the original Platonic (or Aristotelian) text was followed by an 'overview' over the passage (theôria), which in turn segued into a closer reading (lexis). The overview allowed the professor to make all kinds of general remarks on the significance and meaning of the passage under discussion; the close reading presented more detailed and often simply philological, linguistic, logical, or rhetorical observations not unlike those found in our modern annotated editions. The procedure of dividing one's comments into these two different sections seems to be a formalized development of Proclus' work (see Beutler 1949, 226).
Falsehood or truth in philosophical matters (somewhat abstractly enshrined for Olympiodorus in 'common notions' [koinai ennoiai]) is not something he much talks about. The reason may not have been that he harbored no such convictions, but that they would have been inappropriate or unwanted in the classroom. Very often, what has proved most interesting to modern scholars for historical reasons are remarks made entirely in passing, for example the puzzling statement that some of the endowment of the Academy in Athens was still intact in his time (in Alc. §141.1f.); that the Alexandrian rhetor Anatolius adapted a line of Homer to great effect in the year 546 (in Alc. §2.79–82); or that suicide is forbidden because, according to the Orphic tradition, "human bodies belong to Dionysus" (in Phaed. §1.3).
Occasionally, we encounter an anecdote about Ammonius, whom Olympiodorus clearly revered and whom he invokes frequently to inflate his own authority. One such anecdote is suggestive of a tension between imperial rule and the political views of the philosophers. Near the end of the Gorgias commentary (§42), Olympiodorus endorses the view that aristocracy is the best form of government and far superior to democracy, and he justifies this by claiming that the city, just like the human being, is a microcosm that should resemble the macrocosm 'universe'. But this argument seems to favor monarchy; for just as the universe is ruled by one, i.e., God, there "should not be a number of ordinary people who rule, but one prudent and true statesman." Olympiodorus continues: "Now, if somebody says 'But this is monarchy, not aristocracy, and that is not the same thing', reply as the philosopher Ammonius replied: 'Give him the knuckles and praise him. For it is the same, … even if there are many exceedingly good people, they form a living unit, for they have everything in common.'" (§42.2)
One question to ask is how the opposed positions of teacher and student, paganism and Christianity, ancient and 'modern' played out in Olympiodorus' classroom? Here are some illustrative examples. The Delphic oracle still seemed to enjoy an awe-inspiring reputation, but the names of Greek gods in Plato's text, especially Zeus, are often omitted and/or replaced by the word 'God'. Olympiodorus has trouble showing his students ways in which to make sense of pagan divinities in their effort to adapt pagan philosophy to the Christian context: "Do not be disturbed by names when you hear talk of a 'Power of Cronus' or a 'Power of Zeus' or suchlike, but concentrate on the objects themselves, for we signify something different when we use these names. If you wish, think that these powers do not have individual essences and are not distinct from one another, but place them within the first cause and say that there are within it both intellectual and vital powers" (in Gorg. §47.2).
At times the underlying tensions rise to the surface, but Olympiodorus was expertly evasive of trouble from the audience. In his 44th lecture on the Gorgias, for instance, he reassures his students that pagan myths ought not to be taken literally; one ought to understand that names such as Zeus and Hera and Hades were merely part of the language in which 'they' (i.e., the ancient Greeks) talked. Puzzled by the vertiginous and conflicting possibilities of allegorical interpretations of myth, once they are not taken literally, one obstinate student must have intervened, for Olympiodorus makes the following evasive remark (§44.7): "If someone says 'Then neither ought we put trust in philosophers, since they are in disagreement, some saying the soul is water, others that it is air, some that it is mortal, others that it is immortal', we reply that in this case we put our trust in those who stay closer to the common notions. But [in myths] there are no common notions to guide our education. Hence we should first explicate the myths — for indeed Plato explicates them. So he said earlier …".
Even if some students were repelled by the general world-view of paganism, it is clear that many of them were fascinated by its more sinister aspects. At one point in the Gorgias (513a), Socrates mentions in passing certain Thessalian witches who pull down the moon and cause an eclipse. In Lecture 39 on the Gorgias, Olympiodorus explains the story behind these witches in a few broad strokes, apparently to his own satisfaction. But witchcraft was just the thing students wanted to hear a bit more about from the pagan philosopher, so Lecture 40 begins like this: "Since last time I referred to the Thessalian women, it is worth explaining the practice, why people think wizards draw down the moon [at an eclipse], and why ordinary people beat on bronze. Note that an eclipse is nothing other than the privation of light. During this privation in particular, while it is dark, certain infernal demons wander around, since the world is without light. Then unholy and God-hating wizards cast spells to attract these demons. Hence the multitude believes that they draw down the moon. And since at such time demons are among us, people beat on bronze, thereby casting off and driving the demonic interference away. I have dealt with these things because you are not without ideas about these customs. Now let me come to the present topic." Philosophically, all this is of no interest at all, but looking at it from a cultural point of view one gets a fascinating whiff of the bewildering concerns of students reading Plato in the sixth century.
Being a pagan philosopher on the municipal payroll of the City of Alexandria—or worse, being dependent on voluntary student fees—must have been no enviable position. One can imagine that the act of playing the token philosopher in Alexandria and lecturing for decades on important matters which no-one in the audience any more really cared about took its toll. The Greek Anthology attributes to Olympiodorus an at the same time artful and depressing epigram (Anth. Gr., Appendix 177):
Had the writing of Plato not checked my impulse,
I would have loosened by now the grievous, baneful bond of life.
The Prolegomena to Aristotle's logic, or in a sense to his whole philosophical work, begins again with a carefully worded statement that is reminiscent of the first words of the Alcibiades commentary: "Since we want to enjoy the fountain of good things, there is an eagerness in us to cling to Aristotle's philosophy, which provides life with the principle of good things, and not the least because it leads the bright mind towards precision as to what is being sought." (Proleg. 1,3–6). The Prolegomena consists of five lectures in which he gives his students a brief overview of the various schools of Greek philosophy and the division of the works of Aristotle; he explains, among other things, the aim of Aristotle's philosophy (recognition of the Good — apparently the prime mover of the Metaphysics — as the principle of everything, 9,14–30) and the moral an intellectual requirements of a student and of a teacher of philosophy (10,3–33). The various philosophical thinkers and schools are being introduced without evaluations of their philosophical merits, and there is no talk about the harmony of the philosophers in general, or between Plato and Aristotle.
Olympiodorus adopts the view of Iamblichus that the subject-matter (skopos) of the Categories is speech signifying things by the mediation of thoughts (Proleg. 21,101–3; in Cat. 28,25ff), which conforms with the basic interpretation of the Categories in the school of Alexandria. Formally, too, the commentary resembles more than his other commentaries on Aristotle do the standard format familiar from other Neoplatonic commentators on Aristotle. Unlike the commentary on the Meteorology, which displays the typically Olympiodorean structure of being divided into praxeis which are then subdivided into longer expositions of the meaning of the passage under discussion (theôriai) and more detailed analyses of the text (lexeis), the commentary on the Categories is simply divided into theôriai (which don't seem to be further subdivided).
The Meteorology commentary begins without any significant introduction directly with Aristotle's text. It is impossible to tell whether his students, at that point, had worked their way through the (in the order of the curriculum) prior physical treatises, notably the Physics, de Caelo, and de Generatione et Corruptione. In any case, Olympiodorus makes no reference to lectures he had previously delivered on these texts; all he does is place the present work into the context of the other physical treatises. So he says, for example, that Aristotle wrote three treatises about the elementary bodies, the de Caelo, which concerns itself with them insofar as they are eternal, the de Generatione, which concerns their coming to be, and the Meteorology, which treats them as things that are "subject to influences" (pathainomena), a very unusual term the precise meaning of which Olympiodorus nowhere defines. The term occurs in Proclus, but in different contexts.
This commentary (written after 565) is of particular interest, since it is the only complete commentary on the Meteorology extant from antiquity. There is another commentary, written by the Christian John Philoponus some 30 years earlier, but it is incomplete (comments break off in the 12th chapter of Book I). This was, in fact, Philoponus' last commentary, written after the highly controversial contra Aristotelem and probably just at the time when he stopped teaching philosophy. Olympiodorus must have been familiar with the gist, if not the details, of Philoponus' searing criticism of Aristotle, yet he appears to be entirely unfazed by it. He announces early on the Aristotelian orthodoxy that there are five elements, not merely four, and that the celestial element (aithêr) is creative (poiêtikos), the other elements material (hulikos) (in Meteor. 2,15f). Strikingly, he happily reproduces Aristotle's argument for the existence of a fifth element from the de Caelo (the circularity of the celestial motion can only be explained on the assumption of a special celestial element, cf. in Meteor. 16,25–17,9). He polemicizes against the view that the heavens consist of fire (in Meteor. 17,1–18,30), and in no way qualifies, hides, or denies the fact (scandalous to Christians) that Aristotle thought the universe, and time, to be eternal (in Meteor. 8,8f;123,24f).
Olympiodorus' main influences in this commentary stem from Alexander of Aphrodisias, whom he cites frequently, and the views of Ammonius, which he was intimately familiar with. But Olympiodorus never refers to Philoponus. There are occasional references to certain unnamed people who proffered views Olympiodorus disagrees with (see e.g., 4,16; 7,22; 23,5.11.18.20), but it is difficult to trace these views back to Philoponus. The latter seems to have been of no concern to him. Shockingly, perhaps, Olympiodorus simply ignores relevant and important intellectual work that was carried out in his own lifetime, in the same 'university', and even the same 'department' by a man he must have known personally. To Olympiodorus and his disciples, as with Simplicius in Athens, John Philoponus was evidently persona non grata.
Discussion of the commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology (with the co-called "chemical treatise" as its fourth book) prompts the question of the identity of the Neoplatonist Olympiodorus with another figure carrying precisely the same name who appears in the alchemist tradition. Four extant manuscripts of an alchemical work that purports to be a commentary on Zosimus' Kat' energeian (On Activity) state that the piece was written by "Olympiodorus, the Alexandrian philosopher" (see §6 below). The alchemical treatise starts out as a commentary on Zosimus (of Panopolis, not the 5th c. C.E. historian), explaining a small passage in some detail, but then continues in the vein of a didactic letter written to an unnamed fellow alchemist (called 'friend of the Muses' at one point); it 'explains' how to join scattered parts of gold and purify metals, emphasizes the significance of 'divine water' (whatever that is) and so on and so forth. The author knows a smidgen about the Presocratics (whom he regards as alchemists), but next to nothing about Plato and Aristotle; instead, he can quote at length from Zosimus, Hermes, Petasius, Pelagius, and a "divine Mary" — not the mother of Jesus but a Jewish sage elsewhere attested in the alchemist tradition.
A closer survey of the text quickly reveals that scholars like H.D. Saffrey 2005 are right to suppose that the alchemical treatise cannot have been produced by the Neoplatonist philosopher. For one thing, unlike the philosopher, the alchemist seems to be a Christian, attributing a saying by Paul ("The letter kills, but the spirit gives life." 2 Cor. 3.6) to "the Lord" (94, 13–15). In addition, contents, style, diction, as well as the whole rhetorical ambience created by the two authors are strikingly different. C. Viano 2006, who once defended the identity of the two figures and who still detects some similarities in language between the alchemical treatise and the commentary on Book IV of Aristotle's Meteorology, now proposes that the author of the alchemical treatise may have used Olympiodorus' Meteorology commentary, or another, more alchemical (rather than philosophical) work; the alchemist's manuscripts would then be testimony to the influence of Olympiodorus.
In any case, we can be quite sure that the Neoplatonist Olympiodorus did not write this piece of alchemy. Nevertheless, it seems to be clearly he whom the manuscripts refer to as the work's author. Since pseudepigraphy is one of the defining characteristics of the genre of alchemist literature, it seems safe to assume that the commentary on Zosimus is a false attribution. There never was another Alexandrian named Olympiodorus whose expertise was alchemy rather than Platonic philosophy.
The teaching of philosophy did not cease with the death of Olympiodorus. He evidently had intelligent pupils who devoted themselves to philosophy in a professional way. Whether they were pagans or Christians is not entirely clear, but their commentaries were passed around under such names as David and Elias. We can tell that they were influenced by Olympiodorus, not only because they refer to him, but also because they adopt his pedagogical method of dividing their lectures into theôriai and lexeis. The same goes for Stephanus of Alexandria, who taught philosophy in Constantinople at the beginning of the 7th century.
Olympiodorus' wider influence is somewhat less tangible than that of the other great Alexandrians. The Syrians and the Arabs certainly knew and read him, but not extensively. Neither did the Latin west. The commentary on the Categories has come down to us in only one manuscript (Codex Mutinensi 69), and there are only a handful of manuscripts of the Meteorology commentary. Manuscripts of his commentaries on Plato are equally rare, with the exception of those containing the Phaedo commentary. Yet, to medieval alchemists Olympiodorus' illustrious name sounded arcane enough to deserve induction into the fictitious canon of ancient alchemists.
Prolegomena to Aristotle's Logic and Commentary on Aristotle's Categories: A. Busse, ed. (1902) Olympiodori Prolegomena et in Categorias Commentarium. Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca XII 1. Berlin: Reimer.
Commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology: W. Stüve, ed. (1900) Olympiodori in Aristotelis Meteora Commentaria. Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca XII 2. Berlin: Reimer.
Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades I: L. G. Westerink, ed. (1956) Olympiodorus. Commentary on the first Alcibiades of Plato. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Commentary on Plato's Gorgias: W. Norvin, ed. (1936) Olympiodori Philosophi in Platonis Gorgiam Commentaria. Leipzig: Teubner; L.G. Westerink, ed. (1970) Olympiodorus. In Platonis Gorgiam Commentaria. Leipzig: Teubner. See also Jackson/Lycos/Tarrant 1998.
Commentary on Plato's Phaedo: W. Norvin, ed. (1913) Olympiodori Philosophi in Platonis Phaedonem Commentaria. Leipzig: Teubner; L.G. Westerink, ed. (1976) The Greek Commentators on Plato's Phaedo, vol. I: Olympiodorus. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Life of Plato (= Introduction to the lectures on Plato's Alcibiades): A. Westermann, ed. (1862) Olympiodori Vita Platonis. In: Westermann, Olympiodori, Ammonii, Iamblichi, Porphyrii et aliorum Vitae Platonis, Aristotelis, Pythagorae, Platoni et Isidori. Paris: Didot, pp. 1–4. See also the Alcibiades commentary, No. 3 above, pp. 1–9.
Apart from these works, we possess scholia from Olympiodorus' commentary on Aristotle's de Interpretatione in the Codex Vaticanus Urbinas Graecus 35. The mutilated anonymous commentary on the de Interpretatione extant in Codex Parisinus Graecus 2064 and edited by L. Tarán 1978 has been wrongly ascribed to Olympiodorus. The same holds for the commentary on Plato's Philebus which, although attributed to Olympiodorus, has been shown by L. G. Westerink 1959 to be the work of Damascius.
Olympiodorus must have written a great deal more over his long career. He himself refers to a commentary on Porphyry's Introduction (see in Cat. 16,26; 60,10; 68,15.17); it was used by David and Elias. There must have been commentaries on Aristotle's Analytics (a late hand in the Jerusalem manuscript Taphos 150 attributes the commentary on the Prior Analytics contained therein to Olympiodorus) and on Aristotle's physical treatises (commentaries on de Generatione et Corruptione and on de Anima are mentioned in Arabic sources, and the Ambrosianus Q 74 possibly contains a fragment of the latter, see Rashed). In the Alcibiades commentary (§110,8f.), Olympiodorus announces lectures on the Sophist.
The work On the 'On Activity' by Zosimus; all that has been said by Hermes and the Philosophers should be regarded as a spurious work. For an edition see: Bertholet, M. and Ruelle, C.-M. (1888) Collection des anciens alchemistes grecs, vol. III, Paris: Steinheil, pp. 69–104. French translation in vol. II, pp. 75–113.
Beutler, R., 1949. "Olympiodorus". In A.F.v. Pauly, and G. Wissowa (eds.), Real-Encyclopaedie der Klassischen Altertumswissenschaft 13, 18. 2, col. 207–228.
Filippi, F., 2017. Olimpiodoro d'Alessandria: Tutti i commentari a Platone, Introduzione, traduzione, testo greco a fronte e note, 2 volumes, Sankt Augustin.
Griffin, M., 2016. Olympiodorus: On Plato, First Alcibiades 10-28, London.
Jackson, R., K. Lycos, and H. Tarrant, 1998. Olympiodorus. Commentary on Plato's Gorgias, translated and notes, Leiden: Brill.
Lloyd, A. C., 1970. "The Later Neoplatonists," in A. H. Armstrong (ed.), The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 272–325.
Rashed, M., 1997. "Textes inédits transmis par l'Ambr Q 74 sup. Alexandre d'Aphrodise et Olympiodore d'Alexandrie," Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Historiques, 81: 219–238.
Saffrey, H. D., 2005. "Olympiodore d'Alexandrie", in R. Goulet (ed.), Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques IV. Paris: CNRS, pp. 769–771.
Tannery, P., 1888. "Un fragment d'Anaximène dans Olympiodore le chimiste," Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 1: 314–321.
Tarán, L., 1978. Anonymous Commentary on Aristotle's De Interpretatione (Codex Parisinus Graecus 2064) (Beiträge zur Klassischen Philologie 95), Meisenheim am Glan: Anton Hain.
Tarrant, H. S., 1997. "Cultural and religious continuity: 2. Olympiodorus and the surrender of paganism," in L. Garland (ed.), Conformity and non-conformity in Byzantium, Amsterdam: Hakkert, pp. 181–192.
Vancourt, R., 1941. Les derniers commentateurs Alexandrins d'Aristote. L'école d'Olympiodore: Étienne d'Alexandrie, Lille: Facultés catholiques, pp. 1–25.
Viano, C., 2006. La matière de choses: Le livre IV des Météorologiques d'Aristote et son interpretation par Olympiodore, Paris: Vrin.
Westerink, L. G., 1959. Damascius: Lectures on the Philebus wrongly Attributed to Olympiodorus, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
–––, 1976. The Greek Commentators on Plato's Phaedo (Volume I: Olympiodorus), Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, pp. 20–32.
Wildberg, C., 2005. "Philosophy in the Age of Justinian," in M. Maas (ed.), The Age of Justinian, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 316–40.
Ammonius | David | Elias | Neoplatonism | Philoponus | Simplicius
Christian Wildberg <wildberg@princeton.edu>


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I am a fan of the KKI line--in spite of the poor set design and the general degradation in quality from the earlier years. I like the factions, the sets were okay, and it came about when I had enough purchasing power to buy a significant amount of them.
However, I don't care for this set. It is too simplified and basically pointless. A bulky jail and a poorly guarded sword don't get my heart beating faster. I wasn't clever enough to figure out the modularity of the sets but that still doesn't change my opinion. I own it, I'm glad I do (collecting), but I wouldn't buy another.
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I got this a long time ago and thought it was okay.
I thought this was a nice litttle set with some good accesories.


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Wyniki poszukiwania

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Promoting Biology
SIBiol actively promotes biology by organising regular activities such as public forums and seminars, teachers' workshops, as well as an Annual National Biological Convention (ANBC). Find out more about upcoming activities in the News and Events page.
SIBiol awards annual book prizes in Biology to top students in tertiary institutions, and supports research through the SIBiol Research Trust Fund (RTF).
SIBiol organises the annual Singapore Biology Olympiad (SBO) from which a team is selected and trained to represent Singapore at the International Biology Olympiad (IBO). Since 2016, SIBiol also runs an annual Singapore Junior Biology Olympiad (SJBO), as a complement to SBO.
SIBiol Prize for Early Career Biologists
In conjunction with our 40th year Anniversary, to recognize the achievements of early career biologists and promote their career development at critical stages in their scientific careers, the Institute is pleased to announce the SIBiol Prize for Early Career Biologists, a single unrestricted cash grant of S$500.00 to be awarded to an outstanding early career scientist (a PhD student or post-doctoral fellow) who is an Ordinary or Life Member of SIBiol, in support of the scientist's research activities.


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Scott Horsley is NPR's Chief Economics Correspondent. He reports on ups and downs in the national economy as well as fault lines between booming and busting communities.
Horsley spent a decade on the White House beat, covering both the Trump and Obama administrations. Before that, he was a San Diego-based business reporter for NPR, covering fast food, gasoline prices, and the California electricity crunch of 2000. He also reported from the Pentagon during the early phases of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Before joining NPR in 2001, Horsley worked for NPR Member stations in San Diego and Tampa, as well as commercial radio stations in Boston and Concord, New Hampshire. Horsley began his professional career as a production assistant for NPR's Morning Edition.
Horsley earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard University and an MBA from San Diego State University. He lives in Washington, DC, with his dog, Rosie.
U.S. And China Agree To Restart Trade Talks
By Scott Horsley • Jun 29, 2019
President Trump Meets With Russian President Vladimir Putin At G-20 Summit
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Trump Tempers His Tone After Arriving At G-20 Summit In Osaka
Updated at 3:30 am ET
On his way to the Group of 20 summit in Japan, President Trump complained about all of its members that take advantage of the United States. But once he arrived in Osaka, he appeared to set aside those concerns, using a rapid-fire series of meetings to flatter his fellow leaders and boast about improving ties.
Trump Arrives In Japan For G-20 Summit With All Eyes On His Trade Talk With China
Deal Or No Deal? The Stakes Are High For Trump-Xi Trade Talks
Summits like the G-20 being held this week in Japan are often a chance for geopolitical speed-dating. President Trump has meetings scheduled with at least eight world leaders over the next three days. None is more consequential than his sit-down Saturday with Chinese President Xi Jinping.
The two big, very different personalities will be jockeying for global power and economic might, with hundreds of billions of dollars in trade on the line.
Fed Leaves Interest Rates Unchanged For Now, Cites Economic 'Uncertainties'
The Federal Reserve left interest rates unchanged Wednesday but signaled it is ready to cut rates in the future if necessary to shore up a slowing U.S. economy.
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White House economic adviser Larry Kudlow said Thursday that the Trump administration is determined to make China play by the rules of international trade.
"You know how you get from here to there?" Kudlow told an audience at a pro-trade think tank in Washington. "You kick some butt."
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Pervert ex-cop behind bars after travelling from Midlothian to Cumbria with plans to abuse child
Matthew Roy
Published: 09:49 Tuesday 30 July 2019
A former Midlothian police officer has been jailed for three-and-a-half years for planning to abuse a child.
Matthew Roy drove from his home in Gorebridge to a single mother's home in Cumbria after a sick online plot saw a string of perverts sent to the woman's front door.
In May, Stuart Westwood was jailed for eight years after setting up dozens of fake profiles on dating websites.
Posing as the woman he invited strangers to her home to participate in sexual acts with her and her young son.
Believing he was talking to the woman, Roy (60) moved the conversation to WhatsApp where he made suggestions of sex acts he wanted to perform on the woman and with her young son.
On July 30 last year, the woman was monitoring her CCTV on her iPad when she saw Roy walk up to her door. She immediately called police and he was arrested.
Roy, who served with the Lothian and Borders force, had driven more than 170 miles to the woman's house in Barrow-in-Furness.
He was jailed at Preston Crown Court after pleading guilty to two counts of attempting to arrange or facilitate child sex offences.
Roy tried to dodge a jail sentence by claiming to have suffered mental health problems from being a first responder to the 1988 Lockerbie bombing.
However, sentencing judge Robert Altham said he had been shown no medical evidence to back up the claim.
Roy was also placed on a Sexual Harm Prevention Order and will be on the sex offenders' register indefinitely.


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Русиловский сельский совет () — входит в состав
Бучачского района
Тернопольской области
Украины.

Административный центр сельского совета находится в
с. Русилов.

Населённые пункты совета

 с. Русилов

Примечания

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


From dandruff to DNA, from ammunition to infrared spectrophotometry, forensic scientists employ the commonplace and the esoteric to get their man or woman. "Forensic Science" is the only comprehensive reference work accessible to nonexperts on this fast-changing and ever-fascinating field of criminological study. Readers will learn how the latest scientific breakthroughs and the well-honed instincts of forensics experts come together to provide the clues and amass the evidence to bring America's most notorious criminals to justice. From famous firsts in forensics to possible future developments in the science, the expert team of contributors put together by William Tilstone, executive director of the National Forensic Science Technology Center, examines techniques and technologies, key cases, critical controversies, and ethical and legal issues.
Forensic science has undergone dramatic progress in recent years, including in the areas of DNA collection and analysis and the reconstruction of crime scenes. However, too few professionals are equipped with the knowledge necessary to fully apply the potential of science in civil, criminal, and family legal matters. Featuring contributions from renowned experts in the forensic, scientific, and legal professions, Forensic Science and Law: Investigative Applications in Criminal, Civil, and Family Justice communicates the wide range of methods and approaches used for achieving justice in these circumstances. A solid grounding in the underlying principles of our legal system provides a context for understanding how these methods are applied. The book brings together the words and thoughts of diverse professionals whose common goal is to uncover the truth. About the editors... Cyril H. Wecht, M.D., J.D., is actively involved as a medical-legal and forensic science consultant, author, and lecturer. Currently coroner of Allegheny County (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania, he is certified by the American Board of Pathology in anatomic, clinical, and forensic pathology and is a Fellow of the College of American Pathologists and the American Society of Clinical Pathologists. Dr. Wecht is a Clinical Professor at the University of Pittsburgh Schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Graduate School of Public Health, an Adjunct Professor at Duquesne University Schools of Law, Pharmacy and Health Services, and a Distinguished Professor at Carlow University. He is a past president of both the American College of Legal Medicine and the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Dr. Wecht is the author of more than 500 professional publications and has appeared as a guest on numerous national television and radio talk shows. John T. Rago, J.D., is Assistant Professor of Law at Duquesne University School of Law and the Director of both The Cyril H. Wecht Institute of Forensic Science and Law and the Law School's Post-conviction DNA Project. He teaches criminal law and procedure to law students and graduate courses on wrongful convictions, foundations in American law and constitutional criminal procedure to students in the university's Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences. Professor Rago also serves as an appointed member to the Innocence Project's Policy Group of the Cardozo School of Law in New York. He is admitted to practice before the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, the United States Supreme Court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.
Describes how fingerprints, bloodstains, paper, trace evidence, and accident reconstruction can be used find and convict criminals.
Every three years, worldwide forensics experts gather at the Interpol Forensic Science Symposium to exchange ideas and discuss scientific advances in the field of forensic science and criminal justice. Drawn from contributions made at the latest gathering in Lyon, France, Interpol's Forensic Science Review is a one-source reference providing a comprehensive literature review of each of the subject areas. Divided into five sections spanning the spectrum of forensic analysis, the book begins with chemical criminalistics, starting with a chapter on the forensic examination of fibres. Next, it examines firearms and ballistics, toolmarks, footwear impressions, and other contact marks such as tire treads. A chapter on forensic geology includes related sciences such as palynology. The first section concludes with a review of articles concerning paint and glass and methods for analysis of these substances. The second section focuses on drugs and toxicology. It examines improvements in the detection and analysis of abused substances, highlighting tests that are faster, more discriminatory, more sensitive, and less costly, providing hundreds of references to various studies conducted worldwide. Shifting to an exploration of electronic evidence, the next section begins with forensic audio and visual evidence and then moves to digital evidence found on computers and telecommunication and electronic multimedia devices, an area that has exploded in technological progress since the last symposium. The fourth section of the book begins with a discussion of hazardous materials, including chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear substances. It discusses new developments in environmental forensic science, with an increased emphasis on the field work necessary in investigation as well as advice on suggested equipment and online educational resources. The section concludes with a discussion of the analysis and detection of explosives and explosive residues, as well as scientific methods applied to fire cause and fire debris analysis. Finally, the book focuses on individual identification. It examines biological evidence screening and advances in DNA profiling during the past three years and explores questioned documents with a discussion of ink analysis and handwriting. The book concludes with a survey of the literature concerning fingerprints, bitemarks, and other impressions. The international scope of contributions to this volume makes it the most comprehensive source of information in the field today. Supplemented by hundreds of references to periodicals, textbooks, internet sources, and the proceedings of various working groups, the book identifies trends and their potential effects on forensic science and creates bridges with the international forensic science community supporting Interpol's mission.


text:
Reiki (fra japansk: 霊気, ofte bruges den ældre skrivemåde 靈氣 (traditionelt kinesisk) og 灵气 (simplificeret kinesisk), rei, som betyder ånd, og ki, som betyder energi, er en form for healing.

Ideen er at en healer kan kanalisere universel energi ned gennem sin krop og ud gennem hænderne. Da energien er universel, kommer healeren ikke til at dræne sig selv for energi. Der kan derfor heller ikke blive overført negativ energi fra healeren til patienten eller omvendt.

Reiki påstår at være en holistisk energi der virker på alle energiniveauer: det fysiske, det følelsesmæssige, det mentale og det spirituelle, og at kunne være med til at helbrede alle ubalancer lige fra forkølelse til ondt i sjælen. Der er ikke videnskabelig evidens for Reiki.

Former for reikihealing
Der er grundlæggende to former for reikihealing: håndspålæggelse og fjernhealing.

Den mest anvendte form er håndspålæggelse hvor patienten er til stede i samme rum som healeren. Patienten vil normalt ligge på en briks med tøjet på, et tæppe over sig og med lukkede øjne. Healeren vil så nænsomt placere sine hænder forskellige steder på kroppen oven på tæppet. De enkelte positioner holdes så længe healeren vurderer at der overføres energi. Denne energioverførsel kan af begge ofte mærkes som en prikken eller en pludselig varme eller kulde. En session tager normalt 30-90 minutter, og der tales normalt ikke under behandlingen.

Man kan også blive fjernhealet, dvs. uden at møde op hos en healer. Fordi reikienergien menes at være universel, hævdes den af nogle reikihealere også at være uafhængig af vore jordiske dimensioner. Disse healere mener således at healing kan udføres fra og til hvilket som helst sted i verden. Nogle healere mener endog at der er muligt at heale frem og tilbage i tiden.

Virkninger og bivirkninger
I reiki ses en behandling som en kraftig energitilførsel til patienten på alle energiplaner (fysisk, emotionelt, mentalt, spirituelt). Eventuelle ubalancer (dvs. fysiske sygdomme, undertrykte følelser mv.) på disse planer vil blive bearbejdet af den tilførte energi, og mange ubalancer vil helt forsvinde efter én eller få behandlinger. Da det er patientens eget energilegeme der bestemmer hvor meget energi han har brug for, vil ændringer komme i et tempo som han også er parat til.

Reikihealere
Alle har i følge reiki evnen til at blive healer. For at kunne blive kanal for den kraftige energi skal man have renset og åbnet sine energikanaler. Dette sker i en række af indvielser hvor reikimestre (folk med meget åbne kanaler) gør eleverne til energikanaler. Denne evne mistes aldrig, men bliver kun bedre hvis eleven arbejder med sin energi og spiritualitet.

Beskyldninger om overtro
Reikihealing er som de fleste andre former for "alternativ behandling" omgærdet af en del diskussion om hvorvidt der overhovedet er en effekt. Tilhængerne påstår at der klart er en effekt af healingen. Modstanderne påstår at der ikke er en effekt, og at det er en tro eller overtro. Der er lavet stribevis af videnskabelige forsøg, og der er indtil videre ikke fundet videnskabeligt accepteret evidens for Reikihealing.

Der bliver dog forsket en del i emnet, både i udlandet (fx US National Library of Medicine , Dr. Anastassia Bogomolova , The Rose Carr Reiki Centre , The International Center for Reiki Training , Reiki Research Foundation , University of Saskatchewan i Canada ), og i Danmark (fx hos Kræftens Bekæmpelse).

Noter

Eksterne links
 Kræftpatienters brug af Reikihealing som religiøs copingsstrategi - En religionsvidenskabelig analyse af indsamlede kvalitative interviews, Hanne Bess Boelsbjerg

Rekreation
Spiritualitet
Pseudovidenskab


Home » News » Will Snapchat add new publishers to its Discover?
Snapchat messaging company has decided to change the Discover section of its messenger by adding new publishers and ridding of some of the existing ones.
It has been reported that users will see the first changes this week and the whole process of Discover updating will last until early September.
Are Buzzfeed and Vox Snapchat's new partners?
There have been rumours that Snapchat is going to get Vox and Buzzfeed as its major partners. Vox will join the messaging app in late summer and nothing is heard of when Buzzfeed is going to do the same.
Again, according to rumours, Warner Music will stop working with Snapchat.
Currently Snapchat is in negotiations with several large media publishers and keeps the results a secret. Snapchat reps won't provide any official comments. The representative of Vox, Buzzfeed, and Warner Music won't shed any light on the current situation either.
However, Vox has already published an ad about hiring people to work on content for Snapchat. Who knows, maybe soon enough Buzzfeed will do the same.
Does Snapchat aim to keep improving Discover?
Snapchat launched Discover in January to convince investors that it was more than a regular chat app. Snapchat at once began to cooperate with such big companies as CNN and ESPN.
Publishers have their own benefits in working with Snapchat. The messenger is mainly used by teenagers. A lot of publishers want this audience but are not sure how to go about getting it. Snapchat's Discover section has made it real.


text:
package org.robolectric.shadows;

import android.os.BatteryManager;

import org.robolectric.annotation.Implementation;
import org.robolectric.annotation.Implements;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import static android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP;
import static android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.M;

@Implements(BatteryManager.class)
public class ShadowBatteryManager {
  private boolean isCharging = false;
  private final Map<Integer, Long> longProperties = new HashMap<>();
  private final Map<Integer, Integer> intProperties = new HashMap<>();

  @Implementation(minSdk = M)
  public boolean isCharging() {
    return isCharging;
  }

  public void setIsCharging(boolean charging) {
    isCharging = charging;
  }

  @Implementation(minSdk = LOLLIPOP)
  public int getIntProperty(int id) {
    return intProperties.containsKey(id) ? intProperties.get(id) : Integer.MIN_VALUE;
  }

  public void setIntProperty(int id, int value) {
    intProperties.put(id, value);
  }

  @Implementation(minSdk = LOLLIPOP)
  public long getLongProperty(int id) {
    return longProperties.containsKey(id) ? longProperties.get(id) : Long.MIN_VALUE;
  }

  public void setLongProperty(int id, long value) {
    longProperties.put(id, value);
  }
}


RIMTA Future, an organization that comes under the RIMTA umbrella and is focused on cultivating the industry's leaders of tomorrow, will host a panel on career paths for women in the marine trades.
"Women in Marine Industry Businesses: An Exploration of Career Paths" will be held on the evening of Tuesday, November 27 at Newport Yacht Club (110 Long Wharf, Newport, R.I.) from 6:00 to 8:00 PM.
Tickets can be purchased here in advance for $8, or purchased at the door for $10. Click here for bios of all panelists.


Rally's is back in the Valley!
After a more than 10 year hiatus in the area, the newest Rally's location on South Street in Warren held it's grand opening today.
Cars lined the street and around the corner on Elm Road with the hopes of getting a first taste of their famous Rally Burger and curly fries.
The owners tell 21 news don't be surprised to see new locations soon.
"We are talking about future locations. We wanted to get this one opened up first though and then we will start the process of looking for another location to put another one," says Owner Michael Pasqualetti.
The new location will be open Sunday through Thursday from 10 AM to 3 AM and Friday and Saturday from 10 AM to 4 AM.


text:
Editing Ultra Games
'''Ultra Games''' was [[Konami]]'s "division" for releasing [[NES]] and [[Game Boy|Gameboy]] games under a different corporate name as a workaround solution to [[Nintendo]]'s third-party licensing restrictions regarding how many games a licensed third-party game publisher could legally publish in a year. With the easing of those restrictions by Nintendo, Konami dropped the Ultra Games banner and continued publishing games under their own company name. [[Category:Game publishers]]
Please note that all contributions to the Codex Gamicus are considered to be released under the CC BY-SA 3.0


Fashion Future is not only a fashion show but also a social project. They give the young designers a chance to experience an awesome fashion show with a support of not only fashion related professionals but also celebrities and musicians to follow their way. If they are good there are several options of winning useful prices such as free placement in the shop.
Thats so nice outfit you got here!
I love your outfit..But i guess it looks lovely without the coat.


A mother and her young son were flying Southwest Airlines from Kansas City to Chicago . The little boy (who had been looking out the window) turned to his mother and asked, "If big dogs have baby dogs and big cats have baby cats, why don't big planes have baby planes?"
So the boy went down the aisle and asked the flight attendant, "If big dogs have baby dogs and big cats have baby cats, why don't big planes have baby planes?"
The busy flight attendant smiled and said, "Did your mother tell you to ask me?"
"'Well, then, you go and tell your mother that there are no baby planes because Southwest always pulls out on time. Have your mother explain that to you."


text:
Q: How Do I Call 7zip From Gradle To Unsign A Jar I want to batch Unsign some jars with in gradle but I don't want to use the ant jar method as it is too slow.
Using the 7zip command line is much faster:
7z.exe d activemq-pool-5.7.0.jar META-INF/SIGFILE.*

Where SIGFILE is the name of the previous signature.
I am trying to do it in gradle like this
    println "Unsigning jars"
    file(unsignedFolder + "/jars").listFiles().each { File file ->
        exec {
            workingDir '../tools'
            commandLine '7z.exe', 'd', file.absolutePath, 'META-INF/SIGFILE.*'
        }
    }

However, I get the error:
Starting process 'command '7z.exe''. Working directory: D:\code\project\tools Command: 7z.exe d D:\code\project\build\unsigned\jars\activemq-pool-5.7.0.jar META-INF/SIGFILE.*
:signWebstart FAILED
:signWebstart (Thread[Daemon,5,main]) completed. Took 0.109 secs.

FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.

* What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':unsignJars'.
> A problem occurred starting process 'command '7z.exe''

A: Thanks to this post I realised what it should be.
I am using the command line version of 7zip now - 7za. There is also a unix version at http://p7zip.sourceforge.net/ so I am packaging them both with my script and using something along the lines of the following:
import org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.condition.Os

task unSignJars() {
  if(Os.isFamily(Os.FAMILY_WINDOWS)) {
    println "*** WINDOWS "
    exec {
        executable "7za.exe"
        args "d", "temp.jar", "META-INF/SIGN.RSA"
    }
  } else if(Os.isFamily(Os.FAMILY_UNIX)) {
    println "*** UNIX "
    exec {
        executable "7za"
        args "d", "temp.jar", "META-INF/SIGN.RSA"
    }
  } else {
    println "*** NOT SUPPORTED "
  }
}

This method is twice as fast as using Java nio http://thinktibits.blogspot.ca/2013/02/Delete-Files-From-ZIP-Archive-Java-Example.html which in itself is twice as fast as the ant method mention in the OP.
import java.util.*;
import java.net.URI;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.*;
import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
public class ZPFSDelete {
    public static void main(String [] args) throws Exception {

        /* Define ZIP File System Properies in HashMap */
        Map<String, String> zip_properties = new HashMap<>();
        /* We want to read an existing ZIP File, so we set this to False */
        zip_properties.put("create", "false");

        /* Specify the path to the ZIP File that you want to read as a File System */
        URI zip_disk = URI.create("jar:file:/my_zip_file.zip");

        /* Create ZIP file System */
        try (FileSystem zipfs = FileSystems.newFileSystem(zip_disk, zip_properties)) {
            /* Get the Path inside ZIP File to delete the ZIP Entry */
            Path pathInZipfile = zipfs.getPath("source.sql");
            System.out.println("About to delete an entry from ZIP File" + pathInZipfile.toUri() );
            /* Execute Delete */
            Files.delete(pathInZipfile);
            System.out.println("File successfully deleted");
        }
    }
}

However, unix zip -d is twice as fast again but it isn't portable.


text:
Philippines and Italy in talks for mutual tourism promotion
by: Agustina CusolitoPosted on November 30, 2022
The tourism agencies of Italy and the Philippines are in talks to forge a partnership to promote their respective beautiful and leisure spots to local and foreign tourists.
Tourism Secretary Christina Garcia-Frasco paid a courtesy visit to newly installed Italian tourism minister Daniela Garnero Santaché in Rome, the Department of Tourism (DOT) said in its statement.
During the meeting, the DOT laid down its willingness to enter into a memorandum of understanding to allow the governments of the Philippines and Italy to work together to promote their respective tourism industries, which Frasco said Santaché accepted.
The Philippines and Italy are some of the countries lucky enough to be home to some of the most astonishing destinations in the world. The Roman Colosseum, in Italy, is among the most visited tourist spots and was voted one of the New 7 Wonders of the World. While The Philippines is among the New 7 Wonders of Nature with their magnificent Puerto Princesa Underground River. In addition, Vigan is one of the New7Wonders Cities.
For instance, the Philippines and Italy would work on promoting their respective dive spots to potential tourists, as well as reinstate direct flights between Manila and Rome. Furthermore, the DOT proposed to establish a training program for tourism workers in the Italian language.
The Philippines welcomed 8,920 Italian tourists as of Nov. 8, nine months after the country reopened its borders to tourists who are fully vaccinated against COVID-19. While Italy ranked 21st on the list of tourists from 182 countries and territories.
Frasco also met with Italian executives in aviation, media, travel and tours and diving. She informed the officers of these sectors that the government continues to make travel to the Philippines "more convenient for international tourists through infrastructure improvements such as the enhancement of international airports and continued negotiations with airlines to reinstate discontinued routes."
Peru showcased as a sustainable tourist destination at the World Travel Market
Minister highlights Jordan's tourism recovery at World Travel Market


We've been keeping tabs on MP di Massimo Piombo for a while now, because we like that Mr. Piombo's a bit of a fabric obsessive, and the way his hand-made line is infused with a worldly eccentricity, a certain boldness, that has as much to do with how you wear his pieces as what you actually wear. Just look through his compact fall/winter 2013 collection, and you'll see what we mean. The bearded Robert Rabensteiner, fashion editor at L'Uomo Vogue, serves as model (note Piombo's choice to not use an adolescent boy, because these clothes aren't child's play), wearing an acid green sweater with a navy velvet suit and smoking slippers; or a red plaid jacket draped over his shoulders as a fat tie pokes out from the his chevron-striped sweater; or a gray three-piece suit paired with a matching topcoat (again, over the shoulders), crisp white button-up, and a cream kerchief at the wrist. All of which may sound pretty commonplace but, in fact, looks downright rebellious. It's a reminder that being a discerning style acolyte — and if you're tipped off to Piombo, you likely are — is only half the battle. You've got to have the attitude to carry it off, too.


A world-class event, taking place on the shores of the Penobscot River. Musicians representing a colorful array of world traditions will perform, lots of fantastic food will be served, and plenty of shopping and people-watching are there to be enjoyed.
The 2018 edition of the American Folk Festival promises to be similar to its predecessors – a world-class event, taking place on the shores of the Penobscot River. Musicians representing a colorful array of world traditions will perform, lots of fantastic food will be served, and plenty of shopping and people-watching are there to be enjoyed. This year's festival is set for August 24-26.


text:
Q: KNN in Tensorflow - Using Graph to predict unseen data Based on the following example of KNN in Tensorflow - what would be the best way to use the graph to "predict" the label of some unseen data?
from __future__ import print_function

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

# Import MNIST data
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("/tmp/data/", one_hot=True)

# In this example, we limit mnist data
Xtr, Ytr = mnist.train.next_batch(5000) #5000 for training (nn candidates)
Xte, Yte = mnist.test.next_batch(200) #200 for testing

# tf Graph Input
xtr = tf.placeholder("float", [None, 784])
xte = tf.placeholder("float", [784])

# Nearest Neighbor calculation using L1 Distance
# Calculate L1 Distance
distance = tf.reduce_sum(tf.abs(tf.add(xtr, tf.negative(xte))), reduction_indices=1)
# Prediction: Get min distance index (Nearest neighbor)
pred = tf.arg_min(distance, 0)

accuracy = 0.

# Initializing the variables
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

# Launch the graph
with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(init)

    # loop over test data
    for i in range(len(Xte)):
        # Get nearest neighbor
        nn_index = sess.run(pred, feed_dict={xtr: Xtr, xte: Xte[i, :]})
        # Get nearest neighbor class label and compare it to its true label
        print("Test", i, "Prediction:", np.argmax(Ytr[nn_index]), \
            "True Class:", np.argmax(Yte[i]))
        # Calculate accuracy
        if np.argmax(Ytr[nn_index]) == np.argmax(Yte[i]):
            accuracy += 1./len(Xte)
    print("Done!")
    print("Accuracy:", accuracy)

A: You can do this by appending these lines to the end, inside the "with tf.Session() as sess:".
# Generate new (unseen) data
X, y = mnist.test.next_batch(1)

# Compute index of new data
nn_index = sess.run(pred, feed_dict={xtr: Xtr, xte: X[0, :]})

# Print the computed prediction
print("Test", i,
      "Prediction:", np.argmax(Ytr[nn_index]),
      "True Class:", np.argmax(y[0]))


I try everything, brushing my teeth of course, whitening tooth paste, whitening strips, more My teeth never get white. I try everything, brushing my teeth of course, whitening tooth paste, whitening strips, whitening mouth wash, help!... Home whitening strips are teeth whitening home remedies Tooth whitening strips helps to eliminate tooth stains. These types of strips are extremely slim, practically transparent, because they are covered with a peroxide based whitening solution.
Home whitening strips are teeth whitening home remedies Tooth whitening strips helps to eliminate tooth stains. These types of strips are extremely slim, practically transparent, because they are covered with a peroxide based whitening solution.... Risks: Using whitening strips can lead to damage to gums and uneven teeth whitening. There may be danger of increasing your risk of oral cancer if you use peroxide teeth whitening products like whitening strips on a regular basis.
There are many types of whitening products – from gels and bleaching strips to whitening toothpastes and mouthrinses. Tooth whitening, however, can be achieved in two ways, according to the American Dental Association (ADA) : the use of bleaching products and non-bleaching products. how to get to verdon gorge from paris Many type of whitening products are available in gel form or bleaching strips. Even whitening tooth pastes are available. Certain chemicals such as those that contain peroxide in teeth bleaching products can cause sensitivity.
Sparkly, white teeth are impressive, but they often come at a cost. Whitening treatments often contain chemicals that can irritate your tooth nerves. If you're looking to give your teeth a break, steer clear of any over the counter whitening agents.
Whitening Strips Tooth Pain How Much To Whiten Teeth At Dentist Tea That Whitens Teeth Whitening Strips Tooth Pain Whiten Your Teeth With Vinegar Teeth Whitening 35 Carbamide Peroxide Gel Brighter White Teeth Whitening Wood ash is plus a stylish natural substance that assists with making your teeth white.


text:
<?php

/**
 * Delete an element from set type column using OID
 *
 * @phpstub
 *
 * @param resource $conn_identifier
 * @param string $oid
 * @param string $attr_name
 * @param string $set_element
 *
 * @return bool true, when process is successful.
 */
function cubrid_set_drop($conn_identifier, $oid, $attr_name, $set_element)
{
}


text:
Category Archives: Ronnie Preiskel
Preiskel & Co Partners ranked by peers in Best Lawyers 2020 Edition
Preiskel & Co is pleased to announce that Tim Cowen, Ronnie Preiskel, and Daniel Preiskel have been ranked by their peers for inclusion in the Best Lawyers 2020 Edition. Daniel Preiskel has been ranked for Media and Entertainment Law, Ronnie Preiskel has been ranked for Administrative and Public Law, while Tim Cowen has been ranked for…
July 17, 2019 Daniel Preiskel, News, Ronnie Preiskel, Tim CowenBy Preiskel & Co
Draft of the Mobile Roaming (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 published
A draft of the Mobile Roaming (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 were published (having been laid before Parliament) on 5 February 2019. Accompanying the draft legislation was an explanatory memorandum provided by the UK's Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. These updated regulations aim to ensure that adequate legislation continues to operate effectively after the…
February 6, 2019 Daniel Preiskel, Jose, Regulatory, Ronnie Preiskel, Telecommunications, The Preiskel Blog, Tim CowenBy Preiskel
Daniel Preiskel, Ronnie Preiskel, and Tim Cowen recognised in Expert Guides 2018
Preiskel & Co Partners Daniel Preiskel, Ronnie Preiskel, and Tim Cowen are delighted to have been included in Expert Guides 2018 edition.
Both Daniel and Ronnie have been included for Telecoms, while Tim has been included for Competition and Antitrust.
September 3, 2018 Daniel Preiskel, News, Ronnie Preiskel, Tim CowenBy Preiskel & Co
The future of cryptocurrency and sport? UK Premier League football clubs set up Bitcoin wallets in eToro partnership
The 27th season of the Premier League kicked off earlier this month with the revelation that global investment and trading platform eToro had signed first-of-their-kind sponsorship deals with seven high-profile English Premier League clubs. Significantly, the press release confirmed that eToro will not pay for the sponsorship rights in regular 'fiat' currency, but in Bitcoin…
August 30, 2018 IT, technology and internet, Ronnie Preiskel, The Preiskel BlogBy Preiskel & Co
Preiskel Partners recognised as Thought Leaders in Who's Who Legal
Preiskel & Co are delighted to announce that Preiskel Partners Daniel Preiskel and Ronnie Preiskel have been recognised as Thought Leaders by Who's Who Legal: Data 2018.
You can read Daniel's profile here, and Ronnie's here.
August 7, 2018 Daniel Preiskel, News, Ronnie PreiskelBy Preiskel & Co
Ronnie Preiskel Speaking at Capacity Russia & CIS 2018
Ronnie will be speaking at Capacity Russia & CIS 2018 on a panel titled "Data Localization in Russia: Challenges & Solutions for Content Service Providers". Data protection laws have been in place for over 10 years in Russia. However, the amendment made in September 2015 which states that data must be kept within Russia has impacted…
April 10, 2018 News, Ronnie PreiskelBy Preiskel & Co
Preiskel & Co and Crêpeaffaire Secure Investment with BGF
Crêpeaffaire and its founder Daniel Spinath, alongside the assistance of Preiskel & Co, have successfully secured a £2 million funding deal with BGF, the venture capital investor. With annual sales generating £5 million pounds last year, and with sites in Birmingham, Newcastle, Leeds, Cardiff, Chester, across London, as well as the Middle East, Crêpeaffaire will use…
January 31, 2018 Leisure, retail and gaming, News, Ronnie PreiskelBy Preiskel & Co
Firm and the four Preiskel & Co partners ranked in Legal 500 for TMT
Once again, the firm has been ranked by the prestigious independent legal guide, the Legal 500 as a leading law firm in the Telecoms, Media & Technology (TMT) sectors. The firm is pleased to announce that all four of its partners, Tim Cowen, Ronnie Preiskel, Daniel Preiskel, and Jose Saras, have also been ranked on…
October 11, 2017 Daniel Preiskel, News, Ronnie Preiskel, Tim CowenBy Preiskel & Co
Preiskel & Co advised Streetlife in relation to its teaming up with Nextdoor
In January, the US neighborhood social network Nextdoor agreed to take over business of the British counterpart Streetlife, which has approximately 1.2 million registered users in the UK. Nextdoor, a start-up based in silicon Valley, has recently entered the UK market and raised about $210 million from investors, including Amazon founder Jeff Bezo's venture capital…
February 9, 2017 Corporate, IT, technology and internet, Leisure, retail and gaming, News, Ronnie Preiskel, Uncategorized, Website, blogging and social mediaBy Preiskel & Co
Preiskel & Co advised PCCW in relation to aspects of the sale of UK Broadband to Three UK
On 6 February 2017, a PCCW Group company and Three entered into a share purchase agreement for the acquisition of UK Broadband Limited by Three UK for £300 million, subject to the fulfilment, or waiver by Three of a number of conditions precedent. The Consideration payable by Three UK under the Share Purchase Agreement is…
February 8, 2017 Commercial, Competition, Gianpaolo Gangemi, News, Regulatory, Ronnie Preiskel, Telecommunications, Tim CowenBy Preiskel & Co


Thanks for clearing up my questions!
Everybody check out www.vizlar.com its great they're sell videos games.
Do as many surveys as possible, it takes awhile to earn points and it takes awhile for the offers to verify. They come through eventually!
dhillon you can start with free offers, but work your way around to ones that are cheap, because ones that are a dollar or two usually are worth a LOT more.
wow.i never knew you get a free phone number like that.thanks for the post.