text:
Home > Blog > TAR, origin and behaviour
TAR, origin and behaviour
Tecnosida | 13 September 2016 | Last edit: 21 February 2020
What are TAR? How do they origin?
Discover more about this condensable species that are produced through combustion, gasification and pyrolysis of hydrocarbon-based fuels.
The goal of this article is to provide you information on the TAR, known also as condensable species that are produced in the treatment process (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis) of hydrocarbon-based fuels. In particular, the article is structured in three different areas:
Introduction to the combustion reactions. What are the main parameters that govern combustion reactions? Why can be formed pollutant species such as TAR? What are the TAR specifically?
Phases of the combustion of a solid matrix. What are the different chemical-physical phenomena that characterize the combustion of a solid matrix? At what stage are TAR produced?
Harmful effects of the TAR. Why the TAR are dangerous? What are possible consequences may have if inhaled?
Introduction to reactions of burning
Among all the discoveries made by man, probably one of the most significant is that of fire. The fire has allowed our ancestors to cook food, to extend their activities until late, to protect themselves from predators and to warm up in the freezing winter nights.
Today, as then, the combustion processes are essential. It is thanks to these processes that we see a cheery fire in the fireplace, we can move in the car and we can produce electricity in large power plants.
In the branch of production of electricity, a lot have done (and still do) fossil fuels. Alongside the fossil fuels are increasing the importance the renewable sources, always used and now more important to meet global energy needs reducing environmental impact of pollution.
In particular, are emerging increasingly efficient technologies for the treatment of biomass. When it comes to combustion or gasification of biomass (or other solid fuels), the efficiency is crucial. Indeed the reactions which take place are extremely complex, and can provide as output a series of chemical species that do not represent the typical products of partial or total combustion (CO, H2, CO2, H2O). A careful control of the operating parameters allows to considerably increase the efficiency of the system, in terms of energy performance and in terms of production of polluting species.
What are these "operating parameters"? An important parameter, which has important implications in the formation of pollutants, is the fuel / air ratio.
To analyze the impact of this important parameter, temporarily withdraw ourselves from the world of solid fuels and consider the simplest hydrocarbon species: methane. The methane, to give a complete combustion reaction, needs a well-defined amount of oxygen. In particular, two oxygen molecules for each molecule of methane will become necessary.
This defined proportion between quantity of methane burned and oxygen required is defined stoichiometric ratio of the complete combustion reaction.
The combustion reactions do not always occur at stoichiometric conditions: there may be an excess or a lack of air. To make a quantitative estimate of the combustion conditions it was introduced a parameter, which is called the equivalent ratio which is defined as follows:
Based on the operating conditions, we can distinguish three different regimes:
Φ <1: If the equivalent ratio is less than the unit value it means that you are in the excess air conditions. The excess-air conditions allow to carry out the complete combustion reactions (as oxygen is over stoichiometric value), but may lead to a lowering of the combustion temperature. In fact the additional combustion, which does not participate directly in the combustion reaction, acts as a thermal flywheel and absorbs some of the heat given off the hentalpy of the oxidative process.
Φ = 1: In this case the ratio between fuel and air meets the stoichiometry, thus the amount of oxygen present is that required for the total combustion of the hydrocarbon.
Φ> 1: In these conditions there is an excess of fuel. The amount of this air is not sufficient to allow for complete combustion of the hydrocarbon matrix, and it will therefore have a partial combustion. When the parameter values are significantly greater than the unit value, there is a predominant presence of the fuel, which in the absence of air may thermally decompose to the effect of pyrolysis processes.
Do you want to learn more about: "TAR, origin and behaviour"?
Now that we have defined the various possible operating conditions, it is imperative to make a clarification. If, for example, we feed a quantity of air corresponding to the stoichiometric one (Φ = 1), it is said that throughout the volume in which the combustion reaction occurs the fuel / air ratio is equal to the stoichiometric ratio. in fact there can be some areas with excess of fuel (Φ> 1) and areas with a shortage of fuel (Φ <1), on the basis of the mixing phenomena. Here is a basic condition: the proper mixing of fuel and combustion. The chemical aspect of combustion reactions is only one side of the coin: the other side corresponds to the complicated transport phenomena that occur.
On the basis of the temperature levels and local composition, they may in fact be formed polluting species. Let us examine this aspect taking into account the same molecule before (methane), and examining the complex nature of radicalic reactions that characterize its combustion process.
As we can see in the picture, the methane combustion mechanism involves a multitude of chemical species. In particular, we can see how the presence of oxygen leads to oxidation of the hydrocarbon species, while its absence leads to a pyrolytic nature mechanism. In the nature of the pyrolytic process we can notice that the reaction of two methyl radicals (CH3) leads to the formation of ethane (C2H6), which for subsequent reactions of de-hydrogenation form ethene (C2H4) and finally the acetylene (C2H2).
The latter species contains a triple bond between the two carbon atoms, and behaves as a precursor of aromatic species (benzene and PAH – Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons).
It is in this process that takes the potential formation of the TAR. This term is to indicate broad classes of compounds, liquefiable and predominantly hydrocarbon, which develop in consequence to pyrolytic processes at high temperature.
We noted the complexity of the kinetic mechanisms of methane combustion / pyrolysis. Imagine how this complexity further increases when we consider the burning of hydrocarbon species less simple! If we consider the combustion of solid species (such as biomass) or liquid, the description of the combustion process is further makes more intricate because of the inter-phase transport mechanisms. In fact the non-efficiency of these processes can lead to the genesis of pyrolysis zones, resulting TAR formation and soot (particulates).
Mechanism of a biomass burning
A solid biomass can be described on the basis of three main components:
Cellulose: is a structural component of fundamental importance in cell walls of plants. It results to be a polymer chain that includes up to 10000 units of D-glucose molecules.
hemicellulose is a complex mixture of different sugars (xylose, mannose, galactose and arabinose), of which xylose is typically the most abundant.
Lignin is a complex macromolecule, with very high molecular mass. It tends to confer mechanical strength to the plant.
To understand how it behaves in a biomass pyrolysis conditions, you can analyze how behaves each of its members under the same conditions. This analysis may be performed experimentally, and takes the name of thermo-gravimetric analysis. Imposing a certain rate of warming of the material, simply register varies the mass variation over time of the material in question. As the temperature increases, it can be noted how the mass of the solid matrix decreases, and instead tend to form liquid and gas substances, and in consequence to the depolymerization of the chains which characterize the species before described.
It is precisely at this stage that there is the formation of the TAR, liquefiable species coming from the pyrolysis of the solid matrix.
Looking in more detail, the combustion of a solid matrix, one can recognize the following steps:
Dehydration: when the heat comes to the particle, this begins to increase its temperature. In consequently, to heat the water present in the solid matrix tends to transire in the vapor phase, and there is a consequent reduction in humidity of the particle itself.
devolatilizing and pyrolytic processes: as a consequence of the continuous increase in temperature, the more volatile molecules that characterize the solid matrix tend to pass into the vapor phase. It is both simple hydrocarbon species that more complex species (PAH), some of which distinguish precisely the TAR. In the vapor phase of the secondary pyrolytic phenomena occur, which tend to further modify the nature of the described molecules.
combustion in the gas phase: if it has adequate mixing between fuel and oxidizing agent, the species present in the gaseous phase meet the oxygen and give rise to oxidation processes (which heat the other particles, present and future are the phenomena first described) . Without adequate mixing can be of the zones in the hydrocarbon predominating, in which the combustion reactions do not take place. The lack of combustion may lead to the hydrocarbon species stay the same. These may give rise to the formation of soot, which we will cover in another article.
combustion of the char residue: as a result the devolatilization, the mass of the solid matrix decreases and tends to remain a solid carbonaceous nature, referred to as char. An effective contact between air and char allows further oxidation of the latter: the end of this process remain the ash, which can not burn.
Discharge of ashes: the remaining ashes are discharged from the boiler or from the reactor, to allow the introduction of new material.Well, we saw the combustion stages comprising the formation of PAH and the TAR. The question we now ask is: what effects these compounds have on human health?
Effects of TAR on human health
Quantify the effects of the TAR on human health is complex. One factor contributing to the complexity is definitely the high number of species that characterize the TAR: while some may be harmless, others can be potentially dangerous.
Benzene, for example, is carcinogenic for both men and animals. Other compounds that characterize the PAH, instead, have mutagenic action. For example benzo (a) pyrene, by action of cytochrome P-450, is epoxidized: then through subsequent reactions form a species that can react with DNA, introducing the mutations.
The question therefore arises spontaneously: it is possible to intervene to remove the tar from the process streams?
An answer to this question lies surely in a preventive action, which is to make an optimal design of boilers and reactors; This allows you to promote effective mixing between fuel and oxidizing.
There are also post-treatment methods, which we will analyze in a later article!
Awaiting further information, visit our product and our Case History!
[1] A. D'Alessio, A. D'Anna, T. Faravelli e E. Ranzi, «Particolato fine e ultrafine,» Chimica & Ambiente, pp. 34-42, 2005.
Thermal Oxidizers | VOC, Odors and air pollution removal


text:
Millwall confirm coronavirus self-isolation measures after contact with Nottingham Forest owner
Nottingham Forest owner Evangelos Marinakis was present as Millwall won 3-0 at the City Ground on March 6 and the south London club have taken action after staff met with the Greek businessman
Greg JohnsonHead of Clubs
Millwall have confirmed that senior representatives at the south London club are now in a period of self-isolation after coming into contact with Nottingham Forest and Olympiacos owner Evangelos Marinakis.
The 52-year-old was present as Gary Rowett's side won 3-0 away at the City Ground on March 6.
However, there is no suggestion that any members of Millwall's staff have contracted the virus at the time of writing, with the club taking a precautionary step in line with government advice.
Arsenal are another London club that have been affected by Marinakis' announcement that he has been diagnosed with coronavirus.
On February 27, the Greek shipping magnate was seen in the dressing rooms, directors box, press area and on the pitch at the Emirates Stadium after his other football club, Olympiacos, beat the Gunners in the Europa League.
In a statement received by football.london, the Premier League side said: "Our home match with Olympiacos in the Europa League was played on Thursday 27th February and none of our staff who came into contact with him on that match day have reported any symptoms since.
Who is Evangelos Marinakis? The Olympiacos owner diagnosed with coronavirus after Arsenal visit
Gary Neville hits out at coronavirus impact on Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham and other clubs
"We continue to follow strict protocols with regard to coronavirus. We're following the Government health guidelines and have additional procedures in place to protect our players and staff."
Arsenal have also responded by undertaking a deep clean of the Emirates Stadium and their London Colney training base.
Meanwhile, Chelsea will play Bayern Munich behind closed doors in the second leg of their Champions League final in Germany next week after the Bavarian government moved to prevent contagion at against large public events.
Tottenham Hotspur's clash with RB Leipzig will go ahead with fans present despite similar decisions across the Bundesliga.
Follow @Football_LDN
MillwallGary Rowett and Wayne Rooney give verdict on fans' boos as Millwall and Derby stars took a kneeA small section of supporters at The Den were heard booing as Millwall and Derby County players took a knee in support of the Black Lives Matter movement this afternoon
FA respond over fans' behaviour at Millwall vs Derby County clash at The Den
MillwallMillwall supporters returned to The Den for the first time since March for their Championship clash against Derby County on Saturday afternoon
EFL confirm 2020/21 season start date for Charlton, QPR, Fulham, Brentford & Millwall
ChampionshipWith the 2019/20 Championship season finishing more than two months later than planned, the start of the 2020/21 campaign has been pushed back
Brentford fairytale, Fulham hope, Charlton scrap and unmatched drama of Championship's last day
ChampionshipThree of London's five teams enter their last game with their fate undetermined
Charlton's 24-year curse, Millwall's new target and a bizarre flag row at The Valley
CharltonThe Addicks have not beaten their neighbours since 1996 and last night's defeat put their relegation worries back in sharp focus
ChelseaMarcel Desailly makes Frank Lampard claim as talk of sack ramps up after latest Chelsea setback Chelsea suffered another setback on Tuesday night at the hands of Leicester City, leaving Frank Lampard under intense pressure and former Blues star Marcel Desailly has weighed in on his former side's loss of form
Partey, Ceballos, Aubameyang, Smith Rowe: Latest Arsenal injury news and expected return dates
Arsenal injury newsThe Gunners moved into the top half of the Premier League with a 3-0 win over Newcastle at the Emirates on Monday night and face a double-header against Southampton up next
Chelsea transfer news live: Medical scheduled, Blues sent Haaland message, Rice update

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Artspace 'De 11 Lijnen' is an exhibition space for contemporary art. It is an inspiring place for authenticity and reflection, away from the central art scenes. Artists who fulfil a hinge function and who break new ground are invited to develop a project.
The site is located in Oudenburg, Belgium. Oudenburg was first an old Roman settlement, a castellum along the seaside. You still can find archaeological remains in the ground. The polder has been reclaimed from the sea in the 16th century. Through the polderland you have many sea creeks. The sea water, coming into the land, with its own plants generates a typical vegetation to the polder. Under the immensity of the sky, the flatland seems small.
The North Sea gives the light a special, strong and clear aspect.


text:
BD Racing UK
Race Dates
BMCRC
BD Racing
Photo by Drop4gear © 2020
Bambino Developments Racing UK (BD Racing UK) was founded in 2019 by Ian Soilleux; whose passion for Motorcycle Racing has lead him on a colourful career since 1993. BD Racing UK currently has two riders competing in BMCRC (Bemsee) and one rider competing in British Minibike Championship (BMB).
Ian's mission was clear. Firstly, to provide advice, support and motivation to the teams riders. Secondly, to coach, train and support each rider in order to fulfill their goals and dreams.
This lead to the creation of a focused team that develops and supports riders in a structured environment within Club Racing.
The team has also taken under their wing a talented young rider. Leo is currently competing within the British Minibike Championships; supported by BD Racing UK.
<CLICK HERE> to follow on Facebook
<CLICK HERE> to follow on Instagram
#82 – BMCRC – RND 4 – Brands Hatch GP 9 October, 2020
Team Announcement 25 September, 2020
EMRA – Rnd 3 – Mallory Park 23 September, 2020
BMB – Rnd 4 – Three Sisters 21 September, 2020
CLICK TO watch the bemsee family ©BMCRC
https://www.bd-racing.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/BEMSEE-Family.mp4
Bambino Developments Racing UK


Similar weight loss with low-energy food combining or balanced diets.
Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2000 Apr;24(4):492-6.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of two diets ('food combining' or dissociated vs balanced) on body weight and metabolic parameters during a 6-week period in an in-hospital setting.


If your organisation suffers such an attack and you determine the persons whose data you hold are at risk, you need to move swiftly to notify the Data Protection Commission within 72 hours of becoming aware of the personal data breach. Depending on the circumstances of the case, there may also be a legal obligation to notify the Gardaí.
If you need assistance or require further information, please contact Anne-Marie Bohan / Chris Bollard, partners in our Technology and Innovation Group or Nicola Dunleavy / Michael Byrne, partners in our Litigation and Dispute Resolution Department, or your usual Matheson contact.


text:
Airline Sustainability
Air Travel Airlines
KLM Is Leading the Way to Making Flying Greener
Karen Tina Harrison
Karen Tina Harrison is a New York City-based lifestyle journalist who has covered travel since the last millennium.
jax10289/Getty Images
KLM, the Royal Dutch Airline, has been around since 1919. And for 12 years, it has been ranked Most Sustainable Airline by the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. What this means is that KLM, the world's oldest airline still operating under its original name, is simultaneously one of the planet's most cutting-edge carriers.
KLM's twofold aim for its second century of operation is to be the world's most innovative and most sustainable airline. The company is actively seeking ways to make air travel greener, and KLM employees in every department are rewarded for green ideas and actions. You can be sure that this airline's sustainability initiatives go way beyond paperless ticketing.
It's hard to imagine that air travel, which uses so much fuel, can ever be sustainable. But KLM is making steady progress. Here's how the Dutch airline is on track to approach sustainability in the next decade or two.
The Most Important Thing: Reduce Carbon Emissions
Green activists consider the carbon emissions from jet engines the aviation industry's biggest threat to our planet. Carbon dioxide, or CO2, contributes to climate change, severe weather, freshwater shrinkage, air pollution, and other ills. KLM's Climate Action plan addresses these threats point by point.
Airlines measure CO2 emissions by the amount of jet fuel burned to carry each passenger's weight and baggage. KLM's CO2ZERO program is in place to reduce its jets' CO2. The airline's Climate Action Plan involves several factors.
"Fleet renewal" is one. This means newer, more fuel-efficient jets. The Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner, unveiled in late 2016, uses 40% less fuel than comparably sized jets. KLM flies the Dreamliner in numerous long-haul flights including those between its Amsterdam hub and North America (New York, San Francisco, and Calgary); Dubai. The Dreamliner also flies to and from multiple cities in East Asia.
"Operational efficiency" is another way that KLM lessens its CO2 output via more efficient jet maintenance. Routing is a factor, too. KLM flight plans are designed to minimize the time that its jets spend burning fuel on the tarmac, in the air, and circling to land.
Keeping Cool
KLM has developed the green practice of "water washing:" cold-spraying its jet engines in flight. Known to employees as "turn, not burn," water washing keeps engine temperatures down, which causes them to burn less fuel.
Developing Biofuel
Biofuel, a hybrid jet fuel that with fewer ill effects on the atmosphere, is a promising innovation for the aviation industry as a whole. KLM (along with its corporate sibling, Air France) has pioneered the use of greener alternatives to standard jet fuel.
The airline has invested in biofuel development and partnered with companies that are focused on this. Today KLM operates numerous daily flights powered entirely by biofuel, particularly from LAX in Los Angeles and JFK in New York to the airline's home airport in Amsterdam.
KLM plays a pivotal role in environmental upgrades to its hub airport in Amsterdam, Schiphol (pronounced "Skipple"). To run the airport 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, alternative sources of energy are increasingly used, with major energy contributions from wind turbines and solar panels. Almost all ground and cargo vehicles use "red diesel," which is mixed with biodiesel and is low in harmful sulfurous exhaust.
Within Schiphol, airport operations are paperless, both in customer service and in-flight operations. The airport is sunny, welcoming, and friendly. With passenger services like sleep lounges and dog runs, it is an increasingly attractive hub for travelers. As Schiphol expands, measures are being taken to reduce noise inside and outside the airport. Schiphol is the founding member of Airports Going Green, an international organization.
KLM has instituted a carbon-offset program that many other airlines have taken inspiration from. "Carbon offset" means simply that passengers donate to conservation programs that make up for the harm they've done by flying. In practice, "carbon offsets" are essentially charitable donations, packaged by the airline or by environmental nonprofits.
Your offset purchase can help buy a forest to save it from destruction or to replant trees in deforested areas (as KLM has done in a significant way in Panama) or to upgrade energy-hogging machinery in developing countries. Carbon offsets are typically added to your ticket price, but KLM (and some other airlines, like Air France and United) allow passengers to use miles to purchase them.
Smaller Environmental Footprint
Besides releasing fewer toxins into the atmosphere, we can opt to create less waste. KLM has made waste reduction a pillar of its sustainability initiative and is on track to cut its waste output in half by 2025 compared to 2011.
For this airline, waste prevention involves many practices. One is something that many of us observe in our own lives: no more paper media. Newspapers and magazines are no longer distributed in KLM economy class, saving 50,000 pounds of paper annually. Instead, coach passengers can read various current media on the free KLM Media app.
Recycling Everything
KLM throws nothing away that can be reused or repurposed. Whatever objects passengers use inflight, from pillows to silverware, is collected for re-use within KLM. Components of the jet itself-–from the metal body to the cabin carpeting—are recycled or "upcycled" (which means used by someone else).
No reuse possibility is overlooked. In 2017, students at the MOAM design school in Amsterdam produced a fashion show whose clothes were made from KLM jet material including carpets, seat belts, cushions, flight attendant uniforms, and even tires.
Responsible Inflight Catering
Everything on your KLM meal tray is recyclable, and what you don't eat is composted. The foodstuffs that KLM's catering kitchens use are Fair Trade and sustainable, from the fish served to the palm oil used in cooking.
How Aviation Passengers Can Fly Greener
Airline passengers can make environmentally savvy choices.
Fly less if you can: trains are often the greenest choice
Fly eco-conscious airlines like KLM, Air France, JetBlue, Finnair, Alaska, Qantas, Qatar, Emirates, Cathay Pacific
Fly direct and nonstop: fewer miles in the air means less CO2 produced
Fly off-peak: less air traffic means quicker flights and lower CO2 emissions
Fly during the day: sunlight counteracts greenhouse gases in jet exhaust
Fly with less luggage: create less CO2 by packing carryon only
Fly coach: economy passengers shoulder a smaller share of C02 emissions
Purchase "carbon offsets" from your airline: charitable donations to environmental projects. It's up to all of us to do what we can.
Here's How to Fly (Almost) For Free on Top US Airlines
Why Emirates Airline's Business Class Is a Legend
20 Shocking Facts About Air Travel
The World's Most Dangerous Airlines
What Are the Top 15 Airlines in North America?
Getting to and From Washington, D.C. by Amtrak Train
15 Secrets Your Pilots Know—But You Don't
What Is a Known Traveler Number, and What Do You Do With One?
How to Pick a Green Hotel in the Caribbean
The World's Most Delayed Major Airports
Airport Shopping Ideas for Last-Minute Gifts
Your Essential Guide to Bangalore Airport in India
Everything You Need to Know About Delta Air Lines
Farm-to-Plane Food Is Happening on Singapore Airlines
18 Environmentally-Friendly Hotels in Austin, Texas
Amsterdam Schiphol Airport: Everything You Need to Know


From the Made in Italy Range, (100% Lino Brand) this beautiful linen tunic / dress will make you feel so special! Both casual and formal, a must have item in your wardrobe.
The linen tunic / dress is a light pink colour featuring white and blue flower circle patterns. The side lengths are longer than the front and back and include a split. From the underarm seam to the beginning of the side split is 23cm. The sleeves can be altered in length with the tie up button tab.
This garment flows beautifully over your chest and tummy and looks fantastic.


Match report and photos by Colin Coulson.
The climax to the season grows ever closer and this week Raiders travelled to Tonbridge Juddians to continue the battle to avoid relegation. The home side on the other hand are still in the mix to win the playoff place.


Is this the road to failure? Isn't the light fading?
Nothing is clear. I want to flee the hurt, yet first I want apology, atonement, understanding. But there is silence. Have I failed?
Keep driving. Don't slow down when tormenters whisper from alleyways. Find the lane lined with friends to help.
The sun sets, but I'll drive on.
And the drag of the hurt will stretch and thin, from cable to rope to thread to hair to … snap… nothing.
I'll drive on: curving with the road, healing from the jolts, bending with the camber.
Rites of passage: we've had a few recently. First, my younger child reached sixteen years of age. My older child is preparing for university. Last week, my naughty little sister reached a significant birthday (although she will always be nine years old to me). And today while my daughter and all English and Welsh students of her age start their GCSEs, my son and his English and Welsh peers start their A levels.
Exams. You either enjoy the frisson of them or you loathe them.
I recall the desks lined up with rigid precision in the gym. The windows were open to let in some air and perhaps dispel the underlying gym-smell of sweat and the overlying examinee-smell of fear. I remember dark green trees on the left side and the open expanse of the yard on the right as we laid out our weapons: pens, pencils, geometry sets, lucky objects etc. My over-dramatic friend performed for that day's Oscar by pretending to pray to the heavens and cross herself (despite not being Catholic). My other friends just mouthed 'good luck'. During the exam the slow silence was marked only by the slow tread of the invigilator walking up and down in time to passing seconds, tick tick tick. My pen exploded during one exam; my Geography teacher nearly wept when I told him I'd said the lake in question 2 was Erie when it was Michigan. That is the most excitement I recall. My O levels (GCSE equivalents) took place during two weeks in June. Once the exams were over, I was a free agent until September.
Before the exams, I revised. Well OK, I made a revision timetable. It was very pretty. I worked out mnemonics for history, one of which I can still recall, GRASP to remind me of Hitler's rise to power. G(ermany) gaining political control thereof; R(e-arming) Germany without any of the signatories to the Treaty of Versailles noticing; A(ustria) gaining political control thereof; S(udetenland) annexation thereof; P(oland) invasion thereof. If the exam had only covered that I would have been fine. Unfortunately it covered the period 1870-1953. I did all this and then fell asleep. It was a good sleep but I did only get a C for History. To my astonishment I also got a C for Physics perhaps because I could remember formulae.
Still, that was then. Apart from work already finished for the exams (art and drama for example) my poor daughter and pals have exams stretching from today until the end of June, six weeks. She had been revising hard and I applaud the teachers who gave up holidays and weekends to help the students prepare.
My sister's birthday party was on Saturday. Afterwards, my husband, daughter and I retreated to our hotel for the night to watch the end of the Eurovision Song Contest and digest the festive food and drink. My daughter asked if we could test her on history and belief & ethics. It was somewhat surreal to sit in a strange room watching a yodeller from Romania and listen to my daughter going through the definition of voluntary euthanasia and the causes and effects of the Vietnam war when I just wanted to doze off. Or perhaps I just ate too much cheese and am imagining it.
Exams feel like the end of an era and the start of a new one. In a way they are. They mark a point in time when you are tested about things you may never ever need to recall again and they tend to coincide with moments when you and your friends may take different paths. The results will make you rejoice, grimace or cry. You think they will define your whole future. In some ways they do of course. You may not get the results you need and will have to alter your plans. You may do better than you thought and change your mind about your future.
If you are sitting exams right now and you're in despair, try to take a breath and give yourself a break.
You are a wonderful being.
You will never be defined by your grades, they will be part of who you are but not the whole. You may go down the path you planned and be happy but you could go down a different path and be happy. Sometimes the path you plan is not the right one and you won't know until you step down another.
Speaking for myself, I didn't get the grades I could have if I'd spent more time revising and less time making a revision timetable. I was disappointed in myself, but the world did not end. The adult me looks back and tells the teenage me to make different choices. I tell my teenage children to learn from my mistakes, but they're teenagers and I'm an adult. What do I know? They have their own triumphs and mistakes to make. And despite my original disappointment, I'm happy with where I've ended up.
It is what I learnt after school and college: teamwork, humility, compromise, humour which have given me the ability to pick up the pieces, to accept things and move on regardless, even when the path planned had a diversion sign across it and I had to travel by a different way.
The best advice a teacher ever gave me was to focus on the point beyond the end of the exams. It will come and it will come sooner than you thought. And then you can step towards the next adventure and you can triumph because you are full of potential. No-one else can offer what you can.
I wish everyone well during the exams but if it all seems too much, here are some helplines which may assist.
Chateauneufdusprat is a cheeky little vintage crafted by Jemima Sidesaddle from the little known Three Trolleys Vineyard.
Jemima, having lost her inheritance (including country estate and vague prospects of marrying into the aristocracy) in a calamity involving schnapps and loose elastic, scraped together the savings in her post office account and bought a selection of sunny slopes along the River Ooze (not to be confused with the River Ouse). Over the last three years she has astounded everyone by growing a vineyard entirely from planting small cuttings "obtained" from other vineyards and spitting grape seeds at the fertile banks.
Using ground breaking technology to create barrels from old oil drums and water sourced from the river itself (running as it does through the characterful towns of Scragg and Dumpe), she has developed unique wines quite unlike anything you will taste anywhere else.
This for example is a sweet white. Its aroma bears the delicate whiff of the hooves of fine fillies whose stable needs cleaning out. Holding the glass to the sun, it appears to be filled with tiny sparkles of glitter floating in the golden fluid, so magical they move of their own accord as if they are alive. This is really a wine with legs! The flavour is reminiscent of retsina if you replaced resin with the tangy, unforgettable taste of envelope glue.
A sip of Chateauneufdusprat (RRP 75p) will take you back to fond memories of seaside washrooms and the dark corners of bus-stops and telephone boxes on Saturday night.
It is truly a magical tipple. After drinking half a bottle, you will never want to drink anything else ever again.
At the beginning of June, I am going to be one of the 'bride's helpers' at my friend's wedding. I'm a little old to be described as a bridesmaid and the bride thought we would prefer not to be referred to as a 'matron', even of 'honour'. So 'bride's helper' I am happy to be. Only I haven't got a dress yet.
Mid July, my sixteen year old daughter is going to her prom. She hasn't got a dress yet either.
We are both fussy, indecisive and vertically challenged. We also live in a small town with only one clothes shop. That's not to say we haven't got major towns within driving distance or the internet. We've just had other things to do than traumatise ourselves with clothes shopping.
We didn't have proms back when I was sixteen. We had the fifth form Christmas disco (at which I found myself wearing the same outfit – long blue silky blouse with high collar and black pencil skirt – as my best friend). After O Levels, we had no kind of celebration whatsoever apart from taking off the old school tie and stuffing it in a drawer forever. After A Levels, we had a sort of impromptu party at which I decided to throw my natural sartorial inhibitions to the wind, got a perm and wore a bright pink dress with white polka dots and a ra-ra skirt. The next time I wore a fancy outfit was for our valedictory ball at college when I had a dark blue lace 1950s dress of my grandmother's altered to fit, under which I wore an awful lot of corsetry.
Pretty much the last posh frock I had, I bought for my husband's cousin's wedding. I turned up at the venue and my aunt-in-law greeted me with 'you look nicer in that dress than the other girl who's wearing it'. 'The other girl' and I spent most of the rest of the day avoiding being anywhere near each other and I was glad that I'd bought the matching shoes, even though my feet were killing me. In my wardrobe is a nice dress I bought in a sale in the wrong (smaller) size in a bout of optimism about losing weight. 'One day' I tell myself, 'one day, I'll be able to get into it.' At the rate I'm going, it'll be back in fashion by the time I can.
So, yesterday, my daughter and I decided we'd finally brave the shops and buy a prom dress at the very least. We started with a small independent place seventeen miles away which sells wedding and prom clothes. Inside, there were four staff and no customers. One of the staff, for no apparent reason, was eating a ham salad at the sales desk. A very bored teenager (who I hope does not intend to go into sales, or if she does, gets a training course) wafted a hand at the prom dresses and ambled off. All of the dresses felt slightly sticky. It was hard not to imagine ham-salad-fingers arranging them. We made a polite but sharp exit.
Next stop the larger town a few miles further along the coast. In the first department store, we trawled two floors of ladies' wear drawing a blank on anything that looked prom dressy. Eventually we tracked down an assistant.
'Where is your bridesmaid and prom section please?' I said.
'Which one do you want?' asked the assistant.
'Either, both,' I said, somewhat confused as they're usually together.
'For which one of you?' asked the assistant glancing between me and my daughter.
I boggled a little, trying to imagine on what planet she thought I'd be going to a prom or indeed wearing a traditional bridesmaid's outfit.
'For my daughter,' I answered.
In the next department store, my daughter tried on a lovely etherial outfit in shell pink and grey,. She looked like Venus in an oyster shell and the style was lovely but they are not her colours. Then she tried on a dramatic skirt in black and white stripes. 'I feel like a skunk,' she said and she had a point. I had a surreptitious look round the non-bridesmaid/prom dresses for myself but mostly spent the time handing things in and out of the changing room and wondering how we ended up with two fewer hangers than we started.
In the third department store, Debenhams, we discovered there is no prom/bridesmaid dress section anymore. It's in Southampton. In a last ditch attempt to show willing, my daughter picked out a possible alternative only to find it streaked with foundation and whiffing slightly of B.O.
By this time, any urge I had to seek out a dress for myself had gone. In any event, there are few things which can dent your self-confidence as badly as sharing a changing room with your teenage daughter who is at least four sizes smaller and hasn't yet suffered the full force of gravity.
Today, we march forth again as it's the last weekend we have free for a fortnight. My daughter is hoping the elusive dress (style and colour still undecided) will be somewhere in the emporia of Southampton. I am hoping the short, plump, middle-aged woman who tends to stand in front of me in changing room mirrors will have another engagement.
If we succeed, we can breathe a brief sigh of relief. Brief, because after we've found dresses, we have to buy shoes.
And that is a whole trauma in itself.


What is the best way to decrease body fat while maintaining or increasing muscle mass?
Would cardio exercise in the mornings on an empty stomach help me achieve these goals?
From what I have read you also want to drop your carb and fat intake down, whilst increasing your protein intake. If you buy some ketostix you can monitor your urine for ketone bodies to make sure your not in ketosis (a state where your body is breaking down muscle for energy).
This kind of approach will see you drop fat, but you wont be able to increase your muscle mass at the same time. Being able to increase muscle mass whilst dropping body fat is a hard task to achieve. If you simply diet you can loose as much as 50:50 fat/muscle as your body canabalises itself for energy.
Its best to buy a book on healthy eating, these types of books often have sections on weight loss that can be very useful.
Cardio exercise in the mornings on an empty stomach would only be beneficial for people who are obese. Otherwise, if you are not obese, you should have a little something in you stomach prior to exercising. It doesn't have to be a big breakfast of eggs, bacon, and toast. However, it could be as simple as a bagel, a toast, or yogurt and an apple. In doing so, you will provide your body with energy to last longer in your workouts and will have increased your metabolic rate some what through digestion.
The best way to decrease fat while maintaining muscle is to get the best of both worlds. Incorporate both resistance training and cardio training in your workouts. Try keeping the the cardio for last. Do not do cardio for more than 1 hour or it will interfere with muscle gain. Try supersets or circuit training to keep the heart rate up and kick your metabolic rate into high gear. Most importantly, pay attention to your diet. Be cautious of what you eat and when.


Can agent GRAC_CONTROL_ASSIGNMENT_APPROVER be used in SAP_GRAC_ACCESS_REQUEST ?
I would like to incorporate an agent that is found in process ID SAP_GRAC_CONTROL_ASGN in SAP_GRAC_ACCESS_REQUEST. Is this a big jump ? Can it be done directly in MSMP or would BRF+ be required.
Within the Function Module a check is performed for DDIC data structure to check MSMP type coming through for header is "GRAC_S_REQUEST_RULE_HEADER" and line item "GRAC_T_REQUEST_RULE_LINE"
For the function module you want to look at using there is a check for "GRAC_S_SOD_MITIG_RULE_HEADER"
if this check is not met then error 111(grac_role_messages) is shown "Enter valid DDIC Structure for Process Type &1"


The seeds have arrived in Dunedin. The local Otago Daily Times ran a story covering their delivery.
Partnership with the Dunedin Botanic Garden has been established, and seeds will be sent shortly. GLH received a letter from Mayor of Dunedin Dave Cull, in which he looks forward to strengthening ties between Hiroshima and Dunedin through symbolic seeds that "remind us of the possibility of new life."


text:
Кетчика́н () — місто () в США, в окрузі Кетчикан штату Аляска. Населення —  осіб (2010), є п'ятим за густотою населеності містом у штаті.

Економіка міста заснована на туризмі та рибальстві, і місто відоме як «Світова столиця лосося». Національна пам'ятка «Туманні фіорди» є однією з головних пам'яток району.

Географія
Кетчикан розташоване на острові Ревільягіхедо за 145 км на північ від Прінс-Руперта і за 378 км на південь від Джуно.

 середня річна кількість опадів у вигляді дощу становить 3900 мм, а середньорічна кількість опадів у вигляді снігу — 94 см.
 Середній максимум температури липня в місті 18 °C, січня 4 °C.

Кетчикан розташований за координатами  (55.357695, -131.674712). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 15,27 км², з яких 11,27 км² — суходіл та 4,00 км² — водойми. В 2017 році площа становила 12,70 км², з яких 9,73 км² — суходіл та 2,96 км² — водойми.

Клімат

Демографія

Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало  осіб у  домогосподарствах у складі  родин. Густота населення становила 527 осіб/км². Було 3731 помешкання (244/км²).

Расовий склад населення:

До двох чи більше рас належало 10,0 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 4,4 % від усіх жителів.

За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 23,9 % — особи молодші 18 років, 65,4 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 10,7 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 36,7 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 103,1 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 102,5 чоловіків також старших 18 років.

Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив  долар США (медіана — ), а середній дохід на одну сім'ю —  долари (медіана — ). Медіана доходів становила  долари для чоловіків та  доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 16,6 % осіб, у тому числі 22,8 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 4,3 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.

Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило  особи. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 20,9 %, роздрібна торгівля — 19,4 %, транспорт — 10,4 %, публічна адміністрація — 9,8 %.

Міст до аеропорту
Аеропорт міста розташований на іншому березі протоки, відтак щоб дістатися, треба пропливти поромом. У середині 2000-их урядом США розглядався проект із побудови мосту, який втім не реалізувався. Серед місцевих цей проект набув назви міст у нікуди.

Примітки

Джерела

Міста Аляски
Населені пункти боро Кетчикан
Окружні центри Аляски

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The import of professional learning in support of quality teaching is well established. Moreover, demonstrating active engagement with ongoing professional learning is now a requirement of maintaining teacher accreditation. For example, within an education policy climate that monitors the achievements of Indigenous learners closely, the evaluation and efficacy of educators with constructively addressing the experiences of these students is under increasing scrutiny, and hence, the significance of professional learning is further heightened. But, what sort of professional learning is well suited and effective in contributing to this undertaking? This systematic review investigated the veracity of the evidence underpinning professional learning research projects that aimed to make a positive change in the approach and abilities of schools to effectively improve the learning experiences of Indigenous students in Australia over the last 10 years. The themes that emerged from the review emphasise the import of future professional learning practices finding ways to more genuinely ensure that Indigenous peoples contribute to leading these activities, explicitly address issues to do with culture, (anti) racism, power and relationships in schooling, and localise the politics of knowledge construction through the alignment of curriculum, pedagogy and context.
The original version of this article was revised: The co-authors' names were missed in the author group. The author group has been updated.
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-019-00324-4.


This week we joined Matron Aileen Rooney to take a look behind the scenes of the hospital in her role as Theatre & Critical Care Matron.
Aileen works in an area of the hospital that very few people get to see and she kindly agreed to let the communications team shadow her for a day and document her work for this new video blog.
We created a photo gallery that highlights the work of a unique part of an NHS hospital, showing a different side of some of the people who work here and the environment where they help patients every day.
Shot in black and white to give a slightly different perspective than usual, it includes portraits from across the organisation as well as people going about their usual working day in the NHS.
This photo gallery is the latest in a series of blogs called QE Stories, a new forum where you can learn more about QE Gateshead and discuss how we work behind the scenes to provide excellent healthcare for you and your family.


text:
Chevron acquires Anadarko Petroleum for $50bn
American oil and gas multinational Chevron has acquired all of the outstanding shares of hydrocarbon exploration company Anadarko for $50bn.
The stock and cash transaction for Anadarko's shares is valued at $33bn, or $65 per share. Anadarko's shareholders will receive $16.25 in cash and 0.3869 shares of Chevron for each Anadarko share under the terms of the agreement.
The acquisition of Anadarko is expected to enhance Chevron's upstream portfolio as well as its positions in deepwater, shale and natural gas resource basins. Chevron is expected for benefit from in the Delaware Basin and the Gulf of Mexico, with the combination of the two companies extending Chevron's offshore infrastructures.
Chevron will also gain a resource base in Mozambique to support growing global demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG), described by Chevron as "a very cost-competitive and well-prepared greenfield project" close to major markets.
As a result of predicted higher cash flows, Chevron plans to increase its share repurchase rate from $4bn to $5bn, increasing returns for its shareholders. Chevron also expects its shareholders to benefit from additional cash through reduced debt and spending.
Chevron chair and CEO Michael Wirth said: "This transaction builds strength on strength for Chevron. The combination of Anadarko's premier, high-quality assets with our advantaged portfolio strengthens our leading position in the Permian, builds on our deepwater Gulf of Mexico capabilities and will grow our LNG business.
"It creates attractive growth opportunities in areas that play to Chevron's operational strengths and underscores our commitment to short-cycle, higher-return investments.
"This transaction will unlock significant value for shareholders, generating anticipated annual run-rate synergies of approximately $2 billion, and will be accretive to free cash flow and earnings one year after close."
Anadarko chair and CEO Al Walker said: "The strategic combination of Chevron and Anadarko will form a stronger and better company with world-class assets, people and opportunities."
"I have tremendous respect for Mike and his leadership team and believe Chevron's strategy, scale and operational capabilities will further accelerate the value of Anadarko's assets."
The transaction has been approved by the board of Directors of Chevron and Anadarko, and is expected to close in the second half of 2019, subject to approval from shareholders and regulators as well as other customary closing conditions.
Anadarko Petroleum
International Oil Cos
NCDMB, Waltersmith to support Equatorial Guinea on Modular Refinery Development
CDMB