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Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Quotes
JOEL: Why do I fall in love with every woman I see... who shows me the least bit of attention?
Clem waves at Joel at the train stop, and when he moves, she leans backward and waves again, overtly poking fun at his shyness. They are both immediately drawn to the other, though they don't know why. Is it possible that the Lacuna procedure didn't work? Is there still some sliver of emotional core left over, meaning that Clem's and Joel's memories are a foundation of their attraction the second time around? Or is it possible that there's something else bringing them together?
CLEMENTINE: No jokes about my name. Oh, no, you wouldn't do that. You're trying to be nice.
JOEL: I don't know any jokes about your name.
CLEMENTINE: Huckleberry Hound.
JOEL: I don't know what that means.
CLEMENTINE: Huckleberry Hound? What are you, nuts?
JOEL: It's been suggested.
CLEMENTINE: Oh, my darlin', oh, my darlin'
Oh, my darlin' Clementine
You were lost and gone forever
Dreadful sorry Clementine.
At first this scene doesn't mean a whole lot. It's weird that Joel doesn't know the song, but we don't think much of it until the second time it happens. He and Clementine are sitting on the beach, and she tells him the same thing, after which he sings her the song. We realize that the only reason Joel doesn't remember the song that it was associated with Clem and therefore erased from his memory. Erasing the memory of Clementine therefore erased parts of Joel he may not have counted on erasing. This incident also shows us that because of the procedure, Joel and Clementine's their second relationship cannot be the same as their first.
Joel sees Clem at Barnes & Noble. She doesn't recognize him and is talking to another man. Joel walks, confused and upset, out of the library and into Rob and Carrie's house.
This is the first time we notice something is off. Rob and Carrie surely don't have a house that's literally attached to a Barnes & Noble, so maybe it's just clever cinematography. But why do all the lights turn off in the Barnes & Noble when Joel is walking out? At the moment, it just seems strange, but soon we realize that we are in Joel's mind, and everything that falls outside the domain of his memories does not exist. In other words, when he leaves Barnes & Noble, there is no Barnes & Noble anymore, and Joel probably doesn't have an explicit memory of the drive to Rob and Carrie's, either.
Joel is in his apartment, collecting everything that has an association with Clementine and stuffing it into a garbage bag. When he goes to Lacuna, the people there have him look at and think about the memories associated with these items.
Lacuna uses items to start the mind map that will allow them to find and eradicate the correct memories in Joel's mind. But these aren't just random items Gondry threw together for these scenes; they're actually found throughout the movie. We don't want to give anything away, but try finding some of these items scattered through other scenes.
HOWARD: There's an emotional core to each of our memories, and when you eradicate that core it starts its degradation process. By the time you wake up in the morning, all the memories we've targeted will have withered and disappeared, as in a dream upon waking.
This is pretty spot-on when it comes to how memory actually works. Emotions are attached very closely to memory—especially memories of smell, thanks to our brain structure—so it would make sense that getting rid of memory would entail erasing the emotion associated with it. Unfortunately, the result is technically brain damage, which, despite Howard's reassurance, is a scary thought.
Joel shifts between emulating his memories and commenting on them. Sometimes he even mimics what he knows people will say.
Joel has an interesting relationship with his memories. Sometimes he seems outside of them—like when he's talking to Clem about ways to escape, or when he's narrating what's happening. But at other times, he seems to be stuck in the past, forced to act out what has happened. In the first Clemory, Joel chases after her in his car saying, "Let me give you a ride home"—which we assume is what really happened. But then immediately after this, he starts yelling at her that he is erasing her and that he's happy about it. Joel's consciousness is always in a state of flux.
Joel drives home from the beach party with Rob and Carrie. He looks out the window and sees happy memories with Clem flashing by him.
These are the final moments when Joel will remember what he had. The two years flow by at a rapid pace and are all tinted in red by the accentuated taillights. The memories are also all set on the beach, and just like the memory of the house, they have a sense of deterioration to them, as if they're turning into tiny little rocks.
JOEL: Page is ripped out. Don't remember doing that. It appears this is my first entry in two years.
The whiteness of the blank pages in Joel's journal matches the bleak grayness of the sky and the empty beach. A large part of Joel's identity has been stripped away by the procedure, and he is left with a blank slate. Normally the idea of a fresh beginning is portrayed positively, but there's no doubt in this scene that Joel is feeling lost.
CLEMENTINE: Agent Orange! I came up with that one. I apply my personality in a paste.
JOEL: Oh, I doubt that very much.
CLEMENTINE: Well, you don't know me, so... you don't know, do you?
JOEL: Sorry. I was just... I'm trying to be nice.
CLEMENTINE: Yeah. I got it.
Agent Orange was the name of an herbicide used by the U.S. in the Vietnam War. It kills plants; it's definitely not nice. That's why Joel is politely disagreeing—but Clem is having none of it. This is the first time we really get to see their contrasting personalities: Clem admitting her faults and saying exactly what she thinks, while Joel is trying to be kind and undo her self-deprecation.
CLEMENTINE: So, I'm eight... and I have these toys, these dolls. My favorite is this ugly girl doll who I call Clementine. And I keep yelling at her: "You can't be ugly! Be pretty!" It's weird. Like if I can transform her, I would magically change, too.
Even Clem has her own insecurities. As a child she would displace them onto her dolls, having them take on her identity (or at least the parts of it she doesn't like) for her, helping her bear the load. Now, as an adult, she can instead rely on Joel, whose niceness, which at first repulsed Clem, now assuages her self-doubt.
JOEL: Why am I... I don't understand what I'm looking at. Why am I standing here and—
This is Joel's awakening. Well, he's still asleep but you know what we mean: he finally realizes that he's inside his own mind when he sees himself sitting in a chair. Just as Joel is literally looking at himself in this scene, the whole memory sequence is basically one big self-examination, with Joel exploring all of the avenues of his mind, getting acquainted with who he is in a way he probably never expected.
CLEMENTINE: I didn't kill anybody! It's just a fucking dent, Joel. You're like an old lady or something.
JOEL: Well, what are you like… a wino?
CLEMENTINE: A wino? Jesus, are you from the '50s or something? A wino? Face it, Joely. You're freaked out because I was out late without you, and in your little wormy brain you're trying to figure out, "Did she fuck someone tonight?"
In this fight, Joel and Clem throw names at each other like children, playing on their identities. Joel is boring and always worried like an old lady, while Clem…likes to drink wine? That's probably what wino means, but we're not, like, from the '50s or something.
PATRICK: Baby, what's going on?
CLEMENTINE: I don't know. I don't know! I'm lost. I'm scared. I feel like I'm disappearing.
PATRICK: Disappearing?
CLEMENTINE: My skin's coming off! I'm getting old! Nothing makes any sense to me!
PATRICK: You're not getting old.
CLEMENTINE: Nothing makes any sense. Nothing makes any sense.
Clem is lost and scared because she's in the middle of an identity crisis—and not an angst-y teen one or a mid-life one. She's had a real loss of identity, and she doesn't know who she is. She feels older because she really is older than she believes, having had so much time with Joel stripped from her memory. Of course, what Clem is experiencing parallels what Joel is experiencing in his memory. And in Joel's memory, Clem is literally disappearing.
JOEL: Random thoughts for Valentine's Day. Today is a holiday invented by greeting card companies... to make people feel like crap.
We're not disagreeing that Valentine's Day was created for commercial purposes, but it's a bit cynical to think it's purposely making people feel bad. We don't think there's anything wrong with a dinner for one followed by a Nicholas Sparks movie. But seriously, Joel's thoughts here pretty clearly reveal how he's feeling about love and relationships at this point in the movie.
JOEL: Sand is overrated. It's just tiny little rocks.
Okay, sand does seem to get everywhere after a trip to the beach, but isn't it still fun? Joel may be right, but that doesn't mean thinking of sand as merely a smaller form of something hard and boring like rocks isn't really depressing. What about sand castles? Or sand art? You can't make that out of pebbles.
JOEL: I could die right now, Clem. I'm just... happy. I've never felt that before.
CLEMENTINE: Mmm.
JOEL: I'm just exactly... where I wanna be.
Joel and Clem are lying together on the ice when Joel experiences this moment of bliss. It's not complicated: he's just very happy, in a contented sort of way. This is the moment when he realizes that getting rid of all of the bad memories is not worth losing all the good ones. Will he ever get to experience happiness like this again?
JOEL: I love being bathed in the sink; such a feeling of security.
CLEMENTINE: I've never seen you happier, Baby-Joel.
Not all of Baby-Joel's memories are sad ones. He is really into sink baths, for example. If only we were all that small still… such a feeling of security. But we digress.
MARY: So you didn't do the erasing?
STAN: Of course not. God no.
MARY: And you never even suspected we were together?
STAN: Once, maybe. I was coming back from a job, and you were at his car. I saw you two talking. So I waved to you, and you giggled, you know.
MARY: How'd I look?
STAN: You looked happy. Happy with a secret.
Mary doesn't want to remember her affair with Howard only in order to avoid making the same mistake twice; she actually wants to keep the memories for the same reason Joel wants to keep his, specifically to remember her happiness (even if that happiness is ethically questionable).
CLEMENTINE: Too many guys think I'm a concept, or I complete them, or I'm gonna make them alive. But I'm just a fucked-up girl who's looking for my own peace of mind. Don't assign me yours.
Clem is totally right. She knows that Joel thinks she will be able to make him happy by freeing him from his dull life. But even telling him straight up that they are in the same boat, both searching their own peace of mind, doesn't make Joel realize the truth.
JOEL: If only I could meet someone new. I guess my chances of that happening are somewhat diminished, seeing that I'm incapable of making eye contact with a woman I don't know.
It's not that Joel doesn't like people, and it's not that Joel doesn't have an exciting life. It's just that he's scared. Scared of rejection? Scared of opening up? Whatever he's afraid of, it has something in particular to do with connecting to members of the opposite sex.
Joel experiences memories of himself in the Lacuna office while Howard explains the procedure to him and Stan shows him the items he brought in.
As this scene plays, what really conveys Joel's fear and confusion and anxiety to the viewer is the music, which you can listen to here. When picks up pace at the end, that signifies the point at which Joel's memories become a montage, and he flashes quickly through multiple memories at once that don't quite make sense. In the present, Patrick is bumping around with the equipment; Joel sees a red light and sporadically hears voices coming from the room, which only adds to the chaos in his mind.
JOEL: I wish I'd stayed. I do.
CLEMENTINE: Well, I came back downstairs, and you were gone.
JOEL: I walked out. I walked out the door.
CLEMENTINE: Why?
JOEL: I don't know. I felt like a scared little kid. I was like... It was above my head. I don't know.
CLEMENTINE: You were scared?
JOEL: Yeah. Thought you knew that about me.
Joel isn't someone who likes adventure; he's more the stay-at home-with-an audiobook-and-a-glass-of-deionized-water kind of guy. So when Clem starts pulling him into a situation in which he is uncomfortable, he doesn't know what to do except escape. (Okay, to be fair, Clem and Joel did break into someone's house, and Clem was about to wear these people's clothes and drink their wine, so it wasn't exactly your typical night on the beach. But still.)
JOEL: Uh, don't go too far. […] I think I should go back.
CLEMENTINE: Come on. Come on!
JOEL: What if it breaks?
CLEMENTINE: "What if"? Do you really care right now?
The ice is a metaphor for intimacy. Joel is afraid to take a leap of faith and put his trust in someone. If that someone breaks his heart, he will be left drowning in sorrow and regret… Or maybe it's just ice, and Joel's scared of bruising his bottom. Who knows?
JOEL: She's not looking at me. She's busy. She's not looking at me. No one ever looks at me. I want my mommy. […] Don't leave me, Clem. Oh my God, Clem.
CLEMENTINE: This is sort of warped.
JOEL: I'm scared. I want my mommy!
Baby Joel just wants to be noticed, like most babies or toddlers or whatever he is. Maybe Joel was actually neglected as a child, which might explain some of his insecurities. But most likely, he was just having a moment of fright when his mom went briefly out of sight.


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Legislative District 1
11,442 alumni
1,795 UW students
554 UW faculty and staff
FEATURED HUSKIES FROM THE 1ST LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT
Nick Degrasse works as a research engineer at the UW Prosthetic Science and Technology Laboratory, using technology to improve the lives of those who have experienced physical trauma. "While working with robotics, I've discovered I can do a lot of good in this space, and many people are depending on this technology to improve their lives."
Nick DegrasseUW Bothell '20; 2020 Husky 100 member
"I've studied the variation in vocalization of Steller's Jays as a Mary Gates Scholar, the effects of urbanization on bird populations as an assistant to Dr. Wacker, and crow vocalizations as part of an undergraduate cohort. Long term, I will study comparative neuroscience in human and cephalopod connectomes. Scientists have a responsibility to make science accessible for the entire community, so my career will be spent engaging the public and next generations as much as possible."
Kira LemkeBiology; 2022 Husky 100 member
SERVING THE 1ST LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT
With nearly 6,000 students and 55 undergraduate and graduate degree programs, the University of Washington Bothell has a reputation for access to excellence and a leading-edge educational experience. For more than 30 years, UW Bothell has fulfilled its mandate to provide access and opportunity to students from north King and Snohomish counties and across the state of Washington. This year, 50% of incoming first-year students and 39% of incoming transfers are the first in their families to earn a four-year degree.
Young Executives of Color
Young Executives of Color (YEOC) is a nine-month college pipeline program hosted by the UW's Michael G. Foster School of Business. YEOC focuses on engaging high school students of color in a comprehensive curriculum that includes college preparation, professional development, business lectures and powerful mentorship. The program, which is free to students, currently serves 190 students from over 75 high schools around Washington state.
1ST LEGISLATIVE DISTRICT REPRESENTATIVES
Senator Derek Stanford (D)
Senator Derek Stanford represents the 1st District in the state Senate. He holds a doctorate in statistics from the University of Washington. Visit Sen. Stanford's website.
Representative Davina Duerr (D)
Representative Davina Duerr represents the 1st District, Position 1, in the state House of Representatives. Visit Rep. Duerr's website.
Representative Shelley Kloba (D)
Representative Shelley Kloba represents the 1st District, Position 2, in the state House of Representatives. Visit Rep. Kloba's website.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Best Known As:
The great golfer who led "Arnie's Army"
Arnold Palmer was one of the world's best golfers, an icon of the 1960s and one of America's first celebrity athletes. Arnold Palmer grew up in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, right next to the golf course where his parents worked. He attended Wake Forest University for three years, where he excelled at golf, and then served in the U.S. Coast Guard before turning to golf as a career. Between 1958 and 1964, Palmer won the Masters tournament four times, the British Open twice and the U.S. Open once. His charisma on the links earned him a loyal following, known as "Arnie's Army," and for decades Palmer got the bulk of fan attention whenever he played. Arnold Palmer is credited with the popularization of the sport in the 1960s, and he turned his celebrity into lucrative endorsement deals, one of the first professional athletes to do so. During his career he had more than 60 PGA victories and more than 90 wins in tournaments around the world.
Arnold Palmer was also a pilot, and in 1976 he circumnavigated the globe in a small jet… The non-alcoholic drink named after him is a mix of iced tea and lemonade.
10 Reasons to Watch the Masters
Copyright © 1998-2018 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.


is a one-part liquid concentrate to make a fine-grain, contrast-working phenidone-hydroquinone negative developer. It is designed for the manual processing of all types of black-and-white negative films.
It is supplied in PE bottles of 0.25 l and diluted for use with water (1+10 to 1+14).


CHEYENNE, Wyo. (AP) — Two workers were injured in an explosion and fire at an oil facility in Converse County on Friday while working with fluid at a well head.
The blast happened shortly before noon at the Chesapeake Energy Corp. facility about four miles north of Douglas.
A generator was running at the time of the explosion, but the state fire marshal would have to determine the cause of the fire, Converse County Undersheriff Justin Scott said.
Officials from Chesapeake Energy, who responded after the fire was reported, said they would have a statement later on the incident.
'There were several people from Chesapeake who showed up, but we had to keep them back," Scott said.
Two contractors with Susquehanna Services were pumping fluid out of containers at the time, said Rob Black with the state Department of Workforce Services.
One worker was taken to a hospital with burns, and the other worker was hospitalized with unknown injuries, Black said. The workers' identities and conditions weren't immediately available.
Firefighters put out the fire while the other workers were evacuated.


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FarmBot is a robotic open hardware system
You don't need a green thumb with this farming robot
29 Aug 2016 Don Watkins (Correspondent) Feed
Image credits :
Photo by Jen Wike Huger
FarmBot is a robotic open hardware system that assists anyone with a small plot of land and a desire to grow food with planting, watering, soil testing, and weeding. It uses a Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and other awesome components, including weather-resistant materials.
Founder Rory Aronson talks details with me in this interview, but make sure you watch this video.
How has your background and philosophy driven the creation of FarmBot?
I studied mechanical engineering in school and graduated in 2013. However, the idea for FarmBot came to me though an organic agriculture elective I took. I've been working on FarmBot ever since, extensively using my engineering background to design, build, test, and document the project.
How is FarmBot different from other urban gardening solutions?
FarmBot is the first piece of technology that is an end-to-end soil-based food production system that is also 100% open source, focused on precision, controlled from the web, and accessible and appropriate for small-scale operations.
How well does FarmBot scale? What is the smallest and largest farm I could manage?
Our current kits are designed for a 1.5x3-meter growing area. This is enough to grow one person all of their vegetable needs continuously. We're working on larger devices up to eight times the size for release next year. Those will produce enough food for a family or a small commercial operation. We don't anticipate FarmBot scaling much beyond that size, but one could very easily employ multiple devices and synchronize them or control them independently.
Why did you make FarmBot open source?
I believe that food is a human right. So if I have a technology, or data, or some other resource that helps someone grow the food needed to sustain themselves and their family, I should share that with them. Simply put, it is the morally correct thing to do.
How are people contributing to the project so far? How do people share knowledge and ideas?
We collaborate on FarmBot's core software components on GitHub and talk about ideas and hardware prototypes on a forum we've set up. It's pretty fun to see people ask questions and other community members chime in even before I can.
Why did you choose the MIT license?
Some projects are copyleft, others are permissive. I chose the permissive MIT license because I believe it is the more open choice. A lot of people think that open source means you can't make money, or think that it is more difficult to do so than with a proprietary model. To be completely honest, that last part is probably true in a lot of cases. So if a copyleft license was chosen, then I think a lot of entrepreneurs would unfortunately stay away from the project. That is a loss to the entrepreneur and a loss of additional choice to the FarmBot community and consumer. At the end of the day I want more people involved and more consumer choice. That means going permissive.
How many FarmBots are in operation?
Right now, only about a dozen. But once we ship the first batch of preorders in February, we'll have over 300 devices in operation all around the globe.
Has FarmBot been forked? Do you think that will help the project?
As far as we know, not yet. Most people are simply building what we have provided and have not taken the platform in significantly new directions. But we do anticipate this to happen as the community grows and especially as the business/financial opportunity becomes clearer and more proven. Having the core project forked will be a boon for everyone from a technological and community standpoint.
How long did it take you to design and make FarmBot? How long did it take to tweak it? Did you take any breaks along the way?
My cofounders and I have been working on FarmBot for three years now without too many breaks. It's a lot of work to build something completely new from scratch!
How do you see FarmBot changing the food production paradigm?
My long-term vision is for FarmBot to become a home appliance. Just like how most people have washing machines at home that just require a few knob turns and button presses to clean clothes, I hope for FarmBot to become a commonplace appliance that grows healthy, sustainable food with little effort. This will change the overall shape of the food production paradigm from one that is centralized, harmful, and a black box to one that is decentralized, sustainable, and transparent.
Don Watkins - Educator, education technology specialist, entrepreneur, open source advocate. M.A. in Educational Psychology, MSED in Educational Leadership, Linux system administrator, CCNA, virtualization using Virtual Box. Follow me at @Don_Watkins .
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Norbert Klein on 04 Sep 2016 Permalink
Can you please inform me about the cost of farm bot? I mean the cost of all parts of hardware, and also an approximate estimation of the total weight, so that I could calculate the possible cost of shipping to Cambodia.
Norbert Klein
Don Watkins on 05 Sep 2016 Permalink
I just emailed Rory at roryaronson.com and I'm sure he'll be happy to respond to your question. Thanks for commenting.
Rory Aronson on 10 Sep 2016 Permalink
Hi, you can see the complete cost breakdown on our documentation page here: https://farmbot-genesis.readme.io/docs/bill-of-materials
Chris B on 08 Sep 2016 Permalink
Pity the farmbot link is down right when this article comes out
I let Rory know and he rebooted the http://farmbot.org/ web server. It's up and running now.


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Photo Credit To Argonne National Laboratory
Exascale and the future of supercomputing
In 1949, physicists at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) newly minted Argonne National Laboratory ordered the construction of the Argonne Version of the Institute's Digital Automatic Computer, or AVIDAC. A modified version of the first electronic computer built at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, it was intended to help solve complex problems in the design of nuclear reactors.
With a floor area of 500 square feet and power consumption of 20 kilowatts, AVIDAC boasted remarkable computing power for the time. It possessed a memory of 1,024 words (about 5.1 kilobytes in total), could perform 1,000 multiplications per second, and had a programming capability that allowed it to solve problems consistently and accurately.
Today, your smart phone can store around 100 million times more data, and can do in a single second what would have taken AVIDAC two months.
Since AVIDAC, Argonne has housed an impressive inventory of ever more powerful machines and, for most of its 75-year history, taken a leadership role in advancing supercomputing efforts and strengthening the foundations for pivotal discoveries in cosmology, climate, energy research and much, much more.
Through decades of research, innovation and collaboration, Argonne has helped shape machines of discovery, each more complex than its predecessor. And with a unique perspective as both host and user of supercomputers, the lab continues to steer larger conversations around the future of supercomputing.
Katherine Riley has witnessed the advent and passing of several generations of Argonne supercomputers and will have input into future designs — a future that seems to arrive faster all the time.
When she joined Argonne in the early 2000s, computer chip designer Intel had achieved, only a few years earlier, a teraflop of computational power — a trillion operations per second. At that time, the lab was discussing the potential for petaflop machines that would eventually perform quadrillions of calculations per second.
"Even when we were looking at petascale systems, there were conversations about what exascale (a billion billion calculations per second) would look like," recalled Riley, now director of science for the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF), a DOE Office of Science user facility. "I remember somebody projecting how hot the chips would be in an exascale system, and they thought it would be as hot as the surface of the sun.
"Obviously, we couldn't see the path yet, but we've learned a lot and so much has advanced since then."
Argonne has recently retired its third generation petascale machine, Mira, and is on the cusp of receiving its first exascale machine. The new supercomputer, Aurora, is set to open doors on more complex questions, provide higher resolution simulations and deliver faster, more accurate data analyses.
Fast as it is, Aurora will be augmented by the use of artificial intelligence (AI). And that combination will help drive autonomous, self-driving laboratories that will lead to more efficient experiments and faster solutions to and discoveries aimed at issues important to society.
It is the age of exascale, the new future of supercomputing. At least for now, as Riley and colleagues across the laboratory begin thinking about and discussing the next chapter in the evolution of supercomputers.
AVIDAC boasted remarkable computing power for the time, performing 1,000 multiplications per second. Today's smart phones can store around 100 million times more data and do in a single second what would have taken AVIDAC two months. Pictured with AVIDAC is pioneer Argonne computer scientist Jean F. Hall. Image by Argonne National Laboratory.
Speed's the thing
"The big difference between the supercomputers of the past and today's supercomputers is that the early supercomputers could solve certain types of problems very quickly, but you couldn't solve very complex problems," said Salman Habib, director of Argonne's Computational Science division. "The supercomputers of today can do that, which makes a lot of sense, because if you're a national laboratory like Argonne, you're tasked with tackling those kinds of problems."
"Those kinds of problems" affect all of us and shape the world around us. They involve complex systems that have a lot of moving parts. They range from the biological relationships within ecosystems to the complexities of climate to the formation of mutations in a virus.
Habib's complex problem is the universe; where it's been, where it's going and what's driving it there. It is a problem that involves developing numerous models of the early universe to understand the fundamental constituents of matter and how their populations and distributions evolve. That takes an awful lot of computational power and time.
Even with Aurora on the doorstep, Habib wonders if an exaflop of calculating power will prove enough to answer his or other big questions. He is not alone. Scientists have struggled with some of these questions for decades and longer, and still not come close to fully solving them, even with giant leaps in computing.
For him, it's about getting an answer on time scales that replicate how we think or as fast as it takes Alexa or Siri to respond to your query.
"We think in time scales that are in the tens of seconds or minutes. If you have to wait two weeks for a computer to give you an answer, your chain of thought is already gone," said Habib. "In order to aid me in thinking, the machine should answer me literally in seconds, just like when you Google something. If it took two weeks to get an answer, the whole purpose of Google would be lost, right?"
Getting to that kind of speed requires not only changes in computer architecture, but the development of techniques to accelerate the way we ask questions to better understand systems under study.
"We actually don't know how to write down, as equations, the questions we're asking about some of the more dynamical problems," said Rick Stevens, Argonne's associate laboratory director for Computing, Environment and Life Sciences. "Even if we have the world's fastest supercomputer, I actually couldn't write down the equation of cancer, for example."
Stevens is also a principal investigator on a multi-institution cancer research project. For him, part of the answer to deeper understanding of complex problems, like developing treatments for cancer, lies in the integration of AI and computer design and function. The combination could help fill gaps in information, which might then lead to faster, innovative discoveries.
One AI technique gaining significant traction in the scientific community is called machine learning, which is used to find patterns in data. In a complex area of study such as cancer research, machine learning can, for example, uncover and fill in information on the behaviour of tumour cells or the relationships between tumour cells and drug molecules.
"That means we can actually understand things by combining what we know from theory and what we learn from data into a coherent system. Then we use the supercomputer to predict how that system is going to behave," Stevens explained. "I think future applications are going to be hybrids like this."
Solving for supercomputer challenges
The story of supercomputing is based in part on exponentials, said Stevens. Of particular note is Moore's Law, which states that the size and speed of computing processors doubles every two years.
Though not achieved entirely on the strength of processors alone, the operating power of supercomputers has increased something like a trillion times over the last 40 years, exceeding Moore's Law.
"Now, name anything else in your entire understanding of the world that's become a trillion times faster in the last 40 years," Stevens said. "I'll wait for you."
But one thing that doesn't go very well with exponentials is power, he added. And as supercomputers become faster, they will require much more power, or energy, to operate them.
Aurora will require about 50 megawatts of power, 2,000 times more than was consumed by AVIDAC and more than that used by a typical small town. As speeds increase, future machines will require double Aurora's power and more. The budgetary implications and space requirements associated with that increase have the potential to slow the forward momentum of supercomputing.
But by pushing the envelope of what's possible, even by small increments, researchers can begin to minimize the problem.
As director of the Mathematics and Computer Science division, Valerie Taylor's research focuses on performance and power analysis. Work conducted by her group could make current and future machines less power hungry and more efficient.
"Energy is the amount of power you use over time," she explained. "So, we take an application, for example, and look at the average power it consumes over the execution time of a program and ask if there are efficient ways to reduce power requirements."
Turns out, there are a number of different strategies to achieve better energy efficiency. These could include adjusting the power requirements throughout execution or reducing execution time itself, added Taylor. Modifications can be made to software codes, and machine learning methods can offer insights into how applications can be improved.
"Those are just a few ways to reduce power requirements," she said. "And sometimes we may achieve a 10 to 15 percent increase in energy efficiency, and other times it might be as much as 40 to 45 percent. So, no matter what your power budget is, there are ways to utilize it more efficiently."
Engineers inserting ThetaGPU, an AI- and simulation-enabled extension of Argonne's current supercomputer, Theta. Computing users and operators hope to have more plug-and-play options for hardware upgrades in the future, instead of having to replace entire machines. Image by Argonne National Laboratory.
Thinking outside the lab
When it comes to the next big thing, innovation doesn't necessarily have to originate from within the lab. Today, the DOE is working with large hardware developers, such as Hewlett Packard and Intel, to deliver the next generation of supercomputers. But tomorrow, innovation may come from any number of players.
"We're interested in getting the most innovative technologies into our computing resources, whatever their source," said ALCF Director Michael Papka. "The faster we can do that, the faster our users can benefit from them."
New generations of high performance computing resources are introduced every five or six years, he added. But what if, instead of replacing the entire machine each time, components could be updated as innovations and ideas become available, making the resource itself more of an experiment?
"The challenge," Papka noted, "is making these upgrades transparent for the users."
The idea is really no different than the way many of us upgrade our home computers. You run out of space, you buy a bigger hard drive; your gaming runs a little slow, you buy a new graphics card.
"The capability to push software updates overnight or at designated times is already enabled in the software space today, where you can wake up the next morning with a new capability on your phone or in your car," Papka said. "We are now having the conversation about how to perform such upgrades for hardware."
Additionally, by making the systems easier to use, a wider range of users might start conducting more diverse research.
Already, the integration of simulation, AI techniques and data analysis on one machine, for example, is opening the doors to new sciences for which the thought of using supercomputers wasn't in the cards. And this integrated approach to addressing complexities is allowing scientists to explore different ways of asking their questions.
"Look at the biological research community. They were doing smaller experiments. But now, with the explosion of genomic capabilities, they are tackling problems they never thought would be viable," suggested Riley.
Just recently, she added, researchers studying the complex SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, were added to the roll of supercomputer users.
A collaboration between Argonne, academic and commercial research partners, for example, pushed the computational envelope to achieve near real-time feedback between simulation and AI approaches.
By coupling two distinct types of AI-enabled hardware, data from simulations was streamed from one platform to another to simultaneously analyze interactions in the SARS-CoV-2 virus that help it elude the host's immune system.
As supercomputers get faster and data continues to increase, real-time data analysis is becoming a tool not only for current and future supercomputing, but for new machine-to-machine interactions.
Technology integration to drive real-time analysis
It wasn't that long ago that computers were mainly stand-alone entities, being fed and spitting out data and answers. But as new machines are built, developers are acknowledging the growing relationship between supercomputers and external machines, like particle colliders and telescopes, scientific tools of discovery that produce ever-greater data loads.
Of great importance to Argonne and researchers around the world is the Advanced Photon Source (APS), a DOE Office of Science user facility. The high-intensity X-ray beams produced at the APS allow researchers from academia, industry and government the opportunity to explore, in great detail, the structure and function of matter and materials.
One of the most powerful sources of high-energy X-rays in the world, the APS is in the midst of an upgrade that will allow the facility to generate X-rays 500 times brighter than its current output. The increase will generate tremendous amounts of new data that previously could not be captured.
Argonne principal computer scientist and group leader Nicholas Schwarz is leading the effort to deliver the new computing resources the APS Upgrade will require in the coming years.
"The upgraded facility will enable researchers to ask and help solve some of the most challenging and novel scientific questions facing the world today in areas such as materials research, quantum information, energy systems and medicine," said Schwarz. "Doing so requires us to analyse, in real-time, two to three orders of magnitude more data per year."
To handle that increase, future supercomputing and AI technologies will couple and process these increased data volumes captured from experiments and generated from large-scale simulations into a feedback loop. In this scenario, scientific ideas are explored through simulations, the results of which are validated by experiments at the APS. Those results are then used to correct or suggest new simulations. The process iterates, bringing scientists closer to new insights more quickly.
Another advantage of closely coupled computing and experiment facilities is the ability to study events that occur too quickly to understand. Real-time, on-demand supercomputing will allow researchers to analyse large amounts of data as soon as it is collected to help identify rare events.
For example, a materials science experiment might produce a data set that, if analysed quickly, could help determine where or how a fault might form and propagate in an alloy used in a building or a vehicle.
"Often, interesting phenomena and rare events occur too quickly for humans to recognize and react. They occur, and poof, they're gone before you realize it," noted Schwarz. "Advanced computing resources and scientific instruments need to be ready, on demand to respond to an event when it occurs. We can't tell nature to come back later when we're ready."
Current "future thinking" is already making this kind of rapid analysis possible. Faster machines and the integration of simulation and data analysis are paving the way for automation in experiments and other laboratory functions.
In 2019, Argonne began using the Cerebras CS-1 AI computer system, which integrates the pioneering Wafer Scale Engine, the largest and fastest AI processor ever built. Moving forward, Argonne will look to new, novel developers like Cerebras Systems to innovate the future of supercomputing. Image by Argonne National Laboratory.
While we often think of automation as the realm of robots, much of the automation that lab leaders have in mind is driven by advanced AI.
Part of the case for AI is its ability to automate repetitive, time-consuming jobs currently done by scientists and to do them faster and more reliably. For example, the goal of automated or self-driving labs is to accelerate simulations, physical experiments and, inevitably, discovery.
"We'll soon have computers big enough and powerful enough to undertake both very powerful simulations and large-scale AI computations," noted Ian Foster, director of Argonne's Data Science and Learning division. "This means that we can create a new class of intelligent, continuously learning simulation tools that repeatedly explore many possible responses to a question or problem — and then learn from those simulations to choose the next best responses to consider."
Using car battery research, Foster points to the design of electrolytes as a case in point. There are literally millions of possible electrolyte candidates to improve a battery's conductivity. To simulate, construct and test them all would take a lifetime.
But AI techniques like machine learning can be trained to look for electrolytes with very specific characteristics. By simulating these select materials, AI systems can further determine which ones get the researchers closer to their goal, and then use the knowledge gained from those simulations to help choose the next candidates to simulate.
Similarly, researchers are developing catalogues of materials and molecules, even cosmological structures, vetted by AI technologies that sift through millions of pages of scientific journals to extract specified information.
"We end up with an AI-enabled discovery process, which we expect to be far more efficient, perhaps speeding the discovery process by a factor of hundreds of thousands." said Foster. "This is what we want to do with Aurora, and it's going to be really interesting to see how it works."
Aurora will launch the age of exascale for Argonne. Researchers are already looking ahead toward the next big innovation in supercomputing. Image by Argonne National Laboratory.
Faster, bigger, farther
Salman Habib's earlier ask for faster computing seems to resonate with many users. The question remains, how do we get there? Faster might come in the guise of efficiencies or AI acceleration or newer processing units.
Aurora is equipped with both CPUs (central processing units), the more traditional processing hardware, and GPUs (graphic processing units) — which handle many operations by breaking them into thousands of smaller tasks — that will help drive AI training methods and more realistic simulations. But newer options, like quantum chips, are already on the drawing board.
The big buzz word in science today, quantum anything is often complicated to explain and more complicated to address in computing architecture.
"The target is not a singular quantum computer, but this very heterogeneous supercomputer that has little bits of everything," suggested Riley. "We're not betting on that for the next system, but like everything else, it's coming and faster than we think."
Whatever the solution, all agree that, when it comes to the future of supercomputing, business as usual won't cut it. Exploring novel concepts, approaches and collaborations will have to be the norm.
"We are on this eternal journey to build the fastest machines," said Stevens. "Ideally, we'll have access to all of these innovative technologies to make them faster, because there are always going to be more and bigger problems we need to solve. And we can only make progress if we deliver on these frameworks in AI and automation."
Asked if he's happy that the next iteration of supercomputing is right around the corner, Stevens will tell you, "I'm happy while I'm happy. But I also recognize that if we want to accomplish big things, we're going to need a lot bigger computers."
The Argonne Leadership Computing Facility provides supercomputing capabilities to the scientific and engineering community to advance fundamental discovery and understanding in a broad range of disciplines. Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Science, Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program, the ALCF is one of two DOE Leadership Computing Facilities in the nation dedicated to open science.
Post source : Argonne National Laboratory
Tags:Argonne National LaboratoryComputingExascaleSupercomputerTechnology
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It's not necessary for everyone to become vegetarian, but cutting meat and dairy consumption will help the world to meet its 2050 carbon emissions targets. The problem can be tackled, but only if the world's Governments stop ignoring the issue and subsidizing cheap agricultural products.
Few people appreciate the direct link between eating too much meat and dairy products and climate change. The arguments are quite scientific and not widely understood. And there's also something of a taboo on discussing the subject. In rich Western nations, preaching about how eating a lot of meat is bad for both one's health and the planet provokes resentment. Meanwhile, in developing nations, the rising middle-classes can at last afford to eat more meat, which was previously a luxury. It's not surprising that Governments worldwide duck out of tackling the problem.
The lack of awareness of the problem is evident from the results of an Ipsos MORI survey quoted in the Chatham House report. Although livestock produces more greenhouse gases than all cars, planes, trains and ships combined, twice as many people think transport is the bigger contributor to global warming. Meanwhile, appetite for meat is soaring as the global population swells and becomes more able to afford it. Meat consumption is on track to rise 75% by 2050, and dairy 65%, compared with 40% for cereals. By 2020, China alone is expected to be eating 20 million tonnes more of meat and dairy a year.
The scientific arguments are outlined in the report. Livestock production is the largest source of both methane and nitrous oxide, two of the most damaging greenhouse gases. Nitrous oxide is found in manure and fertilizers, whereas the methane emissions come from burping cattle and sheep. On current trends, emissions of both methane and nitrous oxide will double by 2055 from 1995 levels. Excessive livestock farming also causes deforestation when forests are cut down to provide pasture, or become degraded through animal grazing. This releases more CO2 into the atmosphere.
Some agricultural products are especially carbon-intensive. Beef farming is roughly 150 times less efficient than soy farming per unit of protein. Beef and dairy farming together account for 65% of livestock greenhouse gases. Pork and chicken produce fewer emissions, but the level is still around 25 times greater than soy.
The release of carbon emissions is not the only reason to reduce meat and dairy consumption. Farming to produce animals is also vastly less efficient in its use of water than growing crops for human consumption. A 2014 European Commission study found that the agriculture industry consumed 89% of the European water footprint. This startling fact prompted the researchers to calculate the water footprint for three different diets: Current European diets, ones corresponding to healthy guidelines and vegetarian diets.
In all corners of Europe, the healthy guideline diets had significantly lower water footprints, but the vegetarian ones were slightly better still. In the Mediterranean countries, for example, the water footprint for the healthy diet was 30% less than the average diet. For vegetarian diets, it was 41% less. A generation ago, the gulf would have been narrower, but meat consumption has soared in this part of Europe. It has reached 58.9kg per year, which is three times the recommended 20.8 kg. Of course, obesity levels have followed the same curve on the graph. Even in Eastern Europe, where there is less meat consumption than in other parts of Europe, the water footprint dropped by 11% for the healthy diet and 27% for vegetarian diets.
Governments worldwide remain wilfully blind to the polluting effects of agriculture. Negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have focused on deforestation and overlooked livestock emissions. Out of the 40 developed countries in the UNFCCC, only Bulgaria and France have established targets for livestock emissions and just eight of the 55 developing countries to submit mitigation plans mentioned livestock. Brazil was the only one to establish targets to reduce livestock emissions and New Zealand was unique in including livestock in its cap and trade scheme. "Governments are unwilling to legislate because of the fear of a commercial backlash. The food industry in the EU is very big and lobbying is powerful at a national basis," Vanham said.
The dearth of policies to tackle livestock emissions is in marked contrast to the abundance of financial support for meat and dairy producers. Livestock subsidies among OECD countries amounted to US$53 billion in 2013. In the EU, cattle subsidies alone exceeded US$731 million, around US$190 per cow. This generosity is not confined to industrialized countries. In China, for example, pork subsidies exceeded US$22 billion in 2012, equivalent to about US$47 per pig.
One promising conclusion from the Chatham House research is that increasing awareness spurs changes in behaviour. "The first thing to do is close the awareness gap. When there's a greater understanding of the impact of livestock emissions, supermarket labelling and other initiatives will have more influence," said Bailey.
Another positive finding was that awareness of the influence of food choice on climate change was highest in the developing countries where demand is forecast to increase the most, including China, India and Brazil. "These nations showed greater consideration of emissions in food choices, and a greater willingness to modify their consumption than western countries. This offers a glimmer of hope," said Bailey.
'In industrialized countries we eat just under 200g of meat a day, which is almost 1.5kg of meat per week. It's far too much – more than twice the highest levels recommended for our health – and developing countries are moving towards the same levels,' Rob Bailey, Chatham House.
Bailey says governments must get over their fears of tackling the problem. Government campaigns in the past have made a clear difference to public health. The best example is the smoking campaigns, which shifted consumer behaviour dramatically. "But they have to get over the fear of being accused of being Nanny State-ish and the fear of a consumer backlash. When the livestock sector is responsible for just under 15% of global emissions it doesn't make any sense not to have any policy, or strategy, for dealing with that," said Bailey.
1. The United Nations should make it mandatory for all nations to include livestock emissions in their carbon emissions targets. This needs to be an urgent matter for discussion at the Paris talks this year. It is hypocritical to continue to focus on other sources of carbon emissions without addressing agriculture because of the fear of a consumer backlash. Agricultural emissions should also be included in cap and trade schemes. Various countries have adopted emission trading systems, but so far only New Zealand has taken the livestock sector into account.
2. Governments have to get over their fear of Nanny State-ism as ignorance of the issues is widespread and guidance is needed. For example, national programmes to raise awareness at school level about caring for the environment should include the dangers of agricultural emissions. It could also be mandatory for supermarkets to include carbon footprint labelling on food. The measure would have some effect on consumers, but the main reason is to put pressure on manufacturers to look for additional ways to reduce emissions. This is true of eco-labelling in general.
3. Individuals must eat more responsibly. We can all make a small difference. Research shows the environmental impact of beef dwarfs that of other meat, including chicken and pork. Experts say eating less red meat would be a better way for people to cut carbon emissions than giving up their cars. Vegetarianism is an even better alternative. A University of Oxford study found that meat-rich diets – defined as more than 100g per day – resulted in 7.2kg of carbon dioxide emissions. In contrast, both vegetarian and fish-eating diets caused about 3.8kg of CO2 per day, while vegan diets produced only 2.9kg.
4. Rethink subsidy programmes to the livestock sector, which needs to shrink. The removal of livestock production subsidies is also likely to improve technical efficiency. In New Zealand, a drastic reduction in agricultural subsidies during the 1980s helped create one of the world's most efficient and environmentally friendly ruminant livestock industries.
5. Environmental externalities need to be factored into policy frameworks. Livestock holders who provide environmental services need to be compensated, either by the immediate beneficiaries, such as downstream users enjoying improved water quantity and quality, or by the general public. Services that could be rewarded include land management or land uses that restore biodiversity, and pasture management that provides for carbon sequestration.
6. Water is grossly under-priced in most countries, and the development of water markets and various types of cost recovery would correct the situation. Suggested instruments include grazing fees, and better institutional arrangements for controlled and equitable access.
7. Consider higher taxes on meat and dairy products based on emissions releases. Rising prices would cause reduction in consumption, with health benefits as well as carbon reductions.


I thought it might be fascinating to live-blog a grudge match between two 1-4 teams that coincidentally find themselves only a game out of first place in the worst division in professional aports. This is usually a terrific game, one that generates a tremendous amount of spirit and energy in the Twin Cities. Not this year; the Vikings Love Boat Cruise has taken what little wind the fans had out of their sails.
12:37 - I start watching the game; I figured I'd emulate both teams and take the first quarter off. The score is 0-0, so I obviously made the right choice.
12:40 - Ferguson makes a great catch for the Pack, and hyperextends his knee coming down. I don't think he'll be coming back; it really looks bad on the replay.
12:41 - Oh, look -- the Vike defense just gave up a TD to Favre. What a shock! 7-0 Pack.
12:50 - The Vikings wake up a bit, but Culpepper's slide started too soon for the first down. When you slide feet first... They'll go for it -- and they fumbled the ball. Daunte blows the rock again. Another shock!
12:55 - Green Bay looks better on offense than they have all season, but they run a reverse on a team that isn't exactly known for its wild pursuit. At least the mediocrity balances out on both sides of the field.
12:56 - Donald Driver just showed that at least 4 Vikes can't tackle, even when they all converge together. Fred Smoot kept Driver out of the end zone.
1:00 - Favre hits another TD. Now he's 11-11 with two TDs, not one good defensive play on a Favre pass. They haven't even forced him to throw one away. This is a team that went 1-4 before today!
1:03 - Great return gets the Vikes to the Packer 23. Hmmm -- maybe that will spark the home team!
1:06 - Mewelde Moore coughs up the ball. Holy freakin' crap, man. That's snakebit.
1:09 - Two-minute warning already? Must be a side benefit of two lousy teams squaring off against each other -- the game really moves.
1:19 - The Packer mediocrity catches up to itself with a series of stupid holding penalties, but they get close enough for Ryan Longwell to kick a 50-yard FG for a 17-0 halftime score.
1:46 - It stalls at the 9, but at least they hang onto the ball and get a FG out of it. 17-3 Pack.
1:51 - Here's a new drinking game for everyone -- take a chug every time these fools in the press box say, "There's no defense against a perfect pass." I've heard it at least a half-dozen times in this game. Besides the fact that a perfect pass can't get to a perfectly covered receiver, the defense is supposed to disrupt the quarterback's rhythm so that he can't throw the "perfect pass" -- let alone a half-dozen of them or so.
1:53 - A nice defensive series forces the Pack to punt ... Big Mo coming around?
2:03 - Now that's a drive, folks. A nice TD pass caps a long drive in which the Vikes played confidently and aggressively, pushing the ball downfield. 17-10 Pack, but the Vikes have the Mo.
2:17 - Q3 ends, Pack up 17-10 and driving to the Vikings 20. When we come back, it'll be 3rd and 10. Favre has to be careful; Longwell has a sure shot at a 38-yard FG from this spot.
2:23 - Big Mo stays with the Vikes -- Longwell misses a FG try from41 after a Pack fumble on 3rd down costs them three yards. Ready to believe?
2:29 - Another good drive stalls inside the 10-yard line, but they get another FG. They're within 4, and they've scored on three straight possessions. The Pack looks confused and desperate. If Favre can't get a good drive going quickly, they may well lose this game.
2:35 - Ahman Green goes down holding his knee on the second play after the kickoff. That doesn't bode well for the Pack. I don't see what happened on the playback; it looks like a normal tackle to me. He's getting carted off. He may have twisted it stepping on someone's foot.
2:40 - How can you tell Ben Roethlisberger is back in the lineup for the Steelers? They're pounding the Bengals, 27-6.
2:58 - Longwell lining up to tie the game with a 39-yarder and 30 seconds left on the clock ... made it.
3:04 - CAN YOU BELIEVE IT? A team-record 56-yarder on a BAD SNAP wins the game against the Green Bay Packers! The Vikings come back twice to win the game! The kick itself could have gone another five yards easily.
As bad as the Vikings have played this season, they played a brilliant second half today. Coaching, offense, defense, and special teams all came together for the first time since their playoff win last year, really. That was an amazing game, even against a depleted Pack that has been a shadow of its glory-day teams.
Tomorrow may bring Mann Act indictments, but for 30 minutes, Minnesota actually had a professional football team. Amazing.


text:
Q: Android GroupActivity Backpress trigger Fatal Exception / NullPointerException I have some problems on BackPressed when using the ActivityGroup under TabHost.
To illustrate, first of all, codes are drilled down in layers as follows:
TabGroupActivity class
The following TabGroupActivity.java is referenced from an online tutorial.
public class TabGroupActivity extends ActivityGroup
{
    private ArrayList<String> mIdList;

    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
    {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        if (mIdList == null) mIdList = new ArrayList<String>();
    }

    /**
     * This is called when a child activity of this one calls its finish method.
     * This implementation calls {@link LocalActivityManager#destroyActivity} on the child activity
     * and starts the previous activity.
     * If the last child activity just called finish(),this activity (the parent),
     * calls finish to finish the entire group.
     */
  @Override
  public void finishFromChild(Activity child)
  {
      LocalActivityManager manager = getLocalActivityManager();
      int index = mIdList.size()-1;

      if (index < 1)
      {
          finish();
          return;
      }

      manager.destroyActivity(mIdList.get(index), true);
      mIdList.remove(index); index--;
      String lastId = mIdList.get(index);
      Activity a = manager.getActivity(lastId);
      Intent lastIntent = a.getIntent();      // LINE 49
      Window newWindow = manager.startActivity(lastId, lastIntent);
      setContentView(newWindow.getDecorView());
  }

  /**
   * Starts an Activity as a child Activity to this.
   * @param Id Unique identifier of the activity to be started.
   * @param intent The Intent describing the activity to be started.
   * @throws android.content.ActivityNotFoundException.
   */
  public void startChildActivity(String Id, Intent intent)
  {
      Window window = getLocalActivityManager().startActivity(Id,intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP));
      if (window != null)
      {
          mIdList.add(Id);
          setContentView(window.getDecorView());
      }
  }

  /**
   * The primary purpose is to prevent systems before android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.ECLAIR
   * from calling their default KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK during onKeyDown.
   */
  @Override
  public boolean onKeyDown(int keyCode, KeyEvent event)
  {
      if (keyCode == KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK)
      {
          //preventing default implementation previous to android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.ECLAIR
          return true;
      }
      return super.onKeyDown(keyCode, event);
  }

  /**
   * Overrides the default implementation for KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK
   * so that all systems call onBackPressed().
   */
  @Override
  public boolean onKeyUp(int keyCode, KeyEvent event)
  {
      if (keyCode == KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK)
      {
          onBackPressed(); //LINE 88
          return true;
      }
      return super.onKeyUp(keyCode, event);
  }

  /**
   * If a Child Activity handles KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK.
   * Simply override and add this method.
   */
  @Override
  public void  onBackPressed  ()
  {
      int length = mIdList.size();
      if ( length > 1)
      {
          Activity current = getLocalActivityManager().getActivity(mIdList.get(length-1));
          current.finish(); //LINE 103
      }
  }
}

Tools_GroupActivity class
public class Tools_GroupActivity extends TabGroupActivity
{
    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
    {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        startChildActivity("Tools_index", new Intent(this, Tools_index.class));
    }
}

Tools_index.class
It is a page with 9 buttons, for example when pressing button 1, it will invoke the Tools_1_diamond claass:
public void tools_button1_click (View view)
{
    Intent edit = new Intent(getParent(), Tools_1_Diamond.class);
    TabGroupActivity parentActivity = (TabGroupActivity)getParent();
    parentActivity.startChildActivity("Tools_1_Diamond", edit);
}

Inside Tools_1_diamond class
The layout has a button that can back to the Tools_index page, as follows:
public void button_tools_subpage_back_click (View view)
{
    Intent edit = new Intent(getParent(), Tools_index.class);
    TabGroupActivity parentActivity = (TabGroupActivity)getParent();
    parentActivity.startChildActivity("Tools_index", edit);
}

@Override
public void onBackPressed()
{
    Intent edit = new Intent(getParent(), Tools_index.class);
    TabGroupActivity parentActivity = (TabGroupActivity)getParent();
    parentActivity.startChildActivity("Tools_index", edit);
}

Problem reproduced:
Case A:
1. When pressing self-designed button in Tools_1_Diamond class, (instead of the backpressed) the app can return properly back to the Tools_index page.

*

*Then, inside the Tools_index page, if the user at this time press the BackPressed Button, the app will go back to Tools_1_Diamond page,

*and then further press the BackPress Button, error FATAL EXCEPTION: main java.lang.NullPointerException will occur.
Case B:
When all the way just using BackPress without touching the self-designed back button, everything runs smoothly.
Question / Intention:
I think the problem should be the self-designed button does not reduce the ArrayList similar to BackPress method...but...
How could this be solved? I would like to offer user that when pressing either the self-designed back button or the BackPress method will return to the Tools_index page, and further pressing the BackPress in the Tools_index page will offer no reaction, or even better, to pop up an alertDialog asking user whether want to quit the app.
Logcat:
06-19 22:40:03.570: D/webviewglue(23395): nativeDestroy view: 0x51909960
06-19 22:40:06.585: D/AndroidRuntime(23395): Shutting down VM
06-19 22:40:06.585: W/dalvikvm(23395): threadid=1: thread exiting with uncaught exception (group=0x40fe72a0)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395): FATAL EXCEPTION: main
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395): java.lang.NullPointerException
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at com.abc.abc_v1.TabGroupActivity.finishFromChild(TabGroupActivity.java:49)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.app.Activity.finish(Activity.java:4215)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at com.abc.abc_v1.TabGroupActivity.onBackPressed(TabGroupActivity.java:103)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at com.abc.abc_v1.TabGroupActivity.onKeyUp(TabGroupActivity.java:88)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.KeyEvent.dispatch(KeyEvent.java:2729)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.app.Activity.dispatchKeyEvent(Activity.java:2431)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at com.android.internal.policy.impl.PhoneWindow$DecorView.dispatchKeyEvent(PhoneWindow.java:2033)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.ViewGroup.dispatchKeyEvent(ViewGroup.java:1363)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.ViewGroup.dispatchKeyEvent(ViewGroup.java:1363)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.ViewGroup.dispatchKeyEvent(ViewGroup.java:1363)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.widget.TabHost.dispatchKeyEvent(TabHost.java:309)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.ViewGroup.dispatchKeyEvent(ViewGroup.java:1363)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.ViewGroup.dispatchKeyEvent(ViewGroup.java:1363)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.ViewGroup.dispatchKeyEvent(ViewGroup.java:1363)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at com.android.internal.policy.impl.PhoneWindow$DecorView.superDispatchKeyEvent(PhoneWindow.java:2106)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at com.android.internal.policy.impl.PhoneWindow.superDispatchKeyEvent(PhoneWindow.java:1466)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.app.Activity.dispatchKeyEvent(Activity.java:2426)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at com.android.internal.policy.impl.PhoneWindow$DecorView.dispatchKeyEvent(PhoneWindow.java:2033)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.ViewRootImpl.deliverKeyEventPostIme(ViewRootImpl.java:3852)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.ViewRootImpl.handleImeFinishedEvent(ViewRootImpl.java:3800)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.view.ViewRootImpl$ViewRootHandler.handleMessage(ViewRootImpl.java:2935)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:99)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:137)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:4921)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:511)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:1027)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:794)
06-19 22:40:06.670: E/AndroidRuntime(23395):    at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method)

A: First
The problem could be that in TabGroupActivity, after you have done:
mIdList.remove(index);

you don't check that index is still valid, ie bigger than or equal to one. The following code should probably be:
if (index > 0) {
     index--;
     String lastId = mIdList.get(index);
     Intent lastIntent = manager.getActivity(lastId).getIntent(); //LINE49
     Window newWindow = manager.startActivity(lastId, lastIntent);
     setContentView(newWindow.getDecorView());
}
else {
    // Handle case where there are no children left.
}

Second
It is worth noting that LocalActivityManager was deprecated in API level 13, and so, unless you are only targeting pre-13 devices, it shouldn't be used.
Even if you do decide to proceed with using it, there are some conditions under which it won't actually start a new Activity. See here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Thomas Hischak is the author of over forty published plays which are performed in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and Australia. His playwriting awards include the Stanley Drama Award (New York City) for Cold War Comedy, the Julie Harris Playwriting Award (Beverly Hills, California) for The Cardiff Giant, and a winner of the AACT 2016 New Play Fest for The Emperor of North America. Hischak is also the author of twenty-eight non-fiction books about theatre, film, and popular music, including The Oxford Companion to the American Musical, 1939: Hollywood's Greatest Year, The Disney Song Encyclopedia, and The Oxford Companion to American Theatre. He was Professor of Theatre at the State University of New York at Cortland for thirty-three years and was also a Fulbright scholar who taught and directed in Greece, Lithuania, and Turkey. He now is Adjunct Professor of theatre and film at Flagler College in St. Augustine, Florida.


The Alon Building for High Tech houses the faculty of Computer Science and the faculty of Telecommunication. The 7 story building has an area of 7000 sq. m. It contains laboratories, office space, an auditorium, public space,and utility and mechanical rooms. The building is organized around a southern exposed atrium with a ceremonial stairway in its midst. It opens itself to the view and allows outside light to enter. The Alon Building for High Tech is the first building on the Ben Gurion University Campus and in Be'er Sheva City to use a suspended glass curtain wall as a climatic sun control.


text:
Lisa L. Reed
Administrative Support Supervisor
Research section menu
Open Sublist
Energy Research and Development
Argonne Researchers
Research Code of Conduct
Argonne Research Library
Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Research Facility - Southern Great Plains
Center for Nanoscale Materials
Computing, Environment, and Life Sciences
Energy and Global Security
Lisa supervises the Physical Sciences and Engineering directorate's administrative assistant team, organizing operational processes to support information flow and cohesive planning throughout the directorate and its five research divisions.
Lisa Reed is the Administrative Supervisor for Argonne's Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE) directorate. She manages a team of PSE administrative assistants to plan, direct and coordinate supportive services, organizational operations and activities for the directorate. Reed also serves PSE by facilitating operational processes and supporting information flow and planning. In this role, Reed's efforts enable researchers and divisions in PSE to focus on impactful science.
Reed has more than 40 years of project management and leadership experience at Argonne. Most recently, Reed served as University Student Operations Lead for Educational Programs, where she developed and implemented Argonne's undergraduate and graduate student programs. Through supporting multiple internship programs, she provided students access to cutting-edge STEM research experiences, mentorship and career opportunities.
Prior to her role as University Student Operations Lead, Reed served Argonne's Educational Programs division as a secretary, administrative assistant, staff assistant and program coordinator. In these positions, she provided logistical and administrative support for several student conferences, internships and other outreach programs at the laboratory.
Reed has also supported a variety of Argonne educational events including Science Bowl, Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day, Science Careers in Search of Women and the Rube Goldberg Competition. Reed is Lean Six Sigma Green Belt trained in process improvement. She also has education in business and human resources.
In 1998, Reed received the Outstanding Service Award from the University of Chicago for her work and dedication to student programs. She is also a recipient of an Impact Argonne Award and a five-time recipient of the Argonne Pacesetter Award. In addition, she holds memberships in Argonne's Women in Science and Technology employee resource group, the Chicago Council of Science and Technology, the Society of Women Engineers and the Society for Human Resources Management. In her spare time, Reed enjoys spending time with her family and friends, volunteering and reading.
Contact Lisa L. Reed
email: lisareed@anl.gov


Admission into the Senior School is normally at age 13 into Year 9 or age 16 into the Lower Sixth Form. Students may also gain entry into Year 10, the Fifth Form and occasionally the Upper Sixth if suitable and when places are available. Entry is subject to an interview, school reports and reference from their present school. In addition, all applicants are required to sit an entrance assessment.
Our Admissions process for Year 9 entry comprises an academic pre-test, a meeting with the Headmaster (or a member of the Senior Academic team), school report and a school reference. Candidates attending a Prep School are required to sit the ISEB online Common Pre-test in English, Maths, Verbal Reasoning and Non Verbal Reasoning. The test is taken at their Prep School. Those who are not studying at a Prep School either in the UK or abroad are to sit an entrance assessment in English, Maths, Verbal Reasoning and Non Verbal Reasoning.
Admission into Year 10 or the Fifth Form is via written assessments in English, Mathematics and Science. We also require a school report and reference from the student's previous school.
Admission into the Sixth Form is via written assessments in English, Mathematics, Verbal Reasoning and Critical Thinking. We also require a school report and reference from the student's previous school. An assessment day is held in November of the preceeding year. Candidates will sit assessments and those who have not already done so will meet the Deputy Head of Academic, Head of Sixth Form or a member of the Senior Academic Team. Offers are made subject to candidates achieving minimum grade requirements at GCSE.
GCSE grade requirements are reviewed annually and are confirmed to candidates in offer letters. They are also available on request in the Sixth Form Curriculum booklet.
If the candidate is not sitting GCSEs, an offer of a place will be based on the assessments, report, reference and interview.


text:
L'interrupteur permet d'activer ou d'inactiver une option ou encore de faire un choix parmi deux états mutuellement exclusifs.

## Caractéristiques
### Libellé
Le libellé décrivant l'option est toujours placé à droite du bouton. Dans certaines situations, par exemple si on désire aligner plusieurs interrupteurs l'un sous l'autre, il peut être utile de placer le libellé à gauche.

### États et messages de validation
Ce composent gère les états (en attente, désactivé, erreur, valide) et les messages de validation tout en offrant la possibilité de personaliser chacun de ces paramètres.

<modul-demo>

```html
<m-switch :disabled="true" label="Zone de texte"></m-switch>
<m-switch :waiting="true" label="Zone de texte"></m-switch>
<m-switch :error="true" label="Zone de texte" error-message="Nulla excepteur cillum occaecat nisi occaecat duis in."></m-switch>
<m-switch :valid="true" label="Zone de texte" valid-message="Nulla excepteur cillum occaecat nisi occaecat duis in."></m-switch>
```

```css
.m-switch {
    margin-top: 12px;
}

.m-switch:first-child {
    margin-top: 0;
}
```

</modul-demo>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Details of People
HMS Athenienne
William Napper
William Napper in Somerset
William Napper in South Australia
Elizabeth Pinkney
b. circa 1770, d. after 1841
Display family
Father John Pinkney b. c 1730, d. 1814
Mother Mary Shields d. 10 May 1796
Elizabeth was born circa 1770. She was the daughter of John Pinkney and Mary Shields. She was baptized in Langton, Yorkshire, England, on 12 June 1770. She married Jonathon Rawling on 9 January 1794 in Langton, Yorkshire, England. She died after 1841.
Charts Descendants of Robert Pinkney and Mary Leppington
Jonathon Rawling b. 2 Dec 1759, d. a 1851
Mary Rawling b. 12 Jan 1794
Esther Rawling b. 13 Sep 1795
Rachael Rawling b. 16 Jul 1797
Elizabeth Rawling+ b. 24 Jan 1802
Charity Rawling b. 17 Jun 1804
John Rawling+ b. 4 May 1806
Ann Rawling b. 18 Mar 1810
Jane Rawling b. 24 May 1812
James Rawling b. 5 Apr 1818
Charity Pinkney
b. circa 1773
Charity was born circa 1773. She was the daughter of John Pinkney and Mary Shields. She was baptized in Langton, Yorkshire, England, on 22 August 1773. She married William Ellis on 23 March 1807 in Langton, Yorkshire, England.
Simeon Wines
b. June 1812, d. 4 September 1879
Father James Wines b. c 1762, d. 1826
Mother Rebecca Vagg b. bt 1777 - 1778, d. 1860
Simeon was born in South Petherton, Somerset, England, in June 1812. He was the son of James Wines and Rebecca Vagg. He was baptized in Independent Church, South Petherton, Somerset, England, on 18 February 1815. He married Ellen Wilson on 30 November 1850 in Avoca, Tasmania, Australia. Simeon died at age 67 on 4 September 1879 in Falmouth, Tasmania, Australia. He was buried on 8 September 1879.
Ellen Wilson b. 1833, d. 23 Aug 1870
Emma Louisa Wines+ b. 28 Jul 1851, d. 29 Dec 1928
Ellen G. Wines+ b. 9 Jul 1853
Sarah Wines+ b. 13 Jul 1855
Simon William Wines+ b. 29 Sep 1857, d. 29 Mar 1940
Cecelia Wines+ b. 12 Apr 1860
Susanna Jane Wines+ b. 7 Dec 1862
Henry Wines b. 7 Mar 1866, d. 11 Dec 1909
Adeline Louisa Wines+ b. 25 Jul 1868
Evelyn Wines+ b. 22 Aug 1870
Ellen Wilson
b. 1833, d. 23 August 1870
Ellen was born in 1833. She married Simeon Wines, son of James Wines and Rebecca Vagg, on 30 November 1850 in Avoca, Tasmania, Australia. Ellen died on 23 August 1870 in Falmouth, Tasmania, Australia.
Simeon Wines b. Jun 1812, d. 4 Sep 1879
Emma Louisa Wines
b. 28 July 1851, d. 29 December 1928
Father Simeon Wines b. Jun 1812, d. 4 Sep 1879
Mother Ellen Wilson b. 1833, d. 23 Aug 1870
Emma was born in Falmouth, Tasmania, Australia, on 28 July 1851. She was the daughter of Simeon Wines and Ellen Wilson. She was baptized on 1 October 1851. She married John McCarthy, son of James McCarthy and Margaret Lawless, on 4 May 1871 in St Joseph's Church, Fingal, Tasmania, Australia. Emma died at age 77 on 29 December 1928 in St Mary's, Tasmania, Australia. She was buried in December 1928 in St Mary's, Tasmania, Australia.
John McCarthy b. 25 Oct 1850, d. 27 Jun 1906
Margaret McCarthy+ b. 12 Mar 1872
Helena (Ellen) McCarthy+ b. 21 May 1873, d. 14 Jun 1934
James McCarthy b. 18 May 1875, d. 29 Aug 1875
John McCarthy b. 11 Jul 1876
Norah McCarthy b. 14 Jun 1878, d. 11 Jun 1890
Rebecca Ann McCarthy b. 14 Jun 1880
Mary Ella McCarthy b. 20 May 1882
Emma McCarthy b. 20 Mar 1884
Rachael Caroline McCarthy b. 22 Feb 1886
Bridget McCarthy b. 14 Aug 1888
Justin Simon McCarthy b. 16 Oct 1890, d. 7 Dec 1902
Robert Daniel McCarthy+ b. 8 Oct 1892, d. 25 Dec 1949
Clarence James McCarthy b. 6 Aug 1894
� Allen Evans 2019
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I'm not sure how active the market is for French sparklers at this price point; certainly, I don't remember ever setting out to purchase a sparking wine from Bordeaux made from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. And yet here we are.
What's really nice about this wine is that it's defiantly different in aroma and flavour profile from Champagne and its many imitators. There's no mistaking the Cabernet at its heart; the aroma shows characteristic leafy overtones and a cool, red fruited core. It's savoury at heart, though lacking the sorts of complexities that are par for the course in even moderately good Champagne. This is quite a different beast, simpler and fresher-smelling. The defining characteristic of the palate is its relatively soft acidity, something that one can't take for granted in local sparklers at this price point.
Entry is immediate and fresh, again with leafy Cabernet notes dominating the flavour profile at first. Light, crisp berry juice glides over the middle palate with ease, if not intensity. It's fairly light on the spritz as these things go; what there is contributes to a lively mouthfeel that is only one or two steps removed from a bright Riesling. A nice, fresh, leafy finish.
One of the more different sparkling wines I've had of late; certainly, I prefer this to some of the aromatic white sparkling wines that are becoming more common. There's something jarring about a recognisably Cabernet rosé sparkling – I like it.


text:
Doctorate Search Results
Doctorate German
Doctorate Languages German
Doctorate Languages
Doctorate Asia: Languages
Doctorate Chinese
Doctorate Classical Languages (Latin and Greek)
Doctorate Dutch
Doctorate English Language
Doctorate English for Specific Purposes
Doctorate Europe: Languages
Doctorate French
Doctorate Germanic Languages
Doctorate Hebrew
Doctorate Irish (Gaeilge)
Doctorate Italian
Doctorate Japanese
Doctorate Language Studies
Doctorate Latin Language
Doctorate Middle English
Doctorate Modern Greek
Doctorate Modern Languages
Doctorate Portuguese
Doctorate Russian
Doctorate Spanish
Doctorate Welsh
Full time Doctorate
Part time Doctorate
German Studies PhD
Research overview Staff in Modern Languages research a wide range of areas, including literature, linguistics, translation and film. We supervise PhD students researching periods from the medieval to...Read more
German PhD
Our doctoral programme aims to respond to the needs and interests both of students seeking an academic career or other professional employment and of those who wish to pursue a line of intellectual enquiry...Read more
We are dedicated to the research of German culture in all its aspects, with a particular emphasis on language and literature. Overview Located within the School of Modern Languages and Cultures with...Read more
This PhD in German Studies (three years full-time; six years part-time). The School has a long tradition of excellent postgraduate student support. Depending on the chosen research area, students will...Read more
A PhD in German enables you to undertake a substantial piece of supervised research that makes an original contribution to knowledge and is worthy of publication. A PhD, also known as a doctorate, is...Read more
This course is based in the School of Language, Literature, Music and Visual Culture, our research programmes in German are distinguished for research on: Modern and contemporary German and Austrian...Read more
German and Comparative Literature PhD
A PhD in German and Comparative Literature enables you to undertake a substantial piece of supervised research that makes an original contribution to knowledge and is worthy of publication. ...Read more
Research in German, Russian and Slavonic Studies PhD
A PhD is an internationally-recognised research qualification. You can study for your PhD on-campus or by distance learning. Studying for your PhD in the School of Languages, Cultures and Societies means...Read more
Overview German research interests in MLC focus in depth on the twentieth century and contemporary period from a broad range of cultural, historical and linguistic perspectives. Colleagues in German...Read more
Research overview We offer postgraduate research supervision in most areas and epochs of the literatures, cultures and societies of the German-speaking world from the medieval period to the present day,...Read more
Study PhD in German Studies under the supervision of an internationally-leading experts. Course Overview Before you arrive you will be matched to one or more of our expert supervisors and during the...Read more
German MPhil/PhD
OverviewAcademic research may be pursued in medieval German literature, German history, German art history, a broad range of German and Austrian literary and cultural studies, and German sociolinguistics...Read more
UCL (University College London)
Programme overview PhD: a research project undertaken across three years (full-time, plus a writing up period), culminating in an 80,000 word thesis. As well as having the option to audit taught units,...Read more
German Research PhD option of joint PhD with Stuttgart or Humboldt University
Overview Our current research students work mainly in cultural and historical studies from the Middle Ages to the present day, including literary studies, film and cinema studies; theatre studies; literary...Read more
King's College London, University of London
PhD in German
The German and Dutch Section is one of the very few departments in the United Kingdom that can offer postgraduate supervision in literary and cultural topics across the full historical range from the...Read more