I have to let go of what I once saw and open my eyes wide to what's right in front of me now. Or something like that.
I wrote earlier in this project about letting go, that it wasn't about giving up, but rather it's about allowing for other possibilities. Many days I feel okay about the possibility that I will never get married or have a partner or even be a woman who goes on dates more than once every other year or so. Still, every time I know I'm going to be in a situation where I know I'll meet new people, some of whom may be unattached, hetero men, I hear my 16-year-old self enthuse, "Maybe this will the time I meet the one." Or if I get introduced to a man—a new work colleague, a friend of a friend or just someone I randomly talk to at an event or on the Metro, I find myself wondering if this is the moment that everything changes.
*For my younger readers, look it up.
Posted on January 31, 2015, in Uncategorized and tagged dating, dating in 40s, Marc Maron, middle age, older women, romance, single life. Bookmark the permalink.	Leave a comment.


Please delete this if you have no interest in my fascination with document assembly.
I am beginning my annual Pathagoras binge where I review the basics, reorganize my favorite forms/templates, and try to move forward on my goal to improve and streamline my document assembly. I was able to notify founder Roy Lazris that the link to one of his basic manuals, my favorite, had failed. Thanks for restoring it Roy. I also mentioned to him that the learning site www.Lynda.com has some great courses on popular applications for a monthly subscription price. Roy responded (he always responds positively to suggestions, even when he respectfully disagrees) that he will prepare some similar, but free, tutorial videos to supplement the ones below. Roy continues to be the most responsive, and responsible, software publisher I have ever encountered. Try contacting Microsoft or Nuance in case you doubt me. Below I have copied and pasted the Links to the Pathagoras manuals, tutorials, reviews, the free trial download, and purchasing and ordering information. Enjoy. I get no "kick-back", but please feel free to tell Roy, "Burt sent me!" I still look forward to the time that colleagues and I can share, refine, and invent a complete line of WV practice Pathagorized Word Forms! And don't forget Baron Henley's reminder that if you do not understand Word paragraph numbering, styles, and themes, you are NOT properly using Word.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


38 piece orchestra & 10 person choir conducted and orchestrated by Keith Levinson.
Only artist picture on poster is of Daltrey.
Performing live the songs of The Beatles, The Who, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Rolling Stones and Queen plus the artists' own original hits.
Claimed: 2.5 hours, 54 songs!
Greg Smith, who suppplied this information to BtP, adds: "One of the sponsors is the No 1 rating Australian TV network which often records and broadcasts major tours. Perhaps we may get a video release of GB. Here's hoping!"


Johnny Lightning "THE CLOSEST THING TO REAL RACING"
This item has been viewed 5784 time(s).
New old stock,Johnny Lightning BLUE CHEVY CORVETTE.
Johnny Lightning Thunder-jet 500 Tuff Ones chassis.
There is camera flash in the pictures.
Back of package states: "THE CLOSEST THING TO REAL RACING" .
"Capture the racing performance of the 60's when driving skill was as important as speed! The all-new Johnny Lightning chassis replicates the performance of the famous Thunder-jet 500-Tuff One's chassis. Most parts are interchangeable with the original; including the body. Every Johnny Lightning Thunder-jet 500 car comes with a smooth running engine and realistic drift action. Watch it slide through turns, just like a real race car!".
Item 18700 ends when you BUY THIS NOW!


HOW TO : Type in "සිංහල"
"We totally believe that Surface changes the way you produce, the way you create, the way you learn," said Panos Panay, who leads Microsoft's devices team. Microsoft's Surface family just announced about their new release the Surface Studio a product that is one step further, one that will feel different and change the way people use it at today's event at new York. Microsoft's also dropped details about a new version of Windows called "Windows Creators Update" which has some useful improvements and some extras like a refresh to Paint with 3D as well.
Microsoft is also taking after Apple's iMac series with its new Surface Studio PC. It has the world's thinnest LCD monitor ever built – a 12.5mm 28″ PixelSense Display with forged aluminum enclosure. The display has a resolution of 4,500 x 3,000 pixels (3:2 aspect, 192ppi), it is touch-enabled and supports pen input, and supports expanded color output, ideal for designers and photo/video editing. The display has a very complex zero-gravity hinging mechanism and supports 20-degree drafting angle. It looks really amazing.
The new Surface Studio PC comes with all the needed ports – 4x USB 3.0, Ethernet, mini DP, SD, and audio jack. It also comes packed with a dedicated keyboard, wireless mouse, and a new special Surface Dial controller with radial input and haptic feedback.
The Surface Studio PC is powered by a quad-core Skylake processor, GeForce 980M GPU, 32GB RAM, 2TB hybrid disk, and 270W power supply. It also has an integrated 2.1 sound system and a microphone array ready to transmit your voice tasks to Cortana. Finally, only a single power supply cable comes out of the Surface Studio.
Microsoft will open the pre-orders later today, and the Surface Studio will retail at $2,999. Limited quantities will ship for the holidays, while more stock will become available early next year according to Microsoft.
Microsoft also upgraded the Surface Book with the latest Intel i7 processor, and it's called Surface Book i7 accordingly. Microsoft has also upped its battery life by 30% and doubled its graphics performance. Now, the Surface Book i7 can run at full steam for 16 hours. The Surface Book i7 keeps its previous design, display, and everything else for that matter, but the battery and the processor. There is also a new fan inside to keep the internals cool.
The Surface Book i7 will launch this November starting at $2,399. Pre-orders open today.
Any Windows fans excited for the latest from Microsoft? I have to admit the Surface Studio looks really amazing, I just hope it will perform well too!


text:
package com.simbest.cores.exceptions;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

/**
 * 关于异常的工具类.
 *
 * @author lishuyi
 */
public class Exceptions {

	protected final static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(Exceptions.class);

	/**
	 * 将CheckedException转换为UncheckedException.
	 */
	public static RuntimeException unchecked(Exception e) {
		if (e instanceof RuntimeException) {
			return (RuntimeException) e;
		} else {
			return new RuntimeException(e);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * 将ErrorStack转化为String.
	 */
	public static String getStackTraceAsString(Exception e) {
		StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
		e.printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(stringWriter));
		return stringWriter.toString();
	}

	/**
	 * 判断异常是否由某些底层的异常引起.
	 */
	public static boolean isCausedBy(Exception ex, @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") Class<? extends Exception>... causeExceptionClasses) {
		Throwable cause = ex;
		while (cause != null) {
			for (Class<? extends Exception> causeClass : causeExceptionClasses) {
				if (causeClass.isInstance(cause)) {
					return true;
				}
			}
			cause = cause.getCause();
		}
		return false;
	}

	public static void printException(Exception e){
		ByteArrayOutputStream buf = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
		e.printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(buf, true));
		String expMsg = buf.toString();
		log.error(expMsg);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


1. Time is like a mountain range you can look out across; it does not simply recede into the past.
2. Time is not like a mountain range you can look across, fading into the distance.
Even so, this Buddhist principle of yesterday and today is just about moments in which we go directly into the mountains and look out across thousand or ten thousands peaks; it is not about what has passed.
This is a serviceable translation, with the minor exception of being wrong. The principle is not about moments where we saw the mountains; it is that past and present are (or are not) the mountain view. More importantly, they reverse (in my opinion) what Dogen is saying about mountains and time.
Yet yesterday and today are both in the moment when you directly enter the mountains and see thousands and myriads of peaks. Yesterday's time and today's time do not go away.
They completely leave out the word "concept" from the original; transform past and present needlessly into yesterday and today; mistranslate jisetsu as "moments"; have time being "in the moment" rather than "the case of"; and introduce a gratuitous sentence break—a sure sign that their parsing is off. The awkward "thousands and myriad" just adds insult to injury. Someone should take away these guys' translating license.
Beyond the syntax, however, there are a number of clues for us here. First and foremost, Dogen has spent the entire preceding part of the essay telling us precisely that time is not a linear sequence—which is exactly what the range of peaks is! The sentence starts off with a "but" which makes sense only if the sense of the entire sentence is negative. And the word "simply" (J. tada) right at the beginning—which Tanahashi/Welch toss away—pairs naturally with the "not" at the end.
Therefore, I believe that the "not" in the original extends to both time passing away and the view of time as a linear series of mountain peaks. Sorry if you were liking the analogy of past and present as a mountain range.
But do not conceive of past and present simply as a vista of a innumerable peaks that you look out over from within the mountains, receding off into the distance.
This is somewhat disconcerting. Typically different interpretations might yield a shift in nuance or emphasis. But here they are diametrically opposed. And impeccably credentialed Zen masters and eminent scholars all assure us that Dogen is in fact exhorting us to rush out into the wilderness and gaze on mountain ranges as an excellent analogy for how time works.
What is a student to do? Simply understand the potential issue and make up your own min—assuming the translator deigns to point out the problem to you as I am doing here.
This entry was posted on Monday, January 16th, 2006 at 08:36	and is filed under dogen. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
I don't suppose Dogen knew how relativity shows time to be just as linear as any spatial dimension. Someone might be tempted to write off this discussion from knowing that, but like many words, "time" can means many things. As a physical entity, there is no question that time is utterly linear, at least anywhere near our existence. Yet time is also an element of our consciousness, and there one can look at different possibilities for time. One I think about a lot is how I forget the vast majority of my life, instead building myself up from a few moments, some of which were contained completely within those moments, some of which were summaries from some long process, the details of which I forget. These can be from long ago or recently – decidedly nonlinear.
I try to think about possibilities for time in whatever nonphysical world my consciousness might connect with. That's very hard. There are so many possibilities there, so many things that may be real or may be metaphors, like an afterlife, that are hard to know what to do with.


text:
Global Management Team
GxR 2021
Global Expression Report
Kenya and Uganda: COVID-19 pandemic surveillance and threats to human rights
Posted on April 21, 2021 Digital 5 min read Share: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on LinkedIn
Pixabay/iStock
As the coronavirus pandemic took hold in 2020, the rights to privacy, data protection and freedom of expression were interfered with, infringed upon and violated in Kenya and Uganda, a new report by ARTICLE 19 Eastern Africa, the Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) and Pollicy reveals.
The report, "Surveillance, Data Protection and Freedom of Expression in Kenya and Uganda during COVID-19," examines government and private sector surveillance measures and practices during the first year of the coronavirus pandemic (March 2020 – March 2021), and their human rights implications in Kenya and Uganda.
ARTICLE 19's Eastern Africa's Regional Director, Mugambi Kiai, said:
"Measures to tackle the COVID-19 public health crisis in Kenya and Uganda have de-prioritised human rights protections. Mass and targeted surveillance and unsupervised data collection affect individuals' rights to privacy and reduce their ability to access information safely and securely. On the transparency and accountability fronts, we observed that the public's right to know was not proactively promoted, given failures by state and non-state actors to disclose crucial information and documents, including about public-private partnership."
Speaking during the launch, Grace Githaiga, the Kenya ICT Action Network's Convenor noted that:
"The government should engage the public and provide accurate, timely, and complete information about the nature and extent of COVID-19 surveillance measures in place. Further, proper oversight and sufficient safeguards consistent with data protection principles must be implemented, given the sensitivity of health data."
In her statement, Neema Iyer, Pollicy's Executive Director pointed out that:
"This report is a critical step in ensuring data protection, especially for marginalised groups, with an eye to creating digital governance systems based on social justice and harm reduction. We need to involve diverse communities in these conversations and hope that the findings can bring together different stakeholders to work towards equitable and fair data futures."
While international human rights law allows for increased powers and special measures to be practiced during health crises, such actions must be temporary, and any measure must pass the three- part test of legality, necessity and proportionality.
Key Trends:
The following key trends have been observed in Kenya and Uganda:
The surveillance measures and practices adopted to contain the coronavirus pandemic, including coronavirus track and trace applications, do not comply with the requirements of legality, necessity and proportionality under international law and national laws guaranteeing the rights to privacy, data protection, freedom of expression and access to information.
Data protection authorities are not independent and lack the functional and operational capacity to oversee surveillance measures and practices to contain the coronavirus pandemic.
State actors and private entities have collected, processed and shared personal data, including sensitive health data, in breach of data protection principles and safeguards in national data protection laws. In particular, they failed to integrate data protection principles including the purpose limitation, data minimisation, data retention, and prior and informed consent, in the design, development and deployment of technologies, products and services to tackle the coronavirus pandemic.
Despite reports of close collaboration between state agencies and private actors to deploy digital technologies as part of pandemic measures, there is no transparency about these partnerships. While there have been press reports detailing collaboration on digital contact tracing initiatives, there is no publicly accessible information about public-private contracts, data sharing agreements, architecture of the technologies, budgetary allocations or procurement processes of these pandemic surveillance technologies.
Call for Rights to be Upheld
There is an urgent need for the Kenya and Uganda governments to protect, promote and fulfil their citizens' rights to privacy, data protection and freedom of expression, especially during the coronavirus pandemic. The pandemic must not be used as an excuse to normalise data collection, or for unsupervised intrusion and control over people. Specifically, surveillance measures, even during periods of crisis, must conform to the requirements of legality, legitimacy, necessity and proportionality as provided under international human rights law.
Read our page
Mugambi Kiai, Regional Director at [email protected]
Grace Githaiga, Convenor at [email protected]
Neema Iyer, Executive Director at [email protected]
Visit us on Vimeo
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> Presumably that would be me.
While your the main one your not the only one.
>> engineering (i.e. involve the user from the very beginning)..
> 0.01%.  Do we need to talk statistics again?
mathematical/scientific validity should be placed on the results.
> larger path is destined to failure.
was warrented and clearly it is.
>  *proof* of the latter.
to kill the effort before any results can possibelly be shown.
And bad code is worse then no code at all.


text:
New Official Game of Thrones Book Resolves a Deathly Season 5 Cliff-Hanger
By Joanna Robinson
Courtesy of HBO
The Season 5 finale of Game of Thrones was packed to the brim with deaths both confirmed and ambiguous. And while most Game of Thrones fans spent the summer wondering whether they had truly seen the last of Kit Harington's character Jon Snow, a certain segment of the fan base was worried about the status of another commander. But a new official book called Game of Thrones: The Noble House of Westeros Seasons 1-5 puts to rest any doubts about the fate of Stannis Baratheon. If you want to know for certain what happened in those final moments, read on.
The source of confusion over Stannis's fate comes from the way his last scene was filmed. The camera cuts from the iron-faced Baratheon saying "Go on, do your duty" to Brienne vengefully swinging her sword, and then we abruptly see . . . Ramsey Snow? We don't see the sword connect with Stannis. We don't see Brienne grimly cleaning Baratheon blood off her sword. We just see this.
And if Bran's fall from the tower in Season 1, Episode 1 taught us anything, it pays to be skeptical about deaths you don't actually see. And if the rumors are to be believed, presumed-dead characters will be popping up all over the place in Season 6 of Game of Thrones, so you'd be wise to be wary.
Game of Thrones author George R.R. Martin muddied the waters even further when he announced that Stannis was still alive in his version of the story (a.k.a. the books). Martin gave all you Stannis lovers out there some hope to cling to. Don't you know by now that means he's about to yank it away?
Watchers on the Wall's editor in chief first noted that in the Baratheon section of Game of Thrones: The Noble Houses of Westeros Seasons 1-5, the paragraph covering Stannis concludes, "Stannis was killed outside of Winterfell by Brienne of Tarth, who wished to avenge Renly's death."
To add insult to injury, Stannis fans, Brienne's paragraph concludes, "Brienne killed Stannis." Well, that's that then. HBO officially confirmed that these statements are right and true.
This isn't the first time HBO has put their official stamp on Stannis's death. When the finale first aired, the episode's director David Nutter said the only reason they cut away from showing Stannis losing his head was that "it would have been gratuitous. You really got a sense that Stannis had nothing else to live for. Brienne's lifelong mission had come to an end. It's a situation in which Stannis was ready to die and prepared to die." Yes, O.K., but coming from a show that doesn't exactly have a history of being delicate when it comes to, well, anything, this "gratuitous" argument didn't necessarily stick.
But Game of Thrones made their position clear again when they commissioned this "Beautiful Death" artwork from digital marketing agency 360i and artist Robert Ball for the Season 5 finale. Billed as "the official episode-by-episode guide to the most iconic deaths in the realm," this tableau focused on the end of the legitimate Baratheon blood line. (Not a drop in Tommen, is there? It's up to you, Gendry!)
https://twitter.com/GameOfThrones/status/612326588047175680?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
That choice, by the way, is one of several reasons why some Game of Thrones fans continue to believe that another Season 5 death is not all it seems to be. Shouldn't the death tableau for the Season 5 finale be Jon Snow? If he's truly dead, that is? This, for the record, is what Game of Thrones: The Noble House of Westeros Seasons 1-5 considers the final word on Lord Snow. "For that he was murdered at Castle Black by his own men, including Alliser Thorne and Olly." Murdered, sure. But will he stay that way? We'll find out when Game of Thrones returns for a sixth season in 2016. (Or maybe even sooner.) For now, you can enjoy learning more about the various House sigils, histories, home, family trees, character profiles, weapons, costumes and more when Game of Thrones: The Noble House of Westeros Seasons 1-5 goes on sale December 8.


Ink are produced by H-A-N in Esslingen (Germany) under the direction of Dipl. Ing (FH) Michael Dirks.
The G Inks are a series of 13 shades of gray in 50 ml bottles.
under Resolution ResAP (2008) 1 and do not contain PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons).


3815 - LJ58AVZ - now in service on TfL routes from Garston Garage [GR].
'Continuing Your Journey from Notting Hill Gate' - TFL26332.05.13.
Route 94 [London United - S] - Temporary timetable withdrawn and previous timetable re-introduced with Monday to Saturday daytime service restored to every 5 minutes.
Route 328 [Tower Transit - AS] - Temporary timetable withdrawn and previous timetable re-introduced with Monday to Saturday daytime service restored to every 6-7 minutes.
[Metrobus] - Four new Alexander Dennis B25F E20D Enviro 200 single deckers are due for the new contract on route 434 at Croydon Garage [C], commencing on 31/08/13.


Before the advent of the compression ignition engine by Rudolph Diesel in 1892, diesel oil used to be a byproduct of petroleum and was thrown away.
However, today diesel oil is used extensively in diesel motor vehicles, and its presence in the motor is vital for its proper functioning.
One of the biggest advantages of diesel motor oil is its price. Indeed, when compared to its gasoline counterpart, it is more cost-effective.
In addition, the diesel motor oil offers the various moving parts of your motor with superior wear and tear protection.
It also helps prevent the formation of varnish and deposits in the motor that can potentially affect performance.
Moreover, most top-rated diesel motor oils on the market have greater stability when compared to petroleum motor oil at very high temperatures and pressures.
Indeed, this type of motor oil does not lose its viscosity at high temperatures and will keep protecting your motor whether you drive for one minute or 10 hours straight.
The Motul 007250 is a popular synthetic motor oil for diesel motors. This motor oil respects a wide range of standards that makes it safe to use regardless of where you are in the world.
In addition, it has excellent resistance to high temperatures, so if you are using a vehicle that is a few years old with high mileage, this is an excellent synthetic oil for you.
It also has low volatility which means that it will stay in your motor for an extended period of time. Moreover, this product performs excellently in both hot as well as cold temperatures.
It will not solidify even when the temperature is below zero.
All in all, taking the popularity of this product, as well as its resistance to both high and cold temperatures, we have absolutely no problem recommending it.
It is definitely one of the best synthetic diesel motor oil on the market.
If you need a synthetic motor oil that has a low-viscosity, then this product by Mobil is the right choice.
It is an excellent synthetic motor oil for used vehicles all vehicles that have high mileage.
It contains additives that will help prevent regular wear and tear and help prolong the lifespan of your diesel motor.
In addition, it has excellent low-temperature tolerance so if you live in an area where the winter gets a very cold, get this product.
Also, the price of this synthetic motor oil makes it very hard to resist because it is more affordable when compared to others.
You need to ensure that you firmly close this motor oil once you open it. The container is not the best quality, and it may start leaking when placed in an awkward position.
If the price is not an issue for you and you are trying to get the best motor oil for a diesel engine, then the Valvoline 774038 is exactly what you are looking for.
This motor oil is a premium oil that contains many additives that will help promote the various parts inside your motor.
Additionally, it performs excellently in both hot as well as in cold weathers, no problem.
One big problem that the synthetic oils also face is oxidation. As we have noted above, the only caveat we find with this motor oil is its relatively high price.
However, you will definitely not have any problem using this product. If you have a used or new diesel vehicle, go get this premium oil right now because it is excellent!
Despite being one of the best oils on the market, we can only comfortably recommend this Valvoline oil to owners of new diesel vehicles.
If you own a used vehicle, there are more cost-effective solutions in this review.
One problem with most synthetic oils on the market is that you regularly need to change the oil after a set mileage.
If this is an inconvenience to you, then you will love the Castrol Edge because this is a high mileage synthetic oil.
In fact, the manufacturer claims that you get 20,000 miles with this synthetic oil, guaranteed.
Additionally, what makes this oil unique is that it has excellent tolerance to high pressure and temperature.
If your vehicle usually runs hot, you will have no problem using this oil. In fact, you can argue that the additives inside start working more effectively at high temperatures and pressures.
Altogether, all those factors make the Castrol Edge is one of the best and t diesel engine oil that you can buy, especially considering it is quite affordable.
The Shell Rotella is a diesel motor oil that contains many additives and technologies inside. For one, it will help prevent the deposit of debris inside the motor that can potentially affect performance.
Furthermore, it will prevent your motor oil from breaking down in high temperatures or at high pressures. It also contains additives that will help clean the motor at no cost to you.
When it comes to motor temperatures, no problem because this oil will not be affected by it. If you have an engine that runs hot, don't worry because this oil is protected from oil oxidation and breakdown.
Also, due to the formulation and SAE rating of 15W-40, it is one of the best diesel motor oils for high power diesel vehicles like trucks or lorries.
However, you can still use it in regular diesel cars if you wish, no problem.
If there is one thing that most oils in this diesel motor oil review lack then it is compatibility with fuels that contain Ethanol.
Indeed, this is a rare specialty that most other oils either don't advertise for or care about altogether.
This is definitely not a problem with the Royal Purple because if your fuel does contain Ethanol, it will make its combustion in the engine more efficient.
Furthermore, it contains additives that will allow it to protect your motor from regular wear and tear. It also proactively helps combat corrosion inside the motor.
So, if you have an old motor engine, the Royal Purple is an excellent oil for your vehicle.
Since the SAE rating of this oil is 15W-40, it has a higher viscosity when compared to other oils. It is recommended to use this oil only for heavy-duty vehicles like trucks and lorries only.
If you own a heavy-duty vehicle like a truck or a lorry, then you have to pay closer attention to the SAE rating.
Specifically, you need to choose motor oils that have a high viscosity because a low viscosity oil may damage the motor parts of a heavy-duty vehicle.
Motor oils like the Red Line are an excellent choice for trucks and lorries. It has an SAE rating of 15W-40 with a high viscosity, as well as additives that help promote the lifespan of the various motor parts.
It also offers you a high mileage which means that you do not have to change your motor oil as frequently when compared to other diesel motor oils.
Best, the canister has been designed in such a way so as to promote handling. If you need to add only a small amount of oil with precision, no problem.
You should not use this motor oil in vehicles like diesel cars because its high viscosity will make the motor inefficient.
There are several types of diesel oils on the market. You need to make sure that your vehicle is compatible with them.
This is because some vehicle manufacturers sometimes recommend only a specific type of diesel oil to use on their vehicles.
Full Synthetic Oil: Full synthetic or commonly known as synthetic oil, is the most popular type of diesel oil on the market.
It is a highly efficient oil that allows your motor to work in tiptop condition all the time.
This type of oil is also the best diesel motor oil for power-intense engines because of its low viscosity. It protects moving parts in the motor from regular wear and tears.
The only caveat with the full synthetic oil is usually its price.
Indeed, when compared to other types of diesel motor oils, the full synthetic oil is around 30% more expensive.
Synthetic Blend Oil: The synthetic blend is normally a mixture of synthetic oil with mineral oil.
The synthetic blend is cheaper than the full synthetic oil and offers almost the same mileage at around 15,000 miles.
However, it does not have the same temperature resistance as high temperatures tend to affect its viscosity.
Premium Conventional Oil: The main purpose of the type of diesel oil is to prevent the buildup of deposits inside the motor.
The premium conventional oil has a large number of additives in it that not only breakdown debris and contamination but also offers excellent temperature tolerance.
If you have a motor engine that runs hot, this is the type of diesel oil to get!
Higher Mileage Oil: As its name suggests, the higher mileage oil is meant for diesel vehicles that have high mileage on the meter.
The motor is those vehicles have normally suffered from a lot of wear and tear, as well as have a significant amount of contamination and debris inside.
This diesel oil will have additives as well as the right viscosity that will help prolong the life of those used motors.
Diesel motor oils come in different grades. Vehicle manufacturers normally tune their motors so that it works optimally for a specific viscosity grade.
So, it is very important that you choose a diesel motor oil that has a viscosity grade that matches your vehicle's specs.
Other than protecting your diesel motor, the diesel motor oil also contains additives that help it to clean your motor from the inside out.
Ensure that you get a diesel motor oil that has those additives and will not stick or clump inside your motor every time you change the oil.
Where protection is one of the most important factors of the diesel motor oil.
It will prevent the mechanical parts inside your motor from undergoing excessive wear and tear.
It does not matter if your diesel motor is new or used, a good quality diesel motor oil will ensure minimum wear and tear regardless.
The diesel motor oil will usually make your diesel motor run more efficiently.
By efficiency, we mean that it will allow you to get more mileage out of a motor while reducing fuel consumption.
Ensure that the manufacturer makes mention above the efficiency of the diesel motor oil before you purchase.
As we have seen, choosing the right type of diesel motor oil for your diesel vehicle is the first step in ensuring that your vehicle motor works the most efficiently possible.
There are several types of diesel motor oil on the market, and most oil manufacturers keep adding new types every year.
And if you change your motor oil yourself, then it is important to know which type of diesel oil is most appropriate for your vehicle.
Hopefully, our diesel motor oil review above has allowed you to find a quality diesel oil for your vehicle. If not, then go through this review again.


Intelligence quotient, or IQ for short, is the relationship between a person's potential and the statistical normal of all possible results. How is IQ measured? They are tested based on a person's concrete and abstract reasoning in subject ways, based on age and development norms.
It usually consists of a number of tasks measuring various measures of intelligence. These include short-term memory, analytical thinking, mathematical ability and spatial recognition. However, the purpose of an IQ test is not an attempt to measure the amount of information one has learned, but rather it attempts to measure their capacity to learn.
IQ was initially considered to be genetic and fixed. However, a study at Michigan University revealed that at least one aspect of IQ measure can be improved. The researchers found that fluid intelligence, which is the ability to solve abstract problems without depending on previous knowledge, skills or experience, can be improved with specific and targeted training of working memory.
Understanding and dealing with a wide variety of abstract relationships between concepts, objects and things in our environment – also referred to as relational skill – is necessary for children and adults to function and perform at school, at work and in our daily lives. In academics, relational skills are necessary for math and language skills to emerge. The concept of more than or less than is one example of relational skill needed to understand mathematics.
How can we help our children have better relational skills?
Doing math will help because it develops their ability to notice relationships between numbers. A strong co-relation has also been found between a child's relational skills and IQ scores. Through math practice, your child not only sharpens their relational skills, they also sharpen their own learning process and capacity to learn.
A study by Stanford University School of Medicine found that personalised-tutoring, coupled with arithmetic practice helped children to remember better. The findings also suggest that when children are able to solve basic arithmetic problems from memory, their brain is more prepared to tackle more complex questions. So how can we ensure that our children start off with the right foundation?
Find an approach that combines the benefits of personalised training with the discipline of self-learning and self-discovery; an approach that is designed to introduce new concepts in incremental steps to make learning math easier.
However, practice alone is not enough, and practice with little understanding of the concepts can be ineffective. It is the brain storming process; the understanding of concepts, problem solving, critical thinking and logical reasoning, on top of personalised training and practice that deepens and improves their understanding.
Are these processes fostered in your child? Are they engaged in dialogue and encouraged to exercise problem solving, critical thinking and logical reasoning?
If your child has a low or average IQ score, don't be disheartened.
It does not mean the scores will remain the same. It simply means there is potential for them to do better. Because intelligence and IQ can be improved. All you need is to exercise your brain.
And early exposure to math can go a long way.


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ISL 7: Singto proud of Hyderabad FC's performance despite draw against Jamshedpur
Hyderabad FC assistant coach Thangboi Singto (Photo/ Sportzpics)
Vasco (Goa) [India], December 3 (ANI): Despite being held to a 1-1 draw by Jamshedpur FC, Hyderabad FC assistant coach Thangboi Singto said he is "very proud" of his team's performance.
Jamshedpur FC staged a brilliant comeback in their 2020-21 Indian Super League (ISL) game against Hyderabad FC at the Tilak Maidan Stadium in Vasco on Wednesday. Trailing 1-0, Jamshedpur FC had Stephen Eze plenty to thank for his equaliser five minutes from full time as both sides shared the points.
The result means Hyderabad FC remains undefeated in the league so far with one win and two draws.
"It would have been great to go back with the three points but knowing Jamshedpur, with their very experienced head coach who kept motivating his side from the sidelines, we are very proud of our performance. The result was okay but performance-wise, we are very happy," Singto said in the post-match press conference.
Singto also pointed as to what his team needs to do going forward. "We need to score goals but it's not that easy... Aridane is our main guy but this is a big platform for any of the youngsters to shine. Going forward, hopefully, we can score more goals and win more matches," he said.
The Hyderabad assistant coach is also impressed with the way Hero-of-the-Match Mohammed Yasir and Liston Colaco went about their game on the night. "They are young and up-and-coming like many of the Indians that we have. They just need to keep their heads down and keep working hard. They have a long way to go but we are happy with their progress," he said. (ANI)


Father Christiano Nunes da Silva celebrates his first Mass Saturday, July 26, 5:30 p.m., Immaculate Conception Church, Clarksville. He is assigned as Associate Pastor of Immaculate Conception Church, Clarksville.
Originally from Fortaleza, Brazil, Deacon Nunes grew up in a small, "Christmas and Easter only" Catholic family. Although they were less-than-devout, Deacon Nunes da Silva's parents made sure their five children received their sacraments.
He first felt a tug toward the priesthood when he made his first communion at age 10, but put those thoughts on hold for a number of years. He was even engaged once, but he and his fiancée ultimately "decided we were not meant for each other," he said, as he discerned that his call to religious life was stronger than the call to marriage and family life.
As a young adult, Deacon Nunes da Silva became involved in youth ministry work and served as a catechist and adult formation leader in his home country. He entered a religious order in 1994 as a brother and was sent as a missionary to Jamaica, where he stayed for over a decade, working as an adult advisor for the National Youth Summit and as a guidance counselor.
Deacon Nunes da Silva completed his seminary training at St. Thomas Aquinas Pontifical University in Rome, where he earned a B.A. in Philosophy and an S.T.B in Sacred Theology. Degree in hand, and back home to help care for his grandfather with Alzheimer's disease, Deacon Nunes da Silva met Diocese of Nashville seminarian Deacon Gervan Menezes through translation work the two were doing in their hometown of Fortaleza.
Deacon Menezes spoke highly of Nashville Bishop David Choby and encouraged Deacon Nunes da Silva to visit Tennessee and meet him to explore the possibility of serving as a priest for the Diocese of Nashville.
Deacon Nunes da Silva previously had no plans to come to the United States, but after a series of snags with his home diocese and his religious order, he began to seriously consider coming to Tennessee. He took his spiritual director's advice to "pass through the door that is open to you," and began the process to come to the Diocese of Nashville.
Deacon Nunes da Silva said that Bishop Choby's chief concern about him was whether he could adjust to the culture and be happy here. "It is not difficult to me to live with people of different cultures," Deacon Nunes da Silva said, noting that his religious order included priests and brothers from five separate countries. With a knack for learning different languages, Deacon Nunes da Silva speaks Portuguese, English, Spanish and Italian. He is hoping to improve his French, and maybe even learn German and Swahili.
At Immaculate Conception Parish in Clarksville, where Deacon Nunes da Silva has been assigned since he came to the Diocese of Nashville in 2012, he serves with three other priests from three different countries: the U.S., Nigeria and India. The priests don't all live together, but they do try to get together on a regular basis to share meals and fellowship.
After his ordination, Deacon Nunes da Silva will be an associate pastor at Immaculate Conception, and while his sacramental role in the parish will change, "the practical parts won't," he said.
As Deacon Nunes da Silva adjusts to life as a new priest, he will be looking to the example of Pope Francis. "He is calling me to be simple and look at what is more important," he said. "He is a man for this time and a sign of hope," Deacon Nunes da Silva said.
Priests sometimes have a tendency "create a protective bubble around them" with busy schedules and piles of paperwork to complete. But, just as Pope Francis breaks protocol and shakes up scheduled events with off the cuff remarks and gestures, Deacon Nunes da Silva reminds himself to take time for impromptu conversations with people. "I want to be more available to people, more approachable," Deacon Nunes da Silva said.
Since the priest plays an intercessory role between God and his people, "a ministry of presence is the most important thing to me as a priest," Deacon Nunes da Silva said.


The 2012 Messiah Watch lists performances and sing-alongs of Handel's Messiah in the VPR listening area.
Add your "Messiah" performance to the list.
Send us the information by filling out a VPR Contact Form.
And check back for updates to this page.
Sounding Joy! and The Randolph Singers, led by Marjorie Drysdale and Jennifer Moore, will perform the Christmas portion of Messiah, along with works by Alfred Burt and Marjorie Drysdale.
Children are often teased or bullied for behavior that doesn't fit within gender stereotypes – boys who like to dress up; girls who prefer GI Joes and trucks to Barbies. We talk about how children are taught about gender.


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Celebrating Salt Edge's journey in 2022 – Year in review
As we wrap up this year, it's the best time to stop and reflect on our journey. Salt Edge is delighted to share the most significant milestones of 2022 and is even more excited for the year to come.
We've launched new products, conducted deep market analyses, attended dozens of events from London to Riyadh, welcomed new Salt Edgers on board, expanded on new markets, and reconfirmed the highest level of security by passing once again the international ISO 27001 information security surveillance audit. So here is a look at what we were up to in 2022.
Presenting top use cases for B2B companies powered by open banking
We at Salt Edge believe that making wise decisions based on reliable information holds the key to success. Thus, we've analysed thousands of demo requests and our clients' experience to qualify the most spread and with the highest-potential open banking-powered use cases and discovered some insightful findings that we shared in the "Top 5 use cases for B2B companies powered by open banking" report.
Growing strong and stable
It is an integral part of Salt Edge's culture to provide a fair and inclusive working environment for all its people. Despite the challenging times worldwide, the team continued growing, focused on delivering high-quality services to its clients and partners, both existing and new ones.
Our team's efforts led to new partnerships and strengthened existing collaborations with major financial industry players such as Finastra, Temenos, Mambu, Spire, Thought Machine, Tuum, ebankIT, Crassula, FintechOS and others to help financial institutions innovate, grow, and provide value to customers. Looking ahead, we are excited to grow the team even more and expand to new markets via exciting partnerships and clients in the future.
Expanding our offerings to the KSA market
Recently, Salt Edge announced its expansion to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, aiming to help banks and other financial institutions bring innovative solutions to the market and contribute to the Kingdom's efforts toward the digital rise of technologies via open banking and its 2030 vision.
The Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) sees open banking as pivotal in further developing the Kingdom's financial sector and supporting financial inclusion in the country. Hence, at the end of this year, SAMA published the Open Banking Framework and mandated banks to make their account information APIs available by the end of 2022 and the payment initiation APIs by March 2023. Despite the looming deadlines, Salt Edge's Open Banking Compliance solution helps KSA banks become compliant in just three months. Moreover, sandboxes for KSA banks are already developed to offer an easy way to show how it starts.
Keeping the security fences high by introducing TPP Verification
Open banking's success depends on innovation and collaboration, backed-up by serious investments in security. For this purpose, Salt Edge announced earlier this year the launch of a new open banking solution on the European market – TPP Verification. The solution simplifies ASPSPs' efforts in checking the third-party providers trying to access users' accounts while keeping these accounts safe.
New website launch – fresh look, seamless experience
A new website was launched earlier this year after months of dedication and hard work. No matter where you are on your device, the updated website provides a more seamless experience.
Our goal was to make the site faster, more user-friendly, and offer all the useful information at a click distance, so visitors could learn more about Salt Edge's solutions, regulatory specifics, industry news in a much easier way.
There is a whole host of changes and impactful advancements, including clear Salt Edge coverage, intuitive developers section, dozens of use cases with examples of how businesses from different industries put open banking to work, a comprehensive resources page with insightful materials to answer all your questions, and much more.
Sharing insights at numerous industry events globally
Throughout the year, we were honoured to attend over 20 exciting events globally, meet interesting leaders from the fintech world, discuss open banking and its benefits for people's lives, and share our expertise. Among the events, we have joined are Money20/20 Europe, Sibos, Seamless Middle East, Seamless Saudi Arabia, Fintech Connect, Milan Fintech Summit, and many others.
Highest level of security confirmed by ISO 27001 certification
Another significant milestone this year is passing the ISO 27001 surveillance audit again, which has been an essential threshold for Salt Edge since maintaining the utmost security level is one of the core differentiators setting us apart from other market players. As a result, Salt Edge's customers and their end-users get the guarantee that their data is fully protected while potential risks are properly mitigated. Also, everybody can rest assured that data is processed in full compliance with regulatory requirements, including GDPR.
What a fantastic year for all of us at Salt Edge! We are truly grateful for every new team member, every partner we shook hands with, and every milestone we achieved. I am confident that in the year to come, we will continue to change the financial world for the better through Salt Edge technologies and our people, that are true professionals.
For us, it's important to dream big and make sure that these dreams come true. We have many exciting plans for the upcoming year and can't wait to share them with you. Launching new products, more use cases, strengthening existing partnerships and creating new ones, expanding into new markets and, solidifying our position in the existing ones, participating in even more exciting events are just some of our objectives for 2023.
I am deeply grateful to everyone who contributed to the company's success over the past year as we continue to follow our mission to provide a universal platform that will take the burden off various types of businesses and allow the world to create dozens of use cases based on Salt Edge open banking solutions.
Wishing you a very happy holiday season from the entire Salt Edge team!
Garri Galanter, CEO at Salt Edge
5 min read May 2021
Top 3 open banking benefits for accounting companies
Digital adoption has seen a revolutionary change in the past decade, which has been significantly accelerated as a result of the global pandemic. In this context, the open banking revolution offers countless opportunities for providers of services like accounting, budgeting, investment advice to businesses. The accounting software market was valued…
5 min read Jan 2022
Variable Recurring Payments – the whats and the whens around the hottest topic in payments
Open banking payments are already shifting the way consumers and businesses pay and get paid. And the numbers are starting to finally back up the open banking hype with over 3 million successful payments within the UK, in November 2021 alone (compared to 4 million in the entire 2020). While…
4 min read Jun 2022
Onboarding gives your customers a headache? Open banking is a painkiller you need
The digital pace that our world took decades ago has been roughly accelerated by the pandemic that changed our life forever. Modern society is synonymous with speed, and this is especially true for financial services. And one of the most notable changes that is yet to be largely adopted relates…
Sorted selects Salt Edge to simplify daily accounting tasks for freelancers via open banking
Sorted, Germany-based accounting app for freelancers and self-employed, teamed up with Salt Edge, a leader in developing open banking solutions, to get instant access to banking data – making the ongoing accounting processes more efficient and preparing for tax season with confidence. These days the global job market is changing…


Our escutcheons are one of our most popular functional features and offer a truly stylish addition to any internal door. They are affordable and are extremely easy to fit whilst providing an elegant finishing touch to your doors.
Available in various finishes, our escutcheons are perfect for both contemporary and traditional interiors alike. They can be matched to our other internal door hardware to achieve a consistent look and have been designed specifically to complement our extensive range of internal doors.
Escutcheons are the perfect way to disguise an ugly key hole and give your newly hung internal door a smooth finish which will contrast with the door's wood grain surface appearance to create an elegant stand out feature.


On November 30, 2018, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a notice to announce the peer review of its previously published draft risk evaluation for an existing chemical substance, Colour Index Pigment Violet 29 (PV29), under the Toxic Substance Control Act. EPA will be holding a two-hour virtual preparatory meeting to consider the scope and clarity of the draft charge questions for the peer reviewers on January 8, 2019. Next, EPA will host a 4-day in-person meeting starting on January 29, 2019 through February 1, 2019. The public will have an opportunity to submit oral comments for the preparatory meeting by January 4, 2019. For the in-person meetings, requests to provide oral comments will be accepted until January 19 and possibly during the meetings.
Read the meeting notice here.
Read the risk evaluation here and submit comments here. For more information on PV29, visit EPA's webpage here.


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Risk Friction
How Risk Tolerance Biases Create Friction in the Civil – Military Relationship
By LtCol Dave Mueller
Some of the friction points in the Civil-Military relationship center around how different actors view the risk associated with large force deployments. In the past 25 years, across several administrations from both parties, civilian leaders often accused the military of being overly cautious or inflating force requirements when asked how much force it would take to accomplish a specific task.1 The resulting frustrations led to accusations military commanders were inappropriately making policy objections by inflating estimates – that they were making operations appear costlier than they should in attempts to avoid doing them at all.2
The disconnect between civilian policymakers and military professionals can often be attributed to their naturally differing views on what defines risk, and how much they are comfortable accepting. Civilians tend to view larger force deployments, with the subsequent expense of political capital and more American troops engaged in combat, as a greater risk than a small deployment. Military officers, however, see a larger force as insurance (with less subsequent risk) for the mission and a guard against unnecessary casualties. This makes one of the most important and frequent questions in the civil-military relationship; "How many troops will it take to get the job done?" an inevitably awkward one.
If military operations were completely predictable this difference in perspective would be a mere nuisance, but the different viewpoints are complicated by the fact military actions are historically very difficult to predict. Even in successful military campaigns, where the original goal is achieved, the path to that goal and the resources required rarely conform with pre-conflict predictions. Ironically, this unpredictability, combined with the desire to minimize deployed forces, can lead a policymaker to choose a smaller force which results in failure where a more robust force would have been successful. The logic behind committing overwhelming force in order to minimize casualties and guarantee success was most famously expressed by Gen Colin Powell. In his corollary to former Defense Secretary Casper Weinberger's policy doctrine about when military force should be used, Powell added that when used, such force should be overwhelming.3 By expressing the assumptions inherent in Powell's corollary graphically, the logic behind it becomes more clear. Understanding the correlation between forces committed, casualties, and success or failure of the military mission will not eliminate friction between policymakers and military officers, but should aid in understanding each other's perspective.
Differing Perspectives
How comfortable someone is in accepting risk is usually relative to their understanding of the permanence of success or failure. In almost all aspects of life, success is relatively permanent, while failure is viewed as temporary. In war, however, it is the opposite. There is nobility and growth in having tried and failed in sports, business, education, or politics; and those who fail in those endeavors often grow and go on to greater success. In military operations, however, death and defeat are permanent, and failure has no silver lining. Put another way, to the businessman, failing ten times and succeeding once makes you Thomas Edison or Bill Gates, but to the military officer, succeeding ten times and failing once makes you George Custer. Because the experiences of most policymakers place them in what can be called the "business mindset," there is a natural friction between them and those who bring a "military mindset" to the discussion.
The strategic caution and risk aversion in the military mindset should not be confused as translating to the tactical level where bold action and informed risk taking generally define the most successful commanders. At the strategic level, however, military officers should usually be the last to favor military action. As Samuel Huntington put it, the military mind is "pessimistic" and "pacifist," among other things.4 So, when the use of force does become necessary, the military mindset will desire to bring to bear as much force as possible to minimize the possibility of failure. This principle was most famously advocated by Gen Collin Powell and was codified in the 1992 U.S. Military Strategy, which Powell signed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Under the section on "Strategic Principles," the principle of "Decisive Force" was listed. In a paragraph most officers simply regard as common sense, the strategy stated:
Once a decision for military action has been made, half-measures and confused objectives extract a severe price in the form of a protracted conflict which can cause needless waste of human lives and material resources, a divided nation at home, and defeat. Therefore, one of the essential elements of our national military strategy is the ability to rapidly assemble the forces needed to win -- the concept of applying decisive force to overwhelm our adversaries and thereby terminate conflicts swiftly with a minimum loss of life.5
The 1992 strategy simply codified a military bias that had long been known to exist. The fact military officers habitually ask for extra resources to accomplish missions was well known enough outside policy circles to inspire a popular 1969 song to cynically claim; when you ask generals "how much should we give? …they only answer more, more, more."6 This bias was more articulately iterated by retired Marine LtGen Bernard Trainor who, while promoting his book on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, told NBC's Tim Russert, "the military of course tends to be conservative, and if one is good … three is better." Trainor was describing why a large philosophical disconnect existed between Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, who wanted to minimize the amount of U.S. forces deployed to conduct the 2003 invasion and U.S. Generals whose plans originally called for 385,000 troops.7
To civilian leadership, because of their need to balance larger political, budgetary, and messaging requirements with congress and the American people, the incentive to keep military force commitments limited to the minimum necessary is understandable. It is the responsibility of policymakers and officers to be good stewards of the nation's resources, but it is the policymaker who must balance and prioritize military requests against all the other responsibilities of government. If force sizes can be made smaller and less resources committed while still accomplishing the mission, other priorities can be accomplished as well. Furthermore, there can be a tendency to attribute the desire for larger force structure and extra resources by military officers to the counterproductive incentives of bureaucratic politics; that is the incentive for any supervisor to desire a larger budget and more personnel as a measure of bureaucratic and personal success. It would be dishonest to claim the military is not a bureaucracy, but while negative incentives do exist, there are military realities which drive the desire for large forces as well.
The scrutiny applied to troop-to-task decisions by President Obama regarding Afghanistan and Secretary Rumsfeld regarding the 2003 invasion of Iraq both represent a desire for a smaller American footprint and the subsequent expenditure of less political capital.8 Beyond political capital, however, challenging subordinates' requests for more resources is simply good executive leadership. Nevertheless, while those charged with most efforts within government should be capable of explaining exactly why their resources are necessary, while a military commander may not.
Because war is unpredictable, military commanders expect to face problems they didn't plan for and could never see coming – Secretary Rumsfeld's unknown unknowns. Extra forces and resources give commanders the ability to react, adapt, and learn on the fly. This is why the question of "How many troops do you need?" is such a precarious one. It is a logical and straightforward question, but it has no simple answer. Instead it should be met with multiple options representing different levels of risk to the mission and the potential for casualties. The feared situation for a military commander is to be faced with impending tactical disaster, while knowing the solution would be simple if only forces which were left in the U.S. by choice had been deployed.
Those added forces and resources don't just minimize the possibility of failure, they also minimize the casualties the force will suffer during mission execution. Cost of a military operation is measured in many ways: In the monetary cost, the political cost civilian leaders pay to authorize the operation, or the cost to other potential operations because forces were diverted; but the cost most military officers are usually concerned with is the cost in lives – the casualties sustained in accomplishing the mission. Going back to Powell's 1992 Strategy, it emphasized preventing the "needless waste of human lives and material resources."
Graphing the Assumptions
The below graph is an attempt to combine the assumptions inherent in the military approach to force structure and casualties. By graphing the general relationship between casualties sustained to the forces committed in a given conflict, it essentially becomes the graphical representation of the wisdom behind the Powell corollary. It is a theory, just as Powell's corollary is a theory, but it is based on logical assumptions most officers make instinctively. It theorizes that most conflicts have a similar relationship between force size and casualties. Obviously, the success or failure of the mission is effected by more than the size of the force; but training, technology, and overall capabilities are fixed by the time the decision to go to war is made. Advantages in any of those variables can shift the scale, but generally won't change the shape of the curve. Because the intangibles which make war so unpredictable cannot be accounted for by a straightforward line graph, this graph removes them. Therefore, this graph could be considered "war in a vacuum."
The graph of forces committed starts at 0 and theoretically could go to infinity, but breaks down into distinct regions from left to right. The first is a theoretical region of 100% casualties. It represents if in 2003 the U.S. had invaded Iraq with one platoon, the platoon would have been annihilated. The slope of the line breaks off 1:1 once you commit enough forces that some will be able to retreat in the losing effort. The war was still lost, but at least everyone wasn't killed.
The peak of casualties is the critical point on the graph – it is where the war turns from a losing to a winning effort. The bloodiest of battles and wars are the ones which are decided by the smallest of margins – be it the Peloponnesian War, Verdun, or Stalingrad. Those close decisions, where one side is finally overwhelmed, but both at some point thought (usually rightly) they were on the verge of winning, are the costliest. The casualties then decline even while the forces committed increases. The more one side understands they will lose, the less they will be willing to fight. Surrender becomes more likely, both at the unit and national level. Even if the enemy doesn't surrender (some ideological fanatics must be fought to the death), the reduced duration of the conflict, because more force than just that necessary to win was used, will still reduce casualties. The cost in dollars, political capital, and capacity generation may be higher, but the cost in lives becomes significantly lower. Note, this is not just lower casualties as a percentage of the force committed, but less actual casualties in real numbers due to the larger force.
The graph begins moving up again when non-combat casualties begin to outweigh the combat casualties. For example, if the U.S. had invaded Iraq with one million troops in 2003 it's possible more soldiers would have been lost to vehicle rollovers and negligent discharges than to enemy fire.
Revisiting the understanding of risk and cost previously associated with the business vs military mindset leads to very different targets for force structure. For a businessman, the costs associated with a large force, and the desire to commit as little force as possible while still accomplishing the mission, results in an attempt to win by a narrow margin – the target point for forces committed is just right of the peak in the graph. By trying to limit the monetary and political cost of a larger deployment, a policymaker may inadvertently drive the cost in casualties up. The military officer, however, desires a point as far right of the peak as possible – trying to commit forces as close to the point where casualties are lowest. More importantly, when we move from the generic graph of "war in a vacuum," to a graph which better accounts for war's unpredictability, finding the point just past the peak becomes nearly impossible. Any attempt to predict how much force is "just enough" becomes clouded by a big empty box in the middle of the curve.
War isn't predictable enough to draw distinct lines beforehand, and sometimes a force which theoretically should have lost, such as the English at Agincourt, prevails. In a possible exception to the theory, the French were actually hindered by the large force they committed at Agincourt; where terrain, poor decisions, and the legendary leadership of Henry V proved decisive.9 Leadership, battlefield decision-making, and luck are among factors which make war so unpredictable and result in such exceptions. The British at the Somme, or the Union at Fredericksburg are other examples where commanders believed their forces were large enough, but poor leadership combined with tactical mistakes led to disastrous outcomes.10 The unpredictability of war, most expertly explained by Clausewitz,11 is represented by the box in Graph 2, which indicates the region where that unpredictability could change the outcome of the conflict. Therefore, even in these three potential exceptions, there still could have been forces large enough to overcome such terrible decisions by the field commanders. The English would have eventually fatigued of hacking the French knights, and the Confederates and Germans would have eventually run out of ammunition.
The Chinese at the Chosin Reservoir are proof even in the age of machine guns and artillery that you can commit enough forces to overcome staggering losses and eventually overwhelm your enemy.12 Thus, even the best commanders can have too few forces to win (e.g. Lee in the Wilderness campaign),13 and sometimes the worst of commanders can have so large a force they can't lose, even if they take enormous casualties (e.g. the Chinese at Chosin). Of course, "worst commanders" is a relative term, as the Chinese knew the disadvantages they were facing and committed a force large enough to drive back (though not destroy) the First Marine Division, and chose to accept the enormous casualties that required.14
The unpredictable nature of war creates large deviations over the entire graph, not just the area depicted by the box. The box, however, represents the portion where such unpredictability places the outcome of the conflict in doubt. This highlights an even greater danger than increased casualties when policymakers attempt to hold the forces committed to the bare minimum to win a conflict – they inadvertently bring the result into question. By trying to find the "just large enough" force, they subject the result to the unpredictable nature of war.
It should be noted that the problem of attempting to find the right troop-to-task ratio is a problem of affluence, in that it is a problem only great powers fighting limited wars experience. No state facing an existential threat worries about how large a force they will send. They send everything they can. Belgium didn't get overrun in two world wars because a policymaker accused a general of being too pessimistic, but rather they simply didn't have the capacity to avoid being overrun. No graph or better civil-military relationship can save a nation that simply doesn't have a chance. However, the limited conflicts of choice so often embraced by great powers bring this issue to the forefront. Be it the British in the War of 1812, the U.S. in Korea, or the Soviets in Afghanistan – all those powers had the capacity to deploy enough force to win those conflicts outright, but chose to emphasize other priorities. Only in limited conflicts where policymakers and military officers need to decide how X forces will be deployed to accomplish Y does this problem occur. It is also critical to note, determining the importance of Y is the sole responsibility of policymakers, and the force size desired by the military is but one element of cost policymakers need to balance in making their decision.
The best thinkers and leaders in the military, business, and politics do not conform to a set stereotypical mindset for every risk decision. Instead, they take alternative approaches in different situations depending on the circumstances. It is important, however, to recognize personal predispositions to ensure we view a situation through the most appropriate lens, and appreciate why different backgrounds bring varying biases to decision-making. These distinctions are usually less cynical and devious than the parties in civil-military disagreements generally ascribe to their counterparts.
In fact, the predisposition to overwhelming force by military commanders should be expected and viewed with greater favorability by policymakers than is generally the case. In one definition, it is said a "military genius is a commander who knows what he can do, and does it; while he also knows what he can't do, and doesn't even try."15 As such, it would take a genius to accurately predict, and always prevail with, the exact amount of force necessary to accomplish a mission. Since no one wants to go to war under anyone who considers himself a genius, we should expect commanders to always inflate force estimates for insurance. And, because declaring someone a military genius is usually reserved only for aged or dead generals whose final battle is behind them, political leaders should be more willing to supply the extra resources if the mission is important enough to go to war. The severity and permanence of defeat in war is too high a price to justify the risk of choosing to be under resourced. But that is a policy decision.
LtCol Mueller was the 2016-17 Commandant of the Marine Corps Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. The opinions expressed here are his own.
Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor. Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 2006) pp. 1-117 and Bob Woodward. Obama's Wars (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2010) ←hk;
Janine Davidson. "Civil-Military Friction and Presidential Decision Making: Explaining the Broken Dialogue" Presidential Studies Quarterly (Vol 43 no. 1 March, 2013) ←hk;
Colin Powell. "U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead" Foreign Affairs (Winter 1992/93). Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1992-12-01/us-forces-challenges-ahead ←hk;
Samuel P. Huntington. TheSoldier and the State: The Theory of Politics and Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press, 1957) p.79 ←hk;
National Military Strategy of the United States (Joint Chiefs of Staff; January 1992) p. 10 ←hk;
John Fogerty. Fortunate Son (Credence Clearwater Revival, 1969) viewed at: https://genius.com/Creedence-clearwater-revival-fortunate-son-lyrics ←hk;
Bernard Trainor. Meet the Press, 12 March 2006. Quote is at 38:00 min. Transcript viewed at: https://search.alexanderstreet.com/preview/work/2362948 ←hk;
LtGen Trainor also referred to Secretary Rumsfeld as a business man in contrasting the Secretary's attitudes with that of military leadership. It was this interview which first started the author thinking seriously about this subject. ←hk;
Davidson, as well as Gordon and Trainor ←hk;
John Keegan. The Face of Battle (New York, NY: Barnes and Noble Books, 1993, 1976) pp 99-102. ←hk;
Shelby Foote. The Civil War: A Narrative, Fredericksburg to Meridian (New York, NY: Random House, 2011, 1963) pp. 34-41 and Keegan, pp. 254-269 (for the Somme) ←hk;
Carl Von Clausewitz. On War. Edited and Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976, 1984) ←hk;
Thomas E. Ricks. The Generals (New York, NY: The Penguin Press, 2012) pp. 142-175 ←hk;
Also called the Overland Campaign, it begins with the Battle of the Wilderness and ends with the siege of Petersburg and ultimately the capture of Richmond and the surrender at Appomattox. Documented in: Shelby Foote. The Civil War: A Narrative, Red River to Appomattox (New York, NY: Random House, 2011, 1963) ←hk;
Ricks, 142-175. [1] Definition was often referred to by Professor Alan Hinge while lecturing at Australian Command and Staff College in 2009. If it has another source, the author was not able to find it. ←hk;
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Land Grant Partner: J. Scott Angle
December 2021 FloridAgriculture eNewsletter
By J. Scott Angle
jangle@ufl.edu
@IFAS_VP
You know that as a farmer, you're a steward of the environment you depend on for your livelihood. Maybe you don't think much about carbon sequestration yet, but the way you farm can make you a climate hero.
Farm Bureau member and former Miami-Dade board member Sandy Stein has been quietly leading the way at his Jungle Nursery in Homestead, where he grows interior foliage. I was glad he received public recognition at the annual meeting in late October.
UF/IFAS nominated Sandy for the commissioner's Agricultural-Environmental Leadership Award in part because he's an important leader in the movement to have policy makers – and farmers themselves – recognize farms, forests and ranches as sources of climate solutions. Without this leadership and this movement, you can expect more blame for climate change to be heaped on you.
One of the more important alliances between UF/IFAS and Florida producers is the Florida Climate Smart Agriculture Work Group, of which Sandy has been an active member. This producer-led discussion has evolved into a movement to incentivize farmers to do more of what helps the planet—sequestering carbon, protecting wildlife, hosting pollinators, filtering water, and preventing floods.
Few of you get paid for any of this. If policy makers and the public want more of it, then we need policies that allow you to "sell" these things just like you sell vegetables, beef, timber, flowers and fish.
Sandy has not only been an important voice in this movement, which UF/IFAS supports by hosting the group meetings and providing technical expertise, but he has been vocal about raising awareness of existing incentives.
Yes, there are some. It's a disjointed patchwork of cost-share programs, easements and pilot projects among federal, state, regional and local agencies. Stein advocates for a central clearinghouse you could consult to identify the full range of opportunities to do more of what you already do to provide the public goods we call ecosystems services.
Sandy applies beneficial bugs instead of pesticides to his plants, uses controlled release fertilizers and engages in other environmentally friendly practices. He does this without government incentives in pursuit of his own vision of environmental stewardship.
You've been taking care of the land for generations, and UF/IFAS has been helping you do it with the science behind reducing inputs, developing Florida-friendly crop varieties, managing nutrients for less runoff and leaching, and maintaining soil health. Now there's a need for the science of sequestering carbon.
UF/IFAS long ago recognized Sandy's leadership potential when we accepted him into our Wedgworth Leadership Institute for Agriculture and Natural Resources.
The Farm Bureau's recognition of leaders like Sandy is an important signal that you're part of climate solutions. Sandy is among those leading the way for farmers to protect both profit and planet. The future of farming—and Florida—depends on it.
Scott Angle is the University of Florida's Vice President for Agriculture and Natural Resources and leader of the UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS).


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Home Baseball News Orioles Jonathan Villar hits for the cycle against the Yankees without realizing...
Orioles Jonathan Villar hits for the cycle against the Yankees without realizing it
It is rare to hit for the cycle in baseball, but a player unknowingly accomplishing it adds an extra element of excitement. Baltimore Orioles second baseman Jonathan Villar came up to bat on Monday night in the bottom of the ninth inning against the Yankees unaware that with a single the would hit for the cycle, and managed to do it anyway.
Villar's final plate appearance rounded out the night, giving him a triple, double, home run and single, in that order. Villar started the night with a strikeout but was moving the ball after that.
𝟑𝐫𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 – triple
𝟓𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 – double
𝟔𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 – home run
𝟗𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 – single@JRvillar6 has hit for the cycle! #Birdland pic.twitter.com/tLkWurcTu2
— Baltimore Orioles (@Orioles) August 6, 2019
The dugout kept quiet on the matter before Villar was headed up for his final at bat, and he only realized he completed the cycle when first-base coach Arnie Beyeler told him the news after the ninth inning single. "Everybody didn't say anything because when you say something, maybe you miss it," Villar said. "When the first base coach told me, I was like, 'Really?' It's the same rule as when a pitcher throws a no-hitter. Nobody says anything."
Villar became just the fifth Oriole in franchise history to add a cycle to his resume. Brooks Robinson, Cal Ripken Jr., Aubrey Huff, and Felix Pie round out the list of Orioles to accomplish the feat. Also, it was the 329th cycle in MLB history, making it slightly more common than a no-hitter, with 302 of them thrown.
Villar's efforts were not enough to secure a win against the New York Yankees, who beat the home team 9-6. The Yankees snatched a bit of history of their own during the game, reaching 32 home runs in eight games at Camden Yards this year, a new MLB record for home runs in a visiting park in a single season with two games still to play in Baltimore. The old record stood at 29 runs and was set by the Milwaukee braves at Cincinnati's Crosley Field in 1957.
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Timothy Davis is a graduate of Columbia Law School and Columbia College. After law school, Tim was a corporate associate at Chadbourne & Parke and later joined Macmillan Inc. as an Assistant General Counsel. In 1989, he became General Counsel of American Color Graphics, Inc., where he worked on numerous acquisitions in the rapidly consolidating printing industry. In 2005, he became General Counsel of Cenveo, Inc., a publicly traded company that became the third largest printing company in the U.S.
Tim handles mergers and acquisitions for our firm's clients, in addition to general corporate work.
Tim is admitted as an attorney in New York.