text:
\section{Introduction}

Seeding a process consists in providing a signal level larger than the noise level present in the system, from which the process could uncontrollably grow. %
With seeding, the process grows from a known and controllable initial signal. %
The final state of the system may be the result of non-linear evolution, but when the process is seeded, the final state is uniquely related to the seed signal both in amplitude and phase. %
In the case of self-modulation (SM) of a relativistic (v$_b\cong$ c), charged particle bunch in plasma~\cite{bib:kumar}, the process is the transformation of the long, continuous bunch into a train of shorter micro-bunches through the effect of the periodic transverse wakefields. %
The important wakefields final parameters are their amplitude and their relative phase with respect to the seed point. %
This is key for external injection of a bunch of particles to be accelerated by these wakefields. %
This bunch must be short with respect to the wakefields period. %
It must be injected in a narrow phase range of accelerating and focusing wakefields, whose extent is on the order of one quarter wakefields period (plasma wakefields linear theory~\cite{bib:keinings}).
Reproducibility of the wakefields amplitude and phase means that the electron bunch can be injected with a fixed time delay (or phase) with respect to the seed signal. %
Reproducibility is necessary for loading of the wakefields and in general to be able to produce a quality accelerated bunch, eventually using feedback systems, as in conventional accelerators. %

The period of (linear) wakefields in an initially neutral plasma of uniform electron density n$_{e0}$ is given by the plasma wavelength $\lambda_{pe}=2\pi v_b/\omega_{pe}\cong 2\pi c/\omega_{pe}$. %
Here $\omega_{pe}=\left(\frac{n_{e0}e^2}{\epsilon_0m_e}\right)^{1/2}$ is the angular plasma electron frequency.\footnote{Here $e$ and $m_e$ are the electron charge and mass, and $\epsilon_0$ is the vacuum permittivity.}
The bunch is considered long, when longer than $\lambda_{pe}$: $\sigma_z\gg\lambda_{pe}$, $\sigma_z$ the root-mean-square (RMS) length of a Gaussian bunch. %
Micro-bunches are separated by, and are shorter than $\lambda_{pe}$. %
For the bunch to be stable against the current filamentation instability~\cite{bib:CFI} and to effectively drive wakefields, its transverse size must also be smaller than the cold plasma collisionless skin depth $c$/$\omega_{pe}$. %
In the following, size comparisons refer to $\lambda_{pe}$ or $c$/$\omega_{pe}$.

\section{Self-Modulation Seeding}

Methods to provide seed wakefields include: short, intense laser pulse or particle bunch preceding the bunch to self-modulate; sharp rise of the long bunch density; and relativistic ionization front traveling with and within the long bunch.
Each method has pros and cons. %
In experiments, the seeding method is chosen with respect to practical considerations, e.g. availability of a laser pulse or particle bunch, long bunch parameters, plasma creation process, etc. %

Producing a sharp rising edge in the long bunch is practical with low energy particles~\cite{bib:mask}. %
Experiments have shown that a 60\,MeV electron bunch drives multiple wakefields periods along itself~\cite{bib:fang}. %
These can serve as SM seed wakefields. %
However, for bunches of high-energy particles (e.g., 400\,GeV protons), this seeding method requires parameters and means (relative energy spread at the \%-level, magnetic dog-leg or chicane) that are proportional to the particles' inertia ($\gamma$m, $\gamma$ their relativistic factor) and quickly become prohibitive in size and cost.

\subsection{Relativistic Ionization Front Seeding}

The relativistic ionization front method
requires a short laser pulse co-propagating within the proton bunch, and a low ionization potential gas or vapor to keep the laser pulse intensity relatively low. %
In this case, it is the fast creation of plasma and the onset of beam plasma interaction within the bunch that drives the seed wakefields.
This method was very successfully used in the AWAKE experimen
~\cite{bib:muggli} with a rubidium vapor of density (1-10)$\times$10$^{14}$\,cm$^{-3}$ and with a laser pulse 120\,fs-long  ($\lambda_0 = $ 780\,nm) and an intensity I$_0\sim$10\,TW/cm$^2$ to fully ionize the atoms of their first electron~\cite{bib:karl,bib:marlene}. %
We note that with these parameters the value of the laser pulse a$_0\cong8.6\times10^{-10}\lambda_0[\mathrm{\mu m}]I_0^{1/2}$\,[W/cm$^2$] reaches only $\cong$ 0.01. %
This places laser wakefields excitation by the laser pulse in the linear regime. %
That means that the longitudinal wakefields amplitude the laser pulse drives is on the order of $\cong\frac{\pi}{4}\frac{a_0^2}{2}E_{WB}$~\cite{bib:esarey}, i.e., 100\,kV/m, where E$_{WB}=m_ec\omega_{pe}/e$ is the cold plasma wave breaking field (n$_{e0}=7\times10^{14}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$). %
This amplitude is much smaller than that of the wakefields at the ionization front, which is on the order of MV/m (see below). %
Thus SM seeding occurs because of the sudden onset of beam-plasma interaction at the ionization front, not because of the wakefields driven by the laser pulse. %

In the relativistic ionization front seeding method, the seed wakefields amplitude can be defined as the wakefields driven by the bunch at the location of the ionizing laser pulse or ionization front. %
In the case of a long bunch, with low density n$_b\ll n_{e0}$, the seed wakefields amplitude can be calculated from linear plasma wakefields theory~\cite{bib:keinings}, considering the bunch density does not change over a few wakefields periods behind the ionization front. %
In this case, the seed amplitude is $W_{\perp}=2\frac{en_{b\xi_s}}{\epsilon_0k_{pe}^2}\frac{dR}{dr}|_{r=\sigma_r}$, where $R(r)$ reflects the transverse dependency of the wakefields on the bunch transverse profile.
The bunch density at seed location $\xi_s$ is $n_{b\xi_s}$. %
When $k_{pe}\sigma_r\cong1$, $k_{pe}=\omega_{pe}$/c, $\frac{dR}{dr}|_{r=\sigma_r}\cong k_{pe}$.
For parameters of AWAKE, the seed wakefields amplitude reaches a few MV/m~\cite{bib:marlene} and exceeds that driven by the laser pulse when placed near the bunch peak density location.
The longitudinal wakefields amplitude is $W_{\parallel}=\frac{en_{b\xi_s}}{\epsilon_0k_{pe}}R(r)$ and reaches values similar to those of $W_{\perp}$. %

This seeding method has a number of favorable characteristics. %
First, it only requires a laser pulse short when compared to the wakefields period and intense enough to ionize a gas or vapor. %
This is easily satisfied with lasers available today when operating at low plasma density and with a low ionization potential vapor, e.g., alkali metals~\cite{bib:oz}.
We note here that ionization occurs on a time scale on the order of the laser field period, even shorter than the pulse length in most cases.
Second, the seed wakefields are driven by the bunch to self-modulate. %
That means that there is natural alignment between the seed wakefields and the bunch. %
This is important so as not to seed the non-axisymmetric hose instability (HI) mode~\cite{bib:witthum,bib:mathias}. %
Third, the seed wakefields naturally have the same transverse structure as that driven by the bunch to self-modulate. %
This may not be the case when seed wakefields are generated by a driver preceding the long bunch. %
Fourth, a replica of the ionizing laser pulse, thus (perfectly) synchronized with it, can be used to drive an RF gun that provides a synchronised electron bunch for external injection. %

The laser pulse serves two purposes that can be decoupled: plasma creation by itself and, in conjunction with the drive bunch, wakefields seeding.
Ionization depletes the energy of the laser pulse and thus limits the plasma density/length product that can be created by this ionization method. %
This directly limits the maximum energy gain by witness bunch particles externally injected into the wakefields. %

To avoid staging and its intricacies, acceleration in a single, preformed and very long plasma may be desirable.
Also, as the wakefields phase velocity varies during growth of the SM process~\cite{bib:pukhov}, external injection of electrons to be accelerated at a location downstream from the SM saturation point may be desirable. %
This naturally calls for the use of two plasma sections: one for self-modulation of the proton bunch, and one for acceleration of the electron bunch, sections separated by an injection region. %

The ionization front seeding method leaves un-modulated the fraction of the long bunch ahead of the seed point, since it travels in neutral vapor or gas. %
However, propagation of the bunch with its front un-modulated in a following preformed plasma means that self-modulation instability may grow in the bunch front. %
This growth would generate wakefields that would add to the ones driven by the self-modulated back part of the bunch. %
Since the SMI in the bunch front is not seeded, the phase of those wakefields is not controlled and may be different from event to event. %
By causality, these wakefields would also perturb the self-modulated bunch train itself and probably prevent acceleration and quality preservation of the injected electron bunch. %
Self-modulation instability of the whole bunch in a preformed plasma, in this case with the ionizing laser pulse placed ahead of the proton bunch, was observed experimentally~\cite{bib:spencer}. %
A seeding method that leads to self-modulation of the entire bunch may therefore be required. %

\subsection{Electron Bunch Seeding}

We consider here self-modulation seeding using an electron bunch. %
This is natural since an electron accelerator is necessary for external injection. %
Also, driving large amplitude wakefields over a few meters of plasma with a laser pulse may be challenging. %
For effective seeding, the electron bunch may have to drive wakefields with the same transverse structure as that driven by the long bunch. %
Therefore, the electron bunch may have to have the same transverse size as the un-modulated, long bunch. %
This places constraints on the bunch charge since the transverse size of the wakefields and thus of the drive bunch may be quite large at low plasma density, i.e., 200\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m at n$_{e0}=7\times$10$^{14}$\,cm$^{-3}$. %
Misalignment between the electron and the long bunches may act as seed for the HI of the long bunch. %
This could be somewhat mitigated by making the electron bunch radius larger than that of the long bunch, though global misalignment would persist. %
Also, since the long bunch satisfies k$_{pe}\sigma_{rp^+}\cong$1, theory predicts that the electron bunch with k$_{pe}\sigma_{r}>$ 1 is subject to the current filamentation instability (CFI)~\cite{bib:CFI}. %
Experiments with a low energy electron bunch showed that CFI only occurred for k$_{pe}\sigma_{r}>$ 2.2, i.e., when at least two filaments can be formed out of the original bunch~\cite{bib:CFIexp}. %

The length of the seed bunch must be $<\lambda_{pe}/2$ and its charge sufficient to drive the required seeding amplitude value. %
The long bunch has an initial density n$_{b0}$ smaller than that of the plasma (over-dense plasma). %
Seed wakefields, for example when seeding with an ionization front, are thus in the linear plasma wakefields theory regime (n$_{b0}\ll n_{e0}$~\cite{bib:keinings}). %
When using an electron bunch to seed the wakefields, electron bunch parameters, such as density and length, can be chosen independently from those of the proton bunch. %
For example, they can be chosen so the bunch drives non-linear wakefields, possibly in the blow-out regime. %
The development of seeded self-modulation (SSM) from wakefields with amplitude equal or larger than that driven by the self-modulated wakefields may be quite different than from linear wakefields. %
In particular, the saturation length may be shorter and issues related to wakefields phase velocity during the growth of the SSM mitigated~\cite{bib:pukhov}.

Also, the linear transverse seed wakefields are focusing (or null) over most of the bunch length. %
These develop into focusing and defocusing wakefields during the growth. %
Transverse  seed wakefields driven by the electron bunch, i.e., behind the electron bunch placed ahead of the proton bunch are already periodically focusing and defocusing. %
This affects the development of the SM process. %

A major issue may also be that, depending on the electron bunch parameters, the seed wakefields can be present over a distance much longer than the growth or saturation length of the SM process. %
Though of lower amplitude than that of the fully developed self-modulated wakefields, these can also interfere with acceleration over long distance. %
For example, their phase remains constant over the plasma length whereas that of the self-modulated bunch drifts backwards over the growth region~\cite{bib:pukhov}. %
One solution may be to choose the seed bunch energy so that it is depleted by the seed wakefields (its own) over a length on the order of the SM-process saturation length or on the order of the length necessary for the self-modulating bunch to drive wakefields of amplitude comparable to that of the seed ones. %

Transverse evolution of the seed bunch and possible matching to the plasma focusing force are other topics of research. %

\section{Seeding Methods Comparison}

Using particle-in-cell simulations with OSIRIS~\cite{bib:osiris} in 2D cylindrical coordinates, we briefly compare seeding of the SM process of a proton bunch with a sharp cut, representing seeding by an ionization front, and by a preceding particle bunch. %
We choose the cut bunch case as reference. %
The proton bunch has a Gaussian longitudinal profile with a root-mean-square (RMS) length of $\sigma_b=$ 6\,cm (200\,ps duration) and a bi-Gaussian transverse profile with a RMS radius of 200\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m. %
Its charge is 48.1\,nC, and it has a relativistic factor of $\gamma_{p^+} = 426$. %
Its normalized emittance is 3.6\,mm-mrad.  %
For this case we place the cut in the center of the proton bunch (the point where its density is highest). %
The plasma density is 7$\times$10$^{14}$\,cm$^{-3}$. %
This yields a seed amplitude that we define as the longitudinal wakefields amplitude immediately behind the cut of 13.5\,MV/m (or 5$\times$10$^{-3}\,$E$_{WB}$, E$_{WB}$=2.55\,GV/m).
We note here that we quote longitudinal wakefields amplitudes because they can always be evaluated on the system axis. %
Transverse wakefields amplitudes are zero on axis, and depend on the radius where they are evaluated (usually at $r=\sigma_r$). %
However, since the bunch and the micro-bunches radii change along the SM process, quoting such amplitudes becomes ambiguous. %
The maximum longitudinal electric field along the bunch as a function of propagation in the plasma, together with the position along the bunch where that amplitude is reached, are plotted on Fig.~\ref{fig:Ezmaxofz} as the blue lines.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{maxfield_and_pos3.png}
\caption{a) Maximum longitudinal electric field E$_{z,max}$ as a function of position along the plasma for seeding: bunch cut placed in the center of the proton bunch (blue line); bunch cut at three RMS lengths ahead of the bunch center (orange line, labelled as ``no seed"); short particle bunch placed ahead of the proton bunch, Q = 184\,pC, yellow line, $Q$ = 921\,pC, purple line, and $Q$ = 3.69\,nC, green line.
b) Position of E$_{z,max}$, with respect to the bunch center ($z_\mathrm{c}$), in terms of the bunch RMS length ($\sigma_\mathrm{b}$). Same color code for the lines.
Since all these simulations were performed with the same plasma density and beam sizes, the same numerical parameters are used: $\Delta_r= 0.01\,c/\omega_{pe}$,  $\Delta_z=0.015\,c/\omega_{pe}$,  $\Delta_t= 0.0074\,/\omega_{pe}$ and $4 \times 4$ particles per cell for the plasma electrons. %
The simulation box size is  $7.97\,c/\omega_{pe}$ in radius and $1204.89\,c/\omega_{pe}$ in length for all cases except the cut bunch case, in which it is $746.84\,c/\omega_{pe}$. %
}
\label{fig:Ezmaxofz}
\end{figure}
The maximum wakefields amplitudes grows from its seed value, saturates around $\mathrm{z}=450$\,cm at $\sim$820\,MV/m (0.32\,E$_{WB}$) and decays after that.
The position of this maximum amplitude shifts quickly from the bunch front to approximately two RMS lengths behind that point for the first meter and a half, after which it remains close to one RMS length behind the seeding position, until the maximum field starts decreasing. %
In the decreasing portion, the maximum is found around two and a half RMS lengths from the seeding position. %

We now consider a seed electron bunch that drives wakefields with a constant amplitude, which is equal to that of the cut bunch. %
We note that, in this case, the sum of the seed bunch wakefields and the long bunch adiabatic response are equal to the wakefields of the cut bunch at the peak of the bunch current profile (the cut bunch seed point).
Also, the seed bunch drives defocusing fields along the proton bunch ahead of the bunch center, a major difference from the ionization front seeding case. %
It is clear that the two situations are not identical, however, we consider them as sufficiently similar to draw some important conclusions. %
The maximum electric field and its position along the bunch for this seeding case are also plotted on Fig.~\ref{fig:Ezmaxofz} as the yellow lines. %
The seed bunch we consider has a negative charge, and we increase the mass of its particles by ten orders of magnitude compared to the mass of an electron. %
This is a way to avoid transverse evolution and dephasing of the seed bunch along the simulation that would occur with a low energy electron bunch not matched to the plasma focusing force. %
The RMS length is chosen to be 300\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m, short when compared to the wakefields period (1270\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m). %
The bunch has a Gaussian longitudinal profile and bi-Gaussian transverse profile with a size of 200\,$\mathrm{\mu}$m, equal to that of the proton bunch. %
The energy of the seed bunch particles is sufficient to drive a seed wakefields amplitude over the whole propagation distance (10\,m) without dephasing with respect to the wakefields. %
The seed bunch is placed 631\,ps (or about three proton bunch RMS lengths) ahead of the proton bunch peak density point.

In this case, the wakefields also grow and saturate. %
However, they reach a higher peak value at saturation, $\sim$1200\,MV/m (0.47\,E$_{WB}$).
Saturation is reached around $\sim$500\,cm.
The fields also decrease after saturation. %
The position of this maximum field follows the same trend as that with cut bunch seeding, but around one RMS length closer to the bunch center. %
The evolution of the maximum field is not significantly different between the two cases, especially considering plasma lengths necessary for saturation of fields and distances useful for acceleration, i.e., after saturation. %

We now consider the case of seeding with five times the charge of the previous case. %
As a result of the charge increase, the seed wakefields amplitude is $\sim$65.2\,MV/m (0.025\,E$_{WB}$), with results plotted as the purple lines on Fig.~\ref{fig:Ezmaxofz}. %
The maximum value is similar to that of the previous seeding case, $\sim$1100\,MV/m (0.43\,E$_{WB}$), and is reached a bit earlier, at z = 330\,cm. %
However, the field decreases in the same manner as in the previous two cases, and reaches about the same amplitude at 10\,m. %

We further use a seed bunch with a charge increased by twenty times compared to the first seed bunch charge, with results plotted on Fig. \ref{fig:Ezmaxofz} as the green lines. %
In this case, the seed wakefields amplitude is 298\,MV/m (0.12\,E$_{WB}$). %
Since the seed bunch charge density is approximately 17\% of the plasma density, seed wakefields are in the quasi-linear regime, giving an amplitude 19\% higher than that predicted by linear theory. %
The maximum longitudinal field is reached even earlier than in the previous cases, at about 200\,cm, and approaches $\sim$1400 MV/m (0.5\,E$_{WB}$), also higher than before. %
After the peak, the train of micro-bunches reaches a stable configuration with a maximum wakefields amplitude of $\sim$495\,MV/m (0.19\,E$_{WB}$), only about 200\,MV/m higher than the seed level. %
The position of the maximum field remains at half a RMS length in front of the bunch center, starting at about 400\,cm.

In the high charge seed bunch case, seed wakefields are already large and quickly reach the non-linear regime, as seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:WR20} for the
longitudinal wakefields.
A large fraction of the wakefields period ($>$50\%, the linear regime value) is defocusing for protons. %
This leads to a faster increase and steeper decrease of the maximum wakefields amplitude. %
For all cases, except the case with the maximum seed bunch charge, the system keeps evolving, expelling protons over the full plasma length, and producing wakefields of decreasing amplitude.

In the case of the largest seed bunch charge (3.69\,nC), protons are expelled fast enough to only leave behind narrow micro-bunches that resonantly drive wakefields. %
This produces a system that drives wakefields with constant amplitude and that evolves very slowly ($z>$300\,cm). %
The proton bunch charge decreases continuously for the first 500\,cm of the plasma, thereafter it has a value
around 10\% of the initial bunch charge.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{WR21Z2.png}
\caption{Line-out of the longitudinal wakefields close to the axis at 200\,cm into the plasma. %
Wakefields at this point are non-sinusoidal and their amplitude reaches 0.37\,E$_{WB}$, i.e., are non-linear (seed bunch charge Q=3.69\,nC).}
\label{fig:WR20}
\end{figure}

For completion, we also performed a simulation using the same conditions as with particle bunch seeding, but without seed bunch.
The proton bunch is cut at three RMS lengths ahead of the bunch center, leading to low seed wakefields of 150\,kV/m amplitude (6$\times$10$^{-5}$\,E$_{WB}$) when compared to any of the other cases of seeding used previously. %
The SM evolves more slowly (orange lines on Fig.~\ref{fig:Ezmaxofz}). %
The longitudinal fields reach a peak amplitude at around 700\,cm, after which they start decreasing as in the other cases. %

Numerical studies are ongoing to have an in-depth understanding of the electron bunch seeding process and to determine how a plasma density step placed in the growth region of the SM process can maintain the longitudinal field at approximately its saturation values~\cite{bib:step} even with this seeding method. %

\subsection{Electron Bunch Seeding and Acceleration in a Single Plasma}

When conceiving of an accelerator based on wakefields driven by a self-modulated long bunch, one would naturally envisage separating the SM from the acceleration process. %
The self-modulation would be seeded with an electron bunch for the reasons outlined above. %
The electron bunch to be accelerated would be injected after the first short, self-modulation plasma, and on-axis into the long, acceleration plasma~\cite{bib:muggliRun2}. %
Since the accelerated bunch must create blow-out and load the wakefields~\cite{bib:veronica}, its wakefields amplitude must be similar to that of the self-modulated proton bunch. %
However, in practice, the injection section, between the two plasma sections, must be quite short, a difficult section to design, build and diagnose~\cite{bib:livio}. %

One could then envisage simplifying the plasma and injection scheme by injecting all three bunches right at the entrance of a single plasma, as shown on Fig.~\ref{fig:schematic2}. %
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{schematic2}
\caption{Schematic set-up for injection of the three bunches, short electron seed, long proton and short accelerated electron bunches in a single plasma (not to scale). %
The seeding process leads to modulation of the entire proton bunch. %
The relative timing of the three bunches is for illustration only. %
Accelerated electrons go to a high-energy physics experiments, protons are dumped.}
\label{fig:schematic2}
\end{figure}
Because the accelerated bunch drives wakefields with amplitudes similar to those of the self-modulated proton bunch~\cite{bib:veronica}, it could remain weakly affected by the proton bunch wakefields both in the (probable) density ramp at the plasma entrance and by the growing wakefields. %
Moreover, its relative timing with respect to the seed electron bunch and proton bunch could be chosen to minimize these effects (if any). %

The seed electron bunch would lose most of its energy and thus drive wakefields that would be overwhelmed by those of the self-modulated proton bunch.
It would therefore disappear naturally after some distance, as low energy electrons, and not affect the wakefields or the proton bunch after that. %

We are currently investigating all these possibilities in numerical simulations. %
We are looking for optimum input parameters and ultimate output parameters in terms of charge, relative energy spread, and emittance of the accelerated electron bunch. %
We will also investigate tolerances in terms of relative transverse alignment of the three bunches so as not to seed the hose instability of the proton or accelerated electron bunch, and reach good accelerated bunch parameters. %

This scheme would allow for the use of a single, pre-ionized plasma that could be made as long as necessary for high-energy physics applications, for example by using a single, very long helicon plasma source~\cite{bib:helicon}. %

\section{Summary}

We described seeding methods for the self-modulation of a long charged particle bunch in plasma, as they apply in particular to the AWAKE experiment. %
We briefly compared relativistic ionization front seeding, emulated in numerical simulations by a cut bunch, with electron bunch seeding in simple cases. %
We showed that the evolution of the wakefields as well as their parameters can be similar in both seeding schemes. %
We showed that the value and position of the peak of the maximum longitudinal electric field can be affected by varying the seed bunch charge and thus the seed wakefields amplitude. %
Electron bunch seeding could allow for simplification of the electron injection scheme and allow for a single plasma source to be used. %
The work presented here is the seed for more studies to develop a simple concept for accelerating electrons to high-energy for high-energy physics applications. %

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Regression Therapy is aimed at going to the root of an issue that affects you now, wherever that may be. This may take you to childhood, before the time of your birth or very often into a past life. Energetic patterns that have been created through the course of a soul's journey can be addressed in these sessions so that unresolved charges are dissolved. This allows you to move forward in your life rather than simply reacting to those unconscious patterns that can influence present day thoughts and feelings. The therapy can help you to address issues that may be in your life such as loss of meaning or purpose, inexplicable fears, depression without a clear cause, unexplainable guilt, shame, anger, anxiety or other negative emotions, psychosomatic problems and relationship problems. Regression Therapy can also reactivate positive feelings, forgotten positive experiences, dormant talents and spiritual experiences are very common.
A Regression Therapy session can include a variety of techniques such as hypnotherapy, visual/mental/ emotional /physical bridges, crystal therapy, dowsing, aura exploration, body scans, personification, Gestalt, psycho-drama, body therapy, transpersonal therapy, inner child work, core issue transformation, integration techniques, releasing foreign or intrusive energy, soul retrieval and future life pacing.
Past Life Regression is an aspect of Regression Therapy that focusses on experiences within one or more previous incarnations. The session can be focussed on finding insight and healing for a current life issue or simply for curiosity.
Life Between Lives Regression focusses on the experience of the soul when it is not in a physical life. A session lasts up to four hours and can include a past life, meeting and reviewing that life with spirit guides, resolving issues from that life, meeting soul group members, addressing current and past life issues along with a 'council of elders', revisiting the time when you chose your present life, investigating other activities when not in a physical body and exploring other outstanding life issues.
For any of these therapies, you are asked to lie down, shut your eyes and allow yourself to be open to your own experience. You will (unconsciously) be in charge of your journey, the therapist helps you to navigate. Sessions tend to be highly fluid, varying from one person to another and one session to another, focussing in the specific areas that come up for each person.


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Imperial Goldsmiths: The Rise of the House of the Fabergé
Fabergé's premises at 173 New Bond Street, London in 1911.
Image Credit: The Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Moscow and Wartski, London.
Synonymous with the romance, decadence and wealth of imperial Russia, the House of Fabergé supplied jewels to the Russian emperors for over 40 years. The firm's fortunes rose and fell with those of the Romanovs, but unlike their patrons, Fabergé's creations have withstood the test of time, remaining some of the world's most sought-after pieces of jewellery and craftsmanship.
In 1903, Peter Carl Fabergé chose to open his only foreign branch in London – a testament to the close relationship between the British and Russian royal families at the time.
Just over 10 years later, in 1914, war broke out across Europe, bringing an end to the glamour and excess of the early 20th century. Revolution in Russia proved to mark the end of the House of Fabergé. Its stock was confiscated and the business was nationalised by the Bolsheviks. Fabergé himself fled on the last diplomatic train to Riga, ultimately dying in exile.
Here is the story of the rise and fall of one of the most iconic jewellers in history, the House of Fabergé.
The first Fabergé
The Fabergé family were originally French Huguenots: they travelled across Europe as refugees initially, eventually ending up in the Baltic. Gustav Fabergé (1814-1894) was the first member of the family to train as a goldsmith, studying under a leading St Petersburg craftsman, and earning the title Master Goldsmith in 1841.
The following year, Gustav opened his own jewellery shop, Fabergé. Before that point, the family had spelled their name as 'Faberge', without the accented second 'e'. It's likely that Gustav adopted the accent to add an extra touch of sophistication to the new firm.
It was Gustav's son, Peter Carl Fabergé (1846-1920), who really saw the firm boom. He travelled around Europe on a 'Grand Tour', studying with respected goldsmiths in Germany, France, England and Russia. He returned to St Petersburg in 1872 to work at his father's shop, mentored by existing jewellers and craftsmen there. In 1882, Carl took over the running of the House of Fabergé, aided by his brother Agathon.
British historian Simon Jonathan Sebag Montefiore joins Dan to chat about this Russian royal family.
'Goldsmith by special appointment to the Imperial Crown'
The talent and craftsmanship displayed by the House of Fabergé did not take long to be noticed. Fabergé's work was displayed at an exhibition in 1882, where it won a gold medal. The piece was a copy of a 4th-century Scythian gold bangle, and the Tsar, Alexander III, declared it indistinguishable from the original. Alexander III subsequently ordered Fabergé artefacts to be displayed in the Hermitage Museum as examples of the pinnacle of contemporary Russian craftsmanship.
In 1885, the Tsar then commissioned the first of what would become a series of 52 Imperial Easter eggs. Originally, it was simply a gift for his wife, Empress Maria Feodorovna. The Tsar was so impressed by Fabergé's creativity and workmanship, and his wife was so delighted, that he began commissioning them every year, awarding Fabergé the title 'Goldsmith by special appointment to the Imperial Crown'.
The Alexander Palace Egg (1908), created by Fabergé's Chief Workmaster Henrik Wigstrom.
Image Credit: Courtesy of the Moscow Kremlin Museums.
Unsurprisingly, royal patronage further bolstered the firm's success and cemented its reputation at home in Russia, as well as across Europe. Fabergé opened branches in Moscow, Odessa and Kiev by 1906.
Russian and British ties
In the early 20th century, the royal houses of Europe were all closely linked by blood and marriage. Queen Victoria's children had married heirs to many of Europe's royal houses: Tsar Nicholas II was the nephew of King Edward VII, and his wife, Empress Alexandra, was also a blood niece of Edward VII.
King Edward VII and Tsar Nicholas II onboard the Russian imperial yacht, the Standart, in 1908.
Image Credit: Public Domain
As Fabergé's reputation grew abroad, London increasingly became the obvious choice for the firm's international outpost. King Edward VII and his wife Queen Alexandra were already keen collectors of Fabergé pieces and London's position as the world's financial capital meant there was a wealthy clientele and plenty of money around to be splashed on luxury retail.
As well as the fabled Imperial Easter eggs, Fabergé also created luxury jewellery, ornamental and decorative objects and more useful items including photograph frames, boxes, tea sets, clocks and walking sticks. Cigarette cases were also a specialty of the firm: usually enamelled, they often featured bespoke gemstone designs imbued with meaning, making them excellent gifts.
The glittering start of the 20th century did not last. When war broke out in 1914, extravagances and indulgences largely fell by the wayside: patronage dried up and raw materials, including gemstones and precious metals, became hard to come by or in demand elsewhere. Many of Fabergé's workshops were conscripted to make munitions.
Helen Rappaport joined me on the podcast for the third episode of our lockdown learning series to talk about the Russian Revolution.
In 1917, tensions which had been simmering for years in Russia finally spilled over into revolution: the Romanovs were ousted and imprisoned, and a new Bolshevik government took control of Russia. The excesses of the imperial family, one of the things which had hardened popular opinion against them, were seized and taken into state ownership.
Fabergé's London branch closed in 1917, having struggled to stay afloat in wartime, and in 1918, the Russian House of Fabergé was taken into state ownership by the Bolsheviks. Any remaining works were either sold to finance the revolution or melted down and used for munitions, coins or other practical things.
Carl Fabergé himself died in exile in Switzerland in 1920, with many citing his cause of death as shock and horror at the revolution in Russia. Two of his sons carried on the family business, setting up as Fabergé & Cie in Paris and trading and restoring original Fabergé pieces. An imprint of Fabergé continues to exist to this day, still specialising in luxury jewellery.
Tags: Tsar Nicholas II
20th Century, Russian Revolution, Victorian
Tsar Nicholas II
10 Facts About Tsar Nicholas II
What Were Stalin's Five Year Plans?
Criminal Subculture in the Gulag
Museo Casa de Leon Trotsky
The Smolny Institute

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Niagara Falls, touted as the highest waterfall in the world. Since I was, and still am, in the USA and only 7 hours away (well, not THAT near, I realised later. But that is another story altogether.), I thought, I might as well drop by and take a look. Big Mistake! That was referring to my decision on picking 4th July to catch a sight of the great falls. I saw great floods of people more than any water element.
Well, the Niagara Falls was definitely one of the most majestic waterfall that I have seen in my whole life. But the roar of the water had been drowned by the chattering of the tourists. And it was really hard to appreciate this wonder of nature when you were jostling to catch a view or snap a shot. At night, the waterfall was lit up with a myriad of colours. This only further increased the perception of how man-made the waterfall was.
When I compare the feeling of being on top of the waterfall and standing in the middle of the mountains (and they are not even considered to be the tallest mountains in the world! ) in Nepal, they are 2 totally different set of emotions. The great waterfall didn't excite me, I just took photographs for the sake of taking them and proving that I have been there. When I was standing in the middle of the snow capped mountains of Anapurna, it struck me that I was so very insignificant, as compared to them. The grandeur, the tranquility and the breathtaking scenery. From where I stood, I could only see the sky, the beautiful sky, set against the white mountains. Well, usually people would describe the sky as the background. But the mountains took up most of the composition of the view that I have seen. Everything was simple in the mountains, but complicated at the falls. THe mountain has been let alone as much as possible, while the falls had been capitalised as well as they could. A town and various tourist traps had sprung up around the falls, destroying the natural beauty of it.
Give me the mountains anytime! Mt Everest base camp in year 2004, is anybody interested?


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text:
Quotes about Varied
Schools that are to cater
for the whole population
must offer courses that
are as rich and varied as
are the needs and
abilities of the children
who enter them.
OUOFEHDCOM
Peter Fraser
Neu Statesman
jarofquotes.com
staztic.com
banishedtothepen.com
likesuccess.com
quotesideas.com
Varied are the ideas of what constitutes "success," e.g. money, position, power, achievement, honours, and the like. But these are not open to every man-nor do they bring what is real success, namely, happiness. Votes: 3
This principle of opposites is at the very root of Creation, which is divided between the rule of the King and the Queen; Night and Day; the One and the Varied; the Eternal and the Evolving. Votes: 3
The heart, like the stomach, wants a varied diet. Votes: 2
The bright future is that readers are accepting more varied forms of stories. Votes: 2
Chess is an infinitely complex game, which one can play in infinitely numerous and varied ways. Votes: 2
Watergate is an immensely complicated scandal with a cast of characters as varied as a Tolstoy novel. Votes: 2
The muscular, athletic type is not representative of the human race, who are varied in their physique. Votes: 2
The reasons for food insecurity are many and varied. But part of the problem is the global farming systems. Votes: 2
The causes of obesity are varied and complex, but the lack of daily physical activity is an important factor. Votes: 2
Risa Lavizzo-Mourey
Comedy is really not like any other art form in that it's very specialized and varied in it's content, but generic in it's title. Votes: 2
Art to me is an anecdote of the spirit, and the only means of making concrete the purpose of its varied quickness and stillness. Votes: 2
And living in a metropolitan area which is ethnically diverse, our lives are very complicated, so our emotional experiences are going to be varied like that. Votes: 2
Legislation can neither be wise nor just which seeks the welfare of a single interest at the expense and to the injury of many and varied interests. Votes: 2
Good fiction reveals feeling, refines events, locates importance and, though its methods are as mysterious as they are varied, intensifies the experience of living our own lives. Votes: 2
A great nation like the United States has many and varied interests, and we need both to do business with tyrants and to engage constantly in multilateral diplomacy. Votes: 2
As I, as a worker, came to know them, the aims of German trade unions were political, and there were a number of various trade unions with varied political views. Votes: 2
Fritz Sauckel
More varied than any landscape was the landscape in the sky, with islands of gold and silver, peninsulas of apricot and rose against a background of many shades of turquoise and azure. Votes: 2
Architecture is a science arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning; by the help of which a judgment is formed of those works which are the result of other arts. Votes: 2
Vitruvius
I admire the work of brilliant actresses such as Judi Dench, Maggie Smith and Helen Mirren, who have had such varied careers. They have never stopped working, and they are as great today as they ever were. Votes: 2
My luck at the gambling table was varied; sometimes I was fifty to a hundred dollars ahead, and at other times I had to borrow money from my fellow workmen to settle my room rent and pay for my meals. Votes: 2
James Weldon Johnson
Language is a process of free creation; its laws and principles are fixed, but the manner in which the principles of generation are used is free and infinitely varied. Even the interpretation and use of words involves a process of free creation. Votes: 2
The only positive finding which could be drawn from the first series, was the conclusion that the relationships obviously had a more complicated lay-out than had been thought, for the effects were so varied that no obedience to any law could be discovered. Votes: 2
Walter Rudolf Hess
Humans are an infant species, a mere 150,000 years old. But, armed with a massive brain, we've not only survived, we've used our wits to adapt to and flourish in habitats as varied as deserts, Arctic tundra, tropical rainforests, wetlands and high mountain ranges. Votes: 2
Survivor' is a game that's designed to be played with strangers, people with varied backgrounds from all parts of the country. The greatest part is that you can go into the game as anyone you want, hold any job you desire, and portray any personality you can think of. Votes: 2
Jenna Morasca
Born of the impossibly varied options we have to amuse ourselves, cutting-edge companies are finding innovative ways to tailor our entertainment choices to who we are, relieving us of the burden of finding the diamond in the rough of 500 TV channels or thousands of movies and music albums released every year. Votes: 2
According to the supermarkets, there is no such thing as 'out of season.' Berries in the middle of February? Why not? Seafood flown in from Japan? Sure. While it all adds up to appetizing and varied meals throughout the year, regardless of the weather, it comes with a price tag - both ethical and financial. Votes: 2
Homaro Cantu
I don't just want to be a cute girl in a comedy or the actress who just does the same thing over and over again. I want to play roles that are distinct. I want to have a more varied career like actresses Viola Davis or Angela Bassett - those are the people that I grew up watching and admiring. Votes: 2
Naturi Naughton
That first company I started made a lot of money for the venture capitalists - nearly $30 million - but next to nothing for the founders. The companies I started after that varied between failures and mediocre successes. But at no point did I ever consider getting a 'real job.' That felt like a black and white world, and I wanted Technicolor. Votes: 2
Michael Arrington
An idle life always produces varied inclinations. Votes: 0
The misfortunes of mankind are of varied plumage. Votes: 0
I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear. Votes: 0
The images in a dream are vastly varied and magnificently interesting. Votes: 0
Gender is really varied and complicated and sort of infinitely individualistic. Votes: 0
Susan Faludi
My father had a varied ear, from Hank Williams to Ravel. Votes: 0
Dare to be as physically robust and varied as you always were. Votes: 0
Susie Orbach
I've been quite lucky - everything I've done has been quite varied. Votes: 0
Konnie Huq
Astronauts are not superhuman. They lead ordinary lives and have varied personalities. Votes: 0
The more varied the characters, the better, as far as I'm concerned. Votes: 0
The highest, most varied and lasting pleasures are those of the mind. Votes: 0
Dar'st thou amid the varied multitude To live alone, an isolated thing? Votes: 0
I just want a really varied career, and just to keep going, really. Votes: 0
We live in a big and marvelously varied world. Television ought to reflect that. Votes: 0
Edwin Newman
In all the huge and amazing and infinitely varied world--there is only one you. Votes: 0
I practiced two or three hours, sometimes none, sometimes six. It was very varied. Votes: 0
Julian Bream
I have a varied taste, I'll listen to anything. Well, not anything, no techno. Votes: 0
Andrew Flintoff
Love is many things. It is varied. One thing love is not, is unsure. Votes: 0
It's not fair that there aren't very many juicy or varied roles for women Votes: 0
It's not fair that there aren't very many juicy or varied roles for women. Votes: 0
A rich and varied menu is for people who have no work to do. Votes: 0
There are varied experiences of overweight women throughout the country; theres not just one experience. Votes: 0
Sarah Baker
Flexibility - In all aspects of life, the person with the most varied responses 'wins'. Votes: 0
Kelly Perdew
Our rich and varied cultural heritage has a profound power to help build our nation Votes: 0
For solving a surprisingly large and varied number of problems, crowds are smarter than individuals. Votes: 0
Michael Shermer
I want to do lots of exciting, varied, interesting things. That's what I want to do. Votes: 0
Anton du Beke
No patent medicine was ever put to wider and more varied use than the Fourteenth Amendment. Votes: 0
William O. Douglas
God hath varied the inclinations of men according to the variety of actions to be performed. Votes: 0
The Cat was a creature of absolute convictions, and his faith in his deductions never varied. Votes: 0
Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman
Being varied is something I do instinctively and naturally. I feel a tremendous sense of accomplishment. Votes: 0
Living in Pakistan, you didn't have a sense of how huge and varied America was, geographically. Votes: 0
To become a lifelong reader, one has to do a lot of varied and interesting reading. Votes: 0
Kelly Gallagher
Each member of the band has varied influences, and the same diversity is reflected in our fanbase. Votes: 0
Scott Putesky
This art, born of genius and good taste, can become beautiful and varied to an infinite degree. Votes: 0
What am I then, my God? What is my nature? A life varied, multifaceted and truly immense. Votes: 0
Generativity is a system's capacity to produce unanticipated change through unfiltered contributions from broad and varied audiences. Votes: 0
Jonathan Zittrain
In common with many others in the varied branches of our profession, my academic education is subnormal. Votes: 0
Loretta Young
I'm not an overnight success. I've been doing it for 12 years. It's been lovely and varied so far. Votes: 0
The very essence of democracy is that every person represents all the varied interests which compose the nation. Votes: 0
There's the historical part of The Beach Boys' music; it's pretty incredible, pretty vast and pretty varied too. Votes: 0
True genius repeats itself forever, and never repeats itself--one ever varied sense beams novelty and unity on all. Votes: 0
Johann Kaspar Lavater
America is so varied and exciting that after six months, you go back and find it completely changed. Votes: 0
I am inspired by many mediums and use them to express varied aspects of my philosophies and life observations. Votes: 0
My objective was to have as varied a selection of roles as possible. It probably did hurt my career. Votes: 0
Stacy Keach
I asked each one of them to make out with me and their reactions varied from excitable to horrified. Votes: 0
I've got quite a varied iTunes, and I like to raid people's CD collections and take on their music. Votes: 0
Oliver Sim
I like to explore characters who are very different to me, or varied parts are very similar to me. Votes: 0
Man is a being of varied, manifold and inconstant nature. And woman, by God, is a match for him. Votes: 0
Dorothy Dunnett
Never a day passes but that I do myself the honor to commune with some of nature's varied forms. Votes: 0
I have a very varied taste in music. Everything from rap to classical to Latino to Rat Pack to jazz. Votes: 0
I can contribute, be valuable, and grow in many ways, since my interests are so varied. That is very satisfying. Votes: 0
No specter assails us in more varied disguises than loneliness, and one of its most impenetrable masks is called love. Votes: 0
Of all the forms of water the tiny six-pointed crystals of ice called snow are incomparably the most beautiful and varied. Votes: 0
Wilson Bentley
I think you reach your full potential by fighting often enough against varied types of opponents. This makes you a complete fighter. Votes: 0
George Chuvalo
I think my roles have been wonderfully varied. Not one has been racially stereotypical, and I have purposely chosen them like that. Votes: 0
I simply like the monumentality of the subjects - the opportunity for metaphor and the varied light that comes with high altitudes. Votes: 0
Robert Genn
Even in 2014, when romance heroes are as varied as their genre, somewhere in them you can still always find the alpha male. Votes: 0
We have the universe to roam in in imagination. It is our virtue to be infinitely varied. The worst tyranny is uniformity. Votes: 0
George William Russell
I live for challenges. In my career, all I want to do is try to challenge myself and have a varied career. Votes: 0
Douglas Booth
Don't let us forget that the causes of human actions are usually immeasurably more complex and varied than our subsequent explanations of them. Votes: 0
Time rushes towards us with its hospital tray of infinitely varied narcotics, even while it is preparing us for its inevitably fatal operation. Votes: 0
The work of a correct and regular writer is a garden accurately formed and diligently planted, varied with shades, and scented with flowers. Votes: 0
If a man amounts to much in this world, he must encounter many and varied annoyances whose number mounts as his effectiveness increases. Votes: 0
Grace Coolidge
The extreme geniality of San Francisco's economic, intellectual and political climate makes it the most varied and challenging city in the United States. Votes: 0
The comics I've talked to have varied styles as stand-ups, but the throughline is that it's the most intense thing they've ever done. Votes: 0
Scott Raab
I encountered among my comrades the most varied human traits, from frankness to reserve, from goodness, uprightness and kindness, to brutality and baseness. Votes: 0
Has there ever been a dance career with more ups and downs than Twyla Tharp's? Or with more varied ambitions? Or larger ambition? Votes: 0
Robert Gottlieb
Man is a simple being, and however rich, varied, and unfathomable he may be, the cycle of his situations is soon run through. Votes: 0
I like to think of myself as versatile, and I certainly have the most varied career, so I'm very, very lucky in that. Votes: 0
In my thought there is only one universal religion, whose varied paths are but the fingers of the loving hand of the Supreme Being. Votes: 0
I just like to keep challenging myself, keep it varied. It's a craft, and I'm constantly trying to learn and get better at it. Votes: 0
Imaginary evil is romantic and varied; real evil is gloomy, monotonous, barren, boring. Imaginary good is boring; real good is always new, marvelous, intoxicating. Votes: 0
I think the choice of actors that we have is a little more varied and rich here in New York than in L.A. Votes: 0
All the vital mechanisms, varied as they are, have only one object, that of preserving constant the conditions of life in the internal environment. Votes: 0
It is restful to leave one's home; not because traveling does not entail varied and difficult daily actions, but because it removes our responsibilities. Votes: 0
Andre Maurois
A frightening menagerie, my emotions are Too many and varied to number Like creatures they crawl and they fly above Tearing my body asunder. Votes: 0
Children are like tiny flowers: They are varied and need care, but each is beautiful alone and glorious when seen in the community of peers. Votes: 0
Friedrich Frobel
During a long and varied career as a bachelor, I have noticed that marriage is the death of politeness between a man and a woman. Votes: 0
Past and present, it is all the same, books are necromancers, they exercise an influence more varied, more lasting, than any magic known to man. Votes: 0
Holbrook Jackson
I don't really think of Dire Straits as a sound, you know. It. just depends on the song, and the stuff we're doing is so varied. Votes: 0
Second-wave feminists didn't look for an overthrow of patriarchy. Instead, they analyzed what they were up against and fought it in all of its varied manifestations. Votes: 0
Cynthia Kauffman
What sets us against one another is not our aims-they all come to the same thing-but our methods, which are the fruit of our varied reasoning. Votes: 0
I think I've been really lucky to keep my career so varied, and to be open. There's safety in repetition, but there's also a trap there. Votes: 0
The more varied the environments in which you exercise your leadership gift, the stronger that gift will become. You will become a far more effective leader. Votes: 0
Bill Hybels
For a whole generation after the battle of Pydna, the Roman state enjoyed a profound calm, scarcely varied by a ripple here and there on the surface. Votes: 0
Theodor Mommsen
But naturalists are now beginning to look beyond this, and to see that there must be some other principle regulating the infinitely varied forms of animal life. Votes: 0
I don't get to play the same role over and over in different movies. The roles that I get to play are quite varied, which is great. Votes: 0
The House of Commons starts its proceedings with a prayer. The chaplain looks at the assembled members with their varied intelligence and then prays for the country. Votes: 0
Alfred Denning, Baron Denning
To think, it seems to me, is to hold an idea long enough to unlock and shape its power in the varied contexts of shared human knowledge. Votes: 0
Vera John-Steiner
I feel like one of God's chosen people, having had the opportunity to share, with many fine companions, these varied and lovely realms of our natural world. Votes: 0
To my way of thinking, Troitzky has no peer among endgame compsers; no one else has composed so many and such varied endings of the first rank. Votes: 0
The cat is beauty and the beast, a baffling blend, a wicked feast.For all who dream of varied light, the cat holds both the dark and bright. Votes: 0
Wendy Beck
Newspapers and magazines are vanishing. But science writers are not. In fact, they are becoming so adept and varied that I hardly have time to read 'Gawker' anymore. Votes: 0
Michael Specter
When trying to explain anything, I usually find that the Bible, that great collection of magnificent and varied poetry, has said it before in the best possible way. Votes: 0
Better use has been made of association and this powerful instrument of action has been applied for more varied aims in America than anywhere else in the world. Votes: 0
I make a lot of music for different people. My audience is varied so I use different tempos for different music in order to satisfy my many fans. Votes: 0
If I can make a career for myself after Potter, and it goes well, and is varied and with longevity, then that puts to bed the 'child actors argument'. Votes: 0
Mankind ought to be taught that religions are but the varied expressions of THE RELIGION, which is Oneness, so that each may choose the path that suits him best. Votes: 0
Nature is so varied in its modes of action, so multiple in the manisftations of its power, that we have no night to set any limits to its capabilities. Votes: 0
Camille Flammarion
Photography appears to be an easy activity; in fact it is a varied and ambiguous process in which the only common denominator among its practitioners is in the instrument. Votes: 0
My intention has been to encourage viewers to face their prejudices about prostitution, sex and aging while reflecting on the complex and varied forms that love and loneliness can take. Votes: 0
Maya Goded
Sports teaches you very important lessons that are many and varied. It's probably the closest thing to the lessons we learned in fighting and warfare, about loyalty and growing up. Votes: 0
Tinker Hatfield
The inefficiency of political control of an economy has been demonstrated more often, in more places, and under more varied conditions, than almost anything outside the realm of pure science. Votes: 0
It is only by being exchanged that the products of labor acquire a socially uniform objectivity as values, which is distinct from their sensuously varied objectivity as articles of utility. Votes: 0
Juliet B. Schor
One can relish the varied idiocy of human action during a panic to the full, for, while it is a time of great tragedy, nothing is being lost but money. Votes: 0
I'm really the addition of other peoples' imagination, quite honestly. It's what they see me as, and I'm very happy to comply. I find things are more varied that way. Votes: 0
CrossFit is all about constantly-varied, high-intensity movements. And to do these movements, you have to have a certified coach to take you through this - or any type of physical activity. Votes: 0
Bob Harper
One gets, sensitive about losing mornings after getting a little used to them with living in a country. Each one of these endlessly varied daybreaks is an opera but once performed. Votes: 0
Nathaniel Parker Willis
All the past we leave behind; We debouch upon a newer, mightier world, varied world, Fresh and strong the world we seize, world of labor and the march, Pioneers! O Pioneers! Votes: 0
I have seen and really liked the varied movie adaptations of the book, but 'Little Women' has a sprawling, richly tangled story that needs time and space to weave its magic. Votes: 0
Susanna Kearsley
The laws of light and of heat translate each other;-so do the laws of sound and colour; and so galvanism, electricity and magnetism are varied forms of this selfsame energy. Votes: 0
We who are old know that age is more than a disability. It is an intense and varied experience, almost beyond our capacity at times, but something to be carried high. Votes: 0
Florida Scott-Maxwell
The concentration of all seven behind the stroke should be so strong that you know by feel when that stroke has varied his style or rating without the cox announcing it. Votes: 0
Phillip Thomas
Regardless of what the tour pros think, golf is a rich and varied game, and what all of us awkward fools do on weekends is what golf is truly all about. Votes: 0
Dan Jenkins
To find out how much protein you need, take your weight and divide it by three. Rest assured, a whole foods, varied plant-based diet will give you all the protein you need. Votes: 0
Sharon Gannon
I'm the type of individual that I enjoy watching any different cultural lives, and I see the common humanity even though the hair textures are different or the skin tones are varied. Votes: 0
There is no evil that does not promise inducements. Avarice promises money; luxury, a varied assortment of pleasures; ambition, a purple robe and applause. Vices tempt you by the rewards they offer. Votes: 0
I was born in 1929, and in the 50 years from 1930 to 1980, I've been able to live an unbelievably varied century. Before, you could never have seen such intense change in a 50-year span. Votes: 0
I see no kind of reason to not just try everything. I mean, I feel like we all have such varied tastes, and to not just try our tastes is a crime. Votes: 0
Dev Hynes
Experience and the constant analysis of the most varied positions builds up a store of knowledge in a player's mind enabling him often at a glance to assess this or that position. Votes: 0
Alexander Kotov
When you read to a child, when you put a book in a child's hands, you are bringing that child news of the infinitely varied nature of life. You are an awakener. Votes: 0
Paula Fox
Words belong to nobody, and in themselves they evaluate nothing. But they can serve any speaker and be used for the most varied and directly contradictory evaluations on the part of the speakers. Votes: 0
Mikhail Bakhtin
Although the reasons for Michigan's malaise are varied, one big reason is our state's almost uniquely uncompetitive tax structure, which one General Motors official called the costliest of all jurisdictions where GM operates. Votes: 0
Mike Bouchard
The Bolshevik slogans and ideas on the whole have been confirmed by history; but concretely things have worked out differently; they are more original, more peculiar, more varied than anyone could have expected. Votes: 0
Where life is colorful and varied, religion can be austere or unimportant. Where life is appallingly monotonous, religion must be emotional, dramatic and intense. Without the curry, boiled rice can be very dull. Votes: 0
It is because of our unassailable enthusiasm, our profound reverence for education, that we habitually demand of it the impossible. The teacher is expected to perform a choice and varied series of miracles. Votes: 0
Agnes Repplier
The context for music is varied and profound. If their fantasy is to be awakened-so that their sounds may be incisive or ravishing-then the menagerie of saints and dragons must be faithfully recalled. Votes: 0
Russell Sherman
I know the most important faculty to develop is one for hard, continuous and varied work and living; but the difference between knowing this and doing anything consistent about it is often abysmal. Votes: 0
Texas history is a varied, tempestuous, and vast as the state itself. Texas yesterday is unbelievable, but no more incredible than Texas today. Today's Texas is exhilarating, exasperating, violent, charming, horrible, delightful, alive. Votes: 0
For me, New York still ranks as the most beautiful and the most interesting city in the world. It is also the most varied in terms of the things it has to offer. Votes: 0
My hobbies have varied over the years. There were a whole set of new ones before I got married. Now I spend as much time with my wife, who is my best friend. Votes: 0
In science, reason is the guide; in poetry, taste. The object of the one is truth, which is uniform and indivisible; the object of the other is beauty, which is multiform and varied. Votes: 0
Our duty is to understand youth, but more, to help them understand themselves that they may release their varied abilities... We must help them to discover a life work, not work for life. Votes: 0
Henrietta Mears
That's where I got the idea to paint the walls of the gallery with varied colours [at the Whitechapel show]. I tried to figure out how all these Renaissance paintings manage to work together. Votes: 0
Life is perpetually creative because it contains in itself that surplus which ever overflows the boundaries of the immediate time and space, restlessly pursuing its adventure of expression in the varied forms of self-realization. Votes: 0
That the more authoritarian organizations survive and prevail goes generally unnoticed because people focus on the objectives of organizations, which are many and varied, rather than on their structures, which lend to be similar. Votes: 0
Unlike running on a road or concrete, natural surfaces are more forgiving and offer a more varied terrain, ultimately resulting in less repetitive micro-trauma to bones and joints than running on hard pavement does. Votes: 0
I think that I have a pretty varied taste in music I think. And it is primarily rock music big umbrella that I am, I am not into hip-hop. But, I do like both. Votes: 0
The gods of the realms are many and varied -- or they are the many and varied names and identities tagged onto the same being. I know not -- and care not -- which. Votes: 0
You all know how powerful and varied are the effects of which steam engines are capable; with them has really begun the great development of industry which has characterised our century before all others. Votes: 0
Hermann von Helmholtz
Get Skinny' is my sixth book. I look over the books that I've written, and my subject matters are varied, and I write books pertaining to that which I'm dealing with at the moment. Votes: 0
We have usually no knowledge that any one factor will exert its effects independently of all others that can be varied, or that its effects are particularly simply related to variations in these other factors. Votes: 0
Ronald Fisher
I hadn't been a recording artist all that long when albums came on the scene, and I was one of the first singers to point the way to how varied an album's contents could be. Votes: 0
Morgan, Lewis is a very large firm now, but it was not quite as big then. It was exciting for an associate in those days, because you got good and varied assignments and terrific training. Votes: 0
Fred F. Fielding
Our lives show the accumulation of all of our varied wishes. Wanting something with all your heart will begin to slough away all of your untrue and idle wishes. Success comes from an undivided heart. Votes: 0
Chuck Spezzano
I began graduate school in the late 1980s, and my goal was to understand how morality varied across cultures and nations. I did some research comparing moral judgment in India and the U.S.A. Votes: 0
The world is more magical, less predictable, more autonomous, less controllable, more varied, less simple, more infinite, less knowable, more wonderfully troubling than we could have imagined being able to tolerate when we were young. Votes: 0
James Hollis
The Royal Academy Summer Exhibition is very difficult to hang because it is so large and the quality is very varied. There are 1,200 works, an almost impossible number, some are interesting and some are not. Votes: 0
I try to keep things as varied as possible in my career, and after playing something as fun and over the top as Maryann on 'True Blood,' I wanted to find something antithetical to that.
Michelle Forbes
I think the varied backgrounds in the beginning were a plus. It took a while for people to understand what they were trying to do and get started, but it did provide for a lot of new ideas.
Jack Kilby
I would love to have a varied career, like Hugh Jackman. He started in musical theater, then established himself in film, but he still does a lot of stage work. And he does it all beautifully.
Samantha Barks
I was a snowboard instructor, I was a bouncer in a nightclub, I was a whitewater river guide for many years. I worked as a teacher. I make no apologies for a very varied set of life experiences.
A moment is a mighty thing Beyond the soul's imagination; For in it, though we trace it not, How much there crowds of varied lot How much of life, life cannot see, Darts onward to eternity!
Robert Montgomery
Architecture is a science arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning; by the help of which a judgment is formed of those works which are the result of other arts.
All doctrine is ultimately the death of joy - even when the doctrine is the elevation of the light above the serious, because joy is too varied and elusive ever to confine itself to one or the other.
David Bennun
I lived with people who had varied opinions, some of whom did not accept my Nazi views. I encouraged this. If a man said something that was critical of me or my ideas, I wouldn't consider him an enemy.
Baldur von Schirach
People follow me on social media, and they can tell I have varied interests. I think in the U.K. people perhaps know me for some other stuff because of my involvement with soccer and support of Tottenham.
Adam Richman
My influences are vast and varied. I was into classic rock at the same time that I was into hip-hop. It was just that hip-hop was the first music that I got really really into. Rock was right on its tail.
Paul Banks
In a way, painting is like wine: it is as old, as simple, as primitive and as varied. Like wine, it is a very specific means of expression, with a limited vocabulary, but vast in its expressive potential.
There is no normal. I've never met a normal person. The concept is flawed. It implies that there is only one way people are supposed to be, and that can't possible be true. Human experience is far too varied.
Nature with her wealth of birds and flowers, Has in her heart a place for every weed; For her quick eyes require no microscope To note the varied wonders and delights That the Creator's humblest works possess.
Kobo Abe
Into the night, in the dark, he lay beside her, listening to her breathe. He knew the varied and sundry reasons a man would kill. But none were more fierce, none were more vital than to hold safe what he loved.
There are several other sources of enjoyment in a long voyage, which are of a more reasonable nature. The map of the world ceases to be a blank; it becomes a picture full of the most varied and animated figures.
He it is, the innermost one, who awakens my being with his deep hidden touches. He it is who puts his enchantment upon these eyes and joyfully plays on the chords of my heart in varied cadence of pleasure and pain.
I was surprised that each expert cared for different images, and had varied suggestions for how to continue my work. If each expert had been my teacher, I would have pursued four different directions, and lost my way.
Jane Fulton Alt
I never played a rich man, I never played a prince. And to play a sailor or longshoreman you had to make your dance more eclectic and varied, but still keep it indigenous to your nationality, upbringing, and background.
I think it's very difficult to make any single, generalized statements about the press, of course the press is such varied character and quality and to the different media and so on, so a generalization is very difficult.
Walter Millis
There's no one actor in particular that I want to model my career after, except for the people who have been able to keep their career varied and who choose things that interest them. That opportunity is all I really want.
Where on the globe can there be found an area of equal extent with that occupied by the bulk of our States, so fertile and so richand varied in its productions, and at the same time so habitable by the European, as this is?
We think we live in a global village. We don't. The world is a big and beautiful and incredibly varied place. It can only be known locally, with your two feet on the ground. We should stick to our own gardens, as Voltaire said.
I like kind of varied songs, not just the same song all the time. And I thought things like "Too Sentimental" is a different thing for us, but it works and we love the way they all came out. There's definitely varied songs on there.
Graham Russell
The [engineer] should be equipped with knowledge of many branches of study and varied kinds of learning, for it is by his judgement that all work done by the other arts is put to test. This knowledge is the child of practice and theory.
People will say to me, 'You've played so many strong women' and I'll say, 'Have you ever said to a man, 'You've played so many strong men?' No! Because the expectation is [men] are varied. Why can't we have that expectation about women?
The way we treat animals is the root cause of all the human suffering in the world, from poverty, starvation, disease, and war to lack of clean air and water, not to mention all the varied forms of human emotional and spiritual suffering.
I do not put much emphasis on periods of meditation - if you do meditation, it's fine - but the important thing is to bring the awareness into everyday life, into every little action that you do, into the varied challenges of everyday life.
There used to be a category called women's fiction - meaning not too rude, not too much sex, a bit domestic and internal. Women have changed so much. We're so varied. And we've become more interested in the same varied experience in fiction.
Janet Fitch
We're living in a homogenized culture where everything is the same, and books are not a homogenized culture. They are extremely varied, and they're eccentric because they are the product of an individual mind. They are not, in any way, mediated.
The Morrigan's ideas of sport and mine varied widely. As a Chooser of the Slain, she tends to enjoy nothing so much as a protracted war. She hangs out with Kali and the Valkyries and they have a death goddesses' night out on the battlefield.
The superiority of the dreamer is that dreaming is much more practical than living, and that the dreamer extracts from life a much vaster and varied pleasure than the action man. In better and more direct words, the dreamer is the real action man.
What kind of role do you play after someone like Stringer, you know what I mean? You play another gangster. What's the point of that? I've played the gangster. I try to keep it really varied; it just makes for more of a fun and interesting career.
Sleep is a state in which a great part of every life is passed. No animal has yet been discovered, whose existence is not varied with intervals of insensibility; and some late philosophers have extended the empire of sleep over the vegetable world.
Too vast is Man and too imponderable his nature. Too varied are his talents, and too inexhaustible his strength. Beware of those who attempt to set him boundaries.Live as if your God Himself had need of you His life to live. And so, in truth, He does.
Mikhail Naimy
Who has not felt the beauty of a woman's arm? The unspeakable suggestions of tenderness that lie in the dimpled elbow, and all the varied gently-lessening curves, down to the delicate wrist, with its tiniest, almost imperceptible nicks in the firm softness.
As love is full of unbefitting strains, All wanton as a child, skipping and vain, Form'd by the eye and therefore, like the eye, Full of strange shapes, of habits and of forms, Varying in subjects as the eye doth roll To every varied object in his glance
He whose honor depends on the opinion of the mob must day by day strive with the greatest anxiety, act and scheme in order to retain his reputation. For the mob is varied and inconsistent, and therefore if a reputation is not carefully preserved it dies quickly.
Western society is a society of ever richer, more varied, more productive, more self-defined, and more satisfying lives; it is a society of boundless private charity; it is a society that broke, on behalf of merit, the seemingly eternal chains of station by birth.
Ibn Warraq
True testimonies bring the light of the restored gospel of Jesus Christ into our lives and focus all of us toward the same goal of returning to our Father in Heaven--yet our individual testimonies come through varied experiences and at different stages in our lives.
Donald L. Staheli
Flesh isn't the only source of protein. You can get all the protein you need from a varied plant-based diet. Protein is found in greens, veggies, beans, grains, nuts & seeds, avocados and so on. And there is no need to consume these foods in any special combination.
We need each other's ideas. Now, I'm not talking about racist ideas or misogynistic ideas or cruel or criminal ideas. I'm talking about most of us who have very varied experiences, needs and ideas. It's really about believing that it's an important part of healing America.
Elizabeth Lesser
The truth is that no horizon is especially interesting by itself, by virtue of its peculiar content, and that any horizon, wide or narrow, brilliant or dull, varied or monotonous, may possess an interest of its own which merely requires a vital adjustment to be discovered.
"¦It's like a spiral: They keep making everything more basic so it will appeal to everyone. And gradually, everyone gets used to everything being basic, so we get less and less varied as people, more simple. So the corps make everything even simpler. And it goes on and on.
Matthew Tobin Anderson
The modern world seems to have no notion of preserving different things side by side, of allowing its proper and proportionate place to each, of saving the whole varied heritage of culture. It has no notion except that of simplifying something by destroying nearly everything.
Gilbert K. Chesterton
The continent is too large to describe. It is a veritable ocean, a separate planet, a varied, immensely rich cosmos. Only with the greatest simplification, for the sake of convenience, can we say 'Africa'. In reality, except as a geographical appellation, Africa does not exist.
The simplicity of nature is not to be measured by that of our conceptions. Infinitely varied in its effects, nature is simple only in its causes, and its economy consists in producing a great number of phenomena, often very complicated, by means of a small number of general laws.
The revolutions of thought which shape the basic outlook of an age are not disseminated through text-books- they spread like epidemics, through contamination by invisible agents and innocent germ carriers, by the most varied forms of contact, or simply by breathing the common air.
Arthur Koestler
Buddhists don't feel that enlightenment is particularly unusual. We feel that it's the natural state. Enlightenment simply means perceiving life directly as it is in all of its infinite, ever changing wonder, in all of its varied, myriad states of mind or as pari-nirvana, or whatever.
The main argument is that capitalism is constituted by a varied of different practices, and so challenging capitalism needs to be about a variety of struggles. I draw on the important work of J.K. Gibson-Graham, who argues that we should model anti-capitalist struggle on feminist struggles.
[Drawing should be] a journey of pleasure. Each step must present to the travellers' view objects that are eminently interesting, varied in their appearances, and attracting to such a degree as to excite in each individual thus happily employed the desire of knowing all respecting all he sees.
The best way to guarantee a steady stream of new ideas is to make sure that each person in your organization is as different as possible from the others. Under these conditions, and only these conditions, will people maintain varied perspectives and demonstrate their knowledge in different ways.
Nicholas Negroponte
The physical exercise and emotional stretching that children enjoy in unorganized play is more varied and less time-bound than is found in organized sports. Playtime""especially unstructured, imaginative, exploratory play""is increasingly recognized as an essential component of wholesome child development.
The great river follows its own course before joining the vast sea. Likewise, the soul follows equally varied routes and passes through different stages, receiving here and there tributaries of knowledge, strengthening its personality and perfecting its qualities before reaching the Ocean of Eternal Wisdom.
Andre Luiz Moreira
Infinitely


pikaia, Makuser, SpyderwerX and 4 others like this.
Do not attribute to malice what can be explained by greed and stupidity.
SpyderwerX and Buckethead like this.
Who said/ wrote this please?
I love the responses, but I think we could find it even more helpful if we know who said or wrote these quotes. We can't research the authors if we dont know who authored them.
"I have never been hurt by what I have not said." President Calvin Coolidge 1872-1933.
SpyderwerX, Bigzmey and Buckethead like this.
"The primary purpose of each branch of the US Government is to limit the damage done by the other two."
Makuser and SpyderwerX like this.
That one is just an old Demotivation poster.
Makuser, Buckethead and Gabby76 like this.
not_Fritz_Argelander, Makuser, SpyderwerX and 1 others like this.


text:
OUR PRISONERS
Petras Plumpa has been kept in virtual isolation tor over a year. No letters are being received from him, no parcels may be sent him; he is forbidden visits.
His friends at the labor camp have reported that because of poor health he cannot perform the heavy work quotas and is, therefore, continually subjected to starvation and cold in a punishment cell.
After his trial (November 19,1979) Romas Ragaišis was imprisoned for two and one-half months in Kapsukas and is now serving his sentence in Tomsk. He was convicted of supposedly speculating in eyeglasses.
His current address:
634020 Tomsk,
p/ja 114/1 otriad 6.
He will complete his sentence on July 9 of this year. Romas Ragaišis is one of many KGB victims.
In a letter dated February 29, 1980, Vladas Lapienis wrote: "Police officials have told me I am permitted to live only in a dormitory. They have been given these instructions by the security police." Exiles are usually only told the area in which they must live. His current address:
663293, Teya,
Krasnojarskiy kr.,
Severo-Yeniseyskiy r.


text:
// Verify that properties can vary independently in comparable relationship

declare const x: { a: 1, b: string };
declare const y: { a: number, b: 'a' };

x === y;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Artsmark Partners support Artsmark registered schools and other educational establishments on their journey to embed arts and culture across the curriculum. The programme was developed in consultation with the education and cultural sectors.
To become an Artsmark Partner, organisations must adhere to a Code of Practice - renewed annually - and must also attend an Artsmark Partnership Programme Briefing.


The School Finance Team at the Center for Evaluation and Education Policy at Indiana University has created a new online tool to allow anyone to find detailed information on changes in Indiana school funding. CEEP has launched a series of data visualizations -- a method of presenting data in more easily comprehendible graphics -- highlighting the impact of recent changes to the school funding formula.
The Indiana General Assembly passed a two-year budget bill, setting the school funding formula for 2015-17, in April. The budget included large cuts for some districts, including Indianapolis Public Schools. Overall, CEEP research found that 307 school corporations and charters gained funding, while 56 lost funding.
"School finance research is an important part of our education policy research portfolio," CEEP Director John Hitchcock said. "Visualization tools make it possible for CEEP to share its research publicly and in a format that allows residents to easily see how policy changes impact them and their communities."
This research supports the center's mission to inform policy and improve practice by providing rigorous, nonpartisan education research and policy analysis.
Data visualization has been widely used in other fields, such as business, health care and public affairs, to show changes in various patterns and trends. Visualization creates an interactive experience where the user can propose alternative scenarios and see how variables influence outcomes.
"Data visualization has not been widely used in school finance, though it certainly lends itself well to the field," said Chad Lochmiller, assistant professor in the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies at the IU School of Education. Lochmiller leads CEEP's School Finance Team. "This approach allows CEEP to take information that has historically been shared only with legislators and begin sharing it with Hoosiers statewide so that they know what's happening in their schools. Data visualization creates transparency and accountability."
CEEP's first data visualization research project focused on the Complexity Grant, a component of the Indiana school funding formula that provides additional funds to school corporations and charter schools based on the number of students from low-income families. In highlighting how changes in the Complexity Index formula alter funding amounts received by school districts on a per-pupil basis, this visualization invites users to apply their own changes to see whether they can increase funding for school corporations without affecting the education budget overall.
"We first focused on the complexity grant because it was one of the more complicated parts of the school funding formula," said Thomas Sugimoto, a research associate at CEEP and School Finance Team member. "Our goal was to show how changes to the Complexity Index formula affect funding to school corporations based on the types of students they serve. These changes have large impacts in how funding is distributed between Indiana's school corporations."
The new visualization by CEEP allows users to see how their school corporation or charter schools will fare in comparison to other corporations and charter schools across the state.
"The current funding formula maintains the same process for funding schools, but the General Assembly recently made numerous changes to that formula," Lochmiller said. "In particular, lawmakers changed how the Complexity Grant formula is calculated and also increased the funding amount provided per student. These changes have major implications for school corporations, particularly those districts with declining enrollment and a large proportion of students from low-income families. With CEEP's data visualization, school leaders, parents and teachers in those districts can more easily understand how the new funding formula impacts them."
The School Finance Team is working on additional visualizations. This fall, the team releases a new visualization that will show how much funding school corporations received under the state's new performance-based funding model.
CEEP, one of the country's leading nonpartisan program evaluation and education policy research centers, promotes and supports rigorous evaluation and research primarily, but not exclusively, for educational, human services and nonprofit organizations and agencies. CEEP's experience includes numerous external evaluations of programs funded by National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Education and Institute of Education Sciences, as well as numerous contracts with state departments of education, foundations and school districts.
The CEEP School Finance Team has been conducting research on school funding issues since the 1990s. The research is currently funded through a biennial appropriation provided by the Indiana General Assembly to the Indiana State Board of Education. CEEP is housed within the Indiana University School of Education.


Music touches everyone's life in some way. It marks the most momentous events, whether happy or sad.
If you would like to celebrate the importance of music in your life or that of a dear friend or family member, please make a donation to Help Musicians UK.
Donations made in celebration of birthdays anniversaries or weddings or made in memory of musicians and music lovers really help us to give the vital support that musicians need in times of crisis, retirement or when they are just starting out. We promise that every gift made will be used where it is needed most – to make a difference to the life of a musician.
If you wish your gift to be used to support a particular area of our work, such as caring for retired musicians, please let us know.
Simply let people know that you would like to collect donations instead of birthday presents or flowers at a funeral. You may wish to celebrate a life through a musical event and ask for donations in memory of a loved one.
You can collect the donations yourself using the form below or give our details to friends and family and ask them to donate directly.
Alternatively, you can set up your own dedication page through JustGiving or VirginMoneyGiving. Please let us know if you set up your own page so that we can acknowledge the donations we receive.
If you have any thoughts or questions, please get in touch with us at fundraising@helpmusicians.org.uk or on 020 7239 9114.
Is your donation in memory or celebration of someone?
Is your donation in celebration of someone?


text:
WiMAX Arriving in San Fran, L.A. and N.Y.C. By Year End
Kevin C. Tofel Oct 18, 2010 (Jun 8, 2020) -- Blog Post
Clearwire (s clwr) today announced that it expects to rollout WiMAX service in three major U.S. cities prior to year-end, opening up the service to a combined population of more than 13 million people. Service for New York City is planned for Nov 1, while Los Angeles follows on Dec. 1 and San Francisco later that month. The 4G service will immediately compete with Verizon's LTE (s vz) mobile broadband network, slated to appear in the same three major cities, and 35 additional ones, before the close of 2010.
The lighting up this trio of urban areas is happening at an interesting time for Clearwire, and not solely because of the competition the company will face from Verizon. Recent analyst reports estimate that Clearwire needs at least $2 billion in additional funds to continue its national 4G network rollout in 2011.
To that end, the company last month reportedly considered investments from T-Mobile, which is currently improving its 3G network with faster, HSPA+ speeds, but has not yet committed to a 4G strategy. And just last week, Bloomberg said that Clearwire was mulling the sale of some spectrum to raise between $2.5 and $5 billion, giving credence to our thought that the company can give up some spectrum to "self-fund" its long-term plans.
Regardless of next year's potential financial crunch for the WiMAX providers, consumers — in particular, those in New York City and San Francisco — are poised to be the short-term winners. Data networks in both areas have struggled to keep pace with increasing demand from smartphones such as Apple's iPhone, although services have improved due to infrastructure investments from AT&T (s t).
With the option of unlimited 4G service plans soon arriving from Clearwire and LTE services from Verizon, consumers at both ends of the U.S. can opt for fast data devices, even prepaid ones, that will help ease the crunch for mobile broadband.
Related content from GigaOM Pro (sub req'd):
4G State of the Union
Mobile Broadband: Pricing for Profit
What Happens When Data-Friendly Phones Come To Prepaid?


text:
Q: Mongoose - Validate array of different subdocuments types I have a schema which has an array of different sub document types.
Below schema is just an example:
VehicleSchema:
let BikeSchema = new Schema({
  title       : { type: String, required: [true, 'title is required'] },
  type        : { type: String, required: true, default: "bike" },
  tyres       : { type: Number, required: true, min: 2}
});

let TruckSchema = new Schema({
  title       : { type: String, required: [true, 'title is required'] },
  type        : { type: String, required: true, default: "truck" },
  tyres       : { type: Number, required: true, min: 4},
  doors       : { type: Number, required: true}
});

let VehicleSchema = new Schema({
  name: {type:String, required: [true, 'name is required']},
  vehiclesSelected: [BikeSchema, TruckSchema],
});

Below is the json that I need to validate:
vehicle = {
  "name": 'abc',
  "vehiclesSelected": [
    {"type": "truck", doors: 2},
    {"type": "bike", tyres: 3},
    {"type": "bike"}
  ]
}

Now I need to validate the "vehiclesSelected" array based on the 'type' passed in the JSON. Can someone tell me how can I validate an
array of subdocuments based on a particular field (in this case 'type')?
Any help would be much appreciated.

A: You can make use of Mongoose's discriminator() function.
In your case, what you can do is:

let BikeSchema = new Schema({
  title       : { type: String, required: [true, 'title is required'] },
  tyres       : { type: Number, required: true, min: 2}
});

let TruckSchema = new Schema({
  title       : { type: String, required: [true, 'title is required'] },
  tyres       : { type: Number, required: true, min: 4},
  doors       : { type: Number, required: true}
});

let typeVehicleSchema = new Schema({},
discriminatorKey: 'type', _id: false})

let VehicleSchema = new Schema({
  name: {type:String, required: [true, 'name is required']},
  vehiclesSelected: [typeVehicleSChema],
});

VehicleSchema.path('vehiclesSelected').discriminator('truck', new Schema(TruckSchema))
VehicleSchema.path('vehiclesSelected').discriminator('bike', new Schema(BikeSchema))

That way, depending on vehicle type, your schema will validate with the appropriate subType, both inheriting the parent schema (in this case, the typeVehicleSchema), based on the 'type' passed in.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange