text:
Q: LINQ-to-XML XElement query NULL I am trying to UPDATE a child element of something (in this case, "Regex") WHERE one of the child elements ("Name") == selected name ("AccountNumber").
Here is a sample of my XmlDoc
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Bill>
  <Element>
    <Name>AccountNumber</Name>
    <Regex></Regex>
    <Left></Left>
    <Right></Right>
    <Top></Top>
    <Bottom></Bottom>
    <Relations></Relations>
  </Element>
  <Element>
    <Name>BillDate</Name>
    <Regex></Regex>
    <Left></Left>
    <Right></Right>
    <Top></Top>
    <Bottom></Bottom>
    <Relations></Relations>
  </Element>
</Bill>

and here is the code I have so far.
XElement x = XmlDoc.Element("Bill")
                    .Elements("Element")
                    .Where(xel => xel.Element("Name").ToString() == CurrentSelection.ElementName)
                    .SingleOrDefault();
                x.Element("Regex").Value = details[1].Value;

After the query runs, the XElement, x, is still null... I am very new to LINQ (and Lambdas) and could use a little guidance here.
Thanks!

A: It returns null because you Convert Element to String,not it's value.You should check child Element value like this
xel.Element("Name").Value.ToString() == CurrentSelection.ElementName

And i think Value returns string so ToString is redundant here just type
xel.Element("Name").Value == CurrentSelection.ElementName

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I had a lot of calls from customers asking me to do a general reading for them. While I'm happy to do it for them but getting a general reading means it can take a bit longer to get the information these customers really want. It's kind of like going to the grocery story on your lunch break with no shopping list. You're racing against the clock to run up and down the aisles, trying to recall everything your need. When you walk out of the store you realize you forgot some of the household essentials. My advice to you, if you want the best reading possible, in the least amount of time, is to forgo a general reading and call your psychic with a prepared list of questions.
That is why we at PsychicOz suggest you take some time to think about the things you want to look into before you call a psychic for a reading. Make a list, set an intention and have a goal! When you have an agenda, your advisors can get the information you seek. Keep in mind that there is a plethora of information available about you and to you in the Universal Records. Your specific questions help us find the information you want and need most.
Next Is Your Psychic a Fraud?


text:
Elderly, Poor Indonesian Woman Turned Away by Her Muslim Children Because of Faith in Jesus
CP Current Page: World | Friday, August 03, 2018 | Coronavirus →
By Stoyan Zaimov, Christian Post Reporter Follow | Friday, August 03, 2018
Indonesian Christians sing during a Christmas mass prayer session at Gelora Bung Karno stadium in Jakarta, December 13, 2014. | (Photo: Reuters)
An elderly Christian woman in Indonesia remains joyful despite her poverty and being abandoned by her Muslim children due to her faith in Jesus Christ.
Christian Aid Mission, which assists indigenous ministries across the world, shared on Thursday the story of Nurul, 68, who has been left with little but her faith following the recent death of her husband, and her adult children refusing to give her a permanent home.
The woman, now living at a home for widows and orphans run by native missionaries, was first inspired to join the faith by another widow, Amelia, who seemed happy despite not having any children or relatives to care for her.
"I am very happy because Someone cares for me, even though I have no kids to take care of me," Amelia told Nurul, referring to Christ. "I am happy because I don't care about the body, I just care that my soul will be saved."
Nurul began wondering about Jesus, and asked a native ministry director, who wasn't named, to give her information.
"After telling her about Him and discussing her life, how she suffered and caused suffering, Nurul decided to follow Jesus," the director explained.
Nurul later received news that one of her children decided to take her in their home. At first she was happy to be reunited with her family members, but then her Muslim relatives found out about her Christian faith, and allowed her to stay with them for only three months.
"Because she became a Christian, no one cared for her and she had to go out from the community," the director said. "So, she stays with us in the house for old people.'"
CAM noted that despite being abandoned again, Nurul "has found joy" because this time, she is "wedded to Christ."
Some pastors have said that the Christian faith is growing in Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim country, despite the challenges that believers face.
A man by the name of Kongkin, a Baptist pastor from Jakarta, told The Christian Post in an interview in May 2017 that those struggles include attacks by radical Islamists, and also the adoption of restrictive bylaws in parts of the country.
The pastor told CP that he keeps hearing stories in the field of former Muslims who have decided to come to Jesus.
"The numbers are getting bigger and bigger in many parts of Indonesia. There is steady growth," he said.
"Yes, the number is growing. I think a lot of Muslims are realizing that Islam is false; they see the bombings and terrorist attacks done in the name of Islam, and they wonder 'Is this it? Is this what I want?'" the pastor added.
"They realize there has to be a better way, and then they find Christ."
Some of the most serious attacks on believers included a spate of suicide bombings at three churches back in May, which the Islamic State terror group took responsibility for.
Eighteen people were killed in the bombings, carried out by a family that included four children, that targeted churchgoers at Santa Maria Catholic Church, Diponegoro Indonesian Christian Church and Surabaya Central Pentecost Church.
Follow Stoyan Zaimov on Facebook: CPSZaimov
Indonesian Christian Man Sentenced 4 Years in Prison for Insulting Muhammad on Facebook
Christian Ex-Jakarta Governor Jailed on Blasphemy Charges Refuses Parole, Hopes for Early Release
Son of Christian Bombing Victim in Indonesia Says He Forgives Killer Family
ISIS Family, Children Slaughter Christians With Suicide Bombings at 3 Indonesia Churches

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


he has run out of money, time and luck.
to see their hard-won holdings on the block?
in woman's arms, religion or strong drink.
summon the sheriff and the auctioneers.
What will he tell his sons in twenty years?
He cannot wholly blame the early snows.


text:
FDA Approves Bluebird Bio's $3 Million CALD Treatment
FDA granted accelerated approval to Skysona (elivaldogene autotemcel), which is designed to slow the progression of neurologic dysfunction in adolescents with CALD.
FDA announced that it had granted approval of SKYSONA (elivaldogene automecel) to bluebird bio for the treatment of active cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CALD) on Sept. 16, 2022. The treatment, a one-time infusion, is set to have a wholesale acquisition cost of three million dollars, making it one of the most expensive treatments on the market.
CALD is a rare, progressive, neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects young boys and causes irreversible, devastating neurologic decline, including major functional disabilities such as loss of communication, cortical blindness, requirement for tube feeding, total incontinence, wheelchair dependence, or complete loss of voluntary movement. According to a company press release, elivaldogene automecel is intended to slow the neurodegenerative progression of the disease.
According to the release, FDA based its approval on a Phase II/III study, ALD-102, which found that individuals who received the treatment had an estimated 72 percent likelihood of major functional disability (MFD)-free survival at 24 months from time of treatment. This was found to be a significant gain compared to untreated patients, who had an estimated 43 percent likelihood of MFD-free survival.
"Children with CALD and their families have been at the heart of bluebird's mission since the company was founded more than a decade ago," said Andrew Obenshain, CEO, bluebird bio, in the release. "This long-awaited approval represents significant hope and offers families a new option where, for many, there had been none. We are grateful to every individual who was involved in the development of [elivaldogene automecel] and are committed to working with providers and payers to make this important treatment option available to patients and their families."
Source: Bluebird Bio
Bio/Pharma NewsRegulatory Authority ActionsQuality Systems
Takeda Strikes $1.13 Billion Deal for Hutchmed Colorectal Cancer Treatment


Tickets are now available for the "Wine for Winneba" event at the Main Street Arena on Saturday, March 12, from 8-11pm. This is the main fundraising event in support of the Charlottesville delegation's upcoming visit in May to help our Sister City of Winneba, Ghana, lay the groundwork for their first public library. No taxpayer funds will be used for this trip so we are relying 100% on community support.
"Wine for Winneba" will feature delicious food (courtesy Harvest Moon Caterering and Carpe Donuts), great company, lively music, excellent raffle prizes, and an open bar featuring South African wine and Starr Hill beer. Tickets are $50 each and 100% of the proceeds will be donated to the Winneba Public Library Project.
Many thanks to our wonderful sponsors for making this night possible: Main Street Arena, Harvest Moon Catering, Price Hyundai, Student Services Moving & Storage Co., Virginia Eagle, Cape Classics, 106.1 The Corner, Angelo's Jewelers, Keswick Hall, and the Downtown Grill.
To purchase your ticket(s) using a credit card, debit card or automatic check withdrawal, please click below. Your tickets will be held for you at the door. You can also just pay at the door on Saturday night. UPDATE: Now through Saturday, Seasonal Cook at the Main Street Market has tickets available for a discounted rate of $40!


It might seem a stretch to say history has been unkind to the Vandals.
It might seem a stretch to say history has been unkind to the Vandals. After all, this barbarian group did as much as anyone to sound the last rites of the Roman Empire in the west.
They captured the rich provinces of Roman North Africa in AD 439, terrorised the sea-lanes and coasts of the Mediterranean with the ships that they captured in the great harbour of Carthage, and ultimately sacked the city of Rome itself in 455.
Rome had been sacked before – by the Visigoths in AD 410 – but the Vandals did a much more thorough job of it. They systematically looted the capital for several days, even to the extent of stripping the gold leaf from the roof of the Capitoline Temple, took innumerable hostages, including three imperial princesses, and sailed back to Carthage with ships stuffed with plunder.
And yet for all of those terrible accomplishments, the Vandals now are mostly forgotten amid associations with spray paint, graffiti and bashed-in telephone boxes. While Attila the Hun (406–453 AD) basks in eternal notoriety as the great terror of the early medieval world, his more successful contemporary Geiseric the Vandal – who defeated Rome, carved out a rich empire for himself, and died an elderly and powerful man – is all but forgotten.
Viewed dispassionately, the Vandal kingdom in Africa was a remarkable success. The African provinces had been among the richest and most fertile regions of the Roman Empire, and the Vandals did their best to ensure this continued.
Some of the choicest estates were distributed among the royal family and their followers, but production continued more or less uninterrupted, and Geiseric and his descendents became rich. The Vandals also proved to be enthusiastic patrons of learning and literature.
Some of the finest late Latin poetry was written in the kingdom, and a comfortable literacy was shared by the old aristocracy and their new rulers. An eccentric collection of poems known as the Latin Anthology survives from the last days of the Vandal kingdom and reveals a society that seems much more "Roman" than "Barbarian", from poetic celebrations of chariot racers to scurrilous jokes about avaricious lawyers.
Geiseric and his successors enjoyed a rather frostier relationship with the African church – as followers of the "Arian" heresy, they were sceptical of established Catholicism – but for the most part their kingdom was a peaceful and successful one.
The individual most responsible for burying the Vandals beneath the awful weight of metaphor was a French cleric called Abbé Gregoire, Bishop of Blois. Gregoire rose to prominence in the 1790s in the aftermath of the French Revolution (1787-1799), and was horrified by the cultural desecration he saw around him.
In a series of angry pamphlets condemning the widespread destruction of libraries, churches and works of art, Gregoire coined the term "Vandalisme". In so doing he evoked the dreadful image of the fall of Rome in his condemnation of the new barbarians who threatened to undermine the new Republic, even as its first foundations were laid. Within months, the label had been picked up by the English and German press, and soon appeared in all of the western European languages.
By the middle of the 19th century, Gregoire's evocative image had become so dulled by overuse that "vandalisme" lost its capital V, and the Vandals were quietly forgotten behind the term that they helped inspire.
But why did the Abbé Gregoire choose the Vandals in his polemical pamphlets? Perhaps surprisingly, the main reason for this was geographical.
Many of the other barbarian groups of the period had settled in the shadow of the old empire, and lent their names to the medieval kingdoms that emerged over the centuries that followed: the Angles in England, the Franks in France, the Burgundians and Lombards in those regions of France and Italy; even the Huns had left their trace in the Danube lands of Hungary.
In such areas, historical curiosity coincided with patriotic passion, and citizens and subjects retained a pride in their supposed ancestors. The Vandals had established a kingdom too, of course, but theirs was in North Africa, a region that had followed its own historical trajectory after the great Arab conquests of the seventh century.
As a result, they left no trace in the place-names or political geography of modern Europe, and only a handful of German antiquarians were willing to come to their defence. So Gregory turned to them. And the rest, as they say, is metaphor.
This entry was posted in History, Roman, Rome, Vandals. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Mistrzostwa Polski w Short Tracku 2019 – 23. edycja mistrzostw, która odbyła się w dniach 15–17 marca 2019 roku w Arenie Lodowej w Tomaszowie Mazowieckim.

Wyniki

Kobiety

500 metrów
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1000 metrów
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1500 metrów
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Superfinał 3000 metrów
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Wielobój
 Klasyfikacja

Sztafeta 3000 metrów
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Mężczyźni

500 metrów
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1000 metrów
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1500 metrów
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Superfinał 3000 metrów
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Wielobój
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Sztafeta 5000 metrów
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Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Mistrzostwa Polski w Short Tracku 2019 w bazie Domtel-Sport.pl
 Mistrzostwa Polski w Short Tracku 2019 w bazie Shorttracklive.info

Mistrzostwa Polski w short tracku
Zawody sportowe w Tomaszowie Mazowieckim
2019 w polskim sporcie
2019 w sportach zimowych

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


>which "block" an ancestry path.
if good reason is offered, immediate ancestry can be added to the CSS spec.
Explorer does in your test case).
Next message: Hakon Lie: "Re: DSSSL & Interleaf"
Previous message: Glenn Adams: "Re: DSSSL & Interleaf"
Maybe in reply to: Chris Wilson (PSD): "RE: DSSSL & Interleaf"
Next in thread: Hakon Lie: "parent-child relationships"
Reply: Hakon Lie: "parent-child relationships"


text:
Home » News » EKSU produces first set of medical doctors, after 10 years
EKSU produces first set of medical doctors, after 10 years
Ayeni Tolulope
Ekiti State University (EKSU), College of Medicine has produced their first set of medical doctors, after almost 10 years of waiting.
It has not been the smoothest of rides for the students, as they had to wait for over 10 years to actually complete their course.
According to reports reaching us at KikioTolu News, the result of the final MBBS Professional Examination of the medical students in the College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti has been released.
All the 43 medical students presented for the examination passed and one of them with a distinction.
This development confirmed that the state-owned university has final produced its first set of medical doctors.
Confirming the reports, Governor Fayemi wrote on Twitter:
"Just received the great news that all fifty of our first set of medical students passed their final examination. Congrats EKSU! Very proud of the successful students and their hardworking lecturers."
Speaking on the development, the Provost, College of Medicine, EKSU, Prof Kehinde Oluwadiya, in a statement sighted by KikioTolu News congratulated the students, while also thanking the state Governor, Kayode Kayemi, for his support. The statement read:
"On behalf of the staff and students of the College, I wish to sincerely thank the Visitor to the University and Governor of the State, H.E.Dr. Kayode Fayemi for his great interest, understanding of the problems and support for the College especially for his speedy approval of the funds , recruitment of qualified staff and purchase of medical facilities needed for the accreditation of the programs by the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria.
Sir, we are very grateful and we say a big thank you and congratulations.
I wish to seize this opportunity to also congratulate the new doctors for a job well done."
Few weeks back, Ekiti State Governor, Dr Kayode Fayemi expressed confidence that the State University College of Medicine would get the final nod of the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria to be able to graduate its first set of medical doctors.
"This is something that is long overdue as you can see that ten years is a long time and for these students to have been in school waiting to have this over with. Lets hope that by the time you finish this accreditation they won't have any reason not to receive positive nod from you that will not allow them to become properly recognized medical doctors.
"For us its been a long journey, it is unfortunate, but I must really thank all of our professionals in charge, they all contributed in their own way to bring us to this point.
''I believe the students would give a good account of themselves, I met a few of them in the course of their professional studies and I think they are eager to complete this process. I believe on our part we would do everything to ensure that we support the university and the college of medicine to achieve the purpose.
"I was speaking to one of our icons this morning, Chief Afe Babalola and he briefed me about the open heart surgery done ABUAD Teaching Hospital, my mind went to our own students. If ABUAD is already doing open heart surgery, we really need to do more to put the EKSU College of Medicine in its place of pride and I believe we are determined to do that, I will continue to support to the best of our ability.''
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About Ayeni Tolulope
Ayeni Tolulope is a fine-grained Journalist, Writer, Digital Media Strategist. He has been a member of the Fourth Estate for three years. He worked with LailasNews for over a year.
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Everyone who heard Li Yibo's evaluation went silent.
If Wind Howl could play beautifully as one, would they have needed to resort to their current method? In the end, a man to man full offensive playstyle was on the extreme end. When employing such an imbalanced playstyle, a slight fault in execution could result in the opponents grasping a huge opportunity.
This time, because Wind Howl had neglected Happy's Summoner, they had fallen into such a crisis.
No one in Wind Howl was willing to give up. Who was that? Luo Ji? A name they had never even heard of, an unknown noob, was about to be their downfall? How could they live with that?
"Stand firm!" Tang Hao roared in the chat. Who knew if he wanted Lin Feng to persist, or if he wanted the whole team to continue with their current playstyle and look for an opportunity to break through. After he yelled out this order, the Frost Wolf summoned by Concealed Light once again pounced towards him relentlessly. Frost Wolf was one of Concealed Light's four main summons. Its battle power couldn't compare to the miscellaneous summons he only added a few points in. In addition to its naturally high defense and health, it wasn't something that could be dealt with in just a few blows, not even by Tang Hao.
Tang Hao could use a high priority move to have Demon Subduer throw the Frost Wolf behind him. However, in the blink of an eye, the Frost Wolf had climbed back up and pounced again!
As Wind Howl's core, a lot of importance had been attached to Demon Subduer, but the enemy summons seemed to be endless; no matter what he did, he could never get rid of them all.
No, it's not like this!
Tang Hao was still a top-tier God. He obviously knew that although a Summoner had a lot of summons, they didn't have an endless amount of them. The enemy Summoner had an extremely strong grasp of rhythm, linking attack after attack. His calculations were immaculate.
This guy… Tang Hao realized that Happy's Luo Ji wasn't a player that could casually be ignored.
If it was a 1v1, Luo Ji's annoying tactics were nothing to be afraid of. If one came, he would kill one. If two came, he would kill two. He could just keep on killing summon after summon until Luo Ji ran out of mana. However, in the amount of time it took for him to kill one summon, who knew how much damage Lin Feng's Doubtful Demon would take. If he didn't hurry and rescue him, Wind Howl would immediately have one less player the enemy side. Such a wide disparity could not be casually erased.
"Restrict Concealed Light's summons!" Tang Hao finally gave the order.
When Chen Guo saw this scene, she felt a wave of joy.
Luo Ji seemed to be Happy's weakest member. He hadn't been used until the very end of the season, but in this match, the arrogant Team Wind Howl and the overbearing captain Tang Hao had unexpectedly targeted him.
They weren't focusing on Luo Ji because he was the weakest member, or because he was the easiest to bully, but rather because he was the one putting a halt to Wind Howl's plans.
He had not only received the acknowledgement of his teammates, but the acknowledgement of an extremely proud opponent. Even if it was just in this team competition, Lou Ji had firmly cemented his place. Chen Guo believed that no matter what ended up happening, Tang Hao would certainly remember the name Luo Ji, this noob who had brought so much trouble to them.
Well done! You have to win!
But Wind Howl had already started acting. Under Tang Hao's clear orders, they began targeting Concealed Light. And this would be a group effort. In the end, Wind Howl had been forced to change their recently successful playstyle to deal with the situation.
Zhao Yuzhe's Beautiful Light suddenly Teleported, abandoning his original position. Wind Howl's formation had reason behind it. Every player's position efficiently split apart each opponent. But because they were switching up their tactics, Zhao Yuzhe immediately threw his position aside. There was also Liu Hao. His Absent Sun was no longer being restricted by vines. After receiving the order, he immediately moved horizontally, his movements matching Zhao Yuzhe's. Team Wind Howl's team play was indeed lacking, but they had built up synergy in a certain places. After all, each player was individually talented. If they truly couldn't work together at all, they wouldn't be qualified to be pro players.
Absent Sun and Beautiful Light had joined together despite the blockade of summons. Beautiful Light's Teleport had contributed greatly towards it. No matter how fast a Thunder Eagle may be, it could not achieve instant movement.
After the two characters met up, Absent Sun moved to the front, while Beautiful Light moved to the back, forming a shield. The charging summons were dealt with by Liu Hao's Absent Sun, while Zhao Yuzhe's Beautiful Light began casting in safety.
Then, a Satellite Beam crashed to the ground, sweeping towards them. The two immediately dodged.
Liu Hao's irritation had reached a peak, and Su Mucheng had kept it there. Dancing Rain's firepower suddenly shifted towards them, unleashing a fierce assault.
Absent Sun dodged with difficulty, and without protection, Beautiful Light could not continue casting.
Everyone in the audience shook their heads.
This was exactly why Wind Howl could not play well together. They had a certain level of synergy, but it stopped there. Their teamwork was easily broken apart. Not only that, the two had just gotten together, but were separated by a Satellite Beam. The two were now getting farther and farther apart. They had initially intended on coordinating with each other, but in the blink of an eye, their plan was destroyed without a sliver of it remaining.
"Wind Howl may have realized that their top priority is to stop Luo Ji from summoning freely. However, Wind Howl still hasn't found a good solution to it yet. Liu Hao and Zhao Yuzhe tried to convene, but Su Mucheng easily broke them apart," Pan Lin said.
"Their teamwork still isn't good enough! In team battles, Wind Howl's foresight is rather lacking. Liu Hao's and Zhao Yuzhe's coordination was somewhat hurried. They failed to consider the issue of timing," Li Yibo had the courage to talk about Wind Howl's teamwork because it was rather weak. Weak meant superficial. Li Yibo could see through them without much effort.
"Then, Coach Li, what do you think they should do?" Pan Lin asked.
"They could have Tang Hao and Zhao Yuzhe act as bait from one end, while Liu Hao and Guo Yang work from the other end. The two were old teammates in Excellent Era. Their synergy together should be quite high," Li Yibo was more than bold enough to talk about Wind Howl's plans.
"Indeed, that would be better. Hm? Liu Hao is…" Pan Lin suddenly noticed something.
"Huh? This is…" Li Yibo also noticed it.
"He's pretending to retreat, but in reality, he's looking to coordinate with Guo Yang," Pan Lin yelled.
"Guo Yang's Qi Breaker has made a move! Dancing Rain shifting targets gave him an opening, and he grasped that opening well," Pan Lin shouted.
"Su Mucheng's attacks were a bit excessive! She should have been able to promptly shift back. This opening shouldn't have existed," Li Yibo remarked.
It was already too late though. Guo Yang's Qi Break was able to complete a cast during this opening.
"Cloud Grasping Fist!" Pan Lin shouted.
Everyone's hearts leapt to their throats. Could Qi Breaker's move turn the tables for Wind Howl? The camera zoomed in on Concealed Light.
"Dancing Rain?" Pan Lin was astonished. Guo Yang's Qi Breaker was just barely able to find an opening to disrupt Happy's momentum, but he targeted Dancing Rain instead of Concealed Light?
"That's why grabbing Dancing Rain is actually an excellent choice. Dancing Rain has been Cloud Grasped and is out of the picture. Wait, she hasn't stopped attacking!" Pan Lin was unable to keep his thoughts to himself and ended with a cry of surprise.
Dancing Rain had been forcefully separated from her team with Cloud Grasping Fist, but she continued to bombard Liu Hao's Absent Sun with attacks. Despite the forced movements, her attacks were still as precise as ever. Hit, hit, hit, hit after hit! Liu Hao's Absent Sun was blown up, as if there really was no sun.
"Could it be… Liu Hao isn't actually intentionally giving away openings, but rather Su Mucheng's attacks are truly so fierce that he's being forced into so many openings?" Li Yibo was astonished.
"So you're saying, Guo Yang's opening came out of blind luck?" Pan Lin said.
"It's hard to say…" Li Yibo said. It really was hard to say, but seeing how Dancing Rain had been pulled away, yet refused to let up her attacks, those really were his thoughts.
Dancing Rain bombarded Absent Sun as she moved towards Qi Breaker. Her speed actually increased because of the recoil from her attacks. Her character continued to grow larger and larger in front of Guo Yang's eyes.
This… why does this feel familiar?
Guo Yang saw a warning from the team chat.
How could there be anyone behind him? Happy's players were all in front of him! Wait, no! Isn't there someone missing? Soft Mist?
Guo Yang suddenly realized where that feeling of deja vu came from.
Dancing Fire Flowing Flames swept by as the air itself seemed to boil. Guo Yang had the opportunity to strike Dancing Rain, but then the following Battle Mage attacks could not be dodged.
This was a question that countless Excellent Era opponents got headaches from, but this time, it was Guo Yang's turn.
Guo Yang didn't run away because his memory told him that when this tactic came, dodging would turn out worse than standing firm.
Qi Breaker's palm slammed towards Dancing Rain as Dancing Fire Flowing Flame swept towards him.


There has been a marked increase in body weight across much of the developed world. This has taken place, even though data suggest that there has not been an increase in calories consumed. This leads to a puzzle. If calories are declining, why are people gaining weight?
Changes in the nature of work and leisure, housework and other activities have led to substantial reductions in the strenuousness of daily life. In ongoing work, we are investigating how changes in purchased foods correspond to changes in time use and the strenuousness of activities. It appears that weight gain has resulted from a faster decrease in activity levels than in calories consumed, leading to an excess of calories.
The aim of this research is to help inform policy by increasing our understanding of the factors that have driven the rapid rise in obesity. The results do not say that food is not a problem, but that we need to consider both - calories ingested and calories expended.
These are the key headlines from two new pieces of research published by the Institute for Fiscal Studies and due to be presented today as part of the ESRC Festival of Social Science.


text:
Arthur Marohn (* 14. Juni 1893 in Mariendorf; † 21. April 1975 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Fußballspieler und -trainer.

Spielerkarriere

Vereine
Marohn trat als 16-Jähriger der Nachwuchsmannschaft des Berliner TuFC Viktoria 89 bei und rückte 1913 in die erste Mannschaft des amtierenden Meisters auf, für die er im – seit 29. April 1911 bestehenden – Verband Brandenburgischer Ballspielvereine, Dachverband aller Fußballvereine aus Berlin und der Provinz Brandenburg, zum Einsatz kam. In der Zeit seiner Vereinszugehörigkeit gewann er zweimal die Berliner Meisterschaft. Demzufolge nahm er mit der Mannschaft jeweils an der Endrunde um die Deutsche Meisterschaft teil und kam am 5. Mai 1912 in Danzig beim 7:0-Sieg über den BuEV Danzig im Viertelfinale zum Einsatz, wie auch am 13. April 1913 beim 6:1-Sieg über den SV Prussia-Samland Königsberg in Berlin. Sein letztes Spiel war das am 27. April 1913 mit 1:3 gegen den VfB Leipzig verlorene Halbfinale.

Auswahl-/Nationalmannschaft
Als Spieler der Auswahlmannschaft des Verbandes Brandenburgischer Ballspielvereine bestritt er für diese 27 Spiele.
Sein einziges Länderspiel für die A-Nationalmannschaft bestritt er am 5. Juni 1921 bei der 0:3-Niederlage gegen die Nationalmannschaft Ungarns in Budapest. Zuvor wurde er bereits für die beiden letzten Länderspiele vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg, gegen die Nationalmannschaft Belgiens und die Nationalmannschaft der Niederlande nominiert, kam jedoch nicht zum Einsatz.

Erfolge
 Berliner Meister 1916, 1919

Trainerkarriere
Nachdem Marohn die Trainerlizenz erworben hatte, trainierte er den Berliner BC 1926 in der Saison 1939/40, später, 1941/42, den Spandauer SV.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Fußballnationalspieler (Deutschland)
Fußballspieler (FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin)
Deutscher
Geboren 1893
Gestorben 1975
Mann


text:
Q: Can i bind against a DynamicObject in WinRT / Windows 8 Store Apps I have the following code:
    public class MyClass: DynamicObject, INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
    Dictionary<string, object> properties = new Dictionary<string, object>();

    public override bool TryGetMember(GetMemberBinder binder, out object result)
    {
        if (properties.ContainsKey(binder.Name))
        {
            result = properties[binder.Name];
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            result = "Invalid Property!";
            return false;
        }
    }

    public override bool TrySetMember(SetMemberBinder binder, object value)
    {
        properties[binder.Name] = value;
        this.OnPropertyChanged(binder.Name);
        return true;
    }

    public override bool TryInvokeMember(InvokeMemberBinder binder, object[] args, out object result)
    {
        dynamic method = properties[binder.Name];
        result = method(args[0].ToString(), args[1].ToString());
        return true;
    }

    ///.... Rest of the class.
    }

When i bind against it from xaml, debug points in TryGetMember is not triggeret. Do i miss something?
<DataTemplate x:Key="SearchResults">
    <Grid Width="294" Margin="6">
        <Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
            <ColumnDefinition Width="Auto"/>
            <ColumnDefinition Width="*"/>
        </Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
        <Border Background="{StaticResource ListViewItemPlaceholderBackgroundThemeBrush}" Margin="0,0,0,10" Width="40" Height="40">
            <Image Source="{Binding Path=Banner}" Stretch="UniformToFill"/>
        </Border>
        <StackPanel Grid.Column="1" Margin="10,-10,0,0">
            <TextBlock Text="{Binding SeriesName}" Style="{StaticResource BodyTextStyle}" TextWrapping="NoWrap"/>
            <TextBlock Text="{Binding Subtitle}" Style="{StaticResource BodyTextStyle}" Foreground="{StaticResource ApplicationSecondaryForegroundThemeBrush}" TextWrapping="NoWrap"/>
            <TextBlock Text="{Binding Overview}" Style="{StaticResource BodyTextStyle}" Foreground="{StaticResource ApplicationSecondaryForegroundThemeBrush}" TextWrapping="NoWrap"/>
        </StackPanel>
    </Grid>
</DataTemplate>

The datacontext is set to
public ObservableCollection<dynamic> SearchResults {get;set;}

and
 ICollection col = item.SearchResults;
 this.DefaultViewModel["Results"] = col;  //this is the datacontext of the gridview

A: Here is a solution I am using for kind-of dynamic binding.
The binding syntax just needs to include []:

public class DynamicLocalSettings : BindableBase
{
    public object this[string name]
    {
        get
        {
            if (ApplicationData.Current.LocalSettings.Values.ContainsKey(name))
                return ApplicationData.Current.LocalSettings.Values[name];
            return null;
        }
        set
        {
            ApplicationData.Current.LocalSettings.Values[name] = value;
            OnPropertyChanged(name);
        }
    }
}


It's still National Strawberry Month! Try this refreshing Tangy Lemon Stuffed Strawberry recipe!
Preparation: Prepare Tangy Lemon Pudding per packet instructions, as the filling. Carefully cut the tips and the stems from the strawberries. Use a small spoon and hollow out the inside of the berries. Spoon or pipe the pudding into the berries and serve chilled. Place the prepared berries in the fridge for a few minutes to allow the filling to set if needed.


text:
George Zimmerman Once Threatened Jay Z and Beyoncé
Source: Handout / Getty
*It's hard to believe George Zimmerman has not had the living crap beat out of him (or worse) for the crap that he says and does. Most recently he has (reportedly) made death threats against superstar Beyoncé and her husband Jay-Z.
According to The Blast, they have obtained series of text messages, reportedly from Zimmerman, calling Beyoncé a "broke whore" with the promise she and Jay-Z would "find themselves inside a 13-foot gator."
If you didn't know, Bey and Jay are the producers of the docuseries, "Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story."
The report states that the texts were sent to Dennis Warren, a private investigator who worked on the documentary about the 2012 killing of the unarmed Florida teen.
"We're told the messages were sent when Zimmerman was contacted by Dennis Warren, a private investigator who tracked down potential participants for the series," the Blast reports. "Warren found himself on the receiving end of hundreds of harassing messages and voicemails from the man acquitted in the shooting of the teen."
In one of the texts, Zimmerman reportedly wrote, "I'm bringing hell with me."
Back in May, George Zimmerman was charged with stalking and harassing Warren. Just recently, the PI had fought a subpoena by Zimmerman where he demanded to see records of his investigation. Warren refused, arguing that the information on who he contacted could put several already-frightened participants at serious risk.
We're told Zimmerman also sent similar texts to Michael Gasparro, who executive produced the series alongside Jay-Z. Zimmerman messaged Gasparro with the producer's own address and told him members of the Genovese crime family, a powerful organized mafia family, were looking for him.
You can read the FULL report at The Blast.
SOURCE: EURweb.com
Article Courtesy of EURweb
First Picture Courtesy of Pool and Getty Images
Second Picture Courtesy of Handout and Getty Images
Remembering Aretha Franklin [PHOTOS]
Beyonce	, George Zimmerman	, Jay-Z


New Home Floorplans available in Atlanta from home builder Fischer Homes.
Our new home floorplans are constructed with the open kitchens, spa-like owner's baths, family foyers, and other spaces your dream home should have. Atlanta features floorplans from four collections of new homes. Those include; Maple Street, Designer, Masterpiece, and Grand Estates Custom collections of homes. There are floorplan options for every buyer, and it doesn't stop there. Fischer Homes believes that their customers should be decision-makers in their home building process- so Fischer Homes allow for multiple personalization options. Your home will be unique because it is coming from you with help from the Fischer Homes design team. Our knowledgeable sales counselors can help you with all the questions you have about your new home, and our design center will allow you to personalize your new Atlanta home. This truly one-of-a-kind service from our designers and outstanding resource center allows you to preview the products that will be in your new home and offers a palette of exciting ideas on how to create a home that reflects your individual lifestyle. Not only are you choosing a new floorplan for your home, but you are choosing the perfect community to match. Our Atlanta communities are offering different floorplans in different areas of Atlanta. Fischer Homes design experts have created the perfect floorplans for the terrain your future home will rest on. Our communities in Atlanta are not only smart and beautifully designed, but offer easy access to some of Atlanta's top destinations including the new Sun Trust Park, Mercedes Benz Stadium, Convention Center, nearby parks, and top golf courses. Chose a location for your new home that is close to work- many companies are headquartered right in Atlanta and some of those include; AGL Resources, Coca-Cola, Mercedes Benz, West Rock, Newell Rubbermaid, SunTrust Banks, and more. Make all the selections you want in our Atlanta design center to create your dream home! As a builder in business since 1980, you know that Fischer Homes is the Georgia builder you can trust. We are one of the largest builders in the U.S., and with over 25,000 homes built we have a track record of customer satisfaction. To find videos and photos of our homes, make sure you look for us on Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest. We have photos from our Atlanta communities and homes online for your new home search.


Chuck Baldwin -- Modern Churches To Bible Preachers: "You're Not Welcome!"
MODERN CHURCHES TO BIBLE PREACHERS "YOU'RE NOT WELCOME"
We often hear pastors, radio preachers, and televangelists refer to the great prophets and Apostles of the Bible. Rightly, these Bible characters are lauded as examples for today's Christians. The problem is, hardly any of those giants of history would be welcome in America's churches today!
On the whole, America's Christians today do not want to hear the truth. They want a place where they can be made to feel good, where they can be entertained, where they can socialize and make business contacts, and where their children can have a place to play.
To many Christian parents, it is far more important that their church have a gymnasium and constant youth programs than it is that their children hear the truth of God's Word and learn the rigorous disciplines of a Christian life. Recreation is far more important to them than Bible study. In fact, most parents seem to believe that the only way to "keep the kids in church" is to have constant, non-stop entertainment. Of course, it doesn't work.
Furthermore, it seems that most of today's sermons amount to little more than "Positive Mental Attitude," feel-good drivel: "How to think better about yourself," "How to squander more money on yourself," "How to 'find yourself,'" "How to pamper yourself," ad nauseum, ad infinitum. Comparing the preaching and philosophy of most churches today to that of Bible characters will quickly reveal how unbiblical our churches have become.
For example, can you imagine how the average church in America today would react to the decisions of Daniel and the three Hebrew children? All four of them were unashamed and unhesitant to practice civil disobedience. All four of them were charged with capital crimes by their government and sentenced to death. In Daniel's case, all he had to do was not pray out loud to God for thirty days. Thirty days! I can just hear today's Christian pragmatists screaming, "It's only for thirty days. You can still pray in your heart. We must obey the government." Can you imagine Daniel being asked to preach a message on "How And When To Defy Your Government" to the vast majority of churches in America today? Forget it!
Moreover, take a look at practically every single Old Testament prophet. Ninety percent of their preaching was negative. They seldom had anything positive to say, especially about the way their nation's leaders were behaving. They were often jailed, beaten, starved, or even killed. They were as familiar with prisons as they were with pulpits. They were despised by political leaders, rejected by religious leaders, and shunned by business leaders.
It wasn't much better for the Apostles and disciples in the New Testament. John the Baptist was beheaded for "meddling in politics." The Apostles were beaten, stoned, and jailed. The Apostle Paul was especially hated. He was hated by Jews; he was hated by Romans; he was hated by businessmen; he was hated by politicians; he was even hated by fellow ministers.
Can you imagine the Apostle Paul preaching a message on "Conquering Low Self-Esteem"? Get real! Give Paul an opportunity today to preach to a church of one thousand members one Sunday morning, and by Sunday night (if they even had a Sunday night service), there might be fifty people back to hear him.
It is probably difficult for this generation of Christians to even comprehend that this fearless, uncompromising, "like it or lump it" kind of preaching was the kind of preaching that America cut its teeth on. The colonies and frontier of this nation were filled with prophet-like clergymen. And it didn't really matter which denomination one attended, either; he or she heard the same kind of preaching.
Whether it was the Baptist Joab Houghton or the Presbyterian James Caldwell or the Lutheran John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg or the Episcopalian Samuel Provost or the German Reformed Nicholas Herkimer, they were all plucky, pugnacious preachers! Why, I can even recall hearing old fashioned "hell-fire and damnation" preachers when I was a lad.
It was a "hell-fire" Holiness preacher that led my mother to Christ. A "hell-fire" Baptist preacher led my alcoholic father to Christ. I can even recall many trips to the last remaining Billy Sunday Tabernacle in Winona Lake, Indiana, to hear the great "hell-fire" preachers from virtually every Protestant denomination in the country. I remember the crowds of thousands sitting on those hard, wooden benches for hours listening intently to those masterful sermons. In my mind, I can still see (and smell) the sawdust floors where hundreds of people rushed to the front in answer to those altar calls and the studio high atop the platform where radio station WMBI transmitted those great sermons over the air. Alas, those days are gone.
No wonder our people today have become self-centered, sensitive, and shallow. They seldom, if ever, hear honest, straight-forward, fearless (telling-it like-it-is) preaching.
Therefore, the next time you hear someone refer to the great men of the Bible, ask yourself, "Would that prophet be welcome in my church today?" In most instances, the answer is a resounding no! And now you know why America is in the shape it's in today: the nation always takes the form of its preachers and churches.


Why get a coach? The answer was obvious to me after my eight years as a self employed creator of wearable art. I learned in those years that it was nearly impossible to simultaneously hold a vision, map out a path, walk that path and measure my own progress. I was so often distracted by the apparently conflicting demands of the marketplace and of my heart. Even my body seemed to throw obstacles in my path as tendonitis or other ills appeared to contradict my vision of right livelihood. As I thought about the kinds of problems I faced I came to understand and accept that it would always be difficult to have both an overarching view of my long term goals, a cogent undersanding of my near term strategies, and a confident and simple approach to walking my daily path. Once I thought about it the reason was obvious: each of these activities requires that I adopt a different perspective.
And guess what, it's hard to be in more than one place at a time, so often I would be conducting one activity from the perspective of another. No wonder I felt confused and overwhelmed. Coaching offers a solution by providing objective recognition, validation and reinforcement. A coach helps you to clarify your goals, test your plans against your resources and your intentions, and measure your progress. A coach asks you to live up to standards you set together while reminding you to enjoy the grace of being a human being and not a 'droid.
Coaching deals with the human condition: it's not about being or even becoming perfect. I think of the kind of business coaching and personal growth coaching which I practice as motivating, instructing, focusing, correcting and encouraging my clients to find solutions to their problems and to achieve a fundamental way of being in the world that flows organically and authentically from who they really are. It's easy to see that successful coaching requires a good match between coach and client. If you are interested in getting a coach, start by asking yourself these questions: - What are my goals and expectations around hiring a coach? - What's my time frame for achieving them? - What's my learning style? What kind of person is likely to support that style? - How much can I afford to invest in coaching? Find at least three coaches to interview. The International Coach Federation has extensive listings of its members coaches. Another resource is The Coaches Training Institute. Ask around among your professional colleagues, inquire at the local Chamber of Commerce, Small Business Administration or business schools. Select two or three coaches to interview. In addition to the following sample questions, ask any that reflect your personal priorities and concerns. It's a good idea to write out your questions in advance.
1. Ask about their experience coaching people who have goals and challenges similar to your own. 2. Do they work by phone, in person, by email? How long are the sessions? How frequent? 3. What do they charge? When is payment due? 4. What support do they offer between sessions? 5. Are you required to buy any support materials (books, workbooks, etc.)? 6. What kind of commitment do they require? Many coaches ask that you commit to a preliminary two or three month period after which you decide whether or not to continue working together. 7.
Ask for a couple of references and follow up by calling them. Coaching can introduce you to the self you were meant to be. The time you invest in choosing your coach will be amply repaid by his or her greater ability to recognize, nurture and evoke that self.


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text:
Rural round-up
Hopping to the beat: drummer turned grower Trevor Courtney :
Trevor Courtney has always liked beer, and now the drummer for '60s band Chants R& B is growing his own hops.
After a 40-year music career, Trevor and his wife Lyndsay now have a lifestyle block in North Canterbury where they grow hops plants, heritage apples and saffron.
Trevor and Lyndsay's eight-hectare property is home to two flocks of Wiltshire sheep, but they're pretty low-maintenance, Trevor says.
"In the spring they start to shed their fleece, so there's no shearing,…you can leave their tails on. We only meet up with them a couple of times a year." . .
Alliance Group more than halves profit – Rebecca Howard:
(BusinessDesk) – Red meat cooperative Alliance Group more than halved its net profit as it paid more for livestock and in tax, interest and administration costs.
Net profit for the year ended September fell to $6.6 million from $14.4 million a year earlier, the Invercargill-based co-operative said in its annual report. Revenue, however, lifted to $1.8 billion from $1.5 billion in the prior year and it paid more than $1.2 billion to its farmer-shareholders.
The group also paid $14.6 million in loyalty payments and another $31.6 million in advance payments to support farmers during periods of low cash flow. . .
What it takes to win the Ballance farm environment award :
Trying different things, learning from mistakes, and working with Mother Nature are part of the ethos of this year's national Ballance farm environment award winners.
As winners of the Gordon Stephenson Trophy, Bay of Plenty kiwifruit growers Mark and Catriona White are officially 'national ambassadors for sustainable farming and growing'.
During a round of meetings with agriculture agency representatives and MP Todd Muller in Wellington this month, the Whites dropped into Federated Farmers' HQ to swap war stories on topics as diverse as workforce shortages, genetic engineering and whether farmers/ growers who repeatedly fail to heed sustainability messages should be left behind. . .
Someone forgot to pop the bonnet last night. Credit where it's due, starlings are hard working little shits. pic.twitter.com/zTSmfZFN3d
— Bryan Gibson (@tutukaus) November 9, 2018
Apple industry already growing jobs for new horticultural degree graduates:
New Zealand's booming apple and pear industry is already promising great career opportunities for the first graduates of a new stand-alone Bachelor's Degree in Horticulture.
Recruitment is underway for the new three-year degree that starts in February 2019 with a fully industry-sponsored 4ha apple innovation orchard at Massey University's Palmerston North campus.
New Zealand Apples & Pears capability manager Erin Simpson, who has been a driving force behind the new degree, said never before has there been a more exciting time for young people to enter the industry which is offering them a bright and rewarding future. . .
Fonterra confirms second director election timing:
The Fonterra Shareholders' Council has confirmed that a second election for the remaining vacancy on Fonterra's Board of Directors will be held in December. Voting will open on 3 December and close at 1.00pm on 20 December, and the results will be announced later the same day.
Only two candidates from the first election, Leonie Guiney and Peter McBride, obtained more than 50% support from voting shareholders. The Rules of the first election state that if not enough candidates obtain more than 50% support, there must be a second election. . .
Manawatū agricultural contractor lands deal supplying Auckland Zoo with feed:
Manawatū agricultural contractor Mike Hancock is helping to feed some of the world's most stunning and endangered animals.
The 23-year-old is a joint operations manager for Bruce Gordon Contracting, north of Marton.
Earlier this year the company received a phone call from Auckland Zoo, almost 500 kilometres away. . .
Knickers the steer, one of the world's biggest steers, avoids the abattoir thanks to his size – Jacqueline Lynch and Tyne Logan:
At 194 centimetres high, WA-born steer Knickers is believed to be the tallest in Australia — and one of the tallest in the world.
To put it into perspective, the seven-year-old is almost as tall as NBA star Michael Jordan and weighs more than a Mini Cooper car at about 1,400 kilograms.
That's double the weight of the average Holstein Friesian and half a metre taller — and could make more than 4,000 hamburger lovers happy.
But owner Geoff Pearson of Lake Preston in the state's south-west said Knickers was not destined for the barbecue anytime soon. . .
At 194cm centimetres high, 'Knickers' a Holstein Friesian weighing 1.4 tonnes, is an absolute unit. 🐄#Knickers pic.twitter.com/1CFBXODXqX
— Beef + Lamb New Zealand (@BeefLambNZ) November 27, 2018
How we fell out of love with milk – Tim Lewis:
Soya, almond, oat… Whether for health issues, animal welfare or the future of the planet, 'alt-milks' have never been more popular. Are we approaching dairy's final days?
A couple of weeks ago, some eye-catching billboards began appearing around central and east London. Entire tunnels of the underground were plastered with the adverts; the sides of large buildings were covered. On one panel there was a carton (or, in some instances, three) of Oatly, an oat drink made by a cult Swedish company that favours stark graphics, a bluey-grey colour scheme, and which is a market leader – in a not uncompetitive field – in the tongue-in-cheek promotional messages known as "wackaging". The adjacent panel, in large, wobbly type, read: "It's like milk, but made for humans." . .
Sprinklers help nourish refuge elk – Mike Koshmrl:
Each summer a massive $5.25 million irrigation system is cranked on at the National Elk Refuge, showering beads of water over nearly a fifth of the preserve's 25,000 grassy acres.
With no crops growing and no livestock in sight, tourists and newcomers to Jackson Hole who catch a glimpse must occasionally be bewildered.
But there are actually many reasons for the refuge's irrigation system, new as of 2010. . .
The @NatlElkRefuge located in Wyoming is home to the largest Elk herds (also known as Wapiti) on the planet!
They use the the largest known K-Line irrigation system in the world, and use TracMap to plan, map and guide their shift patterns since 2013. https://t.co/IjPhOavYe5
— TracMap (@tracmap) November 9, 2018
Leave a Comment »	| business, environment, Farming, food, rural	| Tagged: Alliance Group, Auckland Zoo, Bruce Gordon Contracting, Catriona White, Federated Farmers, Fonterra Shareholders' Council, Geoff Pearson, Gordon Stephenson Trophy, Holstein Friesian, knickers, Leonie Guiney, Lyndsay Courtney, Mark White, Mike Hancock, Mike Koshmrl, milk, National Elk Refuge, NZ Apples & Pears, Oatly, Peter McBride, Rebecca Howard, Tim Lewis, Trevor Courtney	| Permalink


Looking to build your cookware collection? This cookware starter set includes three saucepans in the most popular sizes. Each saucepan is manufactured from high quality stainless steel and features straight sides with rolled rims and highly polished interiors and exteriors. Each pan also has a tempered glass lid with steam vent holes, and phenolic handles.


structured educational after-school and summer enrichment programs, as well as, STEM Robotics, Male & Female Group Mentoring, Culinary Arts, Dance, Girl Scouts, SAT-ACT Prep,College Tours and a full array of athletic programs for youth within many of our low-income, underserved and most fragile and threatened communities. For PAL to continue its mission, they reached out to us for sponsorship opportunities. Without a second thought we were happy to be able to help out such a wonderful cause.
In recognition of Chief Rodney Monroe and the Charlotte Mecklenburg Police Department for their support of the Police Activities League, event co-chairs Brett Carter, Stoney Sellars, Tim Bailey, Bill Schoening and Jeff Hood attended and paid tribute to Chief Monroe.
The 4th Annual "Chief 's Challenge" took place on Monday, June 23rd 2014 at the Trump National Golf Club Charlotte—one of the most beautiful, challenging, prestigious and picturesque golf courses in the region. Some of the country's most popular names in sports and entertainment have been invited to the Classic. Each celebrity who attended this event does so with their commitment to join us in raising funds to assist the youth of our community.


This page helps answer: how do I use the word rust in a sentence? How do you use rust in a sentence? Can you give me a sentence for the word rust?
Example sentences with the word rust, a sentence example for rust, and rust in sample sentence.


text:
Memorandum submitted by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (J21)
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVEEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. The Water Framework Directive (WFD, or "the Directive") is the most important opportunity we have to achieve sustainable management of water. We must not waste this opportunity through misperceptions of costs or by underestimating the long-term benefits to society of WFD implementation.
2. The "no deterioration duty" commences in December 2003. The UK must start work now on measures to prevent deterioration—and not wait until 2012.
3. The Protected Areas Register must include Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).
4. Wetlands are a crucial component of the water cycle and their breadth, location and health will directly affect "good status" objectives. Wetland restoration must be seen as an important means of implementing the Directive. This will also help government achieve UK Biodiversity Action Plan targets and commitments to water-dependent SSSIs.
5. DEFRA should instigate a public information and education initiative on water and wetlands.
6. There are critical links between WFD objectives and the sustainable management of coastal and river flooding which are not being capitalised on by DEFRA.
7. Agriculture is central to WFD implementation. Current agricultural reforms must be made compatible with obligations under EU water legislation.
8. The Environment Agency has a pivotal role in WFD implementation. However, catchment bodies should be set up to manage all water issues at the catchment level. They would develop catchment sub-plans under River Basin Management Plans.
9. UK implementation should be guided by the voluntary Common Implementation Strategy guidance documents.
10. There are many tangible and intangible benefits to WFD implementation. The key intangible benefit—that the environment supports quality of life—is reflected in the Government's own policies.
11. Assessments of the economic impacts of the Directive are unreliable and underestimate economic benefits. The latter include the enforcement of the polluter pays principle, which by controlling external environmental costs improves social welfare.
12. The real question is not whether the UK can afford to implement the Directive in full, but whether it can afford not to.
1. The RSPB works for the conservation of wild birds and their environment. We are Europe's largest wildlife conservation charity with over one million members. We manage one of the largest conservation estates in the UK, totalling more than 100,000 hectares, including extensive wetland habitat. Our priority wetland habitats are reedbeds, wet grassland and estuaries. We provide advice on the management of wetland habitats, and input to a range of water policy issues including flood defence, water resources, biodiversity and water quality.
2. Wetlands—on floodplains, in the upper catchment, and on the coast—are an intrinsic part of the water cycle, marking the transition between water and land habitats, and forming important points of exchange between groundwaters, surface waters and the atmosphere. When the water cycle is broken we can suffer catastrophic problems, in terms of drinking water quality, water in the wrong place at the wrong time, and not enough water for people and wildlife.
3. The Water Framework Directive recognises the need to protect the water cycle by including all water bodies, no matter what size or kind, and their physical habitats, such as riverbanks and beds, in its objectives. It also includes obligations towards ecosystems such as wetlands that depend on these waters. The Directive thus sets common standards for "good water status" across Europe and, importantly, integrates biological outcomes (eg the life, such as fish, living in water bodies) with water management in general. The health of aquatic and water-dependent ecosystems is the best test we have of sustainable water use. Water capable of supporting characteristic plants and animals will also be water that is clean, and available, for future generations.
4. Water and wetlands perform crucial life-support functions for people, providing drinking water, irrigation, transport and nutrient cycling. Wetlands also drive a range of beneficial ecosystem services, including flood defence through storing flood waters, and pollution control through natural filtering systems. It is for all these reasons that the RSPB supports full implementation of the Directive—in particular trying to manage water as close as possible to its cycle, rather than working against it.
5. Water and wetlands are fragile ecosystems, dependent on the way we manage water catchments. While we have seen vast improvements in some aspects of water quality, particularly sewage treatment and industrial effluent discharge, UK wetlands and water are still not managed sustainably. Many aspects of water and land management impact negatively on wetlands. Not only have we lost most of our wetland resource through land drainage, but we continue to damage what remains through drainage, pollution and water abstraction.
RSPB AND THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE
6. The RSPB is a major player in Water Framework Directive transposition and implementation work in the UK and across Europe. We have representatives on several WFD Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) working groups led by the European Commission, including: WATECO (economics), IMPRESS (impacts and pressures on water bodies) and REFCOND (reference conditions for water bodies). We are currently working with the European Commission and Member States to develop a CIS discussion document on wetlands in the Directive. We have assisted the Scottish Executive and the Northern Ireland Department of Environment in public consultation exercises on the Directive. We sit on DEFRA's Stakeholder Sounding Board for the Directive.
7. The WFD can play a pivotal role in delivering sustainable water and wetland management in the UK. In the future, we envisage healthy aquatic ecosystems across the UK—with more wetlands restored throughout the catchment, floodplains reconnected to rivers, and water again healthy enough to support complex functioning ecosystems. This is not simply for aesthetic reasons. As was made clear at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, water is our most precious resource. Despite this, many people still take it for granted, assuming there is more than enough to go round. In fact, in England, there is less waterper capita than in Ethiopia. With the effects of climate change already being seen, the resource will become increasingly fragile and more difficult to manage.
8. Without healthy and resilient aquatic ecosystems we will face numerous problems, including increased flood and drought risks, higher costs of cleaning up drinking water, more conflicts between different water users, difficulties supplying water to new housing developments and loss of water-dependent wildlife, which may threaten the UK's ability to meet its Biodiversity Action Plan targets for water and wetlands. However, the RSPB is concerned that the wealth of opportunities the Directive offers may be missed if current misperceptions of the costs involved in meeting its obligations, combined with underestimation of its benefits, prevail.
THE MEANS AND TIMETABLE FOR WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION
9. The RSPB believes the entire text of Article 1 must appear word for word in the transposition regulations to ensure the purpose of the Directive is not lost. The Scottish Executive has set a precedent for this by including Article 1 in its Water Environment and Water Services Bill.
10. The Directive provides for staged implementation through a series of deadlines for Member States. However, in many cases it will be necessary to undertake these activities before the deadline to ensure a cost effective approach to implementation and reduce the likelihood of infraction proceedings. This should not be mistaken for "gold plating".
11. The evidence does not support the accusation which is sometimes made of routinely early transposition and over-enthusiastic implementation of European Directives. Proceedings have been initiated against the UK in a number of cases over late implementation of environmental directives, for instance the Waste Framework Directive. The perception of excessive regulation from Brussels may arise from British delays in implementation (eg the Nitrates Directive), which have led to several directives being brought in concurrently to avoid legal action.
12. While the Programme of Measures in the WFD does not legally need to be instituted until 22 December 2012, in reality many measures are either already in place, or will need to be in place earlier than 2012, to ensure good status can be achieved by 2015. In particular, many measures will need to be in place to prevent deterioration of water status from December 2003 (see below), for example those required to prevent damage to aquatic ecosystems from eutrophication caused by excess nutrients from agriculture. Meeting the water requirements of SSSIs by 2010 will also require earlier adoption of measures (see paragraph 22 below).
13. The Directive places a duty on Member States (Article 4) to prevent the deterioration of the status of surface and groundwaters. No explicit date is provided in the Directive, and Member States are interpreting its commencement differently. An answer to a Parliamentary Question given by the Minister for the Environment (House of Commons Written Answers 25 June 2002 columns 754-5W) suggests that DEFRA is interpreting this duty by connecting it to the Programme of Measures, implying that it does not commence until 2012. The RSPB disagrees with this interpretation, and legal advice we have received considers compliance necessary by the date of implementation (22 December 2003). It is also strongly arguable that since 22 December 2000:
— Member States' courts and national authorities have been under an obligation, where possible, to interpret national legislation in accordance with the requirements of the WFD; and
— Member States have been under a duty to refrain from taking any measures liable seriously to compromise the result prescribed by the WFD.
MEANS ISSUES—ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
14. The WFD includes a series of complex and technical tasks that must be undertaken as we strive collectively to achieve its objectives on time. However, the UK must not delay through fear of not getting the technicalities exactly right in the first phases. We must practice adaptive management—"learning by doing". While a definition of what good status is has yet to be reached, we do understand in many cases what it is not, and we know some level of restoration will be required in many water bodies.
MEANS ISSUES—PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
15. The RSPB has been disappointed by DEFRA's response to public involvement on WFD issues. In Northern Ireland and Scotland, seminars were held early in the transposition process to engage the main stakeholders on big issues. France has been holding meetings with stakeholders over the past two years in each proposed river basin to discuss in detail the implementation process and get farming, industrial and NGO partners on board. However, DEFRA has done nothing outside its Stakeholder Sounding Board process—and has not even produced a public leaflet.
16. Everybody has an impact on the water cycle, and the Directive recognises this through the obligation in Article 14 to actively involve interested stakeholders through the River Basin Management Planning process. The RSPB believes there is an urgent need to raise public awareness of the requirements of the Directive before this process commences. DEFRA should lead a public awareness programme for water and wetlands, with the cooperation of organisations such as English Nature, the Environment Agency, NGOs and water companies. People will not change their behaviour without understanding the water cycle and the impacts of their activities on water and wetlands.
MEANS ISSUES—WETLANDS AND BIODIVERSITY
17. Article 1 (a) of the Directive demonstrates an unambiguous intention to protect and enhance the water needs of wetlands, which should be reflected during the process of transposition and implementation. Article 1 (e) also states that the WFD should contribute to achieving the objectives of relevant international agreements. This includes the Ramsar Convention and the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Directive provides an opportunity to integrate all water management objectives, including those encompassing wildlife.
18. The RSPB has taken legal advice on the Protected Areas aspect of the Directive (Article 6). The Protected Areas Register, in relation to nature conservation sites (for example wetlands), must include sites designated under the Natura 2000 network (eg Special Protection Areas and Special Areas of Conservation under the Birds and Habitats Directives) where the status of water is an important factor in their protection. It must also include sites designated under national and local legislation (such as SSSIs) where status of water is an important factor in their protection. This duty on Member States allows protected areas to be taken into account in relation to other duties in the Directive.
19. The Government is committed to achieving favourable condition on 95 per cent of SSSIs by 2010. English Nature's figures on the current state of aquatic and wetland SSSIs make it clear this will be impossible without urgent action on water management. Government has also signed up to targets for water-dependent species and habitats under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, the majority of which require action to tackle drainage, abstraction, pollution and flood management at a catchment scale. The extent of the policy changes needed to meet these targets is outlined in the draft England Biodiversity Strategy, which reiterates the urgent need for integration within Government if these public commitments to the natural environment are to be met.
20. These nature conservation targets cannot be delivered efficiently or cost-effectively outside the WFD River Basin Management Planning process. We will have to take the same kinds of action to support SSSIs and biodiversity priorities as we will to achieve ecological good status under the WFD, even if the standards we set in relation to these different targets may vary. For example, to prevent damage to wetland and aquatic SSSIs from water abstractions, we will need to assess their ecological water needs, compare these with the amount of water available within a catchment, and adjust our abstraction activity accordingly. This is precisely the same process required by the WFD to meet the water resource requirements of water bodies. Any search for added value would lead squarely to one plan and one assessment method for them all.
21. The Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) is developing guidance documents to help Member States implement the WFD consistently across Europe. The RSPB draws the committee's attention to one discussion document (currently in draft) in this process—The Role of Wetlands in the WFD. The RSPB is urging the UK to adopt the precepts of the wetlands paper in implementation as it provides valuable guidance to Member States on how to interpret the Directive in relation to wetlands.
MEANS ISSUES—FLOOD MANAGEMENT
22. Article 1 in the Directive requires Member States to undertake measures that contribute to the mitigation of the effects of floods and droughts as part of their water management activities. Despite this obligation, DEFRA and the Environment Agency appear reluctant to draw together flood policy with the Directive's objectives. This has been illustrated recently in two consultation documents on Annexes II and V of the Directive. The reference to the use of wetlands to help with flood management in the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency's technical consultation was removed when virtually the same document was issued by the Environment Agency a month later. The RSPB was informed by the Environment Agency that this was due to "a precautionary approach regarding the proactive creation of wetlands following discussion with DEFRA during the development of the consultation". This approach, which we feel misses the point in terms of the benefits of floodplain restoration, undermines stated commitments towards integrated catchment planning. This is explained in more detail below.
23. Fluvial (river) flooding results from complex interactions between duration, intensity and timing of rainfall, the type of land it falls on and runs off, and the type and size of channels (such as rivers) within catchments. The prevention of flood damage must therefore be considered across the entire catchment—not just at a town where floods are likely to cause damage. This has been recognised by DEFRA and the Environment Agency in the recent piloting of Catchment Flood Management Strategies, although progress to date has been disappointing. While more research is needed, a sustainable flood management scheme will often include optimising land use throughout the catchment to reduce run-off, particularly on rivers prone to flash flooding. This can include the use of restored or created wetlands in many instances—in the upper catchment and on floodplains. Such wetland restoration not only delivers flood mitigation but can also help the Government meet UK Biodiversity Action Plan targets for wetland habitat (eg wet grassland).
24. The Directive requires Member States to go through a series of tests when assessing possible impacts on water status of both existing activities and new modifications. In both cases, there must be consideration of whether the benefits provided by the activity or modification could be delivered by other means which are "a significantly better environmental option". For example, in the case of a proposed new engineering modification for flood defence, where this would result in deterioration of water status by affecting the habitat (morphology) and dependent biology, Member States must ensure there are no significantly better environmental options before permitting it to go ahead. These options may include the restoration of floodplains for flood storage, and the enhancement of catchment floodwater and run-off retention capacities in upstream areas. In the case of an existing human activity which is preventing the achievement of good ecological status (eg a flood defence wall on a river), Member States must ensure there are no significantly better environmental options (such as the creation and restoration of wetlands) before they can designate a water body as "heavily modified" under Article 4.3, or set less stringent objectives under article 4.5.
25. Sustainable coastal flood defence options can also contribute to meeting good status requirements for coastal waters. Coastal wetlands such as saltmarsh operate as natural flood defences by dissipating wave power, particularly during storms. Intertidal habitats can also improve water quality in estuaries through entrapment and accretion of sediment. Such habitats, including saltmarsh, are being "squeezed" between rising sea levels and hard artificial barriers such as sea walls, resulting in major loss of important wildlife habitats and increasing likelihood of the seawalls being damaged, threatening low-lying land. One sustainable solution is "managed realignment"—a soft engineering technique involving the recreation of coastal habitat which then provides a home for wildlife, contributes to WFD requirements and helps to mitigate flood impacts. Coastal flood defence schemes such as these must be integrated into the River Basin Management process where appropriate.
MEANS ISSUES—AGRICULTURAL REFORM
26. Agriculture is the most powerful influence on the water environment in England today, and therefore has a central role to play in WFD implementation. Land drainage and flood defence regimes, largely driven by policies to maximise agricultural production, have resulted in radical changes to the hydro-morphology of rivers and the loss and degradation of wetland habitats. Water quality is also heavily influenced by modern agriculture, with estimates that 40 per cent of phosphates and 80 per cent of nitrates entering UK waters come from agriculture. 46 per cent of English freshwater SSSIs are adversely affected by nutrient enrichment.
27. However, the scale of these environmental problems must also be seen against the backdrop of the recent crises in farming, and tempered with an understanding that the solutions lie in supporting, not scape-goating, the agricultural sector. Most farmers conduct their business in the manner demanded of them by the market. They will not be able to respond to altered expectations unless doing so does not threaten their livelihoods. Opportunities exist now to make the necessary changes. The Mid Term Review of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is being driven, in part, by recognition of the need to make the CAP more compatible with EU environmental regulations. Nationally, the Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food is an opportunity to implement measures to ensure farmers are better equipped to meet environmental challenges. However, it is imperative that these reforms are integrated with parallel proposals to address the impacts of farming on the water environment. In particular, the DEFRA Diffuse Pollution Review must be linked to major agricultural reform initiatives if it is to have any significant impact.
28. Understandably, farmers have expressed concern about the costs the agricultural sector may incur as a result of WFD standards. This concern is in part based on an initial Regulatory Impact Assessment, which research (Hanley & Fundingsland, 2001) has since shown was flawed and partial. Crucially, the RSPB feels little effort has been made to look in combination at the economic effects on farming of the forthcoming reforms at European and national level and the improved environmental standards of the Directive. Such an analysis should reveal where the current reforms will help to reduce the costs of implementation for farmers, and where further action is needed to ensure those meeting the highest standards are rewarded rather than penalised.
THE COSTS OF THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE
29. The Directive requires detailed analysis of the economic costs and benefits of water management and use. The costs of water companies in England and Wales are currently regulated by Ofwat. However, the economic analysis required by the WFD must include environmental and resource costs, as well as business and consumer costs.
30. The RSPB believes that if Ofwat is responsible for the economic analysis required by the Directive, it must have statutory duties to liaise with other agencies (such as the Environment Agency and English Nature) and to achieve sustainable development. Ofwat would need significant extra resources and expertise in environmental economics to fulfil the Directive's economic requirements.
31. The RSPB believes the economic guidance provided by WATECO (the Common Implementation Strategy Working Group on economics) provides adequate definitions from which to develop implementation of the Directive. However, DEFRA's recent approach of interpreting the articles of the Directive individually, rather than through their collective purpose, is a potential source of confusion. For example, they sought to interpret Annex III separately from Article 9, even though both are linked to the analysis of environmental and resource costs. Such inconsistencies may also result in unfair treatment of companies (as described above).
32. The RSPB has commissioned work on the costs of the WFD (Hanley & Fundingsland, 2001). This makes it clear that the costs of implementing the Directive may fall within a very wide range and that previous studies had underestimated the ratio of benefits to costs. We believe that, if the provisions in the Directive are properly implemented, its costs will be effectively targeted toward environmental problems and fairly apportioned across society, penalising polluters while taking social needs into account. Over the long term, the Directive can ensure water prices reflect environmental needs and provide appropriate incentives for efficient water use.
33. In particular, the requirement of the Directive to examine the environmental and resource costs of water services should provide a clear basis from which to assess the incidence of water management costs across society. However, the RSPB is concerned that the UK Government's narrow interpretation of the Directive on these definitions will not result in a level playing field for all UK companies.
34. Much of the recent debate around the costs of the WFD has used the term "gold plating", referring to costs that are incurred earlier or in excess of those necessary, and that do not yield net benefits. The RSPB believes this term has been misused in relation to current proposals to implement the Directive, such as for the register of protected areas.
35. Whatever the costs are, they will be minimised by early planning and timely implementation. However, the RSPB believes the UK has already fallen behind on the path towards implementation and could risk infraction proceedings.
THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AGENCY
36. The RSPB supports the role of the Environment Agency as Competent Authority in implementing the WFD. However, although leading much of the thinking about integration, the Agency does not have the resources or policy frameworks required for genuine integrated catchment management or the public participatory processes required by Article 14. Water issues are not currently managed by the Agency in an integrated way. This is illustrated by the lack of initiatives on floodplain restoration, which could not only provide flood mitigation but also contribute to improved wetland habitat for birds, aquifer recharge, and improvements in in-stream water quality. The various policy catchment initiatives undertaken by the Agency, for example Catchment Abstraction Management Strategies and Catchment Flood Management Plans, are not linked either spatially or temporally—nor do they contain active commitments to wetland UK Biodiversity Action Plan targets.
37. The Environment Agency will be unable to meet the environmental objectives of the WFD alone. Current problems with agricultural diffuse pollution, the poor state of designated wetlands and recent flood damage illustrate this. One way of improving this situation is to institute a key recommendation of the partnership-based EU Life Environment funded Wise Use of Floodplains Project (WUF). The WUF recommended that catchment bodies be set up to manage water and wetlands at the catchment scale. These bodies would include key agencies and stakeholders, who would make, in consultation with local communities, the strategic decisions for water issues such as flood management and water resource demands. Such bodies would need the powers and resources to achieve real integrated catchment management. The management bodies should be aligned along geographical boundaries, to reflect the environmental processes being managed and reduce bureaucracy.
38. An opportunity to start developing this approach exists with the current proposed reforms of flood defence by DEFRA, whereby regional customer bodies could have their duties expanded to integrated catchment management—ie all water issues. However, for such an initiative to work more needs to be done nationally to ensure agricultural, water, biodiversity and planning policies are consistent and coherent. The RSPB would like to see this option piloted in a number of catchments.
39. The RSPB believes the transposition regulations must explicitly refer to sub-plans under River Basin Management Plans. Ideally, these would include integrated catchment plans developed by catchment bodies.
DEFINITIONS AND MANAGEMENT PLANS
40. The RSPB believes the voluntary Common Implementation Strategy guidance documents being developed by the European Commission and Member States are designed to provide the necessary common understanding of definitions and concepts within the WFD to support smooth and equitable transposition. However, DEFRA officials have not always grasped the opportunities these guidance documents offer to promote integrated, cost effective and sustainable approaches to implementation. They have insisted on a minimalist approach which we believe will, in the long run, increase the risk of infraction proceedings and minimise rather than maximise the benefits the WFD offers the UK. Officials have justified this approach by a fear of "gold plating", but we believe such an approach will stifle innovation, which will be in neither the best interests of the water environment nor stakeholders. The RSPB is also disappointed that the UK is not participating in piloting the CIS guidance documents. This is a lost opportunity and suggests a lack of commitment to the process.
41. The RSPB believes the most undeveloped part of the WFD transposition process lies in the links between the River Basin Management Planning process and current and proposed land use planning regimes. Many land use planning decisions affect the good status of waters (eg water requirements for new housing developments, water run-off from developments which exacerbate flooding and cause pollution). Local Authorities will play a key role in achieving WFD objectives. Decisions must be made about how River Basin Management Plans will influence land use plans such as Structural and Community plans. Decisions also need to be made about how the River Basin Management Plans will operate in terms of right of appeal.
TANGIBLE BENEFITS OF THE DIRECTIVE AND THEIR COST-EFFECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT
42. The RSPB is disappointed that benefits are the last item on the Committee's list, are not considered alongside costs, and are restricted to tangible benefits. Many intangible environmental benefits are important to quality of life and are also a source of economic competitiveness. For example, populations of wild birds are a Government Quality of Life indicator, and policies to conserve populations of geese—birds that depend on wetlands—were recently valued at over £10 million in Scotland. Full implementation of the Directive will result in a range of benefits. The fact that some are difficult to quantify in monetary terms does not reduce their importance, and they should count in any cost-benefit analysis. Tangible and intangible benefits include:
— safer and more secure water supplies;
— healthier rivers, lakes, coasts and streams for recreation, relaxation and job security (for example in fisheries and tourism);
— reduced pollution clean-up costs for water companies by tackling pollution at source. Many water consumers are effectively paying for water twice, with their taxes going towards subsidising intensive practices on farms, which result in pollution that water companies subsequently need to clean up. These clean-up costs are passed on to consumers;
— assisting in achieving objectives for our designated wetlands, eg Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas under the Habitats and Birds Directives, and favourable conditions for our SSSIs; and
— improvement of our management and mitigation of floods and droughts. Flood damage is expensive and generates fear and uncertainty. It is important to recognise the social benefits, such as avoiding the distress of flooding, that sustainable water management can bring.
43. The Directive can also contribute to sustainable development by initiating better use of land and water resources. The RSPB has worked to develop more sustainable flood management practices on the Somerset Levels and Moors. A recent study examining the opportunities for flood management washlands stated that: "it would appear in the public interest to redirect funding, both from agricultural support and flood defence for agriculture, into flood storage and washland creation." (Morris, 2001) This locally commissioned report points the way towards efficient flood management. Redirecting budgets from hard flood defence towards soft flood management options, such as washlands, allows strategic management of floodwaters, thereby giving better flood protection for settlements; enhances the environment; contributes to nature conservation; and results in better use of public money.
44. The potential benefits of Water Framework Directive implementation are substantial, and cover a wide range of areas. The RSPB hopes the Committee's Inquiry will help to shift the terms of debate away from what all too often appears to have been a climate of fear about costs, and encourage the Government to be innovative in espousing the Directive's benefits.
Hanley & Fundingsland (2001) An assessment of WRc's cost-benefit analysis of implementing the WFD. University of Glasgow report to RSPB.
Morris (2001) Economic of Washland Creation, Cranfield University at Silsoe.
Prepared 3 December 2002


An increase in the price of goods and services, leaves less of purchasing power in the hands of common man. It can be calculated on percentage basis, easily on 100. For example – if the inflation rate is 3 percent then on every Rs.100 commodity will be sold for Rs.103. When calculating inflation several things come into consideration like Gross Domestic Product deflator, Producer Prices, Export Prices, Import Prices etc. but the percentage change in consumer price index over time is the chief measuring criteria of calculating inflation. It should not be on the extremes but having 4-5 percent of inflation is considered to be optimum amount of it. Inflation control is in hands of Reserve Bank of India, the Central Bank of India. Its job is to control inflation as well as deflation so that prices of goods and services do not shoot and reaches sky. As we all know every cause has an effect and thus, here the effect is in the form of reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money. Also, it has both positive and negative effects. Negative effect is that it may discourage investment and savings but positive thing is that it may encourage investment in non-monetary capital projects. The main reason behind inflation is excessive supply of money.
As per the data disclosed by the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, India for the month of July 2014, inflation rate in India is currently at 7.96 percent from 7.31 percent in the previous month driven by higher food prices. Looking at the average of inflation from the year 2012 till 2014, it was 9.49 percent. It crossed the limit when it reached its all-time high of 11.16 percent in November 2013. The Governor of Reserve Bank of India announced that consumer price index is a better instrument than wholesale price index for measuring inflation. Indian economy has food, beverages and tobacco as the most significant items in the consumer price index that counts to almost 49.7 percent of consumer price index. Recently it has been recorded that food and beverage prices surge by 9.16 percent in July 2014 from 7.9 percent in June 2014. There is a distinction between rural and urban inflation. The consumer price index increased by 8.45 percent and 7.42 percent in rural and urban areas respectively.
As mentioned above the main reason for the arising of problem is excessive supply of money or excessive aggregate demand. Demand pull inflation is one of the reasons. It means that economic growth is above the long run trend rate of growth and further which means average sustainable growth which is determined by the growth in productivity. For example if the government cut interest rates and also cut taxes, house prices will rise fuelling a positive price effect and a rise in consumer confidence i.e. more purchasing power and this leads to excessive spending, lower saving and an increase in borrowing. This will result in the problem of inflation. Another reason is cost push inflation. This includes rising wages which are cost for firms, import prices that will become more expensive leading to an increase in inflation, raw material prices and the best example is oil as increase in the price of oil leads to a significant increase in the prices of most of the goods in the economy. Another reason is profit push inflation, most likely to occur during strong economic growth. Also, if firms become less productive and allow costs to rise, this invariably leads to higher prices. If Government put up taxes, such as value added tax this will lead to higher prices and thus, inflation. Printing more money could also lead to inflation.
There are many solutions to control the inflation. India's inflation is largely consumption driven. The Reserve Bank of India raises the interest rates to keep inflation under control. But relation of consumption is not only connected with economic growth but also with public subsidies. Thus, the two major measures to control inflation are monetary measures as well as fiscal measures. Recent measures by Modi Government imposed restrictions on exports and checked hoarding to control food prices only because of the reason that hike in the prices of vegetables especially potatoes and onions contributed to sell off in financial markets. New measures include releasing five million tonnes of rice from state stockpiles to curb inflation. Credit control is another measure. To implement this it should increase the bank rate and minimum cash reserve ratio. It should also issue notice to other banks to control credit as issued in public interest. Public expenditure should be decreased. Old debts should be paid. Taxes should be increased and imports should be increased while exports should be decreased. Production of those goods should be increased whose prices rise rapidly and for this matter public sector should be expanded and private sector should be given more incentives. Last but not the least, Attractive saving schemes should be rolled out during the time of inflation.


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Baltimore Sun Editorial Board
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