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Clay Gordon | 3 years ago | 6 min read
AMA: Ask Me Anything (About Cocoa or Chocolate) #8: What is Conching?
This is another assertion that is not usually put in the form of a question. Rather, it is the misuse of a technical term: melangers (or melangeurs, a French term for mixer) are very often referred to as conches. Technically, melangers are a form of universal, so-called because all of the processing steps in chocolate making – grinding, refining, and conching – are performed in the same device.
Sometimes it feels like tilting at windmills going over this, but it's important to me for accuracy.
What Conching Is and Isn't
Conching is not about refining, or reducing the particle size, of a chocolate.
Conching does two things: develop the texture of a chocolate and develop the flavor of a chocolate. The following descriptions are gross oversimplifications but they touch on the basic outcomes of the process.
Texture development during conching is a mechanical process that involves a) breaking up particle agglomerates (clumps of sugar and/or nib), and b) making sure that all of the particles are covered with fat, making them more difficult to detect on the tongue. Conching is not about refining particles below a certain size or to achieve a particular particle size distribution. Proper and efficient texture development requires a different kind of shearing action than the shear, for example, between a grinding wheel and base or between the grinding material in conventional ball mills.
Flavor development is a lot about the selective evaporation of unwanted volatile aromatic compounds (VOCs). Alkalization (Dutch processing) is an indiscriminate chemical process; in addition to reducing acidity, alkalization affects many other volatile aromatic chemicals. With mechanical conching, heat and airflow are used instead of chemicals. By controlling temperature and airflow it is possible to gain more precise control over the final flavor outcome.
When texture development and flavor development are done independently the two processes are not interdependent and there is less worry of over-processing in one aspect to achieve the desired result in the other. When they are done together in the same machine – and one that was not designed for this purpose – it's much more difficult to time flavor and texture development to be at their optimum at the same time.
How do I know all this stuff? I helped design the first purpose-built, dedicated, conche for specialty/craft chocolate makers back in 2013-2014 for FBM in Italy. It was (and is) called the Kleego (which I got to name: Klee from Paul Klee, originally pronounced "clay", but pronounced like flee, and "go" from Gordon; Kleego = Clay Gordon).
We scaled it to process a 35kg batch out of a 65L stone grinder/refiner. Where particle size distribution can be achieved in roughly 24 hours in these devices, working on flavor can take another 24-48 hours or more. In the Kleego conching can typically be performed in 2-3 hours with independent control of the shear required for texture development and heat and airflow required for flavor development)..
Hundreds of Kleegos have been sold to award-winning specialty/craft chocolate makers around the world since its introduction.
Who Invented/Discovered Conching?
Rodolphe Lindt (yes, that Lindt) is credited with the invention of the conche / discovery of the conching process in 1879.
The story goes that Lindt was experimenting with a new machine and forgot to turn it off on a Friday evening before leaving for the weekend. Upon his return on Monday he thought that the chocolate would be ruined but instead found it transformed in both texture and flavor. Mechanical shear over an extended period of time transformed the texture and the heat evaporated off the acetic acid left behind from fermentation revealing other, delicate, aromas that were hidden by it.
Two Conching Myths
Longer conching times are necessarily better. In fact, longer conching times are not necessarily better than shorter conching times. The only thing guaranteed by longer conching is that it adds cost to the process.
The number of hours of conching tells you something meaningful. Some makers list the conching times on the label. Without knowing the exact process – what kind(s) of refining processes are used, and if a separate conche is used, for example – it's not possible to learn anything from a raw number. (And see Myth 1).
The basic processes for making chocolate have been well understood for at least 100 years. Most of the development of new machines in the last 50 years has been in the application of a better understanding of physics and chemistry to processes in order to reduce the amount of time required to perform particular steps and to otherwise increase efficiency. It is possible to perform both flavor and texture development of a refined chocolate in under 2-3 hours (and much faster in a thin-film conche) in a dedicated, purpose-built, modern, conche with precise, repeatable, digital controls. There is no readily discernible difference between a chocolate conched this way and one that was conched for 48-72 hours that can reliably be attributed to the method of conching.
Conching in an old-style longitudinal conche may be more romantic. but that does not make it necessarily better in any objective sense. There may be a placebo effect attributable confirmation bias, but that would be entirely subjective. The one thing we can confidently assert is that the longer conching takes the more expensive it is.
Why I Contend Melangers Aren't "Real" Conches
Most of the melangers in use today are based on kitchen appliances originally created in Indian cuisine – they took (and take) the place of blenders and food processors. They were never intended to refine cocoa beans, sugar, and other ingredients into finished chocolate.
Some advantages of melangers:
Melangers are easy to learn how to use and easy to understand how they work – in principle.
They are relatively inexpensive.
It is only necessary to purchase one machine to transform nib into chocolate.
It is relatively easy to scale up production from a small lab-scale melanger to a larger production melanger. (But, scaling up into a bank of melangers may just be the least environmentally sustainable way to scale production, IMO.)
However, even though melangers are relatively easy to understand and use, when it comes to making consistently good chocolate consistently, their use is something of a black art without a solid understanding of the physics and chemistry involved and being meticulous and precise.
In a melanger, texture and flavor development are dependent processes.
In a melanger, there is only one kind of shear – the shear at the very tiny contact patch between the grinding wheel and the base, and it's the same shear for the entire length of processing. If you leave the stones in contact after the desired particle size distribution has been achieved, the refining process continues during "conching". Raising the stones off the base stops the refining action, but there is no separate or sufficient kind of mechanical shear happening to break up particle agglomerates. In a two-ingredient chocolate with no added cocoa butter the extra viscosity exacerbates these issues.
In most melangers there is no way to control the temperature reliably. To some extent it can be controlled by changing the speed of rotation, but slowing the rotation lengthens the time required. Acetic acid tends to evaporate more quickly when the temperature is above 60C. You'd want to get the chocolate above this temperature at the start of conching and then drop the temperature once the acid is no longer apparent in the chocolate. Airflow (temperature-controlled) over the surface of the chocolate can help move the evaporated volatile aromatics away from the surface of the chocolate quickly and efficiently. There is very poor airflow over the surface of chocolate in most melangers.
It is primarily for these reasons that I believe that melangers can not be called conches. While they may perform aspects of conching (they actually do conche), they are very inefficient at both flavor and texture development.
Why Don't More Makers Buy Dedicated Conches?
I believe there are many reasons:
They are not as romantic as stone grinders. Romanticism is a big aspect of specialty/craft chocolate.
Many makers don't believe it's possible to conche quickly. They misunderstand that just because it possible doesn't mean it's required. While it is possible to conche in 2-3 hours, it's only necessary to conche more quickly than it takes to refine a batch.
Many makers don't think it's desirable to conche quickly – taking more time and requiring more labor are good things in specialty/craft chocolate and are to be leaned into embraced, not avoided.
Many makers think they're too expensive – misunderstanding how conches can increase quality and consistency while reducing production costs. It's actually cheaper to buy a small conche than a second melanger.
What are the fundamentals of conching and what is the best approach?
What are the fundamentals of conching and what is the best approach for a beanto bar chocolate maker? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Archived Comments-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Comment by: L…
What are your thoughts about conching? Please share with the community in the comments below.
Cocoa bean guillotine
How can I make fudge from scratch in a Savage Caramel kettle or Calico


Russia Today has cancelled its show "Adam vs. The Man," hosted by Adam Kokesh, after an FEC complaint was filed charging that Kokesh's on-air fundraising for Ron Paul broke rules against foreign campaign contributions.
Kokesh is a libertarian-leaning activist and talk radio host whose unsuccessful campaign to unseat Democrat Ben Ray Lujan in New Mexico last year won support from Paul. Since April, he has been one of several talk radio personalities to have a show out of the Washington, DC studios of the Russia-owned Russia Today, which, like Al Jazeera English, broadcasts in the Washington market on MHz Networks.
The complaint was filed on July 1st. On Tuesday, Kokesh posted his farewell show on his Facebook page.
Jesse Benton, a top Paul aide, suggested the campaign is taking the FEC complaint seriously.
"Our campaign accepts only legal contributions, but we are declining interviews with Russia Today until they resolve this situation," he said.
Kokesh and Russia Today did not respond to requests for comment, but Kokesh wrote on his Facebook page that the show's cancellation had nothing to do with the FEC request.
He also went after Benton, who had denied Kokesh's earlier request to interview Paul.


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Welcome new friends: Z; G-Man, Ketzel, Kee.
This entry was posted on Saturday, October 20th, 2012 at 9:13 am	and is filed under Chet The Dog. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
Hallows!…I didn't think Spencer and Admin enjoyed that so-called holiday…grunt!
Gah! That link isn't working, Admin.
First!…heh!heh!…My friend sent me a text from the totally-empty-busy-place….sniff!…She doesn't feel like working at all…Come home then!…dammit!
We know that quiz answer. It's an easy one, but we can't get to the link. Can youse guys?
The answer to the quiz question is that Chet lived in a gangbanger house, of course. Do we win a frisbee?
Linked!…Howlers, copy and paste the address (its not really a link) and the website comes up…snort!
I wonder what some of the quiz questions are.
It is beautiful here this morning. A husky kind of day.
Good morning All! I entered yesterday.
Cousins? Paw? Step Ma? Only Admin knows for sure.
I still haven't made it downstairs. I do not like the flu.
B.Stover . . thanks for the links.
I think that the "cousins" mentioned in the tag line on yesterday's post referred to "Eight Cousins," the place of the reading.
You're welcome Melanie. I hope that you start feeling better.
We had a winter storm warning issued for the mountain passes last night. Siber-H, Howlers and Snowhook kind of weather.
Rio! I was checking last night's after posts , and you were up top in your black tie! Very handsome indeed, my VBPF. Why does your friend have to work on Saturday, if she works 5000 hours a week anyway? I would love to borrow your coat of many colors as a back-up!
Macy, I saw that news item last night. Even though I am not a Texan, I felt bad about Tex. He's part of history. Thanks for lending me your parka. I'll have the Smoochers stop by when they blur over next week for the lightning bolts!
G&BB and Karen, you are in my thoughts always, and I send strong prayers out to you all. Please keep us posted.
Melanie, I hope you and Zoe are tip-top soon!
T&G, I have a question. Last night, as I was going to bed, as I was sinking into unconsciousness , I heard my pop call my name, very clearly. He has been on the Rinbow Bridge for six years. His birthday is on the twenty-sixth. Could that be the reason?
I did. I posted that non-working link. I needed the practice. I failed.
GAH!…My friend forgot to package and mail off the projects to Rose this morning….grump!…Good grief.
We were called away to help with barn chores. Thats all done so it is back to our 24×7 job of critter patrol.
Kat has found a new favorite activity. She likes to run circles around the rest of us and then leap over Meashka. She just sails away over top of The Hot One. We think she is an impertinant upstart. The rest of us are having a great time rassling in all these golden leaves around our yard. We love Fall.
Leaves!…Me and Beau tippy-toe around leaves…sniff!…We hate those things. It gets very tricky on our walks sometimes…grunt!
We waited them out, only to find that they did an "upgrade" late last night, and many wireless modems are less than happy about it. We know enough to reboot in situations like this, but with the "upgrade", the standard reboot didn't work. There were extra steps.
Finally got it figured out, and got online. Just for the halibut, we went to the website. It literally said – "if you cannot view this webpage, please call 1-800 – etc.
And these are the people we entrust our computer security to??
T&G: We have been very happy with our IP. Technicians are on call 24/7 and will usually make a house call within a day or so if unable to walk you through a solution over the phone.
I know what you are saying about the meaningless advice to go to the website if you need immediate assistance. They are all the same in this respect. Stupid.
14 degrees here (warmer than yesterday). Supposed to dip down to 1 degree tonight and tomorrow night starts a run of negative numbers. Aah, winter…I am ready mentally and physically.
The sun is peeking through the clouds.
Off to pickup a DVD at the library…then a quick stop at the market.
Things are looking up here. Still very tired, but Zoe seems to be through the yucky part and I was able to eat a rice cake and egg. wow.
Anyhoo, my sister came by with veggies. I gave her the wilting dried up vines and some tomatoes that were to small to get picked. Her chickens will have fun.
She is loving teaching the 6th grade. She has been teaching 8th grade science, but made the switch this year. She says they are just babies compared to the 8th graders.
This week when they were taking a pop quiz, one boy's tooth fell out. He said he needed to go to the nurse. She explained the nurse was at lunch and just put a piece of kleenex up against the gum. But then he said, "But I don't have anywhere to put my tooth!" So my sister made him a tooth pocket. Back to the quiz.
When ANOTHER boy's tooth fell out! She said it's a lot different than trying to keep the boys and girls separated because of hormones.
Sigh. Goodbye favorite mug. I am sorry that I put you too close to the edge. You have held your liquid well. I shall miss you.
Melanie, your sister is lucky if she is not dealing with hormones. I have a couple of kids where I work that are constantly talking about who is "going with" whom. One boy said, "I would ask her out if she were single". These are fifth graders sheesh.
C Hobbit, I was watching Alaska State Troopers and one of the perps said he was headed to North Pole. Lock the doors!
I went to our church festival this morning, and at the resale booth I got a professionally framed quilled candy cane for $1.75. I am sure that the person who made it would cry if she knew that they were asking so little for it. I, however, know a bargain when I see one, so I now owned a quilled piece. I think I could even do this one, it is nowhere as fancy as the one's the pug's friend does, but it is quite pretty. Maybe I can teach the older kids at school quilling 101.
After that, we went to the town Pet Fair at the animal shelter. We got all kinds of food samples, toys, poop bags, cookies, burgers, and the dog's personal favorite, dried duck feet. Belle was with us and of course she stopped off at every booth with crunchy snacks. The K-9 officer was there. She was a Belgian whatchamacallit and very pretty and playful. Isn't that what Bear is?
A couple of garage sales, and then I brought my wheezy self home to vegetate.
Maggie of the Barb and Maggie duo is up top right now!
Jodi, the person not the puppy and I treated ourselves to a movie yesterday afternoon to celebrate my past birthday and her birthday to come. The audience jumped, squealed, screamed several times. Jodi watched much of the movie staring at her bag of popcorn and I watched much of the movie staring at Jodi staring at her bag of popcorn. I'm sure it was a great romantic comedy.
Thoughts and prayers are with G&BB's family today.
Melanie – sadly it is always our favorite mugs that are the most at risk, because they are out there on the field more than the others.
I had a mug that lasted me 30 years, and finally had to be retired.
It developed some tiny leak at the bottom that kept it from holding coffee reliably.
Dad is feeling much better today. Yesterday he slept the whole day and last night. Sleep is a great healer. Today he is much more alert, has started eating, and visiting with all his family and friends that have been visiting. No pathology report yet but we are taking this one day at a time. Thank you all for the continued prayers and comfort. The posts and emails mean so much to us.
Good news Gus&BooBear, Nothing really happens on the weekends.
Macy. Did ve leave s h o e s at your house during sleepover? Ve have been looking everyvhere for them.
Running errands today was very nice. A picture perfect day with fluffy clouds floating across a blue, blue sky and everything washed clean from the rain.
We are thankful for the encouraging news from Gus&BooBear.
Macy: I am indeed a Belgian (Malinois) whatchamacallit. As you know, our kind is very popular with law enforcement types.
Melanie: Sorry to hear about your favorite mug.
G&B, Hope your dad continues to improve. One day at a time.
Does anyone remember that super cool picture of a dog of war? The one where he/she is running out of some water and just gives you shivers because there is so much power and intelligence pouring out of that dog. I believe that was a Malinois whatchamacallit.
Barb had to go babysit Jackson at 7:30 this monring. Gah! She says dogs are easier! Jackson is 3 and had a meltdown because Barb wouldn't let him play with his folks computer. Evidently he broke it again by shoving 4 discs into it. Who lets a 3 year old play with their computer!
Gah. I don't know what parallel reality BSD is living in today, but in my world it is raining.
B&M: Who normally takes care of Jackson when his folks are not at home? We are wondering where he got the idea it was okay to play with the computer.
Masquers: I think my two-legged received a memo saying I should not be allowed on her fancy work laptop without her supervision. She never lets me have any fun.
Wose and Linda the Lurker: Please check your SDD.
Masquers, Jackson's other grandma does a lot of babysitting. However, I think that his mama lets him do things like that till he breaks something. He is very active and sort of runs willy nilly thru the house, getting into the extremely expensive fridge and cabinets on his own. Can't reach? No prob, he climbs the pantry shelves or pushes something over to stand on! He is not allowed to do those things at our house. He has to ask, dog forbid!
Mug!…Just be happy it wasn't your favorite pug that fell off the counter…snorkel!
photos!… Well, since someone did not get Rose's projects mailed today she has decided to let me post some photo's of them…snort!…Rose said it was okay with her (i think)…heh!
Roses!…Here is the Rose bouquet in the little gold basket. It is very different from the one my friend made for Rose way back when…grunt!
Next!…She wanted two miniture bouquets…sniff!…So my friend made two the same only different…wheeze!
Rio: I can't speak for Rose, but that is absolutely beautiful. I love the colors not to mention the skill in creating each of those roses. Beautiful!
Finally!…A photo of Beau and his chewie….snort!…Look how fat he is!…grunt!
More pictures! Rio, your friend has outdone herself! I have a couple of quilled magnets from your friend and they are among my prized possessions.
Rebecca!…She has made a cupboard full of stuff for the Holiday Boutique – whenever that is…snort!
Cane!…I hope Macy posts a photo of the Candy Cane…sniff!…My friend wants to rip-off the design…heh!heh!
Rio: Please check your SDD!
The rents just told us that they have to bring home the beer kegs from last night's dinner. They said there is a lot of beer left, and everyone they call for help already has other plans. Oughta be a rip-roaring good time tonight.
Howlers!…I'm free tonight. I've never seen a keg of beer before…snort!
Whew, today is long. Nice thing is we keep getting pictures of Mia!
So my sister gave bits of my garden to her chickens. Here you go!
Rio, You friend's work only gets better each time. We are also glad that things have worked out for Beau. It seems like it was touch and go there for awhile, but now he has his forever home. I bet you are secretly glad. BTW, Gah made it into AFOC but we have yet to see snorkle or wheeze.
Howlers, wish we were closer, we would come over for a mug or two.
Mia is such a blessing! How wonderful a gift!
Howlers: I think Pancho and Lefty can been called upon to help out with the keg if needed.
Barb!…If each project got worse and worse she would have to quit!…heh!heh!…Barb lets go to The Howlers Farm and have some brewskies out of a Keg!…chuffle!
SECOND SEASON OF SHERLOCK IS ON STREAMING NETFLIX!!!!!!
Wose: I am to tell you to check your SDD.
Rio: I'm to tell you the same. My two-legged is very demanding.
Egads!…sniff!…Like all I have time for is to check my SDD…huffle!
Sherlock!…Finally the second season. That seemed like forever since we saw the first season…wheeze!…I bet it is on Netflix and I bet my friend has ordered it already…heh!
WOOOOO!….That Netflix DVD that someone has not had time to open and put into our dvd player?…snort!…It happens to be the latest Sherlock Holmes Movie!….WOOOOOO…A Game of Shadows. We've been waiting forever for this movie!…yipppeeee!…She says we have to go for our walk first because look how fat Beau is…grump!
Rio and Barb, please come on east and enjoy the beer. It is Sierra Nevada, for heavens sake. Can't get much better than that.
And bring food. Mom has no food to give anyone that comes to help.
That goes for Pancho and Lefty too.
Howlers: We come bearing gifts! We borrowed some Slim Joms from Tenzing's stash. We left an 'I owe you' note, so it's not stealing. Is it?
Nattie, I had a feeling those might be your shoes. You will have to make arrangements to get them back, since no one knows where you are.
Nattie, I had a feeling those might be your shews. You will have to make arrangements to get them back, since no one knows where you are.
This is for Friend of Pug.
Rio! Your friend has out done herself!!! I love the rose basket…..the colors are beautiful! And the little bouquets are lovely! As I am writing this I am looking at the fairies and the beautiful purple flowers she made. I am so excited! Can 't wait to receive them!
Beau looks very much at home in the picture. I'm glad he has found his forever home.
Kat, the smoochiest of Smoochers is up top!
G&BB, I am so relieved to hear you pop is doing better. Good thoughts continue to come at you from Westchester. Take good care of your Mom.
THE Woman. Excellent. And I have another "Sherlock" to watch tomorrow!
Did you guys like my sister's chickens? She is thinking of getting some pullets (?) in February.
That's if for me. The clothes have dried. Sherlock is over. Patsy is looking at me.
Prof and I saw the film "Argo" today. Very good film. Ben Affleck has turned into a very good director. He is also very good in the film.
Melanie, Pullets are young hens. Is she going to keep the ones she has and add to the flock? They are very pretty.
Howlers, We have never had Sierra Nevada. What is it like?
Getting ready to say good night. Long day here!
Pancho & Lefty – are you a Townes fan, SteveEarle fan or both?
Terry: We're fans of a little bit of this and little bit of that, and mostly of anything that isn't nailed down. Our Lady, SnowBella is a fan.
Rio: Seems to be a battle between the brutal walks and the Zingers.
Good thing for us your Friend didn't get Rose's package mailed today 'cause now we get to see the beautiful pictures.
You will love the latest Sherlock movie!
Wose: We have that movie on our list of "to sees". Thanks for the thumbs up.
Movie!…Oh grump! Not until she does the dishes…wheeze!…This is taking forever!..dammit!
Bear, I think you will really enjoy the movie.
Rio up top in black tie!
Macy, we like your candy cane. Getting us in the holiday mood.
Movie!…On! Now!…Yippeee!…I'm not missing any baseball games, am I?….grunt!
Macy!…My friend says "thanks!" and also, "very interesting"…snort!
Sherlock!…So far I love!love!love! this movie!…snort!…"It's so overt it's covert."….heh!heh!
We did the dishes here too. Our least favorite thing. When the Turtleman comes over he brings his wife E and she loves to do dishes. I really really like her even though she beats me at cards.
Moriarty!…Hey, the Englishman from Madmen is Moriarty….snort!…He is an awesome actor – wish I knew his real name…heh!
Sherlock!…"Do you need me to explain or can we just crack on?"….chorkel!heh!snort!…burp!…Having fun watching this movie…heh!
Alone!…Where is everyone tonight?…sniff!…Oh, yeah. Youse guys are all over at the Howlers Farm drinking beer from a Keg…wheeze!
Rio: I like the second Sherlock better than the first movie. AJ and I are going into town tonight to pick up Handler Jeremy from the airport.
Rebecca!…Now I will be really all alone…sniff!…Good thing I got Sherlock and Moriarty tonight…huffle!
Didn't Pancho and Lefty pick you up on their way to the Howlers? They must have gotten lost.
Nope!…I'm sitting here beerless in colorado…grunt!
Sherlock!… On a pony…heh!heh!…The music at this point in the film reminded me of The Good The Bad and The Ugly…heh!heh!
OMDawg!… Jude Law, Robert Downey Jr, and Stephen Fry for gosh sakes…heh!…Plus all the other wonderful actors. What a rollicking good time…heh!…Jude Law made his big screen debut in "Midnight In The Garden Of Good and Evil" starring along with non other than Kevin Spacey…heh!heh!
Hi Chet, my name is Max. I often go by Maxy although sometimes the daughter of my people embarrasses me by calling me Maxipad, and in public even! Grrrr…..
My humans are old and lazy and so am I. I'm a mutt with German Shepard and who knows what in me, which makes me fashionably both blond and a brunette! My chin has become grizzled and I like to lie on the couch with my head hanging down. I appear to be asleep but I can often hear my humans wondering why my head is not pulling me to the ground, and whether there is too much blood in my brain when I do this and other nonsense!
I could have been one of those therapy hospital dogs because I am calm and love everybody, particularly since I discovered that there are so many styles of petting. Of course I am a terrible watchdog and would never be able to be a detective like you. I just wag my tail at anybody but my male human claims I would know if someone had criminal intentions. My female human looks doubtful at that but she promises to protect me from bad guys and gals.
I love the water the rain has left in odd place such as an old tire (did I already say my humans are lazy and haven't got rid of it after all that time (days, months, years?). The older and odder the water the better, yum!
I've asked my humans to post a picture of me but they haven't read the instruction book that came with their cell phone so they don't know how. I repeatedly dropped that booklet on their lap or on the ground they look bored by the whole project. They mumble something about how it was bad enough going from using quills (from white hens in the backyards of old monks way back when) to writing with less picturesque implements. I too miss writing with quills because my job would have been to chase those hens so that my humans could pluck one of their tail feathers.
Chet I really admire your bravery and enjoy reading about your adventures, well my humans do but they tell me about them. So I am happy to have made your acquaintance!
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Linklaters Business Services vs Sir Robert McAlpine & Others: Subcontractor's duty of care
By Stacy Sinclair2010-04-10T21:26:00+01:00
Did Southern Insulation owe Linklaters a duty of care in respect of the supply and installation of the thermal insulation to the pipework?
The Case
The basic principle with respect to latent damage was set out by Lord Bridge in the well-known case of Murphy v Brentwood District Council (1991): if a builder erects a structure containing a latent defect which results in injury to person or damage to other property, he will be liable in tort.
However, if the latent defect merely damages the building itself and can be repaired at a cost, that loss is purely economic loss and cannot be recovered in tort.
Prior to the Murphy case however, it was thought that there could be situations where one element of a building could be regarded as distinct from another, so that damage to one part of the structure caused by a hidden defect in another part, might qualify as "other property" and therefore be recoverable in tort. This is known "Complex Structure Theory".
The theory has hardly survived over the past 20 years given the wide acceptance of the House of Lords' decision in Murphy. However, the present case suggests that there may be some hope yet. Will we see a revival of the complex structure theory?
The claimant ("Linklaters"), a company associated with the well-known solicitors Linklaters LLP, appointed a developer to undertake extensive refurbishment works to their premises at 1 Silk Street, London. The developer engaged Sir Ropert McAlpine Ltd (the "Main Contractor") who in turn engaged a specialist mechanical and electrical engineering subcontractor, How Engineering Services ("HES").
HES then entered into a further subcontract with Southern Insulation Ltd ("Southern Insulation") to supply and install the thermal insulation to the vertical chilled water pipework. The refurbishment works were completed in 1996.
In October 2009, Linklaters commenced proceedings against the main contractor with respect to a leak found in 2006 in one of the vertical chilled water pipes. Linklaters allege that extensive rust or corrosion occurred as a result of the main contractor's failure to apply the thermal insulation and vapour barrier to the pipework.
The main contractor, in Part 20 proceedings, is seeking indemnities or contributions from HES, and HES of course assert that they are entitled to a contribution from their subcontractor Southern Insulation.
In this application, Southern Insulation sought summary judgement on the grounds that HES have no reasonable prospect of success against Southern Insulation, or alternatively, that the HES contribution claim be struck out as there are no reasonable grounds for the claim. Southern Insulation asserted that, as the loss Linklaters claim to have suffered is pure economic loss, no duty of care exists or extends to cover such loss.
HES argued that the damage caused by Southern Insulation's negligence is damage to work or materials or elements of the building that was not provided by Southern Insulation. As such, this gives rise to an action in tort and therefore HES are entitled to claim a contribution from them.
Mr Justice Akenhead held that this case was not suitable for striking out or for summary judgement. He found that the earlier cases said to be of binding authority, did not specifically address the extent of any duty of care owed by a subcontractor or supplier who provides an element of the building being constructed. Such cases as Murphy, D&F Estates v Church Commissioners for England and Bellefield Computer v E Turner & Sons were primarily concerned with whether the overall builder of the whole building owes a duty of care to owners or occupiers of that building with whom it has not been in contract.
The Judge stated: "What has not been explored and examined in any great detail is the extent of the duty of care owed by those in the position of subcontractors … and suppliers whose carelessness in and about providing the work, materials, services or equipment which are incorporated into a building or structure causes consequential damage to other elements of the building. The scope of this duty and where the diving lines are remain to be explored."
Mr Justice Akenhead therefore found that the points of law raised were ones which might go either way and is area of law which is still developing. Therefore, it will be necessary at trial to establish what happened between all the parties to determine the liability of the main contractor, the subcontractor and the sub-subcontractor. Accordingly, Southern Insulation will still be involved in the forthcoming proceedings.
Mr Justice Akenhead gave permission to appeal on the grounds that "it raises interesting and important issues of law upon which the Court of Appeal might well wish to rule."
As some broad indications as to what may or may not be covered by any duty of care owed by subcontractors, Mr Justice Akenhead referred Lord Jauncey in the case of Murphy v Brentwood who held that defects in ancillary equipment such as central heating boilers or electrical installation, that gave rise to damage to other parts of the building, could be recoverable.
Furthermore, Lord Jauncey gave support to the limited application of the complex structure theory in the case of a "building where one integral component of the structure was built by a separate contractor and where a defect in such a component had caused damage to other parts of the structure…"
It appears that after nearly 20 years, the case put forward by Lord Jauncey has now found favour in the court. Mr Justice Akenhead's decision has the potential to greatly widen the liability of subcontractors, subject of course to the result of any appeal that may be made.
Linklaters Business Services (formerly Hackwood Services Company) v (1) Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd (2) Sir Robert McAlpine (Holdings) Ltd (3) How Engineering Services (4) How Group Ltd (5) Southern Insulation (Medway) Ltd [2010] EWHC 1145 (TCC), 21 May 2010, The Honourable Mr Justice Akenhead.
Aedifice vs Mr Ashwin Shah: Does the adjudicator have jurisdiction?
The process of objecting to an adjudicator's jurisdiction has to be conducting properly, as this case highlights…
Chalbury McCouat vs PG Foils: failure to choose location for arbitration
These parties agreed the dispute resolution mechanism but failed to say in which country the arbitral tribunal should be held
Case in focus: Payless notices
An effective payless notice must include an explanation of the grounds for withholding, a headline figure and a calculation showing how that figure has been produced
5 minutes with… Dave Sheridan, executive chair, Ilke Homes
Dave Sheridan tells Building about parmos, the Sydney Opera House, and Middlesbrough
The skills shortage is already crippling construction yet the government seems comatose in the face of the impact a no-deal Brexit will have on recruitment
Nobody could stay still this week – from flying visits to noble endeavours in the Shropshire hills and Spiderman-like feats of dexterity

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Media Area
EuroNASCAR Esports Series
EuroNASCAR Teams
History of NWES
Championship Structure
Pure Racing
"Racing, style and good times": SpeedHouse adds Arianna Casoli to its 2022 EuroNASCAR 2 program
André Wiegold / Arianna Casoli www.euronascar.com March 9, 2022
Arianna Casoli found a new home for the 2022 NASCAR Whelen Euro Series season. The Italian will join Speedhouse Racing to compete in the EuroNASCAR 2 Championship. The driver from Reggio Emilia will compete in her seventh season in Europe's official NASCAR Series and give all her best to grab the fourth Lady Trophy title of her career, which would set a record across all NWES trophies, and her second Legend Trophy.
Casoli joined the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series back in 2016 and made significant progress since her first race at the wheel of a V8 beast. Casoli won the Lady Trophy in 2016, 2019 and 2021 and also topped the Legend Trophy standings for drivers aged 40 and more in 2020. With her 32 Lady Trophy successes, she also holds the record for the most race wins in any NWES trophy. She also won the Legend Trophy in 2020.
"I'm really happy about the opportunity to be part of the project Lucas Lasserre created with Speedhouse," said Casoli. "I have known Lucas for some years and I always appreciated his determination and his racing attitude: he's always smiling but also very professional and successful. Lucas has a strong personality and is a very fast driver who knows the pure racing character of EuroNASCAR since the series was created."
"He left his mark in the series as a driver and team owner and therefore I think he will continue to develop his team with his enthusiasm as well as with his technical, sporting and interpersonal skills," she continued. "I'm sure our plan for the season will help me to improve my driving skills and I can't wait to begin this new chapter of my racing career. I hope we will have the fans back in the paddock again. My personal goals are to improve myself and have fun."
Casoli will take the wheel of the #14 Ford Mustang in blue colors and "a touch of pink". Her famous gecko will also highlight the design of the new car fielded by Speedhouse Racing. "I have the desire to constantly learn, grow and be an example for the new generations – especially for female drivers. It's going to be a new chapter of my racing career and I can't wait to hit the track on May 14-15 at Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia."
Credits: Luca Bottazzi
Team boss Lucas Lasserre has been a driver in EuroNASCAR since the inception of the series in 2009. With Speedhouse Racing, the Frenchman built his own organization and ended up third in the 2021 EuroNASCAR PRO standings with Lasserre himself at the wheel of the #64 Ford Mustang. The NWES veteran, who reinforced his organization with Marco Raggi as Sporting Manager and Clément De Proyart as Communication Manager, is happy to welcome Casoli in his expanding team.
"As the team owner, I'm happy to confirm Arianna Casoli in our driver line-up for the 2022 NWES season," Lasserre said. "Arianna will bring all her EuroNASCAR experience and a great atmosphere with her smile for sure. Speedhouse Racing is set to provide her with the best opportunity to reach our common goals in the upcoming season and I will personally coach Ary. Arianna is the perfect match to Speedhouse Racing's values: racing, style and good times!"
The 2022 NASCAR Whelen Euro Series will kick off on May 14-15 at the legendary Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia, Spain. Qualifying and all four sprint cars will be broadcasted live on EuroNASCAR's social media channels – YouTube, Facebook, Twitch – and Motorsport.tv.


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Last Saturday (March 30) was an unusual date for us, it was a night full of grappling, kicking and punching. Don't get me wrong me didn't fight haha. We watched the "Baragan at Latayan" event at the Sidewalk Food Hub. It was organized by the Underground Battle Mixed Martial Arts Championship where there ate 13 bouts of Fun Fights, 12 bouts of Predator Fight Series and 4 bouts for the Quarter Finals of Juego Todo.
To give you a brief background about UGBMMA, they are the Premier Amateur Mixed Martial Arts League in the Philippines armed with three year exclusive WSOF-GC (World Series of Fighting Global Championship) contact.
Fun Fights are strictly amateur league, the participants with zero experience can fight inside the cage while the Preadtor Fight Series are also known the gym beat down fights.
For the main event, this not the traditional MMA cage-fighting. Juego Todo is the newest Hybrid Combat Sports. Each fighter will use a padded sticks with the concept of "hatawan", "basagan", "ratratan" and "wasakan. This is a weaponized cage fighting.
Round 3 (No headgear, no body armour): Mano y mano (Fighters can use different forms of Filipino martial arts, including Panuntukan, Sikaran, Dumog, Buno, Yaw-Yan, etc.
It was a walk out KO from Monith Pabroa vs John Leono Carreon.
Followed by Jason Mahusay Oranda vs Joemar Gallaza where Oranda was declared winner on points using the refined Juego Todo Ruleset.
It was an awesome experience to watched this kind of fight, thanks Underground Battle Mixed Martial Arts Championship. If you want to know more about them check out website and social media accounts below.


text:
Jumanji: The Next Level Review – Powered Up
Luke Y. ThompsonSaturday, December 14, 2019
Despite having one of the most annoying trailers of the year, the third Jumanji film is a substantial improvement over its predecessor. Indeed, Dwayne Johnson's Danny DeVito impersonation is nowhere near as bad as it initially looked and Kevin Hart's Danny Glover may be a minor miracle. But perhaps it's easier to relax with the formula once all of the exposition is out of the way. Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle felt overly concerned with explaining its major differences with the original Robin Williams movie. As such, it wound up looking like a mediocre video game. The Next Level does it better. There's a car racing level, a platforming level, a puzzle level, and a Metal Gear Solid-style stealth action level.
Despite the previous adventure very nearly costing him his life, college freshman Spencer (Alex Wolff) feels alone and dispirited at his minimum-wage job. Not to mention insecure at his sort-of girlfriend Martha's (Morgan Turner) seemingly very-happening Instagram feed. So he longs to once again be ubermensch Dr. Smolder Bravestone (Dwayne Johnson) inside the Jumanji video game. It doesn't quite work out like he expects, so his friends follow him in to ensure he actually has a shot at surviving. Because the game is apparently into tough love, it gives Spencer a new avatar with his exact same life skills. And it also sucks in bickering elderly ex-friends Eddie (DeVito), who happens to be Spencer's grandfather, and Milo (Glover), his ex-business partner with a grudge. Nothing like a little mortal peril against killer ostriches to mend fences.
RELATED: Review: It Chapter Two Brings Scary Therapy From an Evil Clown
Adding to the fun this time, all the in-game avatars save Karen Gillan's Ruby Roundhouse (still Martha) and Nick Jonas' Jefferson McDonough get controlled by different people. This gives most of the leads new room to play. Jack Black's Prof. Oberon goes from precious Bethany to frustrated Fridge (Ser'Darius Blain), while Bravestone is clueless as Eddie, and Hart's "Mouse" Finbar a befuddled Milo. Later, even more wrinkles occur as characters and players are added and find ways to switch bodies, including into a new thief avatar played by Awkwafina.
Speaking of — Awkwafina may well earn an Oscar-nomination this year for The Farewell. But there's a scene in this movie where she has to act an emotionally poignant scene opposite a CG horse. While pretending to be a completely different actor. And she sells the hell out of it. It will never win her awards, but it might just be proof that she can do anything.
The sense that Jumanji itself might be a sort of benevolent, tough-love Phantom Tollbooth of sorts feels like a new, or at least newly emphasized, development. Even the exploding cake feels more justified in that respect, as a diet incentive for Fridge. Also, the game world's potential as a land of eternal youth takes on a new meaning with seniors involved. The franchise has yet to actually reveal if the loss of that final in-game life really leads to permanent death. But I'm starting to suspect not. Since a further sequel tease mid-credits suggests another direction for the next one, we may find out soon enough. Can it reconcile good intent with the very first film's 30-year imprisonment of Robin Williams?
RELATED: Jumanji: The Next Level's Final Trailer Ups the Stakes
Not that it matters too much, since you surely weren't expecting Game of Thrones. Though the Hound (Rory McCann) shows up as the game's final boss. As with any two-hour movie that has to represent the kind of video game which would take much longer to play, the actual game in itself feels short. But the slightly exaggerated fierce animals are wonderful threats. And the rope-bridge platform level (with mandrills!) might be the best big-screen level of Mario Maker ever. Jake Kasdan's directing has improved substantially, and the pace never lags. It takes tactical respites when necessary for pacing, but that's different. The 3D version, incidentally, is good but unnecessary.
While I'm partial to the more Amblin-horror approach of the original Jumanji and the semi spin-off Zathura, The Next Level gives me hope for the series' current incarnation. Not to mention Kevin Hart's career. Mostly forced out of his comfort zone and usual persona, the comedian's take on Danny Glover as a rambling raconteur stays consistently great. With more character work like this, he could win back viewers tired of the usual high-speed shtick. Moreover, if Jake Kasdan's ability to string setpieces together keeps similarly getting better, this franchise might gain even more fans.
Tags: Jumanji, Jumanji: The Next Level


Jun. 5, 2018 2:00 p.m.
A 24-year-old man is dead after he was crushed by a dump truck on a North Vancouver construction site.
The incident happened at 10:30 a.m. Tuesday near Handsworth Road and Timberline Place.
RCMP said the Vancouver man was working close to the truck when he was knocked down and crushed. He was pronounced dead at the scene.
A number of agencies are investigating the death, including WorksSafe BC and BC Coroners Service.
VIDEO: Sexually transmitted infections up, HIV down in B.C.


text:
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Do you dream of seeing your book on the store shelf, your words on the screen of an eReader or your name on the bestsellers list? Each year Ambassador International works with a variety of talented, passionate authors using their gifts to change lives. Learn more about our selection process and what it takes to become a published author.
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home » books » Everett Coates
Everett Coates
Everett Coates received a BS degree in geology from North Carolina State University in 1975 and has worked for over thirty years as a soil scientist with the USDA Soil Conservation Service and as an environmental health specialist, soil scientist and environmental engineer with the Wake County Department of Environmental Services in Raleigh, North Carolina. He is a sustaining (non-voting) member of the Creation Research Society. For several years he was a member of the Board of the Triangle Association for the Science of Creation in Raleigh. He also served for approximately three years on the North Carolina Innovative and Experimental Committee, which advises and provides guidance to the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Health, On-Site Water Protection Section concerning information provided by manufacturers of new innovative and experimental on-site waste water treatment and disposal technologies.
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text:
<?php

namespace app\models\ar;

use Yii;

/**
 * This is the model class for table "question".
 *
 * @property integer $id
 * @property integer $question_type_id
 * @property string $text
 * @property string $data
 * @property string $hint
 * @property string $comment
 * @property integer $cost
 *
 * @property Answer[] $answers
 * @property ChallengeHasQuestion[] $challengeHasQuestions
 * @property Challenge[] $challenges
 * @property QuestionType $questionType
 * @property QuestionHasChallengeType[] $questionHasChallengeTypes
 * @property ChallengeType[] $challengeTypes
 * @property QuestionHasCourse[] $questionHasCourses
 * @property Course[] $courses
 * @property QuestionHasSubject[] $questionHasSubjects
 * @property Subject[] $subjects
 */
class Question extends \app\components\ActiveRecord
{
    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public static function tableName()
    {
        return 'question';
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function rules()
    {
        return [
            [['question_type_id'], 'required'],
            [['question_type_id', 'cost'], 'integer'],
            [['text', 'data', 'hint', 'comment'], 'string'],
            [['question_type_id'], 'exist', 'skipOnError' => true, 'targetClass' => QuestionType::className(), 'targetAttribute' => ['question_type_id' => 'id']],
        ];
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc
     */
    public function attributeLabels()
    {
        return [
            'id' => 'ID',
            'question_type_id' => 'Question Type ID',
            'text' => 'Text',
            'data' => 'Data',
            'hint' => 'Hint',
            'comment' => 'Comment',
            'cost' => 'Cost',
        ];
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getAnswers()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Answer::className(), ['question_id' => 'id'])->inverseOf('question');
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getChallengeHasQuestions()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(ChallengeHasQuestion::className(), ['question_id' => 'id'])->inverseOf('question');
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getChallenges()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Challenge::className(), ['id' => 'challenge_id'])->viaTable('challenge_has_question', ['question_id' => 'id']);
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getQuestionType()
    {
        return $this->hasOne(QuestionType::className(), ['id' => 'question_type_id'])->inverseOf('questions');
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getQuestionHasChallengeTypes()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(QuestionHasChallengeType::className(), ['question_id' => 'id'])->inverseOf('question');
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getChallengeTypes()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(ChallengeType::className(), ['id' => 'challenge_type_id'])->viaTable('question_has_challenge_type', ['question_id' => 'id']);
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getQuestionHasCourses()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(QuestionHasCourse::className(), ['question_id' => 'id'])->inverseOf('question');
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getCourses()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Course::className(), ['id' => 'course_id'])->viaTable('question_has_course', ['question_id' => 'id']);
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getQuestionHasSubjects()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(QuestionHasSubject::className(), ['question_id' => 'id'])->inverseOf('question');
    }

    /**
     * @return \yii\db\ActiveQuery
     */
    public function getSubjects()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Subject::className(), ['id' => 'subject_id'])->viaTable('question_has_subject', ['question_id' => 'id']);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
import handlers

routes = []
routes.extend(handlers.add_comment.route)
routes.extend(handlers.get_new_pic.route)
routes.extend(handlers.index.route)
routes.extend(handlers.like.route)
routes.extend(handlers.load_more.route)
routes.extend(handlers.login.route)
routes.extend(handlers.logout.route)
routes.extend(handlers.new_pic_notify.route)
routes.extend(handlers.register.route)
routes.extend(handlers.upload_avatar.route)
routes.extend(handlers.upload_file.route)
routes.append((r"/(.*)", handlers.error.ErrorHandler))


Believe you have an awe-inspiring novel stowed away in you somewhere but you're intimidated by the indomitable blank page (or screen)? Never fear, we're here to help with these lists of tips from acclaimed classic and contemporary authors. So, whether you can't find a way to start or are stumbling around for a way to define your prose, the answer may rest in one of the following lists.
7. Write to please just one person. If you open a window and make love to the worlds, so to speak, your story will get pneumonia.
Pulitzer and Nobel Prize winner John Steinbeck reigned from the Great Depression through the start of the 1960s with a plethora of novels. Chief among them was The Grapes of Wrath (1939). He is also known for his tragic novella about two migrant workers titled Of Mice and Men (1937). In a 1975 interview for The Paris Review, Steinbeck offered his views on what helped him write such perceptive literature during his time.
The sexually candid author of the infamously banned Tropic of Cancer (published in France in 1934 and in the U.S. in 1961), who achieved a free and easy style that became a critical influence for the following Beat Generation, offered, in his book Henry Miller on Writing (1964), 11 "commandments" for writing that he wholeheartedly believed to aid his success.
Now known as the "martyred king of Beats," Jack Kerouac, with his impulsive yet lucid prose as typified in On the Road (1957), led a generation of poets and authors known as the Beat Generation. Listed below are his 30 thoughts, titled "Belief & Technique for Modern Prose," that he believed to enable him and others to write as he did.
George Orwell—acclaimed novelist, essayist, and critic—has been praised for his allegory of the Russian Revolution in Animal Farm (1945) and for his warnings against the dangers of totalitarianism in the dystopian novel 1984 (1949). However, few (other than literary and language scholars) remember the author for his deft command of the English language, as demonstrated and discussed in his essay "Politics and the English Language" (1946), in which he lays out some key questions and rules for the production of good writing.
Becoming an instant success with the publication of her inaugural novel, White Teeth (2000), Zadie Smith has continued to earn the praise of readers and critics for her perceptive renderings of unique characters described through her witty and astute prose. In a 2010 article for The Guardian, Smith offered some sound tips for those trying to compose creative fiction.
3. Don't romanticise your "vocation." You can either write good sentences or you can't. There is no "writer's lifestyle." All that matters is what you leave on the page.
7. Work on a computer that is disconnected from the Internet.
10. Tell the truth through whichever veil comes to hand—but tell it. Resign yourself to the lifelong sadness that comes from never being satisfied.
As an internationally renowned author of comic books, novels, and children's books, Neil Gaiman has effectively captured the dark side of his readers' attention. His comics, notably his most famous, Sandman, deal with horrific and fantastical themes that demonstrate a style entirely unique in its own right. Gaiman, in an article for The Guardian, shares what he believes to be the definitive rules for writing.
5 Good Books That Inspired Bad DeedsWords gone wild.


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text:
Why Are French Women Allowed to Age and Still Be Sexy?
By Alice Pfeiffer
Courtesy of Luois Vuitton
Photo: Courtesy of Louis Vuitton
The latest Louis Vuitton campaign features two iconic French women: actress Catherine Deneuve and It-girl/model Caroline de Maigret. The former is 70-years-old and the latter is reaching a sudden peak as she is about to turn 39. Both share the same sultry eyes, bed hair, and undeniable sex appeal.
Although in fashion, youth never gets old, French luxury brands have tend to choose models that are a tad more mature. Recent examples include 47-year-old actress Sophie Marceau wearing nothing but bed sheets and a Chaumet watch for the brand's campaign or a seemingly topless 46-year-old former French first lady Carla Bruni for Bulgari.
Related: What Happens When French Women Do Get Fat
Not only are these women closer to the customers' age, they also mirror the local belief that seductiveness and sexuality don't go down the drain after the age of 40. In fact, Gallic culture is peppered with post-menopausal bombshells. Take fashion: 59-year-old Carine Roitfeld (no need to introduce her) stills rock her stilettos and slit skirts; former model and Schiaparelli ambassador Farida Khelfa (51 years old) continues to close Jean Paul Gaultier shows.
Carine Roitfeld Photo: Getty Images
The same goes for many actresses who still appeal to the entire nation as the years go by. Isabelle Huppert, age 60, specialized in provocative, controversial roles in The Piano Teacher and Ma Mère, where she played a mother that introduces her own son to S&M sex. As for Catherine Deneuve, she has a raunchy lesbian encounter with her maid in Eight Women.
Related: How French Women Curb Cravings: This 5-Minute Breakfast
On red carpets, 64-year-old Fanny Ardant frequently opts for a silk blouse and obvious black bra, and Béatrice Dalle (49) is a known fan of bondage-y fashion.
"Aging is a rather American fear—a young country afraid to get old. Here, buildings are old and forever beautiful" says Alice Litscher, a professor in fashion communication at Paris' Institut Français de la Mode. "Historically, women's appearances reflected the social status and well being of their home. To this day, if a woman looks chic and sexy, it probably means her husband does well and [that she] is having lots of sex." In other words, a seductive older (generally married, generally bourgeois) woman is a fabulous mascot for a Catholic, strong, respectable, middle-class country.
Caroline de Maigret Photo: Getty Images
Here is the key difference: In American cinema, if a woman old enough to be a grandmother is portrayed looking for love or lust, it becomes the topic of the entire film—see: Something's Gotta Give.
Icons like Diane Keaton, Meryl Streep, and Jane Fonda are no longer given roles where beauty and seduction are at the core of their characters. Typically in French cinema, sexuality and sex appeal are viewed as an intrinsic quality within women, which evolves with age but doesn't fade.
"Sex appeal doesn't go away because we don't have such a precise definition of beauty. Quirkiness and charm are more valued than a static idea of perfection. In the United States, beauty is almost mathematical and can only be achieved in your 20s," says Laurence Vely, an editor at Vanity Fair France, who feels a lot of women become more attractive with age. "Once you hit 40, you finally know yourself and what suits you. [You] have real confidence."
Sophie Marceau Photo: Getty Images
Here is the ultimate clue: Remember and believe you can be an object of desire throughout your life, but don't pretend you are forever 25. Mademoiselle Chanel told us that "fashion fades but style is eternal." Why not, then, say the same about youth and sex appeal?
Alice Pfeiffer Alice Pfeiffer is is ELLE.com's Paris contributor.
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Cinnamon Animal Crackers | wanna come with?
This is a really simple dough to make and it comes together in just a few minutes in a food processor. I'm going to tell you guys a secret – I hate using my food processor. It's nothing to do with how it works or quality of dough compared to a mixer, and everything to do with fear of cutting myself on the blade. Because it's happened. You may need to stop reading if you're squeamish… I don't have a dishwasher so I have to wash this up by hand, and that blade? Is incredibly sharp. One time when I was washing it, my hand slipped and I sliced right through my fingernail and into the finger. Ow. Also gross. So now I'm totally paranoid every time I need to use it. Ugh. This is the only time I really wish I had a dishwasher.
When the dough first comes out of the food processor, it's pretty crumbly, but it kneads together beautifully. It needs to refrigerate for at least half an hour before rolling – probably to hydrate the dough – and at that point I found the dough to be really wet. I don't usually use flour when I roll out cookie dough (just parchment or wax paper), but this dough was so sticky I ended up flouring both my work surface and the top of the dough as well. And the cookie cutters – don't forget to flour your cookie cutters.
The cookies puff up in the oven as they bake, but don't spread. And then they flatten back out again, so their shape isn't really distorted.
The taste is fantastic. Cinnamon and honey combine to create a flavour that reminds me more of graham crackers than animal crackers, but that's just fine. That means I'm still on the hunt for the perfect animal cracker recipe (and get to use my cutters again!). I think the cardamom cookies I made last year are a pretty good contender, but does anyone have any recommendations?
One of my coworkers says these cookies taste like the mini donuts from the fair, while another says they remind her of cinnamon buns. Both good associations. When they first came out of the oven, they were nice and crisp (my preference), but they'd softened up by the next day and became soft and chewy – I'm sure that's the honey at work there. Still good, but I like the crispiness better.
Adapted from The Good Cookie by Tish Boyle. The number of cookies this recipe will yield will depend on how thick you roll the dough and the size of the cutter you use. I got just shy of 100 small cookies.
In a small bowl, combine the milk, honey, and vanilla extract and whisk together until smooth. Set aside.
In the bowl of your food processor, combine the flour, sugars, baking soda, cinnamon, and salt. Pulse a few times to combine. Add the butter and pulse until the mixture is crumbly and resembles coarse meal.
Add the liquid mixture and continue to pulse until the mixture begins to come together in a cohesive dough.
Remove from the food processor, flatten the dough into a disk and wrap in plastic. Refrigerate for at least 30 minutes.
Remove the dough from the fridge. On a lightly floured surface, a silpat sheet, or a sheet of wax or parchment paper (whatever your preference), roll the dough out to 1/8" thickness. There's a video here that shows my preferred method, except I use a piece of plastic on top of the dough rather than parchment or wax paper. Normally I don't use flour when I'm rolling out dough, but I found this one to be quite sticky, so I floured both my work surface and the surface of the dough as I worked.
Cut the dough into desired shapes and transfer the cut pieces to your cookie sheet. If you find the dough is sticking to your cookie cutter, try dipping the cutter in flour after each cut. Once you have a sheet full, sprinkle the cookies with the turbinado sugar.
Bake for about 8-10 minutes, until slightly puffed up and lightly golden brown, rotating the baking sheet halfway through the baking time. Allow to cool on a wire rack for a few minutes before removing the cookies from the pan and allowing them to cool completely.
Mace (plus cinnamon) is the spice you want to capture that animal cracker flavor. Honey is indeed your culprit for softening. My recipe (which I published on Serious Eats) also uses oats and graham or whole wheat flour, which give them a wholesome, homemade flavor.
Anna, thank you for that! I'm definitely going to check that recipe out.
they are so cute and they look yummy too!
I made these the other day and they turned out as you describe, although a bit sweet for my taste, but my "testers" liked them a lot. I didn't find the dough very crumbly or had much problem rolling it, I always roll out the cookie dough in between parchment paper as soon as it comes together and refrigerate it like this (I am too lazy to roll it into a ball, refrigerate it and then roll it out so I just skip that step) i just found out it a bit sticky and couldn't get the cut cookies out easily but a bit of flour and a couple of minutes back in the freezer fixed it. Thanks for the lovely recipe!
Thank you so much! I'm so glad you came back to comment after making them! And I'm glad your testers enjoyed them. 🙂 I love hearing how recipes work out for other people too. And I'm with you on not being a fan of too-sweet things (odd that I have a baking blog, right?).
Not odd at all (cause I'm the same, right?).
You're going to hear more from me as I have bookmarked a few (if not all) recipes and will try them as soon as i can, I guess we have the same taste in sweets. I'll also blog about them and link you back, but unfortunately it's going to be all greek to you (literally though, heh).
I will let you know when I post the recipe so you can check it out. Unfortunately, as you may have noticed I haven't updated my English pages in ages, due to laziness & lack of time (which only got worse since I had a baby) but hopefully I will get round to posting in English again.
Don't blame laziness! Trust me, I know how much work it is. And I don't even have the baby as an excuse 😉 In the meantime, there's always google translate!


Looks like registration for launch open to all, see below.
All Jaguar are beautiful but why new Jaguar no more prancing Jaguar on its bonnet? Hope old XF can drop price in used car market.
because it frankly doesnt suit the new design... and because standing hood ornaments bring their own set of problems.
Edited by Spyder79, 24 November 2015 - 12:17 AM.
This model has gone on an intensive diet, space has been increased, new engines lie under the bonnet and there's a big infotainment system upgrade.
I went to take a look at XE, priced at $199k, solid car but very small size. Maybe suitable for dwarfs though. Haha.
I was told that XF is priced at about $240k.
The integrated GPS system is with the XE but heard that it will not be fitted in XF.. due to cost margin. Even for the leather seats is local fitted..
List price only mah. Usually will have over trade discounts and etc.
Went early morning. Lot of improvements in interior (from classic to modern look), exterior, I still like the predecessor (especially the head lights area). 2.0 Litre Turbo is so so. May be 3.0L would be a better bet.
Drive was bit heavy - it is usual thing for Jaguar.
Not true. XF 2L prestige model (that is the only model available now) has an integrated GPS. I do not think the leather seat is fitted locally.
Either you do not know the facts or the sales girl lied.


Chef Kenna is from Grand Junction, Tennessee. She has spent eight years in the industry cooking. Kenna was a contestant on Season 15 of Hell's Kitchen. She likes being a mom to her daughter.
It kinda just happened, I actually wanted to own a daycare.
What is your favorite food to bake?
What is your greatest weakness, as a chef? What are you doing to improve on it?
What was your experience like on Hell's Kitchen Season 15 and would you recommend any chefs to go on there?
Hell's Kitchen was awesome. I actually tell people all the time how to get on these shows.
To keep mentoring the next generation of chefs.
Leah Chase, Marvin Woods, all my chef friends and Beyoncé.
My over the top personality.
Twitter @chefkenna. Instagram @chefkenna. Facebook @chefkenna.
Previous Working Woman Wednesday. Interview With Singer Coline Creuzot.


Interests:Fantasy writing, reading and US Postage stamps. The first 100 issues.
We may not know how Jamie came to be in possession of the orb, tho I suspect Renaud was instrumental in getting it. Jamie was the one to place it in the cryo unit with Charlie.
How do we know this? I don't recall a reference to it. Renaud was obviously there because he and Jamie set up the ghoster booby-trap. But I don't recall any other specifics towards the orb, who had it, or how it was placed in the CSU.
OR Was it possibly within the worm set in the net for Jamie by Charles. Remember that the reassimilation ceramony was "written" by Charles! It very well could have been in the worm. I suspect that we will find that Charles is a much greater friend to Jamie than suspected or lead to believe. Again, his mate is a mystery but I think a greater player than let on. And I think that this is a pivatol event in the story. It's the WHY for everthing Charles did. Something tells me that Charles is the key to all of it. And "no" Pietro, I have nothing to back up the feeling. Just a gut instinct. It is interesting, and I may be wrong, that we hear noting of Charles once the campagin starts. Was he left with the rest in Karonas of did Jamie indeed kill him? I don't recall hearing anything past Charlie's resurection. Anyone want to correct me? It is something that just this moment crossed my mind and I could be completely wrong on this point.
Cheers. (I'll bet Jamie is LOVING all this discussion. I just hope a new chapter is enroute. Gold may have some answers.) I think it would be a first though. Traditionally, interludes only give supporting information on why or how things are what they are. However, the Silver DID answer the question of why 2,500 years instead of 150.
Turning around, I walked across the Hall of Heroes until I faced Charles, who stood and watched me without comment. The beautiful, white orb in his hands looked like a giant, glowing pearl, and its hum was soft and steady. I'd placed it with Charlie, hoping that the security measures I'd put in place to protect him would keep this last orb safe as well.
This is one of the mysteries that we may not be privy to between Castor and Jamie.. At this point we don't know where the orbs were. Were they stored at Gold Glass, with the Princes, or elsewhere?
Actually, it was Cody who wrote the ceremony for the absorption of the Orbs. We learn that fact when Jamie is meeting with Cody and Prince Ivan before everyone leaves.
There is simply too much unknown to speculate on what was and what is. No doubt there are some answers (at least there had better be ) in the next chapter. That should return us to the point where Jamie is resolving his confrontation with Charles.
I think you can claim more than a gut feeling, Ricky, regarding Charles. There are many clues that he was a pivotal character in the resistance and that he was following a plan when they were all brought out of stasis, allowing Jamie and Niklas to develop their own knowledge and conclusions. Don't forget that he was also 'testing' them to be sure they were capable of being a true Wizard and King, an expensive test as it allowed Loran to take control of the Throne army.
For me, Charles was just as pivotal a character as Croal, possibly even more so, don't forget it was Charles who supplied him with all the information of the Empire's excesses and repression as well as information about Niklas with the hidden data store Jamie found. We know that Charles was a primary mover, probably the primary mover behind the resistance, remember it was Charles who had the second key to the stasis chamber holding the Wizard's Own, something I am not sure even the Empire was aware of.
In one sense I agree that Charles will be shown to be a supporter of Jamie but I am not sure 'friend', at least before stasis, would be true. I have no doubt he was one of the most important members of the Croal/Jonas plan and resistance, I surmise it was his position and role to be the main facilitator for that plan within the Empire, I am sure he was the one to insert Niklas into the Ghadar, ensure his education and training by the Ghroum Sak'ki, etc. placing Giovanni at the Ecole and so on. I still think Croal had a different plan beyond his agreement with Jonas, or perhaps an extension of that plan he didn't mention to anyone . As I have said before, I think there was an original Croal/Jonas plan based on the Icarians subverting and destroying the Empire, I think they realised the Empire was going to be a tougher nut to crack than they thought and there was a secondary plan to produce a de Valen/Agramos pairing with the training, knowledge and conditioning to win the Icarians from the Empire and destroy it, then I think there was a Croal plan that involved Charlie, whether even Charles was aware of that I don't know.
I was thinking about Jamie's move to the Sr troupe after the dance of defiance.
Two Things that I thought were missing. (It's like trying to sense a spice flavor in something good that you've eaten. But just can't put your finger on it kind of thing.) But listening to it again made it jump out and say, "That's what it is."
The first thing is when they told him he was in the Sr troupe and the realization began to settle in, should have been, "No more Sprague and his wicked boot? He can't torture me anymore?" I mean he was the Bane of his existence. His goal was not to become a Sr Troupe member as much as it was to get away from Sprague. I honestly think that would have been his very first thought. It was certainly mine as I was sitting there seeing the world through Jamie's eyes. And I think that was the intended or desired emotion for Jamie at that time. Remember when he woke up the morning after and they let him sleep in? He was terrified that he was introuble.
The second thing that I thought was missing and should have driven home the point that he was reassigned as a premier performer is that when he went to get dressed that morning, he should have sported that well talked about new Bright Red Sash With Gold Trim. That should have been sported in the Empresario's Office as well as the bright Red Piping on the tunic.
Another place it should have shown up was Jamies Confrontation with Sprague. The Rescue of Giovani the second time. With him noticing that he [Jamie] now wore a sash of equality. It would have been obvious to Sprague because it showed that he either lacked judgement or was just bitter when people saw it. Especially amongst his peers who knew he kept this premier dancer of unequaled abilities in the lowest position in the Jr Troupe. It was an additional slap in the face and it very well could have been the first time he had seen him wearing it. It could even be part of the arguement. i.e. ( You think that sash with its gold braid can save you, well it can't, I know you for the walking feather rot that you are. . .) You know.
Those are just my thoughts. There was so much made of the different colors that I thought it should have played a little more after he got one of supreme rank. I hope those two things are redressed in the rewrite. I think it would add completeness to the transition.


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text:
Q: url redirection from http to https in IBM Web server I have installed SSL certificates in my WAS 7.0 and pointed to IBM Http Server under httd.conf file. I have implemented the below rewrite mechanism also.But still unable to redirect from http request to https for specific context root applications.
Please suggest me.
implemented below lines under httpd.conf file.
LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so
LoadModule ibm_ssl_module modules/mod_ibm_ssl.so
<IfModule mod_ibm_ssl.c>
Listen 443
<VirtualHost *:443>
SSLEnable
SSLProtocolDisable SSLv2
ErrorLog logs/error_log
CustomLog logs/access_log common
RewriteEngine On
RewriteOptions Inherit
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>
KeyFile "/IBM/HTTPServer/testSSL/testkey.kdb"
SSLStashFile "/IBM/HTTPServer/testSSL/testkey.sth"
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^/testPOC/(.*)$ https://localhost/testPOC/$1

A: Config look OK. Perhaps you have an explicit *:80 virtualhost defined somewhere, in which case you need to put the mod_rewrite directives there instead.

A: Like Eric stated the most likely answer is a VH for *:80 needing the RewriteRule.  Another outside possibility would be the use of localhost for the host name.  Make sure you haven't done something that causes the loopback to not be handled properly.  You can always try the real host name or IP to make sure using localhost does not cause problems (hosts file,  A load balancer using the loopback, etc).
Use RewriteLog to verify rewrite was done.  Also make sure plugin-cfg.xml is set up to recognize port 443.  It might have an explicit host name:443 for a VH as opposed to *:443.   Using localhost would not match in that case.  If you have a Load Balancer in front of IHS,  it might be doing SSL offloading and SSL never makes it to IHS for the problem context roots.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Well hello there! It is thanks to my brilliant brother, Magusxvi for this new found addiction of WoW. Since I started, just before Christmas, he has been extremely helpful…probably far too much so, lol!
I currently play with two toons, and it's really impossible to say that one is my main. Thradenfyre here is my lvl 35 Dwarf hunter (although, he'll be lvl 40 by Thursday I can pretty much guarantee). I also play with a lvl 40 Nightelf druid, Brierthorne whose specs are feral.
Early on I joined a very small guild, Vindictive Syndicate, with Brierthorne. Though I have received some help from them, I'm really looking for a long term home for both of my toons that will provide the opportunity to learn. Obviously, I have spent most of my time leveling the two, but I am anxious to play a larger role in a guild; not only on the learning end, but helping where I can with groups, quests, lower lvl instances (lower lvl for the moment, anyway)…pretty much wherever needed. I'm currently on all the time, thanks to the flexibility of being a server. I'm hoping to have both my toons to lvl 70 before I start grad school in the fall, where obviously, the time that I will be able to be on will diminish.
Single, no kids, hopefully a mortgage soon though…pretty boring really.
rawr! thanks for your interest! you're in the fotomoh channel, which is one of 2 things you need to be doing right now. the other is introducing yourself to people and asking for help. that way we can get to know you.


text:
Gators notebook: Johnson nominated, Pitts recognized
Zach Abolverdi
Gainesville Sun
Fresh off his first head coaching interview, Brian Johnson earned another recognition Tuesday.
Florida's offensive coordinator was named one of 56 nominees for the 2020 Broyles Award, which is presented annually to college football's top assistant coach. It's never been won by a UF staff member, but Johnson — like his quarterback for the Heisman Trophy — is making a strong case.
The Gators have broken several school and SEC records this season with Johnson calling plays and serving as the position coach for Kyle Trask, who leads the FBS in touchdown passes (38). Johnson's unit is the No. 1 passing offense in the country and ranks in the top 10 nationally in scoring (42 ppg) and yards per play (7.35).
That production, along with his quarterback resume of Dak Prescott (Mississippi State), D'Eriq King (Houston), Feleipe Franks (Florida) and now Trask, has made the former Utah QB a head coaching candidate at 33 years old.
Johnson interviewed last week for the South Carolina job, reportedly having a face-to-face meeting with athletics director Ray Tanner. The Gamecocks elected to hire former USC assistant Shane Beamer, 43, the son of former Virginia Tech coach Frank Beamer.
Nonetheless, it was an opportunity for Johnson to get his feet wet as an interviewee.
"Yeah, for sure. Ultimately, I think at the end of the day when you get in this profession and you do a good job, people notice. And you get opportunities," Johnson said. "It was good to get those reps, but I'm really looking forward to what we have going on here. It's always great to be a Gator, and it's a big challenge this week against LSU.
"I'm just really excited about the opportunities we have here, the chance to coach some great players and be with a great coaching staff. It's work every day to continue to develop as a coach and to put our team in a position to win the SEC."
GatorsWire:2021 Gators Football Recruiting Profile: Jeremiah Williams
Trask is one of a few Florida players who endorsed Johnson this week as a future head coach. He's spent three years under his tutelage and is now within one score of the school record for TD passes in a season.
"I think he'll definitely be a great head coach when his time comes," Trask said of Johnson. "You know he's a natural leader and knows how to score points. He played against Alabama when he was at Utah, so he's played in big games in college and has proved that he can be a great coach at the highest level in college."
Tight end Kyle Pitts and running back Nay'Quan Wright also vouched for Johnson, who is considered one of the best recruiters on Florida's staff. He handles the Miami-Dade area and served as the primary recruiter for Wright in the 2019 class.
"He's a cool guy, a great coach," Wright said of Johnson. "He's very knowledgeable. He's good with all his players. He's a players' coach. We just feed off his energy. He comes out to practice fired up.
"He's been under Coach Mullen for a while … so I'm pretty sure he is going to take some traits from what Coach Mullen is doing and the programs that he has been in. He is also going to have some of his own little recipes to add some wrinkles that he thinks. But I think Coach Johnson will make a pretty huge head coach. I can see it in the years to come."
Pitts echoed Wright's comments about Johnson's energy and players gravitating toward him. That bond extends beyond the football field.
"I think he would be a great head coach because of the person he is off the field," Pitts said of Johnson. "He has a great relationship with everybody. And when it's time to lock in for business, he's a teacher of the game because he knows so much. ... Everyone feeds off his energy. I feel like he would be a great leader to any team if he chooses to go that route."
Recognition surprises Pitts
Pitts was named a semifinalist for three national awards Monday, one of which caught him by surprise.
Two of them were for the Maxwell Award (college football's player of the year) and the John Mackey Award (most outstanding tight end). But the Biletnikoff Award, which recognizes the season's most outstanding FBS receiver, was one designation that Pitts did not expect.
"I would say the Biletnikoff really surprised me because I always knew it as a wide receiver award," Pitts said. "When I did see that I was a semifinalist, I was like, 'Oh, ok. Kind of interesting.' Just knowing I'm in the group amongst the great pass catchers and some of the top guys in the whole nation is a great feeling."
GatorsWire:What's up with Kyle Pitts' Heisman Trophy consideration?
Pitts has made his presence felt since returning from a concussion, snagging seven balls for 128 yards last Saturday at Tennessee after a 99-yard, three-touchdown performance against Kentucky in his first game back. He ranks fourth nationally in receiving touchdowns (11) and leads the country in yards per game (91.6) among tight ends.
"Kyle's a great player, he works extremely hard," Johnson said of Pitts. "He's super productive when he gets out there on the field. We all know what he can do and what he brings to the table. He's done a great job of putting himself in a position to continue to go out there and perform at a really high level on a consistent basis, and when that happens, people take notice. I'm really proud of him."
• The Florida football team reported no new COVID cases for the first week of December in the school's weekly testing update Tuesday. UF administered 193 tests this past week on all student-athletes, including 148 on football players, and all of them came back negative. The No. 6 Gators haven't had a positive case since the Nov. 17 update.
• Offensive linemen Stone Forsythe and Brett Heggie, defensive tackle T.J. Slaton and safety Donovan Stiner have all accepted invites to the East-West Shrine Bowl. The Gators also will have a handful of players in the Reese's Senior Bowl: Trask, wide receivers Trevon Grimes and Kadarius Toney, linebacker Jeremiah Moon and safety Shawn Davis.


This CD & DVD set features the ultimate behind the scenes experience with one of Christian music's most popular bands. Experience, first-hand, life on the road & see what it's like to balance life on a tour bus with family relationships in the midst of constant commitments. Be a part of before & after show discussions that take place backstage in the dressing room & watch as the band readies for, & delivers, riveting live performances.


text:
Fernand Léger
Born 1881. Died 1955.
Interested in selling a work by Fernand Léger?
Works by Fernand Léger at Sotheby's
Type: lot
Category: Lot
ÉTUDE POUR 'LA FEMME EN BLEU'
7 May 2008 | Sale price: 39,241,000 USD
Impressionist & Modern Art Evening Sale
7 May 2008 | 7:00 PM EDT | New York
View Lot
費爾南・雷捷 | 《靜物》
28 July 2020 | Sale price: 12,157,500 GBP
Estimate: 8,000,000 – 12,000,000 GBP
Rembrandt to Richter
28 July 2020 | 5:00 PM BST | London
FERNAND LÉGER | NATURE MORTE
Estimate: 5,000,000 – 7,000,000 USD
Impressionist and Modern Art Evening Sale
La Roue bleue, état définitif
Estimate: 8,000,000 – 12,000,000 USD
Élément mécanique
6 November 2013 | Sale price: 8,677,000 USD
Impressionist & Modern Art Evening Sale
6 November 2013 | 7:00 PM EST | New York
Le Campeur, 1er état
14 May 2019 | Sale price: 8,237,000 USD
14 May 2019 | 7:00 PM EDT | New York
Les Campeurs (1er État)
Trois femmes à la table rouge
7 May 2013 | Sale price: 7,165,000 USD
Deux figures et une fleur
LA JEUNE FILLE À L'ÉCHELLE
8 February 2012 | Sale price: 3,961,250 GBP
Estimate: 3,800,000 – 4,500,000 GBP
8 February 2012 | 7:00 PM GMT | London
Clowns et chevaux
Fernand Léger Biography
Although he began his career as an architectural draughtsman in Paris, Fernand Léger has come to be recognized as a vital figure in the development of Cubism alongside Georges Braques and Pablo Picasso. Léger's earliest paintings were Impressionist in style; but the 1907 Paul Cézanne retrospective at the Salon d'Automne, as well as a new association with the Parisian avant-garde (particularly a close friendship with fellow painter Robert Delaunay), proved highly influential to Léger; his work became increasingly abstract, and his use of color became restrained to black, white, and the primaries. Despite being closely associated with Cubism, he consistently managed to set himself apart, primarily by disjointing rather than fragmenting his forms, and instead preferring bold, tubular shapes.
At the start of World War I, Léger enlisted in the French army and served from 1914 to 1917. His wartime experiences clearly had an impact on him as an artist; his return from the war definitively marks the "mechanistic" phase of his work. Mechanical elements, such as propellers, cylinders, and discs, began to figure prominently within his compositions. In 1920 Léger met with Le Corbusier and Amédée Ozenfant, who both shared his interest in a machine-based aesthetic. As a result, Léger's work became increasingly flatter and more stylized. In the years leading up to his death, in 1955, Léger's practice expanded to include book illustration, murals, stained-glass window, mosaics, as well as set and costume design.
Although Léger is considered by some experts to be an underappreciated artist, his works nevertheless feature prominently in some of the world's best-known collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC; and Tate Modern, London. According to Sotheby's Mei Moses, the average compound annual return is 7.8%, with 88.7% of works increasing in their value.
Category: First Look
An Exceptional Collection of Great Masters of Modern and Impressionist Art
The Emergence of Post-War and Contemporary Russian Art
Category: Expert Voices
The Striking Still Lifes of Petrov-Vodkin
Category: Sotheby's Stories
The Alpine World of Giovanni Giacometti
Category: Impressionist & Modern Art
Contemporary Figurative Painting: From Kirchner to Today
Category: The Macklowe Collection
Discover the Masterpieces of The Macklowe Collection
Leonora Carrington: The Sorceress of Surrealism
Monet and the First Forays into Abstraction
The Macklowe Collection: Simon Shaw on Giacometti's Le Nez
Alexander Calder and Joan Miró: One of the Greatest Artistic Friendships of the 20th Century
Museums with Works by Fernand Léger
Type: museum
New York, New York | New York
Buffalo, New York | New York
Centre for Fine Arts (BOZAR)
Artist Image: Credit: age fotostock / Alamy Stock Photo / © The Estate of Fernand Leger / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris 2018
Please note that prior performance of the indexes and realized returns contained herein does not guarantee future results. In addition, there is no guarantee that random collections of individual works of art or stocks will yield index returns. We are not financial advisors and we are not in the business of recommending art as an investment. We also have no comparative advantage in forecasting the future direction of the art market. Investment decisions should be based on the risk return tolerance and time horizon of the investor with, if desired, the support of a licensed financial advisor. This information is provided "as is" and with no representations or warranties either express or implied of accuracy, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or of any other nature are made with respect to this information or to any expressed views presented in this information.