Solvent extraction of Fe(III) from chloride solution by using a mixture of D2EHPA (Di-(2-ethylhexyl)- phosphoric acid) and TBP (Tri-butyl phosphate) and the reductive stripping of Fe(III) from the loaded organic were investigated. Quantitative extraction of Fe(III) from the solution (Fe concentration = 90 g/L) was accomplished in two cross-current extraction stages by using the mixture of D2EHPA and TBP. In order to facilitate the stripping efficiency, a reductive stripping method was employed by using H 2 SO 3 or Na 2 SO 3 as a reducing agent. The addition of H 2 SO 4 into reducing agents led to improvement in the stripping efficiency while high concentration acid would suppress it. Both of the mixtures of H 2 SO 4 + H 2 SO 3 and H 2 SO 4 + Na 2 SO 3 showed good efficiency for the stripping of Fe(III), while the latter was recommended as the stripping solution based on the economics and experimental condition.
Among the extractants mentioned above, extraction of Fe(III) by D2EHPA has been extensively investigated. Difficulties have been reported in the stripping of Fe(III) from the loaded D2EHPA even with concentrated acid. 11,12 An alternative method to overcome this difficulty has been developed by employing the mixture of D2EHPA and TBP for the extraction of Fe. 13-16 It was found that the mixture of D2EHPA and TBP exhibited better extraction ability than single extractant 13,14 and the stripping of Fe(III) from the mixture of D2EHPA and TBP was easier than that from D2EHPA alone. 15,16 Although the use of mixture of D2EHPA and TBP can increase the extraction and stripping efficiency of Fe, it is still difficult to strip most of Fe when the concentration of loaded iron is high.
Stripping of ferric iron may be improved by reducing the activity of ferric iron in the aqueous phase. One way to decrease the activity of ferric ion in the aqueous phase is to reduce ferric to ferrous ion by adding some reducing agents. 17 Gaseous reductants, such as SO 2 17 and H 2 18 have been explored. However, the reductive stripping by using gaseous reductants has some problems due to the necessity of employing high pressure and temperature. In order to increase the stripping efficiency of Fe with high concentration from the loaded mixture of D2EHPA and TBP, sulfurous acid and sodium sulfite were employed as a reducing agent. In this work, the effect of the concentration of acid and reducing agent on the stripping of ferric iron has been investigated and an optimum condition to strip ferric iron is proposed.
Reagents and Solution. Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA, 95%) was obtained from Daihachi Chemical industry Co., Ltd., Japan. Tri-butyl phosphate (TBP, 98%) was purchased from Yakuri chemicals, Japan. Kerosene supplied by DaeJung Chem, Korea was used as a diluent. All the organic were used without any purification.
A synthetic chloride solution with 90 g/L ferric iron was employed in the experiments. The synthetic solution was prepared by dissolving FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O (Yakuri, Japan) in deionized water water. HCl and NaOH were used to adjust the solution pH to a desired value. Sulfurous acid solution (H 2 SO 3 , 5%) and sodium sulfite (Na 2 SO 3 , 96%), were used as reducing reagents, which were purchased from Junsei Chem, Japan and DaeJung Chem, Korea, respectively. The concentration of sulfurous acid was 0.6 M.
Procedure. All extraction and stripping experiments were performed with the desired volume of aqueous and organic solution in screwed cap bottle and the mixture was shaken for 30 min by using Wrist Action Shaker (Burrell, Model 75). The concentration of the elements in raffinate was analyzed by ICP-AES (OPTIMA 4300 DV). The pH of the solution was measured with an Orion Star A211 pH meter. The metal concentration in the organic was obtained by mass balance. All experiments were carried out at ambient temperature.
Effect of the concentration of TBP and D2EHPA on the extraction of Fe(III) from the solution.
Since the extraction percentage of iron by using the mixture of 1 M D2EHPA and 1 M TBP was only 50%, multistage extraction is needed to extract all of the iron present in the leaching solution. In order to determine the number of theoretical stages, a McCabe-Thiele diagram for cross-current extraction 19 was constructed at O/A = 3. In these experiments, the concentration of D2EHPA and TBP in the mixture was kept at 1 M, respectively. The resulting diagram for Fe(III) extraction is shown in Figure 2 , indicating that the concentration of Fe(III) would be decreased to 1.0 g/L (corresponding to the cumulative extraction percentage of 98.7%) after two cross current stages at an O/A ratio of 3.
Diagram for the extraction of iron from the solution by the mixture of D2EHPA and TBP. [D2EHPA] = 1 M, [TBP] = 1 M, [Fe3+] = 90 gl/L, O/A = 3:1.
In order to verify the prediction of the McCabe-Thiele diagram for the extraction of iron, a cross-current extraction was employed at an O/A ratio of 3. The extraction percentage of Fe(III) in each stage is shown in Table 1 . The cumulative extraction percentage of Fe(III) was 94.78% and 99.99%, respectively for each stage. The final concentration of Fe(III) in the raffinate after two cross-current stages was 5 mg/L. It can be concluded that the mixture of D2EHPA and TBP is efficient for the extraction of Fe(III) from the leach solution.
The decrease in Fe(III) activity could shift the equilibrium of Eq. (2) toward right and the stripping extent would be increased. A method to decrease the activity of Fe(III) is to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II). In order to reduce the activity of ferric iron in the stripping solution by reduction to ferrous, sulfurous acid solution was used as a stripping agent. The concentration of sulfurous acid solution was adjusted from 0.1 to 0.6 M. Figure 3 illustrates the effect of H 2 SO 3 concentrations on the stripping of Fe(III) from the loaded mixture of D2EHPA and TBP. It is obvious that the stripping percentage increased with increasing H 2 SO 3 concentration and about 40% stripping of iron was obtained by 0.6 M sulfurous acid. Compared to the stripping of iron by HCl, employment of sulfurous acid as a stripping agent did not lead to much improvement in the stripping efficiency of iron. The advantage of sulfurous acid over hydrochloric acid lies in the fact that a lower concentration of sulfurous acid (0.6 M) resulted in the same stripping percentage of iron by 3 M HCl solution.
Effect of H2SO3 concentration on the stripping of Fe(III) from the loaded mixture of 1 M D2EHPA and 1 M TBP.
Stripping of Fe(III) from the Loaded Mixture of D2EHPA and TBP by using the Mixture of Sulfurous and Sulfuric Acid. In the stripping of iron by sulfurous acid, ferric iron stripped into the sulfurous acid is reduced to ferrous in the aqueous phase. Since sulfurous acid is a weak acid and the optimum concentration of sulfurous acid was low, a strong acid solution is needed to enhance the stripping of Fe(III) from the loaded organic. The reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) by sulfurous acid leads to the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate ion. The employment of sulfuric acid could avoid the introduction of other anion. Therefore, a mixture of sulfuric and sulfurous acid was tested to strip iron from the mixture of D2EHPA and TBP. For this purpose, sulfuric acid concentration in the acid mixture was varied from zero to 3 M by keeping the concentration of sulfurous acid at 0.5 M. The stripping percentage of Fe was increased from 40 to 72% when the concentration of H 2 SO 4 was increased to 2 M ( Fig. 4 ). Further increase of sulfuric acid concentration to 3 M resulted in only 2% increase in stripping percentage of iron. When H 2 SO 4 was used as a stripping reagent in the presence of H 2 SO 3 , the stripping percentage was greatly improved. Therefore, a mixture of 2 M H 2 SO 4 and 0.5 M H 2 SO 3 was chosen as a suitable stripping solution for iron from the loaded mixture of D2EHPA and TBP.
Effect of H2SO4 concentration in the mixture with 0.5 M H2SO3 on Fe(III) stripping from the loaded mixture of 1 M D2EHPA and 1 M TBP.
A McCabe-Thiele diagram for the stripping of iron with the mixture of 2 M H 2 SO 4 and 0.5 M H 2 SO 3 was constructed at an A/O ratio of 1 in order to predict the number of theoretical stages. The McCabe-Thiele diagram shows that 3 stages are required for the stripping of iron at an A/O ratio of 1 by cross-current stripping (see Fig. 5 ). In order to verify the prediction by the stripping diagram, stripping experiments of iron from the loaded organic (D2EHPA + TBP) by the mixture of 2 M H 2 SO 4 and 0.5 M H 2 SO 3 were carried out in cross-current tests. In cross-current stripping experiments, the stripping percentage of iron in the second stage was only 20% by the mixture of 2 M H 2 SO 4 and 0.5 M H 2 SO 3 . The decrease in the stripping percentage of iron in the second stage of cross-current stripping might be related to the fact that the acidity of the stripping solution was not strong enough to strip the iron. Therefore, further experiments have been carried out in two stages by varying the concentration of sulfuric acid from 2 to 5 M, while increasing the concentration of sulfurous acid to 0.6 M. The results of these experiments are shown in Table 2 . In the first stage, the stripping percentage of Fe(III) by 2 M and 3 M H 2 SO 4 was similar, but decreased with the further increase of H 2 SO 4 concentration above 3 M. The decrease in the stripping percentage of iron at higher concentration of sulfuric acid may be explained by the overall oxidation-reduction reaction (Eq. (3)) occurring in the stripping solution containing sulfurous acid.
Diagram for the stripping of Fe(III) from the loaded mixture of D2EHPA and TBP by the mixture of H2SO4 and H2SO3. [H2SO4] = 2 M, [H2SO3] = 0.5 M, [Fe(III)] = 28.5 g/L, A:O = 1:1.
Eq. (3) indicates that the concentration of sulfate ion in the stripping solution increases as the reduction of ferric iron by sulfurous acid proceeds. Therefore, presence of high concentration of sulfate ion in the stripping solution has adverse effect on the reduction of ferric iron. Hence, the decrease in the stripping percentage of iron at higher concentration of sulfuric acid is due to the depression of the reduction reaction of ferric iron.
In the second stage, the stripping percentage was first increased from 58 to 100% with increasing H 2 SO 4 concentration from 2 to 3 M and then decreased. The decrease in the stripping percentage might be ascribed to either the depression of the reduction reaction or back-extraction of iron due to the high concentration of acid in the strip solution. Although the increase of sulfurous acid concentration to 0.6 M increased the stripping slightly in the first stage, the stripping percentage increased sharply in the second stage compared to that by using 0.5 M sulfurous acid. Complete stripping was obtained at the second stripping stage by using the mixture of 3 M H 2 SO 4 and 0.6 M H 2 SO 3 . This result implies that the concentration of sulfurous acid is more important than that of sulfuric acid for the stripping and 0.6 M sulfurous acid should be supplied in the continuous experiments to strip most of iron completely. Our data suggest that stripping of Fe(III) from the loaded organic can be achieved by using the mixture of 0.6 M H 2 SO 3 mixed with 3 M H 2 SO 4 in two stages.
Stripping Fe(III) from the Loaded Mixture of D2EHPA and TBP by using the Mixture of Sodium Sulfite and Sulfuric Acid. The weight percentage of sulfurous acid in market is low and thus the highest concentration of sulfurous acid is just 0.6 M, which restricts the reducing and stripping action of sulfurous acid. Sodium sulfite is also a strong reducing agent which could be used for the reduction of Fe(III). In order to investigate the possibility of using sodium sulfite in the stripping of ferric iron as a reducing agent, single sodium sulfite solution was employed for the stripping and reduction of Fe(III). The concentration of sodium sulfite was varied from 0.1 to 1.0 M. The stripping percentage of iron was negligible, indicating that the reduction reaction of Fe(III) occurred in aqueous phase after stripping. Therefore, adding acid to the sodium sulfite is necessary to strip ferric iron. Therefore, 3 M H 2 SO 4 was added to the reducing agent solution as a stripping reagent while varying the concentration of Na 2 SO 3 from 0.1 to 1 M. The experiments were also carried out in two cross current stages. In the first stage, the stripping percentage of iron was 75% and the concentration of Na 2 SO 3 affected little the stripping of iron. In the second stage of cross current stripping experiments, the stripping percentage of iron was decreased with increasing Na 2 SO 3 concentration. During the preparation of the mixture of Na 2 SO 3 and sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide gas was evolved when the concentration of sodium sulfite was high. The following equation could represent the evolution of sulfur dioxide gas between Na 2 SO 3 and sulfuric acid.
Therefore, the decrease in the stripping percentage may be ascribed to the consumption of Na 2 SO 3 and H 2 SO 4 during the preparation of stripping solution. After two stages of cross current stripping, the maximum stripping percentage obtained by using the mixture of 0.1 M Na 2 SO 3 and 3 M H 2 SO 4 was 93%.
Both 3 M H 2 SO 4 + 0.6 M H 2 SO 3 and 3 M H 2 SO 4 + 0.1 M Na 2 SO 3 are sufficient to quantitatively strip ferric iron from the loaded mixture of D2EHPA and TBP in two or three stages. The purity of H 2 SO 3 is very low while the price is a little higher compared to Na 2 SO 3 . Since the economics of solvent extraction process depends on the selection of reagents, it is necessary to select a cheap reagent for the recovery of metals from the organic. Therefore, the mixture of sulfuric acid and sodium sulfite was recommended for the stripping solution of iron from the loaded D2EHPA and TBP on the basis of the economics of the proposed process.
The extraction of Fe(III) from chloride solution by using the mixture of D2EHPA and TBP and stripping from the loaded organic by using H 2 SO 4 mixed with H 2 SO 3 or Na 2 SO 3 as a reducing agent were studied. Extraction data indicated that TBP enhanced the extraction percentage of Fe(III) in the presence of D2EHPA. A mixture of 1 M D2EHPA and 1 M TBP was used to increase extraction percentage and to facilitate stripping. Two stages of cross-current extraction with the above mixture at an O/A ratio of 3 led to complete extraction of iron from the solution where the concentration of iron was 90 g/L. The concentration of iron in the raffinate was only 5 mg/L.
In order to increase the stripping efficiency, the reductive stripping of iron (28.5 g/L) with the mixture of reducing reagent (H 2 SO 3 and Na 2 SO 3 ) and H 2 SO 4 has been investigated. Single H 2 SO 3 could only strip 40% iron from the loaded organic, which might be ascribed to low acidity of H 2 SO 3 solution. The stripping efficiency was increased by adding H 2 SO 4 to sulfurous acid solution. Since the oxidation product of H 2 SO 3 or Na 2 SO 3 is sulfate, suppression of the reduction reaction occurred when the concentration of H 2 SO 4 was high. Stripping experiments indicated that the mixture of 3 M H 2 SO 4 + 0.6 M H 2 SO 3 led to complete stripping of iron from the loaded organic, while two cross-current stripping with the mixture of 3 M H 2 SO 4 + 0.1 M Na 2 SO 3 resulted in 93% stripping. Based on the economics and experimental condition, the mixture of 3 M H 2 SO 4 and 0.1 M Na 2 SO 3 was recommended for the stripping solution of ferric iron from the loaded organic mixture of D2EHPA and TBP.
Rydberg J. , Cox M. 2004 Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice Second Edition M. Dekker, Inc. Press.
 Y Liu , SH Nam , and M Lee , "Stripping of Fe(III) from the Loaded Mixture of D2EHPA and TBP with Sulfuric Acid Containing Reducing Agents", Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, vol. 7, no. 7, Jul 2014.


text:
Q: sscanf error on scanning a formatted file I am trying to read and parse an input file using fgets() and sscanf(). Here is my function (only the relevant part is listed here):
void reading_file(char* file)
{
    FILE *f = fopen(file, "r");
    char line[256];
    while(fgets(line, sizeof(line), f))
    {
        int i = 0;
        char str[20];
        sscanf(line, "%d %s", &i, str);
        printf("%d %s\n", i, str);
    }
}

The input file is:
0 be68c5bc1ee7be6f20728579ee082aed6214825b
1 e2d6c1bb794ff4545ef2f101ca904dbbb3ed3923

The output of this piece of code is:
875849270 aa71dbd21bd2b05f3bd261256f443fd5f9f7272e
1633890352 465c63da3d0168553c1027eb00ca364c337ced44

Totally wrong.
The funny part is here. If I use a struct to hold the input lines, the output is correct! Code after revising is here:
typedef struct s_s{
    int id;
    char hash[20];
} s_t;

void reading_file(char* file)
{
    FILE *f = fopen(file, "r");
    char line[256];
    while(fgets(line, sizeof(line), f))
    {
        s_t s;
        sscanf(line, "%d %s", &s.id, s.hash);
        printf("%d %s\n", s.id, s.hash);
    }
}

The output is exact the same as the input file. Why is that? Does anyone have an explanation?

A: *

*shouldn't while(fgets(line, sizeof(line), file)) be while(fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) ?
You can check the man page of fgets().

*Next, to correct the issue in your code, char str[20]; needs to be changed to something like char str[128]; because, the input from the file for the string is much longer than that of 20 charracters.
However, IMO, for the use of a structure returning the correct answer, is a part of Undefined behaviour.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Christian Church Services in Barn Resume in California After Religious Ban
By Julie Brown Patton ( [email protected] ) Dec 30, 2016 12:06 PM EST Comment
Just outside Oroville, Calif., Christians have been holding meetings in a barn so that a diverse congregation could come together and worship under one roof -- until county officials banned the religious meetings. Those same officials had to reverse their stance once Pacific Justice Institute representatives stepped in. Pinterest
Northern California county officials recently reversed their decision to ban a Christian congregation from meeting in a barn. Located just outside of Oroville, Calif. in Butte County, a group of Christians had been holding meetings in a barn, but county officials informed the owners of the barn and property they could no longer use the space to host church services. The same officials later even banned church gatherings in an open pasture on the property.
The religious ban caught the attention of the Pacific Justice Institute, which is an organization that defends religious freedom and other civil liberties. PJI representatives sent a letter to county officials explaining that religious events cannot be barred if non-religious ones are permitted.
Although the county officials had banned the religious meetings because the area was not zoned for church services, entertainment performances were still allowed in similar places, reports Ocala Star Banner.
"The people there who own the property basically had a church service -- not only for the homeless," said Brad Dacus, who heads the Pacific Justice Institute. "They have about 80 or 90 people at a time coming there to worship, and it's been very successful ministering."
Julie Berry Clark said she thought whoever owns this property should be able to do what he wants with it, having whatever type of meeting he desires. "Why would he need a permit to have people in his barn, in his field, or in his home?" she posed online.
"The county also said you can't meet here because it's zoned for agriculture - it's not zoned for church services. What was the real rub here is the fact that the county allowed other groups and other things to take place - entertainment performances in these places - and yet they were putting their foot down on the church," Dacus said.
After a review of the legal information by county officials, they reversed their decision and issued the property owners a lawful conditional use permit to continue the services. Along with providing a place to worship, the church also provides clothing and other essentials to the homeless people who attend.
Carlos Santiago stated online: "It seems odd that Constitutional rights are allowed only where zoned for it. If the Constitutional right can be exercised safely why not allow it?"
Another online reader of OneNewsNow suggested the property owners "throw the permit in the face of these communists and ignore any further interference. Furthermore, a civil/religious rights suit should be brought against anyone involved in this attack in the millions."
Dacus was presented an honorary doctorate of Religious Freedom and Family Rights degree from California Baptist University in recognition of his commitment to faith and justice and his work protecting parental rights and religious freedom through the Pacific Justice Institute.
Tags : Religious Freedom, barn church, California News, Pacific Justice Institute, Brad Dacus, separation of church and state, #ChurchBarns
Francis Chan on Submission and Authority: Be Subject to One Another
Nabeel Qureshi's Wife Shares 'Toughest Part' about Husband's Ordeal
Clergy Woman Shares 'Choice' to Have Late-Term Abortion Was Right but 'End of Dream'
John Piper Calls Mark Driscoll Scandal a 'Satanic Victory', But Says God Uses 'Tactical Defeats' to Further the Gospel
Importance of Putting on Full Armor of God Daily According to Book of Ephesians

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Intoduction}
Quantization of the conductance of submicron constriction
in two-dimensional electron gas~\cite{Wharam}
is described well by the Landauer
formula under the assumption of spin degeneracy of
one-dimensional single-particle subbands in zero
magnetic field.\cite{Glazman,Buttiker,pyshkin,liang}
The same approach explains the
alternation of zero plateaux and peaks of thermopower
(Seebeck coefficient S), which obeys the Mott formula,
$S^M\propto\partial\ln G(V_g,T)/\partial E_F$.\cite{Streda,Proetto,Molenkamp,Appleyard98,Lunde}
However, the dependence $G(V_g)$
of the conductance on the gate voltage
exhibits a narrow region of anomalous behavior, the
$0.7\cdot 2e^2/h$ plateau.\cite{Thomas}
This plateau broadens with an increase in
temperature,\cite{Thomas,Thomas98,Kristensen,Cronenwett,Liu,Komijani}
can disappear at $T\to 0$,\cite{Thomas98,Kristensen,Cronenwett,Liu,Komijani}
but persists at a complete thermal
spread of the conductance quantization
steps.\cite{Appleyard,Cronenwett,Liu}
The 0.7 conductance anomaly is closely related to
the anomalous plateau $S\ne0$ of the thermopower,\cite{Appleyard}
which implies violation of the Mott approximation
$S\propto \partial\ln G(V_g,T)/\partial V_g$.\cite{Appleyard98}
There are dozens of works attempting to explain the 0.7 anomaly
(see Refs.~\onlinecite{Sloggett}, \onlinecite{Micolich} and references therein).
Numerous scenarios including spin polarization, Kondo effect,
Wigner crystal, charge-density waves, and the formation of
a quasi-localized state have been suggested.
Calculations that reproduce the unusual temperature
behavior of the 0.7 conductance anomaly have been
performed so far only within phenomenological fitting
models with spin subbands,\cite{Cheianov}
or beyond the Landauer formula.\cite{Sloggett}
Although a particular mechanism
of the appearance of the anomalous plateaux in conductance
and thermopower remains unclear, their
common reason is thought to be the electron-electron
interaction, which should manifest itself most effectively
at the onset of filling the first subband, where the
electron system is one-dimensional.

In this work, we start from the standard Landauer
approach to the description of conductance and
thermopower of a single-mode
ballistic quantum wire with spin degeneracy.
This approach take into account interaction
via the $T$-dependent one-dimensional reflecting barrier.
First, we show that the appearance of the
0.7 anomaly implies pinning of
the barrier height $U$ at a depth of $k_BT$
below the Fermi level $E_F$  and that this
pinning yields the plateau $S\ne0$.
Next, motivated by
description of Friedel oscillations surrounding
a delta-barrier
in a one-dimensional electron gas,\cite{Matveev94}
we suggest a simple formula which reduces the
$T$-dependent part of the correction to the
interaction-induced potential to the temperature
dependence of the one-dimensional electron density.

The behavior of the conductance and Seebeck coefficient
calculated with the corrected potential agrees with
the published experimental
results.

\section{Basic formulas and unusual pinning}
Conductance and Seebeck coefficient of single mode ballistic channel
can be written within the Landauer approach as follows:\cite{Streda,Proetto,Molenkamp}
\begin{equation}\label{eq-1n}
\begin{gathered}
G=\frac{2e^2}{h} \int_{0}^{\infty} D(E,U(x,V_g))F(\epsilon)dE, \\
S=-\frac{2ek_B}{hG}\int_{0}^{\infty}D(E,U(x,V_g))\epsilon F(\epsilon)dE,
\end{gathered}
\end{equation}
where $D$ is the transmission coefficient, $E$
is the energy of ballistic electrons,
$U(x,V_g)$  is the effective $T$-dependent one-dimensional
barrier, $\epsilon=(E-E_F)/k_BT$,
$F(\epsilon)=4k_BT\cosh^{-2}(\epsilon/2)$
is the derivative of the Fermi distribution
function with respect to $-E$.
There is also the Mott approximation generalized for arbitrary
temperatures $T$:\cite{Appleyard,Lunde}
\[
S^M=-\frac{\pi^2k_B^2T}{3e}\frac{\partial\ln G(V_g,T)}{\partial E_F}.
\]

If the barrier $U(x)$ in a one-dimensional channel is
sufficiently wide (according to the three-dimensional
electrostatic calculations of gate-controlled quantum
wires the barrier half-width must be $\stackrel{>}{_{\sim}}200$~nm),
the step in the energy dependence $D(E)$ of the
transmission coefficient is abrupt and the
respective transition is much narrower in the energy $E$
than the thermal energy $k_BT$, at which the 0.7 plateau occurs.
This condition is satisfied in many experiments.\cite{Thomas98,Kristensen,Cronenwett,Liu,Komijani}
Then, Eq.~\ref{eq-1n} for $G$, $S$ and Mott approximation
gives
\begin{equation}\label{eq-2n}
\begin{gathered}
G= \frac{2e^2}{h}(1+e^{-\eta})^{-1},\\
S=-\frac{k_B}{e}[(1+e^{-\eta})\ln (1+e^{\eta})-\eta],\\
S^M=-\frac{k_B}{e}\frac{\pi^2}{3}(1+e^{\eta})^{-1},
\end{gathered}
\end{equation}
where $\eta=(E_F-U)/k_BT$ and $U=U(x=0)$ is the height of
the barrier $U(x,T,V_g)$.
Clearly, the dependences $G(E_F-U)$ at different $T$
are simply smooth steps of unit height with the fixed common point
$G=e^2/h$.
Curves $S^M(\eta)$ and $S(\eta)$ are numerically close to each other
at the interval $0<S<2k_B/e$ (see Appendix \ref{appA}).
The values $G\approx0.7\cdot 2e^2/h$ in $G(\eta)$
are not particularly
interesting except that they correspond to $\eta\approx 1$.
However, in experiments, there appear plateaux of $G(V_g)$ at these
values, which implies pinning of $U(V_g)$ at a depth of $k_BT$
below the Fermi level (see Appendix \ref{appA}).
According to Eq.\eqref{eq-2n}, the discovered pinning can be expected
to give the plateau $S\approx-0.8k_B/e$ ($S^M\approx-k_B/e$)
in the curve $S(V_g)$.
Appendix \ref{appA} compares the calculated plateaux with the experimental
ones,\cite{Appleyard} and shows that parameter $\eta$ obtained
from $G$ is equal to that from $S$, which verifies
applicability of Eq.\eqref{eq-2n} to the experiment.
Notice that this pinning differs from the pinning
discussed earlier\cite{hansen,Cheianov,Kristensen,Appleyard,Zozoulenko,Pepper}
by unusual temperature dependence and single-channel
transmission.
The pinning that we detected seems paradoxical
and urges us to suggest that a probe ballistic electron at
the center of the barrier would ``see'' the potential
$U(T, V_g)$, which is different from the potential $V(T, V_g)$
computed self-consistently with the electron density (see Appendix \ref{appB}).
In fact, similar to our previous calculations,\cite{pyshkin,liang} we
computed three-dimensional electrostatics of single-mode quantum
wires using different kinds of self-consistency between the potential
and the electron density with\cite{hansen} and without the inclusion
of exchange interaction and correlations in the local approximation.
These calculations show quite definitely that the one-dimensional
electron density $n_c$ in the center of the
barrier is almost independent of $T$ and is linear in $V_g$
starting from small $n_{c0}$ values; i.e., the electric capacitance
between the gate and the quantum wire is conserved at $G > e^2/h$.
In addition, since the density of states is positive, $d(E_F-V)/dn_c > 0$
and the dependence $V(V_g)$ of the self-consistent barrier height on the
gate voltage does not yield pinning even with the
inclusion of the exchange-correlation corrections in
the local approximation (Appendix \ref{appB}). Therefore, we suggest that
the discovered pinning of the reflecting barrier height
is due to the nonlocal interaction.

\section{Estimation of nonlocal interaction}
It is well known in atomic physics and physics of
metallic surfaces and tunneling gaps between two metals
that the potential seen by a probe electron in a low-density
region is different from the self-consistent
potential found with the inclusion of interaction in the
local approximation.\cite{Bardeen,Latter,Binnig,Bertoni}
This difference was
attributed to nonlocal exchange and correlations, i.e., to the
attraction of the electron to an exchange-correlation
hole, which remains in a high-density region.\cite{Gunnarsson,Wang}
Consideration of this phenomenon regarding a quantum
point contact is currently unavailable, despite the
obvious analogy between two metallic bars separated
by a tunneling gap and two-dimensional electron gas
baths separated by a potential barrier. We suggest that
a ballistic electron coming to the barrier region, where
the density $n_c$ is low, gets separated from its
exchange-correlation hole, which is situated in the region of
dense electron gas. As a result, the local description of
the correction to the potential becomes inadequate.
Although the hole has a complicated shape, it can be
associated with the effective center. Then, a decrease
in the potential for the ballistic electron in the center
of the barrier is
$U-V\approx-\gamma e^2/(4\pi\epsilon\epsilon_0 r)$, where
$r$ is the
distance between the centers of the barrier and hole,
whereas $\gamma\stackrel{<}{_{\sim}}1$
takes into account the shape of the hole
and weakly depends on $r$. In perturbation theory, we
are interested in a small (i.e., $T$-dependent) part of the
correction:
\begin{equation}\label{deltaU}
\delta U\approx-[e^2/(4\pi\epsilon\epsilon_0]\gamma(r(T)^{-1}-r(0)^{-1}),
\end{equation}
and the correction at $T=0$ is thought to be already
included in the independent variable, which is the initial
barrier $U_0(x)$.
Obviously, $r$ decreases with an
increase in $n_c$, until the electron and hole recombine
and the local approximation for the interaction term
becomes valid in the center of the barrier.
According to this tendency and the smallness of the $T$-dependent
correction, we can write
$\gamma (r(T)^{-1}-r(0)^{-1})\approx (n_c(T)-n_c(0))/(r^*n_c^*)$, where
$n_c(T)$ and $n_c(0)$ are found perturbatively from the single-particle
wavefunctions in the barrier $U_0(x)$.
In a certain range of the barrier height,
we can also neglect a change in the positive phenomenological parameter
$\gamma r^*n_c^*$. Under these assumptions,
Eq.\eqref{deltaU} is formally a special case of the interaction-induced correction
$\delta U(x)\propto-\alpha\delta n(x)$,
here, $\delta n(x)$ stands for Friedel density
oscillations. This correction results from calculation
of the propagation through the delta barrier in a one-dimensional
electron system,\cite{Matveev94} in which case
$\alpha=\alpha(0)-\alpha(2k_F)$ is a result of the competition between
the exchange ($\alpha(0)$) and direct ($\alpha(2k_F)$) contribution
to the interaction. A similar correction was used to
simulate multimode quantum wires.\cite{Renard} We can
attempt to extend the range of this correction, with the
respective change in the meaning of $\alpha$ to the entire
first subband of the quantum wire, including the top of
the smooth barrier.

\section{Calculation of 1D electron density}
To find this correction perturbatively, we first compute the complete
set of wavefunctions for the bare smooth barrier $U_0(x)$ and find the electron
density $n(x)$ at a given temperature:
\begin{equation}\label{eq-4n}
n=\frac{1}{2\pi b} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{dE}{(EE_0)^{1/2}} \frac{|\psi_L(x,E)|^2+|\psi_R(x,E)|^2}{1+e^{(E-E_F)/k_BT}},
\end{equation}
where $E_0=\hbar^2/2m^{*}b^2$, $b=1$~nm is the length scale, $m^*=0.067m_e$
is the electron effective mass, and $\psi_L(x,E)$, $\psi_R(x,E)$
is the wavefunction of electrons
incident on the barrier from the left (right). The
amplitude of the incident wave is set to unity. The bare
potential is specified as $U_0(x)=V_0/\cosh^2(x/a)$.
This form is quite appropriate for simulation of short ballistic
channels, including escape to two-dimensional
reservoirs.\cite{Buttiker,pyshkin} This potential does not yield any
features in the transmittance $D(E)$ except the steps of unit
height.\cite{LL} The values of the parameters were taken to
be typical for ballistic quantum wires in a
GaAs/AlGaAs two-dimensional electron gas. The calculated
dependence $n(x,T)$ is presented in Fig.~\ref{fig1}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\centerline{\includegraphics*[width=0.98\linewidth]{nxnew}}
\caption{\label{fig1}
1D-electron density calculated with formula~\eqref{eq-4n} at
$E_F=5$~meV for potential $U_0(x)=V_0/\cosh^2(x/a)$, where
the half-width a is fixed $a=200$~nm. Curves for different
$V_0$ are offset by 0.01~nm$^{-1}$ for clarity.
}\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[t]
\centerline{\includegraphics*[width=\linewidth]{deltanx_new}}
\caption{\label{fig2}
Electron density correction $\delta n=n(x)-n_0(x)$
at the same parameters as in Fig.~\ref{fig1}.
Curves for different
$V_0$ are offset by 0.005~nm$^{-1}$ for clarity.
}\end{figure}
One can see that the density strongly changes with increasing temperature
in the transition from the tunnel regime to the open
one. At the lowest temperature there are Friedel oscillations
(FOs) in the tunnel regime, while in the open regime they are
suppressed. Calculated correction $\delta n(x,T)$ is a wide
perturbation of density across the whole barrier
(Figs.~\ref{fig1} and \ref{fig2}).
At $V_0>E_F$
one can see thermally activated increase $n(x,T)$ at the barrier
top; this temperature behavior inverts in the open regime
$V_0<E_F$.
Details of this temperature behaviour are best seen in
$\delta n=n(x)-n_0(x)$, where $n_0(x=0)=n_c(T=0)$,
and  $n_0(x\ne0)=\langle n(x,T=0)\rangle$~is the density averaged
over the Friedel oscillations (Fig.~\ref{fig2}).

The most interesting for the analysis of the consequences
of Eqs.~\eqref{eq-2n}, \eqref{deltaU} is the dependence of the
electron density $n_c$ in the center of the barrier on the
bare height $V_0$ at various $T$. Figure~\ref{fig3} shows
quite clearly the details of the $T$-dependent behavior
of $n_c$ and $\delta n_c$, when $U_0(x)$ is an independent variable.
\begin{figure}[b]
\centerline{\includegraphics*[width=0.98\linewidth]{nc_col}}
\caption{\label{fig3}
Electron density $n_c$ in the center of the barrier versus
the height $V_0$ of the barrier $U_0(x)=V_0/\cosh^2(x/a)$
calculated according to Eq.~\eqref{eq-4n} with $a=200$~nm and $E_F=5$~meV.
}\end{figure}
In the experiment, on the contrary, the gate voltage $V_g$
is varied independently and, according to the electrostatic
calculation (see Appendix \ref{appB} and Refs.~\onlinecite{pyshkin}, \onlinecite{liang}),
there is a linear relation between $n_c$ and
$V_g$ above some small $n_{c0}$ value, so that the temperature
dependence of $n_c(V_g)$ can be neglected. According to
Fig.~\ref{fig3}, this contradiction is resolved under the
assumption that the quantity $V_0$ actually depends on $T$
at constant $n_c$ or $V_g$. The relation between $V_g$ and the
height of the bare barrier $V_0$ is mediated by the electron
wavefunctions and the Fermi distribution. This relation and
$n(x,T)$ do not depend, in the first-order perturbation
theory, on interaction. However, they do contribute
into it.

\section{Corrected potential}
According to Eq.\eqref{deltaU} and similar to Ref.~\onlinecite{Matveev94}
the $T$-dependent part
of the interaction-induced
correction to the bare potential $U_0(x)$ was calculated
with the use of the phenomenological formula:
\begin{equation}\label{deltaU-matveev}
\delta U(x)=-\alpha \pi\hbar v_F \delta n(x,E_F,T),
\end{equation}
where $\alpha=\textrm{const}>0$,
$(\hbar v_F)^{-1}$~is the one-dimensional
density of states far from the barrier,
$\delta n=n(x)-n_0(x)$ where $n_0(x=0)=n_c(T=0)$,
and  $n_0(x\ne0)=\langle n(x,T=0)\rangle$~is the density averaged
over the Friedel oscillations.
The interaction-corrected potential $U(x)$ at various
$V_0$ and $T$ values is
shown in Fig.~\ref{fig4}.
\begin{figure}[b]
\centerline{\includegraphics*[width=0.92\linewidth]{Uxnew}}
\caption{\label{fig4}
Potential $U_0+\delta U(V_0,T)$ calculated from Eq.~\eqref{deltaU-matveev}
with $\alpha=0.2$ for the case of $U_0(x)=V_0/\cosh^2(x/a)$,
$a=200$~nm and $V_0=3,4,5,6,7,8$~meV.
}\end{figure}
At high $V_0$ values and low $T$ values,
penetration of an incident electron to the classically
forbidden region of the barrier is very low and the thermal
perturbation of the electron density inside the barrier
is negligible. Therefore, the potential barrier
remains almost unchanged. At $V_0=E_F$, the height of
the barrier $U(x)$ is lowered considerably with an
increase in temperature. At constant $V_0 < E_F$, the barrier
$U(x)$ is raised with $T$, in contrast to the case of
$V_0\geq E_F$. The behavior of the barrier height $U$ is shown
in more detail in Fig.~\ref{fig5}.
For $T=0$ we have $U=V_0$, because $\delta n(x=0)=0$ by definition.
One can see that $U$ becomes independent
\begin{figure}[t
\centerline{\includegraphics*[width=.96\linewidth]{UV0_c}}
\caption{\label{fig5}
Corrected barrier height versus the original barrier
height $V_0$ at the same parameters as in Fig.~\ref{fig4}.
}\end{figure}
of $V_0$ near $E_F$ at $T>0.1$~meV. There appears a plateau
below
$E_F$. It becomes broader and deeper with an increase in
$T$. The relative correction $\Delta U(x)/V_0$ at the parameters
specified in the figure caption reaches 10\%. This is
close to the limiting value for the present approximation,
which implies that the correction is small. This
limits the growth of $T$ and $\alpha$ in the model. Figure~\ref{fig5} in
combination with Eq.\eqref{eq-2n} provides a qualitative understanding
of the development of the 0.7 conductance
anomaly and the thermopower plateau with an
increase in temperature.
As is seen, the height $U$ of the
temperature-dependent barrier near $E_F$ is stabilized at
about $T$ below $E_F$.
\section{Calculated transport anomalies}
Conductance as a function of the barrier height $V_0$ was
calculated with the aid of formulas~\eqref{eq-1n}, \eqref{eq-4n}, \eqref{deltaU-matveev}.
The result
is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig6}. There is an usual conductance step
\begin{figure}[t]
\centerline{\includegraphics*[width=0.9\linewidth]{GV0new}}
\caption{\label{fig6}
(a) Conductance $G(V_0,T)$ calculated for corrected potential
$U(x)=U_0(x)+\delta U(x)$ with $U_0(x)=V_0/\cosh^2(x/a)$, $a=200$~nm
and interaction parameter $\alpha=0.2$. (b) $G(V_0,T)$ for
$U(x)=U_0(x)$
}\end{figure}
with unit height at $T = 0.01$~meV. However with increasing
temperature additional 0.7-plateau is developed at
$V_0 = E_F$. The width of these plateaux well corresponds
to temperature. Notice that the height of corrected barrier
is almost not changed at the lowest temperatures and only
the distant Friedel oscillations can have influence on
transmission. Indeed, similar to Ref.~\onlinecite{Matveev94},
scattering off Friedel oscillations leads to a small decrease
in transmission coefficient at low but finite temperatures and
a shift of the conductance step to the lower values of $V_0$.
For comparison we show in Fig.~\ref{fig6}b the curves $G(V_0,T)$ calculated for
the bare potential $U_0(x)=V_0/\cosh^2(x/a)$.
Figure~\ref{fig7} shows that conductance behavior is somewhat universal
for elevated $T$ and $\alpha$, and it strongly differs from that for $T\to0$.
Conductance $G(T,\alpha)$ for corrected potential is plotted as a function of $G(T,{\alpha=0})$
 in Figure~\ref{fig7}a.
These conductances are related to each other via common parameter $V_0$.
Conductance $G$ calculated at $E_F=V_0$ as a function of interaction parameter $\alpha$
shows that the height of the $0.7$-plateau is saturated with increasing $\alpha$
(Fig.~\ref{fig7}b).
\begin{figure}[b]
\centerline{\includegraphics*[width=\linewidth]{Galpha03G0}}
\caption{\label{fig7}
(a) Calculated
$G(G_{\alpha=0},T)$ for the same bare potentials as in Fig.~\ref{fig6}a,
but for $\alpha=0.3$.
(b) Calculated
$G(\alpha)$ at $V_0=E_F=5$~meV
for the same bare potentials and different $T$: $0.01\leq T\leq 0.51$~meV.
The upper curve in (b) represents all the curves for $T=0.11\div0.51$,
as they fit within the indicated error bars.
}\end{figure}

The dependence of the Seebeck coefficient on $E_F$
and $T$ (Fig.~\ref{fig8}) was computed from Eqs.~\eqref{eq-4n}, \eqref{deltaU-matveev}, and
\eqref{eq-1n}. In this case, we used a larger barrier half-width
and a lower $\alpha$ value than before.
\begin{figure}[t]
\centerline{\includegraphics*[width=\linewidth]{SGnew}}
\caption{\label{fig8}
Calculated thermopower and conductance of the
one-dimensional channel versus the Fermi energy $E_F$ at
constant $V_0$ (the parameters are indicated in the figure).
}\end{figure}
In agreement with the
analysis within approximation~\eqref{eq-2n}
and similar to the
experiment,\cite{Appleyard} $S(E_F)$ exhibits an anomalous step
with a height of 0.9-1.0 of $-k_B/e$. As is clearly seen in
Fig.~\ref{fig8}, this step is formed with an increase in $T$ simultaneously
with the 0.7 conductance anomaly. It is
noteworthy that such a combined evolution with temperature
has not yet been observed. Thus, we propose to make the
respective experiment for the additional proof of the proposed model.

Though dependences $U(V_0)$, $G(V_0)$, $G(E_F)$ and $G(G_{\alpha=0})$
are easy to calculate, they can hardly be measured.
However, we can compare with the experiment
the respective dependences on the electron density $n_c$
in the center of the barrier, see Fig.~\ref{fig9}.

In the figure, dependences (a)--(c) show the \emph{plateaux} which
appear and become more pronounced with increase of the temperature.
\begin{figure}[t
\centerline{\includegraphics*[width=.94\linewidth]{Gnc_EFmU}}
\caption{\label{fig9}
(a,b) Calculated dependences $E_F-U$, $\eta(n_c)=(E_F-U)/k_BT$
for $E_F=5$~meV, the interaction parameter
$\alpha=0.2$, and the bare potential $U_0(x)=V_0/\cosh^2(x/a)$
with $a=200$~nm. (c,d) Calculated conductance of the
one-dimensional channel with the corrected (b) and the bare (c)
potential versus $n_c$.
}\end{figure}
The shape of the computed plateaux is almost the same as that of
experimental ones (see Figs.~\ref{fig11} and \ref{fig12} in Appendix \ref{appA}).
The widths of the plateaux in Fig.~\ref{fig9}, $\Delta n_c\approx 0.01$~nm$^{-1}$ and
$\Delta V_g\approx0.01-0.02$~V,
agree in several experiments (Figs.~\ref{fig10}--\ref{fig12}), within small
variations of the gate capacitance.
Appendix \ref{appB} discusses the variations in more details.
If correction Eq.\eqref{deltaU-matveev} is zero ($\alpha=0$),
then calculated dependence $G(V_0(n_c,T))$ is almost the same as for
self-consistent potential obtained in 3D-electrostatic potential calculation
(Fig.~\ref{fig13}d).

We made a
number of simplifying assumptions in our 1D-model.
Therefore, a detailed fit of the experimental data to the
calculated curves is hardly appropriate. For example,
it was checked that approximation~\eqref{eq-2n} in the calculation
of the conductance replaces quite well more general formula~\eqref{eq-1n}
(except the case of ultimately low $k_BT$ values).
Thus, the discovered effect is unrelated to the
details of the barrier profile $U(x)$ and is induced merely
by the dependence of the difference $E_F-U$ on $n_c$; i.e., the
correction $\delta U(T)$ in the center of the barrier, where
Eq.~\eqref{deltaU} presumably holds, yielding $\alpha>0$, is crucial. It
is difficult to find $\alpha$ from theoretical considerations.
However, similarity of the experimental and calculated
curves persists under a 50\% variation of $\alpha$ (Fig.~\ref{fig7}).
It is noteworthy
that the effective value $\alpha=0.2$ corresponds to $r^*n_c^*\approx 1.5$;
i.e., the distance $r$ between the probe
electron in the center of the barrier and the exchange-correlation
hole is $1.5\gamma/n_c$. On the basis of the typical
values $n_c\sim0.01$~nm$^{-1}$ (see Figs.~\ref{fig2} and \ref{fig5}), we can
conclude that the conditions used to Eq.~\eqref{deltaU} and Eq.~\eqref{deltaU-matveev} are fulfilled.

\section{Conclusion}

A simple model of anomalous plateaux
in the conductance and thermopower of one-dimensional
ballistic quantum wires has been proposed on
the basis of the Landauer approach with spin degeneracy.
The key points of the model are pinning of the
effective one-dimensional barrier height $U$ at a depth of
$k_BT$ below the Fermi level under a change in the one-dimensional
density in the center of the barrier or the
gate voltage and the inclusion of all (local and nonlocal)
temperature-dependent interaction-induced corrections
via phenomenological formula~\eqref{deltaU-matveev}.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

This work was supported by the Presidium of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, program no. 24, and
the Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
project no. IP130. We are grateful to Z.D. Kvon,
M.V. Budantsev, A.P. Dmitriev, I.V. Gornyi for
fruitful discussions,
and  A. Safonov for translation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
James Dodding
(England) James Dodding
Darwin R. Payne
drp@wfu.edu
(Canondale) Darwin Reid Payne
Emeritus Faculty of Scenographic Design
Mr. Payne (BA, MFA, and DFA (hon) Southern Illinois University at Carbondale) was an adjunct professor of scenography at Wake Forest University, and also a lecturer in scenographic modelmaking at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts. He was formerly chairman of the theater department of Southern Illinois at Carbondale. In addition to designing and directing at regional theaters throughout the United States and Canada, he wrote a book on the integration of traditional scenographic rendering techniques with computer graphics technology.
Harold Tedford
tedford@wfu.edu Harold Tedford
wolfe@wfu.edu Donald Wolfe
Dr. Wolfe (BS and MS, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Ph.D. Cornell University)taught at Wake Forest University starting in 1968. Formerly, he taught classes in acting, theatre history and lighting design. In recent years, his teaching was confined primarily to introduction to theatre and directing. He directed many productions at Wake Forest over the years. He is a past president of the North Carolina Theatre Conference as well as the Southeastern Theatre Conference. In March 1998, he received SETC's highest award for membership service, the Suzanne Davis Award.
See also: Theatre and Dance Faculty, Theatre and Dance Staff
Browse: Home / Faculty and Staff / Emeriti Faculty


On behalf of Michael A. Manna & Associates posted in Estate Planning on Saturday, October 23, 2010.
Over the past 10 years, the number of families seeking the assistance of reproductive technology has doubled. As the possibilities for family planning have undergone dramatic changes, so have the options open to those wishing to plan their estate.
The ability to preserve genetic material (such as eggs, embryos and sperm) has given individuals the ability to create life even after death, but, as Margaret Collins writes for Bloomberg, few states have any guidelines in place which would guide procedures such as probate in the event that a child was conceived after the death of a parent.
The reasons one might have for seeking the assistance of reproductive technology are vast. As Collins writes, some wish to preserve their ability to become pregnant later in life. Others suffer from diseases, such as cancer, that might prevent them from becoming pregnant in the future due to disease progression or treatment, like radiation.
In regards to estate planning, questions may arise as to whether children conceived via such technology have a legitimate claim on parental estates or the businesses and property that have been passed down through generations.
While questions such as these are still relatively few and far between, expect to see an increase. Sooner or later, legislators will have to come to terms with the new estate administration variables at play.


text:
Experts from Business and Academia
Founder VGL, Managing Partner Eunepa
Pari has over 20 years experience as a
Leadership facilitator
Organizational improvement consultant
Pari works with global companies, executive teams and leaders, supporting them at all stages, starting from new leaders in transition through identifying next career moves and exit strategies. Pari also works with executive teams to improve trust and dialogue, enhance vision and execute strategy. She supports them as a trusted advisor in communication, corporate culture, leading across cultures, and building transparency.
Pari holds a PhD in International Human Resources Management (2007) and a BA (Hons) in Business Studies from Middlesex Business School in London. As an author she has published academic articles and book chapters and lectured Intercultural Communication at the Centre for Global Politics Freie Universität Berlin from 2010-2019. Pari served as the President of SIETAR Europa (2015-2018). Pari lives in Vienna, Austria and speaks fluent English, Persian and enough German to keep her out of trouble.
Dr. Barbara Covarrubias Venegas
Barbara is the project leader for Vienna Global Leaders and Eunepa's different leadership programs.
She is a senior researcher and lecturer at a university in Vienna, Austria. She worked and studied in Austria, Spain, Italy, Chile and Mexico and continues working with organizations and executives from global organizations. Barbara was also president of SIETAR Austria, as well as communications director and board member of SIETAR Europa for many years.
Barbara's research and training focus includes New Ways of Working, Flexible Organizations, Organizational Culture and Digital Leadership. These topics also form the focus in her keynotes, workshops and coaching activities. Her PhD research was conducted on Age and Gender Diversity in the Austrian Banking industry. She speaks German, English, Spanish and Italian.
Kadidja Naief
Kadidja is a digital marketing manager and leadership project coordinator. She has gained experience in journalism, brand strategy, web design, social media and content management, and has supported companies in both online and print media projects from conception to realization. Prior to freelancing, she was a project assistant for a children's aid and development assistance NGO based in Vienna.
During her academic studies, Kadidja was the editor in chief of a literary magazine in Paris and Canterbury, and was active as a tutor for children and migrants for four years. She holds a Master's degree in Creative Writing from the University of Kent, a Bachelor's degree in International Development and a Bachelor's degree in English and American Studies from the University of Vienna with a minor from Boston University. She speaks German, English, Arabic and basic Spanish.
Meghla El Haque
Senior Research Consultant
Meghla is a Senior Consultant at Eunepa and is involved in research and content development for our leadership development and learning platforms. She is also involved in training and facilitation for management and leadership programs.
She was the Director of Global Outreach and Initiatives at the Office of Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah of Jordan for over eight years. There, she was responsible for designing and implementing international mission programmes for advocacy and development initiatives, as well as the strategic liaison for regional and global partners.
In Vienna, Meghla was the Managing Director of a language and professional training institute for six years. She has a proven track record in leading teams, project management, and communication skills.
She has a Master's degree in International Relations from SOAS University of London, a diploma in journalism from London, and a Bachelor's degree in International History and Politics from the University of Leeds. Meghla speaks English, Arabic, Bengali, Hindi and German. She is also a dance teacher in Indian classical and folk.
Isabella Herner
Executive & Team Assistant
Isabella supports the entire team in planning, research and coordination. She was active as an international retail specialist with over 20 years of international product and market experience. She comes from the textile and fashion business and worked as sales manager in London and Germany and as regional head of sales & marketing for Austria. She also held a position as international buyer & product manager in the European Central Buying Headquarter in Brussels.
In her function as business development manager and international franchise coordinator she was driving the non-European business from market analyses and partner search to market entries, brand building and operational topics in Middle Eastern markets like VAE, KSA and CIS countries like Russia and Kazakhstan. Some of the brands she worked for include C&A, Palmers and New Yorker. Isabella holds a degree from Vienna Economic University. She speaks German, English, intermediate Spanish, Italian and French, and basic Russian.
Stay updated with VGL Forums and workshops!


text:
Kāpiti students off to London's famous theatre
31 Oct, 2019 01:19 AM 3 minutes to read
Parekawa Finlay, right, with Poroaki Merrit-McDonald in Henry V. Photo / Memory of Light Photography
By: Rosalie Willis
Rosalie is a reporter for Kāpiti News
Inspiring, life changing, exciting and thrilling with infinite possibilities are just a few of the words used by two Kāpiti students after a week of living and breathing Shakespeare has resulted in a trip to London.
Parekawa Finlay and Connor Norris attended the Shakespeare Globe Centre New Zealand National Shakespeare Schools Programme (SGCNZ NSSP) after being selected from around 5000 students who attended regional festivals around the country earlier in the year.
With 46 young actors and student directors chosen for the programme, Parekawa and Connor are two of 24 young people chosen from the programme to be part of the SGCNZ Young Shakespeare Company (SGCNZ YSC) who will perform at The Globe Theatre in London.
"It is a huge achievement for these young people," SGCNZ chief executive Dawn Saunders said.
"Both were excellent performers and great team players throughout the week."
They picking the 24 students from the programme and personally called each of them with the news.
"We look for qualities other than just acting," Dawn said.
"Being able to work collectively and collaboratively are vital as well.
"Pare's immediate response was 'Oooo I feel all squiggly inside'. She was extremely excited.
"From Connor there was an initial stunned silence then 'Oh my gosh I'm overwhelmed'."
4 Sep, 2019 11:37 PM Quick Read
$600k lighting and sound revamp for Southward Theatre
"When I got the call from Dawn asking if I would like to be part of the SGCNZ YSC I was over the moon. I accepted immediately," Connor said.
"Even after 400 years Shakespeare is such a completely unique thing, and performing it is an absolute joy. The main thing I love about Shakespeare is it has seemingly infinite possibilities.
"It can be interpreted in almost any way and is still important today."
Connor performed as Bottom Transformed and Pyrimus in an abridged version of A Midsummer Night's Dream.
"It had a delightful comedic quality to it," Dawn said. Both students are inspired by The Globe in London and what it represents.
"The Globe really seems like the place where everything happens," Connor said.
"The best Shakespearian actors in the world preform there regularly and the coaching and tutoring is beyond phenomenal.
"It inspires me and is where I want to be one day as part of my career."
Parekawa also sees making it into SGCNZ YSC and going to The Globe as a stepping stone in her career.
"It's another reassuring factor that yes, this is what I want to do. Working on Shakespeare's Henry V, I was thrilled with all the ideas and themes we explored collaboratively and was so proud with our end product.
"We ended up exploring ideas of colonisation in Aotearoa and changed all the French lines into Te Reo Māori, making the French soldiers and royalty Māori.
"Pare was a standout as King of France in Henry V," Dawn said. "She is an authoritative performer, with a great presence and sense of space."
Parekawa got the call when she was at a Post Shop.
"I was totally surprised and ecstatic when I found out, almost dying on the floor but trying to be as quiet as possible."
"There are so many factors that make this a big deal for me.
"Being my first time overseas or travelling on a plane at all, being able to access high-calibre directors, tutors and workshops along with getting a behind the scenes tour of The Globe and Rose Theatres.
"But the one thing that makes it such a big deal for me is getting to perform on The Globe Theatre stage representing Aotearoa."
Six new Covid cases; traveller tests positive on day 24


When I moved to Boulder in the 80s, I was thrilled to discover Dr. Jeffrey Mishlove's mind-expanding "Thinking Allowed" interviews on the local PBS TV station. Thinking Allowed was the only media around at the time – at least, on television – that explored spirituality, metaphysics, and psychology, and I was so grateful to have found it.
Jeffrey and Mona discuss varieties of psychic signals that transmit between us, often leading to our picking up information, sensations, etc., much like a viral or bacterial contagion happens physically. (And "psychic" does not refer only to thoughts, btw.) This information is particularly relevant to healers, empaths & sensitives and people who live and work with us :). Forty minutes.
Just spent 55 minutes with Regina Meredith interviewing Lee Harris and also questioning the "Zs" while Lee channels them.
I feel this is a conversation worth listening to (stronger than my title for it suggests :-}) so I'm posting a link for you here. It's a free pass to stream this program on (subscriber site) gaia.com valid for 48 hours as of this posting if you are not a gaia member.
Are solar storms happening more and more frequently now? It seems so to me. Their effects take about 3 days to reach Earth (so – end of this week for this one), and can cause an array of anomalous experiences for us. What we usually hear regarding this phenom pertains to colorful auroras in the sky.
But more goes on during these events than meets the eye; auroras are the tip of the iceberg, so to speak. This article covers what we might notice in various ways and in various degrees of intensity.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has issued a G1 (minor) geomagnetic storm watch for Tuesday and Wednesday, the 10th and 11th of April.
Holy COW. I've been on quite an adventure over the past month or so. It's been incredibly challenging to maintain anything remotely resembling equilibrium in this body.
Weeks passed before I could even locate words sufficient to describe what's been going on. I'll just cut to the chase here and explain as best I can, and as always invite comments from readers who've also felt energetically RAWKED lately.
All attempted physical movement – and mental focus – seemed to slosh in an energetic substance (my own energy body) that kept me in a constant state of off-centeredness, imbalance, confusion, inability to track thoughts or read… my entire being seemed liquid, formless, and unable to come into coherence.
My physicality was somehow seriously OUT of sync with my energetics. I don't think I can be any more explicit than this. Extreme sensations of instability.
It's Service. It's Performance. It's A Creative Empath.
The livelihood that empath David Sauvage is creating for himself in NYC impresses me, working with his gift in ways I likely wouldn't have thought of. It's a form of performance art that touches and reads people personally and deeply.
I'm sharing a link to a thoughtful, insightful 1-hour documentary about the 20% of the population (and not only human population, but animals as well) possessing traits of high sensitivity.
Highly sensitive does not mean shy, introverted, fearful, depressed, or even snobbish, as sensitives are often perceived – although, how their family and the world responds to them can seed wounded emotions that could haunt them for life.
Highly sensitive people likely inherit this inclination via their DNA… which seems to set up stronger perception and deeper processing of events than the majority. The film explains that the HS tendency has recently been traced to a particular area of the brain.
The player can be virtually transported into any form of life and "carry on" in the virtual context of that life, which could be a seed, a blade or leaf, an insect or animal, you just hop into that "form" and carry on with whatever comes your way in that embodiment.
I find this video game idea fascinating and refreshing! I'd love to experience Everything – which is the name of this unusual game.
From what I gather, this is not a game that involves competition or killing the other players. It seems to be a chance to "become" almost anything you can think of, and see how you deal with the new environment you'll be navigating as that other living form. So – walking in the Other's shoes, you might say. It might be a fabulous learning tool for understanding compassion, empathy… who knows how far down a rabbit hole this virtual environment can go?
The Everything gameplay youtube offers a good glimpse into the game's virtual world – find that below.
Wonderful conversations here between two highly intelligent and highly conscious people about communicating with animals.
The stories they share in these two 25-minute videos of the program, "Thinking Allowed," will be well appreciated by anyone whose life involves animals. I've been a Thinking Allowed fan since the 80's and hold creator/host Jeffrey Mishlove, PhD, in high regard for carrying the torch all this time, and as engagingly as he does.
The "communicator" here is Miranda Scott, MA. This conversation ventures beyond most I've heard on the subject (all of which I find fascinating!) … it is such a significant step for evolving humanity to o-o-open to comprehending animals' wisdom, experiences, and innate love as they share this planet with us.
The first video aired (and was posted on youtube) a couple months ago; the second is obviously from the same day, in a second recording session, but has just been posted online. Both are filled with astute insights re: animal consciousness. Ms. Scott is also a crisis responder, which adds an additional dimension to her overall perception of the important role that many animals, including PTSD therapy dogs (therapist dogs!) provide.
We know that "narcissist" has become a bit of a buzzword recently, and some folks are quick to apply it to an ex-lover or family member or friend. While awareness of this concept is healthy, so is remembering that it is, in a mental health context, a serious condition that shouldn't be applied to someone you're mad at because they stole your mirror. ~ Eds.
I am an empath. I discovered I was an empath after I got involved in a very deep and highly destructive relationship with a narcissist.


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Tag: NASA Marshall
New NASA Challenge Offers Prizes for Sprouting Astronaut Food Systems
January 13, 2021 January 12, 2021 News 0
NASA and the Canadian Space Agency have coordinated to open the Deep Space Food Challenge, targeted at developing novel food system technologies for long-duration deep space missions. (Credits: NASA)
WASHINGTON (NASA PR) — Astronauts need hearty nutrients to maintain a healthy diet in space, but like any of us, they want their food to taste good, too! As NASA develops concepts for longer crewed missions to Mars and beyond, the agency will need innovative and sustainable food systems that check all the boxes.
NASA Selects 4 Concepts for Small Missions to Study Universe's Secrets
January 9, 2021 January 8, 2021 News 0
As neutron stars collide, some of the debris blasts away in particle jets moving at nearly the speed of light, producing a brief burst of gamma rays. (Credits: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/CI Lab)
WASHINGTON (NASA PR) — NASA has chosen four small-scale astrophysics missions for further concept development in a new program called Pioneers. Through small satellites and scientific balloons, these selections enable new platforms for exploring cosmic phenomena such as galaxy evolution, exoplanets, high-energy neutrinos, and neutron star mergers.
Tiny NASA Cameras to Watch Commercial Lander form Craters on Moon
January 8, 2021 News 0
HAMPTON, Va. (NASA PR) — This little black camera looks like something out of a spy movie — the kind of device one might use to snap discrete photos of confidential documents.
It's about half the size of a computer mouse.
But the only spying this camera — four of them, actually — will do is for NASA researchers wondering what happens under a spacecraft as it lands on the Moon.
NASA Space Launch System Rocket Proceeding with Green Run Hot Fire
Fully loading the propellant and detecting no leaks is a major milestone for the Green Run test series. A total of 114 tanker trucks delivered propellant to six propellant barges next to the B-2 Test Stand at NASA's Stennis Space Center near Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. The barges deliver more than 733,000 gallons of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen to the core stage for NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket as part of the seventh test in the Green Run test series. The wet dress rehearsal test marks the first time propellant is loaded and drained from the propellant tanks of the stage that will help power Artemis I. Six propellant barges send fuel through a special feed system and lines in the test stand to the rocket stage. (Credits: NASA)
BAY St. Louis, Miss. (NASA PR) — NASA is targeting the final test in the Green Run series, the hot fire, for as early as Jan.17. The hot fire is the culmination of the Green Run test series, an eight-part test campaign that gradually brings the core stage of the Space Launch System (SLS) — the deep space rocket that will power the agency's next-generation human Moon missions — to life for the first time.
Dynetics Achieves Critical NASA Milestone, Delivers Key Data on Lunar Lander Program
Credit: Dynetics
The company and its subcontractors complete a major step in the Human Landing System (HLS) competition while continuing to perform significant hardware and software development activities
HUNTSVILLE, Ala., Jan. 6, 2021 – Dynetics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Leidos, has submitted its proposal for Option A of the Human Landing System (HLS) for NASA's Artemis Program. The Dynetics team has also completed the HLS Continuation Review, a critical milestone during the 10-month base period, which NASA will use to assess progress on HLS hardware development and program plans.
NASA Completes Design Review of the SLS Exploration Upper Stage
December 27, 2020 December 26, 2020 News 0
This illustration shows the Exploration Upper Stage (EUS) for the evolved configuration of NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. (Credits: NASA/Terry White)
HUNTSVILLE, Ala. (NASA PR) — The Exploration Upper Stage (EUS) for future flights of NASA's Space Launch System rocket has passed its Critical Design Review, or CDR.
A panel of experts evaluated the EUS in the latest review to determine that the stage's design meets requirements for future missions. This most recent assessment certifies the EUS meets critical design requirements to withstand deep space environments and when completed will ensure astronaut safety.
The review board also evaluated testing processes, the ability of the industrial base to supply parts and tooling, and production plans. Boeing, the prime contractor for the EUS as well as the core stage, will manufacture and assemble the upper stage at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans.
A structural test article of the stage will undergo testing at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where the SLS Program is managed. The flight article will undergo Green Run testing at the agency's Stennis Space Center near Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, before its first flight, similar to the SLS core stage Green Run testing currently in progress, including a hot firing of the engines.
NASA is working to land the first woman and the next man on the Moon by 2024. SLS and Orion, along with the human landing system and theGateway in orbit around the Moon, are NASA's backbone for deep space exploration.
For more on NASA's SLS, visit:
https://www.nasa.gov/sls
3 Things We've Learned From NASA's Mars
Credit: NASA
InSight scientists are finding new mysteries since the geophysics mission landed two years ago.
PASADENA, Calif. (NASA PR) — NASA's InSight spacecraft touched down Nov. 26, 2018, on Mars to study the planet's deep interior. A little more than one Martian year later, the stationary lander has detected more than 480 quakes and collected the most comprehensive weather data of any surface mission sent to Mars. InSight's probe, which has struggled to dig underground to take the planet's temperature, has made progress, too.
3D Printed Rocket Engine Parts Survive 23 Hot-Fire Tests
Hot-fire testing of an additively manufactured copper alloy combustion chamber and a nozzle made of a high-strength hydrogen resistant alloy. (Credits: NASA)
By Hillary Smith
NASA's Game Changing Development Program
HUNTSVILLE, Ala. — Future lunar landers might come equipped with 3D printed rocket engine parts that help bring down overall manufacturing costs and reduce production time. NASA is investing in advanced manufacturing – one of five industries of the future – to make it possible.
NASA Defines Science Priorities for First Crewed Artemis Landing on Moon
December 8, 2020 December 7, 2020 News 0
WASHINGTON (NASA PR) — NASA has identified the agency's science priorities for the Artemis III mission, which will launch the first woman and next man to the Moon in 2024. The priorities and a candidate set of activities are included in a new report.
NASA Selects Solar Sail, Earth Atmosphere Study SmallSat Missions
Solar Cruiser spacecraft (Credit: NASA)
WASHINGTON (NASA PR) — NASA has selected two SmallSat missions – a study of Earth's outer most atmosphere and a solar sail spaceflight test mission – to share a ride to space in 2025 with the agency's Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP).
The missions – the Global Lyman-alpha Imagers of the Dynamic Exosphere (GLIDE) and Solar Cruiser – were selected as Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP) Missions of Opportunity. GLIDE will help researchers understand the upper reaches of Earth's atmosphere – the exosphere – where it touches space. Solar Cruiser demonstrate the use of solar photons for propulsion in space.
Dig In: NASA Challenge Seeks Innovations to Excavate Moon Resources
December 1, 2020 November 30, 2020 News 0
HUNTSVILLE, Ala. (NASA PR) — From garage inventors to university students and entrepreneurs, NASA is looking for ideas on how to excavate the Moon's icy regolith, or dirt, and deliver it to a hypothetical processing plant at the lunar South Pole. The NASA Break the Ice Lunar Challenge, now open for registration, is designed to develop new technologies that could support a sustained human presence on the Moon by the end of the decade.
Artemis I Launch Preparations Are Stacking Up
November 28, 2020 November 27, 2020 News 0
The aft segments of the Space Launch System solid rocket boosters for the Artemis I mission prepare to move from high bay 4 inside the Vehicle Assembly Building for stacking on the mobile launcher inside high bay 3 at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (Credits: NASA/Cory Huston)
By Madison Tuttle
NASA's Kennedy Space Center
NASA has stacked the first piece of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket on the mobile launcher in preparation for the Artemis I launch next year. At NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, engineers lowered the first of 10 segments into place Nov. 21 for the twin solid rocket boosters that will power the first flight of the agency's new deep space rocket. Artemis I will be an uncrewed flight to test the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft as an integrated system ahead of crewed flights to the Moon with the Artemis program.
Keeping Spacecraft on Course with Propellant Management Technologies
Carthage students Taylor Peterson (left) and Celestine Ananda are shown here observing the gauging of unsettled liquids during a period of microgravity on a flight with ZERO-G in November 2018. (Credits: Carthage College)
by Nicole Quenelle
NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center
Rocket off course? It could be a slosh problem.
Propellant slosh, to be exact. The motion of propellant inside a rocket-based launch vehicle or spacecraft tank is an ever-present, vexing problem for spaceflight. Not only can it make gauging the amount of available propellant difficult, but the volatile waves of liquid can literally throw a rocket off its trajectory.
Marshall Team Enables Increased Science Return from International Space Station Astronauts
The Payload Operations Integration Center at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. (Credit: NASA/Emmett Given)
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/releases/2020/marshall-team-enables-increased-science-return-from-international-space-station-astronauts.html
HUNTSVILLE, Ala. (NASA PR) — Flying silently through the void of space around a globe of blue and green is the most advanced science laboratory ever developed: the International Space Station. Inside humanity's orbiting outpost is a buzz of activity as explorers, pilots, doctors, and scientists from around the world conduct experiments, maintain the facility, and develop new technologies.
Nuclear Tech in Space: What's on the Horizon?
November 5, 2020 November 4, 2020 News 0
Illustration of a Mars transit habitat and nuclear propulsion system that could one day take astronauts to Mars. (Credits: NASA)
La Grange Park, Ill. (American Nuclear Society PR) — NASA aims to develop nuclear technologies for two space applications: propulsion and surface power. Both can make planned NASA missions to the moon more agile and more ambitious, and both are being developed with future crewed missions to Mars in mind. Like advanced reactors here on Earth, space nuclear technologies have an accelerated timeline for deployment in this decade.


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November 2020 Open Thread
This is the Open Thread for the month of November.
Please leave any tips, announcements, or others things below.
This entry was posted in open threads on November 15, 2020 by William Saturn.
← Press Release: Nickolas Wildstar Announces Run for California Governor Green Party: National Green Party Women's Caucus Releases Statement Supporting Transgender Day of Remembrance and Hosts Webinar Event Nov. 20 →
22 thoughts on "November 2020 Open Thread"
theButterfly November 16, 2020 at 06:33
I'm calling it now.
2024: President Mark Cuban
Be Rational November 17, 2020 at 10:54
Nope. No cigar.
Sorry, Butterfly.
Just Some Random Guy November 17, 2020 at 18:38
So Alaska and Massachusetts both had referendums for installing Instant Runoff Voting. The Massachusetts one was fairly simple, to basically just hold elections as they are now but with the instant runoff. The Alaska one was more complicated; essentially, it abolished party primaries entirely, had one big primary election for everyone who wanted to run. The 4 people with the most votes would go on to the main election which would be decided by instant runoff voting. The Alaska one also had some measures meant to try to stop dark money, but I'm focusing on the instant runoff part here as that's most relevant to third party interests.
The Massachusetts one failed (54.9% no with 99% reporting), but the Alaska one appears to have narrowly passed (50.4% voted yes, with 99% reporting). So it seems a state other than Maine is going to have Instant Runoff Voting statewide, though the Alaska version is a bit more complicated.
nik November 18, 2020 at 07:25
Hmm, I kinda thought there might be a summary of alternative party vote totals here, at least for president. What's happened to this site?
The latest I've found are
Jorgensen 1,839,289
Hawkins 385,197
De La Fuente 70,778
La Riva 66,362
West 62,645
Blankenship 57,346
Pierce 43,387
Carroll 21,995
All others less than 6,300 votes each
William Saturn Post author November 18, 2020 at 12:54
Why? The numbers will continue to change. I'll wait until they are final to post totals.
Because this is a news site?
I mean, there have been five posts since the election, all content from elsewhere, no original IPR analysis at all…
Austin Cassidy November 19, 2020 at 03:41
Nik,
Those are old numbers.
Check https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ for updated results.
Ryan November 20, 2020 at 13:10
I could post a column about the Indiana Governor election results, the strong performance of the Libertarian candidate, and how the Democratic Party is dying in vast swathes of this country, ready to be replaced for second-party status.
Root's Teeth Are Awesome November 28, 2020 at 18:54
The American Independent Party is still promoting Trump for 2020 — even though they later endorsed another candidate for 2020: http://aipca.org/
How often does the AIP update its website? Once every 5 or 6 years?
The comments at the article's bottom post some interesting evidence that Biden stole the election: http://housingbubble.blog/?p=4205
President Trump won 11 million more popular votes in 2020 than he did in 2016. By contrast, in his re-election, former President Obama won 4 million less votes in 2012 than he did in 2008.
The last time a President lost re-election after receiving more popular votes than in his election was in 1888 when Grover Cleveland received more votes than he did in 1884. Cleveland actually won the popular vote in 1888, but lost the electoral college. He ran again in 1892 and became the first (and thus far only) president to serve nonconsecutive terms.
The last time a President lost re-election and the popular vote after receiving more votes than in his election was in 1840 with Martin Van Buren. Van Buren ran again as the third party Free Soil candidate in 1848 but received far fewer votes which amounted to only 10 percent of the total.
The only other time this happened was in 1828 when John Quincy Adams received more popular votes in losing re-election than he did upon his election in 1824. This was a very different situation, however, because in 1824 the popular vote winner Andrew Jackson actually led in the electoral college but did not have a majority. It went to the House of Representatives where Henry Clay allegedly delivered the votes for Adams in exchange for the Secretary of State position, i.e. the corrupt bargain.
Statistical study of electoral anomalies in 2020:
https://votepatternanalysis.substack.com/p/voting-anomalies-2020
Paulie November 30, 2020 at 12:31
I think akismet charged me 59.00 for spam protection for this site again. I didn't mean to pay for that. Lost interest in politics, have not even set up my laptop in a few months or looked at this site much less commented here in months. Also I don't use face book or messenger or email on my phone and im not going to be checking back here for reply. My life got messed up. I'm out in the boonies do voice calls are spotty but someone can text me at 205 534 1622 if they need me for anything . If anyone can sent me that 59.00 and or any other amount and take it off my card thanks. Text me for details on how. I don't care if this site for spam protection anymore. Just trying to survive day to day . I don't normally use phone for internet just calls only but I could use that 59.00 or anything else. Text only no emails or calls and not checking back here.
Tony From Long Island December 2, 2020 at 00:04
None of those presidents had anywhere near the visceral hatred against them.
Millions of people came out to get him out of office. So sure, he increased the size of his cult – and population growth also plays a part, but even bigger was the desire to rid of of an international cancer.
Paulie:
Hang in there my friend!
William Saturn Post author December 2, 2020 at 00:58
The unwarranted, psychotic hatred called Trump derangement syndrome was a motivation for some voters and for some vote counters it seems. That hatred would help explain a motivation behind the seemingly (Occam's razor) manmade anomalies presented in the link above.
Unwarranted . . . sure . . . .
New Yorkers have known what an absolutely disgusting human being he is for decades.
Even if he espoused every policy I support ( whic would be impossible because he has no knowledge of any actual policies), I would NEVER have voted for such a vile person to be the face of this nation.
I just returned from two weeks in Europe and was asked about him several times. The world now laughs at us because of him. The sooner he is in the trash heap of history the better.
One thing that Paulie and I agree on 🙂
Root's Teeth Are Awesome December 4, 2020 at 11:23
His personal behavior is no worse than that of the average hot shot in Hollywood or Wall Street.
SocraticGadfly December 4, 2020 at 19:48
William, yeah, I'm going to trust a Substack that didn't start posting about this until after the election, posted twice in one day and hasn't since. These "anomalies" have been addressed in many other places. Told W. Joseph Campbell the same when he did his latest post on Media Myth Alert earlier this week.
Root's Teeth . . . " . . . .His personal behavior is no worse than that of the average hot shot in Hollywood or Wall Street . . . "
Sure . . . if it makes you feel better to think that . . . . .
Jared December 5, 2020 at 16:31
TDS is real, but I'd say it applies to people who believe Trump is a White supremacist or a far-right genocidal dictator at heart. Criticizing his vaguely paleocon isolationist policies, shocking ignorance and loose relationship with the truth, self-serving disregard for political and legal institutions, authoritarian temperament, populist demagoguery, amoral lifestyle and history of credible sexual assault allegations isn't enough to qualify.
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Definition: Employee Commitment is the psychological attachment and the resulting loyalty of an employee to an organization.
According to Kanter ('68) there are 3 types of EC: Continuance, Cohesion and Control Commitment.
1. AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT: positive feelings of identification with, attachment to, and involvement in the organization.
2. NORMATIVE COMMITMENT: feelings of obligation to remain with the organization resulting from values and beliefs.
3. CONTINUANCE COMMITMENT: the result of the perceived cost associated with leaving.