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Topics: Communication | Conservation | Ecosystems | Sustainability
Community Action and Science Help Restore New Zealand Lakes
Volume 5 | Issue 2 | Page 46-55 | March 2014
By Ian McLean
Ida Kubiszewski
The Rotorua lakes are in the North Island of New Zealand. All were formed by volcanic events but vary in characteristics and water quality. Shown here is The Champagne Pool, Wai-o-tapu, Rotorua.
Although water quality in the Rotorua Lakes was degrading, no action was being taken. Leading scientists had false confidence in the adequacy of scientific knowledge about the lakes and the authorities were complacent over threats to water quality. A local environmental group was reinvigorated as the LakesWater Quality Society (LWQS) and initiated action. Good science describing what was happening in the lakes was the first need. The Society ran eight symposia over 12 years to stimulate and disseminate scientific knowledge and ideas. With hard work and focus, LWQS persuaded government authorities to act, fund, and execute remedial work. Major components of the work were sewerage reticulation and treatment, some engineering works, better farm management in lake catchments, and some change in land use. To our surprise, some lakes responded very quickly, and in a few years, water quality greatly improved. Work is underway or planned for most other lakes in the area.
Complacency: Water quality in the 12 existing Rotorua Lakes in New Zealand was degrading because of human activities in the catchments. Authorities and the community were complacent, believing that effective action was unnecessary or was impossible.
Science and persuasion: A local voluntary community group—the LakesWater Quality Society—initiated action by first stimulating and then disseminating good scientific information. Symposia to educate and inform, with world-renowned experts as keynote speakers, proved an effective tool.
Major works: Major expensive programmes were needed in the lake catchments to reduce nutrient outflows. These have greatly improved some lakes and are underway or planned with most others.
Success: Lakes can be restored, and a few dedicated and effective people in the community can initiate the restoration.
LakesWater Quality Society and the Restoration of the Rotorua Lakes
A community group, the LakesWater Quality Society (LWQS), successfully initiated action to restore water quality in a major group of lakes in the Rotorua district. This account is written from the perspective of the chair of the Society from 2000 to 2006. It deals with events of those years and briefly touches on the later implementation phase.
The twelve splendid Rotorua lakes are in the North Island of New Zealand.1 All were formed by volcanic events but vary in characteristics and water quality. Volcanic domes and caldera dominate the landscape. Landforms are mantled by rhyolitic ash eruptions. Rainfall trickles through the soil into pumice aquifers, and some take a century to reach a lake. Water from hydrothermal springs also enters several lakes.
Before human settlement, the land was covered by a temperate rainforest dominated by podocarps. Only limited changes were made in the vegetation by the Maori,2 who arrived around the 14th century.
Before 1880, when Rotorua town was formally established on the edge of Lake Rotorua, European settlement took place slowly.3 The town itself was largely a tourist center and managed as a 'government town' for many years.4 As the town of Rotorua grew, nutrients from sewage were discharged into Lake Rotorua with little treatment,5 leading to a deterioration in lake water quality.
Forests were cleared as trees were felled for timber and pine (Pinus radiata) plantations were developed in the 20th century. Farming was slow to develop since sheep and cattle did not thrive. After a deficiency of cobalt was identified in 1935,6 livestock farming spread around several lakes and eventually increased the outflows of nitrogen compounds to these lakes. Government policies to stimulate farming encouraged livestock farming in the catchments.
Ian McLean
Rotorua city and lake with Tarawera volcano in the background.
In 1969 a visiting American compared Lake Rotorua to an "unflushed toilet" —to the horror of the mayor.7 A few scientists warned of the degradation of the lake water.8 Eventually public pressure led to a proposal to divert little-treated city effluent to the Kaituna River that flows out from Lake Rotoiti (and hence drains Lake Rotorua as well). But a local Maori leader objected and won a legal claim against the government.9
Rotorua City had a population of over 50,000 in 1991 and by then was building a modern sewage treatment plant to remove most nutrients.4,10 The local government authorities and the community relaxed: it appeared that Lake Rotorua was saved.11 Little concern was shown about the other apparently less threatened lakes. In 1999 the Regional Council (BoPRC or EBOP) estimated a cost of only $3.84 million to "protect the twelve lakes … for ecological, recreational, and cultural importance…".11
In 2000 EBOP proposed the Regional Water and Land Plan (RWLP) which became effective in due course. This included Rule 11, which prohibited any further intensification of land use that could increase nutrient discharge to Lake Rotorua or four other lakes.
The RWLP included individual targets for water quality for the Rotorua lakes. The realistic objective was for the water quality for each lake to be maintained above, or restored to, what as it was in 1960, rather than back to pristine purity. The indicator of quality used was the Trophic Level Index (TLI).12
We, the lakeside dwellers, became concerned in the late 1990s. Cyanobacterial blooms occurred annually in a few lakes and other algae, such as waternet and foam-producing algae, came and went. Slowly, almost imperceptibly, the water in the linked lakes Rotoiti and Rotorua became murkier. Leading scientists were unconcerned. EBOP no longer monitored water quality annually in all lakes.
LakesWater Quality Society Mobilizes
A local community group called the "Lakeweed Control Society" was struggling to survive. Founded 40 years earlier by an eminent lawyer, the Society had initiated government action to control the oxygen weed Lagarosiphon by spraying with Diquat. By 1999 the control program was well established, and the Society had achieved its original purpose.
I became chair of the committee of the Society in 1999. The Society changed its name and tackled water quality issues. The first problem we faced was limited knowledge as to what was happening in the lakes. We informally approached the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) seeking research on water quality in the Lakes. We were rebuffed. A very senior executive told us that enough was already known about the Lakes.
The LWQS committee reacted strongly. One urged action, and another advocated a scientific seminar to determine research requirements. So the first transforming symposium was initiated as a team effort.
The first symposium was held in March 2001 in Rotorua. Its theme was 'Research Needs in the Rotorua Lakes.' Over 100 people attended, including scientists, local government leaders and managers, local people, and executives from lakes-related industries. The infectious enthusiasm of a keynote speaker Professor Willie Ripl of Berlin University enlivened the symposium. He pointed us beyond the lakes to complete catchment systems.
That symposium had unexpected but far-reaching outcomes. The chair of EBOP asked me if I would write a letter to his council asking them to endow a chair in lake science at the University of Waikato. With alacrity I agreed, EBOP endowed the chair and a brilliant choice was made of Dr. David Hamilton as inaugural professor.
A second outcome of the symposium was the message that a farmer took home to his colleagues around Lake Rerewhakaaitu: "The water quality in Lake Rerewhakaaitu is deteriorating. It is our lake. We as farmers are causing the problem. It is up to us to fix it."
Since then seven symposia have been held, each dealing with the current issues facing the restoration of the lakes and with up to 250 people attending each symposium.13
Lake restoration: the regulatory environment
by Hannah Mueller
The restoration of the Rotorua lakes can be linked with recent changes in freshwater management proposed by the central government of New Zealand. Until 2011, the 1991 Resource Management Act (RMA) governed management of freshwater bodies. The RMA failed to achieve their protection during rapid intensification of land use and increasing diffuse nutrient pollution. Under the RMA, activities that contribute to lake eutrophication, e.g., pastoral dairy farming, are unregulated activities. In 2011 a National Policy Statement on freshwater management was introduced and in 2013 it was followed by proposed amendments. The amended NPS would provide a first step towards a limits-based approach.
This would replace existing voluntary accords based on commitments by stakeholders in the dairy industry to reduce their negative effects on freshwater. The amended NPS is focused on limits designed from collaborative input from communities to manage water according to regional land use and community values. The allowance of long time frames and community agreement mean that changes to pressures on ecosystems will take time to effect.
The Bay of Plenty Regional Council operated ahead of the national directives by limiting nutrient outflows to some lakes (Regional Land and Water Plan, Rule 11) and later implementing its own limits-based regional policy statement. It established a voluntary stakeholder agreement to work together to target nutrient reduction in Lake Rotorua (Oturoa Agreement, 2013). For New Zealand as a country and the Rotorua lakes in particular the new regulatory environment could offer a path to greater community involvement.
Steps to a Solution
By 2000 only a few scientists maintained an interest in the Rotorua lakes. The consensus was that their problems had been fixed by treatment of urban sewage and by soil conservation measures, and that the Lakes were recovering.14,10
Professor David Hamilton was the key to re-evaluating the scientific basis for the lakes' problems. His measurements described what was happening in the lakes, and his models enabled remedies to be tested. His students and the body of expertise created at the University of the Waikato rejuvenated lake science in New Zealand.
NIWA contributed with scientific information related to the catchments, and with the Geological and Nuclear Sciences (GNS), discovered the long lag-times between nutrients entering the soil and reaching the lakes.15 This explained why water quality in Lake Rotorua was again deteriorating after initially improving when nutrient inflows from sewage were reduced. Nitrogen inflows from the increase in farming were delayed in reaching the lake.
A Technical Advisory Group (TAG) provided valuable external scientific advice to the lakes program. Our symposia reported and publicised scientific developments, and we also provided support for postgraduate students.
Three levels of government share the responsibility for the lakes: central government, the Regional Council, and the Rotorua District Council (RDC). Each organization needed to be convinced that action was necessary. The LWQS used many channels to persuade them. We lobbied local councillors and made presentations at their meetings. We were received courteously and often invited to join in a nice lunch. Some managers patronised us offensively.
We made submissions to their annual and long term plans. Initially these submissions had no effect. We were told that the lakes were either in a satisfactory state, or if they weren't, that eutrophication was irreversible; or that action already taken would eventually lead to better water quality. In any case, nothing could, should, or would be done. Despite the lack of response, the LWQS presented the case without rancor.
The RDC was in denial as to the need for further sewerage reticulation. The mayor said the lakes would take 200 years to fix and hence there was no urgency. His complacency was disturbed when, on arriving late at a public meeting on lake water quality degradation, he found the room so crowded that the local Member of Parliament (MP) was sitting on the floor and he himself could not get a seat.
The media, especially the NZ Herald and several TV stations, were helpful, especially after widespread algal blooms in 2002.
The LWQS engaged with the central government through the local MP and through the Ministry for the Environment (MfE) of which the chief executive, Dr. Barry Carbon, was serendipitously well qualified in environmental water sciences. He came to look at the problem for himself. He spent most of a week investigating, meeting managers and technical staff from both councils, inspecting the lakes and catchments, and listening to LWQS and other community groups. Finally he met the managers from both councils. He told them that they had a major problem, that they needed to deal with it, and that he would provide help. That moment was a turning point in the history of the Rotorua lakes.
Dr. Carbon commissioned an Australian scientist to review short-term management options for Lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti. Several major recommendations in that review were implemented,16 leading to great improvement in Lake Rotoiti and some improvement in Lake Rotorua.
Blue Green algal bloom, Lake Rotoiti 2002,
Once persuaded of the need for action, EBOP moved vigorously.17 Paul Dell, as a Group General Manager, attacked the lakes' problems with vigor and was supported by the chair of his council. The RDC responded with a sewerage extension program.
EBOP, RDC and Te Arawa (see below) had worked together to produce an important-sounding but ineffective 'Lakes Strategy Plan'.18 The coordinating body (Rotorua Te Arawa Lakes Strategy Group) was given formal status in 2006 in legislation that transferred ownership of lakebeds back to Te Arawa,19 and has over time become effective.20
The LWQS had considerable support from the public and from other community groups including the Mourea Okawa Bay Action Committee (MOB), the Lake Rotoiti Ratepayers and Residents Association, and residents' groups at other lakes. Owners of holiday homes around the lakes, particularly from Auckland, provided funds and support. Many local people supported our work. We found little interest among tourist operators or their organizations, despite their commercial interest in making the lakes more attractive. Few businesses in Rotorua City provided support. The city had turned its back on the lake.
Te Arawa is the Maori iwi (tribe) whose territory covers the Rotorua district. Te Arawa owns nearly all the lakebeds, and Maori trusts are major land-owners. The status of Te Arawa as tangata whenua (people of the land) is recognised by law. Te Arawa has had involvement with lakes programs since 1998.21 The LWQS has benefited from Maori representation on its committee and several Rangatira (chiefs) have given their strong support.
Dr. Carbon proposed a collaboration between LWQS and farmers to deal with lake problems. He offered government funding to set up a body: the Lakes and Land Trust. The partners were LWQS, the local Federated Farmers organisation, and a subgroup of Te Arawa. Management services were provided by the NZ Landcare Trust, an environmental NGO that worked extensively with MfE.
Despite the goodwill, the Trust never fulfilled its purpose. Not all farming leaders recognized a need to reduce nutrient outflows into Lake Rotorua. Other factors that contributed to ithe Trust's failure were the following:
• Landcare Trust sought to copy the Taieri Model (their work in the Taieri river catchment in the South Island). But the model did not transplant well because of different institutional relationships in Rotorua.
• MfE grants required tangible outputs to trigger payment of funds, but much of the work of the Trust was not quantifiable. Artificial milestones (e.g. drafting a strategy for science) were created to release funding. These diverted work away from effective activities.
• No mediator was involved, nor was there funding to encourage farmers to reduce nutrient outflows.
The Trust remains in existence as a collective of landowners.
Central government funding was needed to assist lake restoration, but it was hard to obtain despite a benign fiscal climate. A turning point was a visit by the Prime Minister, Helen Clark. She was brought by local officials to Lake Rotoiti where she stood on the shore. A woman member of the LWQS committee took the Prime Minister by the elbow and guided her out over the lake on a narrow jetty, barely wide enough for both to stand upon. The Prime Minister's security officers were appalled. The discussion between two feisty ladies did not take long, but the Prime Minister was persuaded that action was needed. This short walk down the jetty was eventually worth $72.2 million to the lakes in government subsidy. The local MP Hon. Steve Chadwick played a significant role in the detailed work to crystallize official support.
Frying-Plan Flat, Wai-o-tapu, Rotorua.
Remedial activities were planned in consultation with local communities through the formulation of action plans devised by Action Plan Working Groups. Draft action plans were prepared by EBOP for each lake with a scientific assessment of the lake and its catchment, and the sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment were identified. Possible interventions were described and evaluated, and the working groups expressed community preferences. Their role was consultative, educative, and advisory.
The action plans got off to a shaky start at Lake Okareka: in part because the lakeside community was divided over the relative importance of better lake water quality as compared with pastoral vistas, and in part because of reluctance by officials to yield leadership to the community. Eventually a plan was produced and has been successfully implemented.22 Lessons were learned, and action groups and action plans were effective for some lakes.
The most difficult issue was unsolved: a reduction of the outflow of N from farm land in the Rotorua catchment as diffuse discharge.23 It was not enough that the authorities were consulted and the parties met together. The farming leaders of the time were not committed to change and no skilled facilitator was used.
Later, in 2009, EBOP froze action plans after a legal opinion cast doubt on the validity of the basis for requiring nutrient reductions from farms.24 After a delay, action groups were reinvigorated for Lakes Rotoehu and Rotoma, and similar processes involving the community were recently initiated for Lakes Tikitapu and Okataina and restarted for Lake Tarawera.
With great reluctance, we in LWQS spent much time and effort on the processes required by the Resource Management Act (RMA), which is the basis of environmental law in New Zealand.
We were involved with various consent applications under the RMA. We dealt with the Regional Water and Land Plan (RWLP) as it was being developed and especially Rule 11 of that Plan. Two issues arose:
• Farmers were concerned over restrictions on intensification of land use.
• No action was proposed to protect the seven lakes not subject to Rule 11. All these lakes had water of higher quality but were at that time not considered to be threatened. We objected to this in the proposed RWLP and eventually agreed to a compromise that required action plans should water quality fall below a threshold level. While this seemed far too soft at the time, it has proven to be valuable in getting action initiated automatically.
Under the RMA, the underlying statutory document setting limits and timeframes to reduce nutrient flows in the region is the Regional Policy Statement (RPS). Negotiations over the proposed RPS involved LWQS heavily for several years before the water quality provisions were agreed upon in 2013.
In 2006 I resigned as chair of LWQS, John Green QSM was elected and has led the Society since. His wife, Ann, has played an important role as the Society's secretary.
The work of LWQS changed as the councils became active, and we worked with them on implementing action plans to fix the lakes. For example, we advocated low-pressure sewerage systems with "grinder pumps" rather than gravity systems. We persuaded EBOP that 250 years was too long to wait to restore Lake Rotorua's water quality. We continued to support scientific research and its dissemination. We continued to organise symposia focusing on the most important issue at the time, but with a broader scope. We continued to bring in world-renowned experts such as Professor Robert Costanza (by video) and Mayor Bo Frank of Växjö, Sweden.
Agreement between farmers and LWQS on reducing flows of nutrients from farm land came as a result of fresh initiatives by our MP (Hon. Todd McClay) and farming leaders. This was given legal effect in 2013 when the Environment Court approved it as part of the Regional Policy Statement (RPS). Many people, other than those mentioned here, have contributed to the success of the lakes programme.
Lake restoration: management regimes of Lake Rotorua
Since 2007, management of Lake Rotorua, the largest of the Rotorua lakes, has included treatment of two inflowing streams with alum in order to reduce in-lake concentrations of phosphorus and to slow and reverse eutrophication. The Trophic Level Index target for the lake, which was set at 4.2 a part of a community consultation process and is indicative of trophic status of the lake in the 1960s, was attained in 2012-13 after five years of alum dosing during which time the TLI decreased markedly. Dosing with alum is arguably the main driver of the reduction in TLI for Lake Rotorua and questions might now be raised about whether achieving this target may reduce impetus to more efficiently retain nutrients on land.
Given uncertainties about the consenting process and long-term sustainability of alum dosing, it seems imperative that the window of time for improved water quality which has been provided by alum dosing, should be used to drive down nutrient loads to levels congruent with the target TLI in the absence of alum dosing. Further efforts to reduce nutrient inputs and integrated catchment management based on sound science can provide options to sustainably restore and enhance the diverse and complex ecosystems of the Rotorua lakes.
Dosing with alum or similar chemicals has played a much lesser role in the remediation programmes for most other lakes.
[Note: this sentence seeks to sum up a quite complex set of remediation measures: with dosing heavily used at the small Okaro, used initially at Okareka but with apparently mixed results, used only in embayments at Lake Rotoiti, especially when BG outbreaks have followed heavy spraying of weeds, and not used at for Tikitapu. What I seek to avoid is the impression that the programme overall has been dominated by alum dosing.]
Action Commences
With all the authorities convinced, action started to save the lakes. The remediation is a story in itself, and the following is only a summary.
The developing scientific evidence confirmed that enrichment by N and P compounds from human activities caused most of the lake problems. By the early 2000s, all the easier measures had already been implemented: fencing cattle away from streams and lake margins, planting erodible banks of streams, and dealing with effluent flows from dairy-farm milking premises. The measures needed were substantial and expensive:
• reticulated sewerage for communities around the lakes,
• specific engineering works such as the "Lake Rotoiti wall" and the precipitation of P from some lakes and streams,
• adoption of best practices in nutrient reduction by farmers, and
• some change in land use from farming to forestry.
The solutions required bigger changes: much more than minor modifications in behavior by people living in the catchments. Major investment and changes in public policy were also required.
Interventions were discussed by working groups and formally approved by the Lakes Strategy Group and by the two local authorities (RDC and EBOP) who carried out the program.
The first of the new major measures put in place were the Okawa Bay sewerage reticulation in 2006 and the "Rotoiti Wall" in 2008.25,26 The role of RDC was provision of sewerage reticulation and treatment, which comprised about half of the total program costs. The city treatment plant was progressively upgraded to deal with increased inflows.
EBOP designed and implemented other projects, including several engineering works. It is collaborating with farmers around the lakes to reduce their nutrient outflows. EBOP has also tested weed harvesting and aeration as methods of reducing nutrient levels in lake water.27
Funding was provided by the central government, EBOP, and RDC by charging for sewerage services and through rates (local taxes). Public-sector costs were borne about 50/50 by the central government and by the two local councils. In addition, farmers will bear much of the cost of improving management or changing land use. The EBOP has always been in a strong financial position, and has used its financial strength to support the program.
The RDC was in a very different financial position with projects like the airport extension requiring funding. Nevertheless it too, once convinced, gave priority to funding sewerage works to benefit the lakes.
Tikitapu or Blue Lake.
The central government funding came in two parts: $7.2 million committed in 2004 as a result of Dr. Carbon's initiative, and then $72.1 million committed in 2007. The latter was negotiated with ministers by EBOP and RDC with LWQS assistance.
Water quality in the lakes is generally improving.28 By the 2012-2013 season, the TLIs were falling for most lakes where interventions had been carried out.29 It is far too soon to claim victory since climatic fluctuations may be a factor, but the results and actions taken are tangible. Across all the lakes, the situation can be summarised as follows:
• Sewerage reticulation is nearly complete.
• For all but three lakes (Tarawera, Rotomahana, and Rotokakahi), the actions taken, underway, or planned should be sufficient to meet water-quality targets.
• For the most difficult challenge of Lake Rotorua, almost all sewage-derived nutrients are now removed, P is being precipitated in contributory streams, and a major step has been taken towards reduction in N outflows from farms.
Thus major progress has been made on the programme to restore the Rotorua lakes.
Factors Hindering or Helping Restoration
General political, economic, and social factors were not a significant influence in hindering or advancing restoration. Both major political parties assisted in the effort once convinced. The state of the economy did not affect funding, with favorable decisions made at both high and low points of the economic cycle. Social factors were not significant except specifically as below.
The main factors hindering or helping restoration related to information, institutions, and attitudes. The information gap comprised a lack of good science and inconsistent monitoring. The misguided scientific consensus that the lakes would eventually recover without further action was wrong. A comprehensive monitoring program in the early 1990s had been reduced and made sporadic.
The institutional reforms under the RMA were still working through to regional plans and regional policy statements. In the years to 2000, they had proven to be insufficient to trigger action. The MfE was still developing its role, as was the Commissioner for the Environment. In civil society, few national environmental organisations had impact on political decisions, apart from specific issues. None of them had significantly taken up fresh water quality issues.
Environmental awareness had been slow to develop in New Zealand. Only a few issues had attracted public attention. The major issues had been soil erosion, the preservation of indigenous forests and the treatment discharge of raw sewerage by Auckland City.30,31 Deteriorating water quality had been little recognised as a national issue.
The hardy freshwater scientists who survived the reforms of the 1990s were important in providing a scientific base on which to build reforms. The University of the Waikato contributed substantially through one or two key scientists, but more so especially after the establishment of the Chair in Lakes Management and Restoration.
Leaders in all three tiers of government contributed greatly once they were aware that problems needed to be solved. The MfE and the Commissioner for the Environment played a key role once engaged.32,33 The RMA codified environmental law and, in particular, required regional land and water plans to be produced and implemented. The Bay of Plenty Land and Water Plan prevented further enrichment of some lakes, and has been a useful, if limited, assistance for other work. The LWQS obtained advice and encouragement from environmental NGOs once its own efforts were underway.
Public attitudes to the lakes and the need for restoration changed and made it possible for political decisions to be made. The key to the change in public attitudes were the LWQS symposia.
The Lessons and Conclusion
In retrospect, the approach by LWQS was quite logical:
• develop the science,
• inform decision makers and opinion leaders about the science,
• change public policy,
• obtain funding,
• get physical works undertaken, and
• improve land management and change some land use.
We sought a scientific basis for lake restoration, we publicised the science, and we strategized on changing public policy. We spent no time on a master plan for the lakes, or on vision statements or mission statements. Rather we followed the advice of Professor Willy Ripl in 2001 on the sequencing of remediation measures: do whatever you can as soon as you can.
In 2002 with severe algal blooms affecting the lakes and the authorities indifferent, our task looked hopeless. Even in 2006, the Commissioner for the Environment warned that, "Water quality will continue to get worse for some decades to come. In light of this bleak scenario, the challenge is enormous…"1 We found, however, that eutrophication can be reversed, and sometimes quickly. Waters that had annual blue-green algal blooms became free of blooms a season or two after nutrient inflows were greatly reduced. The restoration of some lakes was achieved much more quickly than we ever envisaged possible.
Effective action to restore the lakes required good science. The science was undertaken with some independence from the authorities responsible for the lakes. The LWQS symposia built up interest in the science and transmitted scientific knowledge to decision makers and the community.
Complacent public authorities were prodded into action by community groups. It took time, patience, determination, and commitment by dedicated people. Competent people in government authorities acted once the facts were clear.
Success was the result of hard work. We kept tight focus on better water quality and were not diverted by other issues. We were independent of the authorities. Changes such as different land use or reticulation of sewerage were neither easy nor cheap. They required persuasion and exhortation, some carrot, and some stick.
Agreement between stakeholders with conflicting interests required more than discussions around the table. Good leadership was needed from stakeholder groups and skilled mediators advanced agreements greatly.
Leading LWQS was a great journey shared with talented and interesting people. It was hard work, but was richly satisfying as the lakes improved far beyond our best hopes. Good water quality is the legacy that LWQS and others leave behind—but we have the challenge of working on until all the lakes are fully restored.
Lake Ngakoro, Wai-o-tapu, Rotorua.
Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. Restoring the Rotorua Lakes—the ultimate endurance challenge, 12 [online]. . (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand 2006 http://www.pce.parliament.nz/assets/Uploads/Reports/pdf/rotorua.pdf). 2.	Clarkson,.
Stafford, D. The Founding Years in Rotorua . (RDC and Ray Richards, Rotorua, 1986). 4.	Stafford,.
History of Rotorua wastewater treatment plant. Baybuzz.co.nz [online] . (2014 http://www.baybuzz.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/rotorua-wastewater-treatment.pdf). 6.	Bush.
'Flush your own first' says Linton. The Daily Post . (7 January 1969). 8.	Fish,.
Tribunal says drop Kaituna Scheme. NZ Herald . (8 November 1984). 10.	Lakes.
This Article is Part of: Volume 5 | Issue 2 | March 2014
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The major takeaways were that components should be self-sufficient and easy to integrate with. Another interesting tip she gave was to never include margin and padding—unless there's a border—in reusable components. Spacing around a component depends too much on context and should be solved by the parent component.
Even if you're not actively using Node.js, this is a very interesting talk on building and maintaining ecosystems.
If you're interested in CSS layout, Rachel Andrew is definitely one to follow. While I didn't really learn anything new about grid itself in this talk, it was nice to get an explanation on why we need grid, and it's fundamental differences with other layout solutions like flexbox.


Production value of grain maize in purchasing power standards reached 814 PPS mil in 2015 in Bulgaria, according to Eurostat. This is 5.07 % less than in the previous year.
Historically, production value of grain maize in purchasing power standards in Bulgaria reached an all time high of 777,302 PPS mil in 1997 and an all time low of 99.3 PPS mil in 2007.
Bulgaria has been ranked 6th within the group of 20 countries we follow in terms of production value of grain maize in purchasing power standards, 3 places above the position seen 10 years ago.


July 24, 2017 July 24, 2017 Courtney S.
I'm reading a book called the H-Spot by Jill Filipovic about making female happiness a political agenda. A few Saturdays ago I was on an early morning walk with Joanna, who told me she heard the author speak and that the book was worth picking up. That very day Ti texted me a photo featuring a glass of wine, her feet crossed in front of her, and in the foreground, the cover of H-Spot. I downloaded it on my Kindle that night. Lesson One: when two smart women, who also happen to be two of your favorite people, recommend a book, read that book. We can learn so much from each other.
Lesson Two: Make true friends. I remember your Grammy saying to me over and over: make sure [name of girl I was friends with] is a "true blue" friend. My first clear example of a strong female friendship was Anne (of Green Gables) and Diana, "kindred spirits." I have always looked for kindred spirits — you'll know her when you find her. They are the ones that let you be yourself, open up to you, and want the best for you.
Lesson Three: Pass notes. There are things we say, and then there is what we write. Anyone who has ever written or received a love letter understands the power of the written word in a romantic context. A thoughtfully written statement of love or admiration or congratulations is powerful also when directed to your friends. Over the years I have exchanged countless handwritten letters with my second cousin, Emily. We first met at a family reunion when we were young, and we have letters that date back to when we were in grade school. By the time we started going to summer camp together after seventh grade, we had written volumes. We were camp counselors together, lived together in college all four years, and she was the person I went to for advice when I became pregnant with you.
Lesson Four: Build friendships with people who are different from yourself intellectually, racially, ethnically, spiritually, etc. These friendships will likely require more of an effort to find, because you will have to travel outside of your normal circles. But they will challenge you and make you better understand yourself and this very diverse world we live in. I just heard Janet Mock's podcast interview with Lena Dunham and thought it underscored how we can find our same values in people seemingly different from us, how imperfect we are, and how our friends can hold a mirror to us at just the right time.
Lesson Five: Don't be a mean girl and don't make space in your life for mean girls. Feminism requires that we empower ourselves and other women. Remember that when people are mean, it's because they are hurting. Stand tall and make space for others to do the same.
Lesson Six: Keep your long distance friends. I've moved away from so many dear friends, and they've moved away from me. But using technology to check in with them and airline miles to visit them feels intentional and special. I've known Lindsey since college, and she is hands down the person I know who is best at keeping in touch — and it is a skill. She visited me when I was living in rural Ukraine, visited another friend while she lived in Kenya, and makes an effort to call and check in regularly. It takes more effort to see a long distance friend than it would a neighbor, but that effort can feed the friendship and keep it strong, especially with the right people.
Lesson Seven: Build sisterhoods in the place you live. Every time I've moved somewhere or made a big transition, I've met interesting, compassionate, smart women — they are everywhere. Whether a person stays in your life or only makes a brief appearance, those friendships can add depth to your experiences. After law school several women, some of whom I knew well and others I didn't, started an informal lean-in-group-meets-book-club-meets-brunch-club where we discuss careers, family, finances, love, and where we laugh a lot. We take summer trips together. We update each other on life events via email announcement. These women were among my first visitors after you were born. While each friendship is valuable in its own right, the collective wisdom and support of the group is palpable each time we gather.
Lesson Eight: Celebrate your female friendships. In her book, Filipovic characterized friendships in a way I completely related to — but she also writes about the lack of rituals and traditions we have to celebrate female friendships and their milestones. I started thinking about this. How do I celebrate my friends? How do they celebrate me? However it looks, remind your friends why they matter and why you love them.
I miss you ! I love that you live what you preach.I miss your easy, assuring way about female friendship ! As you must know, this kind of connection does freeze and thaw time at the same time. It sure meant the world for me to have racially, spiritually and intellectually, diverse "true blue", female friends across miles. Beth Roberts, would be other female friend I truly connected with. Thank you for sharing that, then and now. I am yet to hold Mimi but I feel like I know her through your posts. My ! it looks like she is going to be friendliest, kindredest DNA version of you ! I already love her. Xo.
I miss you, too! You are such a true, kind person, and that spirit radiates across continents. And I'm not surprised one bit that you and Beth have a strong connection- you are both such beautiful people. I can't wait for "Mimi" to meet you!


text:
Q: how to change the selected value of a disabled dropdownlist in jquery I want to change the selected value to a disabled dropdownlist to someother value on a button click. Managed to change the value but the issue is when i submit the form previously selected value is submitted.
$("#RatesImplementation").click(function () {
    $('#DrpDwnRequestStatus').val('Rates Implementation').trigger('change');
    $('#DrpDwnNextStage').val('Implementation Approval').trigger('change');

});

this wont set selected attribute for the option.
Any help would be appreciated.Thanks!

I was hidden variable for submitting the disabled field value.
$("#RatesImplementation").click(function () {
    $('#DrpDwnRequestStatus').val('Rates Implementation').trigger('change');
    $('#DrpDwnNextStage').val('Implementation Approval ').trigger('change');
    $('#hdnRequestStatus').val('Rates Implementation');
    $('#hdnNextStage').val('Implementation Approval ')
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Louis Aldrich, né Salma Lyon, (October 1, 1843 – June 17, 1901) was a stage actor who later became president of the Actors' Fund of America.

Biography

Aldrich was born at sea while his mother was on her way from Germany to the United States. He was later adopted by a family living in Cincinnati, Ohio. He attended Whitewater College in Wayne County, Indiana through 1857.

Career as child actor
He went on tour as a child actor playing Richard III, Macbeth, and Shylock, Claude Melnotte, Young Norval and other heroes of the classic drama before 1857, being billed under various titles, such as "The Ohio Roscius" and "The Boy Prodigy." His name was Salma Lyon, but he finally took Louis Aldrich as his legal and professional designation.

He joined the juvenile March Players of St. Louis, Missouri, from 1858 through 1863, being billed as "Master Louis"; went with them in 1860 to California; and thence to Australia and New Zealand, where they remained two years and a half. In 1863 the troupe returned to California and disbanded after playing in San Francisco for four weeks.

He then joined Maguire's Opera House Company in San Francisco, California. He remained there from 1863 through 1866.

Boston Theatre
He became a member of the stock company at the Boston Theatre in March 1866, opening as Nathan to the Leah of Ellen Bateman. Frank Mayo had been cast for the part, and his name appeared on the posters, but at the last moment, Aldrich took his place. He remained at the Boston Theatre for eight seasons, playing in the many old plays revived at that house, and supporting Forrest, Booth, Cushman, and others in leading roles. In 1870 he appeared in Armadale. He then played in Leah the Forsaken.

At home and on tour

From 1873, He played successively in several companies; he became the leading man of Mrs. John Drew's company, the Arch Street Players, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he stayed through the following year;  as a stock star at Wood's Museum in New York; with John T. Ford's company in Baltimore; at Booth's Theatre in New York, and for the seasons of 1877-78 and 1878-79 with McKee Rankin as Parson in The Danites. On August 22, 1879, he brought out Bartley Campbell's My Partner at the Union Square Theatre in New York, playing Joe Saunders; and, in connection with Charles T. Parsloe, continued to present that melodrama for the season after season in almost every city and town in the United States through 1885. On September 11, 1888, he produced The Kaffir Diamond at the new Broadway Theatre in New York, and two years later starred in The Editor.

With Rose Eytinge
In the season of 1892-93, he played General Colgate in Augustus Thomas's war drama Surrender, under the management of Charles Frohman, the cast including Rose Eytinge, Maude Banks, W. H. Crompton, Burr Mcintosh, and Harry Woodruff.<ref group=Note>Eytinge tells an amusing tale about Aldrich, <blockquote>Though Louis Aldrich was in the fullest and freest sense of the term a legitimate actor, there is no denying that he was also an inveterate "guyer," and he could "guy" so artistically, with so serious a face and so dignified a port, with so much poise and self-possession, that while those in the scene with him would be convulsed with laughter, and would have much ado to hold themselves together, the audience would never for a moment suspect him. An example of this occurs to me. I was in the cast with him in a war-piece written by Augustus Thomas, called "Surrender." In this piece there was a court-martial, at which Mr. Aldrich enacted the part of the judge-advocate. There was an amusing interchange between the president of the court and the comedian. Now this comedian was a bit of a "guyer" himself, so they had several tilts. On this particular night, when the comedy man came up for examination, Mr. Aldrich straightened himself up, looked at the witness with severe, judicial dignity, and in a deep, portentous voice went on to say: "I know what you are about to tell me, sir. You would tell me," — and then proceeded to give the unfortunate wight's entire scene, gags and all. That comedian's face was a study." (Rose Eytinge (1905) The Memories of Rose Eytinge)</ref> He subsequently appeared in Her Atonement and other plays, with occasional returns to his popular success My Partner.

In 1893 he appeared in "The Senator" at the Grand Opera House in New Bedford, Massachusetts.

Actors' Fund of America
In 1897, he became the president of the Actors' Fund of America, a position he remained in until the year of his death, 1901, in Kennebunkport, Maine.

Notes

References

BibliographyWho's Who in America, Historical Voluma, 1607-1896''. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1967.

External links
Online

1843 births
1901 deaths
People born at sea
American male child actors
American male stage actors
Male actors from Cincinnati
People from Wayne County, Indiana

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Since February 1, 2017 the EV Code Signing can be considered as the minimum requirement for Code Signing. The certificates are installed on USB tokens and require drivers to operate. With the tool "Signtool.exe" from the Microsoft Windows SDK, it is usually no problem to interactively sign binaries. The manual intervention occurs as Signtool tries to access the certificate on the USB token and the security driver raises a popup dialog to enter the token password.
In a Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) build environment, most of the tasks to create a software product are automated and executed by unattended build agents. That means there is nobody interactively logged in at the agent. Such agents are often virtual machines without any physical monitor or keyboard. If EV Code Signing is needed, the build process will break or stop because no user will see the popup dialog.
1) Use driver option "Enable single logon".
This is the favored answer from the Certificate Authorities. This still requires that a user logs in to the build agent, enters the password once and then locks the user session. If the user logs out after entering the password once, the user session is closed and the driver drops the password. That means that after every reboot of the OS, someone has to login to the agent before build processes can be executed successfully. This is a potential source of annoying errors.
2) Use a tool/script that detects the popup dialog and enters the password automatically.
This also requires that a user is logged in to the build agent. Otherwise there is no GUI context to show the dialog and the tool cannot detect it. This also means that manual preparation after a reboot of the build agent is needed.
3) Replace "Signtool.exe" with a program that can sign a file and unlock the USB token without manual intervention.
The answer from "draketb" at stackoverflow.com offers the source code to build "etokensign.exe" which takes similar information like "Signtool.exe" and the password to unlock the token. It also needs the container name of the certificate. Which is a hexadecimal string that must be extracted manually from the USB token.
The last proposal is the only one which needs no user login at the build agent. This solution runs totally unattended. But still, the need for the container name binds the build pipeline to the USB token. Of course you can use a simple script file on the build agent to break this dependency. You need then a individual script for every token. All the scripts must have the same name because the build pipeline should not need to differentiate on which build agent it is executed. This makes the solutions a little bit impracticable – or better more complex than expected.
That was the reason why I decided to modify the source code a little bit. The challenge was to identify the certificate by its name as it is done for "Signtool.exe" with the parameter "/n".
You can use the source code as it is. To create you own binary just follow the building steps at the end of the blog entry.
In our production environment the binary is wrapped with a script file. So only our IT administrators know the token passwords.
The successful signing can be verified in the properties of the signed files.
1- Download the zip file below and unzip it.


Sam Harris has discovered that most people, from secular scientists to religious fundamentalists, agree on one point: science has nothing to say on the subject of human values. Indeed, science's failure to address questions of meaning and morality has become the primary justification for religious faith.The underlying claim is that while science is the best authority on the workings of the physical universe, religion is the best authority on meaning, values, morality, and leading a good life. Sam Harris shows us that this is not only untrue; it cannot possibly be true.
Bringing a fresh, secular perspective to age-old questions of right and wrong, and good and evil, Harris shows that we know enough about the human brain and how it reacts to events in the world to say that there are right and wrong answers to the most pressing questions of human life. Because such answers exist, moral relativism is simply false - and comes at increasing cost to humanity.
Using his expertise in philosophy and neuroscience, along with his experience on the front lines of the cultural war between science and religion, in The Moral Landscape Harris delivers an explosive argument about the future of science, and about the real basis of human relationships.


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names like griselda
Actually I like wicked stepsister names anyhow. But you don't need to trawl through long lists of baby names any more! Griselda has 17 variant forms: Chriselda, Gricelda, Gricely, Grisel, Griseldis, Grisella, Griselle, Griselly, Grishelda, Grishilde, Grissel, Grizel, Grizelda, Gryselde, Gryzelde, Selda and Zelda. Meaning of Griselda . clear Gricely, She's perfect. Nameberry is a registered trademark of Nameberry, LLC. Thank you! According to the 1990 United States Census, the name was 1066th in popularity among females in the United States. You are crazy! She gives meaning to the lives of anyone she talks to. Gryzelde, Zelda makes an attractive nickname option. :P. I adore Griselda! group Grissele, It's also the feminine form of the Yiddish/German name Selig, and means "blessed". FLF - agree that Patient Griselda is a crap role model for girls. I love names that have letters s, l, e, i, r, a, and hard g, so this name is great find. If you didn't find an alternative name that you like better than Griselda, try our name generator. Magic Baby Names is a unique search site with 101,295 names collected from 2,538,214 family trees, containing 125,327,979 people. Not familiar with grizz or the Monkees' song so the sound of the name itself doesn't bother me. advertisement | page continues below Related names. This is one of those names that I thought I was alone in liking. – tracyseymour1 Says: 2015-05-08T23:49:25. Boys names like Griselda: Juan, Jose, Villem, Edgar, ... Magic Baby Names is a unique search site with 101,323 names collected from 2,542,706 family trees, containing 125,549,762 people. Grishilde, If you didn't find an alternative name that you like better than Griselda, try our name generator. Once at the birth of her daughter, whom he asks Griselda to give up to be put to death. Getting things done once a plan is formed usually feels easy for you. Baby names that sound like Griselda are Gracella, Graziella, Graciella and Graciela . Griselda agrees. Gloria has many of those letters, and is a much nicer name. Griselda Boy's name meaning, origin, and popularity. No data. Griselda is a name of Germanic and Old French origin. Grissell. It has been suggested that the name originated from Old English "gris hild", meaning "dark battle". Zelda has been on my list for ages but I prefer longer names to balance my short surname, so this is the best of both worlds. Griselda means "grey warrior" (from Old French "gris" = grey + Germanic "hiltja" = battle). We're excited that you have an opinion about the name Griselda. Her husband asks the same of their second child, a son. You'll never find anyone like her, she's one of a kind and she's everything anyone could wish for. Magic Baby Names is a unique search site with 101,424 names collected from 2,566,090 family trees, containing 126,704,362 people. Again, Griselda agrees. Custy - do you think it always works like that with people shortening names? When I clicked on the name, I was genuinely interested in finding out about it's character, history, namesakes etc. But you don't need to trawl through long lists of baby names any more! She is so pretty she outshines all the starts in the universe a million times over!!!! 16 names similar to Griselda. Chriselda, It just means "grey battle". Grishelda, Zelda is much more attractive, while Griselda reminds me too much of gristle, grizzle. The nickname Griz is also adorable. Eventually her husband reveals that he was testing her, and surprises her by showing her her alive and well children and taking her back in. Griselda doesn't mean "grey battle maid". Griseldis, In 2015-16, Conway and Westside were an absolutely unbeatable team, releasing collab projects like Griselda Ghost and Hall & Nash at a staggering clip. Grisell, See your list. How? Griselda is a female name. I was disappointed in reading the story too. List Of 8 Secret Name Meanings. I had just assumed that if I introduced DD with a shortened name then people would use that. Hate the awful 'women must be subservient to men' message! Grizel, I mean, if an Elizabeth was always known as Beth, would you just start calling her Lizzie? There's no one else out there who even comes close in any way!!!! Popularity #8,937. in 1991. This name is the epitome of horrible! Her story has been told by Petrarch, Chaucer, Boccaccio and set to music by Scarlatti, Vivaldi and Massenet.
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names like griselda 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
FDA WARNING: Seafood products sold in Texas, Louisiana may have Listeria contamination
Standout Student: Cassidy Walters
BENTON, La (KMSS) Benton Middle School 7th grader, Cassidy Walters is one of the top archers in the country.
She says it takes several hours of practice daily to become one of the best in the nation.
"I shoot 100 plus arrows a day, anywhere from 4 to 8 tournaments a week."
She has already won state and wants to compete in the Junior Olympics and eventually the Olympics.
Over the weekend, Cassidy went to a national archery competition in Kentucky. There she placed 3rd for best middle school shooter in the bullseye out of more than 2,559 middle school girls. Along with that accomplishment she has also won several national titles.
"I've been the youngest and the only female in the State of Louisiana to win national titles and I've won two of them back to back."
Once she graduates from high school, she wants to go to Texas A & M University and study veterinary medicine. She's already received more than $300,000 in scholarship offers from colleges and universities across the country.
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The FDA is warning restaurants and seafood retailers to stop selling or serving products from Topway Enterprises Inc. or Kazy's Gourmet due to possible Listeria contamination.
The notice from FDA says salmon and tuna products sold in Texas and Louisiana are particularly at risk.
Crime / 1 hour ago


text:
No matter who is to blame, gas prices continue to rise
Published 7:00 pm Friday, February 18, 2022
By Angela Cutrer
Photo by Angela Cutrer
American Automobile Association data report that consumers are now paying the most at the pump since Sept. 10, 2014, according to a CNBC report Feb. 8. Newsweek magazine said to blame Russia's Vladimir Putin, while others blamed the American president, Joe Biden, for ending American drilling.
All consumers want to do for sure is to get prices down, regardless of who is at fault.
That's not likely, experts are saying.
"My guess is that you are going to see $5 a gallon at any triple-digit [oil prices] … as soon as you get to $100 [a barrel]," Energy Word founder Dan Dicker told Yahoo! Finance Live Friday. And it might go to $6.50 or $7 if oil prices go past $150 a barrel, he added.
On Thursday the average price of a gallon of gasoline was $3.52 nationally — 22 cents more than last month and a dollar more than this time last year. Oil prices were $92 a barrel Thursday.
As of Friday, the Ukraine crisis of a possible Russian invasion made markets tremble ever more about high gas prices. Biden said Tuesday that Americans should get used to "the price of defending democracy and liberty" and plan accordingly for costs associated with rising pump pricing.
Monday's national average for a gallon of gas was $3.48, four more cents than last week, 18 cents more than a month ago and 98 cents more than last year. While the main reason gas prices are so high at the pump is said to be because of the high cost of crude oil, other reasons factor in, such as winter weather, COVID-19 issues and Ukraine's situation with Russia.
AAA's Andrew Gross said the situation seems to be at a stand still. "Unfortunately for consumers, it does not appear that this trend will change anytime soon," he said Monday.
AAA reported new data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) reflected that total domestic gasoline stocks dropped by 1.6 million bbl to 248.4 million bbl last week, while gasoline demand rose from 8.23 million b/d to 9.13 million b/d. The report added that gas prices will probably increase as demand grows and crude oil prices remain above $90 per barrel.
By Monday, Gas Buddy reported that "gas prices reached a seven-year high as tensions between Russia and Ukraine make the oil market even tighter." The national average is up 16.5 cents from a month ago and 97.2 cents per gallon higher than a year ago. The national average price of diesel rose 8.9 cents in the last week to $3.87 per gallon, the highest since July 2014.
"The jump in gasoline prices has continued unabated as oil prices continue to push higher, reaching $94 per barrel last week on continued concern over the possible imminent threat that Russia may invade Ukraine," said Patrick De Haan, head of petroleum analysis at GasBuddy, on the entity's website. "Not only are oil prices up, but the bulk of the nation is starting the multi-month transition to summer gasoline, further adding to the rise at the pump. In addition, cold weather in Texas caused some power outages at major refineries, further weighing on markets.
"I see no other potentials in the short term but additional price increases unless Russia does an about-face on Ukraine. Even then, we'll still see seasonality push prices up, so motorists should be ready to dig deeper."
The states with the lowest average prices were Oklahoma ($3.11), Mississippi ($3.13), and Texas ($3.13). The states with the highest prices included California ($4.68), Hawaii ($4.44), and Washington ($3.93).


Before you begin, you'll need to find your residential gateway.
You may need a component or other type of cable depending on your TV.
Let's get started. First, we'll set up the Wireless Access Point. Plug one end of the Ethernet cable into any of the open yellow Ethernet ports on the back of your gateway. Now plug the other end into the port on the back of the Wireless Access Point. Then connect the power cord to the Wireless Access Point and plug it in. The green Power light will come on when it is completely powered up.
Now let's set up the Wireless Set-Top Box. Connect a video cable from the Set-Top Box to your TV. Plug one end of the HDMI cable - or Component cable or other cable - into the respective port on the back of the Set-Top Box and plug the other end into the respective port on the back of your TV.
Note: If you don't have an HDTV, you may need a component or other cable instead of the provided HDMI cable.
Next, connect the power cord to the Wireless Set-Top Box and plug it in. The Set-Top Box will power up automatically. Now you can turn on your TV, and using your television's remote - select the appropriate TV input for the Set-Top Box. For example, select HDMI-1 or HDMI-2, if you used an HDMI cable.
You may need to consult your TV manual for more information.
After plugging in your set-top box, wait until on-screen instructions appear on your TV. They should appear after about a minute. These instructions will walk you through pairing the Set-Top Box to the Wireless Access Point. Pairing creates a secure wireless bond between the Set-Top box and the Wireless Access Point. To start the pairing, press the OK button on the front of the Wireless Set-Top Box. On your TV screen, you will see a gray and white antenna as it searches for the wireless access point. Now, go to the Wireless Access Point. And press the Wi-Fi Protected Setup (or WPS) button on the WAP. You'll see a fast-blinking green LED bar under the button.
You must press the WPS button within 2 minutes of pressing the OK button on the set-top box.
Check your TV screen to make sure the pairing is successful. The Link light on the front of the Set-top box will be solid green when the pairing is successful. Either indicates a successful pairing. Three green LED bars on the front of the Set-Top Box indicate that you are getting adequate signal strength from the Wireless Access Point. If you don't see three bars, you may need to move the Wireless Set-Top box closer to the Wireless Access Point. Your wireless Set-Top box will continue to boot up and receive software updates for up to ten minutes. Do not turn off your Set-Top Box while it boots. When the box has completely booted up and the pairing is successful, you will see Prism programming.
If the pairing fails, you will need to restart the Wireless Set-Top Box and begin the pairing process again. If you still see a red antenna, you may need to move your Set-Top Box closer to your Wireless Access Point and repeat the pairing process.
After pairing is successful, you can put batteries in your Prism remote and follow the instructions included in your kit for programming it.


The best way of sharing video, music and photos over your network is by using a media server. And if you want your media server to work with a wide range of devices – mobiles, computers, consoles, smart TVs and more – then you want to pick one that's DLNA certified.
There are plenty of DLNA-certified media servers out there – even a recent update to Plex Media Server added DLNA support – but they're not all equal. The better ones tend to cost money, but while Serviio comes as a 14-day trial of a Pro version, after that date it'll revert to the fully functional free edition, which contains all the functionality developed during the app's beta.
The free version lets you stream both local and online content over your local network, supports a variety of third-party devices as well as your PC and mobile, and includes on-the-fly transcoding. It's also capable of pulling metadata from internet sites such as thetvdb.com, so you simply name up your files correctly (typically moviename or tvseries-s00e00) and it'll pull all the details you need to browse your media collection from another device.
Serviio comes in two parts: the server itself, and a console for configuring it, such as choosing which folders to include. It requires Java, which makes it cross-platform, and can technically be installed on ARM-based NAS drives, allowing you to run a server directly from your network drive. Sadly, it overwhelmed our under-powered ShareCenter DNS-320, forcing us to retreat to TWONKY on that device.
No DLNA media server is going to compare favourably to Plex's wonderful user experience, so perhaps it's a little unfair to compare Serviio directly to it. It's worthy of consideration, particularly thanks to its internet scraping capabilities, and decent codec support, but there are still glitches, both in playback and correctly identifying content from its metadata, that count against it. It also rankles that certain features – specifically the lightweight web-based media browser and ability to access your media from outside your home network – are restricted to the $25 Pro version only.
"Version 1.5" is mostly focused on making using Serviio easier and less error-prone for the users. Java now comes bundled with the Windows and OSX versions, so you don't need to install it on your system manually and deal with problems when your Java gets updated. Linux users still have to install Java 8 (which is now the minimum requirement). OSX version is now distributed as an installer and starts the server as a service when your Mac boots up - no more Force close when shutting down your Mac. Only 64-bit Macs are supported now.
The library indexing engine has been reworked, so that you get your filesystem changes reflected in the library immediately, without the need of a constant refresh. It should also make the process less CPU intensive. Remote drives are also handled differently without any side effects.
A good stab at providing a feature-rich and reasonably lightweight media server, but its internet scraping capabilities are too unforgiving when it comes to media file naming.


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Patrik Henry Bass
Laurie Abraham
Bethany Heitman
Michael Solomon
Announcing the 2019 ASME–Yale Publishing Course Scholarship
ASME TO SPONSOR 2017 SCHOLARSHIP AT YALE PUBLISHING COURSE
The American Society of Magazine Editors is pleased to announce that applications are now being accepted for the ASME full-tuition scholarship at the 2017 Yale Publishing Course: Leadership Strategies in Magazine Media. The course will be held July 23-28, 2017, at the Yale School of Management in New Haven, Connecticut.
"ASME members have long benefited from attending the Yale Publishing Course—this is the sixth year ASME has sponsored a scholarship for the program," said Sid Holt, chief executive of ASME. "Now that YPC is partnering with the Yale School of Management, the value of the course will only grow. For editorial leaders hoping to develop the new kinds of skills required to manage the continuing transformation of magazine media, YPC is the place to start."
Past ASME YPC scholarship winners include Eliza Borné (editor, Oxford American), Ann Taylor Pittman (executive editor of food, Cooking Light), Margarita Bertsos (deputy editor, Dr. Oz THE GOOD LIFE), Dennis Lewon (editor in chief, Backpacker) and Jennifer Owens (editor, Spring.St, formerly of Working Mother).
The newly formed partnership between Yale Publishing Course (YPC) and the Yale School of Management (SOM) promises to enrich the learning experience. "YPC alums have always rated the presentations from SOM faculty as tremendously beneficial," said program director Tina C. Weiner. "This partnership with SOM will allow us to strengthen our focus on leadership training and managing decision-making, strategic planning, innovation and team building. Combining the research and teaching skills of SOM's distinguished faculty with the real-world experience offered by leading industry experts will provide an even broader perspective on magazine media."
The Yale Publishing Course will continue to tackle timely issues facing magazine media, giving attendees an inside look at lessons learned by industry leaders as well as forward-looking approaches to publishing as a global enterprise. This year the course will add lectures by Yale faculty on leadership, innovation and marketing. Participants in YPC will also benefit from Yale SOM's state-of-the-art facility—the Norman Foster-designed Edward P. Evans Hall—and its expertise in presenting executive education programs.
Applications for the 2017 Course are now being accepted: July 23–28, 2017 (Magazine Media) and July 30–August 4, 2017 (Book Publishing).
The deadline to apply for the ASME scholarship is May 1, 2017. Only ASME members or editors working for them are eligible to receive this full-tuition scholarship. Complete the application here.


Louise Lecavalier is, according to veteran Canadian dance producer Jack Udashkin, "modern dance's first, and maybe only, superstar performer, the only one with a real international identity." He may well be right. She first blazed onto the stage in 1988 with Édouard Lock's company La La La Human Steps, and made an immediate impact both for her startling appearance (thick cables of platinum hair that seemed to electrify the air around her; a powerhouse physique) as well as for her fearless physicality, which saw her hurtling through space, crash-landing onto surfaces both soft (other people) and hard (the floor) or, most famously, spinning horizontally in vertiginous "air pirouettes". Alongside La La La, with whom she performed until 1999, Lecavalier also appeared in concert tours with David Bowie and Frank Zappa. But whether on the contemporary dance stage or the rock platform, those who saw her didn't forget her.
They remember her still. Apart from a couple of appearances in 2011 and 2012, Lecavalier has scarcely been seen on the UK stage since the 1990s, but her performance of So Blue at the Queen Elizabeth Hall still drew a buzzy audience of dancegoers, dance critics, people who'd see the Bowie tour, a lot of dance practitioners, and others drawn by her reputation. Still, this work doesn't hark back to the old days, but rather marks something of a new departure for Lecavalier: having founded her own company Fou glorieux in 2006 as a vehicle for collaborations and commissions, So Blue (2012) is the first piece with herself as sole choreographer.
Even in a moment of calm you sense ongoing undercurrents of energy, the vitality of the moment.
That figures. The piece feels like a phenomenally gifted dancer/performer trying out a new role as choreographer/director – and not yet finding a balance. As a performer, Lecavalier remains riveting. At 55, she's still a dynamo of a dancer, less extreme than back in the day (no air pirouettes) but as focused and as fierce. The piece is driven largely by the twin turbo of Lecavalier's performance and the electronic music of DJ Mercan Dede, which spools sinuous melodies over repeatedly sputtering rhythms that are themselves layered over urgent, insistent pulses. Lecavalier embodies that musical drive. She builds a series of scenes, each – like the music – a cycling of restless, rhythmic and sometimes disjointed motifs: hands scrabbling against the air; dodges and feints; legs kicked up then back; skittery, snare-drum steps, ragged rolls, long leans. It's like seeing electricity galvanise her whole being. Even in one strikingly meditative moment of calm (she upends into a long-held headstand), you sense ongoing undercurrents of energy: the tremor of a heartbeat, the vibration of a pulse, the vitality of the moment.
That's a powerful flame burning at the heart of the piece, but its intensity is more diffused than channelled by the choreography. The sequence of scenes builds atmosphere but not direction. Some way into the piece, Lecavalier is joined by Frédéric Tavernini, his towering, bearlike presence a foil to her jittery jackal; and though they work together marvellously, there's no apparent reason for his entry, exit, or return. The set, too, is evocative: faintly maze-like diagonal strips on the floor, lighting that burns fluorescent white then midnight blue, sidelamps that Lecavalier occasionally peers into, as if looking for a window beyond the world of the stage that she's set up. But you find yourself peering into the piece, searching for some window onto a bigger or deeper picture than what you see and what you sense, for some insight into its world. So Blue is a captivating piece of dance with the makings of a great piece of choreography, but not yet the workings of one.


text:
Home Business Fen Da: Ingeniuos Chinese Startup Valued At $100 Million Only 24 Days After Launch
Fen Da: Ingeniuos Chinese Startup Valued At $100 Million Only 24 Days After Launch
A Chinese startup, which gave the all-too-common Q & A website formula a brilliant twist, has successfully secured a valuation of $100 million just 24 days after launching.
Fen Da is an app that takes inspiration from Reddit's "Ask Me Anything" (or AMA), where featured guests (celebrities, politicians etc.) answer questions posted by online users in a live format. The difference is the integration of a payment system that would reward both the users and responders, reported Forbes.
For a fee, Fen Da users are allowed to post their questions directly to the chosen expert, celebrity or public figure who shall provide answers in the form of 60-second voice messages.
The app also offers a sneak peak function where other users can pay 1 yuan ($0.15) for an access to replay the answer. The feature, which has been quite popular among Chinese social-media users, gave birth to the now common salutation, ""Have you eavesdropped on Fenda yet?"
The amount paid for a reply is split between the respondent and the user who originally paid for the question. Depending on how many hits the replay button gets, a user may not only recover the money he used for the question, but also possibly even get some profit.
This means that asking the right questions to the right persons could be very financially rewarding to the user. Fen Da, for its part, gets 10% commission fee from the respondents' generated income.
According to the company's founder, Ji Xiaohua (also known as Ji Shisan), since the app's launch in May, Fen Da already has acquired five million registered users in less than a month. In just 24 days, Ji claimed that his new app has processed 18 million yuan($2.7 million) in total transactions.
On Monday, the 38-year-old Ji, who is also the founder of science newsbased website Guokr.com, announced that Fen Da has secured $25 million in funding at a valuation of $100 million following its first round of fundraising led by Sequoia Capital China and entrepreneur Wu Yongming's Vision Plus Capital.
The company plans to use some of its new budget in talent acquisition, marketing and product development.
"It is hard to get people to pay for written answers, but voice messages are more personal and intimate," Ji said. "Chinese internet companies used to attract users by offering cheap or free products, but now it seems people's views can be directly monetized as well."
While the current traffic involves feeding curiosity on the lives of celebrities, Ji is aiming to develop his app into a professional consulting platform that would provide access to any type of expert.
Among its millions of users are hundreds of thousands of experts, composed of doctors, professors, psychiatrists and other experts who provide their answers on Fen Da to share their expertise and earn extra income.
"So many people share their thoughts through the internet and I have been thinking if there is a good way to monetize their knowledge," he said during the Monday press event. "If you have some loyal fans and you are willing to spend a few minutes a day answering questions, then you can make money on Fen Da."
The company has set its eyes on further developing the product with plans of integrating a host of other features involving Ji's other products.
fen da
How a Singaporean Woman Built a $1.8 Million Apparel Brand by 24
Singaporean Mandy Chan became her own boss to have full autonomy over her life at age 19. Today,…
Hello Kitty's 92-Year-Old Founder to Pass the Business to His Grandson
Hello Kitty founder Shintaro Tsuji is passing the torch to his 31-year-old grandson Tomokuni Tsuji as he steps…
First Woman To Ever Climb Mount Everest Honored in Google Doodle
The first woman to climb Mount Everest was honored by Google on what would have been her 80th…
Man Thrown Off Train in China After Refusing to Leave Seat or Show Ticket
A clip has gone viral on Chinese social media showing train station officers dragging off a foreigner who…


Is this how your baby sees the world?
Puff Fabric Softener. Protects the sensitive skin of babies.
'Hey guys, guys, I know this dude who can do CG images, he is a friend of mine, we should do something with him. Does anybody have an idea?'.
Seriously, this is really bad.
El producto sirve para suavizar triciclos de los hijos de Mad Max?
The strategy is not great, but the execution is truly repulsive.
i think the art direction of the product shot and the copy could have been better.
I like those visuals a lot!
BUT: that makes no sense at all. And i don't think another copy could solve that problem. The twist in that idea makes no sense. Baby-Toys are ten million times tested before they get on the market. A Baby could fall off or something, but there is absolutely no way that they hurt the skin in a way the softener could protect them. That idea is lost. Let it die.
i was thinking that too, could be a cover for some slayer album.


text:
Tertiary Cast Members, Supporting Cast (The Railway Series)
Stephen Hatt
{{{Characters}}}
{{{Projects}}}
Arcata, California, USA
IMDb Profile
[ Wikipedia Page]
Quinn Nelson is one of the tertiary cast members of EATL Films. He is also one of the supporting actors of The Railway Series, portraying the role of Stephen Hatt.
Biography Edit
Early Life Edit
Quinn Nelson was born in Arcata, California in 2002. He started getting into acting after taking acting classes from The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2 actress, Eugenie Bondurant at the Patel Conservatory in St. Petersburg, Florida.
In 2016, he has been cast in The Railway Series in the supporting role of Stephen Hatt.
Gallery of behind the scene stills released to promote the actor.
Official Instagram account
Retrieved from "https://eatl.fandom.com/wiki/Quinn_Nelson?oldid=7775"
Supporting Cast (The Railway Series)
More EATL Films Wikia
1 The Railway Series
2 Courtney Miller
3 The Adventure Begins


Shatter the myths and lies about PMS and start believing the truth as you discover how your body works. In this concise, easy-to-read booklet, you'll find a wealth of usable information to help you win the battle over PMS once and for all! Learn biblical secrets on health and the latest medical research on how to break free from PMS symptoms.
This book contains findings that your doctor may never have shared with you.
You want to be healthy. God wants you to be healthy. Now at last here's a source of information that will help you get healthy-body, mind and spirit.


We specialize in screen printing, embroidery and other custom clothing items.
Twelve Points Graphics is located at 5739 Westbourne Ave, Columbus, OH. This location is in the East Broad neighborhood. This business specializes in Design.


text:
in Man's soul, Providence	by	Rabbi Simcha Weinberg on 04 Feb, 2011 0 Comments
"I am consumed by a more general sense of dread, of imprisonment within the dreary world of work and home," he said in describing why he wanted to talk.
We can travel the world, share fascinating experiences, explore the countless avenues of life and still feel imprisoned by our circumstances, and more so, by ourselves.
I asked the young man if he would feel free if he could hop on a spaceship and visit other planets. "I would love to do it, but, at most, it would be an escape. I want to feel free of the walls around me, here, without having to run away."
The Mishkan recreated the boundaries of Sinai. It was at the center of the camp, at its deepest point inside. Its courtyard was the first boundary. The Sanctuary was the second boundary, and the Holy of Holies, the third and innermost boundary. All the boundaries were inside. They were not walls that enclosed or imprisoned us. The boundaries were not outside the camp, keeping us in. The only walls on the outside were clouds of protection, and certainly not of containment.
We are so accustomed to perceiving the outer boundaries of our existence, and they can frustrate us as they do for the man of our story. Yet, the Mishkan focused us on the boundaries within, it zoomed our vision in toward the center of the camp and our existence, away from boundaries that imprison.
We could cross the first boundary by achieving higher spiritual purity. Most of us could never cross the second boundary into the Sanctuary, but even those who did, the Kohanim, could do only for us. Only Moshe and Aharon could cross the third boundary into the Holy of Holies, but they too, entered as our representatives, not as individuals.
When we turn our gaze from the outer boundaries, walls of clouds, toward our inner boundaries, we realize that they are all boundaries that we can cross; they never hold us back. (Crossing Boundaries)
Learn & discover the Divine prophecies with Rabbi Simcha Weinberg from the holy Torah, Jewish Law, Mysticism, Kabbalah and Jewish Prophecies. The Foundation Stone™ is the ultimate resource for Jews, Judaism, Jewish Education, Jewish Spirituality & the holy Torah.
Mishkan, Terumah


text:
"Ridiculous" and "unworkable", but Fenland Council presses on with �50k Horsefair plan
Exclusive John Elworthy
THE mayor says it's "ridiculous" and taxi drivers say it is "ill-conceived and unworkable" but Fenland District Council is to press ahead with �50,000 changes to Horsefair bus station, Wisbech.
A council spokesman described Christmas and New Year consultations as part of the move forward "into the delivery stage of this important project" which effectively amounts to removing three taxi bays. Bus and taxi drivers will also be expected to sign up to a new code of conduct.
However, the Mayor of Wisbech, Councillor Jonathan Farmer, believes the changes proposed by Cabinet "are ultra vires and flout a decision of the council".
That decision, he claims, was to do nothing at the Horsefair "and there is no authority to review it, never mind change it".
He said the report drawn up by Atkins, the council's consultants, contained "overtly a spoon-fed argument from officers and is the sort of amateur essay you would expect from a sixth-former at school.
"It is not a piece of research – it is in fact toilet paper and the council should take strenuous efforts not to pay for it.
"The proposals as far as I can tell are ridiculous."
Councillor Dave Patrick, chairman of Wisbech and District Hackney Carriage Drivers' Association, said: "The general consensus is that taxi drivers will vehemently oppose the council's relocation plans using all legal means at their disposal."
A meeting of the association has been called for January 4 "when our constitution will be suspended to allow non-member drivers to attend to discuss the proposals and what course of action they wish to be taken".
But a council spokesman said the work now being carried out was authorised by Cabinet.
"All the representations received both before and after the Cabinet decision have already been fully taken into account," he said. "We are now giving everyone involved – particularly taxi drivers, bus operators and those responsible for the management of the bus station – the chance to comment on the details of the proposal prior to implementation of the scheme.
"It should be made clear that this is not a question of whether the taxis should be sited in the Horsefair and, if so, where. Rather, it is a case of ensuring that everyone understands and can incorporate practical adjustments to proposals which will ensure that the scheme works as well as possible."
Cllr Patrick said: "My biggest issue is that by forcing the public to cross the busy bus lanes in order to obtain their taxis they are being exposed to potential hazards far in excess of those they face now.
"It is extremely unlikely that they will – under the present system which has worked well for at least 12 years – be run over by a bus. The new layout, however, will greatly increase the likelihood of conflict between pedestrians and traffic."
He added: "Little or no consideration seems to have been taken with respect towards the disabled, frail and elderly who I feel it must be considered are potentially even more at risk."
The new layout arose from a report by Atkins which claimed that the level of damage and/or slight injuries over the past five years "suggests that there is a risk that a more serious incident involving personal injury will occur".
The report added: "No change is not an option. The risk associated with authorised users which can most easily be controlled arises through reversing movements made by taxis."
But Cllr Patrick retorted: "The report by Atkins is flawed with regards to the personal injury accidents which happened on the approach road to the Horsefair and not on the Horsefair itself as stated in the report."


text:
package org.auraframework.def;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

import org.auraframework.adapter.ExpressionBuilder;
import org.auraframework.throwable.quickfix.AuraValidationException;

import com.salesforce.omakase.plugin.Plugin;

/**
 * Base class for CSS source code definitions.
 */
public interface BaseStyleDef extends Definition {
    @Override
    DefDescriptor<? extends BaseStyleDef> getDescriptor();

    /**
     * Gets the CSS code for this {@link StyleDef}.
     *

     * The initially preprocessed code may be processed again during this method call for dynamic or contextual
     * substitutions, changes, and validation (e.g., applying tokens or browser conditionals).
     *
     * @return The processed CSS code.
     */
    String getCode();

    /**
     * Gets the CSS code for this {@link StyleDef}, using the specified CSS plugins.
     *

     * The initially preprocessed code may be processed again during this method call for dynamic or contextual
     * substitutions, changes, and validation (e.g., applying tokens or browser conditionals), in addition to the
     * given {@link Plugin}s.
     *
     * @param plugins The list of {@link Plugin}s to run against the CSS code.
     *
     * @return The processed CSS code.
     */
    String getCode(List<Plugin> plugins);

    /**
     * Gets the CSS code for this {@link StyleDef}, without doing any additional processing (conditionals, tokens,
     * etc...)
     *

     * This is not the exact code as from the source, as some preprocessing has already been performed (.THIS
     * class name replacement, etc...)
     *
     * @return The CSS code.
     */
    String getRawCode();

    /**
     * Gets the set of raw token function expressions within this {@link StyleDef}.
     *
     * @return The set of token function expressions.
     */
    Set<String> getExpressions();

    /**
     * Gets the set of token names referenced from expressions within this {@link StyleDef}. This performs a
     * calculation so cache the result if needed more than once.
     *
     * @param expressionBuilder The builder bean for processing expressions.
     * @return The set of token names.
     * @throws AuraValidationException If there is a problem evaluating an expression.
     */
    Set<String> getTokenNames(ExpressionBuilder expressionBuilder) throws AuraValidationException;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


DAY/DYDD 27: | Paul Godding's . . .
Using each of the numbers 2, 2 and 5 exactly once each, with + – × ÷ available, can you find all NINE numbers from 1-20 that are mathematically possible to make?
How many more even numbers than odd numbers are listed?
There are THREE ways of making 27 when using Lagrange's Theorem. Can you find them?
Using 2, 6 and 11 once each, with + – × ÷ available, which are the only TWO numbers it is possible to make from the list below?
Can you arrive at 27 by inserting 3, 3, 4 and 6 into the gaps on each line?


text:
Q: Android send array from classA to classB in class A I have a array
final Integer[] images = {R.drawable.aa, R.drawable.aa2, R.drawable.aa3, R.drawable.aa4, R.drawable.aa5};

I need to send this array to class B and make something like this:
Button button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button1);
            button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

                @Override
                public void onClick(View viev) {
                // TODO Auto-generated method stub

                image.setImageResource(images[0]);
                        }
                });
            Button button2 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button2);
            button2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

                @Override
                public void onClick(View viev) {
                    // TODO Auto-generated method stub

                image.setImageResource(images[1]);
                        }
        });

A: Since Resources are accessible for all the application you dont need to pass the array. Just intialize it in the Class B, IF you don't affect it in Class A.

A: If I understand you  correctly ,you want to pass integer array from one activity to another.
in that can you can try follow code;
Intend i = new Intent(A.this,B.class);
i.putIntegerArrayListExtra(String name, ArrayList<Integer> value);
startActivity(i);


Can my candidature be terminated?
Yes. The Dean, Griffith Graduate Research School may, at any time, terminate a candidate's candidature. Reasons for seeking to terminate candidature include: failure to make satisfactory progress in the research; failure to meet milestone requirements or any other requirements of candidature; not complying with any condition set by the Dean (Research), or the Dean, GGRS. Please see Termination for further details.
Can I appeal my termination of candidature?
What are the requirements for the early candidature milestone?
Can my candidature be located away from the University?


text:
Kian Hayes Memorial Match
Kiladangan GAA Club and Lorrha Camogie Club Come Together to Remember the Late Kian Hayes
Earlier this year the GAA community in Tipperary was shocked to learn of the sudden passing of Kian Hayes from Kiladangan. Kian was a very talented Gaelic footballer and hurler and represented his club and county in both codes. Kian was a true GAA man and regularly umpired at games when called upon.
Kian was a fantastic goalkeeper and played between the sticks from under-6 right up to his adult years and won a North and county intermediate football championship this year to add to his two North Tipperary senior hurling medals.
He played football with the Tipperary primary school team in 2003 and subsequently with the North division and county teams. He played an integral role when his club reached the Munster intermediate football final in 2011.
He also played rugby with Nenagh Ormond and soccer with Puckane United.
In his memory and to raise badly needed funds for Living Links, Kiladangan GAA and Camogie clubs will host Lorrha Camogie club in a fun hurling/Camogie match to be played on St Stephen's Day in Puckane at 12 noon. This promises to be a fun day out for all the family and there is no better way to remember Kian then having fun through sport.
For those who are looking for support please do not hesitate to contact Pieta House who are available 24 hours a day on 1800 247 247.
Cian's teammates stand for a moment's silence prior to their Munster football clash recently with St. Senans


Alopecia areata is the abnormal loss of hair or hair loss so the term is considered synonymous with baldness. It can affect the scalp, hair follicles or other areas of the skin where there is hair, such as eyelashes, armpits, genital region and beard.
Total alopecia can be classified into two groups: cicatricial alopecia, with destruction of the hair follicle and therefore irreversible, and non-scarring forms, which are potentially reversible and do not grow back.
The most frequent form is androgenic alopecia, also called androgenetic alopecia or common baldness, which is responsible for 95% of cases. It mainly affects men, and less frequently women.
The causes of alopecia are very varied and require a correct diagnosis through anamnesis, physical examination and complementary tests, such as trichogram, analytical or biopsy, which vary according to the type of hair loss.
Stress. Alopecia areata is the alopecia most related to psychological factors such as stress. The etiology of this type of alopecia is autoimmune, that is, there is damage to the hair follicle by the patient's own defenses.
Although the origin pathogenesis of alopecia areata is of autoimmune etiology, the importance of the piscological factors in the origin and perpetuation of this type of alopecia has been confirmed.
Aging of the skin Like other organs and tissues, hair ages. Over the years, the amount of hair decreases and, after 40 years, the hair loses thickness, with which the total density decreases.
Inflammatory diseases Inflammatory diseases of the skin, such as lupus or lichen, are the cause of alopecia and require specific treatment.
Male hormones The most frequent alopecia is due to the action of androgens, male hormones that shorten the growth phase of the hair and replacing it with hair. This type of alopecia is called androgenetic alopecia.
It mainly affects the male, although it also occurs in women. In men, androgenetic alopecia develops according to the male pattern, producing a recession of the frontal line of implantation and / or alopecia in the crown.
The early diagnosis of alopecia is fundamental in the outcome of the treatment. The earlier we treat the loss of capillary mass, the more reversible its cause will be. Males can be treated with finasteride orally, which inhibits the enzyme that turns androgens into active.
In cases of advanced androgenetic alopecia, other treatments are grafting hair so that the hairs grow back.