text:
in: Pages with reference errors, All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links since June 2010,
Killer whales
Animals · Animal ethology · Comparative psychology · Animal models · Outline · Index
?Killer whale[1]
Conservation status: Data deficient[2]
Transient killer whales near Unimak Island, eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cetacea
Suborder: Odontoceti
Family: Delphinidae
Genus: Orcinus
Fitzinger, 1860 [3]
Species: O. orca
Orcinus orca
(Linnaeus, 1758) [4]
Orcinus orca range (in blue)
Orca gladiator
The killer whale (Orcinus orca), commonly referred to as the orca, and less commonly as the blackfish, is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family. Killer whales are found in all oceans, from the frigid Arctic and Antarctic regions to tropical seas. Killer whales as a species have a diverse diet, although individual populations often specialize in particular types of prey. Some feed exclusively on fish, while others hunt marine mammals such as sea lions, seals, walruses and even large whales. Killer whales are regarded as apex predators, lacking natural predators and preying on even large sharks.
Killer whales are highly social; some populations are composed of matrilineal family groups which are the most stable of any animal species.[5] Their sophisticated hunting techniques and vocal behaviors, which are often specific to a particular group and passed across generations, have been described as manifestations of culture.[6]
Wild killer whales are not considered a threat to humans,[7] although there have been cases of captives killing or injuring their handlers at marine theme parks. Killer whales feature strongly in the mythologies of indigenous cultures, with their reputation ranging from being the souls of humans to merciless killers.
1 Taxonomy and evolution
1.1 Common names
1.2 Types
3 Life cycle
4 Range and habitat
4.1 Population
5 Feeding
5.1 Fish and other cold-blooded prey
5.2 Mammal prey
5.3 Birds
6.1 Social structure
6.2 Vocalizations
6.3 Intelligence
8 Relationship with humans
8.1 Indigenous cultures
8.2 "Killer" stereotype
8.3 Modern Western attitudes
8.4 Whaling
8.5 Captivity
10 Notes
Taxonomy and evolution
File:Orcinus citoniensis.JPG
Orcinus citoniensis fossil, an extinct species of the same genus, Museo Capellini di Bologna
Orcinus orca is the only recognized extant species in the genus Orcinus, one of many animal species originally described by Linnaeus in 1758 in Systema Naturae.[8] Konrad Gessner wrote the first scientific description of a killer whale in his "Fish book" of 1558, based on examination of a dead stranded animal in the Bay of Greifswald that had attracted a great deal of local interest.[9]
The killer whale is one of 35 species in the oceanic dolphin family, which first appeared about 11 million years ago. The killer whale lineage probably branched off shortly thereafter.[7] Although it has morphological similarities with the pygmy killer whale, the false killer whale and the pilot whales, a study of cytochrome b gene sequences by Richard LeDuc indicated that its closest extant relatives are the snubfin dolphins of the genus Orcaella.[10]
English-speaking scientists most often use the term killer whale,[11] although the term orca is increasingly used. Killer whale advocates point out that it has a long heritage. Indeed, the genus name Orcinus means "of the kingdom of the dead",[11] or "belonging to Orcus."[12] Ancient Romans originally applied orca (plural orcae) to these animals, possibly borrowing it from the Greek ὄρυξ, which referred (among other things) to a whale species. Since the 1960s, orca has steadily grown in popularity; both names are now used. The term orca is preferred by some to avoid the negative connotations of "killer",[13] and because, being part of the family Delphinidae, the species is more closely related to other dolphins than to whales.[14]
They are sometimes referred to as blackfish, a name used for some whale species as well. Grampus is a former name for the species, but is now seldom used. This meaning of grampus should not be confused with the Grampus genus, whose only member is Risso's Dolphin.[15]
File:Killer Whale Types.jpg
Some examples of variations in killer whales
There are three to five types of killer whales that may be distinct enough to be considered different races,[16] subspecies, or possibly even species.[17] The IUCN reported in 2008, "The taxonomy of this genus is clearly in need of review, and it is likely that O. orca will be split into a number of different species or at least subspecies over the next few years."[2] In the 1970s and 1980s, research off the west coast of Canada and the United States identified the following three types:
Resident: These are the most commonly sighted of the three populations in the coastal waters of the northeast Pacific. Residents' diet consists primarily of fish and sometimes squid, and they live in complex and cohesive family groups called pods.[18] Female residents characteristically have a rounded dorsal fin tip that terminates in a sharp corner.[19] They visit the same areas consistently. British Columbia and Washington resident populations are amongst the most-intensively studied marine mammals. Researchers have identified and named over 300 killer whales over the past 30 years.[20]
Transient: The diet of these whales consists almost exclusively of marine mammals; they do not eat fish.[19] Transients generally travel in small groups, usually of two to six animals, and have less persistent family bonds than residents. Transients vocalize in less variable and less complex dialects. Female transients are characterized by more triangular and pointed dorsal fins than those of residents.[19] The gray or white area around the dorsal fin, known as the "saddle patch", often contains some black colouring in residents. However, the saddle patches of transients are solid and uniformly gray.[19] Transients roam widely along the coast; some individuals have been sighted in both southern Alaska and California.[21]
Offshore: A third population of killer whales in the northeast Pacific was discovered in 1988, when a humpback whale researcher observed them in open water. As their name suggests, they travel far from shore and feed primarily on schooling fish.[22] However, because of the large, scarred and nicked dorsal fins resembling those of mammal-hunting transients, they may also eat mammals and sharks. They have mostly been encountered off the west coast of Vancouver Island and near the Queen Charlotte Islands. Offshores typically congregate in groups of 20–75, with occasional sightings of larger groups of up to 200.[23] Currently, little is known about their habits, but they are genetically distinct from residents and transients. Offshores appear to be smaller than the others, and females are characterized by dorsal fin tips that are continuously rounded.[19]
File:Type C Orcas.jpg
Type C killer whales in the Ross Sea. The eye patch slants forward.
Transients and residents live in the same areas, but avoid each other.[24] The name "transient" originated from the belief that these killer whales were outcasts from larger resident pods. Researchers later discovered transients are not born into resident pods or vice-versa. The evolutionary split between the two groups is believed to have begun two million years ago.[25] Genetic data indicates that the types have not interbred for up to 10,000 years.[26]
Other populations have not been as well studied, although specialized fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales have been distinguished elsewhere.[27] Separate populations of fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales have been identified around the United Kingdom.[28][29] Fish-eating killer whales in Alaska and Norway have resident-like social structures, while mammal-eating killer whales in Argentina and the Crozet Islands behave more like transients.[30]
Three types have been documented in the Antarctic. Two dwarf species, named Orcinus nanus and Orcinus glacialis, were described during the 1980s by Soviet researchers, but most cetacean researchers are skeptical about their status, and it is difficult to link these directly to the types described below.[17]
Type A looks like a "typical" killer whale, a large, black and white form with a medium-sized white eye patch, living in open water and feeding mostly on minke whales.[17]
Type B is smaller than Type A. It has a large white eye patch. Most of the dark parts of its body are medium gray instead of black, although it has a dark gray patch called a "dorsal cape"[31] stretching back from its forehead to just behind its dorsal fin. The white areas are stained slightly yellow. It feeds mostly on seals.[17]
Type C is the smallest type and lives in larger groups than the others. Its eye patch is distinctively slanted forwards, rather than parallel to the body axis. Like Type B, it is primarily white and medium gray, with a dark gray dorsal cape and yellow-tinged patches. Its only observed prey is the Antarctic Cod.[17]
Type D was identified based on photographs of a 1955 mass stranding in New Zealand and six at-sea sightings since 2004. Immediately recognizable by its extremely small white eye patch, shorter than usual dorsal fin, and bulbous head (similar to a pilot whale). Its geographic range appears to be circumglobal in subantarctic waters between latitudes 40°S and 60°S. And although nothing is known about the Type D diet, it is suspected to include fish because groups have been photographed around longline vessels where they reportedly depredate Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides).[32][33]
Types B and C live close to the ice pack, and diatoms in these waters may be responsible for the yellowish coloring of both types.[17][34] Mitochondrial DNA sequences support the theory that these are separate species that have recently diverged.[35] More recently, complete mitochondrial sequencing indicates that the two Antarctic groups that eat seals and fish should be recognized as distinct species, as should the North Pacific transients, leaving the others as subspecies pending additional data.[36]
Research is ongoing into the genetic relationships among killer whale types, and whether the types that have been identified represent deep evolutionary trends. For example, it was long thought that mammal-eating killer whales were likely to be closely related to other mammal-eating killer whales from different regions, but genetic testing refuted this hypothesis.[37]
File:Orca size-2.svg
Size comparison to an average human.
File:Orca dorsalfin NOAA.JPG
The dorsal fin and saddle patch of a resident killer whale in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. It may be either an adult female, or a juvenile of either sex.
Killer whales distinctively bear a black back, white chest and sides, and a white patch above and behind the eye. Calves are born with a yellowish or orange tint, which fades to white. Killer whales have a heavy and robust body with a large dorsal fin up to 2 metres (Template:Convert/ft)Template:Convert/test/A tall. Behind the fin, they have a dark grey "saddle patch" across the back. Antarctic killer whales may have pale grey to nearly white backs. Adult killer whales are very distinctive and are not usually confused with any other sea creature.[38] When seen from a distance, juveniles can be confused with other cetacean species such as the false killer whale or Risso's dolphin.[citation needed] The killer whale's teeth are very strong and covered in enamel. Its jaws are a powerful gripping apparatus, as the upper teeth fall into the gaps between the lower teeth when the mouth is closed. The front teeth are inclined slightly forward and outward, thus allowing the killer whale to withstand powerful jerking movements from its prey while the middle and back teeth hold it firmly in place.[39]
Killer whales are the largest extant members of the dolphin family. Males typically range from Template:Convert/to(-)Template:Convert/test/A long and weigh in excess of Template:Convert/tTemplate:Convert/test/A.[40] Females are smaller, generally ranging from Template:Convert/to(-)Template:Convert/test/A and weighing about Template:Convert/toTemplate:Convert/test/A.[40] The largest male killer whale on record was 9.8 metres (Template:Convert/ft)Template:Convert/test/A, weighing over Template:Convert/tTemplate:Convert/test/A, while the largest female was 8.5 metres (Template:Convert/ft)Template:Convert/test/A, weighing Template:Convert/tTemplate:Convert/test/A.[41] Calves at birth weigh about 180 kilograms (Template:Convert/LoffAonSoff)Template:Convert/test/A and are about 2.4 metres (Template:Convert/ft)Template:Convert/test/A long.[42][43] The killer whale's large size and strength make it among the fastest marine mammals, able to reach speeds in excess of Template:Convert/knTemplate:Convert/test/A.[44] The skeleton of the killer whale is of the typical delphinid structure but is more robust in all respects.[45] The killer whale's integument, unlike that of most other dolphin species, is characterised by a well-developed dermal layer with a dense network of fascicles of collagen fibers.[46]
Killer whale pectoral fins are large and rounded, resembling paddles. Males have significantly larger pectoral fins than females. At about 1.8 metres (Template:Convert/ft)Template:Convert/test/A the male's dorsal fin is more than twice the size of the female's and is more of a triangular shape—a tall, elongated isosceles triangle—whereas hers is shorter and more curved.[47] Males and females also have different patterns of black and white skin in the genital area.[48] Sexual dimorphism is also apparent in the skull; adult males have a longer lower jaw than females, and have a larger occipital crest.[46]
Individual killer whales can often be identified from the dorsal fin and saddle patch. Variations such as nicks, scratches, and tears on the dorsal fin and the pattern of white or grey in the saddle patch are unique. Published directories contain identifying photographs and names for hundreds of North Pacific animals. Photo identification has enabled the local population of killer whales to be counted each year rather than estimated and has enabled great insight into lifecycles and social structures.[49]
White killer whales occur sporadically among normal killer whales, but are rare. They have been spotted in the northern Bering Sea and around St. Lawrence Island, and near the Russian coast.[citation needed] In February 2008, a white killer whale was photographed Template:Convert/miTemplate:Convert/test/A off Kanaga Volcano.[50][51]
Killer whales have good eyesight above and below the water, excellent hearing, and a good sense of touch. They have exceptionally sophisticated echolocation abilities, detecting the location and characteristics of prey and other objects in their environment by emitting clicks and listening for echoes.[52]
File:Tysfjord orca 1.jpg
An adult male killer whale with its characteristic tall dorsal fin swims in the waters near Tysfjord, Norway
Female killer whales mature at around age 15. They then have periods of polyestrous cycling with non-cycling periods of between 3 and 16 months. Gestation varies from 15 to 18 months. Mothers calve, with usually a single offspring, about once every 5 years. In resident pods, birth occurs at any time of year, although winter is the most popular. Mortality is extremely high during the first six to seven months of life, when 37–50% of all calves die.[53] Weaning begins at about 12 months and completes by the age of two. According to observations in several regions, all male and female killer whale pod members participate in the care of the young.[54] Killer Whales and Pilot whales are the only species in which the females go through menopause and live for decades after they have finished breeding.[55] Killer whales are unique among cetaceans, as their heads become shorter as they age.[46]
Females breed until age 40, meaning that on average they raise five offspring. The lifespan of wild females averages 50 years, with a maximum of 80–90 years.[56] Males sexually mature at the age of 15 but do not typically reproduce until age 21. Wild males live around 29 years on average, with a maximum of 50–60 years.[56] One male, known as Old Tom, was reportedly spotted every winter between the 1840s and 1930 off New South Wales, Australia. This would have made him up to 90 years old. Examination of his teeth indicated he died around age 35,[57] but this method of age determination is now believed to be inaccurate for older animals.[58] One male well known to researchers in the Pacific Northwest called Ruffles (J1) was estimated to have been born in 1951, making him 59 years old when he died in 2010.[59] Captive killer whale lifespans are typically significantly shorter, usually less than 25 years; however, numerous individuals are alive in their thirties, and a few have reached their 40s. In many instances, the lifespans of killer whales depend on the will of the animal.[60][61]
Range and habitat
File:Orca porpoising.jpg
To travel quickly, killer whales leap out of the water when swimming—a behaviour known as porpoising
Killer whales are found in all oceans and most seas. Due to their enormous range, numbers and density, distributional estimates are difficult to compare,[62] but they clearly prefer higher latitudes and coastal areas over pelagic environments.[63]
Systematic surveys indicate the highest densities of killer whales (>0.40 individuals per 100 km²) in the northeast Atlantic around the Norwegian coast, in the north Pacific along the Aleutian Islands, the Gulf of Alaska and in the Southern Ocean off much of the coast of Antarctica.[62] They are considered "common" (0.20–0.40 individuals per 100 km²) in the eastern Pacific along the coasts of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, in the North Atlantic Ocean around Iceland and the Faroe Islands. High densities have also been reported but not quantified in the western North Pacific around the Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and the Commander Islands and in the southern hemisphere off the coasts of South Australia, Patagonia, off the coast of southern Brazil and the tip of southern Africa. They are reported as seasonally common in the Canadian Arctic, including Baffin Bay between Greenland and Nunavut, and around Tasmania and Macquarie Island.[62] Information for offshore regions and tropical waters is more scarce, but widespread, if not frequent, sightings indicate that the killer whale can survive in most water temperatures. There have been sightings, for example, in the Mediterranean, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Indian Ocean around the Seychelles.[62]
Probably the largest population lives in Antarctic waters, where they range up to the edge of the pack ice and are believed to venture into the denser pack ice, finding open leads much like beluga whales in the Arctic. In contrast, killer whales are seasonal summer visitors to Arctic waters, where they do not approach the ice pack. With the rapid Arctic sea ice decline in the Hudson Strait, their range now extends deep into the northwest Atlantic.[64]
Migration patterns are poorly understood. Each summer, the same individuals appear off the coasts of British Columbia and Washington State. Despite decades of research, where these animals go for the rest of the year remains unknown. Transient pods have been sighted from southern Alaska to central California.[65] Resident killer whales sometimes travel as much as Template:Convert/kmTemplate:Convert/test/A in a day, but may be seen in a general area for a month or more. Resident killer whale pod ranges vary from Template:Convert/toTemplate:Convert/test/A.
Occasionally, killer whales swim into freshwater rivers. They have been documented Template:Convert/miTemplate:Convert/test/A up the Columbia River in the United States.[66][67] They have also been found in the Fraser River in Canada and the Horikawa River in Japan.[66]
Worldwide population estimates are uncertain, but recent consensus suggest an absolute minimum of 50,000.[2][23] Local estimates include roughly 25,000 in the Antarctic, 8,500 in the tropical Pacific, 2,250–2,700 off the cooler northeast Pacific and 500–1,500 off Norway.[68] Japan's Fisheries Agency estimated there were 2,321 killer whales in the seas around Japan.[69][70]
File:Orca Schaedel Senckenberg.jpg
A killer whale skeleton
Killer whales hunt varied prey; however, different populations/species tend to specialize and some can have a dramatic impact on certain preyed species.[71] For example, some populations in the Norwegian and Greenland sea specialize in herring and follow that fish's autumnal migration to the Norwegian coast. Other populations prey on seals. Salmon account for 96% of northeast Pacific residents' diet. 65% of them are large, fatty Chinook.[72] Chum salmon are also eaten, but smaller sockeye and pink salmon are not a significant food item.[73] Depletion of specific prey species in an area is therefore cause for concern for local populations, despite the high diversity of prey. On average, a killer whale eats 227 kilograms (Template:Convert/LoffAonSoff)Template:Convert/test/A each day.[74]
Because some killer whales prey on large whales and sharks, they are considered to be apex predators. They are sometimes called the wolves of the sea, because they hunt in groups like wolf packs.[75]
Fish and other cold-blooded prey
Fish-eating killer whales prey on around 30 species of fish, particularly Chinook, salmon, herring, and tuna. In New Zealand, rays are killer whales' most frequent prey,[76] and they have also been observed hunting sharks (particularly makos, threshers and smooth hammerheads). Squid and sea turtles are also taken.[77]
File:Orca pod southern residents.jpg
Resident (fish-eating) killer whales. The curved dorsal fins are typical of resident females.
While salmon are usually hunted by an individual or a small group of individuals, herring are often caught using carousel feeding: the killer whales force the herring into a tight ball by releasing bursts of bubbles or flashing their white undersides. They then slap the ball with their tail flukes, either stunning or killing up to 10–15 at a time. The herring are then eaten one at a time. Carousel feeding has only been documented in the Norwegian killer whale population and with some oceanic dolphin species.[78]
Killer whales can induce tonic immobility in sharks and rays by holding them upside down, rendering them helpless and incapable of injuring the whale. Some sharks suffocate within about 15 minutes while the whale holds them still, because these sharks need to move to breathe. In one incident filmed near the Farallon Islands, a female killed a Template:Convert/–Template:Convert/test/A long great white shark,[79] apparently after swimming with it upside-down in her mouth and inducing tonic immobility in it. She and another pod member ate the shark's liver and allowed the rest of the carcass to sink.[80]
In July 1992, two killer whales attacked, killed and fed on an Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSonTemplate:Convert/test/A long whale shark, Rhincodon typus, in the waters off Bahia de los Angeles in Baja California.[81]
Mammal prey
File:Sealions 300.jpg
California sea lions are common prey for mammal-eating killer whales on the west coast of North America.
Killer whales are very sophisticated and effective predators. Twenty-two cetacean species have been recorded as killer whale prey, from examining either stomach contents, scarring on the prey's body, or feeding activity. Groups even attack larger cetaceans such as minke whales, gray whales, and rarely sperm whales or blue whales.
Hunting large whales usually takes several hours. Killer whales generally choose to attack young or weak animals instead. However, a group of five or more may attack a healthy adult. When hunting a young whale, a group chases it and its mother until they wear out. Eventually they separate the pair and surround the calf, preventing it from surfacing to breathe, drowning it. Pods of female sperm whales sometimes protect themselves by forming a protective circle around their calves with their flukes facing outwards, using them to repel the attackers.[82] Rarely, large killer whale pods can overwhelm even adult female sperm whales. Adult bull sperm whales, which are large, powerful and aggressive when threatened, and fully-grown adult blue whales, who are possibly too large to overwhelm, are not believed to be predated by killer whales.[83]
Other marine mammal prey species include most species of seal, sea lion and fur seal. Walruses and sea otters are less frequently taken. Often, to avoid injury, killer whales disable their prey before killing and eating it. This may involve throwing it in the air, slapping it with their tails, ramming it, or breaching and landing on it.[84] Sea lions are killed by head-butting or after a stunning blow from a tail fluke. In the Aleutian Islands, a decline in sea otter populations in the 1990s was controversially attributed by some scientists to killer whale predation, although there is no direct evidence of this.[85] The decline of sea otters followed a decline in harbour seal and Steller sea lion populations, the killer whale's preferred prey,[Note 1][87] which in turn may be substitutes for their original prey, now decimated by industrial whaling.[88][89][90]
In steeply banked beaches off Península Valdés, Argentina, and the Crozet Islands, killer whales feed on South American sea lions and southern elephant seals in shallow water, even beaching temporarily to grab prey before wriggling back to the sea. Beaching, usually fatal to cetaceans, is not an instinctive behavior, and can require years of practice for the young.[91]
File:Orcas and penguins cropped.JPG
Killer whales swim by an iceberg with Adélie penguins in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The Drygalski Ice Tongue is in the background.
"Wave-hunting" killer whales spy-hop to locate Weddell seals, Ross seals, crabeater seals and leopard seals resting on ice floes and then swim in groups to create waves that wash over the floe. This washes the seal into the water where other killer whales lie in wait. [92][93]
Killer whales have also been observed preying on terrestrial mammals, such as deer and moose swimming between islands off the northwest coast of North America.[86] Killer whale cannibalism has also been reported based on analysis of stomach contents, but this is likely to be the result of scavenging remains dumped by whalers.[94] One killer whale was also attacked by its companions after being shot.[27] Although resident killer whales have never been observed to eat other marine mammals, they occasionally harass and kill porpoises and seals for no apparent reason.[95]
Killer whales in many areas prey on several bird species, including penguins, cormorants and gulls.[96] A captive killer whale at Marineland
redirect Template:Ambiguous link
discovered that it could regurgitate fish onto the surface, attracting sea gulls, and then eat the birds. Four other killer whales then learned to copy the behavior.[97]
File:Peeking Orca.jpg
Killer whales often raise their bodies out of the water in a behaviour called spyhopping.
Day-to-day killer whale behavior generally consists of foraging, travelling, resting and socializing. Killer whales are frequently active at the surface, engaging in acrobatic behaviors such as breaching, spyhopping, and tail-slapping. These activities may have a variety of purposes, such as courtship, communication, dislodging parasites, or play. Spyhopping, a behaviour in which a whale holds its head above water, helps the animal view its surroundings.[98]
Resident killer whales swim with porpoises, other dolphins, seals, and sea lions, which are common prey for transient killer whales.
Killer whales are notable for their complex societies. Only elephants and higher primates, such as humans, live in comparably complex social structures.[54] Due to orcas' complex social bonds and society, many marine experts have concerns about how humane it is to keep these animals in captive situations.[99] Resident killer whales in the eastern North Pacific have a particularly complex and stable social grouping system. Unlike any other mammal species whose social structure is known, residents live with their mothers for their entire lives. These societies are based on matrilines consisting of the matriarch and her descendants who form part of the line, as do their descendants. The average size of a matriline is 5.5 animals.[100]
Because females can reach age 90, as many as four generations travel together. These matrilineal groups are highly stable. Individuals separate for only a few hours at a time, to mate or forage. With one exception, the killer whale named Luna, no permanent separation of an individual from a resident matriline has been recorded.[100]
Closely related matrilines form loose aggregations called pods, usually consisting of one to four matrilines. Unlike matrilines, pods may separate for weeks or months at a time.[100] DNA testing indicates that resident males nearly always mate with females from other pods.[101]
File:Orca 2.jpg
Killer whales, like this one spotted near Alaska, commonly breach, often lifting their entire bodies out of the water.
Clans are the next level of resident social structure, and are composed of pods with similar dialects and common but older maternal heritage. Clan ranges overlap, mingling pods from different clans.[100]
The final association layer, perhaps more arbitrarily defined than the familial groupings, is called the community and is defined as a set of clans that regularly commingle. Clans within a community do not share vocal patterns.[Note 2]
Transient pods are smaller than resident pods, typically consisting of an adult female and one or two of her offspring. Males typically maintain stronger relationships with their mothers than females. These bonds can extend well into adulthood. Unlike residents, extended or permanent separation of transient offspring from natal matrilines is common, with juveniles and adults of both sexes participating. Some males become "rovers" and do not form long-term associations, occasionally joining groups that contain reproductive females.[102] As in resident clans, transient community members share an acoustic repertoire, although regional differences in vocalizations have been noted.[103]
Multimedia relating to the Orca
Killer whale calls (file info) — play in browser (beta)
Problems listening to the file? See media help.
See also: Whale song
Like all cetaceans, killer whales depend heavily on underwater sound for orientation, feeding, and communication. Killer whales produce three categories of sounds: clicks, whistles, and pulsed calls. Clicks are believed to be used primarily for navigation and discriminating prey and other objects in the surrounding environment, but are also commonly heard during social interactions.[23]
Northeast Pacific resident groups tend to be much more vocal than transient groups in the same waters.[104] Residents feed primarily on salmon, whose hearing is too poor to detect killer whale calls at any relevant distance. Residents make sounds to identify themselves when they approach another marine mammal.
Transient are typically silent probably to avoid alerting their mammalian prey, all of whom have excellent underwater hearing.[104] They sometimes use a single click (called a cryptic click) rather than the long train of clicks observed in other populations.
All members of a resident pod use similar calls, known collectively as a dialect. Dialects are composed of specific numbers and types of discrete, repetitive calls. They are complex and stable over time. Call patterns and structure are distinctive within matrilines. Newborns produce calls similar to their mothers, but have a more limited repertoire.[103] Individuals likely learn their dialect through contact with their mother and other pod members.[105] For instance, family-specific calls have been observed more frequently in the days following a calf's birth, which may help the calf learn them.[106] Dialects are probably an important means of maintaining group identity and cohesiveness. Similarity in dialects likely reflects the degree of relatedness between pods, with variation building over time.[107]
Researchers have not determined whether calls have particular meanings or are associated with specific types of activity. Resident dialects contain 7–17 (mean = 11) distinctive call types. Transient dialects are much different, having only 4–6 discrete calls, none of which they share with residents. All members of the North American west coast transient community express the same basic dialect, although minor regional variation in call types is evident. Preliminary research indicates that offshore killer whales have group-specific dialects that are unlike those of residents and transients.[107]
Main article: Cetacean intelligence
Killer whales have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals.[108] They can be trained in captivity and are often described as intelligent,[109][110] although defining and measuring "intelligence" is difficult in a species whose environment and behavioral strategies are very different from those of humans.[110]
File:Orca with iceball cropped.JPG
A killer whale plays with a ball of ice, soon after a researcher had thrown a snowball at the whale.
Killer whales imitate others, and seem to deliberately teach skills to their kin. This is most strikingly seen when killer whales deliberately beach themselves to catch seals. Off Península Valdés, adults sometimes pull seals off the shoreline and then release them again near juvenile whales, allowing the younger whales to practice the difficult capture technique on the now-weakened prey. Off the Crozet Islands, mothers push their calves onto the beach, waiting to pull the youngster back if needed.[84][111]
People who have interacted closely with killer whales offer numerous anecdotes demonstrating the whales' curiosity, playfulness, and ability to solve problems. For example, Alaskan killer whales have not only learned how to steal fish from longlines, but have overcome a variety of techniques designed to stop them, such as the use of unbaited lines as decoys.[112] Once, fishermen placed their boats several miles apart, taking turns retrieving small amounts of their catch, in the hope that the whales would not have enough time to move between boats to steal fish as it was being retrieved. A researcher described what happened next:
"It worked really well for a while. Then the whales split into two groups. It didn't even take them an hour to figure it out. They were so thrilled when they figured out what was going on, that we were playing games. They were breaching by the boats."
— Craig Matkin[112]
In other anecdotes, researchers describe incidents in which wild killer whales playfully tease humans by repeatedly moving objects that the humans are trying to reach,[113] or suddenly start to toss around a chunk of ice after a human throws a snowball.[114]
The killer whale's use of dialects and the passing of other learned behaviours from generation to generation have been described as a form of culture.[115]
The complex and stable vocal and behavioural cultures of sympatric groups of killer whales (Orcinus orca) appear to have no parallel outside humans and represent an independent evolution of cultural faculties.[6]
File:TypeC orca cape.JPG
The Type C killer whale has two-toned gray colouring, including a dark "dorsal cape," in body areas where most killer whales have solid black colouring. Research is ongoing into whether one or more killer whale types is a distinct species in need of protection.
In 2008, the IUCN changed its assessment of the killer whale's conservation status from conservation dependent to data deficient, recognizing that one or more killer whale types may actually be separate, endangered species.[2] Depletion of prey species, pollution, large-scale oil spills, and habitat disturbance caused by noise and conflicts with boats are currently the most significant worldwide threats.[2]
Like other animals at the highest trophic levels, the killer whale is particularly at risk of poisoning from accumulation of toxins, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).[116] European Harbour seals have problems in reproductive and immune functions associated with high levels of PCBs and related contaminants, and a survey off the Washington coast found that PCB levels in killer whales were higher than levels that had caused health problems in harbour seals.[116] Blubber samples in the Norwegian Arctic show higher levels of PCBs, pesticides and brominated flame-retardants than in polar bears. When food is scarce, killer whales metabolize blubber for energy, which increases pollutant concentrations.
In the Pacific Northwest, wild salmon stocks, a main resident food source, have declined dramatically in recent years.[2] On the west coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, seal and sea lion populations have also substantially declined.[117]
File:Orca mother calf.JPG
An adult female and her calf
In 2005, the United States government listed the southern resident community as an endangered population under the Endangered Species Act.[23] The southern resident community comprises three pods which live mostly in the Georgia and Haro Straits and Puget Sound in British Columbia and Washington. They do not breed outside of their community, which was once estimated at around 200 animals and later shrank to around 90.[118] In October 2008, the annual survey revealed that seven were missing and presumed dead, reducing the count to 83.[119] This is potentially the largest decline in the population in the past ten years. These deaths can be attributed to declines in chinook salmon.[119]
File:AT3.jpg
The last known AT1 pod offspring, AT3, swimming in Resurrection Bay
Noise from shipping, drilling, and other human activities is a significant concern in some key killer whale habitats, including Johnstone Strait and Haro Strait.[120] In the mid-1990s, loud underwater noises from salmon farms were used to deter seals. Killer whales also avoided the surrounding waters.[121] High-intensity sonar used by the Navy disturbs killer whales along with other marine mammals.[122] Killer whales are popular with whale watchers, which may stress the whales and alter their behavior, particularly if boats approach too closely or block their line of travel.[123]
The Exxon Valdez oil spill adversely affected killer whales in Prince William Sound and Alaska's Kenai Fjords region. Eleven members (about half) of one resident pod disappeared in the following year. The spill damaged salmon and other prey populations, which in turn damaged local killer whales. By 2009, scientists estimated the AT1 transient population (considered part of a larger population of 346 transients), numbered only 7 individuals and had not reproduced since the spill. This population is expected to die out.[124][125]
Relationship with humans
File:Haida Jade.jpg
Haida sculpture by Bill Reid
The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast feature killer whales throughout their history, art, spirituality and religion. The Haida regarded killer whales as the most powerful animals in the ocean, and their mythology tells of killer whales living in houses and towns under the sea. According to these myths, killer whales took on human form when submerged, and humans who drowned went to live with them.[126] For the Kwakwaka'wakw, the killer whale was regarded as the ruler of the undersea world, with sea lions for slaves and dolphins for warriors.[126] In Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu-chah-nulth mythology, killer whales may embody the souls of deceased chiefs.[126] The Tlingit of southeastern Alaska regarded the killer whale as custodian of the sea and a benefactor of humans.[127]
The Maritime Archaic people of Newfoundland also had great respect for killer whales, as evidenced by stone carvings found in a 4,000-year-old burial site at the Port au Choix National Historic Site.[128][129]
In the tales and beliefs of the Siberian Yupik people, killer whales are said to appear as wolves in winter, and wolves as killer whales in summer.[130][131][132][133] Killer whales are believed to assist their hunters in driving walrus.[134] Reverence is expressed in several forms: the boat represents the animal, and a wooden carving hung from the hunter's belt.[132] Small sacrifices such as tobacco are strewn into the sea for them.[134] Killer whales were believed to have helped the hunters even when in wolf guise, by forcing reindeer to allow themselves to be killed.[133]
"Killer" stereotype
Main article: Killer whale attacks on humans
In Western cultures, killer whales were historically feared as dangerous, savage predators.[135] The first written description of a killer whale was given by Pliny the Elder in circa AD 70, who wrote, "Orcas (the appearance of which no image can express, other than an enormous mass of savage flesh with teeth) are the enemy of [other whales]... they charge and pierce them like warships ramming."[136]
File:Whale of Greifswald from rear.JPG
Male killer whale depicted in St Mary's in Greifswald, Germany, 1545[9]
There have been very few confirmed attacks on humans by wild killer whales, none of which has been fatal.[137] In one instance, killer whales tried to tip ice floes on which a dog team and photographer of the Terra Nova Expedition was standing.[138] There is speculation that the sled dogs' barking may have sounded enough like seal calls to trigger the killer whale's hunting curiosity. In the 1970s, a surfer in California was bitten, and in 2005 a boy in Alaska who was splashing in a region frequented by harbor seals was bumped by a killer whale that apparently misidentified him as prey.[139] Unlike wild killer whales, captive killer whales are reported to have made nearly two dozen attacks on humans since the 1970s, some of which have been fatal.[140][141]
Competition with fishermen also led to killer whales being regarded as pests. In the waters of the Pacific Northwest and Iceland, the shooting of killer whales was accepted and even encouraged by governments.[135] As an indication of the intensity of shooting that occurred until fairly recently, about 25% of the killer whales captured in Puget Sound for aquaria through 1970 bore bullet scars.[142] The U.S. Navy claimed to have deliberately killed hundreds of killer whales in Icelandic waters in 1956.[143][144]
Modern Western attitudes
See also: Killer Whales in popular culture
Western attitudes towards killer whales have changed dramatically in recent decades. In the mid 1960s and early 1970s, killer whales came to much greater public and scientific awareness, starting with the first live-capture and display of a killer whale known as Moby Doll, a resident that had been harpooned off Saturna Island in 1964.[135] So little was known at the time that it was nearly two months before the whale's keepers discovered what food (fish) it was willing to eat. To the surprise of those who saw him, Moby Doll was a docile, non-aggressive whale that made no attempts to attack humans.[145]
File:A73 whale transport.jpg
In 2002, the orphan Springer was successfully returned to her family.
Between 1964 and 1976, 50 killer whales from the Pacific Northwest were captured for display in aquaria, and public interest in the animals grew. Millions of people became interested in killer whales after viewing them in captivity. In the 1970s, research pioneered by Michael Bigg led to the discovery of the species' complex social structure, its use of vocal communication, and its extraordinarily stable mother-offspring bonds. Through photo-identification techniques, individuals were named and tracked over decades.[146]
Bigg's techniques also revealed that the Pacific Northwest population was small—in the low hundreds rather than the thousands that had been previously assumed.[135] The Southern Resident community alone had lost 48 of its members to captivity; by 1976, only 80 remained.[147] In the Pacific Northwest, the species that had unthinkingly been targeted became a cultural icon within a few decades.[118]
The public's growing appreciation also led to growing opposition to whale–keeping in aquaria. Only one whale has been taken in North American waters since 1976. In recent years, the extent of the public's interest in killer whales has manifested itself in several high-profile efforts surrounding individuals. Following the success of the 1993 film Free Willy, the movie's captive star Keiko was returned to the coast of his native Iceland. In 2002, the orphan Springer was discovered in Puget Sound, Washington. She became the first whale to be successfully reintegrated into a wild pod after human intervention, crystallizing decades of research into the vocal behavior and social structure of the region's killer whales.[148] The saving of Springer raised hopes that another young killer whale named Luna who had become separated from his pod could be returned to it. However, his case was marked by controversy about whether and how to intervene, and in 2006 Luna was killed by a boat propeller.[149]
File:Killer Whale (Old Tom) and whalers.jpeg
The killer whale named Old Tom swims alongside a whaling boat, flanking a whale calf. The boat is being towed by a harpooned whale (not visible here), near Eden, Australia.
The first records of commercial hunting of killer whales date to the 18th century in Japan. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the global whaling industry caught immense numbers of baleen and sperm whales, but largely ignored killer whales because of their limited amounts of recoverable oil, their smaller populations, and the difficulty of taking them.[101] Once the stocks of larger species were depleted, killer whales were targeted by commercial whalers in the mid-20th century. Between 1954 and 1997, Japan took 1,178 killer whales and Norway took 987.[150] Over 3,000 killer whales were taken by Soviet whalers,[151] including an Antarctic catch of 916 in 1979-80 alone, prompting the International Whaling Commission to recommend a ban on commercial hunting of the species pending further research.[150] Today, no country carries out a substantial hunt, although Indonesia and Greenland permit small subsistence hunts.
Killer whales have helped humans hunting other whales.[152] One well-known example was in Eden, Australia, including the male known as Old Tom. Whalers more often considered them a nuisance, however, as they would gather to scavenge meat from the whalers' catch.[152] Some populations, such as in Alaska's Prince William Sound, may have been reduced significantly by whalers shooting them in retaliation.[16]
Main article: Captive orcas
File:Miamiseaquariumlolita.jpg
Lolita, at the Miami Seaquarium, is one of the oldest whales in captivity.
The killer whale's intelligence, trainability, striking appearance, playfulness in captivity and sheer size have made it a popular exhibit at aquariums and aquatic theme parks.[153] From 1976 to 1997, 55 whales were taken from the wild in Iceland, 19 from Japan, and three from Argentina. These figures exclude animals that died during capture.[153] Live captures fell dramatically in the 1990s, and by 1999, about 40% of the 48 animals on display in the world were captive–born.[153]
Organizations such as the World Society for the Protection of Animals and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society campaign against the practice of keeping them in captivity. In captivity they often develop pathologies, such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 60–90% of captive males. Captives have vastly reduced life expectancies, on average only living into their 20s.[Note 3] In the wild, females who survive infancy live 50 years on average, and up to 70–80 years in rare cases. Wild males who survive infancy live 30 years on average, and up to 50–60 years.[154] Captivity usually bears little resemblance to wild habitat, and captive whales' social groups are foreign to those found in the wild. Critics claim that captive life is stressful due to these factors and the requirement to perform circus tricks that are not part of wild killer whale behavior.[155] Wild killer whales travel up to Template:Convert/kmTemplate:Convert/test/A each day, and critics say that the animals are too big and intelligent to be suitable for captivity.[109]
Captives occasionally act aggressively towards themselves, their tankmates, or humans, which critics say is a result of stress.[140][156][157] Tilikum, a captive killer whale born in the wild, has been involved in three fatalities including one in which he grabbed a trainer and pulled her underwater, eventually drowning her.[158] Experts are divided as to whether the injuries and deaths caused by captive killer whales have been accidents or deliberate attempts to cause harm.[158]
Orca (film)
↑ According to Baird,[86] killer whales prefer harbour seals to sea lions and porpoises in some areas.
↑ In the northeast Pacific, three communities of fish-eating killer whales have been identified: the southern community (1 clan, 3 pods, 90 killer whales as of 2006), the northern community (3 clans, 16 pods, 214 killer whales as of 2000), and the south Alaskan community (2 clans, 11 pods, 211 killer whales as of 2000).
↑ Although there are examples of killer whales living longer, including several over 30 years old, and two captive orcas (Corky II and Lolita) are in their mid-40s.
↑ Template:MSW3 Cetacea
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Template:IUCN2008
↑ Orcinus Fitzinger, 1860 (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
↑ Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758) (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
↑ Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 12
↑ 6.0 6.1 Rendell, Luke, and Hal Whitehead (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2): 309–324.
↑ 7.0 7.1 Carwardine 2001, p. 19
↑ Template:La icon Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I, 10th, Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
↑ 9.0 9.1 Zum Wal in der Marienkirche (in German). St. Mary's Church, Greifswald. Retrieved 2010-02-16
↑ (1999). Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full cytochrome b sequences. Marine Mammal Science 15 (3): 619-648.
↑ 11.0 11.1 Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 69
↑ Killer Whales. Scientific Classification, Seaworld.org, September 23, 2010, Retrieved 2010-09-09.
↑ Olsen, Ken. Orcas on the Edge – Killer: It's a Name, Not an Accusation. National Wildlife Federation. January 10, 2006. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
↑ Best, P.B. 2007 Whales and Dolphins of the Southern African Subregion ISBN 978-0-521-89710-5
↑ Leatherwood, Stephen and Larry J. Hobbs (1988). Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the eastern North Pacific and adjacent Arctic waters: a guide to their identification, p. 118. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-25651-0 Retrieved 2010-01-28.
↑ 16.0 16.1 (Baird 1999). Status of Killer Whales in Canada. Contract report to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Also published as Status of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca, in Canada The Canadian Field-Naturalist 115 (4) (2001), 676–701. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Pitman, Robert L. and Ensor, Paul (2003). Three forms of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Antarctic waters. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 5 (2): 131–139.
↑ (2006) Marine mammals: evolutionary biology, Academic Press.
↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Carwardine 2001, pp. 40–47
↑ NMFS 2005, p. 24
↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) NOAA Fisheries, Office of Protected Resources. Retrieved 2010-03-14
↑ Heimlich & Boran 2001, p. 22
↑ Chadwick, Douglas H. (April 2005). Investigating A Killer. National Geographic.
↑ 27.0 27.1 (1991). A review of killer whale interactions with other marine mammals: predation to co-existence. Mammal Reviews 21 (4): 151–180.
↑ Bourton, Jody. Two killer whale types found in UK waters, Earth News, BBC, 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
↑ (2009). Ecological, morphological and genetic divergence of sympatric North Atlantic killer whale populations. Molecular Ecology 18 (24).
↑ Evans, W. E.; Yablokov, A. V. and Bowles, A. E. (1982). Geographic Variation in the Color Pattern of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca), Reports of the International Whaling Commission 32: 687–694. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
↑ (2010). Observations of a distinctive morphotype of killer whale (Orcinus orca), type D, from subantarctic waters. Polar Biology 34 (2): 303–306.
↑ Rejcek, Peter The Antarctic Sun: News about Antarctica - Killer News. Antarcticsun.usap.gov. URL accessed on 2011-02-16.
↑ Gorter, Uko. Newsletter of the Puget Sound Chapter of the American Cetacean Society, Spring 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
↑ (2008). Mitochondrial sequence divergence among Antarctic killer whale ecotypes is consistent with multiple species. Biology Letters 4 (4).
↑ (2010). Complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (Orcinus orca) indicates multiple species. Genome Research 20 (7).
↑ Schrope, Mark (15 February 2007). Food chains: Killer in the kelp. Nature 445 (7129): 703–705.
↑ Carwardine 2001, p. 20
↑ Heptner et al. 1996, p. 683
↑ 40.0 40.1 Baird 2002
↑ Killer Whales: Physical Characteristics. Seaworld.org. URL accessed on 2009-12-30.
↑ Olsen, K. (2006). National Wildlife 44 (6) (October/November), 22–30
↑ Stewart, D. (2001). National Wildlife 39 (1) (December/January), 54–59
↑ Killer whale. Cetacean Research & Rescue Unit. Retrieved 2010-02-18
↑ Heyning, J. E.; Dahlheim, M. E. (1988) Orcinus orca. Mammalian Species 304:1-9
↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Heptner et al. 1996, p. 681
↑ Orca (Killer whale). American Cetacean Society. Retrieved 2009-01-02
↑ Obee & Ellis 1992, pp. 1–27
↑ Mary Pemberton. Rare white killer whale spotted in Alaska, MSNBC, March 7, 2008
↑ Rare White Killer Whale Spotted in Alaskan Waters From NOAA Ship Oscar Dyson, news release, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2010-03-20
↑ Carwardine 2001, pp. 30–32
↑ 54.0 54.1 Heimlich & Boran 2001, p. 35
↑ What do Whales and Females have in Common?, Australian Geographic, June 30, 2010
↑ 56.0 56.1 Carwardine 2001, p. 26
↑ Mitchell, E. and Baker, A. N. (1980). Age of reputedly old Killer Whale, Orcinus orca, 'Old Tom' from Eden, Twofold Bay, Australia, in: W. F. Perrin and A. C. Myrick Jr (eds.): Age determination of toothed whales and sirenians, pp. 143–154 Rep. Int. Whal. Commn (Special Issue 3), cited in Know the Killer Whale, The Dolphin's Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2010-01-27
↑ Olesiuk, Peter F.; Ellis, Graeme M. and Ford, John K. B. (2005). Life History and Population Dynamics of Northern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in British Columbia, Research Document 2005/045, Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, Fisheries and Oceans Canada. p. 33. Retrieved 2010-01-27
↑ How Southern Resident Killer Whales are Identified, Center for Whale Research. Retrieved 2010-02-16
↑ Hoyt, Erich, Howard E. Garrett; Naomi A. Rose (1995). Observations of disparity between educational material related to killer whales (Orcinus orca) disseminated by public display institutions and the scientific literature. (PDF) URL accessed on 2010-02-16.
↑ Williams, Vanessa (2001). Captive Orcas 'Dying to Entertain You'. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Retrieved 2010-02-16
↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 (2007) "Worldwide distribution and abundance of killer whales" Whales, whaling and ocean ecosystems, 145–162, University of California Press.
↑ Kwan, Jennifer. Canada Finds Killer Whales Drawn to Warmer Arctic, Reuters, January 22, 2007. Retrieved 2010-01-26
↑ NOAA 2005, pp. 24–29
↑ 66.0 66.1 Baird 2002, p. 10
↑ Southern Resident Killer Whale Research – October 2003, Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Updated 2007-02-14. Retrieved 2010-01-26
↑ Ecology of Japanese Coastal Orcas, sha-chi.jp. Retrieved 2010-02-17
↑ Ten Years after Taiji Orca Capture, 28 January 2007. Iruka (dolphin) and Kujira (whale) Action Network (IKAN): Iruma, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Retrieved 2010-02-17
↑ Virginia Morell (21 January 2011). Killer Whales Earn Their Name. Science 331 (6015): 274–276.
↑ Ford & Ellis 2006
↑ Hughes, Catherine D.. National Geographic creature feature. URL accessed on 2007-07-25.
↑ Orcinus orca – Orca (Killer Whale). Marinebio.org. URL accessed on 2007-06-26.
↑ Visser, Ingrid N. (2001). Mysteries of the Orca (PDF), Forest and Bird 301 (August), 22–26. Retrieved 2010-01-04. Template:Wayback
↑ Similä, T. and Ugarte, F. (1993). Surface and underwater observations of cooperatively feeding killer whales. Can. J.Zool. 71 (8): 1494–1499.
↑ Heithaus, Michael (2001). Predator–prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review. Journal of Zoology 253: 53–68.
↑ "Wild: The Whale That Ate Jaws." National Geographic Channel November 29, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-03
↑ O'Sullivan, J. B. (2000). American Elasmobranch Society 16th Annual Meeting, June 14–20, 2000. URL accessed on 2010-02-18.
↑ Pitman, Robert L. et al. (2001). Killer Whale Predation on Sperm Whales: Observations and Implications. Marine Mammal Science 17 (3): 494–507.
↑ Estes, et al (2007). Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems.
↑ Pinell, Nadine, et al. "Transient Killer Whales – Culprits in the Decline of Sea Otters in Western Alaska?" B.C. Cetacean Sightings Network, June 1, 2004. Retrieved 2010-03-13
↑ Killer Whales Develop a Taste For Sea Otters Ned Rozell, Article #1418, Alaska Science Forum, December 10, 1998. Retrieved 2010-02-26
↑ (2003). Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (21).
↑ (2006). The sequential megafaunal collapse hypothesis: Testing with existing data. Progress in Oceanography.
↑ (2009). Causes and consequences of marine mammal population declines in southwest Alaska: a food-web perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (1524).
↑ (2008). Antarctic peninsula killer whales (Orcinus orca) hunt seals and a penguin on floating ice. Marine Mammal Science 24.
↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/15308790
↑ Baird 2002, p. 124
↑ Baird 2002, p. 14
↑ includeonly>"Whale uses fish as bait to catch seagulls then shares strategy with fellow orcas", 2005-09-07. Retrieved on 2010-02-18.
↑ Keep Whales Wild. Keep Whales Wild. URL accessed on 2011-02-16.
↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 NMFS 2005, p. 12
↑ 101.0 101.1 NMFS 2005, p. 39
↑ Filatova, Olga A.; Fedutin, Ivan D.; Burdin, Alexandr M. and Hoyt, Erich (2007). The structure of the discrete call repertoire of killer whales Orcinus orca from Southeast Kamchatka. Bioacoustics 16: 261–280.
↑ (2006). Vocal behaviour of resident killer whale matrilines with newborn calves: The role of family signatures. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119 (1).
↑ 107.0 107.1 NMFS 2005, pp. 15–16
↑ Spear, Kevin. How smart are killer whales – and can they decide to kill a person? Orlando Sentinel, 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2010-03-07
↑ 109.0 109.1 Associated Press. Whale Attack Renews Captive Animal Debate CBS News, March 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-07
↑ 110.0 110.1 Carwardine 2001, p. 67
↑ Baird 2002, pp. 61–62
↑ 112.0 112.1 Obee & Ellis 1992, p. 42
↑ (2005). Killer whale games. Blackfish Sounder 13.
↑ Pitman, Robert L. Scientist Has 'Snowball Fight' With a Killer Whale. Live Science, February 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-07
↑ Marino, Lori, et al. (May 5, 2007). Cetaceans Have Complex Brains for Complex Cognition. PLoS Biology 5 (e139): e139.
↑ 116.0 116.1 Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 99
↑ 118.0 118.1 M. L. Lyke, Granny's Struggle: When Granny is gone, will her story be the last chapter?, Seattle Post Intelligencer, 2006-10-14
↑ 119.0 119.1 Le Phuong. Researchers: 7 Orcas Missing from Puget Sound, Associated Press. USA Today, 2008-10-25
↑ Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 100
↑ Research on Orcas, Raincoast Research Society. Retrieved 2010-02-18
↑ includeonly>McClure, Robert. "State expert urges Navy to stop sonar tests", Seattle Post Intelligencer, 2003-10-02. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
↑ Williams, Rob (2002). Behavioural responses of male killer whales to a 'leapfrogging' vessel. Journal of Cetacean Resource Management 4 (3): 305–310.
↑ Unique Killer-Whale Pod Doomed by Exxon Valdez | Wired Science. Wired.com. URL accessed on 2009-12-31.
↑ Marine Ecology Progress Series 356:269. (PDF) URL accessed on 2009-12-31.
↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 Francis & Hewlett 2007, pp. 115–120
↑ Rollmann, Hans (1999). Religion in Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage, Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 2010-01-26
↑ Tuck, James A. (1971). An Archaic Cemetery at Port Au Choix, Newfoundland. American Antiquity 36 (3): 343–358.
↑ The orphan boy with his sister, p. 156 in Rubcova, E. S. (1954). Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimoes, Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect. Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Original data: Е.С. Рубцова: Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект). Академия Наук СССР. Москва-Ленинград, 1954
↑ Menovshchikov, G. A. (1962). Grammar of the language of Asian Eskimos. Vol. I., pp. 439, 441. Moscow and Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Original data: Г. А. Меновщиков: Грамматиκа языка азиатских эскимосов. Часть первая. Академия Наук СССР. Москва-Ленинград, 1962
↑ 132.0 132.1 Духовная культура (Spiritual culture), subsection of Support for Siberian Indigenous Peoples Rights (Поддержка прав коренных народов Сибири) — see the section on Eskimos Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ssipr" defined multiple times with different content
↑ 133.0 133.1 Vajda, Edward J Siberian Yupik (Eskimo). East Asian Studies.
↑ 134.0 134.1 (Russian) Template:Cite serial A radio interview with Russian scientists about man and animal, examples taken especially from Asian Eskimos
↑ 135.0 135.1 135.2 135.3 Obee & Ellis 1992, pp. Chapter 1
↑ Gaius Plinius Secundus. Historia Naturalis 9.5.12 (Latin), in Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius: Into the Roman World. (See also an English translation by J. Bostock and H. T. Riley, 1855.) Retrieved 2010-02-19. [dead link]
↑ includeonly>"Orca shares the waves with local surfer", 3 News, September 12, 2008. Retrieved on October 13, 2011.
↑ Cherry-Garrard, Apsley (2004). The Worst Journey in the World:Antarctic 1910–1913, Globe Pequot.
↑ The Associated Press. "Boy survives bump from killer whale." The Seattle Times, 2005-08-18. Retrieved 2010-01-03
↑ 140.0 140.1 ABC News: Killer Whale Attacks SeaWorld Trainer. ABC News. URL accessed on 2010-01-03.
↑ SeaWorld trainer killed by killer whale, CNN, February 25, 2010, Retrieved 2010-09-09
↑ Killer Whales Destroyed: VP-7 Accomplishes Special Task, Naval Aviation News, December, 1956, p. 19. Reproduced at Longevity and Causes of Death, SeaWorld/Busch Gardens ANIMALS. Retrieved 2010-01-11
↑ (1956). Naval War Declared Against Killer Whales. The Science News-Letter 69 (24).
↑ Francis & Hewlett 2007, pp. 58–59
↑ includeonly>"Orphaned orca's reunion with family celebrated", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, July 13, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-11-06.
↑ includeonly>McClure, Robert. "Luna the orca killed by tugboat", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Hearst Corporation, March 11, 2006. Retrieved on 2009-04-08.
↑ Killer Whale, Bergen Museum. Retrieved 2010-01-26
↑ 152.0 152.1 (2005). Killer whales and whaling: the scavenging hypothesis. Biology Letters 1 (4).
↑ 153.0 153.1 153.2 NMFS 2005, pp. 43–44
↑ Orcas. Humane Society of the United States. URL accessed on 2010-01-09.
↑ Orcas in captivity. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. URL accessed on 2010-01-26.
↑ Hoyt, Erich (1992). The Performing Orca: Why the Show must Stop. Bath, U.K.: Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Excerpt from Chapter 7 reprinted by PBS as background material for its Frontline report "A Whale of a Business", which originally aired on November 11, 1997. Retrieved 2010-02-19
↑ includeonly>"Whale Kills a Trainer at SeaWorld", New York Times, 2010-02-24. Retrieved on 2010-02-25.
↑ 158.0 158.1 Husna Haq. Sea World tragedy: How common are 'killer whale' attacks?, Christian Science Monitor, 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2010-02-26
(2002) Killer Whales of the World, Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press.
Carwardine, Mark (2001). Killer Whales, London: BBC Worldwide Ltd.
Ford, John K. B. 2002. "Killer Whale", pages 669–675 in the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-551340-2
(2000) Killer Whales, Second Edition, Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
(2006). Selective foraging by fish-eating killer whales Orcinus orca in British Columbia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 316.
(2007) Operation Orca: Springer, Luna and the Struggle to Save West Coast Killer Whales, Madeira Park, B.C.: Harbour Publishing.
(2001) Killer Whales, Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press.
(1996) Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, part 3, Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation.
NMFS (2005). Conservation Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca). (PDF) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Northwest Regional Office. URL accessed on 2009-01-02.
(1992) Elaine Jones Guardians of the Whales: The Quest to Study Whales in the Wild, North Vancouver, British Columbia: Whitecap Books.
Hoyt, Erich. 1998. Orca: The Whale Called Killer, Camden House Publishing, ISBN 978-0-920656-25-9
Kirkevold, B. C.; J. S. Lockard (1986). Behavioral Biology of Killer Whales, Alan R. Liss.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Look up this page on
Wiktionary: Killer whales
Template:EB1911 poster
Orca-Live – Orcas in Johnstone Strait, British Columbia
Salish Sea Hydrophone Network - Listen live to orcas in Washington State, U.S.
Video:Orca Attack Seal with Waves (YouTube)
Video of Type C Killer whales in the Antarctic
Keep Whales Wild
Marine Wildlife Guidelines for Boaters, Paddlers and Viewers
Killer whale devours great white shark
Extant Cetacea species
Kingdom Animalia · Phylum Chordata · Class Mammalia · Infraclass Eutheria · Superorder Laurasiatheria · (unranked) Cetartiodactyla · (unranked) Whippomorpha
[. v]·[. d]·[. e]
Suborder Mysticeti (Baleen whales)
Balaenidae
Balaena
Bowhead whale (B. mysticetus)
Eubalaena
(Right whales)
Southern right whale (E. australis) · North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis) · North Pacific right whale (E. japonica)
Balaenopteridae
(Rorquals)
Balaenoptera
Common minke whale (B. acutorostrata) · Antarctic minke whale (B. bonaerensis) · Sei whale (B. borealis) · Bryde's whale (B. brydei) · Pygmy Bryde's whale (B. edeni) · Blue whale (B. musculus) · Omura's whale (B. omurai) · Fin whale (B. physalus)
Megaptera
Humpback whale (M. novaeangliae)
Eschrichtiidae
Eschrichtius
Gray whale (E. robustus)
Neobalaenidae
Caperea
Pygmy right whale (C. marginata)
Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed whales) (cont. below)
(Oceanic dolphins)
Cephalorhynchus
Commerson's dolphin (C. commersonii) · Chilean dolphin (C. eutropia) · Haviside's dolphin (C. heavisidii) · Hector's dolphin (C. hectori)
Delphinus
Long-beaked common dolphin (D. capensis) · Short-beaked common dolphin (D. delphis)
Pygmy killer whale (F. attenuata)
Globicephala
(Pilot whales)
Short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus) · Long-finned pilot whale (G. melas)
Risso's dolphin (G. griseus)
Lagenodelphis
Fraser's dolphin (L. hosei)
Lagenorhynchus
Atlantic white-sided dolphin (L. acutus) · White-beaked dolphin (L. albirostris) · Peale's dolphin (L. australis) · Hourglass dolphin (L. cruciger) · Pacific white-sided dolphin (L. obliquidens) · Dusky dolphin (L. obscurus)
Lissodelphis
(Right whale dolphins)
Northern right whale dolphin (L. borealis) · Southern right whale dolphin (L. peronii)
Orcaella
Irrawaddy dolphin (O. brevirostris) · Australian snubfin dolphin (O. heinsohni)
Killer whale (O. orca)
Peponocephala
Melon-headed whale (P. electra)
Pseudorca
False killer whale (P. crassidens)
Sotalia
Tucuxi (S. fluviatilis) · Costero (S. guianensis)
Pacific humpback dolphin (S. chinensis) · Indian humpback dolphin (S. plumbea) · Atlantic humpback dolphin (S. teuszii)
Stenella
Pantropical spotted dolphin (S. attenuata) · Clymene dolphin (S. clymene) · Striped dolphin (S. coeruleoalba) · Atlantic spotted dolphin (S. frontalis) · Spinner dolphin (S. longirostris)
Rough-toothed dolphin (S. bredanensis)
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus) · Common bottlenose dolphin (T. truncatus)
Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed whales) (cont. above)
Monodontidae
Delphinapterus
Beluga (D. leucas)
Monodon
Narwhal (M. monoceros)
Phocoenidae
(Porpoises)
Neophocaena
Finless porpoise (N. phocaeniodes)
Phocoena
Spectacled porpoise (P. dioptrica) · Harbor porpoise (P. phocoena) · Vaquita (P. sinus) · Burmeister's porpoise (P. spinipinnis)
Phocoenoides
Dall's porpoise (P. dalli)
Physeteridae
Physeter
Sperm whale (P. macrocephalus)
Kogiidae
Kogia
Pygmy sperm whale (K. breviceps) · Dwarf sperm whale (K. simus)
Iniidae
Inia
Amazon river dolphin (I. geoffrensis)
Lipotidae
Lipotes
Baiji (L. vexillifer)
Platanistidae
Platanista
Ganges and Indus River dolphin (P. gangetica)
Pontoporiidae
Pontoporia
La Plata dolphin (P. blainvillei)
Ziphiidae
(Beaked whales)
Berardius
Arnoux's beaked shale (B. arnuxii) · Baird's beaked whale (B. bairdii)
Hyperoodon
Northern bottlenose whale (H. ampullatus) · Southern bottlenose whale (H. planifrons)
Indopacetus
Tropical bottlenose whale (I. pacificus)
Mesoplodon
(Mesoplodont
whales)
Sowerby's beaked whale (M. bidens) · Andrews' beaked whale (M. bowdoini) · Hubbs' beaked whale (M. carlhubbsi) · Blainville's beaked whale (M. densirostris) · Gervais' beaked whale (M. europaeus) · Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (M. ginkgodens) · Gray's beaked whale (M. grayi) · Hector's beaked whale (M. hectori) · Strap-toothed whale (M. layardii) · True's beaked whale (M. mirus) · Perrin's beaked whale (M. perrini) · Pygmy beaked whale (M. peruvianus) · Stejneger's beaked whale (M. stejnegeri) · Spade-toothed whale (M. traversii)
Tasmacetus
Shepherd's beaked whale (T. sheperdi)
Ziphius
Cuvier's beaked whale (Z. cavirostris)
Pages with reference errors
Articles with dead external links since June 2010


Olivia Wilde and Tom Sturridge lead an excellent cast suffering under Big Brother.
George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four is a difficult novel, tough and exhausting on the mind digesting it and on the characters acting it out. Robert Icke and Duncan Macmillan's 1984 on Broadway is a difficult play to watch. It's not a night out on the town kind of show. It's not a show you walk out of humming the finale. 1984 wears down its audience as Big Brother wears down Winston Smith: sensory overload, conflicting realities and a nagging, lingering, growing hopelessness.
The show blends the futuristic 1984 that Winston (Tom Sturridge) inhabits with a time even further in the future, where (as in the book's appendix) people of the future discuss the implications of the book—Winston's diary, the novel as a work of nonfiction by him, the novel itself, etc. It all becomes very strange when Winston's failing "sanity" causes glitches in the party's reality and he sees and hears the people of the future discussing him.
The show uses its brief blackouts to bring whole sets of people onstage as if they suddenly appeared in Winston's confused reality. In the twisted chronology of the stage production, this creates a disorienting first fifteen minutes that might be even more disorienting if you've read the novel. What you expect to happen does not happen, not at first. But when it does, it does viciously, graphically and painfully.
The show achieves audience discomfort through its mangled realities and through its stage tricks and special effects. Watch Winston be thrown to the ground by a guard… then watch the guard take of his helmet to reveal that he is Winston. The glitches in reality come with tall, blinding LEDs and a thunderous electronic sound like a flash-bang explosion in Call of Duty combined with a malfunctioning subwoofer.
Will you vomit, pass out, have to leave? Probably not, unless you have a very weak stomach for blood (although I can't speak for the people in the front rows; that must be overwhelming). There was a lot more blood in Rupert Goold's American Psycho: The Musical last year.
You will feel uncomfortable, angry, hopeless and probably leave the theatre short of words. Winston, Julia (Olivia Wilde), O'Brien (Reed Birney) and the other characters rage and argue about truth, fact and the importance of words. As Newspeak threatens individual thought by eliminating all of the words that make it possible, Winston struggles to convince others of the existence of truth and of fact beyond the reality of the Party—of Big Brother.
To call the play "timely" is too easy—Orwell's novel still reads as a timely critique of big governments, wartime rhetoric and social control. "If you want a picture of the future," Birney's O'Brien says, quoting the novel, "imagine a boot stamping on a human face—forever." As the show's future-people say, the book always feels relevant. It's been cinematized, commercialized and now acted out on Broadway.
More than its philosophical critiques, the play's performances will weigh on you afterward. It's strange to applaud what has happened onstage when the cast bows. Sturridge's Winston is a bit more helpless, more out of control than I imagined in the novel but that's part of the stage's visual interpretation of his (in)sanity. Olivia Wilde acts with furious energy as Julia, throwing herself around the stage as the anarchy to Winston's controlled subversion. Birney's careful, clear voice embodies the ultimate control of the Party.
The show might overuse its excellent special effects but only in the pursuit of audience immersion. Try not to fidget awkwardly when the house lights illuminate the audience as Winston pleads with them—with you. You are a part of the show, even after you've left the theatre.
If you've read the book, you'll remember its famous final sentence. When you've seen the play, you'll understand why the stage doesn't need it.
See '1984' at the Hudson Theatre before it closes in October. Follow on Twitter and Facebook.
The Spongebob Musical is confirmed, but is Broadway becoming too safe?
'Bandstand': PTSD in a Broadway musical?


text:
This is a list of episodes from the animated series The Looney Tunes Show, which premiered on May 3, 2011. The second and final season began October 2, 2012, and ended on August 27, 2013. A year after the series' original run ended, a previously unreleased episode aired on August 31, 2014, on Cartoon Network.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2011–12)

Season 2 (2012–13)

Footnote

References

Lists of American children's animated television series episodes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"Do not confuse physical vibrance with spiritual vitality.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Confidence, Courage, Daily Inspiration, Dream, flowers, happiness, Inspiration, Kindness, Love, Wisdom. Bookmark the permalink.
Love this quote and the photo! Both are very touching.


text:
Q: Getting Semantic Grids scss foundation 4 to work I have 3 sections that collapse under the default breakpoint
but I do not know how to get it to collapse with my own css using scss.
default foundation grid that works well and collapses

...

...

...

I tried below out but but it doesn't seem to collapse

...

...

...

.container{
@include grid-row;

.div1 {
    @include grid-column(4);
}
.div2 {
    @include grid-column(4);
}
.div3 {
    @include grid-column(4);
}

}

A: its because you are writing the SCSS for grid-row wrong.
    @include grid-row();

Do NOT use @extend.  that is NOT how foundation4 is made to be used...  @extend just stuffs your styles into .row and .column and that is not what you want to do, instead you want to stick THOSE styles into your styles the reverse way using semantic code therefore you can change the code later in your SCSS and it updates later.
Here is the correct answer:
HTML

...

...

...

SCSS
.container{
@include grid-row();

.div1, .div2, .div3 {
    @include grid-column(12);

    @media #{$medium-up} {
       @include grid-column(4);
    }

    @media #{$large-up} {
           @include grid-column(4);
    }
}

}
Note: this is with foundation 5.  You must create breakpoints.  Your mobile breakpoint should have 12 columns if you want the whole view to collapse in mobile, or whatever you want.   This is the same as

if you want 4 columns for medium and up you write:

So to write that symantically without helper classes you write this:

and the SCSS code is:
.myclassname {
    @include grid-column(12);

    @media #{$medium-up} {
       @include grid-column(4);
    }
}

A: I was baffled by this, but then found out it is actually intended behavior. Here's a quote from the official Foundation grid documentation:

We kept media queries out of the code for our grid mixins. This will enable you to include the mixins inside of whatever breakpoint you'd like, putting you in complete control. If you want to create 10 breakpoints and shift the layout around between each one, by all means. If you want to use only the default breakpoints, we've got variables for that.

A: Use @extend instead.
    .container{
        @extend .grid;
        div{
            @extend .columns;
        }
    }
    .div1 {
        @extend .large-4;
    }
    .div2 {
        @extend .large-4;
    }
    .div3 {
        @extend .large-4;
    }

I made a couple of mixins that works well and I think that makes it easier:
https://gist.github.com/jofralogo/5324278

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
   - License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
   - file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. -->

<!--
Build file for Rhino using Ant (see http://jakarta.apache.org/ant/index.html)
Requires Ant version 1.2
-->
<project name="src" default="compile" basedir="..">

  <property file="build.properties"/>

  <available property="jdk15"
             classname="java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType" />

  <target name="compile" depends="compile-most,compile-jdk15">
  </target>

  <target name="shell" depends="compile">
    <java classname="org.mozilla.javascript.tools.shell.Main"
          classpath="${classes}"
          fork="true">
      <arg line="-version 170"/>
    </java>
  </target>

  <target name="compile-most">
    <javac srcdir="src"
           destdir="${classes}"
           includes="org/**/*.java"
           excludes="org/**/jdk15/*.java"
           deprecation="on"
           debug="${debug}"
           includeAntRuntime="false"
           target="${target-jvm}"
           source="${source-level}" />
    <copy todir="${classes}">
      <fileset dir="src" includes="org/**/*.properties" />
      <filterset>
      <filter token="IMPLEMENTATION.VERSION"
              value="${implementation.version}"/>
      </filterset>
    </copy>
  </target>

  <target name="compile-jdk15" if="jdk15">
    <javac srcdir="src"
           destdir="${classes}"
           includes="org/**/jdk15/*.java"
           deprecation="on"
           debug="${debug}"
           includeAntRuntime="false"
           target="${target-jvm}"
           source="${source-level}" />
  </target>

  <target name="copy-source">
    <mkdir dir="${dist.dir}/src"/>
    <copy todir="${dist.dir}/src">
      <fileset dir="src"
               includes="**/*.java,**/*.properties,**/*.xml,manifest"/>
    </copy>
  </target>

  <target name="clean">
    <delete includeEmptyDirs="true">
      <fileset dir="${classes}"
               excludes="org/mozilla/javascript/tools/**"/>
    </delete>
  </target>

</project>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Shaggy requires little introduction – or does he? Whether you're familiar or not, you'll no doubt recognize his infectious hit singles "Angel", "Boombastic" and, most importantly, the timeless tale of sexual escapades gone awry, "It Wasn't Me". Since stepping foot in the game in the early nineties, the reggae-pop / dancehall / hip-hop artist has released… and worked with the likes of… and many more. The last we heard of him was the August 2013 single "You Girl", featuring Ne-Yo. He's currently working on an upcoming album titled Sly And Robbie Presents: Shaggy Out Of Many, One Music. Stay tuned for the future endeavours of Mr. Boombastic.


Getting cosmetic dental work and dental care in a number of parts around the globe, particularly in wealthy countries from the planet, could be very costly, whether or not you can get any kind of dental coverage.
Pointed out listed below are some helpful ideas to lower the expense of dental treating insured and uninsured alike.
Your dental professional might suggest dental x-ray on your first visit, a scheduled checkup, or perhaps a return for treatment. However the Ada (ADA) recommends the frequency of journeys towards the dentist's X-ray chair should be based upon the present condition of the patient's oral health.
Most significantly, in case you really want to save cash you have to take excellent proper care of your dental health. Brush the teeth two times each day or after each meal and floss at least one time daily to defend against your chance of dental problems. Cut lower in your sugary intake to be able to lower your dental issues, thus your time and effort within the dentist's chair.


text:
Mo'Nique Speaks on Conversation with Whoopi Goldberg: She Blames My Husband
Entertainment TV & Film
OMARI HARDWICK DISCUSSES LAW ENFORCEMENT ENTAGLEMENT
JUSTICE IS FINALLY ON TRIAL! NATE PARKER AND SPIKE LEE PRESENT "AMERICAN SKIN"
Satchel and Jackson Lee, named this year's Golden Globes Ambassadors
DIRECTOR REGGIE HUDLIN BRINGS US TO TEARS WITH "SAFETY"
EBONY Exclusive Music
EBONY's HOLIDAY MOVIE LIST
Books Entertainment
EBONY BLACK BOOK LIST
Married At First Sight Baby Announcement
Right Off Her Historic Turn Hosting the VMAs, Keke Palmer Deserves a Drink "Who's Making Margs"
Mo'Nique Speaks on Conversation with Whoopi Goldberg: She Blames My Husband
Jessica Bennett
Courtesy: The View
Mo'Nique's recent trip to ABC's The View found the actress having a debate with fellow funny lady, Whoopi Goldberg. While discussing her current Netflix boycott and her issues with some of Black Hollywood's biggest names, Goldberg claimed she could've "schooled" the Oscar-winner in the ways of the industry.
The pair seemingly agreed to disagree on stage, with Goldberg approaching the stand-up for a one-on-one conversation once filming wrapped. Once backstage, Mo'Nique claims Goldberg suggested that her husband and manager, Sidney Hicks, is the root of most of her issues.
"She said, 'Listen from the first time I saw you, I loved you,'" Mo'Nique revealed on her Open Relationship podcast. "'So, I'm going to tell you right now you've got to take some of this responsibility and the real problem is Mo'Nique – you're being ill advised, you're not thinking for yourself and the real problem is your husband.'
The comic then came to her husband's defense, saying she's dealt with the "big White manager," the "big white agent," and others considered to be the best of the best, who've all ended up swindling her over the years.
"I said, 'Sister let me tell you about my husband, because you're misinformed and you're making statements that you really don't know what you're talking about," responded the former sit-com star. "'See I've had the big white manager, the big white agent, I've had the big attorney firm, all in Hollywood…I would watch those people cheat me and they would say to me, 'We'll get them the next time Mo'Nique.' I said the reason why my husband is considered to be a problem is when we're in those meetings with those executives, they can't answer his questions."
Check out the clip from the podcast below.
In this article:boycott, mo'nique, netflix, Netflix boycott, sidney hicks, the view, whoopi goldberg
New Kenya Barris Sketch Comedy Show Premieres on Netflix in December
Cast of 'When They See Us' On The Real Central Park 5 & Working With Ava DuVernay
Academy Award Winner Regina King Signs First-Look Deal With Netflix
Blair Underwood & Joshua Jackson Talk Race Relations & 'When They See Us'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Sunny's bookshelf photo by Judy Solomon
Bookin' with Sunny
Online book reviews since 2011, the very best in reviewing – connecting good readers with equally good writers
Reviews by Date
Autobiography/ Memoir
Books for Curious Readers
Children's early and middle readers
Children's picture books
This 'N That blog
The Poet's Corner
Book Club 2020
Home » Reviews » Rin Tin Tin – The Life and the Legend
Rin Tin Tin – The Life and the Legend
Author: Susan Orlean
Reviewed by Ann Ronald
Animal stories, Autobiography/Memoir, History, Nonfiction, Reviews
Burt Leonard, German shepherds, Hollywood, Leland Duncan, Rin Tin Tin, Susan Orlean, The Library Book
RIN TIN TIN – America's favorite German Shepherd
Not long ago, I reviewed Susan Orlean's latest, The Library Book. Because I liked it so much, I thought I might explore other books she has written. My first choice was Rin Tin Tin, Orlean's encyclopedic look at an iconic German shepherd that has remained in the public eye for nearly a century. No, not the same dog, but a cottage industry that has kept the original's image alive for a very long time.
The format of Rin Tin Tin reads much like The Library Book. Both are exploratory memoirs, investigations that begin with childhood memories and then dig into archival history, pop culture, personal interviews, and the very soul of the subject at hand. Orlean recalls regularly watching Rin Tin Tin with her siblings on 1950s Saturday morning television. She also remembers a Rin Tin Tin figurine that her grandfather sequestered where children couldn't touch it. She always wanted to hold that dog, and in a way, this book is her adult hug to the unreachable statuette.
Orlean begins at the beginning when Leland Duncan goes to France as a young soldier. On September 15, 1918, he was wandering through a field near Fluiry looking for post-battle mementos when he saw an apparently abandoned kennel. Fond of dogs, Lee looked inside and discovered an "agitated" German shepherd nursing five small puppies. Lee gathered up the dogs and took them back to the base. He gave the mother and three of the pups away while keeping the two "prettiest" for himself. During the war, a pair of French dolls had been popularized—Nanette and Rin Tin Tin. Thus, Lee's adopted good-luck-charm puppies were named.
Orlean recounts how a lonely Lee bonded with his dogs. He spent hours and hours training the two, then managed to shepherd them aboard a troop ship sailing back to the states. Nanette contracted pneumonia along the way, but "Rinty" (Lee's pet name for his favorite) thrived. Accompanied by a newly-acquired Nanette II, Lee and Rinty headed for California. And the rest is history.
Rin Tin Tin's rise to stardom was astronomical. For a while, he earned more than his human co-stars, although when talkies took over the movie industry, his career waned. Lee and his dogs crisscrossed the country on popular tours for nearly a decade. Rin Tin Tin never was a talkie star, but Lee kept touting his dog's legacy. And Rin Tin Tin kept fathering a long line of look-alikes, some actually performing in his place when he stiffened with old age. Orlean follows the two until Rinty's death, then shows how Lee worked with Bert Leonard, a young television entrepreneur, to bring a small screen Rin Tin Tin to a whole new generation of fans. That renewed popularity was followed by seasons of the television reruns that Orlean so adored. Then, technology interfered again. Just as talkies replaced Rin Tin Tin's film stardom, so color television rendered his serialized glory days obsolete. After that, ongoing quarrels about who owned the Rin Tin Tin rights and pedigree fill the remaining pages of Orlean's Rin Tin Tin.
I've never had a dog, and I'm not much of a movie-goer, so I was surprised by how I got caught up in the Rin Tin Tin mystique. Orlean's Hollywood dog stories, like her library stories, are fascinating reconstructions of the past. The reader not only is enchanted but also learns a lot, far more than I can express in this brief review. I can say, however, that as enthusiastically as I recommended The Library Book, I can advocate for Rin Tin Tin, too. – Ann Ronald
Also available by Susan Orlean: The Orchid Thief; Rin Tin Tin; The Bullfighter Checks Her Makeup; My Kind of Place; Saturday Night; Lazy Little Loafers; Red Sox and Bluefish: And Other Things that Make New England New England; The Floral Ghost; Throw Me a Bone.
Please support your local INDIE Bookstore and Public Library.
Add your thoughts and comments...	Cancel reply
PrevAn American Marriage
The Beauty and Long Life of PoetryNext
Recent BWS Reviews
The Last Tourist
Nomadland, Surviving America in the Twenty-First Century
Return of the Sea Otter
What It Takes, How I Built a $100 Million Business Against the Odds
Ann Ronald
Ann Ronald is a retired English professor from the University of Nevada, Reno. Author of dozens of reviews, she's also written a number of books about the American West. They include literary studies such as The New West of Edward Abby and Reader of the Purple Sage, cultural studies such as GhostWest and Oh, Give Me a Home, and nature writing such as Earthtones: A Nevada Album. Her latest is a work of fiction, Friendly Fallout 1953. Since retiring, she's been reading vociferously, so "Bookin' With Sunny" is giving her a wonderful opportunity to share thoughts about her favorite new discoveries.
More from this reviewer
Sign up for reviews by email
You'll get email updates from Bookin' with Sunny when we add a new review or blog post, and we never share your email with anyone else.
Brown Girl Reading, an original water and pen drawing by our own Brandy Burgess
Bookin' with Sunny Book Reviews
Since 2011, the very best in reviewing – connecting good readers with equally good writers
This 'n That blog
Ecology Tale from Stamford, CT
© Bookin' with Sunny. All rights reserved.


Mumbai: Economic think-tank CMIE has said industrial activity in the country would not slowdown despite the monthly Index of Industrial Production for manufacturing slipping to 5.6%.
"We believe that industrial growth is not appropriately captured by the IIP numbers and there is no real slowdown in industrial activity," the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) said in its latest report.
IIP has depicted a deceleration in the growth of the manufacturing sector to 5.6% for the June 2008 quarter.
Financial results of 2,144 listed manufacturing companies have shown a 33.9% rise in aggregate net sales in the June 2008 quarter, the report said.
"After deflating the sales growth by the WPI inflation numbers, we get a real growth of 22.6% in the sales of the manufacturing sector which is much higher than the 5.6% growth in production depicted by the IIP in the June 2008 quarter," CMIE said.
Considering the large sample of companies for which sales data is available and the wide difference in the growth numbers of their real sales and the corresponding IIP, "We conclude that the current industrial growth depicted by the IIP is a gross under-estimate," it said.
A sector-by-sector comparison also shows that there is a discrepancy in the real sales growth and IIP growth figures of food products, textiles, basic metals and metal products and machinery," the report said.


text:
Jets' Ryan zings Brady while praising Manning
FLORHAM PARK, N.J. (AP) - Rex Ryan tweaked Tom Brady while he praised Peyton Manning.
The New York Jets coach said Thursday that ``nobody'' studies like Manning, the Indianapolis Colts quarterback whom Ryan's team faces in a first-round playoff matchup Saturday night. Nope, not even the New England Patriots quarterback.
I know Brady thinks he does,'' Ryan said.I think there's a little more help from (Bill) Belichick with Brady than there is with Peyton Manning.''
Talk about bulletin-board material.
If the Jets (11-5) beat the Colts (10-6) in Indianapolis, they would next play Brady, Belichick and the Patriots (14-2) next Sunday at Foxborough, Mass. Ryan's zinger would certainly add to an already tense rivalry.
First thing's first, and that's trying to get past Manning and the Colts. Ryan, who never shies from saying what's on his mind, was asked what it's like being a great defensive coach going against such a talented quarterback.
It's not just a coach on the field,'' he said.You give the coaching community too much credit. This guy is one of the best quarterbacks in the history of the game. He is one of the smartest guys. It's not just a coach dialing up plays. He dials his own plays up.''
Ryan knows firsthand how tough Manning can be. Since 2005, when Ryan became Baltimore's defensive coordinator, the Colts are 5-1 - including last year's AFC championship game - and Manning has 12 touchdown passes and only two interceptions against him.
The guy is tremendous,'' Ryan said.There is no one else like this guy in the league.''
Ryan said Manning is so good, he can go into each play with three options and end up coming up with a fourth. Manning's ability to take a defense and exploit its weaknesses defies even anything coach Jim Caldwell, senior offensive assistant Tom Moore or former coach Tony Dungy have taught him over the years.
Tom Moore has done a great job with him forever, Caldwell and Tony Dungy and things like that,'' Ryan said,but it's Peyton Manning. That's who it is.''


text:
<?php

/**
 * This code was generated by
 * \ / _    _  _|   _  _
 * | (_)\/(_)(_|\/| |(/_  v1.0.0
 * /       /
 */

namespace Twilio\Rest\Preview\Sync\Service;

use Twilio\Http\Response;
use Twilio\Page;
use Twilio\Version;

/**
 * PLEASE NOTE that this class contains preview products that are subject to change. Use them with caution. If you currently do not have developer preview access, please contact help@twilio.com.
 */
class SyncListPage extends Page {
    /**
     * @param Version $version Version that contains the resource
     * @param Response $response Response from the API
     * @param array $solution The context solution
     */
    public function __construct(Version $version, Response $response, array $solution) {
        parent::__construct($version, $response);

        // Path Solution
        $this->solution = $solution;
    }

    /**
     * @param array $payload Payload response from the API
     * @return SyncListInstance \Twilio\Rest\Preview\Sync\Service\SyncListInstance
     */
    public function buildInstance(array $payload): SyncListInstance {
        return new SyncListInstance($this->version, $payload, $this->solution['serviceSid']);
    }

    /**
     * Provide a friendly representation
     *
     * @return string Machine friendly representation
     */
    public function __toString(): string {
        return '[Twilio.Preview.Sync.SyncListPage]';
    }
}


Recently, several customers with large Helix user-bases experienced unresponsive servers and hung processes on multi-core Linux machines with large physical memory. The servers were provisioned adequately for the loads they were receiving but behaved as if they were overwhelmed. After much troubleshooting, research, and investigation, we determined that the culprit was the Transparent Huge Page (THP) feature of certain versions and/or distributions of Linux.
Read on to see if you may also be affected.
The nightly builds kicked off at 2 a.m., while some developers across the globe, during their work hours, started synchronizing large amount of code. The commands failed to respond and appeared hung. Unsure if it was the Helix engine or something else, the administrator called us to seek assistance in finding the root cause.
These numbers are the calculated deltas between calls to getrusage(). In this case, the user CPU time was small (180ms) but the system CPU time was very large (104,505ms). This indicated that the Helix Engine was doing only a small amount of work that required a large amount of system overhead to achieve. This suggested a deeper issue within the OS and not the Helix Engine itself.
This indicated that the system calls had effectively led the Linux kernel to allocate Transparent Huge Pages (THP). The kernel was in fact scanning the memory at an astonishing frequency in order to allocate those pages as soon as it aligned with the huge page size. This can very easily waste memory; for example, a 2MB mapping that only ever accesses 1 byte still results in 2MB of wired memory, instead of one 4KB page.
The "enabled" parameter turned madvise huge page allocation scheme on.
The "defrag" parameter determined the allocation region.
The "use_zero_page" parameter used a huge zero page on read fault.
The "page_to_scan" parameter was scanning huge pages relentlessly since the time in milliseconds was set to zero, which resulted in khugepage consuming exponentially high CPU cycles.
The last parameter suggested that Transparent Huge Page daemon was enabled.
Upon completion of troubleshooting this specific instance we determined that some Linux Kernel versions, such as 3.5.4, 3.5.5, 3.6.6 and 3.6.7 reported similar symptoms. We also learned that the Transparent Huge Page feature can affect any application; in this case, it just happened to be the Helix Engine.
Use the Transparent Huge Page feature wisely or disable it completely if the performance degradation is consistently noticed. Disabling THP has no adverse effect on the performance of the Helix Engine; in fact, it can benefit the Helix Engine to predictably rely on the OS to prioritize its tasks with efficient memory allocation and optimized user+system CPU cycles.
Here is the reference to the THP Kernel bug on Redhat Linux distribution: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=879801.
 Not all Linux distributions will show the khugepaged process in the top output, yet the THP issue may still be a factor.
 This can be Linux distribution specific; please consult the documentation for your particular distro.
 These symptoms may not be limited to the Linux Kernel versions that are listed here; THP was first enabled by default in Linux Kernel 2.6.32 on popular distributions.