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You are here: Home / FairMormon Conference / 2012 FairMormon Conference / From the East to the West: The Problem of Directions in the Book of Mormon
From the East to the West: The Problem of Directions in the Book of Mormon
Brant A. Gardner
In 1985, John L. Sorenson published An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon.1 That book was the culmination of decades of work establishing a real world setting that plausibly fit the textual geography in the Book of Mormon. Sorenson's model places the Book of Mormon in part of the region known as Mesoamerica, extending from perhaps a little south of modern Guatemala to somewhat north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
In addition to his work on the geography, Sorenson took his correlation to the next step. He examined the relationship between the available historical and cultural information for that region and the descriptions and events in the Book of Mormon. The correlations were impressive and have led to further productive investigation.2
In spite of the many reasons that recommend this model, there is one major problem with the correlation. Deane G. Matheny, a lawyer with a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Utah, explains:
The most fundamental geographical problem associated with Sorenson's model has to do with issues of directionality. . . . In order for his model to fit the geography of Mesoamerica, one must assume that the Nephites had a system of directions with cardinal directions skewed "45 degrees or more" off of the usually observed cardinals. . . . In other words, the whole directional card must be shifted more than 60 degrees to the west for this model to fit the geography of the chosen area. Otherwise, as Vogel has pointed out, the land north will be on the west, and the south on the east, and so forth. . . . Making this shift in directions creates its own set of problems, however, because in such a Nephite directional system the sun would come up in the south and set in the north.3
These are serious considerations. How could Nephites possibly think that the sun would come upon in the south and set in the north? They couldn't. Yet we have a geographic correlation that fits both real world geography and cultural history remarkably well–except when we come to the terms north, south, east, and west.4 I propose that if Mesoamerica is a good fit for the Book of Mormon's real world geography, then information about Mesoamerica may be used to reexamine and refine the nature of that fit.5 In short, an understanding of the Mesoamerican directional system offers an explanation for the way that Book of Mormon directions correspond to that geography, without recourse to an artificial shift in the directions.
The Mesoamerican Directional System
Scholars have found a very similar directional system among the various Mesoamerican cultures. Much of the data come from the Maya cultures because the ability to translate the carved and painted texts provides a unique view of pre-contact culture currently unavailable for any other Mesoamerican people. Nevertheless, what may be more carefully worked out in the Maya data has sufficient corroboration in data from other cultures to allow an essentially pan-Mesoamerican orientation system.
The Mesoamerican system is not a replica of our Western understanding of cardinal directions, even though it is often described using Western directional terms. While both systems are used to describe the real world and share some base characteristics, there is an incomplete overlap in meaning between the two systems. That incomplete overlap in meaning is too often hidden when we use the terms from the Western system of cardinal directions to describe the Mesoamerican system.
Unlike our four cardinal directions, the Mesoamerican system had five "directions." Four have similarities to our north, south, east and west, but the fifth "direction" was the center (which has no Western counterpart). To our Western understanding, the center doesn't seem like a direction, but it was nevertheless a very important part of the Mesoamerican method of orientation in the world. David Freidel, Professor of Archaeology at Washington University in St. Louis and Linda Schele, Professor in Art at the University of Texas, describe this concept for the Maya:
Just as the gods marked the periphery by placing the four sides and corners around the center, the Maya shaman creates a five-part image to sanctify space and open a portal to the Otherworld. Mayanists have adopted the Latin word quincunx for this five-point concept, although the Maya have many ways of expressing it in their own languages. The discerning of the four sides or the four corners and the establishing of their position relative to the center point is what we mean by "centering." The Yukatek farmers today "center" their fields ritually even before they begin to cut them out of the fallow brushland. They mark off their fields and the units within them with small piles of stones, just as villages mark off their lands from those of neighboring communities with large piles of stones.6
For Westerners, the very idea of a "direction" almost implies movement. Our system tells us where we are headed. The Mesoamerican system helped people define where they were. From small to large or large to small, Mesoamerican peoples centered themselves, their homes, and their cities at the crossroads of the world. Mary Miller, Professor of History of Art at Yale and Karl Taube, Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California Riverside, describe the way that the five-part concept influenced multiple levels of the Mesoamerican world:
One of the underlying organizational principles of Mesoamerican religion is replication, in which essential patterns of everyday life and the surrounding world are copied and incorporated as models of religious thought and action. Basic features of the social world are often repeated on an increasingly larger scale to encompass the world and the workings of the universe. For example, in the Maya region, the house with its four walls and corner posts could stand for a maize field, the community, and the structure of the cosmos. Grand and abstract concepts are placed in human terms, and conversely, the ordered structure of the universe serves to sanctify and validate human social conventions.7
There was no universal center. Each city was its own world–its own center. Each family home replicated the world and placed that family at its center.
Not only does the "center direction" differ from our Western understanding, even the Mesoamerican directions that roughly correspond to our north, south, east and west were differently conceived. Susan Milbrath, affiliate professor of Anthropology at the University of Florida, describes the Mesoamerican mode of orientation using a Maya community as her example: "Analysis of Chamula astronomical concepts indicates that the primary axis is an east-west direction based on the sun's daily path. . . . Even though they recognize that the zenith position is overhead, the east is visualized as the 'up' direction and the west as 'down.'"8 A universal aspect of Mesoamerican directional systems is that they are based on the path of the sun. They encode that path throughout the year, tracing the shifting rising and setting of the sun from solstice to solstice.
Western cardinal directions are conceptually a +, with each direction directly and cleanly associated with the "pure" direction equidistant from all other directions. The Mesoamerican system, on the other hand, is better represented in the form of an 'x.' East is not a line toward the sun at the equinox, but the entire wedge created by tracing the passage of the sun along the horizon from solstice to solstice from the center. Archaeologist Prudence M. Rice puts it clearly: "Maya quadripartite organization of horizontal space is not strictly based on the four fixed cardinal directions recognized in the modern world. Instead, the divisions seem to invoke the solstice-equinox positions and movements of the sun as it rises on the eastern horizon and sets on the western."9 Although the plausible origin of this conception is the travel of the sun along the horizon, Mesoamerican systems regularized their depictions (and therefore their perceptions) into a quadripartite system surrounding the center. The world was depicted as a square with lines drawn from corner to corner. The Codex Mendoza shows the Aztec capital city at the center of the world. Tenochtitlan, indicated by the eagle on the cactus (the symbol for Tenochtitlan), sits at the center of the crossed lines that extend from each corner of the cosmos to the opposite corner.10
While the five-part concept defined the understanding of one's orientation in the cosmos, the actual directional system appears have been built on only a single "direction," which was the path of the sun throughout the day and throughout the year. Other spatial relationships were made against that defining axis.
Steven Pinker, Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, provides some interesting background on this terminological problem. His emphasis was on understanding how the brain encodes meaning rather than anything to do with geography, but the example is informative:
A set of studies by the anthropologist Stephen Levinson and his colleagues aim[ed]to show that a language's spatial terms determine how its speakers use the three dimensions of space to remember the locations of objects. Levinson's group examined Tzeltal, a language spoken in the Chiapas region of Mexico. . . Tzeltal has no general words for "left" or "right." The closest it has are terms for the left or right arm or leg, but the terms are rarely used to refer to the left side of an object, table, or room. Instead the Tzeltal speakers describe spatial arrangements relative to the mountain slope that dominates their villages. The spatial vocabulary of Tzeltal includes words that mean "up-the-slope" (which is roughly southward), "down-the-slope" (roughly northward), and "across-the-slope." These coordinates are used not just when traipsing up and down the mountain but also when on flat terrain or indoors, and even when describing the arrangements of small objects. According to Levinson, Tzeltal speakers say "The spoon is downslope of the teacup," not "The spoon is on the right of the teacup."11
We should not assume that Tzeltal speakers don't understand right and left. They certainly do. They simply use different terminology to describe those spatial relationships. What Pinker didn't know was that the upslope/downslope spatial orientation was repeated in their concept of world directions. Upslope/downslope are not only the terms the Tzeltal use instead of 'left /right,' but are also used instead of 'south/north.'12 The Tzeltal conceive of the East/West axis as the critical direction for orientation. Upslope (left and south) and downslope (right and north) are simply the same terms they would use for anything else that is spatially oriented against the main reference (the sun in the case of the directions, or the human body in the case of the location of the spoon in the cup). They are not terms for "north" or "south", but simply for spatial orientation against the reference position.
David Stuart of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University analyzed two Maya glyphs and argued for their meaning as "right" and "left" by noting their visual associations with other glyphs typically given as "south" and "north." He concludes: "As students of Maya cosmology have often noted, the sun's path defines the principal axis of the universe, with its 'right' and 'left' determining the perpendicular axis that corresponds to our 'north' and 'south.' In Chamula and other Maya communities, the celestial "sides" are perceived from the sun's own perspective."13
This idea is corroborated by a larger study of direction terms in various Mesoamerican languages. Nicholas A. Hopkins, visiting instructor at the Centro de Estudios Mayas, Universidad Nacional Autónima de México, and J. Kathryn Josserand, Research Associate, Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, found a general agreement in vocabulary for east and west that was related to the path of the sun.14 They noted: "Terms for 'north' and 'south' are much more elusive. First, there are far fewer reports of these terms. Second, there are no consistent patterns in the nomenclature. Many languages have no recorded terms for 'north' and 'south', even when 'east' and 'west' are noted."15 They concluded:
The extreme chaos of terms for 'north' and 'south' reinforces the idea that these "directions" are almost irrelevant. Directional orientation is based on the movements of the sun, east to west, and the other two "directions" are of lesser importance. How then, do we derive the system of four directions that is recorded in village barrios regional states, and other matters? The solution seems to be, as Karen Bassie has argued, that 'east' and 'west' are not directions at all, but are broad quadrants of the sky centered on, but not limited to, the cardinal directions 'east' and 'west'. 'East' is the entire section of the horizon where the sun rises during the year, from solstice to solstice and back again. This quadrant is represented in site layout by the E-group complexes found at Uaxactun and elsewhere. 'West' is the corresponding quadrant where the sun is observed to set. 'North' and 'south' are simply the quadrants that lie between these two, that lie 'at the sides of the sky', 'to the right hand' or 'to the left'. That is, two defined quadrants imply two others, giving a total of four. The "four corners of the Maya world" are simply the limits of the east-west quadrants, and do not imply four cardinal directions.16
Hopkins and Josserand report an interesting example of what happened when an informant was asked to give the word for 'north'. The Tojolabal speaker (A Mayan language) did not provide a word, but rather a definition: "wa xkilatik ti b'a norte ta wa xkan to b'a surda jk'ab'tik b'a. . [periods as in original] wa xmukxi ja k'ak'u'i (We are looking north when we stand with our left hand toward where the sun goes down.)" 17
There was no "north" in the Mesoamerican system–only a spatial relationship to that side of the sun's path. That is why the vocabulary varies so greatly. It wasn't that Mesoamericans didn't know where north was, they conceived it entirely differently. It existed only as a quadrant on the right or left of the sun's path—where some Mesoamerican cultures called it "right" and some "left."
It is both interesting and important to note that Mesoamericans were not the only peoples to use left/right rather than specific names for directions. William J. Hamblin, professor of History at Brigham Young University notes:
The Hebrews, like most Semitic peoples, oriented themselves by facing east, toward the rising sun. Thus east in Hebrew was simply front (qedem), with south as right (yamîn), north as left (śemôl), and west as rear (achôr) or "sea" (yam). . . .
The Egyptians oriented themselves by facing south, toward the source of the Nile. "One of the terms for 'south' [in Egyptian] is also a term for 'face'; the usual word for 'north' is probably related to a word which means the 'back of the head.'" The word for east is the same as for left, and west is the same word as right.18
One need not assume any linguistic connection between the Middle Eastern and Mesoamerican languages to account for the similarities. Using the body as the directional model from an accepted focal point is easily seen as independent invention.
Book of Mormon Directions in Translation
It is worth emphasizing that our Book of Mormon is the result of Joseph Smith's translation. The nature of that translation has been the subject of discussion among faithful scholars, with opinions ranging from Brigham H. Roberts' declaration that Joseph "had to give expression to those facts and ideas in such language as he could command"19 to Royal Skousen's understanding that Joseph Smith precisely read a translation that had already been done and which appeared in some manner when using the interpreters.20 My own analysis of the available data is more in line with Roberts.21
In the case of Book of Mormon directions, I suggest that Joseph used common vocabulary to express the Book of Mormon system of spatial orientation and that the perception of cardinal directions in the text is the result of the translation rather than the plate text.22 I also suggest that there are sufficient hints to allow us to reconstruct that plate text system from traces remaining in Joseph's translation.
Although we certainly find the words north, south, east and west in the Book of Mormon, there is an important and very specific phrase that I believe replicates the essential Mesoamerican directional system: "From the east to the west." Against the background of Mesoamerican directions, it is a reasonable initial hypothesis that this phrase represents plate text terms that indicated the path of the sun. This phrase implying solar movement occurs ten times.23
There is a single occurrence of "from the west to the east" in 3 Ne. 1:17 and a single related "from the sea west to the sea east" in Hel. 3:8. Importantly, both of these reversals of solar direction come in the context of an expansion of the meaning of "whole earth."
And they began to know that the Son of God must shortly appear; yea, in fine, all the people upon the face of the whole earth from the west to the east, both in the land north and in the land south, were so exceedingly astonished that they fell to the earth. (3 Ne. 1:17)
And it came to pass that they did multiply and spread, and did go forth from the land southward to the land northward, and did spread insomuch that they began to cover the face of the whole earth, from the sea south to the sea north, from the sea west to the sea east. (Hel. 3:8)
Although the "from-to" construction implies movement, the cases of "from the west to the east" do not come in connection with any movement but rather with descriptions of "the face of the whole earth." With only two examples it is a weak hypothesis, but I suggest that there was a literary reversal used in describing the "whole earth." I believe that by reversing the known path of the sun, it placed "the face of the whole earth" firmly in the metaphorical rather than the physical realm.24
In contrast to the movement implied when using the phrase "from the east to the west," the common usage for the other two "directions" is "on the north/on the south."25 (3 Nephi 1:17, Helaman 3:8) There are no instances of "from the north to the south" or "from the south to the north," not even in the verses describing the whole earth. For example, Alma 46:17: "And it came to pass that when he had poured out his soul to God, he named all the land which was south of the land Desolation, yea, and in fine, all the land, both on the north and on the south—A chosen land, and the land of liberty."26 Hopkins and Josserand report that many of the languages they surveyed use terms such as "on the left," or "on the right" to designate south and north.27 Where the Mesoamerican cultures used terms such as 'on the right/on the left' or some other spatial indicator (such as the 'upslope/downslope' of the Tzeltal) the Book of Mormon translation supplies the words 'north/south.' Although the specific word comes from Joseph's western understanding, the words are couched in phrases that replicate the functional relationships of the Mesoamerican system.
The Book of Mormon vocabulary of spatial orientation also replicates the four quarters assigned to east-west and the sides of the sky we know as north and south. In Mosiah 27:6 we find: "And there began to be much peace again in the land; and the people began to be very numerous, and began to scatter abroad upon the face of the earth, yea, on the north and on the south, on the east and on the west, building large cities and villages in all quarters of the land."28 Of course, this is not definitively a translation from the plate text because we also find quarters of the land in the Bible and it is always possible that the term was borrowed from biblical usage.29 Nevertheless, it fits with the entire system, even if it cannot be probatory of the source of the concept.30
This conception of the Nephite usage of directional terms helps explain a passage that would otherwise be difficult. The flight of the Lamanite/Amlicite army is described in Alma 2:35-37:
And it came to pass that when they had all crossed the river Sidon that the Lamanites and the Amlicites began to flee before them, notwithstanding they were so numerous that they could not be numbered.
And they fled before the Nephites towards the wilderness which was west and north, away beyond the borders of the land; and the Nephites did pursue them with their might, and did slay them.
Yea, they were met on every hand, and slain and driven, until they were scattered on the west, and on the north, until they had reached the wilderness, which was called Hermounts; and it was that part of the wilderness which was infested by wild and ravenous beasts.
In this description, a fleeing army heads both west and north. Because we see 'northward' with some frequency in the Book of Mormon, it could have been used to indicate travel to the northwest.31 Instead, the text opts for travel both north and west. This is conceptually difficult in the plus style (+) cardinal directions, but quite understandable if the x-style quadrants are meant. In that case, they would simply wander back and forth over the conceptual line dividing the west from the northern quarter.32
Just as with the description given by the Tojolabal speaker, if one were to stand with their left hand to the sun's setting during the summer solstice, one would be looking 'north,' and that 'north' corresponds quite nicely to the north that Sorenson suggested. No skewing of north 60 degrees to the west is required. However, it should be noted that it would be a misrepresentation of Nephite directions to use north to indicate only the direction based upon the summer solstice. For the Nephites, 'north' would indicate anything to that side of the sun's path.
An inherent misperception of any ancient directional system occurs simply by our attempts to represent them on a map. Our maps take a birds-eye view, and often literally a satellite's view of the land we are interested in. Almost any map we use to describe the Book of Mormon geography assumes an understanding of an area of land much larger than the ancients would have comprehended. Their world was limited to what they could see, travel to, or have described to them.33 No remaining map created by any Mesoamerican people has any of the details of our modern maps. They are spatially inaccurate and locate landmarks without precise distance interrelationships. The maps place the reader at the center and describe the conceptual bounds of the world in distances that might be a day or two of travel.34
Combined with the differences in terminology and cultural perceptions, it is little wonder that the Book of Mormon directions appear difficult fit onto a modern map. That inherent difficulty becomes even greater when we insist upon reading literal geographic statements where the text does not intend a literal reading. That is the issue that clouds our understanding of the Nephite seas.
Where is the Nephite Sea East and Sea West? 35
Another possible contraindication for Sorenson's geographic correlation is the relationship of that geography to surrounding seas. Helaman 3:8 clearly mentions four seas: "And it came to pass that they did multiply and spread, and did go forth from the land southward to the land northward, and did spread insomuch that they began to cover the face of the whole earth, from the sea south to the sea north, from the sea west to the sea east." Some Book of Mormon geographers therefore insist on identifying four surrounding bodies of water.36 However, John E. Clark notes of these seas:
I am convinced that the reference to a north sea and a south sea is devoid of any concrete geographical content. All specific references or allusions to Book of Mormon seas are only to the east and west seas. Any geography that tries to accommodate a north and south sea, I think, is doomed to fail. But we cannot dismiss the reference to these seas out of hand. If they are metaphorical, what was the metaphor?
[This figure] shows a conceptualization of Nephite lands. The city of Zarahemla and the lands immediately surrounding it were the "center" (Helaman 1:24-27) or "heart" (Alma 60:19; Helaman 1:18) of the land (fig. 7). The surrounding lands, to the various wildernesses, were considered quarters of the land. A Bountiful quarter (Alma 52:10, 13; 53:8; 58:35) and a Manti quarter (43:26; 56:1-2, 9; 58:30) are mentioned. Moroni was another "part" of the land (Alma 59:6). We lack information on the eastern quarter; my designation of "Melek" is merely my best guess.
We have seen that the Nephite lands were surrounded by wilderness on every side. And, conceptually, beyond each wilderness lay a sea to the south, north, west, and east. Thus the land was conceived as surrounded by seas or floating on one large sea. The land was divided into a center and four quarters. Each quarter duplicated the others. The quartering of the land was not the way most of us would do it, by making a cross following the cardinal directions, but was a cross as shown in figure [3]. Such a conception of the world would not be out of place in the Middle East at the time of Lehi; and it is remarkably close to the Mesoamerican view of their world. . . The main point is that the reference to north and south seas fits nicely into the Mesoamerican scene as part of a metaphor for the whole earth and was probably used in a metaphorical sense in the Book of Mormon.37
Clark's proposal that the north and south seas are metaphorical rather than physical finds an interesting parallel in the metaphorical use of the phrase "the other side of the sea" in various Maya documents. Frauke Sachse of the University of Bonn, and Allen J. Christenson of Brigham Young University, note that it is a metaphor that "remains hitherto largely unrecognized because a presumed literalness has obscured its metaphorical interpretation."38 They conclude by noting that "the phrase 'the other side of the sea' in the Colonial sources is only a metaphor for a place of origin in the sense of creation and not departure and thus does not necessarily refer to an actual location that could be found on any map."39 It is perhaps not coincidental that the metaphorical meaning that Clark suggests for the sea north and sea south is also associated with a conceptual organization of the world.
As Hopkins and Josserand worked through the vocabulary terms used for east and west, they presented their reconstruction of what the Classic Maya terms might have been (the * indicates a reconstructed form as opposed to a word that has been recorded). For east and west they reconstruct both the words and the plausible original meanings: "*'el-ab k'in 'the front porch of the house of the Sun (where the Sun exists)', and *'och-ib k'in 'the door of the house of the Sun (where the Sun enters).'"40 They argue that these proto-forms may be traced to as early as 2000 B.C.41
In a world conceptually surrounded by seas, the house of the sun would lie across the sea, or on "the other side of the sea." Thus Sachse and Christenson explain: "We understand that in the Maya world view all creation involves the underlying concept of birth from a primordial sea in darkness. The world came into being because the earth and the mountains arose from the sea and the sky was lifted up from the water. Creation thus involves 'dawning.'"42 The "other side of the sea" refers metaphorically to an origin in the conceptual east sea, the place of dawning and creation. Thus there was a very strong cultural preference for having a sea east and the parallel sea west. The question is how that conceptual world might have related to the physical seas that the Book of Mormon text requires.
In spite of the metaphorical meanings for sea north and sea south, and the metaphorical meaning associated with the east sea, the Book of Mormon text does support the physical presence of a sea east. Sorenson's correlation has the expected sea east, but applies that designation to the Gulf of Mexico. Anyone examining a modern map perceives the Gulf of Mexico to be north of the lands surrounding the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. How can this body of water in the north be the sea east? In Sorenson's correlation, this is part of the skewing of directions. I suggest that no skewing is necessary, only the application of the principles of Mesoamerican directions.
The first important part of the explanation is the Mesoamerican concept of the center. Any directions given in the Book of Mormon necessarily related to some location that is conceptually the center of the world for those who live there. Directions related to a different center might result in different locations being placed in the direction quadrants. We can see this same principle even in our modern directional system. We may describe Denver as being in the east when we are located in Salt Lake City, but in the west when we are located in St. Louis. What is in the east (or west) depends upon the vantage point from which we view the direction. I propose that the term "sea east" is a description rather than a name, and that two different bodies of water might have been considered the sea east based upon the different center points from which they are described.
The original Nephite center point was not Zarahemla, but rather the City of Nephi. In Sorenson's correlation, we have the highland valley of Guatemala as a plausible land of Nephi. From that center, the east sea would be right where several Book of Mormon geographers suggest; off the coast of modern Belize.43 From that original center point, the Nephites would then have had the option of calling the Pacific either the sea west or sea south, since it creates the coastline that would be both south and west of the land of Nephi. Because the definition of Mesoamerican direction system had the sun setting in the sea west, it is logical that they would have selected that designation for what we know as the Pacific Ocean. The interesting combination of the sea west being both west and south helps explain Alma 53:22: "And now it came to pass that Helaman did march at the head of his two thousand stripling soldiers, to the support of the people in the borders of the land on the south by the west sea." The land south of Zarahemla bordered the west sea, not a south sea even though there was a coastline on the south.
While there is a reference to a sea east from the land of Nephi, most references to the sea east come from the time when directions were given in relation to the City of Bountiful, not the City of Nephi or even the City of Zarahemla.44 Using Sorenson's correlation, Bountiful would be located at the northern side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. With that location as the center point, the Gulf of Mexico lies both on the north and on the east. Just as the cultural necessity of the sun rising across a sea east and setting in the sea west allowed the Nephites to define a sea west from the center point of the City of Nephi, that same cultural preference would naturally select sea east as the appropriate designation of that major body of water. No skewing of directions is necessary to see the Gulf of Mexico as the sea east based on the perspective of Bountiful as the center. Regardless of the body of water, the sea east existed as a description that was related to the cosmological understanding of the east as a place of creation and of the rising/birth of the sun. In the Book of Mormon, it is plausible that two different bodies of water served that function and were designated (not named) sea east to conform to the cosmological principle.
The Land Northward and Land Southward
There is another feature of the Book of Mormon that may be plausibly related to an underlying Mesoamerican directional system. The vast majority of the times we see either the word northward or southward in the Book of Mormon, they are descriptive of a place, not of movement. They refer to the land northward and the land southward.45 The term northward only appears three times as a description of motion and southward only twice.46 Eastward occurs three times, always as an indication of direction of travel, and westward does not occur at all.47
The phrases 'land northward/land southward' can parallel the functions of the 'north/south' spatial orientation markers, but they are textually distinct from them. We find in 3 Ne. 6:2 "And it came to pass that they had not eaten up all their provisions; therefore they did take with them all that they had not devoured, of all their grain of every kind, and their gold, and their silver, and all their precious things, and they did return to their own lands and their possessions, both on the north and on the south, both on the land northward and on the land southward." There is no reason to indicate the spatial orientation twice, and the reference here clearly separates the 'land' from the spatial orientation.48
The two lands conceptually meet along a dividing line: "Thus the land on the northward was called Desolation, and the land on the southward was called Bountiful, it being the wilderness which is filled with all manner of wild animals of every kind, a part of which had come from the land northward for food" (Alma 22:31). When the land northward has a name, it is Desolation. When the land southward has a name, it is Bountiful. They are adjacent lands. Land northward and Desolation are interchangeable labels, as are land southward and Bountiful.
The obvious conceptual inversion of Desolation/Bountiful suggests that there is another aspect of Mesoamerican direction systems in play. Prudence M. Rice indicates that each of the four conceptual directions had other attributes:
Among the lowland Maya, this solar basis for naming directions is evident by incorporating, k'in 'sun', into the term. East (lak'in) was associated with sunrise, birth, and the color red (chak), while West (chik'in, ochk'in) was associated with sunset, death, and the color black (ek'). By contrast, xaman (North) was associated with "up" (as in the sun at zenith), the Sun God's "right" side on his journey, heavens, the number 13, the place of ancestors, and the color white (sak). Nojol (South) was associated with "down" or the sun's nadir, the sun's "left," the Underworld, the number 9, night ("death of the sun and its Underworld journey back to the east), and the color Yellow (k'an).49
Although the association between "north" and "right" is common, it was not universal. David Stuart indicates:
"The 'south' glyph is widely thought to read nohol, the word for 'south' in the Yucatecan language, attested also in Chontal and Cholti. The -lo suffix on a 'south' glyph written in Naj Tunich cave offers good support for this reading. . . The root of the term is noh, which has the related meanings of 'large, great,' 'principal,' or 'right-side'. . . .
The NOH reading seems fitting in the context of the 'hand' terms on Tikal's Marcador. The first glyph of the pair would simply read NOH-K'AB, a widespread and familiar term in Mayan languages for 'right hand.'"50
In the case Stuart describes, the orientation that leads to the terms for "north" and "south" is based on facing the sun rather than from the perspective of the sun.
It appears that there were two possible methods of deriving a term for "north" or "south," both based on the same principle, but from either facing the sun or from the sun's perspective. In that light Hopkins and Josserand note the data from the later Mexica, who were Nahuatl speakers: "While Classical Nahuatl has a mythological reference to the 'place of Death' as the base of 'north', one variety of modern Nahuatl makes an association of 'south' (for which no term is recorded) as 'sinister, left-handed', and regards 'north' as positive and right-handed [while calling it 'down-slope']."51 As with the data for Mayan languages, the Nahuatl languages also demonstrate a reversal of the "handedness" of north and south.
There are strong indications that there was a similar bad/good perception about left/right (and therefore north/south which shared those terms) among the Classic Maya as there was in the Classical Nahuatl. Objects to the left of the viewer are consistently of lower status than those on the right.52 Maya epigraphers Stephen Houston, David Stuart, and Karl Taube note: "Consistently the right hand is 'straight, correct large' (no or to in Ch'olti') or 'fine, pure' (batz'i k'ob in Colonial Tzotzil) and wikiaq'ab, 'decorated, adorned' in K'iche', while the left hand is not quite obedient and thus, as in Colonial Yukatek, 'ill behaved, graceless' (tz'ik) or 'clumsy like a cloven hoof' (tz'itz'), and in K'iche', moxq'ab, 'crazy hand')."53
In a spatial relation system that uses the right/left hand designation for the terms we call south and north, it is not surprising at all that the Nephites used a word for 'left hand/north' that would have a pejorative association. That was mirrored by the favorable association of 'right hand/south.' That the land northward was also associated with a "dead" Jaredite culture simply vindicated the pejorative association. This gives us a very simple explanation for why the land northward is Desolation and land southward is Bountiful. The labels replicate the cultural perception of the spatial relationships based upon one facing the rising sun (and indicate that the Nephite preference was to associate left/north similar to the Mayan languages of Yukatek54, Chontal, and Cholti).
The most serious contraindication for Sorenson's correlation between Mesoamerica and the Book of Mormon has been his shifting of north some 60 degrees to the west. The quality of the correlations with the rest of the geography and cultural data suggest that we look to Mesoamerica to see if the cultural data from the region in which the Book of Mormon took place (according to this correlation) might provide an understanding of what has come to be called "Nephite North" (though it is not a term Sorenson used55). The combination of the Mesoamerican center and the perception of the quadrants as wedges emanating for that center explain how the Book of Mormon "north" might include a region that our cultural predisposition for cardinal directions would not recognize. Combined with the shifting center points from which directions or spatial relationships may be discussed, we have a culturally appropriate understanding the underlying plate text directions that yielded the English translations of north, south, east and west. In addition to explaining the spatial terms, it also provides a cultural underpinning for why the land northward was Desolation and the land southward Bountiful. Sorenson's geographic correlation not only remains the best supported, but what has been a directional conundrum actually provides further indication that the plate text was written in a region steeped in the Mesoamerican understanding of spatial orientation.
1 John L. Sorenson, An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City and Provo: Deseret Book and the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1985).
2 John L. and Janet F. Hilton, Á Correlation of the Sidon River and the Lands of Manti and Zarahemla with the Southern End of Rio Grijalva (San Miguel)," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, vol. 1, no. 1 (1992): 142-62 and Lawrence. L. Poulsen, "The River Sidon," http://www.poulsenll.org/bom/grijalvasidon.html, accessed April 2011, have increased the detail of the suggested correlation between the Sidon and the Grijalva River. I have used Sorenson's geographic and general cultural connections as the underlying model for explaining the correspondence of the actions in the Book of Mormon with Mesoamerican culture and history. See Brant A. Gardner, Second Witness: Analytical and Contextual Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 6 vols. (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2007-08).
3 Deanne G. Matheny, "Does the Shoe Fit? A Critique of the Limited Tehuantepec Geography," in New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology, edited by Brent Lee Metcalfe (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1993), 277. Perhaps the most important criticism of Sorenson's model has been the variance from cardinal directions. Doug Christensen, post to Book of Mormon Archaeological Forum Group, Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/groups/bmaf.org/permalink/10151035621679242/ Accessed July 2012:
Despite the differences, there is almost unanimous agreement among scholars that Sorensen's so called "Nephite North" which is required in order to make his model work, unnecessarily muddies the picture. . . .
Joseph and Blake Allen recently responded to an inquiry about the Sorenson model. Their answer is typical of the current thinking of most LDS scholars: "We don't feel that there is any strength to the idea of a rotated map. Sorenson pursued the hourglass concept and then superimposed it on a Mesoamerican map, thereby proposing a shift in Nephite directions from the standard cardinal directions, rotating the map and calling the result by the name of "Nephite north."
This theory has received an abundant amount of negative criticism, as there is no evidence from either the Book of Mormon or Maya culture that hints at a directional shift.
4 The cultural data have been sufficiently impressive that other LDS authors have attempted to retain the basic culture area, but find a way to correlate the geography with the cardinal directions rather than Sorenson's necessary shift of the Nephite cultural north. See Dee Stoddard, "'From the East to the West Sea' An Analysis of John L. Sorenson's Book of Mormon Directional Statements," 2009 accessed August 2001 from http://www.bmaf.org/node/251.
5 John L. Sorenson, "Viva Zapato! Hurray for the Shoe!," FARMS Review of Books on the Book of Mormon, 6 no. 1 (1994), 305 notes: "This supposed "standard scheme" [cardinal directions] is actually a mental artifact of Western European culture developed largely since the rise of the compass and of science not many centuries ago." Sorenson's defense of his understanding of directions is based on appropriate anthropology. The refinement suggested here is the result of a more specific application of the Mesoamerican data. However, an important point of difference is that Sorenson believes (p. 308) that: "Aside from whatever these translated words for directions denoted in relation to the natural world, their use in the language of the Nephites does not seem to show that they paid prime attention to the sun's rising or setting." I will examine the evidence that there is evidence that the Nephite terms are based on a prime attention to the path of the sun.
6 David Freidel, Linda Schele and Joy Parker, Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1993), 127-28.
7 Mary Miller and Karl Taube, An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993, paperback 1997), 30.
8Susan Milbrath, Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999), 17, 19.
9 Prudence M. Rice, Maya Political Science. Time, Astronomy, and the Cosmos (Austin: University of Austin Press, 2004), 20.
10 "Codex Mendoza" in Antigüedades de México (Mexico: Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público, 1964), 1:7. This initial page shows Tenochtitlan centered in the cosmos. "Codex Fejervary-Mayer," in Antigüedades de México (Mexico: Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público, 1964), 4:189. This codex opens with a depiction of a deity at the center of the cosmos, depicting not only the center and the quadripartite directions, but also the world trees anchoring the corners of the cosmos.
11 Steven Pinker, The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature (New York: Viking, 2007), 141-42.
12 Nicholas A. Hopkins and J. Kathryn Josserand, "Directions and Partitions in Maya World View," Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. 2011, http://www.famsi.org/research/hopkins/directions.html, accessed April 2011, 13. This paper is an expansion of a paper presented March 24, 2001 in the symposium "Four Corners of the Maya World," 19th Maya Weekend, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. The current publication is posthumous for Dr. Josserand: "Some languages form the words for 'north' and 'south' on the basis of local geographical conditions." They do not collect the Tzeltal terms for north and south. They do collect a 'down-slope' meaning for 'north' and 'right-handed' for Nahuatl, p. 14.
13 David Stuart, "Glyphs for 'Right' and 'Left'?" January, 2002, 4. Downloaded from Mesoweb, http://www.mesoweb.com/stuart/notes/rightleft.html, February 2012.
14 Hopkins and Josserand, 9-11.
15 Ibid., 13.
16 Ibid., 15-16.
17 Ibid., 13-14: "The Tojolabal entries are clearly not lexical; the compiler of the dictionary, Carlos Lenkersdorf, is concerned with explaining to Tojolabal speakers the meaning of terms in Spanish (and vice versa) rather than simply listing lexical items."
18 William J. Hamblin, "Directions in Hebrew, Egyptian, and Nephite Language," in Reexploring the Book of Mormon, edited by John W. Welch (Provo, Utah: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1992), 183.
19 Brigham H. Roberts, New Witnesses for God, 3 vols. (Salt Lake City: The Deseret News, 1909), 2:116.
20 Royal Skousen, "Translating the Book of Mormon: Evidence from the Original Manuscript," in Book of Mormon Authorship Revisited, edited by Noel B. Reynolds (Provo, Utah: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1997,64–65. A revised version is Royal Skousen, "How Joseph Smith Translated the Book of Mormon: Evidence from the Original Manuscript," Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 7, no. 1 (1998): 24. Skousen's understanding is best represented by his definition of "tight control" in these documents: "Joseph Smith saw specific words written out in English and read them off to the scribe—the accuracy of the resulting text depending on the carefulness of Joseph Smith and his scribe."
21 Brant A. Gardner, The Gift and Power: Translating the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2011), 185-92.
22 Stoddard, "'From the East to the West Sea' An Analysis of John L. Sorenson's Book of Mormon Directional Statements," is adamant that Book of Mormon directions conform to something similar to our western cardinal directions:
1. The directional system of the Nephites has six Nephite cardinal directions: north, northward, south, southward, east, and west.
2. "Northward" reflects the general direction of northwest rather than northeast. "Northward" could be either a northwest or a northeast direction by its very nature, but northwest is the correct orientation from an Isthmus of Tehuantepec perspective. Or, as Noah Webster in his 1828 dictionary says about "northward" as an adjective, as in land northward: "Being towards the north, or nearer to the north than to the east and west points."
3. "Southward" reflects the general direction of southeast rather than southwest. "Southward" could be either a southeast or a southwest direction by its very nature, but southeast is the correct orientation from an Isthmus of Tehuantepec perspective. Interestingly, Noah Webster does not show an adjectival definition for "southward" in his 1828 dictionary.
4. North, south, east, and west are the directions that readers of the twenty-first century are accustomed to based on compass bearings. When these cardinal directions are viewed from the perspective of a horizontally positioned hourglass that is placed over a map of Mesoamerica, they coincide with the same four cardinal directions employed by Book of Mormon readers of the twenty-first century.
The certainty of these declarations comes from dual assumptions. The first is that the translation must necessarily represent the precise plate meaning that is found in the English words. The second is that therefore the application of modern meaning may therefore accurately interpret textual information. Neither of these propositions can be supported by the data that I have reviewed.
Stoddard's ideas are influenced Joseph Lovell Allen and Blake Joseph Allen, Exploring the Lands of the Book of Mormon, 2nd ed. (Orem, UT: Book of Mormon Tours and Research Institute, 2008, 360-61.
23 Alma 22:27, 29,32,33; 50:8; Hel. 3:8; 4:7; 11:20; 3 Ne. 1:17;20:13. Instances compiled using an electronic search for the terms 'east' and 'west' and compiling only those with this particular configuration.
24 The phrase "on the east and on the west" occurs in Mosiah 27:6, but this is also in the context of the "face of the earth." When it occurs in 22:27, it is a description of "all the regions round about." Hel. 1:31 uses "on the east, nor on the west" as part of a description of Lamanites who were surrounded.
The only context that is not clearly related to "all" or being surrounded, is Alma 50:28: "34 And it came to pass that they did not head them until they had come to the borders of the land Desolation; and there they did head them, by the narrow pass which led by the sea into the land northward, yea, by the sea, on the west and on the east."
25 Alma 22:29, 33; 46:17; 3 Ne. 6:2.
26 The Book of Mormon can also use 'on the east' or 'on the west' as terms of spatial orientation rather than direction:
Therefore when Zerahemnah saw the men of Lehi on the east of the river Sidon, and the armies of Moroni on the west of the river Sidon, that they were encircled about by the Nephites, they were struck with terror. (Alma 43:53).
And now, behold, the Lamanites could not retreat either way, neither on the north, nor on the south, nor on the east, nor on the west, for they were surrounded on every hand by the Nephites. (Hel. 1:31)
27 Hopkins and Josserand, 13.
28 This is the only verse indicating the four quarters. However, a phrase indicating that something is "in" a quarter occurs more frequently. See Alma 43:26: 52:10; 56:1; 58:30; 58:35; Ether 2:5; 14:15.
29 Gen. 19:4; Num. 34:3; Josh. 15:5; 18:14-15; Isaiah 47:15; 56:11; Mark 1:45.
30 Hopkins and Josserand, 16, "This concept of quadrants survives even where the directional terms have been lost. In Tenejapa Tzeltal, directional orientation has shifted to ta alan, 'downhill' (north) versus ta ajk'ol 'uphill' (south). However, these are conceived of as quadrants, separated and opposed to the other quadrants (east and west), but called ta jejch 'transverse', 'to the side'.
31 Northward, eastward, and southward are all used as directions of travel. There is no occurrence of travel westward, but there is no reason to assume that it wasn't a possible lexical item. As directions of travel: northward—Alma 52:23; 56:46; 63:6: southward—Alma 17:1; Ether 15:10: eastward—1 Ne. 17:1; Ether 9:3; 14:26.
32 Lawrence L. Poulsen, "The War with the Amlicites," Book of Mormon Geography http://www.poulsenll.org/bom/amlicites.html, accessed April 2011.
33 Alan Jones, a friend recently returned from a mission in the Philippines described a problem encountered when attempting to explain maps to a Filipino. They had no concept of what it meant and it had to be explained to them that they were seeing as if they were a bird flying above the land. The very concept of our maps was foreign to them.
34 Some of this information is presented in Lawrence L. Poulsen, "Book of Mormon Geography," paper presented August 2008 at the Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research Conference. https://www.fairmormon.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/2008-Larry-Poulsen.pdf, accessed February 2012, 9.
35 Many of the concepts presented in this section were worked out in conversation with Lawrence Poulsen, for whose counsel I am grateful.
36 Norman, Book of Mormon Geography—Mesoamerican Historic Geography. A graphic of the map is available at: V. Garth Norman, "The Definitive Mesoamerican Book of Mormon Lands Map." Interestingly, Norman has the sea north and the sea east as the Gulf of Mexico. See also E. L. Peay, The Lands of Zarahemla: Nephi's Land of Promise, 2 vols. (Provo, Utah: Cedar Fort, Incorporated, 1994), 2:24, has a sea west, east, and south, but no listing for a sea north.
37 John E. Clark, "Revisiting 'A Key for evaluating Nephite Geographies,'" Mormon Studies Review 23, no. 1 (2011): 41 [13-42]
38 Frauke Sachse and Allen J. Christenson, "Tulan and the Other Side of the Sea: Unraveling a Metaphorical Concept from Colonial Guatemalan Highland Sources," Mesoweb Publications, www.mesoweb.com/articles/ Tulan/Tulan.pdf. Accessed February 2012, 1
40Hopkins and Josserand, 7-8. The * at the beginning of the word indicates that it is a reconstruction of an early form and is not actually found in that form in the later data.
41 Ibid., 8.
42 Sachse and Christenson, 2.
43 The verse used to establish this correlation is Alma 22:27, which provides a description of the lands, but from the center point of a Lamanite king in the land of Nephi. Some of those making this correlation based on that passage are: Allen, Exploring the Lands of the Book of Mormon, 195; Allen and Allen, Exploring the Lands of the Book of Mormon, 393; Norman, Book of Mormon Geography—Mesoamerican Historic Geography. A graphic of the map is available at: V. Garth Norman, "The Definitive Mesoamerican Book of Mormon Lands Map," http://www.ancientamerica.org/library/media/HTML/7hvlmli5/book%20of%20mormon%20map.htm (accessed April 2011); Lawrence L. Poulsen, "Lawrence Poulsen's Book of Mormon Geography," http://www.poulsenll.org/bom/index.html, accessed April 2011. While the verse is found in the book of Alma where the action focuses on Zarahemla as the center of Nephite culture, Alma 22:27 is given as part of the missionary journey to the land of Nephi and describes geography from that vantage point.
44 Nephi as the center: Alma 22:32-33
Bountiful as the center: Alma 27:22; 50:34; 52:13; Hel. 4:6-7.
There are two other references I am not listing because the east sea occurs in a context that reads better as a metaphor for 'the whole world': Hel. 3:8; 11:20.
45 Land northward: Omni 1:22, Alma 22:30-33, 46:22; 50:11, 29, 31, 33-34; 51:30; 52:2, 9; 63:4-5, 7, 9-10; Hel. 3:3, 9-11; 6:6; 7:1-2, 11:20; 3 Ne. 3:24; 4:23; 6:2; 8:12; Morm. 2:29.
Land southward: Alma 22:31,32; Hel. 3:8; 4:8; 5:16; 3 Ne. 3:24; 6:2; 8:11; Morm. 1:6; 2:29; 3:5; 8:2; Eth. 9:31-32; 10:19, 21.
Another verse may represent the metaphorical 'whole world.' "And thus it did come to pass that the people of Nephi began to prosper again in the land, and began to build up their waste places, and began to multiply and spread, even until they did cover the whole face of the land, both on the northward and on the southward, from the sea west to the sea east." (Hel. 11:20). In this case, northward and southward are locations, even though not stated as lands. I hypothesize that this constitutes a generic reference rather than a directional one.
46 Northward motion: Alma 63:6; Morm. 2:20, Eth. 1:42 (in the Old World). Southward motion: Alma 17:1; Eth. 15:10.
47 Eastward motion: 1 Ne. 17:1; Eth. 9:3, 14:26.
48 John L. Sorenson, An Ancient American Setting, 41, notes the occurrences of northward/southward, but always considers them as indicators of directions rather than as labels as I am suggesting:
A semantic point from the Book of Mormon is important. The Book of Mormon usually refers to the "land northward" and "land southward," rarely to the "land north" or "land south." (The latter terms occur only seven times; –ward terms appear 47 times.) The suffix ward, of course, signifies "tending or leading toward." Gage correctly thought of Guatemala as "southward" from Mexico City, even though technically it was more nearly east. Similarly, if you board a plane in Los Angeles for Caracas, Venezuela, do you not mentally consider your direction southward? After all, your destination is South America; but actually you'll end up traveling more east than south. Still, southward is correct.
Sorenson appears to want to use –ward as a specific direction rather than as an indicator of direction of travel, or as a name.
49 Rice, Maya Political Science, 20.
50 David Stuart, "Glyphs for 'Right' and 'Left'?" January, 2002, 2. Downloaded from http://www.mesoweb.com/stuart/notes/rightleft.html, February 2012.
52 Stephen Houston, David Stuart, and Karl Taube, The Memory of Bones. Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006), 29.
54 Yukatek is the more modern spelling and Yucatec the more traditional. Both terms appear depending upon the preference of the author. I have left the spelling as in the original citations.
55 Sorenson, "Viva Zapato! Hurray for the Shoe!," 305: "The concept "Nephite north" is not mine, consequently it is not appropriate on a map representing my views."
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
MAVEN Completes First Deep Dip Campaign
This image shows an artist concept of the MAVEN spacecraft in orbit around Mars. (Courtesy NASA/GSFC)
NASA'S Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution has completed the first of five deep-dip maneuvers designed to gather measurements closer to the lower end of the Martian upper atmosphere.
"During normal science mapping, we make measurements between an altitude of about 150 km and 6,200 km (93 miles and 3,853 miles) above the surface," said Bruce Jakosky, MAVEN principal investigator at the University of Colorado's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics in Boulder. "During the deep-dip campaigns, we lower the lowest altitude in the orbit, known as periapsis, to about 125 km (78 miles) which allows us to take measurements throughout the entire upper atmosphere."
The 25 km (16 miles) altitude difference may not seem like much, but it allows scientists to make measurements down to the top of the lower atmosphere. At these lower altitudes, the atmospheric densities are more than ten times what they are at 150 km (93 miles).
"We are interested in the connections that run from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere and then to escape to space," said Jakosky. "We are measuring all of the relevant regions and the connections between them."
The first deep dip campaign ran from Feb. 10 to 18. The first three days of this campaign were used to lower the periapsis. Each of the five campaigns lasts for five days allowing the spacecraft to observe for roughly 20 orbits. Since the planet rotates under the spacecraft, the 20 orbits allow sampling of different longitudes spaced around the planet, providing close to global coverage.
This month's deep dip maneuvers began when team engineers fired the rocket motors in three separate burns to lower the periapsis. The engineers did not want to do one big burn, to ensure that they didn't end up too deep in the atmosphere. So, they "walked" the spacecraft down gently in several smaller steps.
"Although we changed the altitude of the spacecraft, we actually aimed at a certain atmospheric density," said Jakosky. "We wanted to go as deep as we can without putting the spacecraft or instruments at risk."
Even though the atmosphere at these altitudes is very tenuous, it is thick enough to cause a noticeable drag on the spacecraft. Going to too high an atmospheric density could cause too much drag and heating due to friction that could damage spacecraft and instruments.
At the end of the campaign, two maneuvers were conducted to return MAVEN to normal science operation altitudes. Science data returned from the deep dip will be analyzed over the coming weeks. The science team will combine the results with what the spacecraft has seen during its regular mapping to get a better picture of the entire atmosphere and of the processes affecting it.
One of the major goals of the MAVEN mission is to understand how gas from the atmosphere escapes to space, and how this has affected the planet's climate history through time. In being lost to space, gas is removed from the top of the upper atmosphere. But it is the thicker lower atmosphere that controls the climate. MAVEN is studying the entire region from the top of the upper atmosphere all the way down to the lower atmosphere so that the connections between these regions can be understood.
MAVEN is the first mission dedicated to studying the upper atmosphere of Mars. The spacecraft launched Nov. 18, 2013, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. MAVEN successfully entered Mars' orbit on Sept. 21, 2014.
MAVEN's principal investigator is based at the University of Colorado's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. The university provided two science instruments and leads science operations, as well as education and public outreach, for the mission. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the MAVEN project and provided two science instruments for the mission. Lockheed Martin built the spacecraft and is responsible for mission operations. The University of California at Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory also provided four science instruments for the mission. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, provides navigation and Deep Space Network support, as well as the Electra telecommunications relay hardware and operations.
–Nancy Neal Jones, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
NASA release
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text:
Trolley riders look to clean up Vineland
JOSEPH P. SMITH
@jpsmith_dj
VINELAND – Important missions sometimes require shortcuts — like that city trolley seen waddling through a U-turn on East Landis Avenue on Wednesday morning.
Aboard were officials, including Mayor Ruben Bermudez, and the trolley route was up, down, and all around the Avenue.
The illegal U-ey was to pick up a late arrival — zoning officer and acting director of Licenses & Inspections Pat Finley.
The mayor, with representatives of police, health, code agencies and members of the Vineland Downtown Improvement District were on an inspection tour.
The focus was ferreting out litter, drinking, homelessness, and other issues that make quality-of-life less than optimum for a retail area.
At a VDID board meeting before the tour commenced, Executive Director Russell Swanson said a meeting was held at City Hall on Tuesday on those issues.
"And we're going to go out regularly and look at the areas that need attention, whether that means the grass is too high and it needs to be cut," Swanson said. "Because things are going on there. Because we're finding areas where homeless people are making homes. Whatever it is."
On the trolley, Bermudez seconded Swanson's take on the need for regular inspections by a group whose members are in positions to act as soon as the tour is over.
"This is a great opportunity for us to get together and look at the conditions of our downtown, how we want to move in the areas of our downtown," Bermudez said.
"Let's not only think about downtown for a minute," the mayor added. "We have other businesses that we also want to focus down the road."
The tour passed a number of vacant properties, residential and commercial.
Bermudez directed the trolley past a long-closed dry cleaners, saying the owner had met with him about getting a tenant — or selling it to the city.
The mayor said enforcing city property maintenance codes is tougher than it appears, because of the way the process works and that many owners don't live here.
"But I'm hoping down the road we could really have a better process and have a list of property owners we can contact ... right away so we can speed up the process," Bermudez said.
Swanson said the city is talking about getting the Cumberland County Sheriff's Office to assign officers to work the downtown. He has hopes that will happen soon.
Swanson said the 500 block of E. Landis Avenue is a particular "area of contention."
For example, he pointed out, there is a city-owned alley that is a hideaway and magnet for trash and bad behavior running from a parking lot out toward the Boulevard. A fence may be put up as a possible solution, he said.
Swanson said property vacancies are linked most often to the downtown's quality of life problems.
Joseph P. Smith; (856) 563-5252; jsmith@gannettnj.com


Welcome all! In this tutorial, we are going to be looking at how you can use goroutines within you Go based programs and subsequently improve the performance with which your programs execute.
Now, Go is an incredibly performant language that features a hell of a lot of great features that allow you to build incredibly fast applications. It redefines what it means to build concurrent programs by providing us with these goroutines and channels.
Using goroutines is a very quick way to turn what would be a sequential program into a concurrent program without having to worry about things like creating threads or thread-pools. But, as with all concurrent programming, this comes with some dangers that must be considered before you run around slapping the go keyword in front of all your function calls.
So to begin with, what are Goroutines? Goroutines are incredibly lightweight "threads" managed by the go runtime. They enable us to create asynchronous parallel programs that can execute some tasks far quicker than if they were written in a sequential manner.
Goroutines are far smaller that threads, they typically take around 2kB of stack space to initialize compared to a thread which takes 1Mb.
Goroutines are typically multiplexed onto a very small number of OS threads which typically mean concurrent go programs require far less resources in order to provide the same level of performance as languages such as Java. Creating a thousand goroutines would typically require one or two OS threads at most, whereas if we were to do the same thing in java it would require 1,000 full threads each taking a minimum of 1Mb of Heap space.
By mapping hundreds or thousands of goroutines onto a single thread we don't have to worry about the performance hit when creating and destroying threads in our application. It's incredibly in-expensive to create and destroy new goroutines due to their size and the efficient way that go handles them.
If you execute the code above you should see that it prints 0 to 9 twice in a row. Total execution time for this sequential program is just over 20 seconds. The reason for our addition of fmt.Scanln() is so that our main function doesn't finish before our goroutines get a chance to execute.
If we aren't fussed about the order in which our program prints out the values 0 to n then we can speed this program up by using goroutines and making it asynchronous.
The only thing we needed to change to our existing sequential go program was to add the 'go' keyword in front of our compute function invocation. Here we've essentially created two separate goroutines that should now execute in parallel.
But, if you try and run this program, you'll notice that it completes without printing out our expected output.
Well, this is because our main function completed before our asynchronous functions could execute and as such, any goroutines that have yet to complete are promptly terminated.
Try executing this in your terminal and you should see 0,0,1,1,2,2… and so on up till ..9,9 print out in our console. And if you time this program's execution then we are suddenly down to roughly 10 seconds.
So, in this tutorial, we learned how we can get started developing concurrent applications in Go. We looked at what Goroutines are and how we can use them to speed up various parts of our systems and create performant applications.
Hopefully, you found this tutorial useful, if you did then please let me know in the comments section below!


This is a great opportunity for new residents or families with preschool age children to get familiar with Washington school and your neighbors.
Pabst Park children 10 years old and younger are invited to search for candy filled eggs.
We could use some teen helpers for this event. Donations will gladly be accepted at the event to help cover costs.
Volunteers are needed to help serve lunch for the Tosa Senior Center luncheon at Hart Park every 4th Friday of the month. The PPNA is responsible for helping with the luncheon once a month. This is a great opportunity to do some inter-generational socializing. If you have little ones at home, it is my understanding that they are welcome to come along! Please contact me if you are interested in helping out, tamaracrouch@pabstpark.com or 475.6345.
Signs are going out around the neighborhood for the "Who are the People in your Neighborhood?" event on Tuesday March 7th. We still have space for anyone who would like to promote services. Babysitters, pet sitters, snow shovelers, house cleaning services, painters, handymen, accountants….if you have a service to offer, we have a space for you to promote it!


The Lightweight Urgestalt Disc frameset is extremely lightweight and stiff with it, while the ability to take wide tyres (for a road bike) allows you to dial comfort into the ride.
Cons: A lot of money!
We try not to focus too much on bike weight around these parts because it's really not as important as some people would have you believe, but it would be nuts to ignore it in this case. Lightweight claims a frameset weight of 1,175g (which we've listed above; we didn't weigh the frameset) and our built-up Urgestalt Disc hit the scales at 6.7kg (14.7lb) – just under the UCI's 6.8kg minimum weight limit for racing. That's without pedals, mind. Stick some on and you're good to go and race up the Tourmalet in the Tour de France. I'm pretty confident that makes the Urgestalt Disc the lightest disc brake-equipped bike we've ever reviewed on road.cc, although the new Specialized Tarmac Disc, with a power meter, has a claimed weight of 6.6kg (14.6lb). Let's not get caught up in a weights arms race, though!
We know that if you want to achieve the biggest advantage on a bike, an improvement in aerodynamic efficiency of a given order beats a lightweight tweak of a similar amount in most circumstances, but a lightweight (with a lower case 'L') bike can still feel good to ride. If you and whatever you're wearing come in at 12 stone, say, swapping from an 18lb bike to a 15lb bike is a total system (bike plus rider) saving of about 1.6%. It's not massive by any means, but you'd take it.
Anyway, enough of the figures. In use, the Lightweight Urgestalt Disc feels super-responsive when you put in extra effort, joining in energetically when you ask for a burst of speed to get away from the group or chase down someone with escape on their mind. The sharper the acceleration, the more you notice the lack of ballast.
The other time you notice it is on the steeper climbs, and we have plenty of those around our way. The Urgestalt Disc feels like it's working with you on the hills rather than reluctantly dragging itself up with an if-I-must attitude. Know what I mean? Some bikes seem to be asking why we couldn't have gone around the side rather than going over the top, whereas this bike just gets cracking.
As we've said a million times, producing a lightweight frame is simple, it's getting a lightweight frame that handles well that's difficult. Take any old frame and get whittling and you'll eventually end up with a world beating weight, but that doesn't guarantee a stellar performance out on the road. I try not to trade in clichés and certainly not in national stereotypes but – you knew there would be a 'but' – this German bike (okay, built in the Far East for a German brand) does have a massive focus on efficiency.
'Key aspects of [the design are] efficient power transmission, best directional stability and maximum stiffness,' says Lightweight.
Told you. None of those claims will surprise you one bit once you take the Urgestalt Disc for a ride. It feels direct. I occasionally got the slightest amount of front brake rub when riding out of the saddle and slinging the bike from side to side, but that aside it feels very stiff without any wandering of the bottom bracket during hard efforts.
The overall feel is firm but the Urgestalt Disc manages to stay the right side of harsh. Lightweight's 27.2mm Leistungstrager seatpost offers some flexibility and comfort but the main thing is that our review bike came fitted with 28mm tyres and they turn up the comfort dial a couple of clicks compared to 25s.
In terms of geometry, the Urgestalt Disc is a race bike all the way. We had the 56cm model in for test (I'm between sizes here; I could do with a 57cm frame but Lightweight doesn't make one) which has a 56cm seat tube, a 56cm effective top tube and a 15.5cm head tube. The head angle is 73 degrees and the seat angle is 73.5 degrees. The stack height on this size is 563mm and the reach is 393mm.
To save yourself translating that little lot into plain English, it means the geometry follows the bike's overall efficiency theme. At the risk of stating the obvious, you're going to be riding in quite an aggressive position here compared with what's on offer from an endurance bike, say, just in case anyone is in any doubt as to what the Lightweight is all about. You might not necessarily race this bike but it is definitely coming from that direction.
The Urgestalt Disc is sold as a frameset for £3,989 – that comprises the frame, fork, headset, carbon headset spacers, thru-axles, clamp for the seatpost and rear derailleur hanger.
Our review bike came in a top-end build that would set you back £10,499 (yes, you could buy a car for that; two or three if you really wanted), although you could opt for any other spec that takes your fancy. In this case, we had Shimano's Dura-Ace Di2 groupset, Lightweight's own seatpost and handlebar and a 3T stem.
Our bike was also fitted with Lightweight's Wegweiser Disc wheels (£3,499) which we first told you about 18 months ago. Check out our news report on Lightweight's Wegweiser Disc wheels here.
The Wegweiser wheels use rims that are 36mm deep and 24mm wide, made using automatic production methods that keep the price lower than Lightweight's other wheels, although it's all relative; they're still more expensive than wheels from most other brands. The wheels are built up by hand in Germany with 20 carbon spokes front and rear. The clincher wheelset we have weighs 1,450g.
In use, the Wegweiser wheels are quick and stiff. They accelerate beautifully and feel solid at the same time – which pretty much sums up the rest of the bike too, so they complement the overall feel.
I have a couple of criticisms, though. First, they're not tubeless compatible – that might or might not be of relevance to you. Second, I found them a bit more of a handful in crosswinds than other wheels with a similar rim depth. Don't get me wrong, these wheels don't get knocked about all over the place at the first breath of wind – far from it – but I did notice that keeping a line in gusty conditions was more of a challenge than with rivals. I won't go into any more depth on them here because, as mentioned, they're not part of the package you're buying.
In terms of price, the Lightweight frameset is a little more than the 3T Strada that we reviewed recently (£3,600) and a fair chunk higher than a Bianchi Oltre XR4 CV frameset (£3,400). You couldn't accuse it of being cheap, but you probably wouldn't expect it to be. It's a premium product at a premium product's price.
Overall, the Lightweight Urgestalt Disc lives up to its name in being the lightest disc-equipped bike that we've ever reviewed on road.cc, and it manages to combine that with offering very good frame stiffness, leading to a bright and sparky ride. You're not getting aero features thrown into the mix here, but if you're after disc brakes and you value light weight above all else, give this one some serious thought.
It's a road frame with a race focus.
"The new Urgestalt Disc opens a new chapter for Lightweight in the construction of bike frames," says Lightweight. "The initial idea was as simple as it was challenging as the frame is the essential link between the wheels and the rider. Key aspects of these developments were most efficient power transmission, best directional stability and maximum stiffness.
"For the second generation of Urgestalt the engineers in Friedrichshafen [Germany] started where they did with the first: from scratch. Their mission was to improve all performance values while considering the implementation of latest technologies such as disc brakes, electronic gear-shifting systems and the mounting of measuring devices.
"The hard work was rewarded with the best and most versatile race bike frame that Lightweight has ever built. The new Urgestalt Disc is a further step in the evolution of the perfect racing bike."
Both are full carbon. The frame is a monocoque construction with a 1 1/8in to 1 1/2in tapered head tube, BB386 bottom bracket, and accepts a 27.2mm diameter seatpost.
If you want a disc brake road frame and light weight is your chief concern, this is a seriously good option.
I cover this in the main body of the review. It's a race/performance-focused geometry with a fairly short head tube for a given frame size.
The 56cm model has a 56cm seat tube and a 56cm head tube.
I wouldn't say comfort is chief among its qualities. It's firm but not harsh. Our review bike came fitted with 28mm tyres and I'd say that's a good choice.
Yeah, pretty stiff. I occasionally got a little brake rub (disc brakes not rim brakes, remember) at the front when riding out of the saddle but never any at the rear. The centre of the bike always felt solid to me.
A little. I usually have a bit, but it's never a worry.
How would you describe the steering? Was it lively The lively side of neutral. This is a bike that's easy to manoeuvre.
It descends and corners well.
The Shimano Dura-Ace Di2 groupset performed superbly. The Wegweiser Disc wheels accelerate fast and feel solid, although I found them a little less stable than some in a crosswind.
Would you consider buying the bike? I'd rather have something with better aero credentials.
Would you recommend the bike to a friend? If they wanted both light weight and disc brakes.
If you want disc brakes and you're after something exceptionally light, this is a great bike. However, you have to pay a lot of money for it. Loads, in fact! I reckon that works out at an 8 overall.
Nice looking and you're unlikely to come across another one in the flesh, but does nothing a TCR can't do for less than half the price.
My wife had a first generation (non-disk) version of this. The seatpost kept slipping, the front brake cable stop failed and the bottle cage bosses weren't even straight in the frame. Not quite such a premium product! Needless to say, it was sent back.
When she did have it though, she raved about the ride quality and absolutely - we never saw another one.
With some more sensible wheels, this looks interesting though.


Most people have heard and swallowed the hype that ebooks are all there is to self-publishing, that making 6-figures with a few Kindle ebooks is the trophy every player wants to walk away with.
Unfortunately, that's all but impossible. Statistically, those bestsellers on Amazon are less than 1 percent. (This is from Amazon's own sales rank.) On top of that, the 6-figure authors I've chased down sell all possible other versions of those books everywhere else they can, not just ebooks only.
In short, you can't get there from wherever you are right now.
The bottom line to succeeding with ebook publishing is being covered over with a bunch of misdirections and strategies which are over 99% wrong.
Let's back this up then.
First: You don't succeed only with ebooks – they are only the start.
Second: Books are containers for ideas. They can take many formats. You're probably familiar with paperbacks, hardbacks, audiobooks.
Third: Successful authors publish in all possible formats.
Fourth: There's a scale of formats.
Your "books" start out with an idea, and usually in text format.
Your text is usually started or converted to digital.
Polished, this becomes an ebook.
Take that digital data and flow it into a Word (or LibreOffice) document and then you can upload it to create print versions, paperback on CreateSpace and Lulu, hardback on Lulu.
If you make a presentation and match it to the audio, you wind up with a video and posted to YouTube or others to promote your various book versions.
What remarkably few writers talk about (but most non-fiction authors are doing) are leveraging all these different book-versions in order to create a course.
Up to this point, I also haven't talked about courses. These finally hit my radar after I took a few. When you look at these, you can quickly say – "hey, these aren't anything I couldn't do." If you've followed my steps, you'll know that I've personally done everything I've talked about. This is to test everything for you and then give you the rundown of the simplest way to do it for yourself.
I've not gotten into videos as these are far more time-intensive than writing, editing, and recording audio. They are also harder to monetize, which takes even more time. Courses, though, make video's possible to be utilized, and monetized.
Western courses tend to be linear and top-down, with the provider as authority. That aligns to our linear books, so an author creating courses is not that far from their work in creating books.
The great scene is that this also allows us to have more distributors bring us more passive income.
How do distributors make you income? Promotion is getting your offer in front of other audiences so they can choose it for themselves. Each distributor has a marketplace with an existing audience. (This is what separates the wannabe's and vanity/subsidy publishers from the rest – they expect you to bring your own audience for a price you pay up front.) Bonafide distributors usually take a split of your price for themselves in order to finance that platform. The one's I recommend here let you start for free, they don't charge you on a annual, per month, or per book basis.
presentations (mostly for free): Slideshare, HummingbirdDM, Scribd, own hosting.
courses: Udemy, eLearningMarketplace.com, OpenSesame, own hosting.
The criteria I hold here is that you have to be able to submit for free, just as Amazon or others. The others not mentioned in each category require you to pay up front. And most of these have paid upgrade options. What I want to tell you about is how you can start from scratch without any out-of-pocket costs.
All of these levels of formatting have increasing amounts of work and organization, but are all able to be created by an individual or solopreneur. You can have a content business located anywhere you can get an Internet connection. No boss, plenty of income if you organize it right. The idea here is that you can get started for nothing more than just sweat equity.
Each formatting level has varying numbers of free-to-publish market places. It's interesting to find that the bottom and the top have the greatest number of marketplaces who want your book-content.
If you've followed my articles and podcast episodes, you'll know the answer I recommend: all of them.
Simply because once you have the book-container in the format you want, then you have a digital product you can host anywhere. So you might as well – you won't know what money you are missing otherwise.
The worst aspect to deal with is the "race to the bottom." Amazon is infamous at this. They are the only ebook distributor that penalizes you for setting a price higher than $9.99 – they want to commoditize ebooks and so, commoditize authors. Most of the "how to" books on dealing with Amazon work only within these limits. Few tell you to simply take your book to other distributors as well. Or to sell it directly and pocket even higher percentages.
One example was a guy who wrote a very authoritative PDF on Evernote. And he makes a few thousand every month from that single book selling on his own site. Yes, there are a lot of wannabe ebooks on Amazon for 2.99 or 3.99 – his is around $25 and isn't available except on his site. So is he losing money? Not as much as if he tried to "compete" on Amazon.
This is a research work in progress. I won't have all the details in for some months from now, due to the complexity of the subject.
In all of the above, the additional choice is to self-host. I'm torn between all of these, actually, since they each have different advantages.
If you don't have an option already for creating a course via your web host, then I'd recommend starting with Teachable or Thinkific to build your course, and then port it as above.
Do watch their preferences. Udemy is a stickler on pricing, but arguably does the most work in pitching their courses to potential students. Note that you won't put any high-end courses here. Intro courses, with links to your main site where they can find your upper-end sequels would be a logical choice.
Teachable has probably the best backend for enabling you to get started. Thinkific is close behind.
As in books, I'd recommend you create the course once and port it to every marketplace you can.
There are also other options for courses (and for any bundle of digital products) such as pitching them through affiliate sales platforms, which are nothing but marketplaces for affiliate sales people. That is completely a different subject area, and a research project still incomplete. Several of these course platforms have built-in affiliate programs you can take advantage of.
Check them out for yourself as part of your due diligence.
The point of this is to get started building courses and leverage what you have to the next level.
While you create your book in LibreOffice (or Word), you'll port to ebooks first in order to get quick sales.
Creating the PDF will give you paperbacks on CreateSpace and Lulu, hardbacks on Lulu.
Part of your editing is reading it out loud, so it makes sense to create at least a podcast at the same time. Then get the final version professionally recorded, or DIY.
Combine the audio and images into MovieMaker (on Windows, or iMovie on MAC, or OpenShot on Linux – there are many other non-linear editors available on all platforms.) Now you have a video.
Create a course outline, probably according to your book chapters, and you can build your course with all these materials. Note that the best experience is where you post all versions of the material available for the student to download according to their own learning preferences.
What is interesting is that you can work this all backwards from the course you want to create.
You begin with the audience, and for that you need to write a sales page, write an ad, and do a course outline. Create the course on whatever platform you'll be using. Start running the ad and getting opt-ins with emails. Give them access with their purchase, and survey them for just what they want. Then start producing it, modifying your outline and adding lessons as you go.
As you produce your text, audio, slides, and video, you can be producing short-read ebooks which are available for purchase as part of the course materials. Combine these books so that they result in 32 print pages and you have a slim paperback. Combine all these slim volumes and you'll have a thicker paperback to offer. That paperback can become a deluxe hardback as well.
Meanwhile, your students can give your books reviews and start moving them up the Amazon rankings.
This then gives us an unsuspected way to write and publish books – by teaching. And I don't know that this couldn't be adapted for non-fiction. Certainly, all the "cutting room floor" leftovers from creating a book could be used for a fan course. It would be much as the bonus material found on DVD's, I expect.
Other than some small details, this is the capstone of my research into book publishing. It was as surprising to me as it probably was to you.
Next for me is to actually take these four years of blog posts/podcasts and turn them into a full-fledged course.
Of course, you'll be invited to pilot it.
The post Courses – The Final Frontier of Book Publishing appeared first on Living Sensical.


the role of the departmental chairman (or divisional or program chairman) is critical.
liaison between faculty and other groups, and formal convener of faculty gatherings.
desirable and productive, are the essential first steps to the resolution of any grievance.
committees to assist them in these matters.
grounds of the dispute and the relief sought.
the established administrative appeal procedures established herein.
University administration may request the opinion or the advice of the Committee.
denial of tenure, or failure of promotion.
freedom, making a formal appeal unnecessary.
academic unit shall be brought to the faculty member's attention.
discipline. Copies of these are available in the office of the dean or department.
to those who participate in the decision on whether or not tenure will be awarded.
questions of renewal and tenure.
opportunity for regular review of the qualifications of nontenured faculty members.
addition, only the Chancellor can award tenure.
status of the approval process.
the reasons which formed the basis of the nonrenewal decision, as set forth below.
to the steps he should take.
of the reasons given in explanation of nonrenewal.
faculty member has failed to achieve.
functions as are here described to be those of deans.
Sciences, and through them, the Chancellor, that a faculty member be reappointed.
described in III.B., which follows.
writing to the Provost for his approval.
panel without prejudice or prior involvement in that faculty case is selected.
other schools will be established by the Provost.
prejudiced the outcome of the case.
2.b., the Appeals Panel will move into its formal proceedings.
basis) by all tenure-stream faculty.
who have not been involved in earlier deliberations.
central Appeals Pool, from which individual Appeals Panels will be drawn.
on leave of absence or sabbatical also will be excluded.
to be part of the Pool for the selection of that panel.
the remaining two will serve as alternates.
school involved and even though the process is facilitated by the Provost.
include a member of that class which is the basis of the discrimination charge.
protected classes: women, minorities, and handicapped persons.
previous involvement in this case.
Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and American Indian/Alaskans.
subclasses as nonvoting members of the Appeals Panel.
two names chosen will be the alternates.
request a formal hearing by an Appeals Panel.
an Appeals Panel be constituted.
Dean of his school for a hearing, stating the grounds for the appeal.
and in no case later than 60 days following such request.
had not been a prior evaluation at the departmental level.
a period of time as the University Counsel may specify.
chairman of the review committee to give testimony.
(5) All witnesses will appear individually and in closed session.
of witnesses who, in their judgment, would give similar testimony.
submission of the final report of the Panel.
in writing to the Provost, together with the written record of the Panel's proceedings.
nonrenewal within two weeks of receipt of the written notice of nonrenewal.
of receiving a written statement of the reasons for nonrenewal.
improper ground for nonrenewal to warrant further investigation of the charges.
circumstances, recognizing the shortened time available for review.
of the Board of Trustees of the University.
held before a committee selected in accordance with procedures set forth below.
of persuasion will be upon the complaining faculty member.
Chancellor and the Chairman of the Board of Trustees.
at any time in this process.
member's appointment, the Chancellor will request advice from a Hearing Board.
review of the process by an appropriate committee of the Board of Trustees.
individual faculty member) shall be considered the responding party.
made by the Hearing Board.
receives no new testimony, nor are witnesses heard, and its meetings are closed.
departments and the faculty concerned.
constitutes exhaustion of the University appeals procedures.
Chapter II, Article II, Section III, Paragraph D, "Termination of Appointment for Cause,"


We're very excited to have two organisations that have expressed their support for maaple's aims and are proud to do so! The LGBTQ student group at the University of Birmingham and the LGBT+ staff group at Loughborough University have both declared their willingness to support us and we look forward to working with them!
I hasten to add that individuals within these organisations have been proactive in ensuring that their organisations are known to be among our supporters. This is very heartening and we are very grateful to Marion and David for working so quickly!
If you'd like your organisation or institution to be listed among our supporters, please do get in touch! We are keen to hear from you!


No matter when you visit, this character-filled New England town has enough alpine charm to flood an Instagram feed. But it's especially vibrant during winter, when skiers and snowboarders come to tackle the miles of trails that crisscross Stowe Mountain Resort's Mount Mansfield (Vermont's tallest mountain) and nearby Spruce Peak. Stowe gets more than 300 inches of snow annually, and many consider it the northeast's best skiing.
The scenic, five-mile byway known as the Stowe Recreation Path is open to cross-country skiers, snowshoers, cyclists, walkers and joggers. It connects the village to the Top Notch Resort on Mountain Road, winding across wooden bridges and past pretty picnic spots, and it's a great way to get a feel for the area when you first arrive. During winter, the ice rink at the Spruce Peak Village Center is a nice option for kids who are feeling a little skied out.
For serious skiers wanting to maximize time and minimize schlepping, the ski-in, ski-out Stowe Mountain Lodge has an ultra-convenient location right at the base of Spruce Peak (spend a week here and you'll wonder how you ever skied without valet service). Rooms are on the splurgy side, but have gas fireplaces, kitchens or kitchenettes. There are a mix of layouts to choose from, most of which can accommodate at least four people, and those looking for a strong après-ski game will be happy to know that the heated outdoor pool is open year-round. The Stowe Motel & Snowdrift is located on the town's shuttle route, and within easy reach of both the mountain and village. Accommodations include classic motel rooms, suites with kitchenettes, apartments and freestanding rental houses.
Sundaes and giant milkshakes (called frappes) are the main attractions at the 1950s-inspired Depot Street Malt Shoppe, which is set in one of the village's classic wood-frame houses and also offers basic diner fare like sandwiches and burgers.


text:
Fitow
Typhoon Fitow hits China
Typhoon Fitow has hit China's eastern coast, with winds of up to 151km/h (93mph).
The powerful storm has killed at least five people, with four others missing, Chinese media report.
More than 4.5 million people have been affected and officials in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces said it has caused economic losses of more than 21 billion yuan.
The typhoon made landfall at 01:15 local time on Monday in the city of Fuding.
Rescue operations are ongoing.
Image: © Getty
Copyright is owned by Asia Outlook and/or Outlook Publishing. All rights reserved.


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