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Development and Psychopathology
Volume 24 Issue 3: multilevel approaches toward understanding antis...
URL: /core/journals/development-and-psychopathology
Multilevel Approaches Toward Understanding Antisocial Behavior: Current Research and Future Directions
Volume 24 - Issue 3 - August 2012
Mandi L. Burnette, Dante Cicchetti
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 July 2012, pp. 703-704
Supportive parenting mediates neighborhood socioeconomic disparities in children's antisocial behavior from ages 5 to 12
Candice L. Odgers, Avshalom Caspi, Michael A. Russell, Robert J. Sampson, Louise Arseneault, Terrie E. Moffitt
We report a graded relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and children's antisocial behavior that (a) can be observed at school entry, (b) widens across childhood, (c) remains after controlling for family-level SES and risk, and (d) is completely mediated by maternal warmth and parental monitoring (defined throughout as supportive parenting). The children were participants in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study (N = 2,232), which prospectively tracked the development of children and their neighborhoods across childhood. Direct and independent effects of neighborhood-level SES on children's antisocial behavior were observed as early as age 5, and the gap between children living in deprived versus more affluent neighborhoods widened as children approached adolescence. By age 12, the effect of neighborhood SES on children's antisocial behavior was as large as the effect observed for our most robust predictor of antisocial behavior: sex (Cohen d = 0.51 when comparing children growing up in deprived vs. more affluent neighborhoods in comparison to Cohen d = 0.53 when comparing antisocial behavior among boys vs. girls). However, these relatively large differences in children's levels and rate of change in antisocial behavior across deprived versus more affluent neighborhoods were completely mediated by supportive parenting practices. The implications of our findings for studying and reducing socioeconomic disparities in antisocial behavior among children are discussed.
Childhood maltreatment and illicit drug use in middle adulthood: The role of neighborhood characteristics
Preeti Chauhan, Cathy Spatz Widom
This paper examined whether childhood maltreatment increases the risk of living in neighborhoods with less desirable characteristics (i.e., more disorder and disadvantage, less social cohesion, social control and advantage, and fewer resources) in middle adulthood and whether these neighborhood characteristics influence subsequent illicit drug use. Using a prospective cohort design study, court documented cases of childhood abuse and neglect and matched controls (n = 833) were first interviewed as young adults (mean age = 29 years) from 1989 to 1995 and again in middle adulthood from 2000 to 2002 (mean age = 40 years) and 2003 to 2005 (mean age = 41 years). In middle adulthood, individuals with histories of childhood abuse and neglect were more likely to live in neighborhoods with more disorder and disadvantage and less social cohesion and advantage compared to controls and to engage in illicit drug use during the past year. Path analyses showed an indirect effect on illicit drug use via neighborhood disorder among maltreated children, even after accounting for drug abuse symptoms in young adulthood, although this was sex specific and race specific, affecting women and Whites. Overall, child abuse and neglect places children on a negative trajectory that dynamically influences negative outcomes at multiple levels into middle adulthood.
Advancing paternal age and offspring violent offending: A sibling-comparison study
Ralf Kuja-Halkola, Yudi Pawitan, Brian M. D'Onofrio, Niklas Långström, Paul Lichtenstein
Children born to older fathers are at higher risk to develop severe psychopathology (e.g., schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), possibly because of increased de novo mutations during spermatogenesis with older paternal age. Because severe psychopathology is correlated with antisocial behavior, we examined possible associations between advancing paternal age and offspring violent offending. Interlinked Swedish national registers provided information on fathers' age at childbirth and violent criminal convictions in all offspring born from 1958 to 1979 (N = 2,359,921). We used ever committing a violent crime and number of violent crimes as indices of violent offending. The data included information on multiple levels; we compared differentially exposed siblings in within-family analyses to rigorously test causal influences. In the entire population, advancing paternal age predicted offspring violent crime according to both indices. Congruent with a causal effect, this association remained for rates of violent crime in within-family analyses. However, in within-family analyses, we found no association with ever committing a violent crime, suggesting that factors shared by siblings (genes and environment) confounded this association. Life-course persistent criminality has been proposed to have a partly biological etiology; our results agree with a stronger biological effect (i.e., de novo mutations) on persistent violent offending.
Externalizing problems, attention regulation, and household chaos: A longitudinal behavioral genetic study
Zhe Wang, Kirby Deater-Deckard, Stephen A. Petrill, Lee A. Thompson
Previous research documented a robust link between difficulties in self-regulation and development of externalizing problems (i.e., aggression and delinquency). In this study, we examined the longitudinal additive and interactive genetic and environmental covariation underlying this well-established link using a twin design. The sample included 131 pairs of monozygotic twins and 173 pairs of same-sex dizygotic twins who participated in three waves of annual assessment. Mothers and fathers provided reports of externalizing problems. Teacher report and observer rating were used to assess twin's attention regulation. The etiology underlying the link between externalizing problems and attention regulation shifted from a common genetic mechanism to a common environmental mechanism in the transition across middle childhood. Household chaos moderated the genetic variance of and covariance between externalizing problems and attention regulation. The genetic influence on individual differences in both externalizing problems and attention regulation was stronger in more chaotic households. However, higher levels of household chaos attenuated the genetic link between externalizing problems and attention regulation.
Association between a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure and externalizing behavior problems in children
Jianghong Liu, Jill Portnoy, Adrian Raine
Prenatal androgen exposure has been associated with aggressive behavior in adults. It is less clear whether this association holds for childhood externalizing behavior. This study tests the hypothesis that increased prenatal androgen exposure is associated with aggressive behavior and attention problems in childhood. The ratio of the length of the second finger digit relative to the fourth digit, which is a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure, was assessed in 239 male and female fifth grade schoolchildren from Jintan, China, together with parent and teacher ratings of aggression and attention problems. Increased aggression and attention problems were both significantly associated with a lower ratio of the length of the second finger digit relative to the fourth digit ratios in boys but not girls. The effects remained significant after controlling for early adversity. These findings are the first to establish a relationship between an indirect indicator of fetal androgen exposure and any child psychopathology in Chinese children, and the observed effect size in boys was stronger than in male adults in Western studies. The results provide limited cross-cultural support for the importance of prenatal androgen exposure in contributing to the development of externalizing behavior problems in children, and they suggest that such effects may be specific to boys who may be relatively more vulnerable to early prenatal influences.
Toward a new understanding of legacy of early attachments for future antisocial trajectories: Evidence from two longitudinal studies
Grazyna Kochanska, Sanghag Kim
Early parent–child attachment has been extensively explored as a contributor to children's future adaptive or antisocial outcomes, but the specific developmental mechanisms remain to be fully understood. We examined long-term indirect developmental sequelae of early security in two longitudinal community samples followed from infancy to early school age: the Family Study (102 mothers, fathers, and infants) and the Parent–Child Study (112 mothers and infants). Constructs at multiple levels (child characteristics, parent–child security, parental discipline, and child antisocial outcomes) were assessed using a range of methods (extensive behavioral observations in a variety of settings, informants' ratings). Both studies supported the proposed model of infant attachment as a potent catalyst that moderates future developmental socialization trajectories, despite having few long-term main effects. In insecure dyads, a pattern of coercion emerged between children who were anger prone as toddlers and their parents, resulting in parents' increased power-assertive discipline. Power assertion in turn predicted children's rule-breaking conduct and a compromised capacity to delay in laboratory paradigms, as well as oppositional, disruptive, callous, and aggressive behavior rated by parents and teachers at early school age. This causal chain was absent in secure dyads, where child anger proneness was unrelated to power assertion, and power assertion was unrelated to antisocial outcomes. Early insecurity appeared to act as a catalyst for the parent–child dyad embarking on a mutually adversarial path toward antisocial outcomes, whereas security defused such a maladaptive dynamic. The possible mechanisms of those effects were proposed.
Pathways and processes of risk in associations among maternal antisocial personality symptoms, interparental aggression, and preschooler's psychopathology
Patrick T. Davies, Melissa L. Sturge-Apple, Dante Cicchetti, Liviah G. Manning, Sara E. Vonhold
Two studies examined the nature and processes underlying the joint role of interparental aggression and maternal antisocial personality as predictors of children's disruptive behavior problems. Participants for both studies included a high-risk sample of 201 mothers and their 2-year-old children in a longitudinal, multimethod design. Addressing the form of the interplay between interparental aggression and maternal antisocial personality as risk factors for concurrent and prospective levels of child disruptive problems, the Study 1 findings indicated that maternal antisocial personality was a predictor of the initial levels of preschooler's disruptive problems independent of the effects of interparental violence, comorbid forms of maternal psychopathology, and socioeconomic factors. In attesting to the salience of interparental aggression in the lives of young children, latent difference score analyses further revealed that interparental aggression mediated the link between maternal antisocial personality and subsequent changes in child disruptive problems over a 1-year period. To identify the family mechanisms that account for the two forms of intergenerational transmission of disruptive problems identified in Study 1, Study 2 explored the role of children's difficult temperament, emotional reactivity to interparental conflict, adrenocortical reactivity in a challenging parent–child task, and experiences with maternal parenting as mediating processes. Analyses identified child emotional reactivity to conflict and maternal unresponsiveness as mediators in pathways between interparental aggression and preschooler's disruptive problems. The findings further supported the role of blunted adrenocortical reactivity as an allostatic mediator of the associations between parental unresponsiveness and child disruptive problems.
Development of fear and guilt in young children: Stability over time and relations with psychopathology
Erika Baker, Eugenia Baibazarova, Georgia Ktistaki, Katherine H. Shelton, Stephanie H. M. van Goozen
Extremes in fearful temperament have long been associated with later psychopathology and risk pathways. Whereas fearful children are inhibited and anxious and avoid novel events, fearless individuals are disinhibited and more likely to engage in aggressive behavior. However, very few studies have examined fear in infants from a multimethod and prospective longitudinal perspective. This study had the following objectives: to examine behavioral, maternal reported, and physiological indices of fearful temperament in infancy, together with their relations and stability over time; and to establish whether early indices of fear predict fear later in toddlerhood. We also examined the association between behavioral and physiological measures of fear and guilt and whether fear in infancy predicts guilt in toddlers. Finally, we investigated infant risk factors for later psychopathology. We recorded skin conductance level (SCL) and heart rate (HR) and observed children's responses during a Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery fear paradigm across the first 3 years of life and during a guilt induction procedure at age 3 (N = 70). The results indicate that different measures of infant fear were associated across time. Observed fearlessness in infancy predicted observed fearlessness and low levels of SCL arousal to fear and guilt in toddlers. Low levels of HR and SCL to fear in infancy predicted low levels of physiological arousal to the same situation and to guilt 2 years later. Fear and guilt were significantly associated across measures. Finally, toddlers with clinically significant internalizing problems at age 3 were already notably more fearful in Year 1 as reflected by their significantly higher HR levels. The results indicated that assessments of children in infancy are predictive of how these children react 2 years later and therefore lend support to the idea that the emotional thermostat is set in the first 3 years of life. They also showed, for the first time, that infant fear is a predictor of guilt, which is an emotion that develops later. The implications of these findings for our understanding of developmental psychopathology are discussed.
Temperamental exuberance and executive function predict propensity for risk taking in childhood
Ayelet Lahat, Kathryn A. Degnan, Lauren K. White, Jennifer Martin McDermott, Heather A. Henderson, C. W. Lejuez, Nathan A. Fox
The present study utilized a multilevel approach to examine developmental trajectories in risk-taking propensity. We examined the moderating role of specific executive function components, attention shifting and inhibitory control, on the link between exuberant temperament in infancy and propensity for risk taking in childhood. Risk taking was assessed using a task previously associated with sensation seeking and antisocial behaviors. Two hundred ninety-one infants were brought into the lab and behaviors reflecting exuberance were observed at 4, 9, 24, and 36 months of age. Executive function was assessed at 48 months of age. Risk-taking propensity was measured when children were 60 months of age. The results indicated that exuberance and attention shifting, but not inhibitory control, significantly interacted to predict propensity for risk taking. Exuberance was positively associated with risk-taking propensity among children who were relatively low in attention shifting but unrelated for children high in attention shifting. These findings illustrated the multifinality of developmental outcomes for temperamentally exuberant young children and pointed to the distinct regulatory influences of different executive functions for children of differing temperaments. Attention shifting likely affords a child the ability to consider both positive and negative consequences and moderates the relation between early exuberance and risk-taking propensity.
Pathways from harsh parenting to adolescent antisocial behavior: A multidomain test of gender moderation
Mandi L. Burnette, Assaf Oshri, Rachael Lax, Dayton Richards, Shayne N. Ragbeer
We tested for gender moderation within a multidomain model of antisocial behavior (ASB) among community youth, drawn from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods study. Youths (N = 1,639) were 9 to 12 years old at baseline and were followed for two additional waves, spaced approximately 2.5 years apart. We hypothesized that harsh and physically coercive parenting, a familial level risk factor, would impact individual level risk factors for ASB, such as childhood temperament ratings of emotionality and inhibitory control, and preadolescent externalizing and internalizing symptoms, as well as involvement with antisocial peers. We further hypothesized that this process and its impact on ASB would be moderated by gender. We used both multiple indicator multiple causes and multiple group analyses to test for gender moderation and a structural equation modeling multiple mediation framework to evaluate the strength of indirect effects. We tested the role of family, individual, and peer level influences on ASB, after accounting for the role of known contextual factors, including poverty, race, and neighborhood. Our overall model fit the data well for males and females, indicating harsh parenting, disinhibition, emotionality, and peers exert a strong influence on risk for ASB. Gender moderated the pathway from harsh parenting to externalizing behavior, such that this was a significant pathway for girls, but not boys. We discussed the importance of these findings with regard to intervention planning for youth at risk for ASB and future gender-informed models of ASB.
Early predictors of boys' antisocial trajectories
Daniel S. Shaw, Luke W. Hyde, Lauretta M. Brennan
Despite the large number of studies tracing patterns of youth antisocial behavior (AB) during adolescence, few have prospective data on the developmental precursors of AB beginning during infancy. Using a cohort of 268 low-income boys first assessed at 18 months, the current study examined predictors of early- and late-starting trajectories of AB assessed during early childhood and early adolescence. Four trajectory groups were identified, including early- and late-starting groups, a low stable group, and a high decreasing group, characterized by multiple risk factors during early childhood and early adolescence. During early childhood, parenting and maternal depression discriminated two AB trajectory groups, an early-starting and a high decreasing group, who would go on to demonstrate a high preponderance of juvenile court involvement (60% to 79%) and elevated rates of clinical depression 13 to 15 years later. The results were discussed in reference to targeting malleable family risk factors during early childhood associated with patterns of AB and mental health disorders during adolescence.
Intergenerational influences on early alcohol use: Independence from the problem behavior pathway
David C. R. Kerr, Deborah M. Capaldi, Katherine C. Pears, Lee D. Owen
Conduct problems are a general risk factor for adolescent alcohol use. However, their role in relation to alcohol-specific risk pathways of intergenerational transmission of alcohol use is not well understood. Further, the roles of alcohol-specific contextual influences on children's early alcohol use have been little examined. In a 20-year prospective, multimethod study of 83 fathers and their 125 children, we considered the predictors of child alcohol use by age 13 years. The predictors included fathers' adolescent antisocial behavior and alcohol use, both parents' adult alcohol use, norms about and encouragement of child use, parental monitoring, child-reported exposure to intoxicated adults, and parent-reported child externalizing behaviors. Path models supported an association between fathers' adolescent alcohol use and children's use (β = 0.17) that was not better explained by concurrent indicators of fathers' and children's general problem behavior. Fathers' and mothers' adult alcohol use uniquely predicted child use, and exposure to intoxicated adults partially mediated the latter path. Other family risk mechanisms were not supported. However, parental alcohol use and child alcohol use were linked in expected ways with family contextual conditions known to set the stage for alcohol use problems later in adolescence.
The effects of child maltreatment on early signs of antisocial behavior: Genetic moderation by tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase A genes
Dante Cicchetti, Fred A. Rogosch, Eric L. Thibodeau
Gene–environment interaction effects in predicting antisocial behavior in late childhood were investigated among maltreated and nonmaltreated low-income children (N = 627, M age = 11.27). Variants in three genes were examined: tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) upstream variable number tandem repeat. In addition to child maltreatment status, we considered the impact of maltreatment subtypes, developmental timing of maltreatment, and chronicity. Indicators of antisocial behavior were obtained from self-, peer, and adult counselor reports. In a series of analyses of covariance, child maltreatment and its parameters demonstrated strong main effects on early antisocial behavior as assessed by all report forms. Genetic effects operated primarily in the context of gene–environment interactions, moderating the impact of child maltreatment on outcomes. Across the three genes, among nonmaltreated children no differences in antisocial behavior were found based on genetic variation. In contrast, among maltreated children specific polymorphisms of TPH1, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA were each related to heightened self-report of antisocial behavior; the interaction of 5-HTTLPR and developmental timing of maltreatment also indicated more severe antisocial outcomes for children with early onset and recurrent maltreatment based on genotype. TPH1 and 5-HTTLPR interacted with maltreatment subtype to predict peer reports of antisocial behavior; genetic variation contributed to larger differences in antisocial behavior among abused children. The TPH1 and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms also moderated the effects of maltreatment subtype on adult reports of antisocial behavior; again, the genetic effects were strongest for children who were abused. In addition, TPH1 moderated the effect of developmental timing of maltreatment and chronicity on adult reports of antisocial behavior. The findings elucidate how genetic variation contributes to identifying which maltreated children are most vulnerable to antisocial development.
Effects of divorce on Dutch boys' and girls' externalizing behavior in Gene × Environment perspective: Diathesis stress or differential susceptibility in the Dutch Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey study?
Esther Nederhof, Jay Belsky, Johan Ormel, Albertine J. Oldehinkel
The effects of divorce on children's behavioral development have proven to be quite varied across studies, and most developmental and family scholars today appreciate the great heterogeneity in divorce effects. Thus, this inquiry sought to determine whether select dopaminergic genes previously associated with externalizing behavior and/or found to moderate diverse environmental effects (dopamine receptors D2 and D4, catechol-O-methyltransferase) might moderate divorce effects on adolescent self-reported externalizing problems; and, if so, whether evidence of gene–environment (G × E) interaction would prove consistent with diathesis–stress or differential-susceptibility models of environmental action. Data from the first and third wave of the Dutch Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (n = 1,134) revealed some evidence of G × E interaction reflecting diathesis–stress but not differential susceptibility. It is intriguing that some evidence pointed to "vantage sensitivity," which are benefits accruing to those with a specific genotype when their parents remained together, the exact opposite of diathesis–stress. The limits of this work are considered, especially with regard to the conditions for testing differential susceptibility, and future directions are outlined.
Life stress, the dopamine receptor gene, and emerging adult drug use trajectories: A longitudinal, multilevel, mediated moderation analysis
Gene H. Brody, Yi-Fu Chen, Tianyi Yu, Steven R. H. Beach, Steven M. Kogan, Ronald L. Simons, Michael Windle, Robert A. Philibert
This study was designed to examine the prospective relations of life stress and genetic status with increases in drug use. African Americans (N = 399) in rural Georgia (Wave 1 mean age = 17 years) provided three waves of data across 27.5 months and a saliva sample from which the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene was genotyped. Multilevel growth curve modeling analysis indicated that emerging adults manifested the highest escalations in drug use when they reported high life stress and carried an allele of DRD4 with 7 or more repeats (7 + R allele). In addition, emerging adults who reported high life stress and carried the 7 + R allele evinced the largest increases in two proximal risk factors for drug use: affiliations with drug-using companions and drug use vulnerability cognitions. Furthermore, when the Gene × Environment interaction effects on the increases in affiliations with drug-using companions and vulnerability cognitions were entered into the model forecasting drug use, the Life Stress × DRD4 Status interaction on drug use became nonsignificant in the presence of the risk mechanisms. This finding provides an example of "second generation" Gene × Environment interaction research in which the interaction's effects on proximal risk mechanisms account for its effects on outcomes.
Testing multiple levels of influence in the intergenerational transmission of alcohol disorders from a developmental perspective: The example of alcohol use promoting peers and μ-opioid receptor M1 variation
Laurie Chassin, Matthew R. Lee, Young Il Cho, Frances L. Wang, Arpana Agrawal, Kenneth J. Sher, Michael T. Lynskey
This study examined the interplay between the influence of peers who promote alcohol use and μ-opioid receptor M1 (OPRM1) genetic variation in the intergenerational transmission of alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms while separating the "traitlike" components of AUD symptoms from their age-specific manifestations at three ages from emerging adulthood (17–23 years) to adulthood (29–40 years). The results for males were consistent with genetically influenced peer selection mechanisms as mediators of parent alcoholism effects. Male children of alcoholics were less likely to be carriers of the G allele in single nucleotide polymorphism A118G (rs1799971), and those who were homozygous for the A allele were more likely to affiliate with alcohol use promoting peers who increased the risk for AUD symptoms at all ages. There was evidence for women of an interaction between OPRM1 variation and peer affiliations but only at the earliest age band. Peer influences had stronger effects among women who were G-carriers. These results illustrate the complex ways in which the interplay between influences at multiple levels of analysis can underlie the intergenerational transmission of alcohol disorders as well as the importance of considering age and gender differences in these pathways.
Genetic and neurocognitive contributions to the development of psychopathy
Essi Viding, Eamon J. McCrory
An overview is provided of recent twin, molecular genetic, and magnetic resonance imaging studies that are helping to inform a model of developmental vulnerability to adult psychopathy. Although the current evidence base suggests that children with high levels of callous–unemotional traits are genetically and neurocognitively vulnerable to developing psychopathic and antisocial behaviors, existing research also clearly indicates that environmental influences play an important role. One potential implication is that interventions for children with antisocial behavior and callous–unemotional traits may need to be tailored to take into account their distinct pattern of neurocognitive vulnerability, as revealed by developmental neuroimaging studies. Specifically, interventions that pursue punishment-oriented or explicit empathy induction strategies may be less effective with this group of antisocial children. By contrast, preliminary evidence suggests that enhancing positive parenting and parental involvement, as well as applying consistent rewards may represent more promising intervention approaches.
Aggression as an equifinal outcome of distinct neurocognitive and neuroaffective processes
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp, Mark T. Greenberg, Christine K. Fortunato, Michael A. Coccia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 July 2012, pp. 985-1002
Early onset aggression precipitates a cascade of risk factors, increasing the probability of a range of externalizing and internalizing psychopathological outcomes. Unfortunately, decades of research on the etiological contributions to the manifestation of aggression have failed to yield identification of any risk factors determined to be either necessary or sufficient, likely attributable to etiological heterogeneity within the construct of aggression. Differential pathways of etiological risk are not easily discerned at the behavioral or self-report level, particularly in young children, requiring multilevel analysis of risk pathways. This study focuses on three domains of risk to examine the heterogeneity in 207 urban kindergarten children with high levels of aggression: cognitive processing, socioemotional competence and emotion processing, and family context. The results indicate that 90% of children in the high aggression group could be characterized as either low in verbal ability or high in physiological arousal (resting skin conductance). Children characterized as low verbal, high arousal, or both differed in social and emotional competence, physiological reactivity to emotion, and aspects of family-based contextual risk. The implications of this etiologic heterogeneity of aggression are discussed in terms of assessment and treatment.
Instantiating the multiple levels of analysis perspective in a program of study on externalizing behavior
Theodore P. Beauchaine, Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 July 2012, pp. 1003-1018
During the last quarter century, developmental psychopathology has become increasingly inclusive and now spans disciplines ranging from psychiatric genetics to primary prevention. As a result, developmental psychopathologists have extended traditional diathesis–stress and transactional models to include causal processes at and across all relevant levels of analysis. Such research is embodied in what is known as the multiple levels of analysis perspective. We describe how multiple levels of analysis research has informed our current thinking about antisocial and borderline personality development among trait impulsive and therefore vulnerable individuals. Our approach extends the multiple levels of analysis perspective beyond simple Biology × Environment interactions by evaluating impulsivity across physiological systems (genetic, autonomic, hormonal, neural), psychological constructs (social, affective, motivational), developmental epochs (preschool, middle childhood, adolescence, adulthood), sexes (male, female), and methods of inquiry (self-report, informant report, treatment outcome, cardiovascular, electrophysiological, neuroimaging). By conducting our research using any and all available methods across these levels of analysis, we have arrived at a developmental model of trait impulsivity that we believe confers a greater understanding of this highly heritable trait and captures at least some heterogeneity in key behavioral outcomes, including delinquency and suicide.


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True crime and the rise of the docudrama
Film and Media Studies Director Linda DeLibero discusses the growing appeal of true crime storytelling on TV and the future of the genre
Image caption: "There's no reason any of my students would have even heard of David Koresh or Waco or what happened there," says Linda DeLibero, director of the Johns Hopkins Program in Film and Media Studies. "But they can watch Waco and be introduced to issues that are still hot button issues today and that are packaged as entertainment, full of fascinating characters and critical dilemmas." [Image: Actor Taylor Kitsch as David Koresh in Waco.]
Credit: Paramount Network
By Saralyn Cruickshank
/ Published Jan 30, 2018
When filmmaker Errol Morris extracted a taped confession from death row inmate David Harris for the murder of a Dallas police officer in 1976, he not only cleared an innocent man for the crime—he made documentary history and helped shape the true crime genre into what it is today.
These days, the line between fiction and nonfiction, drama and reality has blurred. Whether it's millionaire Robert Durst blurting out an apparent confession between belches on a hot mic in a hotel bathroom for HBO's The Jinx, or a near shot-for-shot recreation of the murder trial and media circus for FX's American Crime Story: The People V. O.J. Simpson, or the Netflix meta-documentary Casting JonBenet that cashes in on a 6-year-old pageant queen's murder while toeing the line of exploitation, the genre has distorted its relationship to truth, and attracted scores of viewers along the way.
For insight on the popularity of true crime and the appeal of blockbuster "prestige" true crime storytelling, the Hub reached out to Linda DeLibero, director of the Program in Film and Media Studies at Johns Hopkins University.
Here's what she had to say.
How has the genre of the docudrama evolved over time?
Image caption: Linda DeLibero
For the last 50 years, people have taken pains to think seriously about what documentary means, and what truth means, and what reality means. Documentaries that have fictionalized reenactments have been around for a long time, but they have always been controversial among documentary filmmakers because they don't represent "The Truth." To insert elements of drama into a format like documentary—is that fair game? Does that undermine the whole project of trying to show the world as it is?
Errol Morris was probably the most notorious example of this kind of filmmaking. The Thin Blue Line is a really pivotal event in documentary film history, because it was not only full of reenactments, but it also changed the course of the subject's life and uncovered a truth that would have otherwise gone unnoticed. So then, the question becomes, Can we make a difference? And if you can make a difference, then reenactment and this display of what you've investigated is fair game.
Now we're at the point where some of these documentaries are very purposefully aimed at making a difference, like The Keepers. I think both the strength and the weakness of The Keepers was that it had a mission, but that it also wanted to tell this compelling story. Sometimes those different strands didn't connect.
What explains their popularity right now?
As with any commercial products, the motives of documentary filmmakers are necessarily mixed. You have to sell this, you have to make it popular, and you're going to honor the people who you're covering, or you're going to use them—or both. And that's the difficulty.
Video credit: Slate
These fictionalized accounts might be a way to sidestep some of those problems. If you have actual people testifying in your movie, that can be exploitative. This way, if you get permission from the Versace family beforehand, for example, and Donatella's signed the release forms—you're done, you're free to create.
I think the primary motive behind these shows like American Crime Story and any other fictionalized rendering of crimes—people want to see crime, and they don't want to see things that didn't really happen.
There is this real desire to feel that what you're witnessing is something true, and everything that's happened in the entertainment industry since the advent of the Internet has only made this impulse grow.
What else do these shows reveal about our culture?
These shows present hot button issues in a way that's a lot more palatable than watching Meet the Press. I think it taps into viewers' emotional reactions—it probably makes people think they're watching something educational as well as entertaining. And I don't dispute that, if the shows are done well.
"Casting JonBenet": A documentary that unintentionally exploits its participants
/ The New Yorker
American Crime Story's Versace season is far more about the murderer than the murdered
/ Vox
25 years after the tanks, tear gas, and flames, 'Waco' returns to TV
/ NPR
For younger audiences, this is a chance for them to get their history. There's no reason any of my students would have even heard of David Koresh or Waco or what happened there. But they can watch Waco and be introduced to issues that are still hot button issues today and that are packaged as entertainment, full of fascinating characters and critical dilemmas.
The people who make these shows speak about the historical underpinnings of the issues at play in the stories. For example, the producers of American Crime Story: The Assassination of Gianni Versace are always talking about how the show takes place in a time when being gay in America was still problematic and there was a demimonde where things were going on that were not mainstream. They're presenting this as a way of revealing gay history that many viewers may not know about. That's the hook.
There's something about that that feels a little more virtuous, and a little more important—it's no longer mindless entertainment.
What do you see as the future of the genre?
I hate to say it as a film lover, but film is going to have to figure out how to compete with television. You can no longer say that what's going on in television is less prestigious or cutting-edge or interesting than what's going on in film.
Film is no longer where people are getting their bold, artful dramas. It's television now, and it's the Wild West. You can explore topics in depth, that's the difference—you get eight to 10 hours to develop characters and story lines. These are stories that people don't look at as "T.V." This is something else. It's important.
This news cycle—when every single day something unprecedented happens, to the point of when we've become inured, paralyzed from being able to do anything, you have these shows that are regurgitations of things that gobsmacked people decades ago, and you're giving them something that they didn't know about before. And there's the convergence of a lot of changes in the industry, such as the number of top talent actors, writers, and producers who are working in television now. There's an onus on these people to produce stories that are important—the way that film once was considered to be.
Posted in Arts+Culture
Tagged film and media studies, documentary, television, linda dilibero

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Greetings to you in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.
We hope and pray you are doing well.
We pay our heartfelt thanks for your kind support and the prayers you are doing for us here in India.
By the abundant grace of God we and all the children are doing well here. We praise God for the freedom of the gospel in India.
I recently talked to the children about the Christians persecution in Iraq and Syria by ISIS. I told them the time is near to see the Lord Jesus face to face with His glory. We can see complete evil in the acts of the ISIS that how much they enjoy the persecution of Lord"s people. As you know death is the enemy of both man and God but they love the killing so that it IS is complete evil as I see it.
I read the email from brother Nakamoto about the killing of the children of Christians. Some things we cannot say YES or NO. They happen according to His will. We are merely human beings and simply watch His will on the earth. That is all according to my understanding.
We are all praying for the families who are suffering terribly. The Lord will take care of them where ever they are in the world.
We are having 174 orphans and semi orphans at Hebron at the moment. We are giving them food and shelter. We are educating them both secular and the morality of Christianity. They are learning principles of life and getting the answers for the questions where they came from? Why they are here? What is the purpose of life? Where they will go?
I am just telling them to live like Christ and live forever.
We need to give a pair of clothes to the children this year which costs about 10 US $ for each child. Please pray for this particular need.
We are all sending our high regards and best wishes to all the brethren and sisters in the church there. Please continue to pray for us.
We are contentiously praying for your strength both physically and spiritually.
Sagar and all at Hebron.


Search all Vauxhall Agila used car prices. Basic valuations, unadjusted for mileage or any options fitted, are free. To access more precise Vauxhall Agila valuations, taking into account exact mileage and any value-adding extras fitted such as sat-nav, there's a small charge.
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WASHINGTON – On the eve of an historic technological transition to digital television, the focus for the two federal agencies managing the switch is on helping Americans who are at risk of losing their TV signals.
The digital TV (DTV) transition began over two decades ago as engineers set an ambitious technological goal: moving broadcast television into the digital age. Efficient digital technology would provide consumers with a better picture and sound and more channels, while at the same time clearing valuable airwaves to meet the explosive demand for advanced wireless services, including first-responder radio.
The transition also had a policy goal: to make the switch with as little disruption to the public as possible. That's why the Federal Communications Commission and the Commerce Department's National Telecommunications and Information Administration are intently focused on making sure as few people as possible lose access to the valuable news, information and entertainment programming they count on.
Just as the transition is an unprecedented engineering feat, it also involves an unprecedented community outreach effort by the agencies to households most affected by the transition. Those households include low-income families, senior citizens, minority and non-English speaking households and people with disabilities.
"In any change this big, there are going to be disruptions," said FCC Acting Chairman Michael J. Copps. "We are trying our best to provide people, especially those who are most at-risk, with the help they need to make the switch as smoothly as possible. And we're going to keep offering it after June 12, so people should call us at 1-888-CALL-FCC."
"The nation's DTV transition is a tremendous undertaking," said NTIA Acting Administrator Anna M. Gomez. "The overwhelming majority of Americans are prepared, but despite our best efforts, some will lose television service tomorrow. Consumers should know that even after June 12, they can still apply for coupons to help them purchase TV converter boxes."


A dwindling number of children available for international adoption is being blamed for the closure of yet another adoption agency in B.C. — the second to end operations in six months.
CHOICES Adoption and Pregnancy Counselling Agency, the only licensed adoption agency on Vancouver Island and one of just three agencies left in the province, will shut down on May 31.
"It basically boils down to the fact that the numbers of children available for adoption internationally have been in decline over the past few years and the trend is continuing, and we're just not viable given the decrease in the number of international adoptions," said Jane Cowell, board chair for CHOICES.
The agency serves families wishing to pursue adoption domestically and internationally, as well as providing pregnancy counselling. CHOICES, which is based in Victoria, has been involved in the adoptions of more than 1,000 children in the 30 years it has been in existence. It was one of the first provincially licensed agencies.
Over the past dozen years, according to B.C.'s Vital Statistics Agency, the number of adoptions registered in B.C. has been on the decline, going from 714 in 2006 to 207 in 2016. There was an increase in 2017 to 521 adoptions, a number which dropped slightly to 507 in 2018.
In B.C., according to CHOICES, inter-country adoptions have decreased 39 per cent over the past five years, which the Ministry of Children and Family Development said is a global trend.
Cowell said international adoption is volatile, and can change day to day. Many countries have stopped allowing international adoptions and are instead working to place children with families within their own borders.
International politics can also be a factor. For example, last year, a number of adoptions were left up in the air when the federal government decided to stop issuing visas for children adopted from Japan.
"It's a really unpredictable field and it just erodes the financial viability of the organization when you don't have enough placements, basically," Cowell said.
Domestic adoptions are also down, Cowell said. The primary reason for that is that people are deciding to parent their children instead of putting them up for adoption, Cowell said. Better access to birth control is another factor.
The decline is taking a toll on adoption agencies. At one time, there were seven licensed agencies in the province.
A previous casualty was Family Services of Greater Vancouver, which shut down in November. After May 31, only Sunrise Family Services Society in North Vancouver and The Adoption Centre of B.C. in Kelowna will be in operation.
CHOICES and other licensed B.C. adoption agencies typically deal with adoptions from out of province or out of country, along with the adoption of B.C. children who have not been in ministry care. The Ministry of Children and Family Development oversees adoptions from foster care.
The ministry is working with CHOICES to move files and make the transition as seamless as possible for adoptive families, without creating extra costs for them. About 140 families are in various phases of the adoption process with CHOICES.
The Adoptive Families Association of B.C., which provides support to families going through the adoption process, offered its services to CHOICES staff and affected families during the transition.
"CHOICES was one of the first licensed adoption agencies in B.C. They were really a partner for the last three decades, and they were committed to finding families before we even had the B.C. Adoption Act so it's definitely a big loss and we're sad to see them go," said association spokesperson Andrea Driedger.


PINEHURST – Another specialist in vascular surgery has joined the team at FirstHealth Vascular & Vein. Glenn Fusonie, M.D., brings 15 years of experience in both traditional and endovascular surgery to the FirstHealth practice, which is staffed by Pinehurst Surgical providers. He works alongside Clinton Atkinson, M.D., and Paul Vieta, M.D., and certified physician assistants Desek Gibson, Adam Clark and Stephen Bush.
Dr. Fusonie has relocated with his family to Pinehurst from Laconia, N.H., where he worked as a vascular surgeon and held various leadership positions on the medical staff at LRGHealthcare, in the "lakes region" of the state. He treats adults of all ages who have conditions such as aortic aneurysms, blocked arteries and other disorders of the veins and vascular system.
Choosing to be part of this FirstHealth team involved both professional and family factors, he says. Having lived in Albemarle for a brief time years ago, he's familiar with the region, and he has relatives in South Carolina.
Dr. Fusonie earned his medical degree from the Boston (MA) University School of Medicine, where he also completed an internship in general surgery. He completed a general surgery residency at SUNY Upstate School of Medicine, in Syracuse, NY, and a fellowship in vascular surgery at the University Of Cincinnati College Of Medicine.
His training includes endovascular surgery—using more minimally invasive approaches compared to traditional "open" surgery—for management of several vascular disorders. With his extensive experience, he has trained other physicians to use these techniques. He has also been published in leading medical journals.
Dr. Fusonie and his wife, Sara, are parents to third-graders Paige and Parker. He is active in sports, including hockey, baseball, biking, fishing and golf, and has served as a youth league coach.
To make an appointment with Dr. Fusonie and the team at FirstHealth Vascular & Vein, Pinehurst Surgical, call (910) 215-2536. The office is at 5 FirstVillage Drive, Pinehurst.


text:
<?php

/* SMAdminBundle:Products:index.html.twig */
class __TwigTemplate_8196cb12ef0c3001473fb60202d07618 extends Twig_Template
{
    public function __construct(Twig_Environment $env)
    {
        parent::__construct($env);

        $this->parent = $this->env->loadTemplate("SMAdminBundle::admin.html.twig");

        $this->blocks = array(
            'body' => array($this, 'block_body'),
        );
    }

    protected function doGetParent(array $context)
    {
        return "SMAdminBundle::admin.html.twig";
    }

    protected function doDisplay(array $context, array $blocks = array())
    {
        $this->parent->display($context, array_merge($this->blocks, $blocks));
    }

    // line 2
    public function block_body($context, array $blocks = array())
    {
        // line 3
        echo "

";
        // line 29
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Product List", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "

    env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products_new"), "html", null, true);
        echo "\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">";
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Create a new entry", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "
    env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products_delete_all"), "html", null, true);
        echo "\">";
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Delete all", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "

            ";
        // line 37
        $context['_parent'] = (array) $context;
        $context['_seq'] = twig_ensure_traversable($this->getContext($context, "langList"));
        foreach ($context['_seq'] as $context["_key"] => $context["opt"]) {
            // line 38
            echo "                ";
            if (($this->getContext($context, "lang") == $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "opt"), "id"))) {
                // line 39
                echo "                ";
                echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "opt"), "name"), "html", null, true);
                echo "
                ";
            }
            // line 41
            echo "            ";
        }
        $_parent = $context['_parent'];
        unset($context['_seq'], $context['_iterated'], $context['_key'], $context['opt'], $context['_parent'], $context['loop']);
        $context = array_intersect_key($context, $_parent) + $_parent;
        // line 42
        echo "

            ";
        // line 44
        $context['_parent'] = (array) $context;
        $context['_seq'] = twig_ensure_traversable($this->getContext($context, "langList"));
        foreach ($context['_seq'] as $context["_key"] => $context["opt"]) {
            // line 45
            echo "
env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products", array("page" => 1, "lang" => $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "opt"), "id"))), "html", null, true);
            echo "\">";
            echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "opt"), "name"), "html", null, true);
            echo "

            ";
        }
        $_parent = $context['_parent'];
        unset($context['_seq'], $context['_iterated'], $context['_key'], $context['opt'], $context['_parent'], $context['loop']);
        $context = array_intersect_key($context, $_parent) + $_parent;
        // line 47
        echo "

        <form class=\"well form-search\" method=\"POST\" action=\"";
        // line 51
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products"), "html", null, true);
        echo "\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">
            ";
        // line 52
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Name", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo " : <input type=\"text\" name=\"name\" id=\"name\" value=\"";
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->getContext($context, "name"), "html", null, true);
        echo "\">
            ";
        // line 53
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Branch", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo " : <select name=\"branch\" id=\"branch\">
                        <option value=\"\">-- ";
        // line 54
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Select", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo " -- </option>
                        ";
        // line 55
        $context['_parent'] = (array) $context;
        $context['_seq'] = twig_ensure_traversable($this->getContext($context, "optBranchs"));
        foreach ($context['_seq'] as $context["_key"] => $context["obj"]) {
            // line 56
            echo "                            ";
            if ((!(null === $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "obj"), "getCurrentLanguage")))) {
                // line 57
                echo "                                <option value=\"";
                echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "obj"), "id"), "html", null, true);
                echo "\" ";
                if (($this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "obj"), "id") == $this->getContext($context, "branchId"))) {
                    echo " selected=\"selected\"";
                }
                echo ">
                                    ";
                // line 58
                echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, twig_truncate_filter($this->env, $this->getAttribute($this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "obj"), "getCurrentLanguage"), "getTreeName"), 50), "html", null, true);
                echo "
                                </option>
                            ";
            }
            // line 61
            echo "                        ";
        }
        $_parent = $context['_parent'];
        unset($context['_seq'], $context['_iterated'], $context['_key'], $context['obj'], $context['_parent'], $context['loop']);
        $context = array_intersect_key($context, $_parent) + $_parent;
        // line 62
        echo "                    </select>
            <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"language\" value=\"";
        // line 63
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->getContext($context, "lang"), "html", null, true);
        echo "\"/>
            <button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn\" style=\"width: 100px;\">";
        // line 64
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Search", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "</button>
            <button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn\" style=\"width: 100px;\" id=\"btnReset\">";
        // line 65
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Reset", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "</button>
        </form>

<form method=\"post\" name=\"frmList\" id=\"frmList\" action=\"#\">

                <input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"checkAll\" id=\"checkAll\"/>
                ";
        // line 75
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Id", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "
                ";
        // line 76
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Name", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "
                ";
        // line 77
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Created Time", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "
                ";
        // line 78
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Status", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "
                ";
        // line 79
        echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Action", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
        echo "

        ";
        // line 83
        $context['_parent'] = (array) $context;
        $context['_seq'] = twig_ensure_traversable($this->getContext($context, "entities"));
        foreach ($context['_seq'] as $context["_key"] => $context["entity"]) {
            // line 84
            echo "

                <input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"";
            // line 85
            echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "id"), "html", null, true);
            echo "\" name=\"checklist[]\" class=\"chkItem\"/>
                ";
            // line 86
            echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->getAttribute($this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "product"), "id"), "html", null, true);
            echo "

                    ";
            // line 88
            if ((!(null === $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "name")))) {
                // line 89
                echo "                        ";
                echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, twig_truncate_filter($this->env, $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "name"), 50), "html", null, true);
                echo "
                    ";
            } else {
                // line 91
                echo "                        ";
                echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Not set value in this language", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
                echo "
                    ";
            }
            // line 93
            echo "
                ";
            // line 94
            if ($this->getAttribute($this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "product"), "createdAt")) {
                echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, twig_date_format_filter($this->env, $this->getAttribute($this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "product"), "createdAt"), "Y-m-d H:i:s"), "html", null, true);
            }
            echo "

                    ";
            // line 96
            if (($this->getAttribute($this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "product"), "status") == 1)) {
                // line 97
                echo "                        <input type=\"checkbox\" checked=\"checked\" class=\"defaultCheckBox\" disabled=\"true\"/>
                    ";
            } else {
                // line 99
                echo "                        <input type=\"checkbox\" class=\"defaultCheckBox\" disabled=\"true\"/>
                    ";
            }
            // line 101
            echo "

                    env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products_edit", array("id" => $this->getAttribute($this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "product"), "id"))), "html", null, true);
            echo "\">";
            echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Edit", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
            echo "
                    ";
            // line 104
            if ((!(null === $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "language")))) {
                // line 105
                echo "                          |
                        env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products_delete", array("id" => $this->getAttribute($this->getContext($context, "entity"), "id"))), "html", null, true);
                echo "\" class=\"delete\">";
                echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->env->getExtension('translator')->trans("Delete", array(), "SMAdminBundle"), "html", null, true);
                echo "
                    ";
            }
            // line 108
            echo "

        ";
        }
        $_parent = $context['_parent'];
        unset($context['_seq'], $context['_iterated'], $context['_key'], $context['entity'], $context['_parent'], $context['loop']);
        $context = array_intersect_key($context, $_parent) + $_parent;
        // line 112
        echo "

</form>

";
        // line 117
        if (($this->getContext($context, "lastPage") > 1)) {
            // line 118
            echo "

env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products", array("page" => 1, "lang" => $this->getContext($context, "lang"))), "html", null, true);
            echo "\">

env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products", array("page" => $this->getContext($context, "previousPage"), "lang" => $this->getContext($context, "lang"))), "html", null, true);
            echo "\">

    ";
            // line 122
            $context['_parent'] = (array) $context;
            $context['_seq'] = twig_ensure_traversable(range(1, $this->getContext($context, "lastPage")));
            foreach ($context['_seq'] as $context["_key"] => $context["page"]) {
                // line 123
                echo "      ";
                if (($this->getContext($context, "page") == $this->getContext($context, "currentPage"))) {
                    // line 124
                    echo "
env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products", array("page" => $this->getContext($context, "page"), "lang" => $this->getContext($context, "lang"))), "html", null, true);
                    echo "\">";
                    echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->getContext($context, "page"), "html", null, true);
                    echo "

      ";
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                    // line 126
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env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products", array("page" => $this->getContext($context, "page"), "lang" => $this->getContext($context, "lang"))), "html", null, true);
                    echo "\">";
                    echo twig_escape_filter($this->env, $this->getContext($context, "page"), "html", null, true);
                    echo "

      ";
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                // line 128
                echo "    ";
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            $_parent = $context['_parent'];
            unset($context['_seq'], $context['_iterated'], $context['_key'], $context['page'], $context['_parent'], $context['loop']);
            $context = array_intersect_key($context, $_parent) + $_parent;
            // line 129
            echo "
env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products", array("page" => $this->getContext($context, "nextPage"), "lang" => $this->getContext($context, "lang"))), "html", null, true);
            echo "\">

env, $this->env->getExtension('routing')->getPath("admin_products", array("page" => $this->getContext($context, "lastPage"), "lang" => $this->getContext($context, "lang"))), "html", null, true);
            echo "\">

";
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        // line 134
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";
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Le Georgian Grande () est une race de chevaux originaire de Géorgie, aux États-Unis, développée à partir de croisements entre le Saddlebred et le Frison, ainsi que diverses races de chevaux de trait. Le but de cet élevage est de créer un cheval de type Saddlebred, doté des qualités des races chevalines plus lourdes. L'un des objectifs du registre généalogique est de recréer un type historique de Saddlebred qui était commun avant le .

Histoire

Le Georgian Grande résulte d'une tentative pour créer une nouvelle race, plus lourde que le Saddlebred moderne. Elles sont initiées dans les années 1970 par George Wagner Jr, de Piketon, dans l'Ohio. Son ambition est de recréer le type plus robuste du Saddlebred de l'ancien temps, tels que les animaux montés pour la cavalerie au cours de la Guerre de Sécession. Il estime que ce type est le Saddlebred originel. L'élevage de Wagner réussit à faire naître des chevaux du type désiré, la race est nommée d'après son prénom, George's great horse. L'association de race Internationale du Georgian Grande est créée en 1994, et plus tard acceptée en tant que membre de l'United States Dressage Federation All Breeds Council et de l'American Horse Council.

Description
Le but de l'élevage est de combiner le raffinement du Saddlebred et le tempérament des races plus lourdes, pour créer un cheval baroque adapté à de multiples pratiques équestre et à l'attelage. La hauteur du Georgian Grande varie de  à  au garrot selon CAB International, le poids de 450 à 640 kg. Toutes les couleurs de robe et d'yeux sont acceptées. L'apparence d'ensemble souhaitée est un grand cheval, de forte ossature et de belle apparence. Le caractère souhaité est attentif et intelligent, mais calme. Le cheval doit être facile à éduquer et très coopératif. Un Georgian Grande n'est pas considérée comme mature avant l'âge de six ans.

Le standard de la race la décrit comme ayant un front large et de grands yeux bien espacés. Le profil doit être rectiligne ou légèrement concave, avec un bout de nez délicat et des naseaux largement ouverts. L'encolure est longue, arquée et bien musclée, attachée à un garrot bien défini. Le dos est relativement court. Les épaules sont profondes et inclinées, pour permettre un bon mouvement. La croupe doit être légèrement inclinée. Les hanches doivent être larges et rondes. Les jambes doivent présenter une conformation permettant à l'animal de sauter. Les articulations doivent être de grande taille, et propre. Les jambes doivent être fortes, avec une bonne ossature ; la circonférence du canon d'un cheval mature, mesurée juste en dessous du genou, devrait être  au minimum, une plus grande circonférence étant souhaitable. Les sabots doivent être proportionnels à la taille du cheval

Le trot devrait avoir un grand ascenseur et de l'impulsion, avec la bonne extension. Le cheval doit déplacer ses jarrets profond dans son corps. Le galop doit être équilibrée et ronde, et la marche devrait être très énergique. Les allures comptent pour 50 % de la notation dans les expositions.

Sélection
Pour être admissible à l'inscription à l'International Georgian Grande Horse Registry, le cheval doit être enregistré de parents Georgian Grande, ou être issu d'un mélange de lignées de Saddlebred et d'une des races suivantes : Frison, Clydesdale, Percheron, Shire, Trait irlandais ou Trait belge. Les Drum Horse et Gypsy Vanner sont acceptés s'ils sont enregistrés dans leur propre registre de race et ont un pedigree. Aucune race de chevaux qui ne soit pas de trait autre que le Saddlebred est acceptée. Un Georgian Grande doit avoir au moins 25 %, mais pas plus de 75 %, d'origines Saddlebred dans son pedigree.

Utilisations
La race est destinée à des show de présentations montés, et à l'attelage. Bien qu'il ne s'agisse pas d'une race nationale reconnue par affiliation avec la Fédération américaine d'équitation (USEF), le Georgian Grande peut concourir dans tout événement ouvert à toutes les races USEF, et un croisé frison avec 50 % ou plus d'origine Frison peut concourir dans la catégorie Friesian part-bred.

Lors du toilettage d'un Georgian Grande, la crinière et la queue doivent normalement être maintenus à pleine longueur, bien que la crinière puisse être égalisée. La queue est gardée naturelle, et ne doit pas être repliée ou coupée. Les fanons sur les jambes sont acceptables, bien qu'ils puissent également être coupés.

Diffusion de l'élevage
Le Georgian Grande est propre aux États-Unis.

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
Liste de races chevalines

Liens externes
 The International Georgian Grande Horse Registry

Bibliographie

Race chevaline originaire des États-Unis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Algarve Cup set for March 2-9
Jeff Kassouf
The 12 teams that will compete in the 2011 Algarve Cup in Portugal have been revealed, with Group A featuring four of the world's top squads. The tournament will take place March 2-9.
No. 1-world ranked United States Women's National Team will play against World Cup qualifier Japan (No. 5), as well as the traditionally strong Norway (No. 7) and Finland (No.17) in Group A.
Group B will feature favorite Sweden facing off with China, Iceland and Denmark, while Group C remains as the weakest group as in past years. Host Portugal will feature against Chile, Romania and Wales in Group C play.
The United States won the 2010 Algarve Cup, defeating Germany 3-2 in the final.
The Cyprus Cup will take place at the same time (March 3-9), although participating teams have not yet been announced. Scotland, England and the Netherlands are expected to participate as hosts. Canada won the 2010 Cyprus Cup 1-0 over New Zealand last March.
2011 Algarve Cup (March 2-9)
Group A: United States (FIFA World Ranking: 1), Japan (5), Norway (7), Finland (17)
Group B: Sweden (4), China (12), Iceland (16), Denmark (10)
Group C: Portugal (40), Chile (51), Romania (35), Wales (49)
Check out the official release here.
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Over 400,000 West Bengal tea plantation workers strike; Alcoa workers walkout in Western Australia
Workers Struggles: Asia, Australia and the Pacific
India: Over 400,000 West Bengal tea plantation workers strike for pay rise
More than 400,000 tea plantation workers began a three-day strike on August 7 in West Bengal's Darjeeling district to demand a pay rise from the government and the plantation owners.
The mainly women workers want a combined 20 percent or 39 paise (about 50 US cents) increase in their minimum daily pay rates. The current minimum daily wage for Darjeeling tea plantation workers is 169 rupees ($2.46). The 20 percent raise would increase it to 203 rupees.
The tea plantation workers are covered by various union bodies, including the Stalinist Centre for Indian Trade Unions and Congress-affiliated Indian Trade Union Congress, which have formed a Joint Forum organisation.
The Joint Forum, which began negotiations early last month, threatened to strike between July 23 and 25. It called off the planned action after being told it could meet with West Bengal Labour Minister Moloy Ghatak on July 30 to discuss the wage claim. This meeting did not occur and future negotiations collapsed after employers only offered 17 paise.
The current minimum daily wage for tea plantation workers in nearby Assam state is 351 rupees, double that in Darjeeling.
Andhra Pradesh midday meal workers arrested
Hundreds of midday meal workers, who prepare lunches at government funded schools, were arrested by police on August 6 after they attempted to hold a protest in Vijayawada, the state's capital region.
About 3,000 midday meal workers travelled to the city to demand the government pay outstanding monthly salaries and cancel plans to privatise midday meal services throughout the state.
Dozens of police vans were used to transport the arrested women to police cells in Unguturu, Gannavaram, Ibrahimpatnam, Vuyyur, Thotlavallur and other police stations in the densely populated city.
The workers are members of the Mid-Day Meals Scheme Workers Union, which is affiliated to the Centre for Indian Trade Unions. Workers have warned that over 80,000 jobs will be destroyed if the privatisation plans are adopted.
Pakistan: Hyderabad health workers demand dues
Lady Health Workers program employees demonstrated on August 1 in Hyderabad, in Pakistan's Sindh province, to demand outstanding dues. The government has failed to pay monthly wages, arrears from previous wage increases, bonuses and payments for election duties in last month's general elections.
The workers blocked a major city road for more than two hours before the All Sindh Lady Health Workers and Employees Union (ASLHWEU) called off the demonstration when authorities promised to resolve the issue. The ASLHWEU later demanded the government grant workers' demands within 15 day or face an indefinite protest campaign.
A statement issued by the union said that 24,000 employees of the program did not have a service structure, which prevented them receiving regular salaries or other benefits awarded to government employees.
Hong Kong cleaners strike
Over 300 cleaners walked out on strike on Monday in protest against harsh working conditions and the sacking of elderly employees.
The strikers are employed by Lapco, a private cleaning contractor used by the government. The strike began with 100 workers from the Shui Wo Market in Kwun Tong. They were joined by other cleaners who struck at eight other waste handling sites. Workers said they were denied meal breaks by the government's Food and Environmental Hygiene Department and struggled to stay hydrated in stifling conditions.
Hong Kong maids demand better conditions
Around 30 workers protested outside Hong Kong's Labour Department offices on Tuesday for wage increases. During an annual meeting with authorities, maids' organisations called for the doubling of their food allowance and a 24.7 percent increase in their monthly wage to HK$5,500.
Hong Kong employers with maids living in their residences are required by law to give them either a separate food allowance, or some form of provisions. One worker complained that she was being provided with five-day old food from her employer's fridge.
Thailand vendors protest eviction from popular tourist venues
Scores of street vendors in Bangkok have participated in protests over the past week against government attempts to remove them from tourist hotspots. A ban was recently placed on vendors on the sidewalks of Khao San Road, which has substantial tourist traffic.
Government officials are strictly enforcing the new regulations. Authorities are also removing shanties along the Chao Phraya River to build a promenade, and earlier this year forced out a community of more than 300 people near an historic fort. The vendors, overwhelmingly poor and with no land rights, have no official channels for recourse.
Myanmar workers protest over unpaid benefits
Workers from May Kaung wood factory in Pyi Gyi Tagon township in Myanmar's Mandalay city demonstrated last week to demand unpaid incentives and benefits. The main gate of the factory was blocked by the protest.
Workers said they were owed payments for regular attendance, along with incremental and competency-based wage benefits and workplace healthcare allowances. Workers said their calls for the government to intervene had been ignored or rebuffed.
South Korean delivery drivers protest dress code
McDelivery motorcycle riders demonstrated outside the company's national headquarters in Jongno, Seoul on Monday. They were protesting a company dress code, which requires them to wear jeans, including in sweltering summer heat. They also called for wage increases.
Protesters held banners reading "The Coke is delivered cold but the delivery man melts on the way." They called for an extra 100 won for each successful delivery. Currently workers are given an additional 400 won for each delivery. Workers have been agitating for their demands since late last month.
Alcoa workers strike to defend conditions in Western Australia
Around 1,500 workers at aluminium company Alcoa began indefinite strike action in Western Australia on Wednesday in a long-running dispute over a new enterprise agreement. Negotiations began in December 2016.
While the company told the media this week that it had contingency plans to ensure production continues, the walkout is impacting on operations at the company's refineries in Kwinana and Wagerup and at its Huntly and Willowdale bauxite mines.
The industrial action followed an application by Alcoa for the federal government's Fair Work industrial tribunal to allow it to terminate the current work agreement. If this is granted, workers could be forced on to the base award with far inferior pay and working conditions.
The Australian Workers Union (AWU) says there has been no agreement on job security. Union officials have admitted that they have offered "concessions" to the company.
Cairns airport security workers protest job losses
Security workers employed by Danish-based contractor ISS protested at Cairns airport in Queensland last Tuesday, after being told they will lose their jobs at the end of this month. The company has lost the contract to provide security at Cairns and Mackay airports.
ISS told the 100 workers, who are members of United Voice Union, that they can apply for employment with the new contractor. Even if successful, they will be regarded as new employees and placed on probation. Accrued entitlements would not be transferable.
ISS is a global company operating in more than 70 countries, employing around half a million people worldwide. In 2017 the revenue value of its global operations stood at almost $AUS17 billion.
New Zealand: Secondary school teachers union begins negotiations for new contract
On Tuesday the Post-Primary Teachers Association (PPTA) began talks with the Ministry of Education for a new contract for secondary school teachers that expires on October 27. Meetings with union members were held during May and June earlier this year.
Secondary teachers want a 15 percent pay rise over one year, more non-contact time, allowances for teachers who live in cities with expensive accommodation costs, and new roles to liaise with Māori and Pacific Island communities.
The government has already ruled out the demands of the teachers. Minister of Education Chris Hipkins described the demands as "unreasonable." PPTA president Jack Boyle told the media that secondary teachers are willing to strike but said that the union hopes negotiations will prevent a walkout.
New Zealand education support specialists vote on strike
Learning support specialists voted this week on whether or not to strike on August 21. The vote closes on Monday at 6 p.m. Specialists include psychologists, speech therapists and early intervention teachers.
The New Zealand Educational Institute (NZEI) says their members' workloads are "overwhelming." Union members have rejected a current government offer of a 2 percent increase on the day of ratification and a further 2 percent next September. Primary school teachers, also represented by the NZEI, voted to strike in July and recently voted to extend their strike from 3 to 24 hours.
New Zealand quarry workers locked out
Fourteen workers at Atlas Quarry in Northland were locked out from August 6 to August 12 after striking on August 2. The quarry employees are only paid $20 an hour, around $4 less than the industry standard wage. The company's drivers work up to 88 hours a week.
First Union, which has negotiated with management for 10 months, says it has only presented a slight variation on a previous wage offer.
Māori TV workers strike for 24 hours
Workers at New Zealand's state-owned Māori TV station went on strike for higher pay on Wednesday. The channel primarily broadcasts in the Māori language. According to Joe Gallagher from the E tū union, around 35 five people, which included workers and supporters, picketed the studio.
E tū has been negotiating a new pay deal with Maori TV for months. Workers rejected a management offer made last week and have criticised management for awarding non-union members a pay rise and a Christmas bonus last year.
Global class struggleWorld News


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The place, also known as the Havana's Casa de Valencia (Valencia House) is a site preserving the Valencian tradition. It comprises the Entresuelos bar and La Paella restaurant, specialized in this typical dish, which has been winner for six occasions in national and international contests in Spain. An inner patio with exuberant vegetation, ideal for resting and for tasting varied cocktails, provides a special feeling to this hostel, also highlighting by its magnificent wooden roofs and the smithy balconies.
Follow Hostal Valencia on social media!


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Q: How create a P2P web-chat without any server? is there a way to create a P2P web-chat without any server ?

A: Malte Uble's excellent UniversalComet article does exactly that as a proof of concept. Even works with Iphone and Android phones.

A: Yes, but you must decide on a place to meet.
If your friend send his ip over to you, you can connect. Then you only need to tell some more people to join. After some time you will get bigger and bigger. Then, if some link on the net fail, the cloud will be broken up in two clouds(netsplit). Then everyone need to know how to get back to being "one cloud".
Some one in the cloud always have to play the server, that is done with voting. If all agreed on who is the server, then it's decided. If not agreed, shoot one down and vote again.
You have to host your own web-server to serve up the web-interface, I guess.
I have not tried this. But I think it would work.

A: If you're willing to use Flash, check out Adobe Stratus, which allows for peer to peer data and video streaming. http://labs.adobe.com/technologies/stratus/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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2021 Virginia Film Festival Set for October 27-31
Charlottesville, VA – March 3, 2021 – The Virginia Film Festival announced today that the 34th annual VAFF will take …
BRIGHTER TOGETHER: Projection Mapping by Local Artist Jeff Dobrow comes to Grounds
UVA Arts, the Office of the Provost and Vice Provost for the Arts, and the Division of Student Affairs presents BRIGHTER …
GROUNDS Podcast Discussion Tackles Race, Academia, and Identity
On Saturday, March 27 at 2 p.m., WTJU and Virginia Audio Collective will host a listening session and panel discussion …
Local Playwright Sheds Light on Trans Experience in New Online Play March 25-28
Live Arts is proud to present LET GO OF ME, an autobiographical play by local playwright, director, and filmmaker Kelley …
Virginia Film Festival Receives $20,000 Grant From National Endowment for the Arts
The Virginia Film Festival has been approved for a $20,000 Grants for Arts Projects Award from the National Endowment for …
Audition for the New Works Festival in the Department of Drama
The New Works Festival in the Department of Drama is auditioning actors for five new audio dramas, including an original musical. …
Virginia Film Festival Announces 2021 Launch Of Beyond The Screen: A Virtual Conversation Series
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA – January 26, 2021 – The Virginia Film Festival will continue its popular Beyond the Screen: A Virtual Conversation …
Nomi Dave Wins the Ruth Stone Prize from the Society for Ethnomusicology
Congratulations to UVA Music's Professor Nomi Dave who won the Ruth Stone prize from the Society for Ethnomusicology for best …
Time for a Steam: UVA Alumni Help Meticulously Restore Carrara Marble Capitals
The moment had come for Leigh Hassler to remove a painstakingly constructed steam chamber created to surround one of the …
Ghostly Forests on Eastern Shore Have a Story to Tell
The term "ghost forests" might sound like something from a Halloween movie, but these ghosts actually exist along low-lying shores, …
New Podcast Series Featuring Rita Dove
Unorchestrated, featuring Rita Dove in collaboration with the Akron Symphony Orchestra (ASO), is a new podcast that centers on Ms. …
Photo by Eze Amos
Written by: John Kelly
Charlottesville, VA – March 3, 2021 – The Virginia Film Festival announced today that the 34th annual VAFF will take place from October 27-31, 2021.
The Virginia Film Festival is a program of the University of Virginia and the Office of the Provost and Vice Provost for the Arts.
A final decision has yet to be made on the presentation format of this year's Festival. VAFF officials will continue to monitor local event and safety guidelines and receive guidance to ensure the safest possible scenario for all involved.
"As we all know, this is an evolving environment as it relates to live presentations," said Virginia Film Festival Director and University of Virginia Vice Provost for the Arts Jody Kielbasa. "While we look forward to returning to in-person events inside theaters, we are committed to doing so only if and when we receive guidance from health experts that it is safe to do so. With that in mind, we are currently considering all safe options for the 2021 Festival, and we look forward to sharing more information as it becomes available."
The VAFF is coming off a highly-successful 2020 year that featured a robust lineup of films and conversations presented in a hybrid format that combined virtual presentations with a series of high profile drive-in movies presented at Dairy Market in Charlottesville and at Morven Farm in Albemarle County.
2020 highlights included Nomadland, the Festival's closing night film, which earned the VAFF's Audience Award and last Sunday captured the Golden Globe for Best Drama Motion Picture. Director Chloé Zhao, who virtually accepted the VAFF's 2020 American Perspectives Award, was honored as only the second female, and first Asian female director to win Best Director honors at the Globes. Drive-in audiences also got a sneak preview of Amazon's Golden Globe-nominated One Night in Miami, featuring the directorial debut of Regina King, and Ammonite, starring Kate Winslet and Saoirse Ronan.
The Festival once again featured a stellar guest list in 2020 including actor, writer, producer, and director Ethan Hawke; Academy Award-nominee Annette Bening; One Night in Miami star Leslie Odom, Jr.; Terminatorfranchise star Linda Hamilton; longtime NPR Host Diane Rehm; celebrated Author James McBride; and award-winning film composer Thomas Newman.
The 2020 Festival also featured a continuation of the VAFF's commitment to provide a platform for, and be inclusive of, BIPOC voices, artists of color, and diverse points of view. "Ensuring that our films, events, and guest artists fully and inclusively reflect our community is a top priority for the Virginia Film Festival," said the Festival's Program Manager Chandler Ferrebee. "Sixty percent of this year's films were directed by women and/or BIPOC, and 54% of the guests who participated in discussions and introductions also fit this description."
The Festival officials also announced today that its annual Call for Entries is now open. Open to any filmmaker from around the world, the Call for Entries is an important vehicle through which the Festival highlights the work of exciting new voices in the filmmaking world. "The Call for Entries is one of the most exciting things about putting our program together," Ferrebee said. "So much of what we offer our audiences is about the chance to discover new talent, and year after year I am amazed by the films we receive through this channel."
Accepted films will be eligible for category-specific Audience and Programmers' Awards.
Once again this year, Virginia residents and students at Virginia schools are eligible to have their entry fees waived. The fees for non-Virginia filmmakers submitting by the regular deadline of Monday, June 14 will be $35 for features and $15 for shorts submissions. Those submitting by the extended deadline of Monday, July 5 may do so for $50 for features and $25 for shorts. The fee for students outside of Virginia to submit a film is $10. Filmmakers will be notified regarding their entry status by September 13.
For complete submission guidelines and waiver codes, visit virginiafilmfestival.org/submit-a-film. All questions should be submitted to [email protected].
For more information on the Virginia Film Festival, visit virginiafilmfestival.org.


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Navaz Karimian Pour
Intercultural Iranian Canadian Resource Centre > Staff > Navaz Karimian Pour
Navaz immigrated to Canada with her husband in 2006 and is now a mother of two young children. She is a scientific researcher, holding two Masters degrees in Biochemistry and is currently a senior PhD candidate at the University of Toronto, Department of Pharmacy. Her research focuses on HIV infection.
Navaz's exposure to discrimination, oppression and marginalization from early childhood ignited her desire to pursue social justice. In her philanthropy, she passionately and actively contributes to the not-for-profit service sector, focusing on supporting marginalized populations such as new immigrants, women, seniors and LGBTQ communities.
Navaz enjoys reading, writing, cooking and acting. She hopes her volunteer work, love and passion for social equity and cohesion bring more joy to the life of fellow citizens.


Finding National Movers in Barbados is no longer the time-consuming and energy sapping exercise that it once was; thanks to Shipping-To.com. This site puts you in a position where you can contact national movers and moving companies in Barbados immediately. The following listings include some of the leading companies in this sector both in null and abroad, and is the ideal place to begin planning your move.
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Pearl Jewellery Alert: Don't Get Fooled by Fakes!
Pearls are eternal and their timelessness is like an abstract cloak of allure and positivity that wraps around anyone who wears them. Women, especially know they can never go wrong with pearl jewellery—of course, we mean authentic and real pearl jewellery.
As a trusted and well-established jewellery designer and provider of pure and true pearls in Australia, Volle Jewellery strives to maintain its quality services and delights its clients with genuine and beautifully crafted pearl jewellery that can last for generations. We never settle for less because we want our customers to get the best. That's why we don't want you to make the awful mistake of unknowingly purchasing fake pearls or any imitation of gemstones in the market.
Years of maintaining high standards in jewellery making has made us experts in telling the difference between what's fake and what's real. There are different ways to do so and some require more technical ways only jewellery experts can perform. What we will be sharing to you are some simple and useful tips you can apply and do on your own to help you determine a real and authentic pearl from a fake one.
Inspect the pearl under natural sunlight or any bright light. Real pearls are iridescent and prismatic. You can see variations of hues as they shimmer just like a prism. Their uneven surface orientation are also more noticeable when they're closely inspected under bright light. Yes, unless they are extremely expensive, real pearls are not really smooth and their surfaces and sizes don't perfectly match. If a dealer sells you pearls that are smooth, with perfect, matching overtones and sizes at a very affordable price, then they're most likely fake.
Though seemingly weird, this is an all-time, do-it-yourself test for real pearls. Try to rub a pearl in front of your tooth, like in a biting motion. If they feel grainy or resistant, they may be real. Remember to be careful from accidentally swallowing it.
For the friction test, you can rub two pearls gently together and must feel the same grittiness. Naturally, pearls are coated with layers of nacre—a material composed mainly of a form of calcium carbonate and are arranged in hexagonal pattern, one over another. This explains why a real pearl has gritty texture.
Yes, you can buy fake pearls but ONLY for the purpose of comparing them to real ones so you'll get to really see their distinction. NEVER wear them. You can compare their size, surface, color, weight, etc. Fake ones are made of glass, ceramic, or plastic and can be made to look real for a much cheaper price. But don't let price or presentation fool you. Real pearls may come really expensive for the typical shopper, but NOTHING compares to the feel and beautifying effect of genuine ones.
Pearl jewellery, especially pearl necklaces and bracelets, usually have small drilled holes in their centre so they can be stringed together. Examining these holes is also a good way to test their authenticity. Real ones tend to have finer holes without flaked or chipped off coating around them. Fake ones can have flakes around their holes like shiny paint peeling off.
If you have a high-powered magnifier, that's a super big help. But you can do with a simpler but well-functioning one to be able to see closer and clearer a pearl's surface. Real pearls have a scaly surface due to the overlapping of nacre. Imitation pearls has a grainy, smooth surface.
Cutting a pearl open, in other words, destroying it will really uncover the truth, whether its real or not. But you most probably won't consider that as an option. It can do you good to really consult a gemmologist to do an X-ray on it, inspect it thoroughly, and really evaluate its authenticity through more technical procedures.
Doing one of the things above doesn't guarantee correct judgement on pearl authenticity. It is best to do all at once or, if you are at the right place and time, consult a trusted gemmologist directly to make sure.
With our love for genuine pearls, we at Volle Jewellery make sure that the pearl jewellery and all the jewellery products we offer to our precious clients are 100% real. If you don't want to go through the hassle of testing pearls, purchase your pearls directly from Volle Jewellery where "fake" is impossible. You can never go wrong, or fake, with Volle Jewellery.