text:
For the precursor profession, see Apothecary.
A woman consulting with a pharmacist.
Pharmacist, Chemist, Druggist, Doctor of Pharmacy, Apothecary or simply Doctor
Occupation type
Activity sectors
health care, health sciences, chemical sciences
The ethics, art and science of medicine, analytical skills, critical thinking
Doctor of Pharmacy, Master of Pharmacy
physician, pharmacy technician, toxicologist, chemist, pharmacy assistant other medical specialists
Pharmacists, also known as chemists (Commonwealth English) or druggists (North American and, archaically, Commonwealth English), are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use. A pharmacist is a member of the health care team directly involved with patient care.[1][2] Pharmacists undergo university-level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions, and monitoring parameters. This is mated to anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients, physicians, and other health care providers.
Among other licensing requirements, different countries require pharmacists to hold either a Bachelor of Pharmacy, Master of Pharmacy, or Doctor of Pharmacy degree.
The most common pharmacist positions are that of a community pharmacist (also referred to as a retail pharmacist, first-line pharmacist or dispensing chemist), or a hospital pharmacist, where they instruct and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of medically prescribed drugs and medicines.[3][4] In most countries, the profession is subject to professional regulation. Depending on the legal scope of practice, pharmacists may contribute to prescribing (also referred to as "pharmacist prescriber") and administering certain medications (e.g., immunizations) in some jurisdictions. Pharmacists may also practice in a variety of other settings, including industry, wholesaling, research, academia, military, and government.
Nature of the work
See also: Pharmacy
Historically, the fundamental role of pharmacists as a healthcare practitioner was to check and distribute drugs to doctors for medication that had been prescribed to patients. In more modern times, pharmacists advise patients and health care providers on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications, and act as a learned intermediary between a prescriber and a patient. Pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. Pharmacists may practice compounding; however, many medicines are now produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and drug delivery form. In some jurisdictions, pharmacists have prescriptive authority to either independently prescribe under their own authority or in collaboration with a primary care physician through an agreed upon protocol.[5]
Increased numbers of drug therapies, ageing but more knowledgeable and demanding populations, and deficiencies in other areas of the health care system seem to be driving increased demand for the clinical counselling skills of the pharmacist.[1] One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care.[6] Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease states, medications, and management of each to improve outcomes. Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that may include but are not limited to: decreased medication errors; increased patient compliance in medication regimen; better chronic disease state management, including hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors;[7] strong pharmacist–patient relationship; and decreased long-term costs of medical care.
Pharmacists are often the first point-of-contact for patients with health inquiries. Thus pharmacists have a significant role in assessing medication management in patients, and in referring patients to physicians. These roles may include, but are not limited to:
clinical medication management, including reviewing and monitoring of medication regimens
assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions, and ascertaining clinical medication management needs
specialized monitoring of disease states, such as dosing drugs in kidney and liver failure
compounding medicines
providing pharmaceutical information
providing patients with health monitoring and advice, including advice and treatment of common ailments and disease states
supervising pharmacy technicians and other staff
oversight of dispensing medicines on prescription
provision of non-prescription or over-the-counter drugs
education and counseling for patients and other health care providers on optimal use of medicines (e.g., proper use, avoidance of overmedication)
referrals to other health professionals if necessary
pharmacokinetic evaluation
promoting public health by administering immunizations
ensuring correctness of all medication labels including auxiliary labels
Education and credentialing
See also: Bachelor of Pharmacy, Master of Pharmacy, and Doctor of Pharmacy
The role of pharmacy education, pharmacist licensing, and continuing education vary from country to country and between regions/localities within countries. In most countries, pharmacists must obtain a university degree at a pharmacy school or related institution, and/or satisfy other national/local credentialing requirements. In many contexts, students must first complete pre-professional (undergraduate) coursework, followed by about four years of professional academic studies to obtain a degree in pharmacy (such as Doctorate of Pharmacy). Pharmacists are educated in pharmacology, pharmacognosy, chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, microbiology, pharmacy practice (including drug interactions, medicine monitoring, medication management), pharmaceutics, pharmacy law, physiology, anatomy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug delivery, pharmaceutical care, nephrology, hepatology, and compounding of medications. Additional curriculum may cover diagnosis with emphasis on laboratory tests, disease state management, therapeutics and prescribing (selecting the most appropriate medication for a given patient).
On graduation, pharmacists are licensed, either nationally or regionally, to dispense medication of various types in the areas they have trained for. Some may undergo further specialized training, such as in cardiology or oncology.
Practice specialization
Specialties include:
Academic pharmacist
Clinical pharmacy specialist
Community pharmacist
Compounding pharmacist
Drug information pharmacist
Home health pharmacist
Industrial pharmacist
Informatics pharmacist
Locum pharmacist
Managed care pharmacist
Military pharmacist
Nuclear pharmacist
Oncology pharmacist
Pharmacist prescriber
Regulatory-affairs pharmacist
Veterinary pharmacist
Pharmacist clinical pathologist
Pharmacist Clinical toxicologist
Training and practice by country
See also: Doctor of Pharmacy
See also: Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council
The Australian Pharmacy Council is the independent accreditation agency for Australian pharmacists.[8] It conducts examinations on behalf of the Pharmacy Board of Australia towards eligibility for registration. The Australian College of Pharmacy provides continuing education programs for pharmacists.
Wages for pharmacists in Australia appear to have stagnated. The award wages for a pharmacist is $812 a week.[9] Pharmacist graduates are the lowest paid university graduates most years. Most pharmacists do earn above the award wage; the average male pharmacist earns $65,000, a female pharmacist averages $56,500. Over recent years, wages have stagnated, and even gone backwards. There are more graduates expected in the next few years making it even harder to get a job. Job security and increase in wages with regards to CPI could be unlikely. This is due to the large numbers of pharmacy graduates in recent years, and government desire to lower PBS costs. Contract and casual work is becoming more common. A contract pharmacist is self-employed and often called a locum; these pharmacists may be hired for one shift or for a longer period of time. There are accounts of underemployment and unemployment emerging recently.
The Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) is the national professional organization for pharmacists in Canada. Specific requirements for practice vary across provinces, but generally include a Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy from a recognized university, successful completion of a national board examination through the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada, and practical experience through an apprenticeship/internship program.
The vast majority (80%) of Canada's licensed pharmacists work in community pharmacies, another 15 percent in hospital or institutional pharmacies, and the remainder work in situations that may not legally require licensed pharmacists such as associations, pharmaceutical companies, and consulting firms.[1] The wages for pharmacists, at about CAD $95,000, have been said to be slightly better than Australia but not as good as in the USA. This likely depends on what parts of Canada and or the USA are compared. Wages being significantly higher in Canada than the prospect for most developing countries, recruitment of pharmacists from South Africa and other countries with acute health workforce shortages to work in private franchise chains is subject to controversy.[10]
A Pharmacist must be registered with the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia to practice in this province. A Bachelor of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences is the minimum requirement to practice as a pharmacist in BC. The University of British Columbia is the only institution in the province that trains pharmacists. Professional associations include the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia and the British Columbia Pharmacy Association.
The University of Alberta is the only institution in the province awarding pharmacy degrees, offering both Bachelor of Pharmacy and Doctor of Pharmacy programs. Pharmacists must be registered with the Alberta College of Pharmacists in order to practice in Alberta.
The Ontario College of Pharmacists grants licenses to practise as a Pharmacist in the province of Ontario. International graduates of pharmacy must successfully complete the Pharmacist Evaluating Exam and Pharmacist Qualifying Exam along with a Studentship and Internship to be registered as a Pharmacist in Ontario. Canadian graduates of the pharmacy programme can sit the qualifying exam directly without the evaluating exam.
In Germany, the education and training is divided into three sections, each ending with a state examination:
University: Basic studies (at least four semesters)
University: Main studies (at least four semesters)
Community Pharmacy / Hospital Pharmacy / Industry: Practical training (12 months; 6 months in a Community Pharmacy).
After the third state examination a person must become licensed as an RPh ("registered pharmacist") for a licence to practice pharmacy. Today, many pharmacists work as employees in public pharmacies. They will be paid according to the labour agreement of Adexa and employer associations.
In ancient Japan, the men who fulfilled roles similar to pharmacists were respected. The place of pharmacists in society was settled in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists — and even pharmacist assistants — were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.[11]
As of 1997, 46 universities of pharmacy in Japan graduated about 8000 students annually.[12] Contemporary practice of clinical pharmacists in Japan (as evaluated in September 2000) focuses on dispensing of drugs, consultation with patients, supplying drug information, advising on prescription changes and amending prescriptions. These practices have been linked to decreases in the average number of drugs in prescriptions, drug costs and incidence of adverse drug events.[13]
Training to become a registered Pharmacist in Nigeria involves a five-year course after six years of secondary/high school or four years after eight years of secondary/high school (i.e. after 2 years of Advanced-level studies in accredited Universities). The Degree awarded by most Pharmacy Schools presently is a Bachelor of Pharmacy Degree (B.Pharm.) However, in the near future, all schools will offer a 6-year first Degree course leading to the award of a Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy Degree). The University of Benin has started the Pharm.D programme with other pharmacy schools planning to start soon. The Pharmacy Degree in Nigeria is unclassified i.e. awarded without first class, second class upper, etc., however graduates could be awarded Pass with Distinctions in specific fields such as Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, medicinal chemistry etc. Pharmacy Graduates are required to undergo 1 year of Tutelage under the supervision of an already Registered Pharmacist(a preceptor) in a recognized and designated Institution before they can become Registered Pharmacists. The Profession is Regulated by a Government Statutory body called the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria. The West African Post Graduate College of Pharmacy runs post-registration courses on advanced-level practice in various fields of pharmacy. It is a college jointly funded by a number of Countries in the West Africa sub-region. There are thousands of Nigerian-trained Pharmacists registered and Practicing in countries such as the US, the UK, Canada etc., due to the relatively poor public sector salaries in Nigeria.
In Pakistan, the Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) degree is a graduate-level professional doctorate degree. Twenty-one universities are registered with the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan for imparting Pharmacy courses. In 2004 the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan revised the syllabus and changed the 4-year B.Pharmacy (Bachelor of Pharmacy) Program to a 5-year Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy) program. All 21 universities have started the 5-year Pharm.D Program. In 2011 the Pharmacy Council of Pakistan approved the awarding of a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, a five-year programme at the Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar.
Polish pharmacists have to complete a 5-and-a-half-years Master of Pharmacy Programme at medical university and obtain the Right to Practice as a Pharmacist in Poland from District Pharmaceutical Council. The Programme includes 6-months pharmacy training. The Polish name for the Master of Pharmacy Degree (M. Pharm.) is magister farmacji (mgr farm). Not only pharmacists, but also pharmaceutical technicians are allowed to dispense prescription medicines, except for narcotics, psychotropics and very potent medicines. Pharmacists approve prescriptions fulfilled by pharmaceutical technicians subsequently. Pharmaceutical technicians have to complete 2-years post-secondary occupational school and 2-years pharmacy training afterwards. Pharmacists are eligible to prescribe medicines in exceptional circumstances. All Polish pharmacies are obliged to produce compound medicines. Most pharmacists in Poland are pharmacy managers and are responsible for pharmacy marketing in addition to traditional activities. To become a pharmacy manager in Poland, a pharmacist is expected to have at least 5-years professional experience. All pharmacists in Poland have to maintain an adequate knowledge level by participating in various university- and industry-based courses and arrangements or by undergoing postgraduate specialization.[14]
In Sweden, the national board of health and welfare regulates the practice of all legislated health care professionals, and is also responsible for registration of pharmacists in the country. The education to become a licensed pharmacist is regulated by the European Union, and states that minimum educational requirements are five years of university studies in a pharmacy program, of which six months must be a pharmacy internship. To be admitted to pharmacy studies, students must complete a minimum of three years of gymnasium, similar to high school (school for about 15–20-year-old students) program in natural science after elementary school (6–16-year-olds). Only three universities in the whole of Sweden offer a pharmacy education, Uppsala University, where the Faculty of Pharmacy is located, the University of Gothenburg, and Umeå University. In Sweden, pharmacists are called Apotekare. At pharmacies in Sweden, pharmacists work together with another class of legislated health care professionals called Receptarier, in English so-called prescriptionists, who have completed studies equal to a bachelor of science in pharmacy, i.e., three years of university. Prescriptionists also have dispensing rights in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland.
In Switzerland, the federal office of public health regulates pharmacy practice. Three Swiss universities offer a major in pharmaceutical studies, the University of Basel, the University of Lausanne and the ETH Zurich. To major in pharmaceutical studies takes at least five years. Students spend their last year as interns in a pharmacy combined with courses at the university, with focus on the validation of prescriptions and the manufacturing of pharmaceutical formulations. Since all public health professions are regulated by the government it is also necessary to acquire a federal diploma in order to work in a pharmacy. It is not unusual for pharmaceutical studies majors to work in other fields such as the pharmaceutical industry or in hospitals. Pharmacists work alongside pharma assistants, an apprenticeship that takes three years to complete. Pharmacists can further specialise in various fields, which is organized by PharmaSuisse the pharmacists association of Switzerland.
In Tanzania, pharmacy practice is regulated by the national Pharmacy Board, which is also responsible for registration of pharmacists in the country. By international standards, the density of pharmacists is very low, with a mean of 0.18 per 10,000 population. The majority of pharmacists are found in urban areas, with some underserved regions having only 2 pharmacists per region. According to 2007–2009 data, the largest group of pharmacists was employed in the public sector (44%). Those working in private retail pharmacies were 23%, and the rest were mostly working for private wholesalers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, in academia/teaching, or with faith-based or non-governmental facilities. The salaries of pharmacists varied significantly depending on the place of work. Those who worked in the academia were the highest paid followed by those who worked in the multilateral non-governmental organizations. The public sector including public retail pharmacies and faith based organizations paid much less. The Ministry of Health salary scale for medical doctors was considerably higher than that of pharmacists despite having a difference of only one year of training.[15]
See also: Consultant pharmacist
In the United Kingdom, most pharmacists working in the National Health Service practice in hospital pharmacy or community pharmacy. Pharmacists can undertake additional training to allow them to prescribe medicines for specific conditions.[16] The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported that there were nearly 3,000 pharmacists employed in the hospital and community health service in the UK at that time. They were enthusiastic about the idea that pharmacists might develop their role of giving advice to the public.[17]
In British English (and to some extent Australian English), the professional title known as "pharmacist" is also known as "dispensing chemist" or, more commonly, "chemist". A dispensing chemist usually operates from a pharmacy or chemist's shop (also called a "drug store" elsewhere), and is allowed to fulfil medical prescriptions and sell over-the-counter drugs and other health-related goods.
The new professional role for pharmacist as prescriber has been recognized in the UK since May 2006, called the "Pharmacist Independent Prescriber". Once qualified, a pharmacist independent prescriber can prescribe any licensed medicine for any medical condition within their competence. This includes controlled drugs except schedule 1 and prescribing certain drugs for the treatment of addiction (cocaine, heroin and dipipanone).[18]
Education and registration
Pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and pharmacy premises in the United Kingdom are regulated by the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) for England, Scotland and Wales and by the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland for Northern Ireland. The role of regulatory and professional body on the mainland was previously carried out by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, which remained as a professional body after handing over the regulatory role to the GPhC in 2010.[19]
The following criteria must be met for qualification as a pharmacist in the United Kingdom (the Northern Irish body and the GPhC operate separately but have broadly similar registration requirements):[20]
Successful completion of a 4-year Master of Pharmacy degree at a GPhC accredited university. Pharmacists holding degrees in Pharmacy from overseas institutions are able to fulfill this stage by undertaking the Overseas Pharmacist Assessment Programme (OSPAP), which is a one-year postgraduate diploma. On completion of the OSPAP, the candidate would proceed with the other stages of the registration process in the same manner as a UK student.
Completion of a 52-week preregistration training period. This is a period of paid or unpaid employment, in an approved hospital or community pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist tutor. During this time the student must collect evidence of having met certain competency standards set by the GPhC.
A pass mark in the GPhC registration assessment (formally an exam). This includes a closed-book paper and an open-book/mental calculations paper (using the British National Formulary and the GPhC's "Standards of Conduct, Ethics and Performance" document as reference sources). The student must achieve an overall mark of 70%, which must include at least 70% in the calculations section of the open-book paper. From June 2016, the assessment will involve two papers, as before but the use of a calculator will now be allowed. However, reference sources will no longer be allowed in the assessment. Instead, relevant extracts of the British National Formulary will be provided within the assessment paper.
Satisfactorily meeting the GPhC's Fitness to Practice Standards.
In 2014 the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that there were 297,100 American pharmacist jobs. By 2024 that number is projected to grow by 3%.[21] The majority (65%) of those pharmacists work in retail settings, mostly as salaried employees but some as self-employed owners. About 22% work in hospitals, and the rest mainly in mail-order or Internet pharmacies, pharmaceutical wholesalers, practises of physicians, and the Federal Government.[4]
All graduating pharmacists must now obtain the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree before they are eligible to sit for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) to enter into pharmacy practice.[22]
Pharmacy School Accreditation
The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) was founded in 1932 as the accrediting body for schools of pharmacy in the United States.[23] The mission of ACPE is "To assure and advance excellence in education for the profession of pharmacy."[24] ACPE is recognized for the accreditation of professional degree programs by the United States Department of Education (USDE) and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA).[25] Since 1975, ACPE has also been the accrediting body for continuing pharmacy education. The ACPE board of directors are appointed by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP), the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) (three appointments each), and the American Council on Education (one appointment). To obtain licensure in the United States, applicants for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) must graduate from an ACPE accredited school of pharmacy. ACPE publishes standards that schools of pharmacy must comply with to gain accreditation.[26] There are currently 30 standards organized within six major categories of 1) mission, planning, and evaluation, 2) organization and administration, 3) curriculum, 4) students, 5) faculty and staff, 6) facilities and resources. A Pharmacy school pursuing accreditation must first apply and be granted Pre-candidate status.[27] These schools have met all the requirements for accreditation, but have not yet enrolled any students. This status indicates that the school of pharmacy has developed its program in accordance with the ACPE standards and guidelines. Once a school has enrolled students, but has not yet had a graduating class, they may be granted Candidate status. The expectations of a Candidate program are that they continue to mature in accordance with stated plans. The graduates of a Candidate program are the same as those of fully accredited programs. Full accreditation is granted to a program once they have demonstrated they comply with the standards set forth by ACPE. The customary review cycle for established accredited programs is six years, whereas for programs achieving their initial accreditation this cycle is two years. These are comprehensive on-site evaluations of the programs. Additional evaluations may be conducted at the discretion of ACPE in the interim between comprehensive evaluations.
Acceptance into a doctorate of pharmacy program depends upon completing specific prerequisites or obtaining a transferable bachelor's degree. Pharmacy school is four years of graduate school (accelerated Pharmacy Schools go January to January and are only 3 years), which include at least one year of practical experience. Graduates receive a Doctorate of Pharmacy (PharmD) upon graduation. Most schools require students to take a Pharmacy College Admissions Test PCAT and complete 90 credit hours of university coursework in the sciences, mathematics, composition, and humanities before entry into the PharmD program. Due to the large admittance requirements and highly competitive nature of the field, most pharmacy students complete a bachelor's degree before entry to pharmacy school.
Possible prerequisites:
Besides taking classes, additional requirements before graduating may include a certain number of hours for community service, e.g., working in hospitals, clinics, and retail.
Estimated timeline: 4 years undergraduate + 4 years doctorate + 1–2 years residency + 1–3 years fellowship = 8–13 years
A doctorate of pharmacy (except non-traditional, i.e. transferring a license from another country) is the only degree accepted by the National Associate of Boards of Pharmacy NABP to be eligible to "sit" for the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX). Previously the United States had a 5-year bachelor's degree in pharmacy. For BS Pharmacy graduates currently licensed in US, there are 10 Universities offering non-traditional doctorate degree programs via part-time, weekend or on-line programs. These are programs fully accredited by Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) but only available to current BS Pharmacy graduates with a license to practice pharmacy. Some institutions still offer 6 year accelerated PharmD programs (similar to 6 year MD programs), though in both cases the issuance of a doctoral degree in less than 8 years is controversial.
The current Pharm.D. degree curriculum is considerably different from that of the prior BS in pharmacy. It now includes extensive didactic clinical preparation, a full year of hands-on practice experience in a wider array of healthcare settings, and a greater emphasis on clinical pharmacy practice pertaining to pharmacotherapy optimization. Legal requirements in the US to becoming a pharmacist include: graduating from an accredited PharmD program, conducting a specified number of internship hours under a licensed pharmacist (i.e. 1800 hours in some states), passing the NAPLEX, and passing a Multi-state Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam MPJE. Arkansas, California, and Virginia have their own exams instead of the MPJE and pharmacists must pass the Arkansas Jurisprudence Exam, California Jurisprudence Exam, and Virginia Law Exam, respectively.[28]
Residency is an option for post-graduates that is typically 1–2 years in length. A residency gives licensed pharmacists decades of clinical experience in an extremely condensed timeframe of only a few short years. In order for new graduates to remain competitive, employers generally favor residency trained applicants for clinical positions. The profession is moving toward resident-trained pharmacists who wish to provide direct patient care clinical services. In 1990, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) required the new professional degree. Graduates from a PharmD program may also elect to do a fellowship that is geared toward research. Fellowships can varying in length but last 1–3 years depending on the program and usually require 1 year of residency at minimum.
Specialization and credentialing
American pharmacists can become certified in recognized specialty practice areas by passing an examination administered by one of several credentialing boards.
The Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties[29] certifies pharmacists in six specialties:
Ambulatory care pharmacy (starting 2011)
Nuclear pharmacy
Nutrition support pharmacy
Oncology pharmacy
Pharmacotherapy, which has two subspecialties: cardiology and infectious disease
Psychiatric pharmacy
The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatrics specialty practice.
The American Board of Applied Toxicology[30] certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology.
The American Pharmacy Journal of Education in 2014 reported the average salary around $112,160.[31]
According to the 2010 "Pharmacy Compensation Survey":[32]
Directors of Pharmacy $125,200
Retail Staff Pharmacists $113,600
Hospital Staff Pharmacists $111,700
Mail Order Staff Pharmacists $109,300
Clinical Pharmacists $113,400
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics – Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016–17 Edition, Median annual wages of wage and salary pharmacists in May 2015 were $121,500.[21]
School students must take a national exam to enter a university of pharmacy or the pharmacy department of a university of medicine and pharmacy. About 5–7% of students can pass the exam. There are 3 aspects to the exam. These are on math, chemistry, and physics or biology. After being trained in the university students receive a 5-year bachelor's degree in pharmacy. Or they are university pharmacists (university pharmacist to discriminate between college pharmacist or vocational pharmacist in some countries of the world these pharmacist are call pharmacist assistants). An alternative method of obtaining a bachelor's degree is as follows. School pupils study in a college of pharmacy or a vocational school of pharmacy. After attending the school or college they go to work. And with two years of practice they could take an exam to enter university of pharmacy or the pharmacy department of a university of medicine and pharmacy. This exam is easier than the national one. Passing the exam they continue studying to gain 3-year bachelor's degrees or 4-year bachelor's degrees. This degree is considered equivalent to a 5-year bachelor's degree.
Noted people who are/were pharmacists
Charles Alderton, inventor of Dr Pepper
Caleb Bradham, inventor of Pepsi-Cola
Etienne J. Caire, Louisiana politician
Buddy Carter, Georgia politician
John Richard Fowler, Texas politician
Pravin Gordhan, previous minister of Finance of South Africa (2009–14)
Chuck Hopson, American politician
Luke Howard, "the father of meteorology"
Hubert Humphrey, U.S. Vice-President 1965–69
David Jack, leader of research that developed major asthma drugs
Ronnie Johns, American politician
Bernard LeBas, American politician
Fred Mills, American politician
Edna O'Brien, Irish author and playwright
John Pemberton, inventor of Coca-Cola
Willis Ricketts, American politician
Friedrich Sertürner, discovered morphine in 1804
Jim L. Smithson, Arkansas politician
Joseph Swan, inventor of the incandescent light bulb
Jim Wilson, Los Angeles City Council member
Ikililou Dhoinine, Comorian politician
Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
History of pharmacy
List of pharmacists
List of pharmacy associations
List of pharmacy schools
Pharmaconomist
Pharmacy automation
1 2 3 A Situational Analysis of Human Resource Issues in the Pharmacy Profession in Canada. Human Resources Development Canada, 2001. Accessed 15 July 2011.
↑ MedScape News, Preceptors' Perspectives on Benefits of Precepting Student Pharmacists, accessed 15 July 2011.
↑ World Health Organization. Classifying health workers. Geneva, 2010.
1 2 US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010–11 Edition – "Pharmacists". Accessed 14 July 2011. Archived May 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Pharmacist prescribing.
↑ Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PC. Pharmaceutical care practice. 2nd ed. Toronto: McGraw-Hill; 2004.
↑ Santschi, V; Chiolero, A; Burnand, B; Colosimo, AL; Paradis, G (Sep 12, 2011). "Impact of pharmacist care in the management of cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.". Archives of Internal Medicine. 171 (16): 1441–53. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.399. PMID 21911628.
↑ Australian Pharmacy Council. Accessed 14 July 2011.
↑ http://beta.guild.org.au/uploadedfiles/wa_branch/services_to_members/pharmacists%20wage%20rates%2021.07.05.pdf Pharmacist Wage Rates
↑ Attaran, A; Walker, RB (2008). "Shoppers Drug Mart or Poachers Drug Mart?". CMAJ. 178: 3. doi:10.1503/cmaj.071733.
↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834) Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 434.
↑ Kawahara A. The Role of the Pharmacist in the Health-Care System – Preparing the Future Pharmacist: Curricular Development. Report of a Third WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, Vancouver, Canada, 27–29 August 1997. Accessed 18 July 2011.
↑ Yuki, I; et al. (2005). "Role of the Clinical Pharmacist in Pharmaceutical Care". Japanese Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences. 31 (2): 113–120.
↑ http://www.nia.org.pl/page/40/about-us.html
↑ Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. Assessment of the Pharmaceutical Human Resources in Tanzania and Strategic Framework, Dar es Salaam, 2010.
↑ National Health Service. NHS Careers in Detail: Pharmacist. Accessed 14 July 2011.
↑ Royal Commission on the NHS Chapter 8. HMSO. July 1979. ISBN 0101761503. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
↑ Department of Health. Pharmacist independent prescribing FAQ. Archived 7 January 2013, original accessed 14 July 2011.
↑ Royal Pharmaceutical Society History of the Society Accessed 18 January 2012
↑ General Pharmaceutical Council Registering as a Pharmacist. Accessed 18 January 2012.
1 2 "Pharmacists:Occupational Outlook Handbook". Bureau of Labor Statistics. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
↑ Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree. Available at: http://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/S2007Guidelines2.0_ChangesIdentifiedInRed.pdf. Accessed on February 15, 2011.
↑ 'ACPE. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. 2012. Available at: https://www.acpe-accredit.org/about/default.asp'
↑ 'Mission. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. 2012. Available at: https://www.acpe-accredit.org/about/mission.asp'
↑ 'Policies and Procedures for ACPE Accreditation of Professional Degree Programs. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. 2012. Available at: https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/CS_PoliciesandProcedures2011.pdf
↑ Accreditation standards and guidelines for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. 2012. Available at: https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/FinalS2007'.pdf
↑ Accreditation Terms. Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. 2012.Available at: https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/Accreditation_Terms.pdf
↑ Pharmacist State Licensing Requirements
↑ Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties
↑ ABAT Certification Examination Credentialing Information
↑ http://www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/alex-barker-pharmd/2015/04/2015-pharmacist-salary-guide 2015 Pharmacist Salary Guide - PharmacyTimes.com
↑ 2010 Pharmacy Compensation Survey – Spring Edition PharmacyOneSource.com
(Japanese) Asai,T. (1985). Nyokan Tūkai. Tokyo: Kōdan-Sha.
(French) Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland....Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
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Look up pharmacist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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International Pharmaceutical Students Federation (IPSF)
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.


The overall mood is somber at best in most places. Folks at mid-level are trying to make sense of the sweeping changes they are seeing at their companies. There's a freeze on recruitment and companies are laying off people in thousands. This is beyond anything in the past and hence difficult to fully comprehend for most people. The events of 2008 and the changes that it brought upon the IT outsourcing industry were generally the same as those experienced in the business environment globally. The changes this time seem to be largely confined to the IT outsourcing industry, stemming from concurrent external and internal factors, the sheer timing of which are exacerbating their impact.
External Factors One of the key external factor relates to the environmental changes that have crept in from their largest market (US). The changing visa norms are already hurting the providers in a big way as they grew riding on the labor arbitrage opportunities of the '90s. The new world will see local hires (than expats) in onshore roles. Not only will this reduce profits, but it will also affect operating models as local hires lack the experience of working in the onsite-offshore model that expats possess.
Another external factor is the emerging wave of repatriating work back in-house that many companies had started in recent years. There are several factors contributing to this decision but overall the market essentially shrinks as companies reduce outsourced IT services.
One of the critical internal factors that is driving several changes stems from the blatant increase in workforce that providers experienced as revenues moved up over the years. Almost all revenue forecasts until recent times were accompanied by targets to linearly increase headcount. In an almost gold rush-like frenzy, the providers were busy adding staff to increase revenue with little attention to when the pyramid would crumble. Those realities are now haunting most large service providers. The uberization of IT services, with on-demand and low capex driven spending has reduced on-premise complexity of IT for enterprises. Even large companies have now embraced cloud based productivity, messaging, HR, CRM and ERP applications which have done away with the need to build, maintain and manage applications and related infrastructure. The pie has obviously shrunk. With the digital economy riding on social, mobile, analytics and cloud solutions, outsourcing contracts have shrunk in size and duration. Enterprises are more open than ever to work with multiple providers—including niche providers—to get the best solution rather than go with one large provider who brings integration as a value. Many large providers have lost revenue to much smaller companies or even start-ups who are more nimble and hungry. Another factor that has been written a lot about, is the higher level of automation that has been attributed to redundancy of jobs at service providers. This one factor is highly debatable based on insights from people inside most service provider organizations. The reality seems to be that most automation programs have not yielded results to bring outright reduction in workforce. However, service providers are finding this as the best reason to blame for workforce reduction. The reduction is often happening due to other factors listed above but attributed to automation.
Apart from the internal and external factors listed above, some of the largest offshore headquartered service providers are also dealing with the agony coming out of succession planning issues, boardroom squabbles or rumors of sell-off. These couldn't have come at a more inopportune time for them. With all these factors, the uncertainty quotient is very high. Time will tell how things pan out. Whichever way things move on, it is clear that this is part of the industry maturing and being guided by underlying business drivers. A course-correction always ensures that in the long run things are grounded and set for sustained value delivery. Despite the pain, this one would be no exception.


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Craig Groeschel Leadership Podcast: Understanding Your Four Forms of Energy
It's almost impossible to lead well when your tank is empty. In this episode, join Craig Groeschel to take a close look at four different types of energy—and why they can make a huge difference in how you lead day in and day out. Every month, Craig Groeschel delivers a new podcast about leadership...
Expanding Your Leadership Capacity
At the 2015 Global Leadership Summit, Craig Groeschel, Senior Pastor of Life.Church, challenged leaders to do the work it takes to expand their leadership capacity in order to prevent them from becoming the leadership lid in their organizations. Craig's 5 Cs will help you concentrate on developing...
Craig Groeschel, Senior Pastor of Life.Church, talks about the potential that exists in bridging the generational gap in the Church. Offering insight to multiple generations, Craig both honors and challenges leaders to continue to build into other leaders to carry on the mission of the Church. If y...
The Secret to Influential Presentations
Leadership and communication expert, Jeff Henderson, explores the keys to connecting with an audience and designing effective presentations....
The Leadership Challenges of High Performance Cultures
CEO of Novus Global, Jason Jaggard regularly interacts with high-performing teams in his coaching practice. In this talk, he outlines the characteristics of low-performing, average-performing and high-performing cultures and then asks the question, "What comes after high performance?" He suggests a...
Leading in a Multicultural World
Leadership thought leader Sam Collier, says that the rise in multiculturalism around the globe necessitates a new kind of leadership. In this talk, he identifies the fears and challenges associated with multicultural leadership and outlines practical ways leaders can move toward a multicultural fut...
Dream Big, Think Small
How do you build a life of significance? At this gathering, pastor Jeff Manion shares how truly great lives are built on the foundation of a holy redundancy—a persistence and determination to move faithfully in the right direction. Whether in our homes, businesses or ministries, a consistent faithf...
The 4 Dimensions of Extraordinary Leadership
Writer, speaker, and leadership expert Jenni Catron, shares practical leadership training from her book, "The Four Dimensions of Extraordinary Leadership."...
Church Culture Conference: Why Culture Matters Most
We all know that culture is important, but are you taking intentional steps to increase cultural health? Jeff Lockyer, lead pastor at Southridge Community Church, shares six convictions that resulted from a cultural health journey at Southridge....
Church Culture Conference: Ending the Cycle of Diminishing Leaders
Well-intended leaders can end up diminishing people they lead as well as others around them. Liz Wiseman helps leaders identify Diminisher habits and provides tactics to break the cycle....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Memorial Day (May 25th) is regarded as the "official" start of summer.
North Central Texas is still reasonably mild (80's and 90's). We are somewhat drier that I would like. Our spring rains are not up to acceptable levels to get us through the 100 plus heat in July and August without a lot of extra watering! I planted a vegetable garden in March as well as flowers for our flower bed, so I'm concerned that the plants will burn up if I can't water as much as I would like.
I hope the weather in your area is seasonable and you are getting adequate rainfall. Enjoy your summer!Welcome to returning subscribers! Thank you for your continued interest and support. I appreciate your time. Welcome also to all the new subscribers this month! I hope you find this issue enjoyable and packed full of helpful information.
Ask An Expert for organizing tips.
Need extra space? Consider using your garage – they're not just for cars any more!
Reduce, Reduce, Reduce – almost everyone has far too many old, unused and/or outdated items in their garage. Go through what you have and get rid of outdated or unuseable items. You don't need to keep old paint, oil or broken planting pots. Dispose of things safely and properly.
Get It Up – utilize your vertical and overhead space wisely. Items such as bicycles can be hung on the wall or suspended from the ceiling with the proper storage equipment. Many home improvement stores have excellent garage systems that will help you. Hooks can help hang garden tools, hand tools, etc.
Dress It Up – If the walls don't look nice, paint will help. Paint the walls and floors. If the walls are unfinished, you can either put up dry wall (more expensive) or hang peg board (less expensive) prior to painting. If painting the floor, purchase a paint that resists oil stains or utilize one of the new snap together floorings especially designed for garages.
Zone It – Put like things together – set aside one area for garden tools and yard equipment; another for tools and car maintenance, etc.
Once you're done, you can pull the cars out and utilize the garage for extra party space, an exercise room, art studio, etc.
Join In the Fun on Straighten-Up-Now.com!
Ever wished you could share a tip you found or ask a question specific to your particular situation? Now you can!!
There are several places on Straighten-Up-Now.com that allow you to add comments or ask questions. More will be added as I have time to update the website pages to add this feature.
Do you need to know how to begin your organizing project?
Do you need to know what products to use for your kitchen, bathroom, or other area?
Do you want expert advice that's specific to your particular situation and not generalized?
Go to: Ask An Expert for organizing tips.
The information you submit will come directly to my email where I will personally respond. You can choose to remain anonymous, but the question and responses will be posted on the website. You can have your friends, family and others leave comments, suggestions or tips and rate the answers!
You can even post a picture!
It's quick, easy, so join in the fun! It's just ducky!
I hope you enjoyed the June 2009 issue of Messy Makeover Magazine. I consider it a privilege that you took your valuable time to subscribe and read this magazine.


Inspiration comes from everywhere! I am often overwhelmed at all the choices out there, but I am pretty sure I fit into the eclectic category. I love a little bit of everything! Gimme some bright red, retro, Danish modern, traditional, beachy, transitional, contemporary, rustic…I could go on and on. Yep, I def have décor A.D.D.
There are some places I would love to buy from, but will likely never (unless I get a downright lucky Craigslist find) own; however, they are great inspirers.
Ballard Designs is just heavenly. I could gaze at their catalogs and website for days, but that would certainly not be very productive…so, we have Ethan Allan, Restoration Hardware, Pottery Barn (I do have a few pieces from them…garage sale finds! YES!), Crate & Barrel, Country Curtains, Pier 1 and more! I also draw ideas from magazines. A few of my favs are Country Living, Better Homes & Gardens and…my mind has failed me, but you get the idea. I also love to spend time gazing at ideas on the internet and who could forget HGTV! Boo-coos of inspiration when I have time to sit and watch.
My A.D.D. sometimes causes me MAY-GER problems. When it kicks in one of two things happen, I either over buy because I can't make up my mind or I put it all back. Luckily for me and my hubs, I usually choose the latter. The only setback is I've spent hours trying to decide and then walk out with nada. Nothing. Zero. Zip. So, I am working on that aspect of my life. Intentional shopping is so much better.
Most of my purchases come from places like Ebay, Target, Craigslist, Target, yard sales, Target, thrift stores, Target and antique malls. Did I mention Target? Also, every time I go to visit my parents, I seem to acquire a load of stuff. Someday I figure my hubs is going to run screaming from the house never to be seen again. He is very tolerable of my stuff, to which I am very thankful. I try to move through it quickly…keep, donate, trash, give-a-way.
I also "lurve" (borrowed word from the Thrifty Décor Chick) re-purposing items. I intend to dive head first into more re-purposing in the near future.
I love stars and crosses and birds, oh my!
…and red, mustard, brown, turquoise…black…so I digress.
I love to hang with friends.
I love my family the most-est-est.
I dream of skydiving one day.
Wood-working intrigues me, but I am below a novice.


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Doug Marrone joining Alabama football as offensive line coach
Tide Sports
Alabama is once again pulling from the NFL ranks to fill a vacancy on its offensive staff.
Doug Marrone, most recently the head coach of the Jacksonville Jaguars, is returning to the college ranks to become Alabama's offensive line coach, as officially announced by the school Monday. It is Marrone's first college job since his time as Syracuse's head coach from 2009-2012; he since had two years as the head coach of the Buffalo Bills and four leading the Jaguars.
"We are extremely fortunate to be able to add Doug Marrone to our staff," UA coach Nick Saban said in a statement. "He knows our new offensive coordinator Bill O'Brien well and will do a fantastic job with our offensive line. He has extensive experience as not only an offensive line coach, but also as a head coach at Syracuse and in the NFL with Buffalo and Jacksonville. Doug has an excellent track record for recruiting and developing players. I'm excited about his ability to help our players reach their full potential."
Marrone last coached in the SEC in 2000 and 2001, when he was Georgia's offensive line coach and Tennessee's offensive line and tight ends coach, respectively. With the exception of the 2009 through 2012 seasons at Syracuse, Marrone has spent every season since 2001 in the NFL.
"I have always admired the programs Coach Saban has built, and I am excited to have the opportunity to join his staff here at Alabama," Marrone said. "Coach's program is the model of consistency, and I am looking forward to helping continue that tradition of success with an exceptional group of players and coaches."
Marrone is joining former NFL head coach Bill O'Brien on UA's new offensive staff, reportedly taking over as offensive coordinator. UA still has offensive vacancies at running backs coach and tight ends coach/special teams coordinator.
Hurt:Nick Saban assembling the pieces to solve the 2021 Alabama football puzzle
Reach Brett Hudson at 205-722-0196 or bhudson@tuscaloosanews.com or via Twitter, @Brett_Hudson


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You are at:Home»World News»Five Ways Ocean Acidification Impacts the Poor
Five Ways Ocean Acidification Impacts the Poor
By Staff Reports on August 24, 2019 World News
SEATTLE, Washington — Ocean acidification is a process by which the pH of the ocean is reduced due to an increase in the "uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere." This process has been happening in our oceans since the dawn of industrialization and is largely a result of massive fossil fuel emissions. There is a multitude of ways in which people are affected by ocean acidification, but the world's poor are at a disproportionate risk due to their reliance on ocean-based ecosystems. This article highlights the five ways ocean acidification impacts the poor.
The first way ocean acidification impacts the poor is through their access to food. Many poor communities live in coastal areas, therefore relying on seafood to feed themselves and their families. In places like Indonesia, reefs and fish populations are dying at an unprecedented rate. Ocean fisheries in Indonesia produce more than 7 tonnes of fish each year, most of which is consumed domestically. If this access to food becomes limited, the poor here will starve as a result. However, there are many efforts to sustain the food supply that coastal populations rely on so heavily.
The Coral Reef Alliance is an organization that works with local communities to protect the coral reefs and rebuild the fish populations and food supplies by protecting fisheries. In Indonesia, the CRF has partnered with Lensa Masyarakat Nusantara (LMN) in order to encourage locals to use the new project PhotoVoices. With this project, fisheries can identify and emphasize certain environmental issues in their communities. Once they take and submit a photo of the issue, the organizations then work towards a solution. Additionally, in Honduras, the CRF was able to increase protection and regulation of the fish populations by convincing the government to add Cordelia Banks in Roatan and Tela Bay to the list of Sites of Wildlife Importance.
Poor, coastal communities rely heavily on the fishing industry for employment and income. Fisheries and aquaculture provide jobs for an estimated 540 million people around the world. This accounts for nearly 8 percent of the world's population. An astounding number of people rely on this industry for jobs. If these fisheries continue to lose revenue from ocean acidification, many people will lose their livelihoods. The fact that this affects so many people and such a huge industry is actually slightly positive because there is such a huge investment in keeping the oceans and fish populations healthy.
If people continue to advocate for those relying on this industry and create awareness around the impact it will ultimately have everyone, people will be more inclined to take action. The CRF recommends decreasing activities with high carbon emissions, such as driving cars and eating meat. The most effective way to advocate for these communities is to donate to organizations like the Coral Reef Alliance, the Ocean Foundation or the Coral Restoration Foundation. The Coral Restoration Foundation also offers educational activities, dive programs and volunteer opportunities to plant coral trees.
A lot of poor communities rely on ecotourism and recreational activities as their main source of revenue. If coral reefs die due to ocean acidification, many of these regions will not remain popular vacation destinations. Coral reefs assist in maintaining vibrant marine life. This includes colorful fish, dolphins, sharks and healthy plant life. Snorkeling, boating, fishing and resort industries will all be harmfully affected by these changes. As a result, many of the locals will lose their jobs and the local economies will suffer greatly.
Due to the great interest in protecting these industries, there have been many efforts to measure the aesthetic value of healthy reefs and oceans. The results show that when the reefs are healthy, there is a greater opportunity for revenue to be made. For example, in Guam, the presence of sharks and turtles generated an estimated $15-20 million in a year in ecotourism. Once the stakeholders are aware of that, they are often more inclined to protect that source of income.
The Guam Coral Reef Initiative has introduced multiple projects locally in order to protect this industry. For example, Hotels FOR Guam marks the opening of seven new hotels in Tumon Bay that will reduce the harmful effects of tourism on the coral reefs. The project works to educate those within the tourism industry on how to maintain healthy coral reefs and still generate revenue.
A less commonly known effect of ocean acidification is the health of poor people in coastal regions. Because ocean acidification kills coral reefs and other helpful organisms, more harmful and toxic species will thrive in the acidified waters. Although many of the toxic species are smaller and seem non-consequential, they will be consumed by larger marine life which, in turn, may be food sources for humans. As the toxicity moves up the food chain, it becomes increasingly concentrated and more dangerous.
Poor populations will be disproportionately affected by these health-related concerns because they are so dependent on marine life for food supply. If water quality continues to decrease in coastal communities, locals will be exposed to at least three types of shellfish poisoning upon consumption. The effects that can have on an area that relies so heavily on fish for their main protein source will be considerable. However, the Coral Reef Alliance has helped implement policies like the dive fee in the communities of Amed-Jemeluk and Tulamben in order to raise money that goes towards protecting the local fish populations.
The final way that ocean acidification will impact the poor is through increased effects of climate change. The most vulnerable communities to the effects of climate change are the poor because they bear the heaviest burden of pollution. As the oceans acidify, they are less healthy and less capable of absorbing the massive amounts of carbon dioxide that they naturally do. When this happens, sea levels rise and natural disasters occur more often and become increasingly devastating. Additionally, with dead or dying coral reefs, the shoreline is more vulnerable to flooding without the protection that coral reefs would offer. Poor communities do not have the financial means or resources to protect themselves from these impacts and will, therefore, suffer disproportionately.
Although ocean acidification will eventually have an impact on everyone, regardless of geographic location or financial means, it is first going to affect poor populations. The five ways that ocean acidification impacts the poor will result in these people facing disproportionate devastation due to the destruction of ocean ecosystems. This will have consequent effects on their communities as well. There is still plenty of time to reduce the impact that poor communities. If we can collectively reduce our carbon footprint and support the organizations doing research on ocean acidification, we can make big differences on the long-term impacts of this issue.
– Jessica Haidet
The Successes of the UN-AU Alliance in Alleviating Poverty
Favors, Food and Politics: Clientelism in Argentina
H.R. 5480 and Women in the Workplace


564 Madison County members served by the co-op's New Douglas Substation are without power this evening after an Ameren transmssion line failure as a result of debris damaging the line.
Southwestern line crews are working to reroute and restore power while Ameren works to resolve the issue on their transmission line.
There is not an estimated time of restoration at this time.


The cycling equivalent to a mid-life crisis leads Gilbert to the cobbled classics, and in a span of just 24 months, he wins cycling's two biggest monument classics.
Read the full article at High-risk bet on pavé pays off in spades for Gilbert on VeloNews.com.
This article was originally published at https://www.velonews.com/2019/04/news/high-risk-bet-on-pave-pays-off-in-spades-for-gilbert_492696.


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The workplaces building Africa's business future
By Fiona Graham Technology of business reporter, BBC News, Kampala
Image caption Under construction: Like much of Kampala, Uganda's start-up ecosystem is growing from the ground up, with the help of flourishing co-working spaces and technology hubs across the city
Thomas Ssemakula is an impressive young man.
Special Report: The Technology of Business
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Algorithms that can help us spend
Smartly dressed in a shirt and tie, he has just come from a meeting with an investor who has agreed to fund his agricultural services start-up. He smiles widely, his happiness infectious as he talks about how his business got started.
"I started Brave East Africa without a coin on me. That was June 2010 when I finished my final year at Makere University, I was doing bachelor of animal production at the college of veterinary medicine," he says.
Inspired by his single parent mother, Mr Ssemakula set about creating what he hopes will become a multinational agribusiness that helps east African farmers build profitable and sustainable businesses.
"My mother has been father and mother, supporting the family slowly through her work. I wanted to follow the same path."
The first step was to find somewhere to work from. But with no money options were limited - so he came up with the idea of trading veterinary officer services for a seat in an internet cafe, run by a group of farmers.
Image caption Thomas Ssemakula aims to move his company into it's own Kampala office block within two years
Writing for a newspaper about agriculture, in return for having the name of his business and contact details prominently displayed, attracted customers, bringing precious funds to invest in the business. Finally he was ready to move to an office environment which would allow him to meet clients and investors and to be taken seriously.
Setting up on your own in east Africa isn't cheap. Not only is there rent to consider, there's furniture, utilities and the internet connection that remains prohibitively expensive for ordinary Ugandans.
So instead Mr Ssemakula decided to become a member of the Mara Launchpad, one of a new breed of home-grown co-working spaces and innovation hubs in Kampala.
"If you're working from home or out of your car here in Uganda people don't take you seriously," says Mara Launchpad's Nigel Ball.
Image caption The Mara Launchpad is on the third floor of an office block, above a Tusky's supermarket, just across the road from Makere University.
"They're worried because trust levels are lower, and if you don't have an office how do they track you down if things go wrong."
Providing office space is a simple thing to do, says Mr Ball. But what the Launchpad wants to do is give technology and non-technology companies credibility in the eyes of potential clients or partners.
"Getting the right kind of office that projects the right kind of image, that's in the right location, at the right price, is not an easy task," he says.
There's a large open plan room filled with desks, with wifi connectivity, as well as various meeting rooms. In the room next door regular Friday night innovation events are held, organised by the Mara Foundation and the Angels Finance Corporation, the people behind the Launchpad.
Image caption The Grameen Foundation's Ravi Agarwal talks to Launchpad members about how to market their businesses successfully at the regular Friday night innovation event
Business incubation and mentorship is available, as well as a six week acceleration program that runs twice a year.
Ideas exchange
Over the last couple of years, tech hubs and other co-working spaces have started popping up in towns and cities worldwide.
For emerging economies, the services and advice they offer can have even more impact than in the developed world. Taking the lead from the granddaddy of them all, Nairobi's iHub, they are spreading rapidly across the African continent.
In an office block on a residential street in Kampala, Barbara Birungi sits at her desk with a cup of tea. She is the manager of the Hive CoLab, less a co-working space than a start-up incubator. Technology entrepreneurs who fit their criteria can spend two years based in the open plan offices.
"It's not about strict business. It's also about coming here to share your ideas, and collaborate. Because out of sharing and collaborating come ideas," says Ms Birungi.
Image caption The Hive CoLab was opened to give the technology scene in Uganda a space that they could call their own and come and collaborate, says Barbara Birungi
"Apart from just offering them a space we see how we can take an idea to the next level. Because many startups fail within the first two years of existence."
As well as regular events and Mobile Monday innovation sessions, the incubator offers mentoring and support finding investors, helping them to protect their intellectual property.
"We have seen examples where investors actually take up someone's idea, and because there's no paperwork, there's no proof they have done that," she says.
Kampala's newest space is Outbox, a co-working space and technology start-up incubator and accelerator that counts Google among its partners.
Richard Zulu is a co-founder. He says working with developers and realising they needed help to get them to the next level pushed him to open the hub.
Image caption The Outbox hub is a co-working space for a diverse group of people and a technology incubator and accelerator
"It's very important that the people that start these places share the same passions as the people that work in them," says Mr Zulu.
"A place like this creates a focal point, where you'll be able to meet A, B, C, D people in the tech community. Through the co-working initiative it drives entrepreneurship and innovation through the participants of the space.
"The core is community."
The space specialises in mobile and web start-ups, and Outbox is already home to at least one award-winning business.
Smooth transitions
Senegalese-born social entrepreneur and blogger Marieme Jamme mentors founders and managers of some of Africa's technology hubs.
She believes that while the hype surrounding the new hubs is increasing the visibility of African developers, the type of mentorship available in the Ugandan hubs is vital to their success. And it's not available at all of the spaces opening up across the continent.
"You have ideas generated within those tech hubs, but they don't know how to scale those businesses. They have the business acumen and the passion, but they don't know how to go through setting up that business, or writing that business plan.
"You'll find out that 90% of them don't know how to do it. But when an investor comes in they hide their discomfort, and pretend they know how to do it. This is African pride, this is inside the African mindset.
"It's not because they're not good people, it's the way the mindset works."
How can you move the coder from a coder to a CEO?
Marieme Jamme, social entrepreneur
Another problem according to Ms Jamme is the gap between theoretical and practical knowledge when it comes to coding and development.
"That's why it's very important for us to go back and say, it's ok if you don't know, and work out how you help these entrepreneurs scale their businesses.
"How can you move the coder from a coder to a CEO?"
Mr Ssemakula is certain coming to the Mara Launchpad was the right thing to do.
As well giving farmers agricultural and financial advice, the company is working on technology to link the farmers to high-value markets using text messages.
"The Mara Launchpad has changed my business by providing me with a professional business environment that commands more credibility in the eyes of my customers, in this case the farmers, who find me in such a setting and they see my business as a serious business."
His dreams of sitting at the helm of a multi-national agribusiness are becoming more tangible, with plans for his first branch office in Nairobi, Kenya.
"[The Launchpad] has given me access to free business mentorship and how to go about being an entrepreneur in a practical way."
"I'm glad to be here."
Mara Launchpad
Angels Finance Cooperation
Hive Colab
Outbox Hub
Mariéme Jamme
Mobile Monday Kampala


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Imagine a Permanent Farmers Market in Downtown Austin
KUT 90.5 | By Emily Mathis
Wells Dunbar, Texas Standard
KUT News
Is a Pike Place-style permanent farmers market a perfect fit for downtown Austin? The Austin Downtown Alliance held a meeting this morning exploring the possibility.
David O'Neill with the Project for Public Spaces spoke about the concept earlier today. He tells KUT News that permanent farmers markets are cropping up all over the country.
"The elements that are required to make a market successful are here," he says. "You have a very strong production community, a restaurant community, a farming community, existing farmers markets."
A permanent farmers market was one of six proposals in a report on increasing the economic impact of Austin's food sector.
"There's been an enormous revival of interest in these markets," O'Neil says. "Most of them are markets that operate in a park, or a parking lot, or a street – some sort of a public open space." But he adds they can mature into covered market sheds, market halls, and, in the Pike Place model, market districts "composed all of the previous elements – outdoor markets, indoor markets, mixed-use housing, retail, restaurants, storefronts, clinics … They're great incubators for small businesses."
How long would it take to get a market off the ground in Austin? O'Neil was part of a market project in Cedar Rapids, Iowa that was launched in a year. But he adds Santa Fe, New Mexico, went through a 12-year community planning process.
Here in Austin, city officials have not taken any formal action on the proposal.
AustinFoodFarmers MarketsUrbanism
See stories by Emily Mathis
Wells has been a part of KUT News since 2012, when he was hired as the station's first online reporter. He's currently the social media host and producer for Texas Standard, KUT's flagship news program. In between those gigs, he served as online editor for KUT, covering news in Austin, Central Texas and beyond.
See stories by Wells Dunbar, Texas Standard
How Downtown Austin Lost Two Parking Spaces - And Gained a 'Parklet'
609 Congress Ave. has its two parking spots occupied – and you can circle the block all you want, but you won't get a space there.That's because the two…
Austin: One of the Nation's Best Pizza Places?
Austin's seen its share of boom-and-bust food cycles: Think the explosion of cupcake places, or proliferation of upscale burger joints. One of the newest…
Does Better Access to Fresh Vegetables Make People Healthier?
Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. More than three times as many children are obese today compared to a generation ago. In…


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Q: Дважды записывает данные в бд, почему? Доброго времени суток!
Значит так, речь идет о платежной системе (для личных нужд). Передаются на страницу "success" зашифрованный $_GET с параметрами, я сравниваю параметры, если все хорошо, то сохраняю в базу данных, вот только он сохраняет дважды, почему так может происходить?
Если коротко, то код примерно следующий:
if( $params['status'] == 1){
    $email = $params['email'];
    $link = mysqli_connect("localhost", "xxx", "xxx", "xxx");
    $insert = 'INSERT INTO xxx (email) VALUES ("'.$email.'")';
    $query = mysqli_query($link, $insert) or die(mysqli_error($link));
}

Как можно проверить, отправились ли данные, чтобы не отправлять дважды? Спасибо!

A: Используйте PDO
$link = new PDO("mysql:host=$db_host;port=$db_port;dbname=$db_database", $db_user, $db_pass);
$link->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
$link->exec("set names utf8");

$stmt = $link->prepare("INSERT INTO xxx (`email`) VALUES (:email)");
$stmt->bindValue(':email', $email);
$stmt->execute();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange