text:
Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran
On February 1, 1979, the Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran in triumph after 15 years of exile. The shah and his family had fled the country two weeks before, and jubilant Iranian revolutionaries were eager to establish a fundamentalist Islamic government under Khomeini's leadership.
Born around the turn of the century, Ruhollah Khomeini was the son of an Islamic religious scholar and in his youth memorized the Qur'an. He was a Shiite–the branch of Islam practiced by a majority of Iranians–and soon devoted himself to the formal study of Shia Islam in the city of Qom. A devout cleric, he rose steadily in the informal Shiite hierarchy and attracted many disciples.
In 1941, British and Soviet troops occupied Iran and installed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the second modern shah of Iran. The new shah had close ties with the West, and in 1953 British and U.S. intelligence agents helped him overthrow a popular political rival. Mohammad Reza embraced many Western ideas and in 1963 launched his "White Revolution," a broad government program that called for the reduction of religious estates in the name of land redistribution, equal rights for women, and other modern reforms.
Khomeini, now known by the high Shiite title "ayatollah," was the first religious leader to openly condemn the shah's program of westernization. In fiery dispatches from his Faziye Seminary in Qom, Khomeini called for the overthrow of the shah and the establishment of an Islamic state. In 1963, Mohammad Reza imprisoned him, which led to riots, and on November 4, 1964, expelled him from Iran.
Khomeini settled in An Najaf, a Shiite holy city across the border in Iraq, and sent home recordings of his sermons that continued to incite his student followers. Breaking precedence with the Shiite tradition that discouraged clerical participation in government, he called for Shiite leaders to govern Iran.
In the 1970s, Mohammad Reza further enraged Islamic fundamentalists in Iran by holding an extravagant celebration of the 2,500th anniversary of the pre-Islamic Persian monarchy and replaced the Islamic calendar with a Persian calendar. As discontent grew, the shah became more repressive, and support for Khomeini grew. In 1978, massive anti-shah demonstrations broke out in Iran's major cities. Dissatisfied members of the lower and middle classes joined the radical students, and Khomeini called for the shah's immediate overthrow. In December, the army mutinied, and on January 16, 1979, the shah fled.
Khomeini arrived in Tehran in triumph on February 1, 1979, and was acclaimed as the leader of the Iranian Revolution. With religious fervor running high, he consolidated his authority and set out to transform Iran into a religious state. On November 4, 1979, the 15th anniversary of his exile, students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took the staff hostage. With Khomeini's approval, the radicals demanded the return of the shah to Iran and held 52 Americans hostage for 444 days. The shah died in Egypt of cancer in July 1980.
In December 1979, a new Iranian constitution was approved, naming Khomeini as Iran's political and religious leader for life. Under his rule, Iranian women were denied equal rights and required to wear a veil, Western culture was banned, and traditional Islamic law and its often-brutal punishments were reinstated. In suppressing opposition, Khomeini proved as ruthless as the shah, and thousands of political dissidents were executed during his decade of rule.
In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran's oil-producing province of Khuzestan. After initial advances, the Iraqi offense was repulsed. In 1982, Iraq voluntarily withdrew and sought a peace agreement, but Khomeini renewed fighting. Stalemates and the deaths of thousands of young Iranian conscripts in Iraq followed. In 1988, Khomeini finally agreed to a U.N.-brokered cease-fire.
After the Ayatollah Khomeini died on June 3, 1989, more than two million anguished mourners attended his funeral. Gradual democratization began in Iran in early the 1990s, culminating in a free election in 1997 in which the moderate reformist Mohammed Khatami was elected president.
History.com Editors
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ayatollah-khomeini-returns-to-iran
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Hello to all! I am using WINDOWS 10 1809 PRO official X64 without any updates. I cant make a screenshot of taskmanager i tried ShareX , FastStone Image Capture and others, i can use these programs to make a screenshot of all desktop, but when i try make a region TaskManager screenshot (i am choose window capture mode) with FastStone or ShareX nothing happens. Windows screenshot tools also can't make screenshot of taskmanager.
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text:
← Covenanters At the Hub of the Universe, Part 3
Reformed Rock Stars, Cults of Personality, and the Multisite Church →
Church history is often messier than we might wish. In the course of uncovering the past, we sometimes turn up details that we'd prefer not to have found.
Yet we have precedents for remembering imperfect stories. The Holy Spirit speaking in the Scriptures did not shrink from recounting the stumblings of a number of Old and New Testament saints. There seem to be at least two reasons for such accounts: First, so that we can be realistic and understand that even in the church, we are sinners in need of repentance and forgiveness. Second, so that we might learn how those who went before us have stumbled and try not to walk in their ways (1 Corinthians 10:1 – 13).
There are parts of the story of the founding of Cambridge RPC that I still puzzle over. For example, I've never found a record of what James Mitchell Foster, the pastor of Second Boston, said when he addressed the Synod of 1895. Did he speak against forming a new church, or for it? In my original paper, I presumed that he opposed the organization. But I found no evidence for that conclusion, so I removed it. One of the bits of data that prompted me to do this is the fact that Foster did not sign the elders' petition against the organization, even though it probably was drafted by a member of his session. That struck me as odd. Did he want to present a more nuanced argument against organizing a new church, or did he actually speak in favor?
I've sometimes wondered whether the circumstances of the beginnings of Second Boston and Cambridge were all that different. In each case, a congregation was established to enable people who weren't satisfied with an existing church to remain in the RPCNA by forming a new one. Yet I treated Cambridge's circumstances much more sympathetically. Was I just biased?
Reconsidering the facts, I'm still inclined to view the two situations differently. The group that departed from First Boston to organize Second Boston behaved quite badly, to put it mildly. The elders and deacon who were at the heart of the schism cut a "plea bargain" to avoid being deposed, which implies that they expected to be found guilty of violating their ordination vows. In contrast, the group seeking an organization in Cambridge was never even charged with any wrongdoing. Moreover, the petition of the elders who petitioned against organizing the new congregation has a rather mean-spirited tone.
The two situations are different in another way as well. The only reason for creating a second Boston congregation seemed to be the strife that led to the original split, for in Second Boston's early years, the two churches often worshiped not far from each other. But Central Square would have been considered quite a distance from the Boston churches, and was more convenient to the western suburbs. It's not hard to see the usefulness of a church in a location that would be much more accessible not only to RPs living in Cambridge, but also to those in towns like Lexington and Somerville, where some of the petitioners lived.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO CHURCH PLANTING?
The circumstances attending the formation of Second Boston and Cambridge present some curious insights into nineteenth-century RP church conflicts. But the manner in which the conflicts were handled – by organizing a new congregation for those dissatisfied with the existing one – was not unique. It was repeated a number of times in the 19th-century RPCNA:
A dispute over the location of the place of worship for the First New York City congregation produced such "great bitterness and strife" between members living uptown and those downtown that the presbytery agreed to form Second New York church in June 1830.
In March 1848, the Third New York congregation was organized after the presbytery was unable to settle a dispute over the office of deacon in Second New York.
A division in Third New York resulted in the organization of the Fourth church in 1870.
In 1852, a dispute over the suitability of the pastor of the Perth, Ontario church led the presbytery to organize a second congregation there.
In 1896, only a few years after the organization of the Geneva (Beaver Falls, PA) congregation, irreconcilable disagreements over the outcome of a pastoral call (and several other issues) led several Geneva members to pursue the organization of what is now College Hill RPC.
Looking across all the "splits," a common source of conflict was disagreement over the suitability of a particular pastor. I can't help thinking of the squabbles that divided the Corinthian church (1 Corinthians 1:12); Paul's admonitions to that congregation need to be relearned from time to time.
Have we learned that lesson for good? I doubt it. But these kinds of church "planting" efforts are at least not as common as they once were, and for that I am thankful.
I'm also thankful for the tenacity of those patient Yankees who would not be turned away from their goal of establishing a church in Cambridge. The Lord has been gracious in establishing the work of their hands and using it for his own glory.
The information on the New York City and Perth RP churches is from W. M. Glasgow's History of the Reformed Presbyterian Church in America (Baltimore: Hill and Harvey), 1888.
I'm indebted to Professor Robert Copeland for providing me with a copy of his paper, The Origins Of College Hill R.P. Church: A New Inquiry Into An Old Problem, previously published in the journal Semper Reformanda (Date unknown).
Covenanters At the Hub of the Universe, Part 1 (reformedruminations.com)
This entry was posted in Church History and tagged Boston, Cambridge, Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. Bookmark the permalink.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Avocado Oil, Persea Gratissima, is cold pressed from the pulp of the avocado fruit. It is fairly close a light, nutty, earthy scent. It is rich in vitamins A, B1, B2, B5, D, E with Beta-carotene, minerals, healthy proteins, lecithin and also fatty acids. Avocado Oil is identified as a monounsaturated vegetable oil, although it comes from the avocado fruit. Avocado, Persea Americana, is pear-shaped fruit grown on a blooming tree in Central Mexico. It has a challenging, flaky, dark environment-friendly to purple colored flesh. It is frequently called the alligator pear from its look. Inside this fruit is a single tough seed.
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Published on November 5, 2016 November 4, 2016 by CIGH Exeter
A 1915 German poster, entitled L'Entente Cordiale, depicting a British spider weaving a web over Europe. Photograph: John Ellis/The British Library
From Soviet maps of Brighton to a more accurate map of the world, here are this week's top picks in imperial and global history.
British Library explores 20th century maps in new exhibition
Few, if any, cold war historians believe Soviet Russia was ever actively planning to invade Brighton, Hove and Shoreham, but a remarkable map suggests the country's leaders had been prepared should the opportunity have arisen. The British Library is putting the detailed Soviet military map of Brighton and its surrounding area in Sussex on display as part of an exhibition that opens to the public on Friday.
The library has more than 4m maps in its collection but the exhibition will feature 200 and will aim to tell, for the first time, the history of the 20th century through maps. There is much that will stop visitors in their tracks, from the funny to the chilling, and the Brighton map could be a bit of both. [continue reading]
Some Reflections on Imperial Port Cities in the Age of Steam
Lasse Heerton and Daniel Todt
Global Urban History
Let's judge some books by their covers. In the recently flourishing literature on global and imperial history, port cities have become ubiquitous icons, visual shorthand for globalization, world economy, and migration, as we can see on the covers of many of the field's classics. But once you actually open these books, the port cities, the steamships, and dockyards tend to disappear. This is surprising because during the late nineteenth century port cities grew physically and became more politically and economically significant, both in Western Europe and worldwide. The urban docklands did not simply keep pace with the "transformation of the world" (Osterhammel 2014), they set the pace.
With the steadily increasing interest in global history, the relationship between port cities and projects of imperial rule and expansion has recently attracted the interest of a growing number of historians. But book titles like Ten Cities Made an Empire (Hunt 2014) still keep quiet about the fact that nine of these cities had a port. [continue reading]
Empire shaped the world. There is an abyss at the heart of dishonest history textbooks
Moni Mohsin
When I was a child in Lahore in Pakistan, my parents employed a driver called Sultan. Sultan, a retired soldier, was from a village near Jhelum. He was a cheerful man in his 60s who readily joined in our games of badminton. But to me the most interesting fact about Sultan was that he could speak Italian. A fragmentary, broken Italian, but Italian nonetheless, picked up as a prisoner of war in Italy. He called me signorina and taught me three Italian words: si, grazie and buongiorno. Decades later, when I told my children about Sultan, they were gobsmacked. What was a Pakistani villager doing fighting in Italy? He wasn't Pakistani then, I explained, he was Indian. Sultan was one of more than two million Indian soldiers who fought for the allies in the second world war. "No! Really?" they breathed.
My children (daughter 17, son 15) were born and raised in London and have had the good fortune to attend fantastic schools where they have been offered, alongside the usual array of subjects, a rich diet of music, drama, art, sport and languages. Their extracurricular clubs include Arabic, feminism, astronomy, mindfulness and carpentry. In my convent school in Lahore, I had to listen in respectful silence. In London, they are encouraged to question and argue. [continue reading]
"Daddy" Schuyler, Hamilton, and the Dakota Access Pipeline
Rachel Herrmann
Three things happened in the last couple weeks to put Hamilton back on my mind: 1) the Victoria Palace Theatre in London announced that tickets for the show would finally (finally!) go on sale in January, 2) I started re-reading some of my research notes for this round of book edits, and 3) police arrested and pepper-sprayed peaceful Native Americans—Standing Rock Sioux, along with 90 additional nations and tribes—who were protesting the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline.
I find that being a historian is a job of intellectual mood swings. I read my sources telling me about the horrible things some of the people I study did in the past, and then I have to pull back and contextualize their actions within an eighteenth-century milieu in which many people were terrible people most of the time by 2016's standards (and people, our standards these days are low). All this is a longish way of saying that I, like many historians, love Hamilton while recognizing that its treatment of Early Republic history misrepresents and sometimes leaves out some of the topics that matter most to me as a historian. And so today I want to talk about Hamilton, settler colonialism, and Native American history—in particular, about land battles and the relationship between Indians, federal governments, and state entities. [continue reading]
A More Accurate World Map Wins Prestigious Japanese Design Award
Shaunacy Fero
To design a map of the world is no easy task. Because maps represent the spherical Earth in 2D form, they cannot help but be distorted, which is why Greenland and Antarctica usually look far more gigantic than they really are, while Africa appears vastly smaller than its true size. The AuthaGraph World Map tries to correct these issues, showing the world closer to how it actually is in all its spherical glory.
Created by Hajime Narukawa at Keio University's Graduate School of Media and Governance in Tokyo, the design just won the grand prize from Japan's Good Design Award as Spoon & Tamago reports. It beat out over 1000 entries in a variety of categories. [continue reading]
Categories Imperial & Global History•Tags Marc-William Palen, Top Picks in Imperial & Global History
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Details to discuss with your divorce attorney | Reisinger Booth & Associates, P.C., L.L.O.
On behalf of Reisinger Booth & Associates, P.C., L.L.O. posted in Family Law on Friday, June 3, 2016.
Are you facing the divorce process? Are you ready to move forward, finally putting this in the past?
Although it's possible to move through divorce on your own, most people realize that hiring an attorney would be in their best interest. While you can expect your attorney to guide you from start to finish, it goes without saying that you will have some questions along the way.
-- Issues related to children. This can include child support, child custody, visitation, grandparent visitation, education expenses, health insurance expenses and religious choices.
-- Property issues. This should include things such as property division, debt division, business assets, vehicles, savings accounts and retirement accounts.
-- Spousal support issues. Will one party owe the other alimony? This is something to discuss with your divorce attorney, regardless of what side you think you will find yourself on.
As you begin to think about divorce, it's only natural to be concerned about the many challenges you will face. Fortunately, with the help of an attorney, you will never find yourself off track.
If you have any questions related to divorce, don't hesitate to contact our law firm online or via phone. We are more than happy to answer your questions, provide advice and set up a consultation to learn more about your situation.
There is a lot going through your head, and you need to deal with every detail in the appropriate manner. Let us be your guide during this very difficult time.


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MainAll NewsDefense/SecurityShira Klein Released: I Will Wait and Get Stronger
Shira Klein Released: I Will Wait and Get Stronger
'Car terror' victim Shira Klein released from Hadassah Medical Center on Thursday after two week stay for life-threatening injuries.
Uzi Baruch, 30/04/15 10:43
Shira Klein
Hadassah Ein Karrem
Shira Klein, who was seriously injured in the car terror attack in Jerusalem two weeks ago on the eve of Holocaust Remembrance Day, was released from Hadassah Medical Center on Thursday morning.
Klein, 24, who was treated in the Orthopedics ward at Hadassah, will be rehabilitated at Tel Hashomer Hospital.
She was deliberately run over by 37-year-old Khaled Kutina, a resident of Jerusalem's Anata neighborhood, while out on a date with Shalom Yohai Sherki, who was killed in the attack.
"The Shira that came to Hadassah Medical Center two weeks ago was in a very bad state," the hospital said in an announcement on Wednesday night. "She is being released much healthier and stable."
Smiling and standing on her feet before leaving Hadassah on Thursday morning, Klein thanked the hospital staff for their diligent care during her two-week stay.
"I am very grateful for all those who treated me at the hospital and all those who prayed for my health. I want to go back to school," said Klein, who is currently completing her master's degree in psychology. "But I'll wait a few weeks to get better."
Klein's mother, Ada, was also thankful upon her daughter's release from Hadassah Medical Center. "Thank G-d, Shira feels much better and we hope she will continue to improve."
"Shira knows all the details of the attack through what we've told her. She saw the clip showing the moments of the attack," she added.
Klein and Sherki were the victims of Palestinian Arab driver Khaled Kutina, who deliberately rammed his car into a bus stop in the French Hill neighborhood.
On Monday, the Jerusalem District Attorney's Office filed an indictment against Kutina.
Tags:Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Center, Car terror attack, Shira Klein


Andrews Jewelers brand name online shopping information - All Andrews Jewelers store or outlet locations in USA - total of 14 stores and outlet stores in database. Get information about hours, locations, contacts and find store on map. Users ratings and reviews for Andrews Jewelers brand.
Have you visited Andrews Jewelers? Have you shopped at Andrews Jewelers?


Location: Portland, Maine • Date: 2/6/11 • Standard Print (w & h): Image: 47.2" x 30.0"
This image of the reflection of the Custom House is composed of 10 individual shots taken at 100mm. I took these shots in the late afternoon and the sun had swung around to the southwest and was hitting the face of the Custom House, but not the building across the street. I had to wait for over an hour for the clouds to part, and for the cars to move away from the front of the Custom House.


Apuestas Gateshead FC Bromley FC y pronósticos (Conference National, Fútbol) el 8 diciembre 2018.
18/08/18 Bromley FC 1 - 0 Gateshea.
07/04/18 Bromley FC 0 - 0 Gateshea.
20/08/16 Bromley FC 3 - 2 Gateshea.
E 17/11 Gates. 0 - 0 Sutto.
G 27/10 Gates. 3 - 0 Alder.
G 06/10 Gates. 2 - 0 Dagen.
P 29/09 Gates. 0 - 1 Eastl.
P 15/09 Gates. 0 - 1 Brain.
E 27/11 Chest. 1 - 1 Broml.
P 17/11 Leyto. 3 - 1 Broml.
P 27/10 Boreh. 2 - 1 Broml.
G 20/10 Glouc. 0 - 1 Broml.
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text:
Q: Meteor - Google Maps InfoWindow Event Not Firing Using Meteorjs and dburles google map package for Meteor.
The Goal:
Is to have the markers map out on the canvas, and then onclick to reveal the infoWindows. I am having an issue firing the google map event in order for the window to reveal.
My Code:
 Template.myMap.helpers({
   mapOptions: function() {
    var locations = [
       ['Kroger', 34.069201, -84.231052, 5],
       ['Fresh Produce', 34.069802, -84.234164, 4],
       ['Starbucks', 34.069003, -84.236323, 3],
       ['Mall of Georgia', 34.069204, -84.232016, 2],
       ['Avalanche', 34.069705, -84.238207, 1]
      ]

// Make sure the maps API has loaded
if (GoogleMaps.loaded()) {
  // We can use the `ready` callback to interact with the map API once the map is ready.
  GoogleMaps.ready('myMap', function(map) {
    var infowindow = new google.maps.InfoWindow(),
        marker, i;

    for (i = 0; i < locations.length; i++) {
      marker = new google.maps.Marker({
        position: new google.maps.LatLng(locations[i][1], locations[i][2]),
        map: map.instance
      });

      google.maps.event.addListener(marker, 'click', function() {
        return function() {
          infowindow.setContent(locations[i][0]);
          infowindow.open(map, marker);
        }
      });
    }
  });
  return {
    center: new google.maps.LatLng(34.069705, -84.238),
    zoom: 16
  };
}
}

});

A: You're returning a function from the event handler rather than just handling the event, for reasons that aren't clear.  Try this:
google.maps.event.addListener(marker, 'click', function() {
  infowindow.setContent(locations[i][0]);
  infowindow.open(map, marker);
});

UPDATE
The other problem is that you're trying to add it to the GoogleMaps map object, not the instance itself.  It should be:
infowindow.open(map.instance, marker);

Also, I haven't run your code, but I think you're going to run into problems with the way you've structured this, as the value of i will not be as intended when the handler is actually fired (because the loop will have subsequently continued).  Consider using forEach instead (below via underscore) so that each handler is declared in its own closure.
  _.forEach(locations, function(location) {
      var marker = new google.maps.Marker({
            position: new google.maps.LatLng(location[1], location[2]),
            map: map.instance
          });

      google.maps.event.addListener(marker, 'click', function() {
          infowindow.setContent(location[0]);
          console.log(map, marker, infowindow);
          infowindow.open(map.instance, marker);
      });
  });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nalah (nalah in Hindi means rivulet or storm water drain), which also acts as Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary, is another name for the northernmost end of River Sahibi, which continues its flow through Delhi, where it is channelized, and then flows into the Yamuna. Within Delhi, due to its channelization for flood control purposes, it is now erroneously called "Najafgarh drain" or "Najafgarh nullah." It gets this name from the once famous and huge Najafgarh Jheel (lake) near the town of Najafgarh in southwest Delhi and within urbanized Delhi. It is the Indian capital's most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board classifies this drain, with 13 other highly polluted wetlands, under category ''D'' for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

This drain was widened as a flood control drain linking the Najafgarh lake to the river Yamuna, thus completely draining the once huge and ecologically rich Najafgarh Lake, famous for its wetland ecosystem, waterbirds and wildlife.

Classification and naming

Within the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), this channelized waterway—misclassified, misnamed as a mere drain (Najafgarh drain or nullah)--is, in fact, the continuation of the Sahibi River and an elongation of the Najafgarh jheel Lake. During the 1960s and before, the rain-fed Sahibi River, which originates in the Jaipur District of Rajasthan, passing through Alwar District in Rajasthan and Gurgaon District in Haryana, entered Delhi near Dhansa and spilled its overflow in the Najafgarh Lake basin. This overflow created a seasonal lake; an area of more than  was submerged in some seasons. This water then continued to flow on the other side, forming a tributary of the River Yamuna. In the following decades, this Sahibi River flow reaching the Dhansa regulators was channelized by digging out a wide drain and connecting it directly to the River Yamuna. This channelization also completely drained off the seasonal Najafgarh Jheel that had formed there previously. The channelized drain from Dhansa regulators to Keshopur Bus Depot on Outer Ring Road is wide with thick and high embankments. A vast amount of water is retained in this widened drain by closing the Kakrola regulators under Najafgarh Road to recharge the local ground watertable; hence it acts like an elongated lake as well.

Bird sanctuary and wetland

Wetland ecosystem and wildlife habitat important to migratory waterbirds and local wildlife

The drain has been much widened over the years to drain all the water which in earlier decades used to collect in the Nagafgarh Jheel basin; this was supposedly done to remove the threat of flooding in Delhi and now the drain itself acts as an elongated water body or lake with trees planted on both its embankments with an inspection road running on one embankment. During the winter months it attracts vast numbers of migratory birds and also supports local wildlife year-round. Due to the rich wildlife observed in and around the less polluted stretch of the drain outside of congested populated areas, it has been proposed as a bird sanctuary for Delhi.

The wetland ecosystem and wildlife habitat on several kilometers of less polluted Najafgarh drain in rural Delhi before entering the main city including the former Najafgarh lake or Najafgarh jheel area is very important habitat to migratory waterbirds as well as local wildlife and has been earmarked to be declared a bird sanctuary for Delhi. The area came to be recognized as an important wildlife habitat after a local naturalist studying the area during 1986–88 called attention to it recommending it to be conserved as a bird sanctuary after which the Delhi wildlife department posted 16 guards in the area to control illegal bird hunters including diplomats from various international embassies located in Delhi, India's capital. Delhi Administration officials were tasked with declaring about  stretch of the drain in rural Delhi, including where it passes through the core area of the now drained Najafgarh Lake, "protected" under the "Wildlife Act" after Lt.-Governor of Delhi Mr. H.L. Kapur was invited to the area for touring the site where he also heard accounts of local villagers about the rampant illegal hunting of waterbirds that went on here every year. The existing staff of the Flood Control and Irrigation Department numbering about 40 were also given the additional responsibility of protecting the wildlife on and around the drain.

Forested embankments
The Najafgarh drain has been much widened over the past decades and now has thick mud embankments on both its sides to channel the waters and protect Delhi from floods, these embankments have been planted with thick forest cover which serve as a much needed habitat for remnant local wildlife occurring in nearby and surrounding farmlands including common foxes, jackals, hares, wild cats, nilgai, porcupines and various reptiles and snakes including the dreaded cobras. Many local birds including waterbirds roost and nest in these trees.

Sections of the forested embankments of Najafgarh drain are currently classified as and are featured in Protected Forests and Recorded Forests (Notified Forest Areas in Delhi) as "M. P. Green area Najafgarh Drain (Tagore garden)", "Afforestation M.P.Green Area Najafgarh Drain (DDA)" and "Chhawla or Najafgarh drain city forest (29.64 Acre)".

Embankment road
There is a well kept drivable inspection road maintained by Irrigation and Flood Control Department of Delhi on one of the drains embankment throughout its entire length of several kilometers running through rural Delhi from Dhansa regulators at the southwest border of Delhi with the state of Haryana to where the drain crosses under the outer ring road at Keshopur bus depot near the Najafgarh road between the housing colonies of Vikaspuri and Tilak Nagar in New Delhi.

Bird-watchers and nature-lovers can view the wildlife and waterbirds occurring on the drain from vehicles by driving on this road and stopping intermittently and going down to the waters edge. As the width of the drain is limited the flocks of waterfowl and other waterbirds in the drain can be easily observed from the drain's edges and this same fact makes the birds much more vulnerable to hunting as they remain in easy reach of the poacher's shotguns and the nets and traps set for them by local villagers and professional trappers.

Recharging, irrigation
The continuous widening of the Najafgarh drain since the 1960s led to the complete draining of the once vast and rich Najafgarh lake, jheel or marsh which directly affected the ground water table in the entire surrounding region as all the rain water after yearly monsoons that used to collect in the vast lake basin in previous years now ran off swiftly through the widened drain into river Yamuna in which it outfalls, this has been affecting the entire climate of the region as well making the region more arid and creating water shortages for the purpose of irrigation or human consumption for the people of Delhi and surrounding regions.

Currently the drain is so wide and deep that it acts as an elongated lake in its own right and can hold and store a lot of rain water which can be regulated through regulators built into it at intervals. Maintaining of proper water-level in the drain and storage of rainwater in it during the summer months leads to recharging of ground water table which the surrounding farmers find much helpful as they access the high water table though tube wells dug on their farmlands though which they pump water to irrigate their crops. Farmers owning farmlands bordering the drain in rural Delhi directly use pipes and hoses to pump water from the drain for irrigation.

Fishing
The relatively cleaner portion of the drain in rural southwest Delhi before it enters densely populated and badly polluted area at Vikaspuri also attracts some small scale local village fishermen, occasionally one can be seen casting his line or net in the waters or floating on a black inflated truck tire tube spreading his fishing net across the breadth of the drain. A fishing license is needed to catch fish legally in Delhi waters.

Water hyacinth overgrowth
The water hyacinth, an introduced invasive species of fast growing floating plants completely clogs the open water surface of the drain in many areas annually and lot of funds and labour is employed by the flood control department to clear it some what to keep the water flow uninterrupted. The removing of the water hyacinth by laborers also opens up the water surface for birds and migratory waterfowl that take refuge here every winter.

Covering for development
There is a development scheme in the works where Najafgarh drain will be covered by the Flood Department from Vijay Nagar, Delhi to Hakikat Nagar and on the covered area shops will be built.

Najafgarh lake, marsh or jheel

Najafgarh lake, Najafgarh marsh or Najafgarh jheel (Jheel in Hindi means a lake) used to be a vast lake in the south west of Delhi in India near the town of Najafgarh from which it takes its name, it was connected to the river Yamuna by a natural shallow nullah or drain called the Najafgarh nullah. However, after the 1960s the Flood Control Department of Delhi kept widening the Najafgarh drain in the pretext of saving Delhi from floods and eventually quickly drained the once huge and ecologically rich Najafgarh lake completely. Rainwater accumulating in the Najafgarh lake or jheel basin had been recorded to have occupied more than 300 square kilometers in many years before its unfortunate draining.

However, with recent advances in ecological understanding it has become clear that draining of this vast lake affected the entire climate of this important region that is India's capital territory and its neighborhood. The draining of the lake completely also caused the watertable in the entire area to go down and the area becoming arid. There have been some plans since to at least resurrect a much smaller lake in the area. Most of the Najafgarh jheel basin lands have increased many folds in their value owing to them coming within Delhi, India's capital territory and are under ownership of farmers who may want to make a fast buck selling them to developers who want to convert the former lake basin into housing complexes as has already been happening with major housing colonies coming up in the region. If Najafgarh drain, which was built to drain the original Najafgarh lake or jheel, ever breaches its wide embankments it will flood these developed lands owing to them spread all over the former low lying jheel or lake basin.

Before draining, a vast lake

Before the unfortunate complete draining of this lake in the 1960s by widening of the Najafgarh drain by the Flood control and irrigation department of Delhi the lake in many years filled up a depression more than  in rural Delhi, It had an extremely rich wetland ecosystem forming a refuge for vast quantities of waterbirds and local wildlife. The lake was one of the last habitats of the famed and endangered Siberian Crane which has all but vanished from the Indian subcontinent now. Till before independence many British colonial Officers and dignitaries came in large parties for waterfowl hunting every season.

See also
 Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary, Delhi
 Nearby Najafgarh lake or Najafgarh jheel (Now completely drained by Najafgarh drain)
 Najafgarh town, Delhi
 National Zoological Park Delhi
 Sultanpur National Park, bordering Delhi in adjoining Gurgaon District, Haryana
 Okhla Sanctuary, bordering Delhi in adjoining Uttar Pradesh
 Bhalswa horseshoe lake, Northwest, Delhi

References

Further reading
 DRAFT MAP ZONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PLANNING ZONE- 'L'.
 SEWAGE PROJECTS to Prevent Untreated Sewage, 29 August 2011,  Ministry of Environment and Forests, Press Information Bureau, India
 Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.
 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN NAJAFGARH DRAINAGE BASIN – KEY TO WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN RIVER YAMUNA, by Asit Nema of Foundation for Greentech Environmental Systems1 and Dr. Lalit Agrawal of Tokyo Engineering Consultants, Japan2
 FLOOD CONTROL - The National Capital Territory of Delhi
 'Part of Najafgarh drain to be covered', 12 September 2009, The Hindu
 How Sultanpur happened: Sultanpur and Najafgarh Jheels - by Peter Jackson,
 'Reviving old ponds way out of water woes', 9 August 2003, The Indian Express
 Action plans on polluted areas in Delhi soon, GN BUREAU, NEW DELHI, MARCH 17, 2010, Governance Now
 Proposal for ground water recharge in National Capital Region (NCR) by Dr. S. K. Sharma, Ground water expert, ,
 , Delhi's Watery Woes by Arun Kumar Singh
 Birds are back at Najafgarh Jheel, 19 08 2010, Delhi Edition, Hindustan Times
 No more water-logging at airport with new drain in place, New Delhi, 17 December 2009, The Hindu
 Walls to be constructed around Najafgarh drain, New Delhi, 29 December 2006, Hindustan Times
 Groundwater to be recharged at Najafgarh, Mungeshwar drains, 10 March 2007, The Indian Express
 Gurgaon polluting Najafgarh drain, draws Minister's ire, by Rajesh Kumar, New Delhi, 27/07/2006, The Pioneer
 Winged visitors are back at Najafgarh Lake, New Delhi,  03/11/2011, Hindustan Times. Also see
 CHAPTER J.- DESCRIPTIVE· pages from the Gazeteers, Delhi, 1912
 URBAN FLOODING AND ITS MANAGEMENT, 2006. India Disaster Management Congress.IIPA Campus, IP Estate, Near ITO Road, New Delhi. National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
 ACTION PLAN, ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION IN CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREA OF NAJAFGARH DRAN BASIN INCLUDING OKHLA, NARAINA, ANAND PARBAT AND WAZIRPUR INDL AREAS, DELHI POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE, 4th Floor, ISBT Building, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-6, March, 2011
 BLUE DELHI DECLARATION, White Paper on: Aiming for Sustainability and Self Sufficiency in Delhi Water Management – Evaluating Delhi's Current Water Assets vis a vis their Utilisation
 URBAN FLOODING DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANIZATION by Shashikant Nishant Sharma snsharma.phd[at]gmail[dot]com 11/1/2010, SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, Delhi
 Biodegradation of wastewater of Najafgarh drain, Delhi using autochthonous microbial consortia : a laboratory study. by Sharma G, Mehra NK, Kumar R. Source Limnology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-1 10 007, India.
 A search for archived News Articles on Najafgarh Drain on the India Envirinmental Portal website
 City to get its 1st bird sanctuary, 15/02/2005, Asian Age (New Delhi)
 New camp to jazz up tourism in city soon, 19 Apr 2010, Asian Age (New Delhi)
 Delhiites to cool off with aqua sports, New Delhi, 30 September 2007, Tribune News Service, The Tiribune, Chandigarh
 Proposal for groundwater recharge in National Capital Region - A report by SK Sharma and Green Systems, Submitted by samir nazareth on 22 April 2011, India waterportal - Safe, sustainable water for all

External links
 RECORDED FORESTS (NOTIFIED FOREST AREAS IN DELHI), Forest Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India
 Tourism Infrastructure, Tourism department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India
 Irrigation & Flood Control Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India
 Plantation/Greening of Delhi, Department of Environment, Government of NCT of Delhi, India
 facebook Topic: Delhi - Najafgarh Drain Birdwatching Report
 facebook: Checklist of the Birds of the Najafgarh Jheel Region - Including adjoining areas of Dhansa Barrage and the Najafgarh Drain in Delhi, by Sajit P. Mohanan
 A Search for: Najafgarh drain on the Google group "delhibirdpix"
 U-turn: Haryana will identify Najafgarh lake as wetland, TNN, Times of India, Jan 7, 2017

Drainage canals
Wildlife sanctuaries in Delhi
Rivers of Haryana
Rivers of Rajasthan
Rivers of Delhi
Tributaries of the Yamuna River
Yamuna River
Canals in India
Rivers of India

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home › About NUI Galway▻News & Events▻News Archive▻2017▻October 2017
October 2017 Conradh na Gaeilge to Deposit Archives at NUI Galway
Conradh na Gaeilge to Deposit Archives at NUI Galway
Central Branch of Conradh na Gaeilge on an Outing to Gleandalough 1907, Seán T Ó Ceallaigh and Sinéad Ní Fhlannagáin present
Oct 03 2017 Posted: 09:47 IST
NUI Galway is to become custodian of the extensive archives of Conradh na Gaeilge, Ireland's oldest Irish language organisation which celebrates its 125th anniversary next year. Conradh na Gaeilge has agreed to permanently deposit archival material spanning over a century of its existence, providing an unparalleled insight into linguistic, cultural, social and political aspects of Ireland's past.
At an event to formally announce the acquisition of the archive, Dr John Walsh, Senior Lecturer in Irish at NUI Galway, said: "This deposit marks a major expansion of the already extensive Irish language archival collections at NUI Galway and is highly significant for Irish language scholarship. The Conradh na Gaeilge archive allows researchers unprecedented access to primary sources about the development of Irish language policy over the past century. By studying Conradh na Gaeilge we can better understand contemporary European minority language movements which continue to have such resonance today."
The Conradh na Gaeilge archive includes previously unseen material and correspondence related to Conradh na Gaeilge figures throughout the organisation's history such as Douglas Hyde, Patrick Pearse and Thomas Ashe. It also includes documents from Conradh na Gaeilge branches throughout Ireland, press cuttings and material related to various Irish language campaigns.
President of NUI Galway, Dr Jim Browne, said: "This is a very significant milestone for both organisations. NUI Galway is honoured to work with Conradh na Gaeilge to become the custodian of this critically important archive, the significance of which extends well beyond the Irish language and encompasses social, cultural and historical dimensions of Ireland and our development as a nation. It is especially fitting that NUI Galway will host this archive, given our University's strong commitment to the Irish language and our growing reputation as a centre for archival scholarship."
President of Conradh na Gaeilge, Dr Niall Comer said: "Although historians, academics and scholars have been interested in the Conradh na Gaeilge archive for many years, it was only with the passing of time that the value of the archive was understood fully. The person who spends time looking through the archive material will recognise immediately that it contains a remarkable insight into a decisive period in the country's history. Now, with NUI Galway's plan to catalogue and digitise the material, this jewel will be available widely."
The archive is to be housed in NUI Galway's Special Collection Reading Room which boasts state of the art facilities for researchers. University Librarian, John Cox said: "We look forward to opening this archive for research and teaching once it has been catalogued. Our archives team will provide expert advice in its use and will connect users with the University's extensive Irish language collections. These include manuscripts related to Douglas Hyde, the Bairéad collection of folklore sources, and papers related to leading Irish language figures of the twentieth century such as Pádraig Ó Mathúna, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa and Éamon de Buitléar."
Under the agreement with Conradh na Gaeilge, NUI Galway will employ an archivist to catalogue the collection and to digitise part of it. In order to ensure maximum use, the University will promote the collection among students and researchers at home and abroad. An Interest Group of experts, internal and external to NUI Galway, will also be established to ensure the active development of the archive. As part of Conradh na Gaeilge's 125th anniversary, an academic event will be held in the University in 2018 when part of the material has been catalogued.
Marketing and Communications Office
Academic Receives Prestigious Royal Society-SFI Research Fellowship
Public Seminar on Using Hydrogen as a Renewable Energy in Ireland and Abroad
NUI Galway Take Innovate Leap Forward with Explore Awards 2019


text:
Указан () насеље је и општина у јужној Француској у региону Миди Пирене, у департману Арјеж која припада префектури Сен Жирон.

По подацима из 2011. године у општини је живело 65 становника, а густина насељености је износила 10,8 становника/-{km²}-. Општина се простире на површини од 6,02 -{km²}-. Налази се на средњој надморској висини од 550 метара (максималној 1.682 -{m}-, а минималној 531 -{m}-).

Демографија

График промене броја становника у току последњих година

Види још
 Списак општина у департману Арјеж

Референце

Спољашње везе
 База података: -{Insee}-
 Указан на страници Националног географског института Француске
 Указан на страници организације -{INSEE}-
 Најближа насеља (километража, правац и координате)
 Положај места Указан на мапи Француске (са основним подацима о месту)
 План насеља Указан на мапи (-{Mapquest}-)

Департман Арјеж у Француској
Википројект географија/Насеља у Француској


Armed with iPads and laptops, middle and high school students from more than 50 Maine schools descended on the UMaine campus in Orono last month. Joining them were their teachers, chaperones, and Maine's Learning Through Technology Team with partners from Apple, Cisco, Network Maine, Husson University, and UMaine. In all, more than 1,200 joined together for the thirteenth annual MLTI Student Conference.
Aside from some 40 plus workshops spread out across the UMaine campus – addressing stop motion film, web design, creating podcasts, 3D printing, Sphero robots, beyond the selfie, and more – this year's conference offered a first-of-a-kind opportunity. Students and their teachers discovered new ways to learn on their school-issued devices focusing on the use of Minecraft.
Minecraft is a pixelated game in which players mine blocks of materials to build structures, and create environments, making it one of Microsoft's most popular video games ever released. What made Minecraft more popular at the 2016 MLTI Student Conference was how the visual creations accompanied a longtime true story of survival.
In 1939, a young boy by the name of Donn Fendler was lost and survived nine days on Mt. Mt. Katahdin in Baxter State Park before being rescued. His journey was told in the book Lost on a Mountain in Maine; a popular read for all ages for many years. At this conference, Fendler took the audience through the nine days of what he called "a horrid experience." As he spoke of the elements he encountered like bugs, rain, and a bear, attendees created the environment using Minecraft and their MLTI devices, and the creations were projected on the large screen in the Collins Center for the Arts.
Aside from recreating Fendler's journey digitally, students had the opportunity to speak with the 89 year old about being lost on Mt. Katahdin when he was just 12 years old. He clearly shared how scared and panicked he was, spoke of losing clothing and scavenging abandoned cabins for supplies, and ultimately being rescued.
At the close of the conference a dozen students received scholarships of one thousand dollars each; two from Husson University and ten from UMaine.
For information on Maine's Learning through Technology Initiative, click here or contact Maine's Learning Through Technology Director Mike Muir at mike.muir@maine.gov.


text:
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK-END SPORT
MELBOURNE WINS 1939 LEAGUE PENNANT—An anxious moment for Collingwood when Hocking, hemmed in by Melbourne players, was pushed aside by Rodda (Melbourne) during play on the Collingwood back line in the League grand final on Saturday. Nearly 80,000 people attended the match. (From left) Regan (Collingwood) Ball (Melbourne), Boggott (Melbourne), Williams (Collingwood) Hocking (Collingwood) Rodda (Melbourne),
Page 5 - HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK-END SPORT
MELBOURNE WINS 1939 LEAGUE PENNANT-An anxious moment for Collingwood when Hocking, hemmed in I by Melbourne players, was pushed aside by Rodda (Melbourne) during play on the Collingwood back line in I the League grand final on Saturday Nearly 80,000 people attended the match (From left) Regan (Collingwood) Ball (Melbourne), Boggott (Melbourne), Williams (Collingwood) Hocking (Collingwood) Rodda (Melbourne1 ' and Mueller (Melbourne) AJC DERBY TO READING--Reading (D Munro) leading High Caste, Wilson, and the odds on favourite Beau Vite half a furlong from the post in the AJC Derby at Randwick on Saturday The horses finished in I that order GAINED CYCLING HONOURS - Aged only l8 years, Alex O Haro, a member of the Essendon Club, scored the greatest success of his cycling career when he won the Healing Colac to Melbourne road race on Saturday On the right is W Rochford, who by recording fastest lime among the Victorian riders, won the Victorian senior long-distance amateur road championship FIELD UMPIRE COWARD being assisted from the field after he had fallen and dislocated his elbow during the League grand final on Saturday Play was interrupted for several minutes, and Umpire Blackburn then took control Help
MELBOURNE WINS 1939 LEAGUE PENNANT—An anxious moment for Collingwood when Hocking, hemmed in
by Melbourne players, was pushed aside by Rodda (Melbourne) during play on the Collingwood back line in
the League grand final on Saturday. Nearly 80,000 people attended the match. (From left) Regan (Collingwood),
Ball (Melbourne), Baggott (Melbourne), Williams (Collingwood), Hocking (Collingwood), Rodda (Melbourne),
and Mueller (Melbourne).
A.J.C. DERBY TO READING--Reading (D. Munro) leading High Caste, Wilson, and the odds-on favourite
Beau Vite half a furlong from the post in the A.J.C. Derby at Randwick on Saturday. The horses finished in
that order.
GAINED CYCLING HONOURS - Aged only 18 years, Alex O'Hara, a
member of the Essendon Club, scored the greatest success of his cycling
career when he won the Healing Colac to Melbourne road race on Saturday.
On the right is W. Rochford, who by recording fastest time among the
Victorian riders, won the Victorian senior long-distance amateur road
championship.
FIELD UMPIRE COWARD being
assisted from the field after he had
fallen and dislocated his elbow during
the League grand final on Saturday.
Play was interrupted for several
minutes, and Umpire Blackburn then
took control.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK-END SPORT (1939, October 2). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), p. 5. Retrieved January 17, 2021, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11257683
"HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK-END SPORT" The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957) 2 October 1939: 5. Web. 17 Jan 2021 <http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11257683>.
1939 'HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK-END SPORT', The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), 2 October, p. 5. , viewed 17 Jan 2021, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11257683
{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11257683 |title=HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK-END SPORT |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=29,051 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=2 October 1939 |accessdate=17 January 2021 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}
The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), Mon 2 Oct 1939, Page 5 - HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK-END SPORT


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The Good | As part of the Cotton On Group Positive Change Initiative *do not delete*
In 2016, Supré, as part of the Cotton On Group proudly became one of the first Australian retailers to join the BCI. When you purchase our products, you are making a positive difference to support more sustainable cotton production. You can be confident that the we are committed to sourcing Better Cotton and investing in BCI Farmers.
Kenyan Cotton Initiative
In 2014, in partnership with Business for Development, Base Titanium and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Supré, as part of the Cotton On Group launched our own sustainable cotton program in Kwale County, Kenya. This initiative has helped to support and train over 1,500 local farmers on sustainable farming practices. The result? Many of our farmers have tripled their income since coming on board.
Supre Foundation water bottles
In 2017, Supré, as part of the Cotton On Group partnered with VISY to deliver recycled and recyclable water bottles, made in Australia from 100% recycled PET materials. What's more? 100% of proceeds from the sale of a Supré Foundation product contributes to the Supré Foundation and its global projects
Ethical Sourcing Program
In 2009, Supré, as part of the Cotton On Group established the 14 Rules to Trade that sets the standards for all our suppliers to adhere to. The policy covers important issues like working conditions, the prohibition of forced labour and child labour, environmental practices, bribery and corruption.
Audit and Corrective Action Plan
Each year, Supré, as part of the Cotton On Group conducts hundreds of audits to ensure its 14 Rules to Trade are upheld. One of the most important aspects of delivering our program has been to ensure a strong two-way dialogue with our production partners. We are in constant communication with our suppliers and hold face-to-face training and education sessions. These forums allow us to talk openly with suppliers on matters relating to ethical sourcing, while providing them with an opportunity to update us on the challenges they face and the steps they are making to bring about positive change.
Committed to the journey towards paying living wage
Supré, as part of the Cotton On Group are working collaboratively with global and market-specific NGOs, other retailers, trade unions, regulators and governing bodies to develop the tools and support necessary for the successful transition from minimum wages to living wages. As a proud member of Action Collaboration Transformation (ACT), the Group is committed to working with fellow signatories towards the establishment of industry wide collective bargaining to create positive change to the way wages and working conditions are set. This ground-breaking agreement between retailers and trade unions exists to transform the garment and textile industry with a goal of achieving living wages for all workers.
Supré, as part of the Cotton On Group are committed to making a positive difference in people's lives. We do this through a number of projects; the Cotton On Foundation, our philanthropic arm which works directly with communities in need, delivering quality education projects around the world and Supre Foundation that funds projects that educate, support and empower young girls.
This is our journey of continuous improvement. One that we are committed to for the long haul.
2014: Established employee carpooling system
2015: Implemented recycling at Global Support Centre (Geelong)
2016: Introduced recycled boxes and shipping bags
2018: Commenced working toward goal of zero plastic shopping bags with recycled and recyclable paper bags
2018: Packing machine installed at Australian DC to reduce packaging waste for online deliveries
2018: Establish Manufacturing Restricted Substance List
2018: Establish Restricted Substance List
2019: Eliminate single-use plastic from Global Support Centre & transition to paper shopping bags
2025: Substitute more sustainable options for packaging throughout our entire supply chain
Reducing our carbon footprint
With 1,500 stores in 18 countries, we understand we have the power to make big change. This is why we are on a journey to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.
100% supply chain transparency
Supré and the Cotton On Group's commitment to ethical sourcing and transparency across all business operations is our priority. In 2016, we started publicly disclosing our supplier base and actively pursuing a goal of end-to-end mapping of all suppliers, including raw materials, by the end of 2018. Our responsibility to how our products are made, the people who make them and the materials used extends across the 1,900 factories we use and the 170,000 workers employed at them.
2009: Introduced 14 Rules to Trade
2011: Joined Better Cotton Initiative (BCI)
2014: Signatory of the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh
2017: Joined the Alliance for Water Stewardship
2018: Joined SEDEX platform to share supply chain responsible data
2018: Joined ACT (Action Collaboration Transformation)
2018: Achieved an A grade in the 2018 Baptist World Aid Ethical Fashion Report


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package net.recommenders.rival.examples.movielens100k;

import net.recommenders.rival.core.DataModelIF;
import net.recommenders.rival.core.DataModelUtils;
import net.recommenders.rival.core.Parser;
import net.recommenders.rival.core.SimpleParser;
import net.recommenders.rival.evaluation.metric.ranking.NDCG;
import net.recommenders.rival.evaluation.metric.ranking.Precision;
import net.recommenders.rival.evaluation.strategy.EvaluationStrategy;
import net.recommenders.rival.examples.DataDownloader;
import net.recommenders.rival.recommend.frameworks.RecommenderIO;
import net.recommenders.rival.recommend.frameworks.mahout.GenericRecommenderBuilder;
import net.recommenders.rival.recommend.frameworks.exceptions.RecommenderException;
import net.recommenders.rival.split.parser.MovielensParser;
import net.recommenders.rival.split.splitter.CrossValidationSplitter;
import org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.common.TasteException;
import org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.impl.common.LongPrimitiveIterator;
import org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.impl.model.file.FileDataModel;
import org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.recommender.RecommendedItem;
import org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.recommender.Recommender;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import net.recommenders.rival.core.DataModelFactory;
import net.recommenders.rival.evaluation.metric.error.RMSE;

/**
 * RiVal Movielens100k Mahout Example, using 5-fold cross validation.
 *
 * @author Alan
 */
public final class CrossValidatedMahoutKNNRecommenderEvaluator {

    /**
     * Default number of folds.
     */
    public static final int N_FOLDS = 5;
    /**
     * Default neighbohood size.
     */
    public static final int NEIGH_SIZE = 50;
    /**
     * Default cutoff for evaluation metrics.
     */
    public static final int AT = 10;
    /**
     * Default relevance threshold.
     */
    public static final double REL_TH = 3.0;
    /**
     * Default seed.
     */
    public static final long SEED = 2048L;

    /**
     * Utility classes should not have a public or default constructor.
     */
    private CrossValidatedMahoutKNNRecommenderEvaluator() {
    }

    /**
     * Main method. Parameter is not used.
     *
     * @param args the arguments (not used)
     */
    public static void main(final String[] args) {
        String url = "http://files.grouplens.org/datasets/movielens/ml-100k.zip";
        String folder = "data/ml-100k";
        String modelPath = "data/ml-100k/model/";
        String recPath = "data/ml-100k/recommendations/";
        String dataFile = "data/ml-100k/ml-100k/u.data";
        int nFolds = N_FOLDS;
        prepareSplits(url, nFolds, dataFile, folder, modelPath);
        recommend(nFolds, modelPath, recPath);
        // the strategy files are (currently) being ignored
        prepareStrategy(nFolds, modelPath, recPath, modelPath);
        evaluate(nFolds, modelPath, recPath);
    }

    /**
     * Downloads a dataset and stores the splits generated from it.
     *
     * @param url url where dataset can be downloaded from
     * @param nFolds number of folds
     * @param inFile file to be used once the dataset has been downloaded
     * @param folder folder where dataset will be stored
     * @param outPath path where the splits will be stored
     */
    public static void prepareSplits(final String url, final int nFolds, final String inFile, final String folder, final String outPath) {
        DataDownloader dd = new DataDownloader(url, folder);
        dd.downloadAndUnzip();

        boolean perUser = true;
        long seed = SEED;
        Parser<Long, Long> parser = new MovielensParser();

        DataModelIF<Long, Long> data = null;
        try {
            data = parser.parseData(new File(inFile));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        DataModelIF<Long, Long>[] splits = new CrossValidationSplitter<Long, Long>(nFolds, perUser, seed).split(data);
        File dir = new File(outPath);
        if (!dir.exists()) {
            if (!dir.mkdir()) {
                System.err.println("Directory " + dir + " could not be created");
                return;
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < splits.length / 2; i++) {
            DataModelIF<Long, Long> training = splits[2 * i];
            DataModelIF<Long, Long> test = splits[2 * i + 1];
            String trainingFile = outPath + "train_" + i + ".csv";
            String testFile = outPath + "test_" + i + ".csv";
            System.out.println("train: " + trainingFile);
            System.out.println("test: " + testFile);
            boolean overwrite = true;
            try {
                DataModelUtils.saveDataModel(training, trainingFile, overwrite, "\t");
                DataModelUtils.saveDataModel(test, testFile, overwrite, "\t");
            } catch (FileNotFoundException | UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Recommends using an UB algorithm.
     *
     * @param nFolds number of folds
     * @param inPath path where training and test models have been stored
     * @param outPath path where recommendation files will be stored
     */
    public static void recommend(final int nFolds, final String inPath, final String outPath) {
        for (int i = 0; i < nFolds; i++) {
            org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.model.DataModel trainModel;
            org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.model.DataModel testModel;
            try {
                trainModel = new FileDataModel(new File(inPath + "train_" + i + ".csv"));
                testModel = new FileDataModel(new File(inPath + "test_" + i + ".csv"));
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                return;
            }

            GenericRecommenderBuilder grb = new GenericRecommenderBuilder();
            String recommenderClass = "org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.impl.recommender.GenericUserBasedRecommender";
            String similarityClass = "org.apache.mahout.cf.taste.impl.similarity.PearsonCorrelationSimilarity";
            int neighborhoodSize = NEIGH_SIZE;
            Recommender recommender = null;
            try {
                recommender = grb.buildRecommender(trainModel, recommenderClass, similarityClass, neighborhoodSize);
            } catch (RecommenderException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }

            String fileName = "recs_" + i + ".csv";

            LongPrimitiveIterator users;
            try {
                users = testModel.getUserIDs();
                boolean createFile = true;
                while (users.hasNext()) {
                    long u = users.nextLong();
                    assert recommender != null;
                    List<RecommendedItem> items = recommender.recommend(u, trainModel.getNumItems());
                    //
                    List<RecommenderIO.Preference<Long, Long>> prefs = new ArrayList<>();
                    for (RecommendedItem ri : items) {
                        prefs.add(new RecommenderIO.Preference<>(u, ri.getItemID(), ri.getValue()));
                    }
                    //
                    RecommenderIO.writeData(u, prefs, outPath, fileName, !createFile, null);
                    createFile = false;
                }
            } catch (TasteException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Prepares the strategies to be evaluated with the recommenders already
     * generated.
     *
     * @param nFolds number of folds
     * @param splitPath path where splits have been stored
     * @param recPath path where recommendation files have been stored
     * @param outPath path where the filtered recommendations will be stored
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static void prepareStrategy(final int nFolds, final String splitPath, final String recPath, final String outPath) {
        for (int i = 0; i < nFolds; i++) {
            File trainingFile = new File(splitPath + "train_" + i + ".csv");
            File testFile = new File(splitPath + "test_" + i + ".csv");
            File recFile = new File(recPath + "recs_" + i + ".csv");
            DataModelIF<Long, Long> trainingModel;
            DataModelIF<Long, Long> testModel;
            DataModelIF<Long, Long> recModel;
            try {
                trainingModel = new SimpleParser().parseData(trainingFile);
                testModel = new SimpleParser().parseData(testFile);
                recModel = new SimpleParser().parseData(recFile);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                return;
            }

            Double threshold = REL_TH;
            String strategyClassName = "net.recommenders.rival.evaluation.strategy.UserTest";
            EvaluationStrategy<Long, Long> strategy = null;
            try {
                strategy = (EvaluationStrategy<Long, Long>) (Class.forName(strategyClassName)).getConstructor(DataModelIF.class, DataModelIF.class, double.class).
                        newInstance(trainingModel, testModel, threshold);
            } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | ClassNotFoundException | InvocationTargetException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }

            DataModelIF<Long, Long> modelToEval = DataModelFactory.getDefaultModel();
            for (Long user : recModel.getUsers()) {
                assert strategy != null;
                for (Long item : strategy.getCandidateItemsToRank(user)) {
                    if (!Double.isNaN(recModel.getUserItemPreference(user, item))) {
                        modelToEval.addPreference(user, item, recModel.getUserItemPreference(user, item));
                    }
                }
            }
            try {
                DataModelUtils.saveDataModel(modelToEval, outPath + "strategymodel_" + i + ".csv", true, "\t");
            } catch (FileNotFoundException | UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Evaluates the recommendations generated in previous steps.
     *
     * @param nFolds number of folds
     * @param splitPath path where splits have been stored
     * @param recPath path where recommendation files have been stored
     */
    public static void evaluate(final int nFolds, final String splitPath, final String recPath) {
        double ndcgRes = 0.0;
        double precisionRes = 0.0;
        double rmseRes = 0.0;
        for (int i = 0; i < nFolds; i++) {
            File testFile = new File(splitPath + "test_" + i + ".csv");
            File recFile = new File(recPath + "recs_" + i + ".csv");
            DataModelIF<Long, Long> testModel = null;
            DataModelIF<Long, Long> recModel = null;
            try {
                testModel = new SimpleParser().parseData(testFile);
                recModel = new SimpleParser().parseData(recFile);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            NDCG<Long, Long> ndcg = new NDCG<>(recModel, testModel, new int[]{AT});
            ndcg.compute();
            ndcgRes += ndcg.getValueAt(AT);

            RMSE<Long, Long> rmse = new RMSE<>(recModel, testModel);
            rmse.compute();
            rmseRes += rmse.getValue();

            Precision<Long, Long> precision = new Precision<>(recModel, testModel, REL_TH, new int[]{AT});
            precision.compute();
            precisionRes += precision.getValueAt(AT);
        }
        System.out.println("NDCG@" + AT + ": " + ndcgRes / nFolds);
        System.out.println("RMSE: " + rmseRes / nFolds);
        System.out.println("P@" + AT + ": " + precisionRes / nFolds);

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The story's told of a lieutenant addressing his platoon: "I'm looking for volunteers. Chances are, this mission won't succeed and many of you won't come back. If you're interested, step forward." Everybody looks around, then takes a collective step backwards, leaving an unsuspecting "volunteer" standing alone. God is not looking for "involuntary volunteers." Jesus said, "If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross daily." He wants people who are willing to leave their comfort zone; to give up their expectations that life be lived on their terms; to sacrifice everything for people who may never know they did it; to pay the price so that God's purposes can be fulfilled. And what's more, He expects us to do it "daily." When Jesus said, "Whoever does not carry his own cross…cannot be My disciple" (Lk 14:27 NAS), He wasn't asking us to do something He Himself hasn't done. Oswald Chambers said, "If we are devoted to the cause of humanity we will be crushed and brokenhearted, for we shall often meet with ingratitude…But if our motive is love for God, no ingratitude will hinder us from serving our fellowman." John says, "We understand what love is when we realize…Christ gave his life for us. That means we must give our lives for other believers" (1Jn 3:16 GWT). So, are you willing to "die daily" (1Co 15:31)? When you think about it, that's harder than physical death because it means denying yourself and obeying God even when it goes against the grain. But that's what you're called to do!


text:
Q: Covering $S^{n-1}$ with $n+1$ closed sets containing no antipodal points For proving the equivalence of the Theorems of Borsuk-Ulam and Lusternik-Schnirelmann, we need to cover $S^{n-1}$ with closed sets $F_1,\dots,F_{n+1}$ such that none of the $F_i$ contains a pair of antipodal points. I've read that we can do that by taking a regular $n$-simplex inscribed in $S^{n-1}$ and projecting its faces to $S^{n-1}$, but I'm not satisfied by that argument, since it seems quite hard to specify the vertex coordinates of a regular $n$-simplex inside $S^{n-1}$.
Is there a simpler closed cover to make this work, or a not too messy way to make the simplex-argument rigorous?

Edit: Can we set it up this way?
For $k=1,\dots,n$ let $F_k$ be the set of $(x_1,\dots,x_n)\in S^{n-1}$ where at least one $x_i\le 0$ and $x_k\le x_i$ for all $i$. Let $F_{n+1}$ be the set where all $x_i\ge 0$. All of the $F_k$ are closed, since we are just taking unions and intersections of closed half-spaces. Assuming $x,-x\in F_k$ for $k\le n$ we have $x_k=x_i$ for all $i$, so all coordinates of $x$ are equal and less or equal to $0$, but then $-x\in F_k$ can only happen for $x=0$, a contradiction to $x\in S^{n-1}$. Thus $F_k$ does not contain antipodal points for $k\le n$. We easily verify that $F_{n+1}$ doesn't contain antipodal points either.

A: Consider the hyperplane, $H$, $x_1+x_2+\dots+x_{n+1}=1$ in $\mathbb R^{n+1}$. It is an $n$-dimensional space. Then consider the points in that hyperplane, $$x_1=(1,0,\dots,0), x_2=(0,1,\dots,0),\dots,x_{n+1}=(0,0,\dots,1)$$ Their convex hull is a regular $n$-simplex.
The points are also points on the sphere in $H$ with center $(\frac1{n+1},\frac1{n+1},\dots,\frac1{n+1})$ and radius $\frac{\sqrt{n^2+n}}{n+1}$.
So all you really need to do is find an isometry between $H$ and $\mathbb R^n$ sending the center to $0$, and you've got your regular $n$-simplex.
It's not pretty, but it's not hard.