text:
__authors__ = [
  '"Leo (Chong Liu)" <HiddenPython@gmail.com>',
  ]

import datetime
import httplib

from google.appengine.api import users
from google.appengine.ext import db

from soc.logic.models.host import logic as host_logic
from soc.logic.models.sponsor import logic as sponsor_logic
from soc.logic.models.timeline import logic as timeline_logic
from soc.logic.models.user import logic as user_logic

from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.grading_record import logic \
    as grading_record_logic
from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.grading_survey_group import logic \
    as survey_group_logic
from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.mentor import logic as mentor_logic
from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.program import logic as program_logic
from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.org_admin import logic \
    as gsoc_org_admin_logic
from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.organization import logic \
    as gsoc_organization_logic
from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.student import logic as student_logic
from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.student_project import logic \
    as student_project_logic
from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.survey import project_logic \
    as project_survey_logic
from soc.modules.gsoc.logic.models.survey import grading_logic \
    as grading_survey_logic

from soc.tasks.grading_survey_group import DEF_BATCH_SIZE

from tests.test_utils import DjangoTestCase
from tests.test_utils import MailTestCase
from tests.test_utils import TaskQueueTestCase

class GradingSurveyGroupTasksTest(DjangoTestCase,
                                  TaskQueueTestCase,
                                  MailTestCase):
  """Tests related to the soc.tasks.grading_survey_group view.
  """

  def setUp(self):
    """Set up required for the view tests.
    """
    # Setup TaskQueueTestCase and MailTestCase first
    super(GradingSurveyGroupTasksTest, self).setUp()
    # Create a user for the founder of sponsor
    email = "a_sponsor@example.com"
    account = users.User(email=email)
    link_id = 'a_sponsor_user'
    name = 'A Sponsor User'
    sponsor_user_properties = {
        'account': account,
        'link_id': link_id,
        'name': name,
        }
    sponsor_user = user_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(sponsor_user_properties)
    # Create sponsor
    link_id = 'a_sponsor'
    name = 'A Sponsor'
    founder = 'a_founder'
    phone = '01234567'
    contact_postalcode = 'A postalcode'
    description = 'A description'
    contact_country = 'United States'
    short_name = 'AS'
    contact_city = 'A city'
    home_page = 'http://www.asponsor.com'
    email = 'email@asponsor.com'
    sponsor_properties = {
        'link_id': link_id,
        'name': name,
        'short_name': short_name,
        'founder': sponsor_user,
        'phone': phone,
        'description': description,
        'contact_country': contact_country,
       'contact_city': 'A City',
       'contact_street': 'A Street',
        'contact_postalcode': contact_postalcode,
        'home_page': home_page,
        'email': email,
        'status': 'active',
        }
    sponsor = sponsor_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(sponsor_properties)
    # Create a timeline for a program
    timeline_properties = {
        'link_id': 'a_program',
        'scope_path': 'a_sponsor',
        'scope': sponsor,
          }
    timeline = timeline_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(timeline_properties)
    # Create a program for a_sponsor
    program_properties = {
        'key_name': 'a_sponsor/a_program',
        'link_id': 'a_program',
        'scope': sponsor,
        'scope_path': 'a_sponsor',
        'name': 'A Program 2010',
        'short_name': 'AP2010',
        'group_label': 'AP',
        'description': 'This is the program for AP2010.',
        'apps_tasks_limit': 42,
        'slots': 42,
        'allocations_visible': True,
        'timeline': timeline,
        'status': 'visible',
        }
    # GSoC program logic does not work: error in updatePredefinedOrgTags
    from soc.modules.gsoc.models.program import GSoCProgram
    program = GSoCProgram(**program_properties)
    program.put()
    self.program = program
    # Create an organization for a_program
    organization_properties = {
      'link_id': 'an_org',
      'name': 'An Organization',
      'short_name': 'AO',
      'scope_path': 'a_sponsor/a_program',
      'scope': program,
      'founder': sponsor_user,
      'home_page': 'http://www.an_org.com',
      'phone': '1-555-2222',
      'description': 'An Organization',
      'license_name': 'Apache License',
      'ideas': 'http://www.an_org.com/ideas',
        'contact_country': contact_country,
       'contact_city': 'A City',
       'contact_street': 'A Street',
        'contact_postalcode': contact_postalcode,
        'home_page': home_page,
        'email': email,
        'status': 'active',
      }
    organization = gsoc_organization_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(
        organization_properties)
    # Create a user for all roles except sponsor
    email = "a_role_user@example.com"
    account = users.User(email=email)
    link_id = 'a_role_user'
    name = 'A Role User'
    properties = {
        'account': account,
        'link_id': link_id,
        'name': name,
        }
    key_name = user_logic.getKeyNameFromFields(properties)
    role_user = user_logic.updateOrCreateFromKeyName(properties, key_name)
    # Create an admin for an_org
    gsoc_org_admin_properties = {
      'link_id': 'an_org_admin',
      'given_name': 'A',
      'surname': 'Orgadmin',
      'scope_path': organization.scope_path + '/' + organization.link_id,
      'scope': organization,
      'program': program,
      'phone': '1-555-2222',
      'email': 'an_org_admin@email.com',
      'res_country': 'United States',
      'res_city': 'A City',
      'res_street': 'A Street',
      'res_postalcode': '12345',
      'birth_date': db.DateProperty.now(),
      'user': role_user,
      }
    gsoc_org_admin_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(gsoc_org_admin_properties)
    # Create a mentor for an_org
    mentor_properties = gsoc_org_admin_properties.copy()
    mentor_properties.update({
        'link_id': 'a_mentor',
        'given_name': 'A',
        'surname': 'Mentor',
      'email': 'a_mentor@email.com',
        })
    mentor = mentor_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(mentor_properties)
    self.mentor = mentor
    # Create students for a_program
    student_properties = gsoc_org_admin_properties.copy()
    student_properties.update({
        'scope_path': program.scope_path + '/' + program.link_id,
        'scope': program,
        'program': program,
        'given_name': 'A',
        'surname': 'Student',
        'major': 'A Major',
        'name_on_documents': 'A Name on Documents',
        'publish_location': True,
        'blog': 'http://www.ablog.com/',
        'home_page': 'http://www.ahomepage.com/',
        'photo_url': 'http://www.astudent.com/aphoto.png',
        'expected_graduation': 2011,
        'school_country': 'United States',
        'school_name': 'A School',
        'tshirt_size': 'XS',
        'tshirt_style': 'male',
        'degree': 'Undergraduate',
        'phone': '1650253000',
        'can_we_contact_you': True,
        'program_knowledge': 'I heard about this program through a friend.'
        })
    # Create projects for a_program, an_org and a_mentor
    project_properties = {
        'scope_path': organization.scope_path + '/' + organization.link_id,
        'scope': organization,
        'title': 'test project',
        'abstract': 'test abstract',
        'status': 'accepted',
        'mentor': mentor,
        'program': program,
         }
    #The string order of students' link_id is the same with that of students
    #in the array in order to make sure the last student is handled last
    size = DEF_BATCH_SIZE
    num_digits = 0
    while True:
      size /= 10
      num_digits += 1
      if size == 0:
        break
    students, projects = [], []
    for i in xrange(DEF_BATCH_SIZE+1):
      student_link_id = ('student%0'+str(num_digits)+'d') % i
      student_properties.update({
          'link_id': student_link_id,
          'email': student_link_id + '@email.com',
          })
      student = student_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(student_properties)
      students.append(student)
      project_link_id = ('project%0'+str(num_digits)+'d') % i
      project_properties.update({
          'link_id': project_link_id,
          'student': student,
          })
      project = student_project_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(
          project_properties)
      projects.append(project)
    self.students = students
    self.projects = projects
    # Create a project survey for a_program
    link_id = 'a_project_survey'
    fields = {'SelectionQ': [u'SelectionQ Option 2 for %s' % link_id,
                             u'SelectionQ Option 1 for %s'  % link_id
                             ],
              'PickMultipleQ': ['PickMultipleQ Checkbox 1 for %s' % link_id,
                                'PickMultipleQ Checkbox 2 for %s' % link_id,
                                ],
              'LongQ': 'LongQ Custom Prompt for %s' % link_id,
              'ShortQ': 'ShortQ Custom Prompt for %s' % link_id,
              }
    schema = {u'PickMultipleQ': {'index': 5, 'type': 'pick_multi',
                                 'render': 'multi_checkbox'},
              u'LongQ': {'index': 2, 'type': 'long_answer'},
              u'ShortQ': {'index': 3, 'type': 'short_answer'},
              u'SelectionQ': {'index': 4, 'type': 'selection',
                              'render': 'single_select'}
              }
    survey_properties = {
        'link_id': link_id,
        'scope_path': program.scope_path + '/' + program.link_id,
        'scope': None,
        'prefix': 'program',
        'author': role_user,
        'title': 'A Project Survey',
        'short_name': 'APS',
        'modified_by': role_user,
        'is_featured': True,
        'fields': fields,
        'schema': schema,
        'deadline': datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(10),
        'taking_access': 'student',
        }
    project_survey = project_survey_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(
        survey_properties)
    self.project_survey = project_survey
    # Create a grading survey for a_program
    link_id = 'a_grading_survey'
    survey_properties.update({
        'link_id': link_id,
        'title': 'A Grading Survey',
        'short_name': 'AGS',
        'taking_access': 'mentor',
        })
    grading_survey = grading_survey_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(
        survey_properties)
    self.grading_survey = grading_survey
    # Create a survey group for a_grading_survey and a_project_survey
    # of a_program
    survey_group_properties = {
        'link_id': link_id,
        'scope_path': program.scope_path + '/' + program.link_id,
        'scope': program,
        'name': 'A Survey Group',
        'grading_survey': grading_survey,
        'student_survey': project_survey,
        }
    survey_group = survey_group_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(
        survey_group_properties)
    self.survey_group = survey_group

  def createGradingRecords(self):
    """Creates DEF_BATCH_SIZE+1 grading records (one for each project).
    """
    grading_records = []
    grading_record_properties = {
        'grading_survey_group': self.survey_group,
        'project': self.projects[0],
        'grade_decision': 'undecided',
        }
    for i in xrange(DEF_BATCH_SIZE+1):
      choices = ['undecided', 'pass', 'fail']
      grading_record_properties.update({
          'project': self.projects[i],
          'grade_decision': choices[i%3],
        })
      grading_record = grading_record_logic.updateOrCreateFromFields(
          grading_record_properties)
      grading_records.append(grading_record)
      self.grading_records = grading_records

  def testUpdateRecordsThroughPostWithoutCorrectXsrfToken(self):
    """Tests that it is forbidden to update records with incorrect XSRF token.

    Without a correct XSRF token, the attempt to update or create records for
    survey group records is forbidden.
    """
    url = '/tasks/grading_survey_group/update_records'
    postdata = {'group_key': self.survey_group.key().name(),
                'project_key': self.projects[0].key().name()}
    response = self.client.post(url, postdata)
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, httplib.FORBIDDEN)

  def testUpdateRecordsThroughPostWithCorrectXsrfToken(self):
    """Tests that grading records are created with a correct XSRF.

    With correct XSRF token, DEF_BATCH_SIZE
    grading records are created (one for each project) and a taskqueue to
    create more is spawned if there are more than DEF_BATCH_SIZE projects
    to update.
    """
    url = '/tasks/grading_survey_group/update_records'
    postdata = {'group_key': self.survey_group.key().name(),
                'project_key': self.projects[0].key().name()}
    xsrf_token = self.getXsrfToken(url, data=postdata)
    postdata.update(xsrf_token=xsrf_token)
    response = self.client.post(url, postdata)
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, httplib.OK)
    grading_records = grading_record_logic.getForFields()
    expected_num_grading_records = DEF_BATCH_SIZE
    actual_num_grading_records = len(grading_records)
    self.assertEqual(expected_num_grading_records, actual_num_grading_records)
    task_url = url
    self.assertTasksInQueue(n=1, url=task_url)

  def testUpdateProjectsThroughPostWithoutCorrectXsrfToken(self):
    """Tests that it is forbidden to update project with incorrect XSRF token.

    The attempt to update each student project for which
    a GradingRecord is found without a correct XSRF token is forbidden.
    """
    self.createGradingRecords()
    url = '/tasks/grading_survey_group/update_projects'
    postdata = {'group_key': self.survey_group.key().name(),
                'record_key': self.grading_records[0].key().id(),
                'send_mail': 'yes'}
    response = self.client.post(url, postdata)
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, httplib.FORBIDDEN)

  def testUpdateProjectsThroughPostWithCorrectXsrfToken(self):
    """Tests that tasks are spawned with a correct XSRF token.

    Through HTTP POST with correct XSRF token, DEF_BATCH_SIZE
    tasks of sending mails (one for each grading record) are spawned and a
    taskqueue to update more projects is spawned if there are more than
    DEF_BATCH_SIZE projects to update. Also Test that the status of the project
    with 'undecided' grading is still 'accepted', the status of the project
    with 'pass' grading is still 'accepted', and the status of the project
    with 'fail' grading is changed to 'failed'.
    """
    self.createGradingRecords()
    url = '/tasks/grading_survey_group/update_projects'
    postdata = {'group_key': self.survey_group.key().name(),
                'record_key': self.grading_records[0].key().id(),
                'send_mail': 'yes'}
    xsrf_token = self.getXsrfToken(url, data=postdata)
    postdata.update(xsrf_token=xsrf_token)
    response = self.client.post(url, postdata)
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, httplib.OK)
    # Test that the status of the project with 'undecided' grading is
    # still 'accepted'
    self.assertEqual(db.get(self.projects[0].key()).status, 'accepted')
    # Test that the status of the project with 'pass' grading is
    # still 'accepted'
    self.assertEqual(db.get(self.projects[1].key()).status, 'accepted')
    # Test that the status of the project with 'fail' grading is changed
    # to 'failed'
    self.assertEqual(db.get(self.projects[2].key()).status, 'failed')
    task_url = '/tasks/grading_survey_group/mail_result'
    queue_names = ['mail']
    # Only DEF_BATCH_SIZE tasks of sending mails are spawned
    self.assertTasksInQueue(n=DEF_BATCH_SIZE, url=task_url,
                            queue_names=queue_names)
    task_url = url
    self.assertTasksInQueue(n=1, url=task_url)

  def testMailResultWithoutCorrectXsrfToken(self):
    """Tests that sending grading result is forbidden with incorrect XSRF token.

    Without a correct XSRF token, The attempt to send out a mail about the
    result of one grading record is forbidden.
    """
    self.createGradingRecords()
    url = '/tasks/grading_survey_group/mail_result'
    postdata = {'record_key': self.grading_records[0].key().id()}
    response = self.client.post(url, postdata)
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, httplib.FORBIDDEN)

  def testMailResultWithCorrectXsrfToken(self):
    """Tests that grading result can be sent out with correct XSRF token.

    With a correct XSRF token, the result of grading
    can be sent out to students.
    """
    self.createGradingRecords()
    url = '/tasks/grading_survey_group/mail_result'
    postdata = {'record_key': self.grading_records[0].key().id()}
    xsrf_token = self.getXsrfToken(url, data=postdata)
    postdata.update(xsrf_token=xsrf_token)
    response = self.client.post(url, postdata)
    self.assertEqual(response.status_code, httplib.OK)
    self.assertEmailSent(to=self.grading_records[0].project.student.email,
                         html='evaluation')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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For the rest of our time in Buenos Aires the tango has us in its grip. There is no escaping it. We take lessons every afternoon at different places in San Telmo, and practice at night in the milongas. In the Las Fulanas restaurant at Plaza Dorrego the waitresses, dressed in traditional costumes, turn out to be tango virtuosos as well. One night as we are enjoying a romantic moment in a corner, one of the waitresses asks my partner to dance. I see him stumble on the dance floor, in the firm grip of this determined girl, who is clearly taking the lead. The "me Tarzan" in him seems to have gone into hiding in the jungle.
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E-Newsletter May 2018 | Oshwal Association of the U.K.
On Sunday 29th April 2018 being also year of our 50th anniversary of OAUK, we held the election of Trustees of our Association. I take this opportunity to thank you all from bottom of my heart for electing me as the Honorary President of Oshwal Association of UK and placing your faith and confidence on me to serve our community. Our immediate past President Tusharbhai Jayantilal and the Executive Committee worked extremely hard with dedication, serving our community and I was privileged to be a part of that Committee.
I am delighted to say that with me I have very capable office bearers who have been elected and they are the new Hon. Vice President- Kaushikbhai Narshi, new Hon. Treasurer- Dhirenbhai Meghji, and Hon. Secretary as Heminiben Raju.
I am also pleased and privileged to say that following Executive committee members have been elected to form part of our team to carry forward our community success. They are Ashokbhai Mulchand, Arvindbhai Dharmshi, Ashiwinbhai Juthalal, Hiteshbhai Lakshamshi, Malaben Dinesh, Mradulalben Babulal, Poonamben Chimanlal, Rajeshbhai Jethalal, Rekhaben Mahesh, Sudhirbhai Meghji, Tusharbhai Jayantilal and Varshaben Dilip.
I am also pleased to advise that we have managed to complete all the AGMS of all Areas and have elected the committee for all Areas except one (North East). We hope to have North East Area committee elected in due course. All the nine Areas Chairperson automatically becomes the Trustee and are part of the Executive team.
The 8 Area Trustees elected are as follows: Kishorebhai Lalji (East), Kevalbhai Rajnikant (Luton), Nikunjbhai Prabhulal (Leicester), Bhikhalalbhai Velji (Northampton), Shailanbhai Premcahnd (North), Prabhulalbhai Raishi (North West), Pareshbhai Raishi (South) and Shejalben Nilesh (West).
In addition, we have also been able to fill the three postions for Board of advisors and following members have been elected to serve for the next three years. They are Mineshbhai Venichand, Dixitbhai Dhiraj and Nileshbhai Sureshchandra.
I take this opportunity to thank all the immediate past Trustees, who continue helping in the background to ensure smooth transition to the EC new team. Thank you Aswinbhai Babulal, Ashishbhai Jayantilal, Bhavniben Amritlal, Dhirajlalbhai Devraj, Kunjalbhai Chandrakant Haria, Rahulbhai Jatish Malde, Laxmichandbhai (North Area Chair) and Hinaben Ramesh (North West Area Chair).
Looking ahead, we intend to complete the ongoing capital projects and I am confident that we will complete them satisfactorily. As an Organisation we have grown so much over the last 10 years and with such growth, will invariably mean that as an Association we need to discuss the future of the structure of our OAUK to ensure the next generations of Oshwals are able to build and strengthen OAUK further. Over the next two years we will be tackling the various issues and bring the changes and improvements to the operation of the Association.
As part of our database maintenance, and with the changes being implemented under GDPR, Oshwal Association of UK, will NEED YOUR CONSENT, to communicate with you (via Email, Post, Phone or other means).
OAUK takes your privacy very seriously. We respect your personal information and we do not sell or share your details to a third party. We are seeking your permission to retain your details, so that we are able to communicate with you in the future.
Please click on the link below to continue receiving our Newsletter and/or any other form of communications which the Association distributes.
If at any time, you would like to unsubscribe, please use the unsubscribe link, located at the bottom of every Email.
As you are aware this is a massive task for OAUK to undertake and our team of Volunteers are meeting on a regular basis to update and verify all member's information. For those households who had not replied to a soft copy sent by Email, we then sent a paper copy of your household details by post. Please return this form back in the envelope provided by 31st May 2018. Your assistance in this matter would be greatly appreciated.
I look forward to meeting with many of you over the coming months.


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The Friends of Erlestoke Prison has been established to help support offenders with the challenges of rehabilitation and keeping in touch with their families whilst completing their sentence.
"In memorial to Mrs Margaret Coupe I would like to make this donation to Friends of Erlestoke since it was a charity close to her heart."
"We are sorry not to be able to go to the open garden but are sending a donation with best wishes"
"Best wishes to Bishop Ed and safe journey"
"I am very happy to support such vital work"


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Ali Pasha Mubarak (, born 1823 or 1824- died on 14 November 1893) was an Egyptian public works and education minister during the second half of the nineteenth century. He is often considered one of the most influential and talented of Egypt's 19th century reformers. Ali Mubarak is known for his contribution in the reconstruction of Cairo's landscape and for founding Egypt's modern educational system.

His most famous work is titled al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyya al-Jadida (; Tawfiq's New Plans, referring to Egypt's ruler at the time), which provides a detailed, street-by-street description of Egypt's major cities and villages.

He also contributed to the start of the Egyptian National Library and Archives around 1870 which is one of the largest and oldest government libraries.

Early life
Ali Mubarak was born in Brembel Al Gadidah village in the Dakahlia Governorate in 1823. Ali Mubarak did not come from a wealthy family, however, he was a part of the Mashayikh family that was known to produce the local Qadi, Imam, and Khatib. The situation of his family would indicate that Ali Mubarak would pursue a career as a religious figure for his rural community. During his youth, Ali Mubarak studied at many different schools and worked for different government clerics. He attended a government prep school before being admitted to the Cairo School of Engineering. During his studies in Cairo he was the top student and as a result was chosen to be a member of a student mission sent by Muhammad Ali to France in 1844. He studied in Paris for two years and directly after that in Metz at the  (). He returned to his homeland in 1849 and was given an instructors position in the artillery school. After this in 1850, he became the first native Egyptian Muslim to be appointed the director of the entire system of government schools. This marked the beginning of his "rich career of public service that spanned nearly four decades and included appointments as head of the ministries of education, public works, and railways."

Early Education and Apprenticeships
After studying under the instruction of his father during his early childhood, Ali Mubarak spent two years studying with a Faqih.  This schooling experience stayed with him for most of his life. In his later years, Ali Mubarak wrote about his fear of beatings by his teacher. He never attended school without a small gift that he could give to his teacher to avoid beatings. After two years of instruction under the Faqih, Ali Mubarak refused to return to the school because he did not wish to become a Faqih.  He left the school in the hopes of working under the local Katibs.

Ali Mubarak had two apprenticeships under two different Khatibs. Both apprenticeships ended poorly. He quit his first apprenticeship because he was maltreated and he was dismissed from the second apprenticeship because he spoke out against his master's reception of gifts. He then returned home to study under his father for a year before he began a third apprenticeship under a local government clerk. After working under the clerk for three months, Ali Mubarak still had not received his promised salary. After taking his owed salary from funds collected by the local official, Ali Mubarak was imprisoned for theft.

It was during his short imprisonment (he bribed the prison officer to let him go) that Ali Mubarak first voiced his dissatisfaction with the lack of Egyptians in the Egyptian government. Egypt was still very much a part of the Ottoman Empire at this point in time. Although Egypt was a fairly autonomous region under Muhammad Ali, the majority of officials in the Egyptian government continued to be Ottoman Turks until the mid-1800s. Ali Mubarak was determined to change the system and then aspired to attend a new modern school in Cairo where students were taught Turkish, arithmetic, and writing.

In 1836, Ali Mubarak finally achieved his goal and enrolled in the Qasr al-Ayni School where he dreamed about the fine dress of the students and the schools fine academic reputation. He soon realized, however, that the school did not measure up to the standards he had set for it. Ali Mubarak believed the school to be poorly organized with insufficient accommodations for the student body. After attending Qasr al-Ayni for a year, Ali Mubarak and his school mates were moved to Abu Zabal while their former school was transformed into a medical school.  At the new school, Ali Mubarak was able to focus more of his attention on his studies as opposed to the military drills taught at Qasr al-Ayni. Ali Mubarak was still not pleased with the teaching style. He was very critical of the school's emphasis on memorization of material.

French Education
In 1844 Ali Mubarak was chosen to accompany the royal princes as they polished their education in France. Ali Mubarak spent two years studying in Paris, then two years studying at the military academy in Metz, and then spent a year studying with the French Army. Ali Mubarak was summoned back to Egypt in 1848 and was awarded the military title of Pasha because of his education with the French military. He was asked to teach at the Tura Artillery School.

Government Work
Ali Mubarak is highly regarded because he was one of the first native born, Arabic-speaking, Muslim Egyptians to hold a prestigious government position.  Mubarak's career with the Egyptian government began upon his return to Egypt in 1849. The formation of the Egyptian bureaucracy in the 1800s was largely a result of the work of Muhammad Ali. Under his reign, he established many new government departments, a centralized system of government employed by civil servants. Muhammad Ali of Egypt established six departments as part of the executive branch during his rule; Department of Marine, Department of War, Department of Finance, Department of Industry, Department of Education, and Department of Foreign Affairs. After his death in 1849, four new departments were created: the Department of Interior, Department of Public Works, Department of Justice, and Department of Agriculture.

In his government career, Ali Mubarak served as the minister heading the Egyptian government school system, the Egyptian railroads, and design and implementation of ambitious urban construction programs in Cairo, and the design and establishment of major irrigation projects.

Department of Education
When Ali Mubarak returned to Egypt from his schooling in France in 1849, he was given the task to reorganize the public school system under Khedive Abbas I.

Ali Mubarak was awarded the position of director of the government education system. He remained in that position for four years and was responsible for introducing many education reforms. Under Abbas, Ali Mubarak and his two friends and colleagues, Hammad Abd al-Ati and Ali Ibrahim were assigned to assess the competence of the engineers in the Irrigation Department and the teachers in the government schools because Abbas believed them to be unqualified to hold such positions. After their review of the teachers and engineers, Abbas commissioned the three men to create an economic plan for the government education system. Ali Mubarak formulated a budget for the Department of Education that significantly cut spending. His proposal was approved in 1850 by Abbas and he was promoted to the position of colonel.

In addition to improving efficiency in the Egyptian education system, Ali Mubarak wanted to create an environment where students were inspired to be a part of the Egyptian nation and to encourage students to pursue education in modern technology. He used his past experience as a student to identify situations that needed to be addressed. One of Ali Mubarak's major projects was increasing the availability of textbooks to Egyptian students. He helped establish a movable type printing press and started a campaign to translate European textbooks into Arabic and print and distribute the textbooks to Egyptian students. Ali Mubarak also set out to improve the welfare of students by improving their food, clothing, and instruction environment. In his opinion, teachers should have a fatherly role in the eyes of their students in order for education to be the most effective.

When Ismail ascended to rule Egypt in 1863, Ali Mubarak was one of the first men called to help reorganize the government systems. Ali Mubarak worked for a period of time supervising the construction of building, bridges, and dams before returning to the Department of Education. Under Ismail, the government passed the "Organic Law" for Egyptian education which led Egypt down the road of nationalizing the education system. As a result of this law, enrolment in modern Egyptian schools increased from 1,399 to 4,445 students between 1867 and 1878.

With a supportive executive branch of government, Ali Mubarak was able to enact a number of education reforms. One of his successful projects was the development of schools for students and military officers to learn European theories and histories of warfare. The new Egyptian school system was an influential system for teaching students new ideas about modernization.

Department of Public Works
Ali Mubarak's emphasis on modernizing Egypt went beyond education. During the late 1800s, Ali Mubarak played a major role in creating the outlines for the modern city layout of Cairo. The city of Cairo underwent a major modernization process during the 1800s. In 1847, Egypt was still considered to be a member of the Ottoman Empire. Even though Egypt was fairly autonomous, the elite Turkish minority, ruled the region. By the end of the nineteenth century Egypt was still considered to be a part of the Ottoman Empire, however, it was more directly ruled and influenced by the British.  Egypt's relationship with Europe, (mostly Britain and France), was a catalyst for modernization. The Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1867 was a major influence on the development of the city of Cairo. The Paris Exposition Universelle laid the foundation for the idea of what constituted a modern city. Ismail was greatly affected by the Exposition. Shortly after he arrived back in Egypt, Ismail gave Ali Mubarak the head position in the Ministry of Public Works. As head of the ministry, Ali Mubarak was responsible for modernizing Cairo in a European style.

Mubarak and his team quickly worked together to create a blueprint for modern Cairo. They quickly identified what they believed to be the main hindrance of the city of Cairo, traffic. The use of carriages was quickly expanding in Cairo and the streets were not wide enough to accommodate so many carriages traveling in opposite directions. Mubarak and his team estimated that there were over nine hundred carriages in Cairo in 1875 and more than eighteen hundred transport cars clogging the streets of the city. In order to address the increasing traffic in the city, Mubarak planned to widen roads in Cairo by demolishing buildings on the sides of the roads. In one case, about four hundred large houses, three hundred small homes, as well as shops and mosques were demolished to make room for a two-kilometer highway. Inspired by the streets of Europe, the highway was finished with sidewalks, gaslights, and shrubbery.

By the year 1900, Cairo had undergone a vast modernization project, however, some areas of the city were untouched by the modernization attempts. Cairo became divided into an old and a new city. The modern region of the city lay to the west and north and was radically different socially and economically from the old city. While many of the elites in Egypt desired to create a European image of their country, Europeans desired to see the exotic when they traveled through Egypt.

Although Ali Mubarak spent a lot of his time working with the Ministry of Public Works, he continued to work with the Ministry of Education. Outside of his work with the Egyptian government, Ali Mubarak also found time to write extensively on military engineering, educational theory, as well as writing an encyclopedia called, al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyah.

Writings
Ali Mubarak is considered by many to be "Pioneer among Egyptian historians" because of his influential writing. He cited new scientific research and draws upon European research in his work which is completely written in Arabic. Ali Mubarak is perhaps most well known for his completion of the twenty volume "Al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyah." In al khitat, Ali Mubarak gives a historical and topographical description of Cairo. He gives a very detailed description of the locations of the buildings and streets of Cairo. However, in addition to classifying and ordering the locations of Cairo, Ali Mubarak also provides a commentary on institutions in Cairo.

In organizing al-Khitat, Ali Mubarak organized the history of Cairo into dynasties. He saw the development that Cairo experienced in the second half of the nineteenth century as positive progress while criticizing the state of the city when it was under Ottoman rule. In his opinion, the Ottomans did not take sufficient care of the city when they controlled most of the government. Streets, buildings, and squares were not adequately taken care of resulting in copious amounts of dust and odors overtaking many parts of the city. Mubarak believed this to be a health concern and emphasized the need for modern city throughout his writings.

Ali Mubarak's Interest in Ancient Egypt
During the late nineteenth century, Egypt experienced a reawakening of interest in the history of ancient Egypt. Egyptian intellectuals worked to integrate European sciences with the study of ancient Egyptian history. They hoped that by using science to explain ancient Egyptian civilization a sense of pride and positive understanding could be fostered amongst Egyptian for their unique history. The scholars also hoped to illustrate the progress that Egypt experienced over its long history.

Many Egyptians viewed the pharaohs and the physical remnants of their kingdoms as sacrilegious objects. Ali Mubarak encouraged seeking knowledge of Egypt's past. He believed that everyone should be knowledgeable about the history of his or her community.  He believed that ignorance and indifference of the lives of a community's ancestors cannot foster positive growth for the future. It is only possible for a country to grow together by sharing and appreciating the past. As more intellectuals studied Egypt's ancient history and wrote and spoke about it, the past became a source for nationalistic sentiments. The work that Ali Mubarak and his colleagues undertook laid the foundations for territorially defined Egyptian nationalism in the twentieth century.

Al-Khitat
Ali Mubarak was a major contributor the process of creating sentiments of nationalism in Egypt through his active role in the public sphere and his many publications in Arabic. Ali Mubarak published work in a number of magazines, journals, and books and covered topics from science, education, justice, translations, and political commentaries. However, his most famous work is Al-Khitat al-tawfiqiyya al-jadida. Al-Khitat is a twenty-volume work that contains information on the geography, topography, and history of Egypt. It brought together information on literature, history and science in en encyclopedic format.  Al-Khitat is considered to be Ali Mubarak's biggest achievement. Throughout the twenty volumes, Mubarak illustrates the interconnectedness of history and geography and uses the relationship between the two to create a national identity for Egypt.

In al-Khitat, Ali Mubarak emphasizes his belief that with knowledge comes technical progress and material affluence which in turn produced "self-respect, patriotic pride, and deference to authority." He believed that education was the key to advancing Egypt .

Ali Mubarak's Criticism of Al-Azhar
As the head of the Department of Education, Ali Mubarak wrote extensively on education in Egypt. He was an advocate for European styles of education with a focus on science and enlightenment philosophy and wrote many criticisms of education in Egypt. One of the oldest educational institutions in Egypt is al-Azhar, a center for learning about Islam.

Ali Mubarak viewed al-Azhar as a significant part of the Egyptian history and identity because of its prominent role in educating Egyptians for centuries. However, Ali Mubarak believed that the time had come for al-Azhar to modernize. With the reforms undertaken by the Egyptian government during the nineteenth century, Ali Mubarak thought that it was only to be expected that al-Azhar modernized as well.  Ali Mubarak was very critical of the traditional education system that al-Azhar used. The old traditional system did not require students to take exams and did not have a formal system to determine who graduated from al-Azhar. Students who wished to become teachers at al-Azhar studied under a teacher until they were thought to be ready to begin teaching to a class.  There was no method in place to monitor the academic progress of the students. Learning was entirely dependent on the motivation of the university students.  Ali Mubarak highly regarded the spiritual lessons offered by al-Azhar but believed that the lack of structure in the university fostered undisciplined behavior, immorality, pride and pettiness and the structure needed to be reformed to recreate and mold the moral identity and personality of the modern state of Egypt.

Ali Mubarak's primary concern regarding al-Azhar was its lack of appearance of being a modern educational institution. He did not see al-Azhar as holding an important position in modern Egypt. In order for future generations of Egyptians to be successful, they needed to have the right education. Ali Mubarak encouraged institutions to teach information produced by Europe and give students the opportunity to become productive and important members of Egyptian society.

References

External links
 Hathi Trust. Alī Mubārak, Bāshā, 1823 or 4-1893
 Open Library. Ali Mubarak Basha

Education Ministers of Egypt
1823 births
1824 births
1893 deaths
Egyptian pashas
People from Dakahlia Governorate
Education reform
Egyptian expatriates in France
Endowments Ministers of Egypt
Irrigation Ministers of Egypt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Charaxes anticlea, the small flame-bordered charaxes, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia.

Description

Ch. anticlea Drury male: wings above deep black; forewing at the hinder angle between the hind
margin and vein 3 with a triangular orange submarginal band, which is only 1 mm. from the distal margin; hindwing above with an orange band, anteriorly narrower, in the middle about 8 mm. in breadth, which encloses 4—6 black, white-centred submarginal spots; above strongly recalls the male of protoclea In the female the wings are black-brown above, with a common, nearly straight, light orange median band, which on the hindwing is 9 mm. in breadth and in cellules 5—7 of the forewing is divided into two branches; hindwing with a continuous orange marginal line only about 2 mm. in breadth. Sierra Leone and Ashanti. — adusta Rothsch.
only differs in the male in having the orange submarginal band of the forewing 2 mm. from the distal margin and in the female in the orange marginal line of the hindwing being partly broken up into spots. Gameroons to Angola and Uganda.
A full description is also given by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan, 1900 Novitates Zoologicae Volume 7:287-524.  page 492 et seq. (for terms see Novitates Zoologicae Volume 5:545-601 )

Biology

The habitat consists of forests, including dry forests, and dense riverine vegetation.

Both sexes are attracted to rotting fruit and tree sap.

The larvae feed on Acacia poetzi, Acacia pennata, Mezoneuron benthamianum, Acacia goetzei, Acacia brevispica, Mezoneuron welwitschianum and Mezoneuron angolense.

Subspecies
Charaxes anticlea anticlea (Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria)
Charaxes anticlea adusta Rothschild, 1900 (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, western Tanzania)
Charaxes anticlea mwera Vingerhoedt & Thiry, 1996 (Democratic Republic of the Congo: Shaba)
Charaxes anticlea proadusta van Someren, 1971 (Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, western Central African Republic, northern Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia
Charaxes anticlea suna van Someren, 1975(south-western Kenya)

Taxonomy
Charaxes anticlea is a member of the large species group Charaxes etheocles

Realm
Afrotropical realm

References

Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren, 1971 Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VII. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)181-226.

External links
Images of C. anticlea adusta Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
Images of C. anticlea mwera Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
Images of C.anticlea proadusta Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
Images of C. anticlea suna Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
Charaxes anticlea images at Charaxes page Consortium for the Barcode of Life subspecies and forms
African Butterfly Database Range map via search

Butterflies described in 1782
anticlea


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SW 256 – FBF – The Insider's Guide to Building A Profitable Speaking Career with Anne Bruce
On today's Flash Back Friday we go all the way back to episode 22 with Anne Bruce.
Jason Hartman talks with Anne Bruce, author of 14 books, including Speak for a Living: The Insider's Guide to Building a Profitable Speaking Career, and Discover True North: A Program to Ignite Your Passion and Activate Your Potential, Motivating Employees.
Throughout her career, Anne has gone from being a best-selling author of human behavior, leadership, and motivation, to an inspirational force and a respected specialist, speaker, and trainer in human development and personal enlightenment. Anne's no-nonsense style has helped thousands of people Discover True North and learn to author their own life story.
www.annebruce.com
http://traffic.libsyn.com/speakingofwealth/speaking-of-wealth-2.mp3
February 18, 2017 By AdamPodcast
SW 258 – FBF – Matching Opportunities to Speakers with SpeakerMatch's Bryan CaplovitzSW 255 – How to Get a Mentor with The Mentor Mentee Podcast Host Adam Eidson


5FC is a five-day, hands-on practice and theory, top-level course in the art and science of fashion photography.
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Day 3 - p.m. an established blogger and guest speaker from the fashion and advertising industry combines with the tutor to answer questions and give confidence to the candidates in their efforts to refine and promote their skills.
Day 4 - a.m. Critique and edit session, where the previous days work will be passed over to the opposite group for suggestions and refinement.
Day 4 - p.m. Practical session indoors or out, working on the ideas of the morning to produce a more refined or diversified set of images.
Day 5 - a.m. Whole group session work together to edit refine and output the best of the images to the Fashion Capital website.
Day 5 - p.m. an established blogger and guest speaker from the fashion and advertising industry combines with the tutor to answer questions and give confidence to the candidates in their efforts to refine and promote their skills.


No matter if you use analogue POTS lines, ISDN or IP, the MAGIC TH2plus Telephone Hybrid can be operated in each of these networks. It provides two POTS, one ISDN and one LAN interface for Voice-over-IP and can be used in all three operating modes as double hybrid. MAGIC TH2plus has two Audio interfaces which can be configured as analogue or digital Audio inputs/outputs. Both caller lines have their own Echo Canceller, an Expander and an Automatic Gain Control. To switch both callers to separate Pretalk lines, MAGIC TH2plus offers two Handset/Headset interfaces. In the POTS operating mode two analogue telephone can also be connected for Pretalk or dialling. The Windows PC Software for MAGIC TH2plus is included in the delivery. It provides a very user-friendly way to operate and configure the system with a PC over the LAN interface.
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Additionally, MAGIC TH2plus can be also operated via the front keypad and illuminated display or via up to two external MAGIC TH2plus Keypads. Another control possibility are the four available TTL inputs/output and two relays contacts.
The MAGIC TH2plus RM system version offers the same functionalities as MAGIC TH2plus, however is implemented as 19� unit with integrated power supply. Due to its coloured front keys MAGIC TH2plus RM can be operated even simpler and faster without using the Windows PC Software.


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