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Jakob oder Jacob (Gottlieb) Christian (von) Schäffer, auch Schaeffer, (* 31. Mai 1718 in Querfurt; † 5. Januar 1790 in Regensburg) war ein deutscher evangelischer Pastor, Superintendent, Extraordinarius, Botaniker, Mykologe, Entomologe, Ornithologe und Erfinder. Sein offizielles botanisches Autorenkürzel lautet ""

Er sollte nicht mit seinem Neffen verwechselt werden, dem Arzt Jacob Christian Gottlieb von Schäffer (1753–1829), ein Sohn seines jüngeren Bruders Johann Gottlieb Schaeffer (1720–1795).

Leben

Kindheit, Jugend und Ausbildung
Jacob Christian Schäffer wurde am 31. Mai 1718 in Querfurt (heute Sachsen-Anhalt) in eine protestantische Familie geboren. Sein Vater war der Archidiakon Johann Christoph Schäffer, seine Mutter Martha Viktoria Schäffer, geb. Schernberger. Der Vater, 1677 geboren, starb unerwartet früh 1728. Schäffer wuchs danach mit fünf Geschwistern in ärmlichen Verhältnissen auf. Er erhielt Unterricht in Querfurt und Glaucha sowie danach auf dem Gymnasium in Greiz. 1735 wurde er in die Latina der Franckeschen Stiftungen in Halle (Saale) aufgenommen. Dort lebte er von der "mensa ambulatoria" (ein ambulanter Mittagstisch) und der Kurrende, ein Schulchor, der für das öffentliche Singen geistlicher Lieder z. B bei Beerdigungen Almosen erhielt. Schäffer gab außerdem Nachhilfeunterricht an der "Mägdeleinschule" der Franckeschen Stiftungen.

Evangelischer Theologe
Von 1736 bis 1738 studierte Schäffer evangelische Theologie an der Universität Halle ohne Abschluss. Danach war er ab 1738 Hauslehrer in Regensburg. 1739 hielt er in Regensburg seine erste Predigt. 1741 wurde er in der Neupfarrkirche ordiniert, obwohl er das Studium noch nicht abgeschlossen hatte und als Fremder galt, weil er nicht aus Bayern stammte. Als Extraordinarius übernahm er das Amt eines Predigers. 1760 verlieh ihm die Universität Wittenberg den Doktortitel der Philosophie und 1763 wurde er von der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen zum Doktor der Theologie promoviert.

Während seiner Amtszeit als Prediger hatte er oft Auseinandersetzungen politischer und theologischer Art, meist ging es dabei um Fragen zum kirchlichen Kurs und um seine zahlreichen Nebentätigkeiten. 1779 folgte seine Ernennung zum Superintendenten der evangelischen Gemeinde und zum Pastor der Neupfarrkirche. 1784 erwarb Schäffer das Haus Nr. 5 in der heutigen Pfarrergasse, für die vorher auch andere Namen im Gebrauch waren. Das Haus in Ecklage zum Straußgäßchen stammt aus dem 14. Jahrhundert und war bereits 1553 in den Besitz der Stadt Regensburg gekommen, um als erster evangelischer Pfarrhof in der Stadt genutzt zu werden.

Botaniker
In dem Buch Erleichterte Artzney-Kräuterwissenschaft beschrieb er 1759 die Heilwirkung von Pflanzen, um Ärzten und Apothekern einen praktischen Leitfaden in die Hand zu geben. Die Pflanzengattung Schaefferia  in der Familie der Spindelbaumgewächse (Celastraceae) ist nach ihm benannt.

Mykologe
1762 bis 1764 veröffentlichte er die Natürlich ausgemahlten Abbildungen baierischer und pfälzischer Schwämme, welche um Regensburg wachsen in vier Bänden mit zahlreichen kolorierten Abbildungen. Wegen seines systematischen Vorgehens wird Schäffer als deutscher Linné bezeichnet und als Begründer der Pilzkunde in Deutschland gesehen. In seiner Würdigung verwies der Mykologe Matthias Sebastian Killermann 1924 "auf die nicht geringe Zahl von Pilzsorten, die seinen Namen tragen"". In neuerer Zeit hat sich der Mykologe Heinrich Dörfelt mit Schäffers Bedeutung für die Pilzkunde befasst.

Entomologe

Zu seinen bedeutendsten Arbeiten zählen die 1789 als Einführung in die Insektenkunde verfassten Elementa entomologica sowie das 1779 in drei Bänden veröffentlichte Werk Icones insectorum circa ratisbonam indigenorum coloribus naturam referentibus expressae, das 280 handkolorierte Kupfertafeln mit über 3000 Abbildungen der Insekten im Raum Regensburg enthält. 1752 befasste er sich nach einer Exkursion dorthin mit einer Raupenplage, die Teile des damaligen Sachsen samt seiner Heimatstadt Querfurt heimgesucht hatte. Schäffer versuchte außerdem, Präparationstechniken zu verbessern.

Forscher und Entwickler
Schäffer erforschte physikalische Fragestellungen der Elektrizitätslehre, der Farbenlehre und der Optik. Er fertigte Linsen und Prismen. An der Entwicklung und Verbesserung technischer Geräte wie Sägemaschine, Backofen und Brennspiegel war er maßgeblich beteiligt.

Schäffer stieß bei der Suche nach einer Maschine, die für seine Papierversuche als Ersatz für den in Papiermühlen damals üblichen Papierholländer geeignet sein könnte, auf die Beschreibung einer Waschmaschine von Gotthard Friedrich Stender, die aus England nach Hannover und Braunschweig importiert worden war. Angeregt davon ließ sich Schäffer auf Grundlage dieser Beschreibung eine solche Maschine anfertigen und nahm Versuche vor. Aufgrund seiner Test-Erfahrungen wurden einige Veränderungen vorgenommen. Diese Erfahrungen und den Aufbau der Waschmaschine für Haushaltungen veröffentlichte er in der Schrift Die bequeme und höchstvortheilhafte Waschmaschine. Die Maschine soll in rund 60 Exemplaren angefertigt und im In- und Ausland gut abgesetzt worden sein.

Eine Nachbildung der Schäfferschen Waschmaschine steht im Miele-Museum Gütersloh. Sie wurde 1988 zum 60. Geburtstag des damaligen Geschäftsführers der Firma Miele, Peter Zinkann, von Angestellten des Hauses gefertigt. Ein weiterer Nachbau, von dem Böttcher Carsten Romberg aus Roßbach bei Naumburg exakt nach den Originalmaßen gefertigt, wurde am 27. November 2012 in der Zweigstelle Querfurt der Saalesparkasse enthüllt.

Ausgelöst von der zunehmenden Knappheit an Lumpen bzw. Hadern aus Leinen- und Hanftextilien ab Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts, die zu dieser Zeit als nahezu alleinige Rohstoffe für die Papierherstellung in Deutschland dienten, kam es zu einem Mangel an Papier, von dem auch Schäffer um 1760 betroffen war und deshalb Abhandlungen ungedruckt liegen lassen musste. Er begann deshalb nach anderen Rohstoffen als Lumpen-Ersatz zu suchen und fand dazu in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur Abhandlungen zur Nutzung von Pflanzenfasern und Holz; speziell sah er das umfassende Verzeichnis von Jean-Étienne Guettard zur Nachahmung als würdig. Schäffer führte 1761 Versuche durch, aus Pappelwolle und Graswolle (Wollgras) Papier herzustellen, was aber zu keinem durchbrechenden Erfolg führte. Seine Abhandlung zu diesen Versuchen reichte er 1762 der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ein, deren Mitglied er war, aber eine Veröffentlichung erfolgte erst 1764. Diese Verzögerung der Veröffentlichung widersprach den Erwartungen von Schäffer, so dass er die Veröffentlichung weiterer angekündigter fortführender Abhandlungen zu diesen Versuchen mit der Papiermühle im Rahmen der Akademischen Abhandlungen ablehnte. Er kündigte am 26. Oktober 1764 der Akademie die jährliche Pension von 200 Gulden auf, um freie Hand zu bekommen, und veröffentlichte nun bei seinem Verleger Montag, von dem er jährlich 1000 Gulden erhielt.

Schäffer führte nach diesen ersten Versuchen weitere umfassende Experimente durch, um Papier möglichst ohne Lumpen herzustellen. Als alternative Rohstoffe experimentierte er nochmals mit der Samenwolle der Schwarzpappel und des Wollgrases, aber auch der der Disteln sowie mit Moos, Flechten, Hopfen, Weinreben, Feldmelde, Beifuß, Mais, Brennnesseln, Aloe, Stroh, Rohrkolben, Blaukohlstrunken, Maiblümchen, Torf, Seidenpflanzen, Ginster, Hanfschäben, Kartoffelpflanzen, Waldreben, Tannenzapfen, diversen Holzarten wie Weiden-, Espen- und Fichtenholz, Wespennestern (zurückgehend auf Hinweise von René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur) sowie mit Sägespänen und Dachschindeln, aber auch mit Zyprischem Asbeststein. Diese Versuche und seine Ergebnisse mit den zugehörigen Papiermustern veröffentlichte er in Regensburg 1765 in Versuche und Muster ohne alle Lumpen oder doch mit einem geringen Zusatze derselben Papier zu machen in zwei Bänden, in Neue Versuche und Muster das Pflanzenreich zum Papiermachen und anderen Sachen wirthschaftsnützlich zu gebrauchen in drei Bänden (1765, 1766, 1767) und in Wiederholte Versuche auf ordentlichen Papiermühlen aus allerhand Pflanzen und Holzarten Papier zu machen. Diese in den sechs Bänden angeführten Experimente brachten jedoch qualitativ gutes Papier und beruhten oft auf Rohstoffen, die mengenmäßig nicht für den steigenden Produktionsbedarf zur Verfügung standen, weshalb sie von den Papiermüllern abgelehnt wurden. Karl Karmarsch, einer der führenden Technologen des 19. Jahrhunderts, schätzte deshalb in seiner Geschichte der Technologie zu den Papierversuchen von Schäffer ein: "Der fleißige Mann arbeitete zu sehr im Kleinen und entbehrte auch des technischen Urtheils wie mechanischer und chemischer Hülfsmittel, um das wirklich Nutzbare seiner Versuche der Praxis zuzuführen."

Anerkennungen und Auszeichnungen
Trotz aller Misserfolge bleibt es Schäffers Verdienst, in einer so umfassenden Versuchsserie frühzeitig nach neuen Rohstoffen für die Papierherstellung gesucht zu haben, was wie folgt gewürdigt wurde:

"Wie viele geniale Erfinder war auch Schäffer der Zeit weit voraus ... Hier und da wurden von ihm empfohlene Rohstoffe für die Papierherstellung abermals geprüft. (Bei Versuchen in England, Italien, Frankreich und Irland) handelte es sich durchweg um Rohstoffe, die Schäffer schon lange vorweg vorgeschlagen und erprobt hatte."

"Schäffer hat zu einer Zeit, wo seine Zeitgenossen für sein Streben kein Verständnis zeigten, ihm ihre Anerkennung versagten und ihn verspotteten, mit weit ausschauendem Blick die Notwendigkeit der Einführung weiterer Rohstoffe in die Papierfabrikation erkannt und, obwohl nicht Fachmann, mit allen Kräften daran gearbeitet, die Durchführbarkeit seiner Vorschläge durch Versuche nachzuweisen."

"Der bekannteste unter den Forschern, die ein Jahrhundert vor ihrer wirklichen Erschließung das Reich der Faserstoffe nach allen Richtungen durchsuchten, ist  (...) Jacob Christian Schäffer. Von ihm stammen die in den Jahren 1765–1771 in Regensburg erschienenen sechs Bände ,Versuche und Muster ohne alle Lumpen oder doch nur mit einem geringen Zusatz derselben Papier zu machen'. Schäffer hat seine Forschungen in diesem Werk niedergelegt, das eines der seltensten Bücher papiergeschichtlichen Inhalts ist. Er hat darin nicht nur seine Versuche genau beschrieben, sondern es auch mit den Proben der jeweils hergestellten Papiere versehen."

"Jacob Christian Schaeffer tat mehr als irgendeiner der Vorgänger für die Papiertechnik."

Kaiser Josef II. ehrte Schäffer durch die Verleihung einer goldenen Kette. Der dänische König machte ihn zum Ehrenprofessor in Altona und zum außerordentlichen Geheimrat.

Museum Schaefferianum
Er richtete ein umfangreiches Naturalienkabinett (Museum Schaefferianum) ein, das für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich war. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe besuchte es unter dem Pseudonym Joh. Phillip Moeller am 5. September 1786 auf seiner Italienreise und nannte es das Schäfrisch Cabinet.

Mitglied wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften und Akademien
Er gehörte u. a. den Akademien in Göttingen, Berlin, Duisburg, Mannheim, München, Leipzig, Altdorf, Erlangen, St. Petersburg, London, Lund, Uppsala, Bern und Rovereto sowie der Physikalisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Florenz an. 1757 wurde er in die Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina aufgenommen; er war korrespondierendes Mitglied der Pariser Académie des Sciences und 1759 Gründungsmitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel
Mit dem schwedischen Botaniker Carl von Linné und dem französischen Physiker und Zoologen René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur stand er im wissenschaftlichen Briefwechsel.

Familie
Jacob Christian Schäffer war dreimal verheiratet: von 1743 bis 1747 mit Susanna Maria Weisböck, nach deren Tod von 1747 bis 1759 mit Maria Wilhelmina Regina Preidl, nach deren Tod von 1760 bis zu seinem Tod mit Sophia Christine Herrich. Zwischen 1747 und 1753 wurde er Vater von vier Töchtern. Zu seinen Geschwistern gehört der Regensburger Stadtarzt und Apotheker Johann Gottlieb Schäffer (1720–1795); der Regensburger Arzt Jacob Christian Gottlieb von Schäffer (1752–1826) ist dessen Sohn, also sein Neffe. Mit diesem wird Jacob Christian Schäffer gelegentlich verwechselt.

Denkmal, Gedenktafeln und Benennungen
 Gedenktafel am Haus Kirchplan 7 in Querfurt (Sachsen-Anhalt), seinem Geburtshaus, hier nur geehrt als "Begründer der Pilzkunde und Erfinder des Holzpapiers" (seit 31. Mai 1968)
 Am 1. August 2013 wurde an der Fassade dieses Hauses eine Erinnerungstafel mit weiteren Informationen zu Schäffers Wirken enthüllt.
 Gedenktafel am Haus Pfarrergasse 5 (Evangelisches Dekanat) in Regensburg (Bayern): "Der grosse Naturforscher Dr. Jak. Christian Schaeffer … starb in diesem Hause am 3. Januar 1790." (Irrtümlich statt 5. Januar 1790)
 Seit 2. Juni 2014 ist in Querfurt eine Gasse nach Jacob Christian Schäffer benannt; sie liegt in der Nähe seines Geburtshauses.
 Am 2. Juni 2018 wurde aus Anlass des 300. Geburtstages an der evangelischen Stadtkirche St. Lamperti Querfurt gegenüber seinem Geburtshaus das erste Denkmal zu Ehren Schäffers enthüllt, geschaffen von dem Quedlinburger Metallkünstler Jochen Müller.

Ausstellungen
 Jacob Christian Schäffer. Ausstellung im Botanischen Garten in Halle (Saale) vom 25. bis 28. Mai 1968.
 Jacob Christian Schaeffer – Superintendent, Naturforscher, Erfinder. Ausstellung in der Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg im Frühjahr 1993 (siehe dazu Katalog von Angelika Reich (Hrsg.): Jacob Christian Schäffer – Superintendent, Naturforscher, Erfinder. Regensburg 1993, ISBN 3-88246-176-4).
 Schöpfungen aus Papier. Eine Hommage an Jakob Christian Schaeffer (1718-1790). Ausstellung durch die Jugendbauhütte Regensburg zum Freiwilligen Jahr in der Denkmalpflege im Historischen Museum Regensburg vom 3. Juni bis 1. Juli 2012 (siehe dazu )
 Papier und Pflanze. Ausstellung im Botanischen Garten der Universität Tübingen vom 11. März 2012 bis 10. Februar 2013 mit Exponaten zu Schäffer und zur Papierfertigung aus Pflanzen.
 Jacob Christian Schäffer 1718-1790. Theologe und Naturwissenschaftler. Eine Dokumentation seiner Vielseitigkeit. Ausstellung auf der Burg Querfurt vom 2. Juni bis 26. August 2018.
 Jacob Christian Schäffer. Ausstellung im Naturkundemuseum Ostbayern vom 3. Oktober bis 25. November 2018.
 Das Papiermuseum Alte Dombach in Bergisch Gladbach zeigt mehrere Exponate zu Schäffers Versuchen mit Papier. Auch auf dem Weg in das Museum wird auf seine Arbeiten zur Papiergeschichte verwiesen.
 Vom 2. bis 31. Oktober 2020 war innerhalb der Ausstellung "Große Wäsche" im Kreisbauernmuseum in Schäffers Geburtsort Querfurt unter anderem der originalgetreue Nachbau seiner mechanischen Waschmaschine zu sehen.

Schriften (Auswahl)
Mehrere Publikationen Schäffers sind über das Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum der Niedersächsischen Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen leicht zugänglich.

Naturkundliche Schriften
 Nachricht von einer Raupe, so etliche Jahre her an manchen Orten in Sachsen vielen Schaden gethan; nebst einigen aus der Natur dieser Raupe hergeleiteten Vorschlägen, solche am leichtesten zu verringern und auszurotten; auf Verlangen entworfen und dem Druck überlassen. Regensburg: Emanuel Adam Weiß (1752)
 Die Armpolypen in den süßen Wassern um Regensburg entdecket und beschrieben. Regensburg: Weiß (1754)
 Neuentdeckte Theile an Raupen und Zweyfaltern. Nebst der Verwandlung der Hauswurzraupe zum schönen Tagvogel mit rothen Augenspiegeln. Regensburg: Weiß (1754)
 Der Afterholzbock vormals in einem lateinischen Sendschreiben an den Herrn von Reaumur itzo in deutscher Sprache beschrieben; Und mit einer Nachricht von der Frühlingsfliege mit kurzen Oberflügeln begleitet. Nebst einer Kupfertafel mit Figuren in Farben. Regensburg: Weiß (1755)
 Die Blumenpolypen der süßen Wasser beschrieben und mit den Blumenpolypen der salzigen Wasser verglichen; nebst drey Kupfertafeln mit Figuren in Farben. Regensburg: Weiß (1755).
 Der krebsartige Kiefenfuß mit der kurzen und langen Schwanzklappe. Regensburg: Weiß (1756)
 Das fliegende Uferaas oder der Haftt wegen desselben am 11ten Augustmon. an der Donau, und sonderlich auf der Steinernen Brücke, zu Regensburg ausserordentlich häufigen Erscheinung und Fluges. Regensburg: Zunkel (1757)
 Verschiedene Zwiefalter und Käfer mit Hörnern Nebst drey Kupfertafeln mit Figuren in Farben. Regensburg: Zunkel (1758)
 Vorrede zum Werk Onomatologia historiae naturalis Completa oder vollständiges Lexicon das alle Benennungen der Kunstwörter der Naturgeschichte nach ihrem ganzen Umfang erkläret und den reichen Schatz der ganzen Natur durch deutliche und richtige Beschreibungen des nützlichen und sonderbaren von allen Thieren, Pflanzen und Mineralien sowohl vor Aerzte als andere Liebhaber in sich faßt. Zu allgemeinem Gebrauch von einer Gesellschaft naturforschender Aerzte nach den richtigsten Urkunden zusammengetragen. Band 1 bis 7. Ulm, Frankfurt am Main und Leipzig: Gaumische Handlung (1761 – 1777) (Schäffers Vorrede umfasst 40 Seiten)
 Die Egelschnecken in den Lebern der Schaafe und die von diesen Würmern entstehende Schaafkrankheit. Zweyte Auflage. Regensburg, Neubauerische Schriften (1762)
 Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones nativis coloribus expressae. Regensburg: Verlag unbekannt (1762 und 1774).
 Die Sattelfliege. 2. Auflage. Regensburg: Neubaurische Schriften (1762)
 Das Zwiefalter oder Afterjuengferchen. 2. Auflage. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Montag (1763)
 Der wunderbare und vielleicht in der Natur noch nie erschienene Eulenzwitter, nebst der Baumraupe aus welcher derselbe entstanden. 2. Auflage. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Montag (1763)
 Erläuterte Vorschläge zur Ausbesserung und Förderung der Naturwissenschaft. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Montag (1763 und 1764)
 Abhandlungen von Insekten. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Montag (1764 und 1779)
 Icones Insectorum circa Ratisbonam indigenorum coloribus naturam referentibus expressae. Regensburg: Zunkel (1766)
 Erleichterte Arzneykräuterwissenschaft. Nebst vier Kupfertafeln mit ausgemahlten Abbildungen. Zweyte Auflage. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Montag (1770) Digitalisierte Ausgabe der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf
 Erstere und fernere Versuche mit Schnecken nebst einem Nachtrage. Regensburg: Johann Christoph Keyser (1770)
 Elementa entomologica cum appendice; CXXV. tabulae aere excusae floridisque coloribus distinctae. Ratisbonae: Typis Weissianis (1766)

Technische Schriften
 Die bequeme und der Wirthschaft in allen Rücksichten höchstvorteilhafte Waschmaschine. Wie solche in den damit gemachten Versuchen bewährt gefunden und, damit dieselbe um so sicherer und nützlicher gebraucht werden könne, hin und wieder abgeändert und verbessert worden. Regensburg: Zunkel (1766, Nachträge 1767 und 1768)
 Erfolg der Versuche die Saamenwolle der Schwarzpappel und des Wollengrases wirtschaftsnützlich zu gebrauchen. In: Abhandlungen der Churfürstlich-baierischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Zweyter Band. II. Theil. München 1764 S. 261–298.
 Versuche und Muster ohne all Lumpen oder doch mit einem geringen Zusatze derselben Papier zu machen. Erster Band. Regensburg 1765.
 Versuche und Muster ohne alle Lumpen oder doch mit einem geringen Zusatze derselben Papier zu machen. Zweyter Band. Regensburg 1765.
 Neue Versuche und Muster das Pflanzenreich zum Papiermachen und andern Sachen wirthschaftsnützlich zu gebrauchen. Erster Band, Regensburg 1765.
 Neue Versuche und Muster das Pflanzenreich zum Papiermachen und andern Sachen wirthschaftsnützlich zu gebrauchen. Zweyter Band. Regensburg 1766.
 Neue Versuche und Muster das Pflanzenreich zum Papiermachen und andern Sachen wirthschaftsnützlich zu gebrauchen. Dritter und letzter Band. Regensburg 1767
 Proefnemingen en monster-bladen om papier te maaken zonder lompen, of met een gering byvoegzel derzelven. Uit het Hoogduitsch vertaald. Eerste Deel. Jan Christiaan Sepp, Amsterdam 1770.
 Proefnemingen en monster-bladen om papier te maaken zonder lompen, of met een gering byvoegzel derzelven. Uit het Hoogduitsch vertaald. Tweede Deel. Jan Christiaan Sepp, Amsterdam 1770.
 Wiederholte Versuche auf ordentlichen Papiermühlen aus allerhand Pflanzen und Holzarten Papier zu machen. Der sämtlichen Versuche Sechster und letzter Band. Regensburg 1771.
 Sr. Königl. Majest. zu Dännemark Rathes und Professors […] Empfehlung, Beschreibung und erweiterter Gebrauch des sogenannten und zur Erspahrung des Holzes höchstvorteilhaften Bockofens. Regensburg: Johann Christoph Keyser (1770)
 Sämtliche Papierversuche. Sechs Bände. Zwote Auflage. Nebst ein und achtzig Mustern und dreyzehen theils illuminiren theils schwarzen Kupfertafeln. Regensburg: Zunkel (1772)
 Versuche mit dem beständigen Electricitätträger. Vier Abhandlungen mit sieben Kupfertafeln. Regensburg: Johann Leopold Montag (1780)

Theologische Schriften
 Schrifftmäßiger Beweiß, daß Christus an keinem Mittwoch, sondern an einem Freytag gestorben, und folglich nicht drey vollige Tage und drey völlige Nächte, sondern nur bis am dritten Tage im Grabe gelegen ist. Regensburg: Zunkel (1746)
 Jacob Christian Schäffers, der evang. Gemeinde zu Regensburg Pastors und Superintendents, E. H. E. Consistorii Assessoris primari und Scholarchens, Sr. königl. Majestät in Dännemark, Norwegen und Raths und Professors Antrittspredigt, welche am 1. Sonntage nach Trinitatis als dem gewöhnlichen Buß-Bet- und Festtage in der neuen Pfarre gehalten worden. Nebst desen Präsentationsrede an das sämtliche W. E. Ministerium. Regensburg: Verlag unbekannt (1779)
 Schaeffer, Jacob Christian: Eintrag im Konsistorialprotokoll. In: ELKA Regensburg Nr. 52, Beilage FF.
 Vier Predigten vom Glauben nebst zwey Wochenpredigten über Texte der heiligen Schrift. Regensburg: Verlag und Jahr unbekannt

Literatur
 Friedrich Schlichtegroll: Nekrolog auf das Jahr 1790. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1791 (mit ausführlicher Würdigung zum Leben und Werk des 1790 verstorbenen Schäffer).
 Claus Nissen: Die zoologische Buchillustration. Ihre Bibliographie und Geschichte. Band I: Bibliographie. Anton Hiersemann Verlag, Stuttgart 1969, S. 321 (2. Spalte) und 362–364.
 Edmund Neubauer: Superintendent Jacob Christian Schäffer als bedeutender Zoologe und Botaniker. In: Edmund Neubauer: Das geistig-kulturelle Leben der Reichsstadt Regensburg (1750–1806). (Zu Schäffer siehe S. 91–99 sowie S. 119–122, S. 134–136, S. 164–172 und weitere Seiten). Phil. Diss. Regensburg 1978. Kommissionsbuchhandlung R. Wölfle, München 1979 (= Neue Schriftenreihe des Stadtarchivs München, Band 105), ISBN 3-87913-093-0
 Wolfhart Schlichting: Jakob Christian Schaeffer. Christ im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. In: Wolfhart Schlichting: Miniaturen aus der Regensburger Kirchengeschichte. Flacius-Verlag, Fürth 1983, S. 42–49. ISBN 3-924022-00-3
 Günter Bayerl:  'Und zweitens können auch Mannspersonen, wenn sie nichts anders zu thun haben, diesen Theil des Waschgeschäfts besorgen.' Waschen in der Frühen Neuzeit und die Innovation der Waschmaschine. In: Uwe Bestmann u. a. (Hrsg.): Hochfinanz, Wirtschaftsräume, Innovationen. Band III. Auenthal Verlag, Trier 1987, S. 1063–1099. ISBN 3-89070-014-4 (mit ausführlicher Würdigung Schäffers)
 Mila Herrmann: Das Lebensbild Jacob Christian Schaeffers. In: Mykologisches Mitteilungsblatt (Halle/Saale), Heft 2/1988, S. 33–43.
 Angelika Reich (Hrsg.): Jacob Christian Schäffer – Superintendent, Naturforscher, Erfinder. Universitätsbibliothek, Regensburg 1993. (Katalog zu einer Ausstellung in der UB Regensburg im Frühjahr 1993)
 Markus Tanne: Jakob Christian Schaeffer. Superintendent und Naturforscher. In: Martina Lorenz (Hrsg.): Im Turm, im Kabinett, im Labor. Streifzüge durch die Regensburger Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Universitätsverlag, Regensburg 1995, S. 164–174. ISBN 3-930-480-60-3

 Eckart Roloff: Jacob Christian Schäffer: Der Regensburger Humboldt wird zum Pionier für Waschmaschinen, Pilze und Papier. In: Eckart Roloff: Göttliche Geistesblitze. Pfarrer und Priester als Erfinder und Entdecker. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2010, S. 159–182 (mit Hinweisen zur Literatur und zu Erinnerungsstätten). ISBN 978-3-527-32578-8. 2. aktualisierte Ausgabe 2012 (Paperback) ISBN 978-3-527-32864-2
 Eckart Roloff: Pfarrer Jacob Christian Schäffer, der vergessene Pionier aus Querfurt. In: Kreisverwaltung Saalekreis (Hrsg.): Heimat-Jahrbuch Saalekreis 2012, Band 18. Merseburg 2012, S. 51–55.
 Eckart Roloff: Geistliche mit Geistesblitzen. (Über Jacob Christian Schäffer und Claude Chappe.) In: Kultur und Technik. Das Magazin aus dem Deutschen Museum. Heft 3/2012, S. 48–51. .
 Eckart Roloff: Der Da Vinci von Querfurt. In Sachsen-Anhalt wurde der Erfinder der mechanischen Waschmaschine wiederentdeckt. In: Neues Deutschland, 14. Dezember 2012, S. 12.
 Eckart Roloff: Jacob Christian Schäffer – Neuigkeiten zum Querfurter Multitalent. In: Kreisverwaltung Saalekreis (Hrsg.): Heimat-Jahrbuch Saalekreis 2013, Band 19. Merseburg 2012, S. 94–97.
 Udo Richter und Wolfgang Proske: Eine Jacob Christian Schäffer-Geschichte. In: Der Tintling, Heft 4/2014, S. 4–7.
 Christine Gottfriedsen: Jacob Christian Schäffer, Prediger und Superintendent in Regensburg. In: Querfurter Heimatblätter, Heft 10/2015, S. 27–33.
 Benedikt Dietsch: Das vergessene Genie. (Zum 300. Geburtstag Schäffers am 30. Mai 2018.) In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung, 26. April 2018, S. 20.
 Eckart Roloff: Was Wespennester und Waschmaschinen verbindet. Zum 300. Geburtstag des Querfurter Naturforschers, Technikers und Pfarrers Jacob Christian Schäffer. In: Neues Deutschland, 26./27. Mai 2018, S. 25.
 Stadt Regensburg, Kulturreferat (Hrsg.): Jacob Christian Schäffer (1718-1790). Universalgenie in Regensburg – Pfarrer, Naturforscher, Techniker, Erfinder. Zu seinem 300. Geburtstag. Regensburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-943222-47-0.
 Wolfgang Proske und Rudolf Knoblich: Jacob-Christian-Schäffer-Ehrung am 2. Juni 2018 in Querfurt. In: Der Tintling, Nr. 116/2018, S. 33–38.

Weblinks

 Digitalisierte Werke von Schaeffer – SICD der Universitäten von Strasbourg

Einzelnachweise

Naturforscher
Botaniker (18. Jahrhundert)
Mykologe
Entomologe
Ornithologe
Naturaliensammler
Ingenieur, Erfinder, Konstrukteur (18. Jahrhundert)
Lutherischer Geistlicher (18. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Korrespondierendes Mitglied der Académie des sciences
Mitglied der Leopoldina (18. Jahrhundert)
Ehrenmitglied der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Namensgeber für eine Pflanzengattung
Ehrenprofessor
Geheimrat
Person (Regensburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1718
Gestorben 1790
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Volta () je řeka v západní Africe na území Ghany. Její povodí zasahuje na území dalších čtyř států (Benin, Togo, Pobřeží slonoviny, Burkina Faso). Je 467 km dlouhá, z čehož větší část zabírá největší přehradní nádrž (Volta) na světě. Včetně delší zdrojnice Černé Volty je dlouhá 1819 km. Povodí má rozlohu 388 000 km².

Průběh toku
Řeka vzniká soutokem Černé a Bílé Volty. Na horním toku teče převážně v široké dolině. Na dolním toku protéká vysočinou Akwapim, kde vytváří peřeje. Zde byla postavena hráz Akosombo, za kterou vznikla nádrž Volta, největší přehradní nádrž na světě podle rozlohy vodní plochy. Největší přítoky Volty jsou Oti a Daka zleva a Afram zprava. Řeka ústí do Guinejského zálivu u města Ada, přičemž vytváří deltu.

Vodní režim
Nejvyšší vodní stavy se vyskytují v období dešťů od září do října. V tuto dobu se řeka široce rozlévá a úroveň její hladiny stoupá až o 14 m. Nejnižší úroveň hladiny je v únoru a březnu.

Využití
Vodní doprava je možná od ústí v délce 400 km, ale po celý rok je jízda parníků možná jen do Akuse. Na řece funguje 11 přívozů. V povodí žije na 400 druhů ryb. Místa největších trhů jsou Kete-Krači, Kpong, Kpandu. Vodní elektrárna Akosombo dodává elektrickou energii především pro továrnu na zpracování hliníku ve městě Tema.

Poznámky

Literatura

Externí odkazy

Řeky v Ghaně

Přítoky Atlantského oceánu (Afrika)


Q: I can't keep up with Zuzka, what should I do?
In most videos, Zuzka mentions adjustments that can be made to the moves in the ZWOW's, if you can't do them as is. If you can't keep up with Zuzka don't worry, use her score as your goal. Memorize the workout and do it at your own pace. Just remember, everyone has a different fitness level.
When I first started I couldn't keep up with Zuzka but now that I've been ZWOWing regularly, I tend to beat her score every time.
General Disclaimer: Consult with your physician before beginning any exercise program. You should understand that when participating in any exercise or exercise program, there is the possibility of physical injury. If you engage in this exercise or exercise program, you agree that you do so at your own risk, are voluntarily participating in these activities, assume all risk of injury to yourself, and agree to release and discharge Marla Sarris from any and all claims or causes of action.
I get wireless headphones for $30 from amazon. There is a pause button on the actual headphones. I pause, catch up, and play Zuzka's videos.


text:
European NGO calls for EU to pressure Cuba on human rights
29 August 2014 | News | Cuba
The EU must put pressure on Cuba to respect human rights
The EU and Cuba held subsequent negotiations concerning the possibility of future political dialogue and assistance between the two sides. To ensure that the agreement will lead to human rights improvements in Cuba, Civil Rights Defenders, together with the Cuban Campaign, Por Otra Cuba, have developed a platform on how these negotiations should be conducted and what should be included in the agreement.
Negotiations between the EU and Cuba, to achieve a bilateral agreement on the subjects of political dialogue and assistance, began in early 2014. Cuba is currently the only country in Latin America the EU has no bilateral agreement with, the reason being the total lack of respect for human rights in the country.
When the Cuban government signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) in 2008 it represented a first step towards change. But since then, no real improvements have followed as far as human rights is concerned.
Civil Rights Defenders calls on the EU to put pressure on Cuba to ratify and implement human rights conventions – before any discussion on an agreement can continue. Prior to any final agreement it is essential that the EU includes civil society in Cuba and the political opposition in the dialogue in order for it to have legitimacy amongst the population.
During the negotiations, it has also emerged, that the EU, in addition to the agreement on political dialogue and assistance, intends to initiate a trade agreement with Cuba. The platform states that no trade agreement should be entered into before Cuba ratifies and implements the two human rights conventions.
Read the full platform here
Visit Por Otra Cubas website: in english / in spanish
Categories: News.
Tags: CESCR, EU, ICCPR, and Por Otra Cuba.
Regions: Cuba.(Svenska) Mänskliga rättigheter måste styra polisens våldsanvändning
Posted by John Suarez at 4:44 PM No comments:
Labels: Civil Rights Defenders, civil society, Cuba, EU, European Union, human rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
VOC holds special screening of "Messenger of the Truth," a documentary about Father Jerzy Popieluszko,
"A man who tells the Truth is a free man despite external slavery, imprisonment or custody." - Fr. Jerzy Popiełuszko, Sermon, October 31, 1982
The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation will be holding a special screening of the award winning documentary "Messenger of the Truth about the life of Father Jerzy Popieluszko also known as the "Solidarity Priest" on September 16 at 7pm at the E Street Cinema in Washington, DC. Please share the news with your friends who live in the area. Below is their announcement:
Join us for an exclusive screening of the award-winning documentary "Messenger of the Truth," which tells the story of Father Jerzy Popieluszko, the Roman Catholic priest martyred by the Polish Communists for advocating freedom of religion and political reform. By serving as chaplain to the fledging Solidarity Movement, Fr. Jerzy helped to crystalize the anti-communist sentiment in his native Poland. His death sparked a national nonviolent reform movement that eventually dealt a mortal blow to communism's rule of terror.
Fr. Jerzy's life stands as a testament to the strength of conviction and the courage of conscience. The film's Executive Producer, Gary Chartrand, will speak about the film and its importance. Mr. Maciej Pisarski, Deputy Chief of Mission at the Polish Embassy in Washington, will also attend and offer brief remarks.
Proceeds from the event will benefit the building of the International Museum on Communism. To learn more about the documentary, visit the Messenger of the Truth website.
When: September 16, 2014 7:00pm — 9:00pm
Where: E Street Cinema, 555 11th St. NW, Washington, DC
The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation (VOC) is located on 300 New Jersey Avenue, NW # 900, Washington, DC 20001. It is a non-profit educational and human rights organization devoted to commemorating the more than 100 million victims of communism around the world and to the freedom of those still living under totalitarian regimes.
"Our Fatherland and respect of human dignity must be the common objective for reconciliation. You must unite in reconciliation in the spirit of love, but also in the spirit of justice. As the Holy Father said five years ago, no love exists without justice. Love is greater than justice and at the same time finds reassurance in justice." -Father Jerzy Popieluszko
Labels: Communism, documentary, Father Jerzy Popieluszko, Jerzy Popiełuszko, Martyr, Poland, Solidarity, Solidarity Priest
Yris Tamara Pérez Aguilera returns to Cuba tomorrow and leaves a message of concern
Stay vigilant and watch over activists in Cuba.
Yris Tamara Pérez Aguilera concerned about her husband
Yris Tamara Pérez Aguilera is worried about her husband's life and safety. Yris is a human rights defender and president of the Rosa Parks Movement for Civil Rights. She has spoken before the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, Switzerland and returned to Cuba to continue her activism.
She recently traveled outside of the island again to attend meetings in Spain and in the United States to denounce what is taking place in Cuba while at the same time recognizing that within the Cuban populace there is an awakening underway in which many Cubans are demanding their freedom and calling for the end of the rule of the Castro brothers.
Tomorrow she returns to Cuba not knowing what awaits her.
Her husband, Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez" has written an open letter to Raul Castro denouncing the dictatorship while describing with great detail how it operates. Yris fears for his life and the reprisals for writing his defiant letter.
In the short video below she expresses her concerns regarding Jorge Luis's health following an injection during his June 2014 detention with an unknown substance. Antúnez described the episode where he recieved the injection:
It begins and he says: "Something to Declare?" and I said, "Yes, I will not shut up, and I will not leave." The people of the Special Brigade appear and they say "bring him" and I think they are bringing someone as a witness, and a man appears in a white coat who wordlessly jumps me and places me in a choke hold. My hands are in handcuffs behind my back. "And what did you tell me?[ and he responds ] I will not shut up, and I am not leaving! ... When I came to, I was in an open air prison cell exposed to the sun, thrown on the floor, and they had given an injection "for me to be revived." That session they did to me twice. The second time they threw me against the doors of the offices, and they told me: No more magic for you!"
He has been suffering intermittent bouts of fever shortly afterwards that have persisted to the present day. Their home was attacked by state security again on August 28, 2014 in the early morning hours.
Friends of freedom and human rights please keep an eye on the plight of Yris and Jorge Luis. Their lives just might depend on it.
Labels: Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez", Yris Tamara Pérez Aguilera
Christian Liberation Movement statement on ongoing EU negotiations with regime in Cuba
Real changes are rights based.
Statement of the Christian Liberation Movement
The common position maintained by the European Union in its relations with the Cuban government is under review. Tomorrow Wednesday August 27th the second round of these negotiations will be held. The most important condition has been the requirement of respect for human rights on the island, where little or nothing has changed for the good of the people in recent years. Continuing repression, arrests, lack of opportunities, and impoverishment, in other words, no real changes. Only transformations that seek to conceal a false continuity of oppression and privilege by a small group in power.
The Christian Liberation Movement does not intend to isolate Cuba and understands that the interests of organizations, businesses and citizens of the European Community be defended, but we are convinced that EU cooperation should be focused as a priority on achieving in our country a democratization process to ensure both in law and in practice the full respect of human rights for all.
We therefore hope that the representatives of the European Union are consistent and coherent with the democratic tradition of their own nations and demand a true process of change that our people want and need.
Changes are rights!
Eduardo Cardet Concepción
Coordinating Council of the MCL
August 26, 2014.
Original Spanish text below taken from the Christian Liberation Movement website . If you see room for improvement in the translation please comment below and will take under advisement.
Declaración del Movimiento Cristiano Liberación
La Posición Común mantenida por la Unión Europea en las relaciones con el gobierno cubano está en proceso de revisión. Mañana miércoles 27 de agosto se efectuara el segundo encuentro de estas negociaciones. El condicionamiento más importante ha sido la exigencia del respeto a los derechos humanos en la isla, donde poco o nada ha cambiado para el bien del pueblo en los últimos años. Continua la represión, las detenciones, la falta de oportunidades el empobrecimiento. En fin, nada de verdaderos cambios. Solo falsas transformaciones que persiguen encubrir la continuidad de la opresión y los privilegios de un pequeño grupo en el poder.
El Movimiento Cristiano Liberación no pretende el aislamiento de Cuba y entiende que se defienda los intereses de las organizaciones, empresas y ciudadanos de la Comunidad Europea, pero estamos convencidos que la cooperación de la Unión debe estar enfocada de forma prioritaria en lograr en nuestro país un proceso de democratización que garantice en la ley y en la practica el respeto pleno a los derechos humanos de todos.
Por eso esperamos que los representantes de la Unión Europea sean consecuentes y coherentes con la tradición democrática de sus propias naciones y demanden un verdadero proceso de cambios que nuestro pueblo quiere y necesita.
¡Cambios son derechos!
Consejo Coordinador del MCL
Holguín,
26 de Agosto de 2014.
Labels: Christian Liberation Movement, Cuba, Eduardo Cardet, European Union, MCL
An open letter to General Raul Castro from a Cuban opposition leader (Part 2)
On August 20, 2014 Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez" made public an open letter to Raul Castro in which he denounced fraudulent reforms, and the murders of Oswaldo Payá and Harold Cepero in Cuba and declared that national reconciliation necessitates justice, freedom and democracy. In the video below Antúnez read aloud the letter. Below is the second part of Antúnez's letter titled: "No, no and no Raul Castro." Antúnez is a former political prisoner and currently a national opposition leader based in Placetas, Cuba.
Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez"
No, no, and no Raul Castro
Mr. General, and now that you also self-title yourself President of the Councils of State and Ministers, I know well how many letters opponents have sent to you from inside and outside asking you to make reforms and a political opening as well as to convene elections. They ask as if you really were a president and as if in Cuba there was in power a real government and not a tyranny. We know that at any moment, you Machiavellian and opportunistic henchman will accept what they ask for and conduct a popular consultation, i.e. sham elections under your control, where as in Venezuela the totalitarian ruling party continues in power. And it is not a secret, the desperate and cunning maneuvers you and your acolytes perform to manufacture supposed opponents assuring with them the dynastic and ideological succession.
But be forewarned General, and is one of the reasons for this letter, that we, honorable and committed to the future of our country, Cubans are not going to accept that fraudulent and cosmetic change that you are concocting. Know also that the Cuban Resistance does not expect or want reforms implemented by the criminal tyranny over which you preside. The only reforms accepted by us are those that from following your ouster or abandonment of power are realized by the people from the bottom up.
Mr. dictator, enough tricks, that you will not serve a new term, that is not important to us. That you carry out reforms in the economic and immigration arena, that's a lot of lies, and it did not matter to us either. That your regime upgrade your model is another fallacy and lie. That's more of the same.
That monetary reform will come is a tremendous trick and a lie, General. We the people of Cuba, need a democratic system where a market economy prevails. One, two, three or a hundred thousand currencies do not matter, as long as there is a centralized and suffocating economy like your totalitarian system. We do not want with you Mr. dictator, reforms or openings, you are not our owners, nor should you dictate our guidelines.
We know that your time on earth is running out, and that powerful interests have shown the intention of pandering, or sharing huge profits at the cost of the pain and sacrifice of the Cuban people.
General Raul Castro, for warning about the danger of fraudulent change, you ordered the assassination of Oswaldo Payá and the young Harold Cepero. I doubt that you now have sufficient thugs to continue killing thousands and thousands who like Payá and Harold continue to denounce your tricks and continuity maneuvers.
For Laura Pollan, a defenseless woman, you sent your hired murderers to do away with her, because you could not defeat her in her Sunday marches on Fifth Avenue. It did not bother you that she was a woman and justice of her clamor. But Laura also defeated you, cowardly General, for her brave troops of the Ladies in White survived the cruel execution of their leader and is now spreading like patriotic wildfire throughout the Island.
Pedro Luis Boitel, Olegario Charlotte Pileta, Orlando Zapata, Wilman Villar, and many others, who had the courage to sacrifice themselves for the sake of freedom and respect for their dignity had already defeated you. Honor that both you and your thugs threatening to kill me in retaliation for my slogan "Neither will I fall silent nor will I leave Cuba." They themselves also just a few days ago, during one of the many arrests of those that I have been victimized, they tortured and beat me, since according to them and you, I sabotage the attempts of your tyranny to normalize relations with the United States.
Please know General Raul Castro that neither the absurd injunction of house arrest that weighs against me and the obvious threat of being killed, will make me change in my purpose that is that of thousands of Cubans. You will not be able to, Raul Castro; you cannot subdue a people who are tired of living without freedom, as you can not realize the international effort that is brewing against the cause of freedom in Cuba. That plot, Raul Castro, will not succeed, whether it comes from Havana, from Washington, from Brussels, or even from Vatican City. They won't be able to, General, because I know that both you, your family, and that cruel and bloody Party, will be excluded from any process of democratic change as they signify the negation of democracy itself.
And tell your subordinates, General, I'm here and will be here in my beloved homeland of Placetas from which you will not take me out neither your repressive forces or you yourself, or anyone, and that my humble abode, though desecrated, vandalized and looted by your entourage will remain a bastion of resistance, struggle, shelter and sanctuary for my countrymen who fight against you and in favor of freedom and justice. And tell them also General, your promoters and cronies, your spokesmen be they in Miami, in Washington, in Brussels, in Havana, or the Vatican itself not to continue rubbing their hands. We say no to continuity because here in Cuba there will not be reconciliation without there first being justice, freedom and democracy.
And as presentiment also tell some governments that call themselves democratic and which are within the plot, that they are wasting their time General, that the fact that Cubans need and hope for international solidarity, that does not mean that one country or foreign power, no matter how powerful or influential will be part of our process of change, because Cubans, those inside and those outside, are convinced that the solution of Cuba must and should be resolved between Cubans, exempting you and yours of course General, that for the damage you and yours have done to our nation, do not even deserve to be called Cubans.
Raúl Castro Ruz, on behalf of the people of Cuba, my fellow prisoners, and the victims of your dictatorship, I tell you no, no and no.
From Placetas, in the center of Cuba Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez", who "Neither will I fall silent nor will I leave Cuba." 20 de agosto de 2014.
Posted by John Suarez at 2:53 AM No comments:
Labels: Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez", Laura Inés Pollán Toledo, Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas, Pedro Luis Boitel, Raul Castro, Wilman Villar
Solidarity and the Baltic Way: How nonviolence buried the last vestiges of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
"Nonviolence is a powerful and just weapon. which cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it. It is a sword that heals." - Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Baltic Way brought an end to one key element of Molotov Ribbentrop
History weighs heavily in August of 2014: the centenary of the start of World War 1; seventy fifth anniversary of the signing of Molotov Ribbentrop, the treaty that triggered World War 2 by splitting Poland between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union; thirty five years later, leaders of the Khmer Rouge are finally brought to face justice before an international tribunal; 34 years on the 31 of August 1980 the Polish Solidarity union came into existence; and Cubans observed the 20th anniversary of a mass uprising in Havana known as the Maleconazo that sparked another huge exodus of tens of thousands of Cubans fleeing to freedom.
Within this somber month of needed reflection on what not to do there is an incident that took place that needs to be remembered on what needs to be done. In addition to dismembering Poland, the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact placed the Baltic States under Soviet control. A nonviolent moment twenty five years ago that ended up liberating Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia brought an end to this part of Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact and it was called the Baltic Way. On June 4, 1989 the Solidarity labor movement won in free elections and the Polish people finally regained their sovereignty after nearly 50 years under totalitarian oppression. They did it nonviolently. So did the people of the Baltic states when two million Latvians, Lithuanians and Estonians joined hands together in a giant human chain stretching 370 miles on August 23, 1994. Fifty years to the day after the treaty that brought them so much grief had been signed.
A number of excellent and well sourced websites describe and show with images and videos what happened on August 23, 1989. This is how the UNESCO website described it:
On 23 August 1939 foreign ministers of the USSR and Germany - Vyacheslav Molotov and Joachim von Ribbentrop, as ordered by their superiors Stalin and Hitler, signed a treaty which affected the fate of Europe and the entire world. This pact, and the secret clauses it contained, divided the spheres of influence of the USSR and Germany and led to World War II, and to the occupation of the three Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
50 years later, on 23 August 1989, the three nations living by the Baltic Sea surprised the world by taking hold of each other's hands and jointly demanding recognition of the secret clauses in the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact and the re-establishment of the independence of the Baltic States. More than a million people joined hands to create a 600 km long human chain from the foot of Toompea in Tallinn to the foot of the Gediminas Tower in Vilnius, crossing Riga and the River Daugava on its way, creating a synergy in the drive for freedom that united the three countries.The Baltic Way was organized by the national movements of each of the Baltic States: the Popular Front of Estonia Rahvarinne, the Popular Front of Latvia and the Lithuanian Reform Movement Sąjūdis.
The Baltic Way brought important changes to the history of the world. This was achieved through social unity and through the joint commitment and confidence manifested by every individual in pursuing the common goal. This impressive act of non-violent protest and solidarity whilst keeping sovereignty was a living example of the culture of peace, opening up access to information and leading to the acknowledgement of the secret treaty and its hideous consequences for the whole world. It increased the opportunity for the national self-determination of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and encouraged democratic movements throughout the Soviet Union. The three Baltic States succeeded in gaining their freedom in a peaceful way, creating a precedent that was, and hopefully will be, followed by a number of countries all over- the triumph of humanity over totalitarianism.
Its a powerful testament that the liberation of Poland and the Baltic states from totalitarian occupation was achieved after fifty years through nonviolent resistance. Now in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia August 23rd has a double significance.
Labels: 1989, Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Molotov Ribbentrop, Poland, Solidarity, The Baltic Way
Molotov-Ribbentrop: The Orwellian non-aggression treaty that started World War 2
"Russia and Germany have signed a cooperation pact. War now inevitable. Went for a stroll." - Evelyn Waugh
German Foreign Minister Von Ribbentrop, Joseph Stalin, & his foreign minister, Molotov
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, named after the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and the Nazi German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, officially called the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was signed 75 years ago today. Made public on August 23, 1939 the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact was a Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact with secret protocols setting out how the two regimes would divide Poland and the Baltic States. World War 2 would begin with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany on September 1, 1939. The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the East on September 17, 1939. The double invasion is dramatized in Andrzej Wajda's 2007 film Katyn. This important date in history and cautionary tale for democrats is largely ignored.
German and Soviet Union soldiers greet one another in Poland (1939)
The Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact, 1939
Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
The Government of the German Reich and The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics desirous of strengthening the cause of peace between Germany and the U.S.S.R., and proceeding from the fundamental provisions of the Neutrality Agreement concluded in April, 1926 between Germany and the U.S.S.R., have reached the following Agreement:
Article I.
Both High Contracting Parties obligate themselves to desist from any act of violence, any aggressive action, and any attack on each other, either individually or jointly with other Powers.
Article II.
Should one of the High Contracting Parties become the object of belligerent action by a third Power, the other High Contracting Party shall in no manner lend its support to this third Power.
Article III.
The Governments of the two High Contracting Parties shall in the future maintain continual contact with one another for the purpose of consultation in order to exchange information on problems affecting their common interests.
Article IV.
Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties shall participate in any grouping of Powers whatsoever that is directly or indirectly aimed at the other party.
Article V.
Should disputes or conflicts arise between the High Contracting Parties over problems of one kind or another, both parties shall settle these disputes or conflicts exclusively through friendly exchange of opinion or, if necessary, through the establishment of arbitration commissions.
Article VI.
The present Treaty is concluded for a period of ten years, with the proviso that, in so far as one of the High Contracting Parties does not advance it one year prior to the expiration of this period, the validity of this Treaty shall automatically be extended for another five years.
Article VII.
The present treaty shall be ratified within the shortest possible time. The ratifications shall be exchanged in Berlin. The Agreement shall enter into force as soon as it is signed.
[The section below was not published at the time the above was announced.]
Secret Additional Protocol.
In the event of a territorial and political rearrangement in the areas belonging to the Baltic States (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the northern boundary of Lithuania shall represent the boundary of the spheres of influence of Germany and U.S.S.R. In this connection the interest of Lithuania in the Vilna area is recognized by each party.
In the event of a territorial and political rearrangement of the areas belonging to the Polish state, the spheres of influence of Germany and the U.S.S.R. shall be bounded approximately by the line of the rivers Narev, Vistula and San. The question of whether the interests of both parties make desirable the maintenance of an independent Polish States and how such a state should be bounded can only be definitely determined in the course of further political developments. In any event both Governments will resolve this question by means of a friendly agreement.
With regard to Southeastern Europe attention is called by the Soviet side to its interest in Bessarabia. The German side declares its complete political disinteredness in these areas.
This protocol shall be treated by both parties as strictly secret.
Moscow, August 23, 1939.
For the Government of the German Reich v. Ribbentrop
Plenipotentiary of the Government of the U.S.S.R. V. Molotov
Copy of the Non-Aggression Pact signed on August 23, 1939
Labels: 1939, Germany, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Josef Stalin, Katyn, Nazi, Poland, Soviet, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR, Vyacheslav Molotov, World War 2
Historical Lessons from Engaging Totalitarians: Tourism
Normally, travel broadens the mind but what about visiting a totalitarian state?
Jane Fonda visiting North Vietnam in July of 1972
Over the past few months there has been a vigorous debate around whether or not to continue economic sanctions on the dictatorship in Cuba and a series of manufactured controversies surrounding democracy promotion programs directed at the island has led to a conversation about their effectiveness. However, a couple of other issues that emerged but that have gone unaddressed are the conceits that American tourists, business, and high technology would somehow be game changers in Cuba and that "evolutionary change" would take place within Cuba. In this second installment will briefly explore some high profile examples of the impact of tourism on totalitarian states.
What has happened in the past when tourists take the lead in public diplomacy? Well it depends on what kind of tourist is visiting a totalitarian regime. Basically divide them into four general groups: bargain travelers, political pilgrims, celebrities, and informed travelers that know how totalitarian states function and know what they are getting into. The last group is almost always a very small number.
Bargain travelers will go to a totalitarian regime because often times it is a cheap holiday in an exotic location. Depending on the regime they will be kept in areas geared to tourists providing them a Potemkin village experience. However that does not mean that information on health and security will be accurate and it can place tourists at risk. In the case of both Cuba and North Korea, businessmen who have engaged the regime in business ventures are rotting in prison. There is also an ethical question providing hard currency to a system that is actively repressing its own populace and no matter how little it may be it is helping a totalitarian state.
Celebrities visiting totalitarian states become targets of both the state security service and the propaganda ministries. These regime will pull out all the stops to show themselves in the best light possible and make sure that celebrities have a great time but within a reality fabricated by the totalitarians. It has paid back with big dividends in the past.
Lincoln Joseph Steffens
For example in 1919 Lincoln Joseph Steffens, a respected journalist, spent three weeks visiting the Soviet Union and wrote "Soviet Russia was a revolutionary government with an evolutionary plan", enduring "a temporary condition of evil, which is made tolerable by hope and a plan." When he returned to the United States he campaigned for U.S. food aid for the Soviet Union saying repeatedly: "I have seen the future, and it works." Remember that in January of 1919 the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin had already been carrying out the systematic and mass extermination of entire social classes. By 1931 Steffens had grown disillusioned but for over a decade people heard from this journalist about the wonders of the Soviet Union.
Charles Lindbergh in Nazi Germany with Hermann Göring
Charles Lindbergh, the heroic emblem of aviation's glamorous present and brilliant future. Lindbergh, who had moved his family to Europe following the kidnapping and murder of his eldest child, visited Germany five times between 1936 and 1939. Officially lionized, taken on tours of airfields and factories, lavishly entertained by Air Marshal Hermann Göring, and awarded one of the country's highest civilian honors, Lindbergh made no effort to distance himself from Nazism. Hitler, he wrote to the banker Harry Davison, "is undoubtedly a great man, and I believe he has done much for the German people." - See more at: http://www.andrewnagorski.com/reviews/new-york-review-books-0#sthash.k1iFj9I6.dpuf
Charles Lindbergh, the heroic emblem of aviation's glamorous present and brilliant future. Lindbergh, who had moved his family to Europe following the kidnapping and murder of his eldest child, visited Germany five times between 1936 and 1939. Officially lionized, taken on tours of airfields and factories, lavishly entertained by Air Marshal Hermann Göring, and awarded one of the country's highest civilian honors, Lindbergh made no effort to distance himself from Nazism. Hitler, he wrote to the banker Harry Davison, "is undoubtedly a great man, and I believe he has done much for the German people." - See more at: http://www.andrewnagorski.com/reviews/new-york-review-books-0#sthash.k1iFj9I6.dpufCharles Lindbergh, visited Nazi Germany five times between 1936 and 1939. Lindbergh was taken on tours of airfields and factories, lavishly entertained by Air Marshal Hermann Göring, and awarded one of Third Reich's highest civilian honors. Lindbergh made no efforts to distance himself from Nazism. Writing to the banker Harry Davison, he said that Hitler "is undoubtedly a great man, and I believe he has done much for the German people."
On June 23, 1933 Adolph Hitler signed a law creating the "Reich Committee for Tourism" and according to Kristen Semmens marked the first step in the Nazis thorough coordination of German commercial tourism. Semmens explains how "normal" experiences--such as taking a tour, visiting a popular sightseeing attraction, reading a guidebook or sending a postcard--Seeing Hitler's Germany deepens our understanding of the popular legitimization of Nazi rule not only in Germany but internationally. This also explains, in part, the inaction of other democratic states in reacting to the consolidation of Nazi rule and its re-armament. Today, in Cuba for example, the tourism industry is run by the military with input by the regime's intelligence service.
Charles Lindbergh, visited Germany five times between 1936 and 1939. Lindbergh was taken on tours of airfields and factories, lavishly entertained by Air Marshal Hermann Göring, and awarded one of the Third Reich's highest civilian honors. Lindbergh wrote to the banker Harry Davison, "With all the things we criticize, he [Hitler] is undoubtedly a great man, and I believe has done much for the German people. He is fanatic in many ways, and any one can see that there is a certain amount of fanaticism in Germany today. It is less than I expected, but it is there. On the other hand, Hitler has accomplished results ( good in addition to bad ) which could hardly have been accomplished without some fanaticism."
Following the 1936 Olympics in Berlin that further legitimized the Nazis, Lindbergh's wife offered the following perspective on Hitler to her mother in a August 5, 1936 letter:
"Hitler, I am beginning to feel, is a very great man, like an inspired religious leader -- and as such rather fanatical -- but not scheming, not selfish, not greedy for power, but a mystic, a visionary who really wants the best for his country and, on the whole, has a rather broad view."
Needless to say the Lindbergh's analysis was profoundly mistaken. The tyrant who many at the time thought wanted "the best for his country" when Germany failed to achieve the Thousand Year Reich Hitler had wanted he issued the Nero Decree on March 19, 1945 ordering the infrastructure of the country to be destroyed effectively also sentencing the German people to death. Not only did Nazi Germany order the extermination of the Jewish race at the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942 but three years later the German people.
Kim Jong-Un & Dennis Rodman in Pyongyang 2013 Photo: KCNA/AFP/Getty Images
The totalitarian state in North Korea is not as expert as their counterpart in Cuba, but nevertheless hosted NBA basketball star Dennis Rodman in four visits to the peninsula between 2013 and early 2014. The brutal communist dictatorship was trying to obtain positive media. Rodman played an exhibition basket ball game in North Korea in January 2014, singing Happy Birthday to dictator Kim Jong Un, said the young leader was a friend and also "a very good guy." Weeks earlier Kim Jong Un had purged and executed his own uncle. According to NBC news the uncle was stripped naked and fed to a pack of ravenous dogs. Official North Korean media has reported the execution of the Uncle but has not specified the method used. However, the NBA star claims that the uncle was not executed. Rodman also attempted to justify the imprisonment of an American citizen, Kenneth Bae, implying in a CNN interview that he had done something to deserve being jailed there since 2012. Kenneth Bae had a tour company organizing tours to North Korea since 2006. He was arrested on November 3, 2012. Despite Rodman's claims international human rights organizations and bodies identify North Korea as one of the most extreme and systematic human rights violators on the planet.
Beyonce and Jay-Z in Havana in April 2013
However at times for the sake of shifting unwanted attention these kind of regimes are more than capable of placing celebrities in the spotlight as was done with Beyonce and Jay-Z back in April of 2013. It was the Cuban totalitarian state that first released footage and news of the Jay-Z and Beyonce trip describing it as tourism. The Castro regime wanted to create a media storm to take attention away from three Cuban women, then exposing the brutal reality in Cuba as they traveled around the world, shifting it back to a debate over restrictions in U.S. law on travel to Cuba. A year later the Treasury Department confirmed that the couple had not violated U.S. laws during the trip.
Singer Linda Ronstadt visited Cuba and got the Potemkin Village tour
Linda Ronstadt in a AZCentral interview on August 18, 2014 questioning the Cuban Adjustment Act she revealed that she had traveled to the island:
"We allow Cubans to come in and say that they're refugees. Well, in Cuba — I've been there, you know — people are fed, people are housed, people are clothed. There isn't violence in the streets.
She had spoken more extensively about her impressions of Cuba in a 2003 interview in City Pulse:
It's an amazing country. I've been all over Latin America. And it's the only Latin American country I've been in that didn't have armed troops on the street, there weren't homeless people everywhere, and kids had school uniforms and had schoolbooks paid for and had their health paid for. There's things going on in Cuba that we don't know about, and that's mainly because of the Miami Cubans, they just absolutely won't – they are absolutely closed-minded. They hate Fidel Castro, they won't even hear about some of the good things he's done, and they don't want anyone else to know about it, either. It's a total propaganda device and they've blanketed this country with propaganda about Cuba, huge amounts of which are untrue.
The reality that Cubans know on and off the island is far different, but also there are respected international human rights bodies and organizations that would dispute everything in the above statement. Sadly, the unwitting "propaganda device" is a talented and legendary singer who had The Eagles as a backup band.
Jane Fonda positioned by North Vietnamese into a photo op
Underestimating the ability of these totalitarian states to manipulate individuals both the average traveler and high profile celebrities has been demonstrated time and time again to be a losing proposition. At the top of this blog entry is a photo of Jane Fonda in 1972 in North Vietnam. In a 2012 Oprah interview reported on the Huffington Post, she described how she ended up on the anti-aircraft gun:
In the clip, Fonda explains that she was taken to a North Vietnam military site on the last day of her visit, even though she did not want to go. "I was an emotional wreck by [then]," she remembers. "I don't know if I was set up or not. I was an adult. I take responsibility for my actions."
That's when a small ceremony began. "These soldiers sang a song; I sang a song in feeble Vietnamese," she says. "Everyone was laughing. I was led to a gun site and I sat down. And I was laughing and clapping, and there were pictures taken."
As Fonda walked away from the site, she suddenly realized how those pictures would look to the rest of the world. "I understand the anger about that," she admits.
The North Vietnam regime that she was visiting came into power through terror campaigns and mass executions. According to the International Business Times as early as 1956 at a Communist Party conference Vietnam's "Red Napoleon", Senior General Vo Nguyen Giap in a moment of candor told delegates that in carrying out their "anti-feudal task":
"...we indiscriminately attacked all families owning land. Many thousands were executed. We saw enemies everywhere and resorted to widespread violence and terror...There were grave errors..."
On other occasions General Giap explained: "We executed too many honest people...", "...We resorted to terror, disciplinary punishments and torture..." Revenge squads organized by the Communist Vietnamese government may have executed up to 200,000, forced the eviction of over a million South Vietnamese to the North as prisoners, and killed no one knows how many more through deliberate exposure to disease and malnutrition. A million and a half fled Vietnam primarily by sea and became known as the boat people. The human rights situation today in Vietnam remains dire.
Countering the Propaganda
Years ago, at a youth gathering at Harvard University , I had the opportunity to engage a bright young student who had just returned from a semester in Cuba and she was spouting Cuban government propaganda. My response to her was to give her a list of links to Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the Inter-American Human Rights Commission on the human rights situation on the island and past atrocities. She came back a couple of hours later in tears of anger for having been lied to and manipulated while in Cuba.
Iran's Ahmadinejad with Communist Fidel Castro and Neo-Nazi David Duke
Political Pilgrims and Iran
Political pilgrims are people who share an ideological sympathy with the regime and will go there on vacation to reinforce their political beliefs and provide the totalitarian regime with concrete material support. Some of them will take part in political rallies and events while a smaller subset will also engage in trainings to promote their ideology elsewhere. Years ago at the University of Miami met a small group of American students who had returned from such an event in Cuba. They were openly Stalinist and said that those imprisoned in Cuba for their ideas were getting what they deserved. They also volunteered that they were against the death penalty in the United States today because the wrong people were in power but when the revolution arrived they wanted the death penalty to get rid of the "right people." It was a chilling encounter. These youths are part of a totalitarian network that operates internationally with the assistance of state actors. These young totalitarians are found both within Communist and Nazi networks. As one marks the 75 years since Communists and Nazis joined together in the Molotov Ribbentrop pact in 1939 it is interesting to note where they link today on issues such as Israel and in alliances with the regime in Iran. David Duke would fit the bill of a political pilgrim in his 2006 trip to Iran. The human rights situation in Iran remains dire.
Ethical travel to totalitarian states
The smallest group visiting these types of regimes are informed travelers that know how totalitarian states function, understand the dangers and know what they are getting into but decide to risk all and meet with dissidents and human rights defenders demonstrating their solidarity. These travelers are in my opinion the only ones making a positive contribution visiting totalitarian states, but must weigh what they plan to do with how much hard currency they'll be leaving the dictatorship to continue its machinery of repression.
The conceit that "opening up" Cuba to mass American tourism will be a game changer endangering the totalitarian state on the island is not tenable. The dictatorship in my opinion will continue to control through its totalitarian mechanisms who can and cannot enter and with increased travel receive hard currency for the military and intelligence apparatus that run the tourism industry. What to do you think?
Labels: Adolph Hitler, Beyonce, Charles Lindbergh, Cuba, David Duke, Germany, Jane Fonda, Jaz-Z, Linda Ronstadt, Soviet Union, Vietnam
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text:
Ивана Јовановић (Сокобања, 1976) позната као Ивана Електра је српска је поп-фолк певачица и модна дизајнерка која живи и ради у Београду.

Каријера

Музиком се бави од седме године живота, када је имала први наступ у Дому Војске у Нишу. Поред певања, пише и поезију. Завршила је језичку гимназију, а након тога Правни факултет у Нишу.

Синглови са којима се Ивана Електра представила публици су "Ломи мала", "Прва лига" и "Срце моје". Године 2007. године, након дужег боравка у студију, издала је албум под називом "Спремна за све". Поред насловне песме, албум садржи и : "Миленијум", на којој је Ивана сарађивала са радијом Дреам Теам, који је аранжман за ову песму водио, док је Ивана Јовановић била задужена за текст и музику; друга песма је "Пијана од љубави", за коју је музику, аранжман и текст извео Чеда Чворак, главни члан групе Луна. Поред поменуте две песме, песме на овом албуму нашле су и место: "Ледена Мадона", "Дан Светог Ђорђа", "Алергична на љубав", "Тврдоглава" и "Она ме добро памти". Након овог албума, Ивана је одлучила да направи дужу паузу у музичкој каријери, која је трајала до 2009. године када је објавила песму "Шампањац" са певачем Јованом Перишићем.

Године 2015. учестовала је ријалити шоу Парови. Након једног од ванредних избацивања, када је имала најмање подршке публике, морала је напустити кућу у којој је била смештена заједно са осталим учесницима.

Дискографија

Албуми
 -{Спремна на све}- (2016)

Видеографија

Референце

Рођени 1970.
Сокобањци
српске певачице
Поп-фолк певачи
Српски модни креатори
Српски кантаутори
Људи под псеудонимом


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Rt. Hon Priti Patel MP
Member of Parliament for Witham
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To ask the Secretary of State for Defence, what the title was of each set of regulations introduced by his Department in each month since May 2010; which of those regulations have been (a) subject to the (i) one in one out and (ii) one in two out procedure and (b) (i) revoked and (ii) amended; and what the net cost to (A) the public purse; and (B) business of those regulations is.
https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2017-12-21.120876.h
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Neighbourhood Development Plans
To ask the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, if he will make an assessment of the effect of the requirements relating to Habitats Regulations Assessments and European Sites on the ability of qualifying bodies to produce a Neighbourhood Development Plan.
To ask the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, what assessment he has made of the (a) effect on and (b) additional costs incurred by (i) local planning authorities and (ii) qualifying bodies producing a Neighbourhood Development Plan of undertaking assessments of the implications for European Sites …
To ask the Chancellor of the Exchequer, how many people earned (a) less than £5,000 and (b) between (i) £5,000 and £10,000, (ii) £10,000 and £15,000, (iii) £15,000 and £20,000, (iv) £20,000 and £25,000, (v) £25,000 and £30,000, (vi) £30,000 and £35,000, (vii) £35,000 and £40,000, (viii) £40,000 and £45,000, …
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text:
Home/World/Surrey: Dog 'seized after woman beaten to death, appeared on BBC show'
Surrey: Dog 'seized after woman beaten to death, appeared on BBC show'
Justin Scacco2 weeks ago
Delia LewisHis dog Shiva was reportedly one of the dogs present at the attack (Image: BBC/Wimbledon Veterinary Surgery)
A dog "seized by police" after a woman was beaten to death reportedly appeared as a puppy on a BBC TV programme.
The 28-year-old victim died in an attack on Thursday while walking a pack of dogs in the secluded beauty of Gravelly Hill in Caterham, Surrey.
An 11-stone Leonberger named Shiva is said to be among eight dogs taken into police care after the horrific incident that left another woman injured.
It remains unclear whether Shiva was one of the dogs that attacked – eyewitnesses claim at least four of the eight targeted the victim.
An autopsy, which could shed some light on the matter, is to take place.
Five years ago, Shiva starred on BBC 2's 10 Puppies and Us, a show about puppies settling into their new homes and being housetrained.
One clip shows her owner Delia Lewis experiencing stress while her new pet poops on the floor and chews the carpet.
Originally named Maple, the pup was apparently later renamed Shiva — also the name of a Hindu god known as "The Destroyer."
Delia, a psychic who says she's worked with Disney and Estee Lauder, told the show in 2017, "I thought Maple was way too cute a name for this dog.
The 11 stone Leonberger is said to be in police custody (Image: Wimbledon Veterinary Surgery)
"I mean don't get me wrong, she's cute but she's not that cute."
In 2020, Shiva was described by a vet as "a huge girl with the sweetest nature ever," reports the Daily Mail.
Ms Lewis reportedly posted on social media after the Caterham incident that her dog was "one of the missing".
She added: "She is a Leonberger please if you have any information please tell me where to go or what to do."
An investigation into the tragedy, which occurred around 2.45pm on Thursday, has been launched.
A 60-year-old woman who saw the attack on a horse said the blonde victim saw her coming and yelled, "Turn back, turn back!"
"When we saw her, she was about 50 feet away," she said. "She was swamped by at least four medium-sized dogs, maybe more, who attacked her, dragged her arms and sides, and she screamed and screamed."
Shiva appeared on the BBC as a puppy (Picture: BBC)
The eyewitness claimed that the violent incident was made even more frightening because none of the dogs barked.
The second woman injured in the dog attack was discharged from hospital after being treated for bites.
Police are believed to be checking whether the victim was a registered dog walker.
A source "close to the case" has claimed she "just had too many dogs."
"With so many dogs, you can't have everything under control. If something happens, it's like seven little wolves attack you," they said.
The dogs involved are believed to be two dachshunds, a cockatoo, a collie and the Leonberger – neither of which have been deemed dangerous.
Surrey Police said on Friday eight dogs were confiscated and their owners all contacted.
There was an increased police presence in Gravelly Hill this weekend "to reassure residents and visitors".
More: dogs
Detective Inspector Josephine Horner, Senior Investigating Officer, said: "This is a tragic incident in which a young woman sadly lost her life. Our thoughts remain with her family and friends and the family have asked that their privacy be respected at this difficult time.
"Special teams have been conducting forensic work at the scene but this has now been completed and the area has been reopened to the public.
"I know this incident has caused genuine concern locally and officers from the local neighborhood team will be in the area to reassure residents.
"The investigation to determine the circumstances of this incident is ongoing and I urge anyone with information who has not yet spoken to police to get in touch."
Get in touch with our news team by emailing us at webnews@metro.co.uk.
For more stories like this, Visit our news page.
https://metro.co.uk/2023/01/15/surrey-dog-seized-after-woman-mauled-to-death-appeared-on-bbc-show-18104000/ Surrey: Dog 'seized after woman beaten to death, appeared on BBC show'
Man arrested after stolen Ferrari crash, return to crime scene for other stolen car
Dave Rennie has been fired, Eddie Jones will coach Wallabies at the World Cup


The 20th anniversary of the death of Jorge Luis Borges continues to leave its mark in Argentina-based weblogs. Roberto Bobrow cites an allusion made to Borges by Italian intellectual Umberto Eco. Jeff Barry, meanwhile, is already on day five of an ambitious series called "30 Days with Borges." It seems useful to those as of yet unacquainted with the Argentine literary giant as well as those who would like to dig deeper into Borges' life, works, and impact.


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«Monodom» is a residential compound in the cultural centre of Moscow.
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The house is being constructed according to European sanitary and hygienic standards for life-support systems.
The works within the project are being performed as Design services.


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text:
A Prayer for Owen Meany
Chapter 1: The Foul Ball
Chapter 2: The Armadillo
Chapter 3: The Angel
Chapter 4: The Little Lord Jesus
Chapter 5: The Ghost of the Future
Chapter 6: The Voice
Chapter 7: The Dream
Chapter 8: The Finger
Chapter 9: The Shot
Analytical Overview
John Irving and A Prayer for Owen Meany Background
Summary Full Book Summary
Writing from his home in Toronto, Canada in 1987, John Wheelwright narrates the story of his childhood. Peppering his narrative with frequent diary entries in which he chronicles his outrage against the behavior of the Ronald Reagan administration in the late 1980s, Wheelright tells the story of his early life in Gravesend, New Hampshire, when his best friend was Owen Meany, who he remembers as the boy who accidentally killed Wheelwright's mother and made Wheelright believe in God. The narrative of A Prayer for Owen Meany does not follow a perfect chronology, as John pieces together the story he wants to tell.
Owen is a bizarre child. A tiny dwarf, he has weirdly luminous skin and an ethereally nasal voice (represented in the novel in all-capital letters). He has a tremendous crush on John's mother, who, in turn, is very fond of him; she even intervenes with Owen's parents to ensure that he will be able to attend the elite Gravesend Academy for high school. John does not know who his father is, though he does know his heritage: he comes from the aristocratic Wheelwright family. Owen's parents, in contrast, are undistinguished parents who run a struggling granite quarry. Nonetheless, Owen assures John that God will help him discover the identity of his father. John has always believed that his mother will tell him one day, but this hope is dashed; one day at a Little League game, Owen, ordered to bat for John, hits a high foul ball that falls onto John's mother's head, breaking her neck and killing her. John, brokenhearted, now splits his time between his grandmother's manor at 80 Front Street and his stepfather Dan Needham's apartment at Gravesend Academy, where Dan serves as a history and drama professor. John loves Dan, who becomes like a real father to him.
John and Owen remain close friends. In December, 1953, six months after John's mother's death, John begins to realize just how remarkable Owen is. Simultaneously, Owen wins the role of the Baby Jesus in the Episcopalian Christmas pageant and the role of the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come in an amateur theatrical production of A Christmas Carol. Owen brings the Christmas pageant to a halt when he accosts his parents in the middle of the performance, demanding that they leave. He is chillingly good as the scary ghost in A Christmas Carol, but on the night of the final performance, he has a vision in which he believes he sees his own gravestone--complete with the date of his own death.
Over time, as more and more details of his death are revealed to him, Owen comes to believe that he is God's instrument on Earth, and that he is destined to die heroically. He even believes that God caused him to kill John's mother--he believes that he accidentally interrupted the Angel of Death when it came to take her, and as a result, he was forced to do the job himself. Inscrutably, he begins to make John practice something called "The Shot," a basketball move in which John lifts Owen up for a slam dunk. They perform this maneuver over and over, trying to accomplish it as quickly as possible.
PARGRAPH When the boys are old enough, they enter Gravesend Academy, where Owen thrives: he has a powerful column called "THE VOICE" in the school paper, and easily becomes the class valedictorian. Shortly before graduation, however, he is expelled for helping students make fake IDs out of their draft cards--it is the early 1960s, and the Vietnam War is just beginning. After his expulsion, Owen removes a statue of Mary Magdalene from its place in front of a local Catholic school, amputates its arms and head, and welds it to the stage in the Gravesend Academy auditorium. The school minister, the doubt-plagued Rev. Louis Merrill, asks the boys at morning meeting to pray for Owen Meany, and the unpleasant headmaster who expelled Owen loses his job as a result of the event.
Owen manages to graduate from the public high school, and John and Owen are reunited at the University of New Hampshire, where John majors in English; Owen develops a relationship with John's hypersexual cousin Hester. Owen is only able to pay for school by participating in an ROTC program, and he hopes for a combat assignment in Vietnam after graduation, to John and Hester's dismay. He believes that he is destined to die in Vietnam. However, because he is too short to climb over the obstacle-course wall, Owen is given an administrative assignment in Arizona. There, Owen campaigns actively for reassignment in Vietnam. John, meanwhile, attends graduate school. John does not want to go to Vietnam, and Owen helps to ensure that his friend will not have to go to war by amputating John's right-hand index finger with a diamond saw.
In 1968, Owen begins working as a casualty-assistance officer, escorting the bodies of dead soldiers back to their families. One day, he calls John and asks him to meet for a few days in Phoenix, Arizona, where Owen is on assignment. John flies to Phoenix, and he and Owen spend a few days relaxing; John meets the bereaved family Owen is then helping, which comes from a trashy part of town. John especially notices the dead soldier's younger brother, a hulking, menacing fifteen-year-old named Dick Jarvits, who lives for the day he will be able to travel to Vietnam and slaughter the Vietnamese. When John and Owen go to the airport for John's return flight--on the day that Owen believes he is destined to die--they see a group of nuns escorting a column of Vietnamese war orphans through the halls. One of the nuns asks Owen to take the boys to a men's room; there, Dick Jarvits bursts in with a grenade. He hurls it at John, who tosses it to Owen; Owen leaps into the air, and John holds him up so that he can thrust the grenade into a high window alcove--a move exactly like the The Shot. The children are shielded from the blast, but Owen's arms are blown off, and he bleeds to death.
Back in Gravesend and before Owen's funeral, John goes to see the Rev. Merrill. During the meeting, Owen's ghost possesses the reverend and causes him to admit that he is John's father. The reverend claims that he prayed for John's mother to die just before the foul ball hit her, and that, in vengeance, God has turned his face from him. To restore his father's faith, John plays a prank in which he places a dressmaker's dummy in such a way as to make the reverend think he is seeing John's mother's ghost. His faith restored, the reverend delivers a passionate eulogy for Owen, calling him his "hero" and pleading for God to give him back.
From his house in Toronto, John remembers that also before the funeral, he paid a visit to the Meanys, where Mr. Meany reveals a shocking fact: he claims that Owen was a virgin birth, just like Jesus Christ. He tells John that he told Owen this when Owen was about eleven--about the same time that Owen accidentally killed John's mother. John considers this revelation monstrous, and says that it cannot be true. It remains unclear what John believes about Owen's parentage, however, and the mystery is never explained.
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Short. 2016. 40 min. Directed by Dina Zvi-Riklis. Starring famed Israeli singer/actress Esther Rada and Yehezkel Lazarov (The Fifth Heaven, The World is Funny). In Tigrinya, English and French with English subtitles.
own country and seeks refuge in Israel. U of I's support affords us the unique opportunity to hear from two A-list Israeli directors (who happen to be husband and wife).
Born in Iraq and raised in Ramat Gan, writer/director Dina Zvi-Riklis describes her identity as "Ashkenazi Iraqi." As s young girl, she read a book, Rachel Eytan's The Fifth Heaven, and eventually made a powerful feature film of it by the same name. In a career spanning 30 years, she has made 10 films. Her feature, Three Mothers, was nominated for 9 Ophir Awards.
In each of his popular feature films—The Lemon Tree, The Syrian Bride, Human Resources Manager, Zaytoun, Cup Final, A Borrowed Identity—British-Israeli Eran Riklis has mixed sensitive subjects with humor and dignity. The result is always authentic. He has produced several of his wife Dina's films.


It's a standard tool built over standard tools.
It's a well established build system that is ubiquitous in the open source world.
Build your project, run the tests, create a release tarball, unpack it with read-only sources, build it and run the tests. This should be the minimum standard for every build system, yet it seems hard to reach.
The skills you learn for building one language still work when you build something else, even down to creating books for print from emacs org-mode.
In spite of its many years of existence, the available documentation leaves much to be desired.
Autoconf is dependent on Perl.


Added on September 15, 2015 by Spencer Wright.
Yesterday I went up to visit Rich, Dave, and Cesar at Addaero, and came home with a few new EBM prints. These are an iteration on the parts they printed me a few months back, and should be easier to post-process (and are lighter to boot :).


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It's Easy .. Just keep holding shield when ur walking and once the mob hits u, u will shield from damage. After he hits u, attack him straight away because he won't hit u already again straight away .
if you walk up to a monster close enough, they blur up. when they do, you attack them. the instantly shield. works for all monsters accept for althenea. for her just shield untill she attacks then hit her twice. repeat.


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Q: CLEditor Multiple Instances resize with 100% width I've successfully implemented the CLEditor with 100% width but I can't seem to get around the the resize firing off endlessly.
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