text:
Phage typing or CRISPR typing for epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella Typhimurium?
Manal Mohammed1
Salmonella Typhimurium is the most dominant Salmonella serovar around the world. It is associated with foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks but has recently been associated with invasive illness and deaths. Characterization of S. Typhimurium is therefore very crucial for epidemiological surveillance. Phage typing has been used for decades for subtyping of S. Typhimurium to determine the epidemiological relation among isolates. Recent studies however have suggested that high throughput clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) typing has the potential to replace phage typing. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of high-throughput CRISPR typing over conventional phage typing in epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation of S. Typhimurium.
In silico analysis of whole genome sequences (WGS) of well-documented phage types of S. Typhimurium reveals the presence of different CRISPR type among strains belong to the same phage type. Furthermore, different phage types of S. Typhimurium share identical CRISPR type. Interestingly, identical spacers were detected among outbreak and non-outbreak associated DT8 strains of S. Typhimurium. Therefore, CRISPR typing is not useful for the epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation of S. Typhimurium and phage typing, until it is replaced by WGS, is still the gold standard method for epidemiological surveillance of S. Typhimurium.
Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of foodborne disease worldwide. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS) is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans through consumption of contaminated food. Worldwide, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) accounts for most human infection of NTS and has been associated with foodborne outbreaks in developing and developed countries resulting in high morbidity and mortality [1]. Furthermore, the recent emergence of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium variant of a distinct Sequence Type ST313 in sub-Saharan Africa represents a major public health concern as it is associated with invasive illness and deaths [2]. An efficient laboratory system for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation of Salmonella Typhimurium is therefore very crucial.
Phage typing system is a phenotypical method that has been used for decades for subtyping of S. Typhimurium to determine the epidemiological relation among isolates [3]. Phage typing is a rapid and low cost approach for the epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation of S. Typhimurium. The system distinguishes more than 300 definitive phage types (DT) of S. Typhimurium based on their patterns of lysis to a unique collection of Salmonella phages but it has shown some limitations including the maintenance of typing phages by the reference laboratory and the updating of the system furthermore it depends entirely on the experience of the individual laboratory for interpretation of the results [4].
Recent studies have suggested that high throughput clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) typing and the microbead-based CRISPOL assay have the potential to replace traditional bacterial typing and subtyping systems including phage typing [5, 6]. CRISPRs consist of direct repeats (DRs) separated by variable spacer sequences that are derived from foreign phages or plasmids [7] while CRISPOL is a bead-based liquid hybridization assay for CRISPR polymorphism [5].
A recent study reported identical CRISPRs between two different phage types of S. Typhimurium; DT8 and DT30 [8] which reveals the limitations of CRISPR typing for epidemiological surveillance of S. Typhimurium.
This study aimed to analyze the CRISPR/CRISPOL type of well-documented phage types of S. Typhimurium in order to determine the efficacy of high-throughput CRISPR and CRISPOL typing over conventional phage typing in epidemiological surveillance of S. Typhimurium.
Whole genome sequence of different phage types of S. Typhimurium
The whole genome sequence of well-documented phage types of S. Typhimurium (Tables 1, 2) were obtained from Enterobase (https://enterobase.warwick.ac.uk/). Furthermore, a set of different phage types of S. Typhimurium that are used as control in Anderson phage typing scheme (Tables 1, 2) were selected for whole genome sequencing (WGS). Genomic DNA was extracted using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturer's instructions and submitted for WGS using an Illumina MiSeq on 250 bp paired-end (PE) libraries. The quality of PE data was evaluated using FastQC toolkit (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/). Adapter sequences were removed using ea-utils package (https://expressionanalysis.github.io/ea-utils/). PE reads for each isolate were de novo assembled using velvet [9]. The best assembly with the highest N50 value was obtained. Raw sequence data of control phage types of S. Typhimurium have been submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under study Accession No.: PRJEB18673 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB18673) and also available via Enterobase (https://enterobase.warwick.ac.uk/).
Table 1 Salmonella Typhimurium strains belonging to the same phage type show different CRISPR/CRISPOL type
Table 2 Salmonella Typhimurium strains belonging to different phage types show identical CRISPR/CRISPOL type
In silico CRISPR and CRISPOL analysis
PE reads of different phage types of S. Typhimurium were also assembled using Enterobase (https://enterobase.warwick.ac.uk/) where CRISPRs and CRISPOL were called directly from the raw reads rather than the assembly.
Enterobase was used to determine the CRISPR type and CRISPOL type of all phage types of S. Typhimurium. In Enterobase, each phage type of S. Typhimurium was assigned unique accession number (Tables 1, 2).
Previously, sequenced CRISPR loci of different phage types of S. Typhimurium using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [5] were also included in this study (Table 3).
Table 3 CRISPOL type among different phage types of S. Typhimurium
PE reads of S. Typhimurium phage type DT8 associated with a foodborne outbreak in the summer of 2013 in the States of Jersey [10] were downloaded from ENA; study Accession Number PRJNA248792 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJNA248792) and assembled by Enterobase. CRISPR and CRISPOL types were determined for all outbreak strains using Enterobase (Additional file 1: Table S1).
Spacers sequence within the assembled genomes of outbreak and non-outbreak associated DT8 strains were also characterized using CRISPRFinder (http://crispr.i2bc.paris-saclay.fr/Server/) (Additional file 1: Table S1).
In silico analysis of genome sequences of control and well documented phage types of S. Typhimurium revealed two CRISPR loci, CRISPR-1 and CRISPR-2, within all phage types of S. Typhimurium. Although DRs are almost identical among all phage types of S. Typhimurium spacers sequences within the CRISPR loci are not unique to the phage type as strains belong to the same phage type have different spacers and subsequently different CRISPR/CRISPOL type (Table 1) furthermore, different phage types have identical spacers and same CRISPR/CRISPOL type (Table 2).
Different CRISPR/CRISPOL type within the same phage type of S. Typhimurium
In Table 1, three strains of S. Typhimurium that belong to phage type DT1 including strains DT1, TM 68-619 and TM 65-111 have different spacers and subsequently show different CRISPR/CRISPOL type; 8579/430, 2536/54 and 7387/90 respectively. Two strains belong to phage type DT10 have different CRISPR/CRISPOL type; MS34 (9509/1629) and S81-784 (9913/1688). Two strains belong to phage type DT15a have different CRISPR/CRISPOL type; 9517/1634 in isolate MS41 and 9916/1756 in isolate S81-798. Moreover, three strains belong to DT41 have different CRISPR/CRISPOL type; 9513/1630 in isolate M11-2004, 7434/223 in isolate CQ 41 and 9929/1766 in isolate S02-0321.
Identical CRISPR/CRISPOL type within different phage types of S. Typhimurium
CRISPR/CRISPOL type among phage types DT8 and DT30
Identical spacers were detected among different phage types of S. Typhimurium. For example, three strains of DT8 including M12-2001, M15-2006 and MS32 have the same CRISPR/CRISPOL type (812/250) as a strain belongs to phage type DT30 (MS57). Moreover, different strains belong to phage type DT8 have different CRISPR/CRISPOL type; M18-2003 (1069/6) and MS150057 (2260/708) (Table 2).
Interestingly, S. Typhimurium DT8 strains associated with the foodborne outbreak in the summer of 2013 in the States of Jersey [10] showed identical CRISPR/CRISPOL type (1069/6) however, the same CRISPR/CRISPOL type were reported in other DT8 strains that do not belong to the outbreak as confirmed by WGS [10]. Identical spacers were detected among outbreak associated and non-outbreak associated DT8 strains (Additional file 1: Table S1).
CRISPR/CRISPOL type among phage types DT104, DT104b and U302
Variations in the CRISPR/CRISPOL type among strains of the same phage type such as DT104 and DT104b have been also noticed (Table 2). Although three strains of S. Typhimurium phage type DT104 including TM75-339, MS150098 and MS150095, have identical spacer sequences and CRISPR/CRISPOL type (12/21) the same CRISPR/CRISPOL type is present in different phage types including U302 (M18-2006; 12/21) and DT104b (MS130531; 12/21).
CRISPR/CRISPOL type among phage types DT40, DT56, DT99 and U319
Strains of S. Typhimurium belong to different phage types such as DT99, DT56, U319 and DT40 (S05-2864) have identical spacer sequences and identical CRISPR/CRISPOL type (7433/14). Moreover, several strains belong to phage type DT40 including S05-2864, M20-2006, M19-2003 and CQ 40 have different CRISPR/CRISPOL type; 7433/14, 9520/1637, 9519/1636 and 745/18 respectively (Table 2).
CRISPR/CRISPOL type among phage types DT7a, DT20a, DT120, DT193 and untypable strains
In Table 2, strains of S. Typhimurium belong to phage type DT120 have different spacers and subsequently different CRISPR/CRISPOL type including S02-3776 (9921/1759), 07_2198 (9911/1753), M16-2000 (9510/1428), and S/20160374 (322/1).
Interestingly, a strains of phage type DT120 (M16-2000) has identical spacers and CRISPR/CRISPOL type (9510/1428) as another strain belongs to phage type DT7a (MS120840). Moreover, some strains belong to phage types DT120 (S/20160374 and S/20160407), DT20a (MS150110), DT193 (MS150007) and untypable strain (MS150097) have identical spacers and therefore share the same CRISPR/CRISPOL type (322/1). Different strains belong to phage type DT193 have different spacers and CRISPR/CRISPOL type; MS150007 (322/1) and MS150252 (317/2).
CRISPR/CRISPOL type among phage types DT3, DT12 and DT193a
Some strains of phage types DT12 (DT12) and DT3 (S81-482) have identical spacers and identical CRISPR/CRISPOL type; 5268/19. Moreover, a strain belongs to DT12 (S02-2651) has identical CRISPR/CRISPOL type, 774/46, as a strain belongs to phage type DT193a (MS120454) (Table 2).
CRISPR/CRISPOL type among phage types DT135, DT191a and RDNC
Identical spacer sequences and CRISPR/CRISPOL type (91/4) were detected in different phage types of S. Typhimurium including DT135 (MS150112 and MS150180), DT191a (DT19a) and strains that react with phages but do not confirm to recognized pattern (RDNC) (MS150102 and MS150230). Furthermore, other strains belong to phage type DT135 show different spacers and subsequently different CRISPR/CRISPOL type; 5753/396 in DT135 and 3247/66 in MS150100 (Table 2).
CRISPOL assay confirms the no relation among phage type and CRISPRs
CRISPOL assay developed by Fabre et al. [5] when carried out on representative phage types of S. Typhimurium it reveals that there is no relation among the phage type and the CRISPOL type as strains belong to the same phage type have different CRISPOL type as seen in DT104 strains (Table 3). On the other hand, different phage types including DT7, DT193, U311, DT41 showed identical CRISPOL type as '1' (Table 3).
Salmonella Typhimurium is the most dominant Salmonella serovar around the world and has been associated with foodborne outbreaks in both developing and high-income countries [1, 11] and infection can result in bacteraemia and invasive disease [12, 13]. Epidemiological characterization of S. Typhimurium is therefore very crucial for the surveillance and outbreak investigation.
Phage typing system [3] has been a very useful phenotypical, definitive method for epidemiological characterization of S. Typhimurium and identification of the source of infection [14,15,16,17]. Although it has been suggested that the high throughput CRISPR typing and subtyping have the potential to replace traditional phage typing [5] this study demonstrates that It is impossible for CRISPR typing and CRISPOl assay to replace phage typing for epidemiological characterization of S. Typhimurium as there is no correlation between the phage type and the CRISPR/CRISPOL type.
Interestingly, S. Typhimurium DT8 strains associated with the foodborne outbreak in the summer of 2013 in the States of Jersey [10] showed identical CRISPR/CRISPOL type however, the same CRISPR/CRISPOL type were reported in other DT8 strains that do not belong to the outbreak as confirmed by WGS [10]. Detection of identical spacers among outbreak associated and non-outbreak associated DT8 strains reveals the limitation of CRISPR typing and subtyping in investigation of outbreaks.
The MDR DT104 strain of S. Typhimurium has been associated with foodborne outbreaks all over the world and phage typing was very successful in epidemiological characterization of the outbreak and identification of the source [18,19,20] however in this study strains belong to DT104 showed different spacers and subsequently different CRISPR/CRISPOL type therefore CRISPR typing and CRISPOL assay cannot be used in public health laboratories to determine the epidemiological relation among S. Typhimurium isolates.
The presence of CRISPR/CRISPOL type within the same phage type and the presence of identical spacers among different phage types of S. Typhimurium confirms the limitations of CRISPR typing and subtyping for the epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation of S. Typhimurium.
There is no doubt that rapid WGS will shape the future of diagnostic microbiology as it has the potential to replace the routine typing and subtyping methods including Anderson phage typing system for the surveillance of outbreaks caused by different Salmonella serovars in real-time [10, 21, 22]. However, in the meantime, traditional phage typing scheme of S. Typhimurium remains the gold standard method for subtyping of S. Typhimurium for laboratory surveillance and outbreak investigation despite its technical limitations. Furthermore, it represents an ideal model for studying the complex dynamics of phage-host interaction [8].
In conclusion, high throughput CRISPR/CRISPOL typing might be useful for the discrimination among different Salmonella serovars however it is not useful for the epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation of S. Typhimurium and phage typing, until it is replaced by WGS, is still the gold standard method for epidemiological surveillance of S. Typhimurium.
More outbreaks of S. Typhimurium caused by phage types other than DT8 can be included to confirm the unsuitability of CRISPR typing in epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation of S. Typhimurium.
clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats
phage type
MDR:
multidrug resistant
NSSLRL:
National Salmonella Shigella Listeria Reference Laboratory
NTS:
nontyphoidal salmonella
PE:
paired end
polymerase chain reaction
RDNC:
strains that react with phages but do not confirm to recognized pattern
SSSCDRL:
Scottish Salmonella, Shigella and Clostridium difficile Reference Laboratory
S. Typhimurium:
Salmonella Typhimurium
WGS:
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The author no competing interests.
Raw sequence data of control phage types of S. Typhimurium will be publically available via ENA under study Accession No.: PRJEB18673 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB18673) and also available via Enterobase (https://enterobase.warwick.ac.uk/). All sequencing data is available on request.
Consent to publish
Ethical approval and consent
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
Manal Mohammed
Correspondence to Manal Mohammed.
Additional file
Additional file 1: Table S1. CRISPR and CRISPOL types of outbreak and non-outbreak associated DT8 strains of S. Typhimurium. Identical CRISPR and CRISPOL types were detected among outbreak and non-outbreak strains.
Mohammed, M. Phage typing or CRISPR typing for epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella Typhimurium?. BMC Res Notes 10, 578 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2878-0
CRISPR typing
Phage typing


After 5 or 6 visits to this years display it was finally quiet enough to photograph it. This years theme is a lot more traditional than in recent years. See the sidebar for links to previous years displays.
Three short video clips of Fenwicks Christmas window display.
I had to be there at 8 in the morning to be able to get anywhere near it as every other visit I made it was just too busy.
The window always seems to kick off the christmas frenzy in Newcastle.
Congratulations to you for posting these great photos and videos of Fenwick's wonderful Christmas Window this year. Further, a hearty "Thank You" to Fenwick's for returning to the real Christmas. Alternative stories can be fun, but...Hey!...It Is Christmas!!
Many thanks for posting these photos and videos. Its my only way og seeing the fenwicks window , as I now live in New Zeakand .
Thanks for the great photos, I love seeing them each year.


I served my last day at the Bank last October 30, 2009 -- after exactly two years and two months of working for one of the country's largest private commercial banks.
To the people who know what I've been through at the office, this is one of the happiest days of my life. I was in a state of bliss indeed. Why wouldn't I be, at least I'd be out of the rut where I (and my colleagues) seem to have been "stuck." Whew, at last I wouldn't have to put up with ridiculous (and mostly irrational) screaming fits anymore. Plus, my days of praying for miracles are over. That easy. Or is it?
Well, honestly-speaking it's not. It's almost, how do you describe that, bittersweet? On one hand, you're happy and relieved. On the other, you suddenly feel saddened. The two weeks leading to my last day were the most "critical." Suddenly, the reality that you are already saying goodbye to your dearest friends is already sinking in. Admittedly, I am one of those persons who are almost in torment when muttering the word goodbye. What I didn't like the most was the fact that I'd get nostalgic almost every minute. Thoughts (happy, of course) randomly pop up in my head. Sometimes, I feel that a good cry (and maybe a nervous breakdown) is the only option. To better describe it, the feeling was so low that I entertained the thought of revoking my resignation. Though obviously I didn't do that.
As the days passed, and my "big day" approached nearer, I began to feel a certain peace. Like acceptance, as illustrated in the Kubler-Ross model of grief, wherein you begin to, well, admit the fact that one phase of your life has ended and you are about to tread a new journey. There are uncertainties, for sure, wherever that destination may be. It might not even be as prospective or even as obliging as the previous territory but, similar to others who have been through near-trauma experiences, I just want to get out, move forward, and start anew. A leap of faith, so to speak.
In any case, I'm just hopeful that this new voyage wouldn't be as turbulent. With renewed faith and optimism, I'm looking forward to counting better days as I live out each moment.


text:
Letter of the Day: A better electoral method
By dailybreeze | dailybreeze@dfmdev.com |
PUBLISHED: July 26, 2011 at 12:00 a.m. | UPDATED: September 6, 2017 at 8:08 a.m.
A better electoral method
The Daily Breeze conducted a reader poll on how California should award its electoral votes but neglected to include the congressional district method, in which the majority winner in each district would win one electoral vote for that district. The candidate who wins the majority of the popular vote statewide wins the two electoral votes representing the two senators.
This option has the following advantages:
1. Every electoral vote would be in play. Each voter in the state would be better represented. Republican voters in the central and eastern parts of the state could contribute toward awarding their candidate some electoral votes.
2. Political candidates would be more inclined to campaign in California, which up to now has been all but guaranteed to the Democratic candidate for the past 20 years.
3. Voter turnout would increase, since more voters would feel that their vote actually counted.
4. In the event that there has to be a recount, tallying could focus on specific congressional districts in dispute as opposed to a burdensome canvassing of the entire state.
– Arthur Christopher Schaper, Torrance
dailybreeze

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
How Pipedrive saved 350 hours (and counting) on talent relocation
Pipedrive went from having constant issues with local authorities to saving hundreds of hours on talent relocation.
Relocation and Immigration Services
https://www.pipedrive.com/
Founded in 2010, Pipedrive is a tool built by salespeople for salespeople to manage intricate or lengthy sales processes.
The company today is 77th on the Forbes Cloud 100 list, covers more than 170 countries and 16 languages, and has 500+ employees across eight offices in six countries. That's a lot of numbers to squeeze into one sentence. The point is, they're everywhere.
And they're hiring a lot—also from everywhere.
Rocky beginnings
When Pipedrive first started relocating people to their Estonian HQ in 2015, it wasn't exactly smooth sailing. "We were having difficulties understanding the legal system in Estonia," says Girli Moks, People Operations Team Lead at the Tallinn office. "And we had some problems when communicating with the Police and Border Guard Board. It happened really often that we wanted to relocate a candidate or a new employee to Estonia and we thought that maybe it would take a month or two, but actually it ended up taking three or four months."
But there was no turning back. The floodgates were open.
Because hiring internationally is inevitable for a company like Pipedrive. "Although we have a lot of great talent here, it's not really meeting the actual demand of our company," says Mirjam Laurisaar, Talent Acquisition Team Lead. "There aren't enough specialists on the local market."
So the writing was on the wall—they needed a helping hand. Team Pipedrive had their hesitations about bringing on a relocation partner. They worried about whether Jobbatical had enough knowledge and people to get the job done fast. "We didn't know how long it would take for Jobbatical to get our new employees here," Girli remembers. "Will we need to chase them? But actually they ended up chasing us with different questions, so it was a really surprisingly good service."
70+ relocations later, they're glad they took a chance on Jobbatical. Because that translates roughly to 350 hours of work saved. Plus a lot of happy new hires.
"From the moment that we know we want to move a candidate to Estonia for the final interview, they take it over from the recruiter and they start to compose all the documents and residence permits and visas," Girli describes their cooperation with Jobbatical. "In Estonia, they also help our relocated employees find family doctors and register their address."
When boring is a good thing
And just like that, Pipedrive went from constant communication issues with local authorities to being able to offer their hires the smoothest relocation experience around. You know you've got a good thing going when even the most potentially challenging relocation cases turn out… well, kind of boring, actually.
For Girli, the most memorable case was a fresh hire from Indonesia. A lot of room for disastrous mishaps here, as there's no Estonian embassy in Indonesia. "So the employee had to go to the Chinese embassy to apply for a Chinese visa, then to China to apply for an Estonian visa," Girli recalls. "Then after that, he could come to Estonia. The process had to be very well thought through. And Jobbatical managed it very well, so everything went fine."
The relocation case that stands out for Mirjam is also memorable mostly for how shockingly uneventful it was. Same old story: new hire moving from Iran. No Estonian embassy. Things could have gone spectacularly wrong… and then didn't.
"I was just baffled by the fact that the whole process was so smooth," Mirjam says. "It went really fast, we didn't have any hurdles whatsoever. Also, it was the first Iranian person we've had here at Pipedrive, so it was a milestone for me and the company."
Stop and celebrate the diversity
Being able to take a moment to appreciate the milestones is one of the happy side effects of trusting experts with relocation paperwork. Instead of getting caught up in the red tape and putting out fires, you can afford to save your energy and excitement for the big-picture stuff. Pipedrive, for example, gets excited about the immense value of having an international team.
"We strongly believe in diversity," Mirjam says. "Having people from different backgrounds, different cultural experiences enforces this very strong company culture that we have by bringing on diverse ideas."
With around 45 nationalities represented, Pipedrive really is a true melting pot. And the benefits of that extend far beyond the bottom line of the business. "We get to learn from each other's cultures," Mirjam says. "We are growing as human beings. I truly believe that people from different backgrounds, when you bring them together into one room, into one team, something wonderful happens. Much better ideas are being brought to life."
Girli couldn't agree more. "With hiring from abroad and having this very diverse culture at Pipedrive, I have understood that there is no way that is always the only correct way. You can do and see things from a different angle and it will still be the correct angle, even if it's not the same as your friend or coworker has."
"We are super happy with Jobbatical, so definitely recommend to everyone. If I would have to put a number behind it, then definitely 10/10. We're very satisfied, we very much appreciate the support that you guys are giving us." — Mirjam Laurisaar, Talent Acquisition Team Lead
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text:
Pakistan trio await spot-fixing verdict
Published Saturday, February 05, 2011
Accused Pakistan cricketers Salman Butt, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Aamer were awaiting a sporting tribunal's ruling on spot-fixing allegations against them Saturday.
The charges relate to alleged incidents during a Test match against England at Lord's last year, when Britain's News of the World tabloid claimed the players were willing to deliberately bowl no-balls.
A three-man International Cricket Council (ICC) anti-corruption tribunal, which deferred a decision after a six-day hearing last month, began proceedings in Doha at 9.00 am local time (0600 GMT).
The tribunal is headed by Michael Beloff QC, while the other two members are Albie Sachs of South Africa and Sharad Rao of Kenya.
Aamer's lawyer Shahid Karim said that a set procedure would be followed. "We understand that written verdicts are given to the players and the ICC by the tribunal first. If they are found guilty the lawyers and players will debate on the possible sanctions," Karim told AFP.
If found guilty the minimum punishment the tribunal can impose is a five-year ban, with a life bar the maximum.
Separately the trio, along with British-based agent Mazhar Majeed, were charged by Crown Prosecution Services (CPS) in London on Friday.
Karim said: "I am surprised and shocked by the CPS announcement. A day before the ICC tribunal verdict, the CPS announcement has changed the scenario in the case."
All three players, who are currently suspended from international cricket, have repeatedly denied the allegations and have expressed confidence they will resume their careers.


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Thomson River ist der Name folgender Flüsse in Australien:

 Thomson River (Cooper Creek), ein Quellfluss des Cooper Creek
 Thomson River (Victoria), ein Nebenfluss des Latrobe River

Siehe auch:
 Thompson River

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Available Now I'm willing to work with your institute, I'm so very thankful for being one of your staff.
I work as a Graphic Artist/Web Designer.
I'm only 2 year course graduate of Computer Technician, but I have a many skills for designing & lay-outing.


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Interspecies SCNT-derived Humanesque Blastocysts
Since the 1950s, scientists have developed interspecies blastocysts in laboratory settings, but not until the 1990s did proposals emerge to engineer interspecies blastocysts that contained human genetic or cellular material. Even if these embryos were not permitted to mature to fetal stages, their ethical and political status became debated within nations attempting to use them for research.
Subject: Theories
The Role of the Notch Signaling Pathway in Myogenesis
Among other functions, the Notch signaling pathway forestalls the process of myogenesis in animals. The Notch signaling pathway is a pathway in animals by which two adjacent cells within an organism use a protein named Notch to mechanically interact with each other. Myogenesis is the formation of muscle that occurs throughout an animal's development, from embryo to the end of life. The cellular precursors of skeletal muscle originate in somites that form along the dorsal side of the organism.
Subject: Theories, Processes
Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak's Telomere and Telomerase Experiments (1982-1989)
Experiments conducted by Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak from 1982 to 1989 provided theories of how the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres, and the enzyme that repairs telomeres, called telomerase, worked. The experiments took place at the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute and at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, and at the University of California in Berkeley, California. For their research on telomeres and telomerase, Blackburn, Greider, and Szostak received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009.
"The Origin and Behavior of Mutable Loci in Maize" (1950), by Barbara McClintock
The Origin and Behavior of Mutable Loci in Maize, by Barbara McClintock, was published in 1950 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. McClintock worked at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in Laurel Hollow, New York, at the time of the publication, and describes her discovery of transposable elements in the genome of corn (Zea mays). Transposable elements, sometimes called transposons or jumping genes, are pieces of the chromosome capable of physically changing positions along the chromosome.
Walter Stanborough Sutton (1877-1916)
Walter Stanborough Sutton studied grasshoppers and connected the phenomena of meiosis, segregation, and independent assortment with the chromosomal theory of inheritance in the early twentieth century in the US. Sutton researched chromosomes, then called inheritance mechanisms. He confirmed a theory of Wilhelm Roux, who studied embryos in Breslau, Germany, in the late 1880s, who had argued that chromosomes and heredity were linked. Theodor Boveri, working in Munich, Germany, independently reached similar conclusions about heredity as Sutton.
Julia Bell (1879-1979)
Julia Bell worked in twentieth-century Britain, discovered Fragile X Syndrome, and helped find heritable elements of other developmental and genetic disorders. Bell also wrote much of the five volume Treasury of Human Inheritance, a collection about genetics and genetic disorders. Bell researched until late in life, authoring an original research article on the effects of the rubella virus of fetal development (Congenital Rubella Syndrome) at the age of 80.
Howard Wilber Jones Jr.
Howard Wilber Jones Jr. and his wife, Georgeanna Seegar Jones, developed a method of in vitro fertilization and helped create the first baby in the US using that method. Though the first in vitro baby was born in England in 1978, Jones and his wife's contribution allowed for the birth of Elizabeth Carr on 28 December 1981. Jones, a gynecologist and an obstetrician, researched human reproduction for most of his life.
"A Genomic Regulatory Network for Development" (2002), by Eric H. Davidson, et al.
In 2002 Eric Davidson and his research team published 'A Genomic Regulatory Network for Development' in Science. The authors present the first experimental verification and systemic description of a gene regulatory network. This publication represents the culmination of greater than thirty years of work on gene regulation that began in 1969 with 'A Gene Regulatory Network for Development: A Theory' by Roy Britten and Davidson. The modeling of a large number of interactions in a gene network had not been achieved before.
Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger (1781-1833)
Johann Friedrich Meckel studied abnormal animal and human anatomy in nineteenth century Germany in an attempt to explain embryological development. During Meckel's lifetime he catalogued embryonic malformations in multiple treatises. Meckel's focus on malformations led him to develop concepts like primary and secondary malformations, atavism, and recapitulation- all of which influenced the fields of medicine and embryology during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
The hedgehog signaling pathway is a mechanism that directs the development of embryonic cells in animals, from invertebrates to vertebrates. The hedgehog signaling pathway is a system of genes and gene products, mostly proteins, that convert one kind of signal into another, called transduction. In 1980, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus, at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany, identified several fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) genes.
"The Cell-Theory" (1853), by Thomas Henry Huxley
The Cell-Theory was written by Thomas Henry Huxley in Britain and published in 1853 by The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review. The twenty-two page article reviews twelve works on cell theory, including those in Germany by Caspar Friedrich Wolff in the eighteenth century and by Karl Ernst von Baer in the nineteenth century. Huxley spends much of The Cell-Theory on a cell theory proposed in the late 1830s by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in Germany.
Studies in Spermatogenesis (1905), by Nettie Maria Stevens
Studies in Spermatogenesis is a two volume book written by Nettie Maria Stevens, and published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1905 and 1906. In the books Stevens explains the research she conducted on chromosomal sex determination in the sperm and egg cells of insect species while at Bryn Mawr College, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Studies in Spermatogenesis described early examples of chromosomal XY sex-determination.
Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)
In nineteenth century Great Britain, Thomas Henry Huxley proposed connections between the development of organisms and their evolutionary histories, critiqued previously held concepts of homology, and promoted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Many called him Darwin's Bulldog. Huxley helped professionalize and redefine British science. He wrote about philosophy, religion, and social issues, and researched and theorized in many biological fields.
Charles Robert Cantor (1942- )
Charles Robert Cantor helped sequence the human genome, and he developed methods to non-invasively determine the genes in human fetuses. Cantor worked in the US during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. His early research focused on oligonucleotides, small molecules of DNA or RNA. That research enabled the development of a technique that Cantor subsequently used to describe nucleotide sequences of DNA, a process called sequencing, in humans. Cantor was the principal scientist for the Human Genome Project, for which scientists sequenced the entirety of the human genome in 2003.
"Gene Regulation for Higher Cells: A Theory" (1969), by Roy J. Britten and Eric H. Davidson
In 1969, Roy J. Britten and Eric H. Davidson published Gene Regulation for Higher Cells: A Theory, in Science. A Theory proposes a minimal model of gene regulation, in which various types of genes interact to control the differentiation of cells through differential gene expression. Britten worked at the Carnegie Institute of Washington in Washington, D.C., while Davidson worked at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. Their paper was an early theoretical and mechanistic description of gene regulation in higher organisms.
David Starr Jordan (1851-1931)
David Starr Jordan studied fish and promoted eugenics in the US during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In his work, he embraced Charles Darwin s theory of evolution and described the importance of embryology in tracing phylogenic relationships. In 1891, he became the president of Stanford University in Stanford, California. Jordan condemned war and promoted conservationist causes for the California wilderness, and he advocated for the eugenic sterilization of thousands of Americans.
Our Bodies, Ourselves (1973), by the Boston Women's Health Book Collective
Our Bodies, Ourselves, a succession to a pamphlet of resources pulled from co-ops of women in and around Boston, Massachusetts was published in New York in 1973 by Simon and Schuster. Retitled from the original Women and Their Bodies, Our Bodies, Ourselves was an effort by a group of educated, middle class women to reinforce women's ownership of their bodies. There have been eight editions of Our Bodies, Ourselves, as well as sequels such as Our Bodies, Ourselves: Pregnancy and Birth and Our Bodies, Ourselves: Menopause.
Subject: Outreach, Reproduction
Whitner v. South Carolina (1997)
In the case Whitner v. South Carolina in 1997, the South Carolina State Supreme Court defined the concept of a child to include viable fetuses. This allowed grounds for prosecution of a pregnant womanÕs prenatal activity if those activities endangered or could potentially endanger the fetus within her. The case brought the issue of fetal rights versus pregnant womenÕs rights to light.
Osborne Overton Heard (1890-1983)
Osborne O. Heard was a noted Carnegie embryological model maker for the Department of Embryology at The Carnegie Institute of Washington (CIW), Baltimore, Maryland. Heard was born in Frederick, Maryland, on 21 November 1890. His father died while Heard and his three brothers were quite young. Heard attended night school at the Maryland Institute of Art and Design where he studied sculpting and patternmaking. While working as a patternmaker for the Detrick and Harvey Machine Company, Heard made models of tools using a variety of materials such as wood, plastic, and plaster of Paris.
Ross Granville Harrison (1870-1959)
A pioneer in experimental embryology, Ross Granville Harrison made numerous discoveries that advanced biology. One of the most significant was his adaptation of the hanging drop method from bacteriology to carry out the first tissue culture. This method allowed for further studies in embryology as well as experimental improvements in oncology, virology, genetics, and a number of other fields.
George W. Bush Executive Order 13455, June 2007
On 20 January 2001, Republican George W. Bush was sworn in as the forty-third president of the United States, replacing Democrat William J. Clinton. During his eight years in office, Bush issued many executive orders, often altering previous policy. By signing Order 13435 on 22 June 2007, he changed how stem cell research would be performed in America.
Subject: Legal
Dickey-Wicker Amendment, 1996
The Dickey-Wicker Amendment is an amendment attached to the appropriations bills for the Departments of Health and Human Services, Labor, and Education each year since 1996 restricting the use of federal funds for creating, destroying, or knowingly injuring human embryos. The Dickey-Wicker Amendment began as a rider (another name for an amendment) attached to House Resolution (H.R.) 2880. H.R.
"Transplantation of Living Nuclei from Blastula Cells into Enucleated Frogs' Eggs" (1952), by Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King
In 1952 Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King published their article, "Transplantation of Living Nuclei from Blastula Cells into Enucleated Frogs' Eggs," in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the culmination of a series of experiments conducted at the Institute for Cancer Research and Lankenau Hospital Research Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In this paper Briggs and King examined whether nuclei of embryonic cells are differentiated, and by doing so, were the first to conduct a successful nuclear transplantation with amphibian embryos.
Endoderm
Endoderm is one of the germ layers-- aggregates of cells that organize early during embryonic life and from which all organs and tissues develop. All animals, with the exception of sponges, form either two or three germ layers through a process known as gastrulation. During gastrulation, a ball of cells transforms into a two-layered embryo made of an inner layer of endoderm and an outer layer of ectoderm. In more complex organisms, like vertebrates, these two primary germ layers interact to give rise to a third germ layer, called mesoderm.
Sex-determining Region Y in Mammals
The Sex-determining Region Y (Sry in mammals but SRY in humans) is a gene found on Y chromosomes that leads to the development of male phenotypes, such as testes. The Sry gene, located on the short branch of the Y chromosome, initiates male embryonic development in the XY sex determination system. The Sry gene follows the central dogma of molecular biology; the DNA encoding the gene is transcribed into messenger RNA, which then produces a single Sry protein.


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CO-OP Picks Up Maryland's Biggest CU
Maryland's largest credit union, the $1.6 billion State Employees Credit Union of Maryland has become the latest CU to join the CO-OP Network, according to CO-OP Financial Services, the CUSO which owns the network.
By Staff Writer | May 08, 2007 at 08:00 PM | The original version of this story was published on Credit Union Times Magazine
ONTARIO, Calif. — Maryland's largest credit union, the $1.6 billion State Employees Credit Union of Maryland has become the latest CU to join the CO-OP Network, according to CO-OP Financial Services, the CUSO which owns the network.


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Asheboro man flies planes without leaving the ground
By Larry Penkava lpenkava@courier-tribune.com Twitter: @larrypenkavaCT
ASHEBORO — Imagine you're flying in a single-engine turboprop from Charlotte to Tangier Island, Va. You're sitting in the captain's seat watching a myriad of dials, buttons and switches while clouds swirl around and the Piedmont terrain passes below.
The plane is the ultramodern Carenado Daher Socota TBM 850, one of the smallest turboprops made, but highly engineered.
Tim Garris has flown more than 1,000 passengers from Charlotte to Tangier Island, Va., in this plane and he hasn't charged any of them a dime.
Although he is a licensed pilot with instrument ratings, Garris has found his passion in flying while remaining on the ground. He designs flight simulation videos for his own Youtube channel, FS MaNiA.
An Asheboro designer/builder by day, Garris spends much of his free time creating simulated flights in various aircraft, from space-age corporate jets to low-tech propeller planes. His aim is to make the videos seem as real as actual flight.
"I've been doing this since the first flight simulators came on a floppy drive," Garris said from his home office with a desk that looks suspiciously like a cockpit. "I got a copy and played with it."
Early on in flight simulation, he said, Microsoft had a team working on the programs. "They gave a platform to build on. There was great visual representation, navigation aids and aircraft from small planes to (Boeing) 747s."
When Microsoft realized their customer base was limited to a small niche community of enthusiasts, the company dropped flight simulation, Garris said. It took a handful of those passionate about flight simulation to pick up the slack.
"A lot of very smart people have built on what Microsoft started," he said. "One company develops heavy aircraft, like the 747."
Other people develop add-on systems such as weather conditions, realistic terrain and views of various airports, all of which "ups the experience."
Garris said the flight simulation "community stepped in to support the platform. Others stepped in to work on new platforms.
"You have to know a lot about computers to build a flight simulator," he said. "If you're willing to invest the time, the reward is the fruit of being able to fly any aircraft to any airport. You can buy a basic platform plus add-ons."
Garris said a flight simulation platform is "so sophisticated it takes a thick manual, pretty much the same as with a real aircraft. They model all the systems."
Regulars in the flight simulation community can post problems or helpful information concerning details in a simulated model, Garris said. His own Youtube channel receives dozens of comments from people who watch his videos.
"Being a real-world pilot puts you to an elevated status, gives you more credibility," he said. "I use what I learned in my private pilot career."
Garris said he took ground school at Guilford Technical Community College, then passed his instrument rating in 1996. "That's a big advantage," he said, "the kind of information needed for flight simulation."
With his pilot's license, Garris continued to be checked out in larger planes to carry more people. That way he could split the cost among more passengers. He once flew to the Bahamas and split the cost four ways.
Interestingly, Garris has given up real-world flying. "I always rented planes," he said. "The first was a Cessna 152 at the Asheboro airport. The last plane I flew was a Cessna 210 Centurion for over $100 an hour."
One of those real-world flights was to Tangier Island, where he took some passengers to dine on soft crab sandwiches. The trip back home got kind of dicey when ice began forming on the windshield. He recalls that trip on his flight simulation video to Tangier.
A typical video might be divided into three parts, with the first describing the selected aircraft and its capabilities. The second may include takeoff and much of the flight while the third segment culminates in the landing.
Garris acts not only as an instructor but also as a tour guide, relating interesting facts about locations the video flies over. For instance, on the flight to Tangier, he flies over Asheboro and talks about how the regional airport was once known officially as Whiskey 44, despite the town's "dry" status. It's now called KHBI.
From the video, you learn that Tangier Island is in the middle of the Chesapeake Bay, is accessible only by plane, boat or "swimming," and has a population of some 700. Its economy is based on fishing and tourism.
Garris established his Youtube channel in August of 2015 and soon had 2,000 subscribers. Duties in his business kept him from developing new videos for about a year, but after he went back, his viewers grew to about 4,000.
Besides using add-on programs with his platforms, Garris adds on some of his own features. He said he took a year of photography at Randolph Community College and now "spend(s) more time establishing shots to put in a story format."
More recently, he said, he has begun learning all he can about air traffic control to add to videos. He tapes real-world ATC voices to use with his flight simulations, which makes it seem like he's communicating with the ground.
"There are different elements to add to the experience," Garris said. "A video is the culmination of all the parts coming together. It's entertainment and education, factual and realistic.
"Someone who is passionate about aviation will hang on every part of it," he said. "Either you love it or you don't. The people really tuned in are passionate.
"It's amazing how sophisticated it has become," he said. "It continues to develop with new platforms and add-on software."
While flight simulation is a hobby for Garris, the hobby that began in real airplanes when he was 24 years old has continued "at a relatively affordable price.
"I never lost the passion."


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Offset filmed himself being detained by police at a Trump rally
"What is you grabbing my wrist for? That's aggressive, bro"
By Jennifer Savin
Gabriel OlsenGetty Images
Cardi B's husband and one third of rap group Migos, Offset, live streamed himself being detained by police at a Trump rally in Beverley Hills on Saturday. The footage, which was shared on Instagram Live, shows officers approaching Offset's car and asking him to stop the engine running – a request he declined, citing the fact that officers were holding guns as the reason why.
Following that, police then reached inside the car window, unlocked the driver's side door and pulled the 'Ric Flair Drip (& Metro Boomin)' hitmaker from the vehicle. In the video, he can be heard saying, "You can't just open my door like that, it's illegal. I'm going to sue the sh*t outta y'all" and later, "What is you grabbing my f*cking wrist for? [It's] aggressive, bro!"
Although Offset was released after questioning from officers, Cardi B's cousin, Marcelo Almanzar, who was also travelling with him in the car, was arrested.
It was later reported by The LA Times, that the Beverly Hills police department released a statement saying that officers conducted the stop after receiving a report that someone had pointed a gun from a vehicle near Santa Monica Boulevard and Beverly Drive at around 5pm. They add that Offset's license plate matched the one given by a witness.
A post shared by OFFSET (@offsetyrn)
The Beverly Hills PD tweeted that Almanzar was charged with carrying a concealed weapon and carrying a loaded firearm in public, and had a $35,000 bail to his name. Their statement says that Offset was not arrested and reports stating so are false.
Offset's publicist also released a public comment on the incident, saying the rapper was detained following an attack by aggressive Trump supporters, adding that he was not the aggressor and that he complied despite having guns pointed at him by officers.
The statement added: "Offset thanks his fans for their support and wishes everyone peace and safety during these trying times. He encourages everyone to get out and vote because nothing changes if nothing changes.
"Offset's current focus is encouraging younger voters to get to the polls in order to keep incidents like this from continuously happening."
Cardi B, who recently filed for divorce from Offset but has seemingly rekindled their relationship of late, also posted on social media about her experience of Trump rallies. On her Instagram Stories she shared a series of videos in which she could be seen driving through one and appeared on edge. "Nah, we gonna get jumped. I really feel like we gonna get jumped. Oh my God," she told her followers. "Trump supporters are everywhere, I'm scared, I don't like it with these big a*s trucks."
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Cardi B and Offset were kissing at her birthday
Jennifer Savin Features Writer Jennifer Savin is Cosmopolitan UK's features writer (for both print and digital), specialising in investigative reports, news, women's issues and all things health.
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Dickens Christmas in Skaneateles Every weekend Thanksgiving through Christmas. Read more. Antique& Classic Boat Show. Come sing with us: MasterWorks Chorale is welcoming new singers during two open rehearsals Sept. 4 and 11, 2018, from 7 to. Step back in time and enjoy the holidays the old-fashioned way with Dickens Christmas, as Skaneateles area businesses give a gift to the public for their continued support throughout the year.
Hallmark Channel is thrilled to announce an all-new original Skaneateles christmas 2018 sequel to Christmas in Evergreen! Tune in for the premiere of Christmas in Evergreen: Letters to Santa, a follow-up to the 2017 movie as a part of the Hallmark Channel event, Countdown to Christmas. The movie will feature several. Dickens Christmas in Skaneateles, Skaneateles, NY.
3. 3K likes. Step back to 1842 when Charles Dickens and Queen Victoria visit Christmas in the gem of. Jan 25, 2018 · Incredible selection of gifts and home goods - I was able to find some really unique Christmas gifts Review collected in partnership with this attraction This business uses tools provided by TripAdvisor (or one of its official Review Collection Partners) to encourage and collect guest reviews, including this one.
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President Mary Giroux welcomed more than 200 Rotarians, their spouses& guests who gathered in the Skaneateles Country Club to support the needy in our Skaneateles Community. Dickens Christmas in Skaneateles, Skaneateles, NY. 3. 3K likes. Step back to 1842 when Charles Dickens and Queen Victoria visit Christmas in the gem of. Aug 29, 2018 - Rent from people in Skaneateles Lake, NY from $20/night. Find unique places to stay with local hosts in 191 countries.
Belong anywhere with Airbnb. Christmas Galore Chestnut Cottage is in a beautiful striking white historic home with a great Christmas feel as you enter. We found some specialty Wood Wick Candles and small new lights that will operate under water.
August 21, 2018 - The Skaneateles Electric Department is seeking candidates for a Line Leader position! Please click the link below for details and a job description. Our Museum gift shop is stocked with a Skaneateles christmas 2018 variety of items which relate to the Skaneateles area and its history.
Every effort is made to purchase goods manufactured in the U. S. Click on the category to see a full display of items available. The world-class music of the Skaneateles Festival, along with a spectacular view of the lake continues to be one of life's special pleasures.
We look forward to seeing you there in August! learn more » Dickens Christmas in Skaneateles, Skaneateles, NY. 3. 4K likes. Step back to 1842 when Charles Dickens and Queen Victoria visit Christmas in the gem of. The library's 2018 Summer Book Sale was held at the Skaneateles Village Hall from July 5th through July 8th and was incredibly successful!
Hundreds and hundreds of folks came to the Village Hall bays and bought thousands and thousands of books as well as puzzles, DVDs and CDs, which had been donated to the Library during the past year.
Apr 5, 2016. Step back in time and enjoy the holidays the old-fashioned way with Dickens Christmas. This Skaneateles tradition is open to the public. Step back in time and enjoy the holidays the old-fashioned way with Dickens Christmas, as Skaneateles area businesses give a gift to the public for their continued support throughout the year.
Aug 31, 2018 - Rent from people in Skaneateles, NY from $26 CAD/night. Find unique places to stay with local hosts in 191 countries. Belong anywhere with Airbnb. Step back in time and enjoy the holidays the old-fashioned way with Dickens Christmas, as Skaneateles Area Businesses give a gift to the public for their continued support throughout the year.


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The Progress of Olefin Metathesis: Can It Handle Every Functional Group Now?
03 March, 2015	/ by SK / in Blog
In January 2015, Yves Chauvin, the French chemist who was the first to propose the reaction mechanism of olefin metathesis, passed away. For his contribution, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005 with Robert Grubbs and Richard Schrock, who developed first well-defined catalysts.
As you all know, olefin metathesis (or olefin cross-metathesis) is the reaction in which the double bonds of two different olefins can be swapped to produce a new pair of olefins. The advent of this extraordinary reaction was a major game-changer in organic synthesis, and it didn't take long until the reaction became one of the essential tools of synthetic chemists.
Important modifications have been made to the original catalysts and substrate generality has improved considerably for E-selective olefin metathesis. For example, the ruthenium-based "second generation Grubbs-Hoveyda catalyst" is known as a particularly effective catalyst (shown in the figure below).
On the other hand, however, Z-selective metathesis is fundamentally more challenging and the substrate scope has remained much more limited.
In this context, a new example of Z-selective cross-metathesis using novel ruthenium catalysts was reported in the end of last year by the group of Amir Hoveyda of Boston College, who is one of the leaders in this field.
"High-value alcohols and higher-oxidation-state compounds by catalytic Z-selective cross-metathesis"
Koh, M. J.; Khan, R. K. M.; Torker, S.; Yu, M.; Mikus, M. S.; Hoveyda, A. H. Nature 2015, 517, 181. DOI:10.1038/nature14061
They were successful in obtaining olefins with high Z-selectivity for substrates containing alcohol and carboxylic acid groups, many of which had previously been either difficult or completely unviable.
So what do the catalysts look like and how were they able to solve the long-standing problem? Let us take a look.
Z-Selective Cross Metathesis
Z-Selective cross metathesis had been very difficult as mentioned, but it was finally reported by the groups of Hoveyda and Schrock in 2011.[1] This chemistry was introduced on this website before so we'll only touch it briefly this time. As shown below, the reaction effectively produced Z-olefins from enol ethers and allylic amides by employing the molybdenum alkylidene complex.
Reports of Z-selective cross-metathesis by several other groups followed it, but few of those systems were general enough to be compatible with substrates containing reactive functional groups of the likes of aldehyde and carboxylic acid. Towards solving this problem, the researchers had to reexamine the central metal atom of the catalyst.
Development of the New Ruthenium Catalysts
In general, molybdenum and tungsten catalysts are deactivated in the presence of unprotected oxygen-containing functional groups such as alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid. In contrast, ruthenium dichloride complexes are known to catalyze metathesis unaffected by these groups.
The authors first looked at the two ruthenium complexes (Ru-2 and Ru-3a), which contain anionic ligands similar to the dichloride complexes.
These complexes had been demonstrated to be effective catalysts for Z-selective homo-metathesis and ring-opening metathesis reactions.[2] Indeed, these catalysts worked for cross-metathesis of alcohol-containing substrates, and the authors ultimately found that Ru-3b, the derivative of Ru-3a, was the most active and selective.
The improved catalytic activity of Ru-3b was attributed to the suppression of catalyst decomposition thanks to the introduction of chlorine atoms. For those of you who are interested in learning more about the details, we would recommend checking out the paper that explains it with DFT energy calculation.
The newly developed catalyst was demonstrated to be effective not only for substrates containing alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid, but also for some sterically hindered substrates and diene substrates.
The authors also applied it to the stereoselective synthesis of the substructure of natural products such as neopeltolide and leucascandrolide A. They went on to complete the total synthesis of (+)-neopeltolide.[3]
In yet another application, the new catalytic system was successfully applied to the direct conversion of oleyl alcohol and oleic acid, both of which are abundant raw materials found in animal fats and vegetable oils, into high-value Z-alkene products.
The system is different from previously known systems in that: 1) It does not require protecting group manipulation, and 2) The reaction proceeds at lower temperature, which leads to higher Z-selectivity. The high stereoselectivity also helps simplify otherwise-difficult separation of olefin isomers. Please check the paper for more detailed information.
Well, what did you think? As said in the title, it may not be an exaggeration to say that olefin metathesis has now overcome nearly every functional group.
With the expanding substrate scope, the reaction will continue to contribute to the development of organic synthesis. We are saddened by the loss of a great chemist who pioneered this field, but his legacy will always be remembered.
Meek, S. J.; O'Brien, R. V.; Llaveria, J.; Schrock, R. R.; Hoveyda, A. H. Nature 2011, 471, 461. DOI:10.1038/nature09957
Khan, R. K. M.; Torker, S.; Hoveyda, A. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 10258. DOI: 10.1021/ja404208a
Yu, M.; Schrock, R. R.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 215. DOI:10.1002/anie.201409120
Hoveyda Research Group: The group at Boston College that developed the present system.
Functional group-tolerant olefin metathesis, ruthenium alkylidene catalyst, Z-selective cross metathesis
Hexaarylbenzenes (HAB) can be prepared at will through programmed synthesis Fine-tuned Supramolecular Polymerization
How glow sticks are made
20 August, 2014	/ by Cobalt blue / in Blog
Monowave300, a new Microwave Reactor
11 June, 2014	/ by ayumslice / in Blog
Open Access Journals: The Light and Dark Sides
29 December, 2013	/ by no-lactose / in Blog
Installing artificial nucleotide bases in DNA
09 April, 2014	/ by ayumslice / in Blog
Installing artificial nucleotide base pairs in DNA 2
The Divide Between Citizens and Scientists as Revealed by the STAP Cell Issue (Part 1 of 2)
05 May, 2014	/ by no-lactose / in Blog
The "poison gases" inside you
10 June, 2014	/ by Cobalt blue / in Blog
The Nobel Prize Medal in Chemistry
08 September, 2014	/ by Cobalt blue / in Blog
C–H β-Sulfornyloxylation of Alcohols
24 November, 2015	/ by Orthogonene / in Blog
Turn-on Phosphorescence by Metal Coordination to a Multivalent Terpyridine Ligand: A New Paradigm for Luminescent Sensors
19 September, 2014	/ by Kakishi Uno / in Blog


text:
These 'Stranger Things' Season 3 Spoilers Hint At A Much Darker Future For The Series
By Meghan DeMaria
Stranger Things' second season hit Netflix less than a year ago, but fans are still eager to know what's next for the show. While it doesn't have a release date yet, executive producer and director Shawn Levy and actor David Harbour did reveal a few clues about Stranger Things' third season in an interview with Deadline on Thursday, July 12. The series received 12 Emmy Award nominations, including a supporting actor nomination for Harbour.
Fans should be warned that according to Levy, the third season is "definitely going to yet darker still." For a show that stars a group of children, Stranger Things is already pretty dark — no child should have to undergo, say, being lost in a parallel dimension. Fortunately, Levy also told Deadline that the third season has "so much heart and humor," which will hopefully balance out the scarier and/or sadder moments ahead. After all, fans have already been introduced to Dad Steve, and it wouldn't be fair not to include more heartwarming scenes with him now.
Levy also told Deadline that Stranger Things has been shooting its third season for at least a few weeks now. They're evidently doing a great job of keeping the filming hidden from any onlookers in Georgia, considering the fact that nothing's been spoiled by savvy fans yet. (There are a few leaked set photos, but they don't reveal much, other than the fact that Harbour can totally pull off printed shirts.)
Harbour also provided a clue about the upcoming season. While the first two Stranger Things seasons paid homage to Steven Spielberg and Stephen King, as Harbour pointed out, the actor hinted that there will be new '80s inspiration for the third season. He told Deadline,
"I would go look at the great films that were released in '85, of which there were many, and just go down that list and think of the possibilities that we could be going with. I think it is a specific season to 1985, and so you'll see references to that."
Harbour didn't say which 1985 movies Stranger Things might be inspired by, but there are a lot of possibilities. If the show is taking inspiration from movies that aren't horror films or thrillers, there are plenty of movies released in '85 that might have the "heart and humor" Levy mentioned. Back to the Future, The Breakfast Club, The Goonies, Pee-Wee's Big Adventure, St. Elmo's Fire, and Teen Wolf were all released that year. There's also Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome. And fans will remember that the first episode of season 2 was titled "Madmax," as it was when Sadie Sink's character was introduced in the show.
There's another small spoiler that fans know about Stranger Things season 3, too. Noah Schnapp revealed that the Byers' family dog, Chester, passed away. That's not the biggest spoiler, but at this point, fans will take what they can get.
Stranger Things' Season 2 finale left plenty of things unanswered. The Mind Flayer is still out there, looming over the kids. And Dr. Brenner, AKA Papa, might not be dead. Eleven is safe — and adopted — but that doesn't mean the trouble in Hawkins is over. Plus, the show could still introduce fans to some of Eleven's other "siblings," who were also victims of the experiments she went through. Fans might not have seen the last of Dart. And there are still plenty of unanswered questions about Eleven's biological mom.
There are any number of things that could happen in Stranger Things' next season, and it's reassuring to hear that there will be at least some humor amid all of the darkness. Until there's more information about the new season, fans will likely be happy to cheer on Stranger Things at the Emmy Awards.


When you love the look of polished concrete, but don't have the budget to accommodate it, you may be interested in the natural appeal of a 'cut and seal' coating.
The back patio area of this acreage home had been painted repeatedly for a number of years, but this finish was wearing thin – literally and figuratively! The homeowners needed a simple, easy to clean surface that reflected their minimalistic lifestyle and limited budget, so a cut and seal finish was selected.
The process generally involves grinding back the existing paint finish, and exposing the aggregate beneath. In this case, we struck gold: the concrete was full of colourful stones distributed evenly across the patio, in tones of grey, sienna and ochre. Small cracks were filled with a fast fix resin before the application of a highly durable clear coat with non-slip additive. The coating added a stunning level of depth to the colouring of the floor, and most importantly, made it incredibly easy to clean.
If you'd like to learn more about the cut and seal system, contact us today.


text:
'Letterman,' 'Ferguson' employees to be paid
4:00 AM PST 11/15/2007 by Paul J. Gough , AP
STRIKE ZONE: LATEST NEWS AND UPDATES
NEW YORK -- Strike or not, employees of "The Late Show with David Letterman" and the "Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" will be paid through the end of the year.
The programs' production company, Worldwide Pants Inc., notified its employees in New York and Los Angeles on Tuesday that they would be paid regardless of whether the show returned or not. It would make Worldwide Pants, which is owned by "Late Show" host David Letterman, the first known company to guarantee its staff a paycheck during the writers' strike.
The move was made to assure employees who were concerned about making ends meet, as thousands of other employees on other shows that are being idled as the strike continues.
It comes at a time when other shows, like NBC's "The Tonight Show," have told their employees to expect to be idled as the strike continues through its second week. There were rumors, since denied, that "The Daily Show" host Jon Stewart had initially guaranteed a paycheck to the writers.
Unlike NBC, which owns "The Tonight Show," CBS does not own the "Late Show" or "The Late Late Show." The network pays a license fee to the production company, which it has stopped due to the strike and the fact that there are no new shows.
It doesn't mean, however, that there will be no work on "The Late Show." Decisions are being made week-to-week on whether the show will return to the air in some form.
The news about "The Late Show" was initially broken by the blog DeadlineHollywoodDaily.com.
Paul J. Gough


text:
Babelsbergparken, tyska: Park Babelsberg, är en 114 hektar stor park i stadsdelen Babelsberg i östra delen av staden Potsdam i Brandenburg, Tyskland. Parken anlades tillsammans med Babelsbergs slott för prins Vilhelm av Preussen, den senare kejsaren Vilhelm I och påbörjades 1833 efter att kung Fredrik Vilhelm III givit sitt godkännande. Parken anlades av de kända trädgårdsarkitekterna Peter Joseph Lenné och efterföljaren Hermann von Pückler-Muskau, som omvandlade berget Babelsberg och den kuperade terrängen intill floden Havel till ett engelskt parklandskap.

I parken ägde 22 september 1862 det berömda samtal mellan kung Vilhelm I och Otto von Bismarck rum, som ledde till att Bismarck utnämndes till ministerpresident och utrikesminister i Preussen.

Parken drogs in till den tyska staten efter att huset Hohenzollern abdikerat 1918. Efter andra världskriget omvandlades delar av parken till ett utbildningscentrum för sjöfart, sport och teknik, och ett studentboende uppfördes i utkanten av parken. 1961 drogs Berlinmuren genom parkens norra del vid gränsen mot dåvarande Västberlin. I samband med Tysklands återförening påbörjades ett större rekonstruktionsprojekt. Berlinmurens anläggningar och många av byggnaderna som uppförts under DDR-tiden revs. Sedan 1990 ingår parken i Unesco-världsarvet Palats och parker i Potsdam och Berlin.

Byggnader i parken
 Babelsbergs slott, Vilhelm I:s sommarresidens.
 Flatowturm, utsiktstorn.
 Kleines Schloss, uppförd som arvprins Fredrik Vilhelms bostad, idag restaurang.
 Ångmaskinhuset
 Berliner Gerichtslaube, staden Berlins medeltida domstolsbyggnad som flyttades hit 1871.
 Matrosenhaus

Källor

Externa länkar

Palats och parker i Potsdam och Berlin
Babelsberg
Parker i Tyskland
Parker i engelsk stil


The Faithfull Prestige Hand Fork is ideal for working the top soil and for the easy removal of weeds and unwanted growth where the entire root needs to be removed.
Made from rust-resistant stainless steel. The polished stainless steel finish provides improved resistance to rust, humidity and alkalis in the soil.
Fitted with a handle made from European Ash, supplied from FSC® sustainable resources. These are then stained for protection against the weather.
The small size allows it to work in tight spaces where a long handle tool cannot be used. Especially useful in those tight places between plantings and is one of the most indispensable garden tools you will ever buy.
Because they are often used for digging up weeds, hand forks are sometimes referred to as 'weeding forks' but they are suited to many jobs around the garden, such as preparing planting holes, transplanting, aerating and mixing additives into your soil and are indispensable for levelling around border edges and tidying up the soil.


Moving to a new office or looking for the right property where your business can break ground can dig a big hole in your budget. Businesses look into commercial real estate all the time, whether they need to buy a new retail outlet that's in a more convenient location or they need to find a bigger space to keep up with production.
No matter the reason, all that matters is that you have enough money to buy the commercial property that's in the most convenient location for your customers, has everything you need for your employees to work comfortably, and allows you to get the job done.
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Our hard money loans are available for all types of borrowers. They're beneficial to borrowers as they offer quick loan funding and flexible loan terms (we work with you!). There's no prepayment penalty with hard money; fewer loan requirements are involved; and funding can be provided for a nearly endless list of properties. Our loan limits range from $50,000 to a maximum of $2,000,000! Do you think that will be enough for the commercial property you want?
Call Larry the Lender today to learn more about our hard money loans for commercial real estate in Houston and Austin, TX. We'll make sure you get the required amount of money you need for the space you envision working in for many years to come.


text:
In An Era of Republican Bad Faith, The Left Must Respond In Kind
By Jason Rhode | January 11, 2019 | 10:35am
Photo by Rick Loomis/Getty Politics Features Civility
Here's good truth: bad faith is real. In a normal world, it saves time to assume your opponent is operating in good faith. But American politics is a far cry from rational.
Join me on a trip down memory lane. In the '70s, the conservative movement hacked the reigning liberal orthodoxies. The mandarins of the right understood how liberal culture worked. In particular, they identified three weak spots of liberalism, and two had to do with fear. One, liberals feared being identified with leftism. Two, liberals feared populism.
And three—most importantly—liberals based their right to rule on being reasonable and open-minded, whatever those words are supposed to mean.
The first two weak spots explained how to scare liberals. But the third spot worked best of all. It showed the conservatives how to make liberals love them, or at least tolerate them.
The Far Right learned to dress up their policies according to the polite fictions of media, academia, and think tanks. They learned to mutter "just asking questions" before proposing to measure skull shapes. They fooled liberals once, and have not stopped fooling them since. As a result, any right-wing hack without obvious marks of bodily disease can pass serious muster in Washington.
the persistence of grovr norquist in the discourse underscores that we've had decades to figure out how to cover people whose fundamental stance is to make claims in bad faith and haven't figured out how to just, like, not take what they say at face value
— Kelsey D. Atherton (@AthertonKD) January 6, 2019
And until recently, none of the Important People had figured this out. But times are changing.
I think a big reason why @AOC is so much better at politics than so many older, more experienced Dems is that she's never known a world where Republicans aren't cartoonish villains who reliably act in bad faith. So she treats them as what they are.
— Ian Millhiser (@imillhiser) January 6, 2019
The ease at which Alexandria Ocasio Cortez basic answers fluster reporters and dictates the terms of the public discourse on policies should show you just how little the Democrats have tried over the past 4 decades.
— Chad Vigorous (@PrettyBadLefty) January 7, 2019
The user goes on to say—and AOC would agree—that Ocasio-Cortez isn't some kind of singular political genius. She's nothing more than an elected official with the ability to describe objective reality. The Right and the media and the pundits treat AOC as if she was turning air into rat poison. How debased our politics have become. You open your mouth and utter clear, factual, declarative statements in a calm voice, and all of a sudden you're a dark wizard.
What AOC and Rashida Tlaib are doing is basic. They're not blindly assuming good faith where good faith is unwarranted. That's their killer app.
See, what passes for "good faith" these days is nothing but reciprocal class courtesy among the urban professionals. Everybody under fifty understands this. Most young Americans can recognize bad faith. We see it all around us. That's why the clash between generations—between complacency and truth, between the real story and the official narrative—has been striking to watch.
Did you watch AOC's interview? Where in the seventeen hells of Henry Kissinger does Anderson Cooper get off asking if Trump is racist? Jesus, man, does the sky hold water? AOC's simple statement traumatized Cooper. You could see the light of the Hamptons waning in his eyes.
Look, we can discuss philosophic and legal terms for what "good faith" means. But let's throw out the gumbo and drill down. In essence, acting in "good faith" means this: you play a game with the understanding that everyone else is playing the contest fairly. When you argue in good faith, you assume the other party is actually interested in debate, not tricking you. However, when it is obvious that the other team is cheating, when they playing with demonstrable malice, then you are not required to play in good faith.
In fact, it is important for an ethical person to immediately call out bad faith. But this is what the Establishment refuses to do.
How gullible is the Establishment?
Quite. They will do the Right's work for them. Just so the Heritage Foundation will think well of them.
It's why Washington Post editors and reporters like Sal Rizzo and Glenn Kessler keep trying to "well, actually" Ocasio-Cortez. In comparison, they regularly let Trump get away with semantic murder. It doesn't matter that Ocasio-Cortez quoted a simplification, and that the Administration spreads racist mythology every day. The Post pretends they're the same thing. AOC and Tlaib aren't even in the same galaxy as Trump. It's not comparing apples to oranges; it's like claiming an apple is cancer. That doesn't matter to the Post. The Kessler-Rizzo style of good faith means being a handmaiden to power.
You see, the higher up you go, the more good faith you get. That's the way the Establishment works.
So very. The television networks made Trump President. Since that time, they've spent time propping up his regime, giving his fantasies airtime, and refusing to call him out on his most obvious falsehoods. Despite assurances that they are on our side, the news still treats the office of President as if it were occupied by an important person, a peer of Washington, of Lincoln. As if Trump were a Very Serious President on a Very Serious Earth. On the basis of good faith, they granted the world's most famous liar a chunk of primetime television.
Let's review the facts. We know Trump lies. Trump knows he lies. The Establishment knows he lies. But they still gave him a free pass.
That's right, true believers. The Orangeman spent half his term slamming the networks stern to bow. In response, the broadcasters handed their precious screens to a known fabulist. In service of what? A good faith that the President has never practiced, nor pretended to practice. No wonder Trump voters in the suburban fortresses around America's Cheesecake Factories worship him. He makes his haters into his servants.
It is obvious, and has been obvious for decades that the far right is, in the words of the tweet above, "cartoonishly evil." They live to practice bad faith.
So: if it is obvious that one side is not acting or speaking in good faith, why would anyone with power act as if they were? The bipartisan marriage broke up decades ago, but the press is still denying there was a divorce.
Why do the institutions of the American Establishment, particularly the media, act as if Trump was respectable, and that his party is sane? Why do they consider fantasies like The Wall and Climate Change Denial worthy of coverage? After all, the Establishment doesn't give time to the Flat Earth Society, but there's always column space for weather truthers. Isn't that funny?
Most journalists live in bone-deep terror of being called out as leftists, But if verifiable facts happen to jive with progressive ideas, then why be afraid to publish them? Why should the press worry about being called liberals? Isn't it the media's job to publish the truth?
Well: the Establishment is centrist. Centrists cling to institutions. The media (and approved opinion) are such institutions. And the American media's self-appointed job is not to speak truth, to find truth, or come near the truth. Rather, it is to be an "honest" broker between powers.
The reason climate denialists have column space in the Times is because there are very, very powerful people backing them. Now, if the Flat Earthers get picked up by the right number of billionaires, then I guarantee you the Times will discover that there's been an interesting story there all the while. That is the good faith the media practices. We will be a decent mediator between incredibly wealthy people. You can count on us, sir. It's the good faith of a Harvard divorce lawyer, not a brave reporter.
Good faith in politics only makes sense in a society where everyone agrees on human dignity. We do not live in that world. Practicing good faith in a time of bad faith debases the coinage of legitimacy. In other words, it renders democratic government a sham. It makes the citizens feel, correctly, that their representatives do not represent them, do not share their passions. Civility is useless when the civic itself is in jeopardy. If the opposite number stops being cartoonishly evil—if they stop supporting the President who believes in imaginary walls—then we can talk. Politics is not a market for miracles, and we are far from a state of grace. Let's see works first. Good faith follows.
the democrats
More from Civility
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text:
The Himalayan Times > Kathmandu > Melamchi project to conduct test run of water treatment plant from next month
Melamchi project to conduct test run of water treatment plant from next month
Published: June 12, 2017 3:17 am On: Kathmandu
Kathmandu, June 11
The Melamchi Water Supply Development Project is preparing to conduct test run of the Sundarijal-based treatment plant starting next month. The treatment plant's construction is nearing completion.
Deputy Executive Director at Melamchi Water Supply Development Board Ramakant Duwadi said the board had instructed contractors to conduct a test run of the treatment plant and water supply systems.
"Contractors have begun procurement of pipes to supply water from the Bagmati River to the treatment plant in Sundarijal. They have also begun construction of a small intake dam on the Bagmati River after seeking permission from the Shivapuri Nagarjuna National Park ," Duwadi told The Himalayan Times, adding that they had to seek permission as the intake lies in the buffer zone area of SNNP.
Duwadi informed that the test run of the treatment plant would be conducted after water level in the Bagmati River rises. "First a test run of the treatment plant would be conducted. Then, treated water will supplied through the bulk distribution system from July," he said.
Sundarijal-based plant has the capacity of treating 85 million litres of water per day.
Two Indian Companies VA Tech Wabag Ltd and Pratibha Industries Ltd are working to conduct test run of the water treatment plant. PIL is the contractor for Sundarijal-based plant whereas VA Tech Wabag Ltd is the contractor for expansion of the Guheshwori-based treatment plant.
Meanwhile, MWSDB said the speed of tunnel construction was yet to speed up due to weak rocks and slow excavation. Recent progress report obtained from MWSDB has shown that of total 27,584.5 metre tunnel, only 24,512.6 metre had been excavated so far.
The government had earlier provided additional support after the contractor said they were unlikely to complete tunnel excavation on time without using new technology. On demand of the contractor, the government had provided an additional USD 3 million for tunnel excavation.
With the third deadline fast approaching, MWSDB is struggling to complete its task on time by using the most effective technology. The third deadline for completion of the project is expiring on October 2017. However, given the pace of work, the project is likely to miss this deadline too.
Started in 21 December 2000, the Melamchi Water Supply Project is a project assisted by the Asian Development Bank which aims to reduce the problems of drinking water scarcity in the Valley. The Melamchi Project envisages supplying 510,000,000 litres of water per day to the Valley from the Melamchi, Yangri, and Larke rivers of Sindhupalchowk District. In phase one, the project will supply 170,000,000 litres of water per day to the Valley.
A version of this article appears in print on June 12, 2017 of The Himalayan Times.


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text:
UTILS_HOME = ../../utils
CLOSURE ?= $(UTILS_HOME)/closure.jar
BUILD_DIR = ../../build/firefox
RESTARTLESS_DIR = ../../build/firefox-restartless
PROFILE ?= $(error Specify Firefox profile in PROFILE)
BUNDLES_DIR = ../../build/bundles-cc

# Just builds a ff extension

VERSION = `head -n 1 ../../build/version/version.txt`

build: ensureoutputdir
	# Copying extension files
	echo "Creating extension version: $(VERSION)"
	cp -R ../../LICENSE ../../LICENSE-OFL.txt ../../README-LICENSE.txt content chrome bootstrap.js chrome.manifest icon.png icon64.png $(BUILD_DIR)/
	sed s/\(SHUMWAY_VERSION\)/$(VERSION)/ install.rdf > $(BUILD_DIR)/install.rdf
	sed s/\(SHUMWAY_VERSION\)/$(VERSION)/ update.rdf > $(BUILD_DIR)/update.rdf
	cp ../../examples/inspector/debug/pingpong.js $(BUILD_DIR)/chrome/
	# Copying JavaScript content files
	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/content/playerglobal
	cp ../../build/playerglobal/playerglobal.json $(BUILD_DIR)/content/playerglobal/
	cp ../../build/playerglobal/playerglobal.abcs $(BUILD_DIR)/content/playerglobal/
	# Copying ABC and Relooper files
	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/content/libs
	cp ../../build/libs/builtin.abc $(BUILD_DIR)/content/libs/
	cp ../../build/libs/relooper.js $(BUILD_DIR)/content/libs/
	# Copying closure optimized shumway.js files
	cp $(BUNDLES_DIR)/shumway*.js $(BUILD_DIR)/content/
	cp ../../build/version/version.txt $(BUILD_DIR)/content/version.txt
	echo "extension" >> $(BUILD_DIR)/content/version.txt
	# Packaging XPI file
	cd $(BUILD_DIR); zip -r shumway.xpi *

ensureoutputdir: clean
	-mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)

clean:
	-rm -rf build
	-rm -rf $(BUILD_DIR)
	-rm -rf $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)

restartless:
	-rm -rf $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)
	mkdir -p $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)
	cd $(RESTARTLESS_DIR); find ../../extension/firefox -type f -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -exec ln -s {} \;
	mkdir -p $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/chrome
	cd $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/chrome; find ../../../extension/firefox/chrome -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -exec ln -s {} \;
	mkdir -p $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/content
	cd $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/content; find ../../../extension/firefox/content -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -exec ln -s {} \;
	ln -s ../../../examples/inspector/debug/pingpong.js $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/chrome/pingpong.js
	ln -s ../../../src/gfx $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/content/gfx
	ln -s ../../../build/playerglobal $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/content/playerglobal
	ln -s ../../../build/libs $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/content/libs
	ln -s ../../../build/bundles/shumway.gfx.js $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/content/shumway.gfx.js
	ln -s ../../../build/bundles/shumway.player.js $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/content/shumway.player.js
	ln -s ../../../build/version/version.txt $(RESTARTLESS_DIR)/content/version.txt
	cd $(RESTARTLESS_DIR); pwd > "$(PROFILE)/extensions/shumway-dev@research.mozilla.org"
	grep "nglayout.debug.disable_xul_cache\", true" "$(PROFILE)/prefs.js" 1>/dev/null || echo "Set create 'nglayout.debug.disable_xul_cache' boolean preference to 'true'."

PHONY: build clean ensureoutputdir restartless

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub