text:
Course:GEOG352/2019/Land, Housing, and Gentrification in Addis Ababa
< Course:GEOG352
Urbanization is happening at a rapid pace in many cities throughout the global south. This rapid urbanization has many consequences for the development of cities and the housing situations of their residents. One of the most prominent consequences of rapid urbanization is the process of gentrification. As cities grow, so do the opportunities to profit from land and real estate investment. Speculators, both domestic and foreign, can generate significant profits during these boom periods, which results in rising prices in the real estate market. Foreign direct investment (FDI) can inflate housing markets above levels that would naturally occur in the local economy.
Furthermore, as is the case in Addis Ababa, much of the real estate investment in the global south occurs in luxury housing because it is more profitable,[1] which gentrifies areas of cities and makes them financially inaccessible to large portions of their population. Since the vast majority of populations in global south cities do not have the financial resources to enter these markets they end up living in primarily informal housing that often deprives them of access to important public services and limits their economic opportunities. Poorer residents that are displaced by gentrification and government expropriation of land, as in Addis Ababa, face difficulties such as loss of income and informal social networks as well as decreased access to health services and schools.[2]
In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, urban growth has increased dramatically since the 1970s and continues to grow at around 4.6% annually.[3] Most of the city's residents (over 80%)[4] live in slums. The government has expropriated 400 hectares of land between 2009 and 2015[5] and those displaced were poorly compensated. During this period, a huge increase of FDI occurred in particular from China. Due to these factors, Addis Ababa is an example of a city undergoing rapid growth and experiencing resultant gentrification.
File:African Union Conference Centre (18167970401).jpg
African Union Conference Center located in Addis Ababa
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Theories of Gentrification
2 Gentrification and Displacement in Addis Ababa
2.1 Driving Factors of Gentrification
2.2 Displacement of the Oromo People
2.3 Displacement due to the Sheraton hotel
4.1 Reference List
Gentrification is the process in which poor and at risk residents of an area are either forced or pressured to relocate in order to accommodate for an influx of a more affluent population. Ruth Glass, a British sociologist, first identified the process of gentrification in 1964 "as a complex urban process that included the rehabilitation of old housing stock, tenurial transformation from renting to owning, property price increases, and the displacement of working-class residents by the incoming middle classes."[6] Later scholars, Atkinson and Bridge expanded on Glass' definition to "colonization by the more privileged classes"[7] in order to reflect its global relevance in urbanization. Many scholars[2][8][7][9] since have studied the impacts of gentrification in the global south and have formulated several theories.
Theories of Gentrification
Most theories regarding gentrification of land and housing can be sourced from Karl Polanyi's theory of fictitious commodity from 1944. Polanyi suggests that society has a desire to impose financial value to items (land, labour, money) that are not created to fit the market structure[9]. The commodification of these fictitious commodities has changed their meaning to society and subsequently their interactions with society[9]. David Harvey, a British geographer, correlates the concept of fictitious commodity with the process of gentrification by first commenting on society's "increasing tendency to treat the land as pure financial asset"[10]. He further expresses the embeddedness of defining land as an asset causes the society to prioritize economic benefits, especially when global trends are heavily market driven.[10]
Facilitated by Harvey's observation on fictitious commodity in society, Atkinson and Bridge identified the phenomenon of gentrification as a tendency towards "questions not just about ... interrelations with globalization but also its manifestation as a form of new urban colonialism."[7] Atkinson and Bridge suggest that gentrification is in fact influenced by other state actors due to globalization and is tied to the societal emphasis on generating economic gain.
Building off of Atkinson and Bridge, Gebre Yntiso suggests one of the main causes of gentrification in the global south is due to investment, often from foreign sources. Yntiso states that "in order to restore the economic and financial vitality of cities, city officials must attract investment by companies and individuals, who as a rule operate under competitive and profitable conditions."[2] Yntiso establishes that economic motivations often drive governments to prioritize investment projects over the well being of informal housing residents. In particular, Seyoum and Lin state that "the Government of Ethiopia, being fully aware of the importance of FDI contribution to sustainable economic and industrial development, has implemented various reforms and incentives to attract FDI[8]." With the residents of these informal settlements frequently not considered within these investment decisions, or in the locus of power they are often overlooked. As a result, gentrification occurs when policymakers encourage outside investment towards real estate.
Gentrification's negative effects reach beyond access to adequate housing. When displaced by gentrification, people are often pushed to the outskirts of the city and often experience a loss of income[2][11] due to increased distance to work and the lack of public infrastructure and services such as transportation and education. This in turn also reduces their ability to purchase necessities such as food and healthcare.
Gentrification is not only an economic force, but is also a "fundamentally political conflict"[12]. When social networks are disrupted by their displacement, as they have been in Addis Ababa,[2] people's ability to organize politically is negatively affected. Gentrification can also be a polarizing issue, as demonstrated by the political grievances of the Oromo people and their retaliation within Addis Ababa core city itself.
Gentrification and Displacement in Addis Ababa
Driving Factors of Gentrification
Gentrification in Addis Ababa is a growing concern for its local population. Since the shift in government in 1992, Addis Ababa has seen significant changes in their land use distribution. From 1984 to 2014, urban land use increased by 325%, while agriculture and forest decreased by 54 and 75% respectively[13]. Economic factors are the largest drivers in the shift in land use, with policy and institutional factors following. Following the change in government in 1992, Addis Ababa created a more free market economy in major economic areas including, importantly, the real estate market[13]. While this has resulted in significant capital influx for Addis Ababa, it has also resulted in soaring real estate prices due to lease speculation. The high profit opportunities associated with real estate in Addis have attracted foreign investment, resulting in a market where the locals are no longer able to be competitive. One example of this is a figure from Melaka (2016), where the highest lease winning bid per 1 m 2 {\displaystyle m^{2}} of land was 355,555 Birr, even though the minimum and maximum bench mark prices based on land grades were 126 and 2939 Birr/ m 2 {\displaystyle m^{2}} respectively. This bid is an astonishing 148.58x higher than the maximum assessed value of the given lease. The potential (and likely) negative consequences associated with an imbalanced market like this are far reaching.
This large shift in the economic reality of Addis Ababa can be attributed to an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI), which in the twenty years between 1992 and 2012 has reached 15.8%, with 86% of that coming from Chinese investors[13]. This increase in foreign investment has created issues with government-led housing initiatives such as the condominium project launched in 2004 designed to increase vertical growth and facilitate lower-income housing. Due to the increase in urban population, 61.1% of all housing in Addis Ababa from 2003 to 2010 was in the form of condominiums, intended to increase land-use efficiency. However, due to the market bubble, the housing has proven to be unaffordable for the low-income demographics it was intended for. Further still, very few are built in renewal areas which make it difficult for residents (if they are local) to afford the resettlement costs associated with relocating to these units.
Neighbourhood in Addis
Nevertheless, Addis continues to have a large influx of migrants due to it being a capital city as a result of the perception there will be more opportunity for migrants in an urban environment[13]. With limited ability to enter into condominiums or other formalized forms of housing, migrants usually rent houses in groups in low-income areas, where they engage in informal jobs and informally settle on inaccessible areas in Addis Ababa or in surrounding towns where there is an informal land market[13]. However, since 2008 there has been an urban renewal process initiative underway by the Ethiopian government, aiming to remove "the dilapidated urban settlement and ensure efficient urban land use of the inner city.[13]" As a result, those that are living informally in Addis Ababa are being pushed out in order for new higher capital projects to be put in place on this desirable inner city land. This creates a dynamic of those in lower-income demographics no longer being able to reside within the inner city, due to the two-fold combination of foreign direct investment and government-led land reclamation initiatives.
Displacement of the Oromo People
A prominent case of displacement in Addis has occurred among the Oromo people, a large ethnic group residing in the Oromia region surrounding Addis Ababa. The Oromo are a historically marginalized group and have been fighting for their "right to national self-determination"[14] for several decades. "In the name of economic development, hundreds of thousands of Oromo families have been forcefully displaced from their ancestral lands with no, or very little, compensation. These unconstitutional displacements did not only make the families poor and destitute but negatively impacted their culture, language, identity, and general well being."[15] In 2016, protests broke out following government announcement of the Addis Ababa Master Plan,[16] which would broaden the borders of the rapidly expanding city into the surrounding Oromia region, displacing potentially millions of Oromo people from their ancestral farmland. What began as unrest over land rights launched into protests regarding larger political, economic, and cultural rights, and even cancellation of the development plans could not contain the widespread revolt. Highlighting a main source of their indignation, protestors targeted foreign companies, negatively impacting Ethiopia's image for foreign investment[17]. A state of emergency was declared in October 2016. Hundreds were killed and thousands arrested in this first year of protest alone.[18] The conflict ignited widespread violence, and since the 2016 protests, around one million people have been displaced in the region.[19] Tens of thousands are living in camps, whose abrupt expansion has made infrastructure like proper water and sanitation impossible.
Sheraton hotel in Addis
Displacement due to the Sheraton hotel
A further example in central Addis is the building of a luxury Sheraton hotel in 1994 which displaced 718 households and the hotel's subsequent expansion in 2010 which displaced a further 2,919.[11] This disrupted longstanding social ties and informal economies in the historical neighbourhood, where many had lived for generations. While Sheraton project planners and government officials promised resettlement housing projects, residents complained that a steady income was required, which for many in the informal economy is difficult or impossible. Etenesh Melesse's research demonstrates how the displacement particularly affected the women of the area who were often self-employed in home based income generating activities or other informal work. After being relocated to the outskirts of the city, they were now completely cut off from these informal markets, or were forced to travel long distances to work, buy and sell goods, and access social services.[11]
Foreign direct investment is difficult to regulate, and while it has benefits for the economy of the country as a whole, the poorest demographics rarely see the benefits and are frequently negatively affected. The result is a compounding effect on existing inequalities.
Affordable housing is a complicated issue, as many considerations for relocating are unseen such as proximity to schools, services and work places, as well as the community and business ties. Even if housing is provided in a manner that makes it accessible to the poorest, there is frequently hidden costs associated with resettlement that need to be considered.
There are values that cannot be measured monetarily when relocating people from traditional lands, as in the case of the Oromo. The government has an obligation to bear in mind cultural heritage as an important consideration when making resettlement decisions.
Forced displacement, especially when rapid, can cause civil unrest and reignite old grievances which can cause long lasting conflict.
Beyond issues of housing, gentrification and resultant resettlement frequently do not create jobs alongside new housing opportunities. While foreign direct investment can benefit the economy, the poorer classes will not benefit if they are unable to earn a reasonable standard of living.
One suggestion would be to incorporate some sort of property tax on both real estate in general and on property that is speculated upon or purchased by foreign investors which could be directly reinvested into infrastructure and education opportunities in the poorest districts with the objective of establishing a minimum standard of living in order to prevent the increased value in a region negatively displacing the poorest.
↑ Goodfellow, T. (2017). Urban Fortunes and Skeleton Cityscapes: Real Estate and Late Urbanization in Kigali and Addis Ababa. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(5), pp.786-803.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Yntiso, G. (2008). Urban Development and Displacement in Addis Ababa: The Impact of Resettlement Projects on Low-Income Households. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 24(2), pp.53-77.
↑ CIA The World Factbook. (2019). Africa :: Ethiopia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. [online] Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html [Accessed 1 Apr. 2019].
↑ UN-Habitat (2008). Ethiopia: Addis Ababa Urban Profile. Urban Profiles. UN-Habitat, p.21.
↑ Gardner, T. (2017). Demolitions gather pace in the heart of the Ethiopian capital. Reuters. [online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-slums-land-rights/demolitions-gather-pace-in-the-heart-of-the-ethiopian-capital-idUSKBN1AA1JN [Accessed 20 Mar. 2019].
↑ Lees, L., Slater, T. and Wyly, E. (2013). Gentrification. Florence: Taylor and Francis.
↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Atkinson, R. and Bridge, G. (2004). Gentrification in a Global Context. 1st ed. London: Routledge.
↑ 8.0 8.1 Seyoum, M. and Lin, J. (2014). Private Chinese Investment in Ethiopia: Determinants and Location Decisions. Journal of International Development, [online] 27(7), pp.1223-1242. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jid.3025 [Accessed 12 Mar. 2019].
↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Polanyi, K. (2014). The great transformation. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press.
↑ 10.0 10.1 Desai, V. and Loftus, A. (2012). Speculating on Slums: Infrastructural Fixes in Informal Housing in the Global South. Antipode, [online] 45(4), pp.789-808. Available at: http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=bfe16c49-9b70-4237-b612-c7f0482f459d%40pdc-v-sessmgr03&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=89582717&db=aph.
↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Melesse, E. (2007). Impact of Development Induced Displacement on Female Headed Households in Inner City Slum Areas of Addis Ababa: The Case of Sheraton Addis Expansion Project. Masters. Addis Ababa University.
↑ López-Morales, E. (2015). Gentrification in the global South. City, [online] 19(4), pp.564-573. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/13604813.2015.1051746?scroll=top&needAccess=true [Accessed 3 Mar. 2019].
↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Zewdie, M., Worku, H. and Bantider, A. (2017). Temporal Dynamics of the Driving Factors of Urban Landscape Change of Addis Ababa During the Past Three Decades. Environmental Management, 61(1), pp.132-146.
↑ Oromoliberationfront.org. (n.d.). Mission – Oromo Liberation front. [online] Available at: http://oromoliberationfront.org/english/mission/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2019].
↑ Oromo Liberation Front (2017). State of emergency cannot reverse Oromo struggle. [online] Available at: http://oromoliberationfront.org/english/state-of-emergency-cannot-reverse-oromo-struggle/ [Accessed 7 Apr. 2019].
↑ BBC (2016). Ethiopia cancels Addis Ababa master plan after Oromo protests. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35300471 [Accessed 30 Mar. 2019].
↑ BBC News (2016). Ethiopia declares state of emergency amid protests. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37600225 [Accessed 5 Apr. 2019].
↑ BBC News (2016). Ethiopia 'detains 1,600' under state of emergency. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37716653 [Accessed 6 Apr. 2019].
↑ Amare Dejene, T. (2018). Displaced in Ethiopia: "I have nothing left." Norwegian Refugee Council. [online] Available at: https://www.nrc.no/news/2018/november/displaced-in-ethiopia-i-have-nothing-left/ [Accessed 7 Apr. 2019].
This urbanization resource was created by Course:GEOG352.
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GEOG352


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What to Watch for in EPA Carbon Regulations for Existing Plants
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is expected to propose first-of-a-kind greenhouse gas (GHG) emission limits for existing power plants by June 2014. The EPA will do so under a rarely used provision of the Clean Air Act, known as Section 111(d). Here are some of the key questions that the EPA faces in crafting its forthcoming regulations.
What Kind of GHG Limits Will Be Imposed?
Section 111(d) authorizes the EPA to prescribe performance standards for existing sources that emit GHGs. Although the EPA has identified six primary GHGs that endanger the world's climate, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent (measured in terms of its potential global warming impact), and fossil fuel electric generating plants are the largest source of CO2 emissions in the U.S. Since the EPA is not required to regulate all GHGs or to regulate all sources that emit a particular GHG, the EPA will likely start its regulatory regime by proposing performance standards only for fossil-plant emissions. The EPA will likely reserve similar authority to impose, in the future, performance standards under Section 111(d) for other GHGs, such as methane and nitrous oxide, and upon other industrial sources that emit significant CO2 or other GHG emissions.
Will the EPA Prescribe Uniform or Differentiated Limits?
Performance standards are typically expressed as maximum rates of emissions per unit of output, for example, pounds of CO2 per MWh. As a very rough approximation, existing coal-fired plants produce approximately twice as much CO2 per MWh as combined cycle plants. This CO2 performance differential is attributable to the higher carbon content in coal and higher heat rates of coal plants.
The EPA might prescribe a uniform, national power-sector performance standard. Alternatively, the EPA might prescribe higher performance standards for coal-fired steam boilers than for combustion turbines, both simple cycle and combined-cycle. Further differentiation may be introduced because Section 111(d) relies upon state implementation plans, rather than a uniform national plan. Thus, the EPA might prescribe different performance standards for each state, based on its historic generation mix.
How Will the EPA Justify the Stringency of Performance Standards?
From a climate policy perspective, the EPA's goal is to achieve substantial reductions in the aggregate level of power sector CO2 emissions. President Obama has established an economy-wide target for reducing the nation's GHG emissions to 17% below 2005 levels by 2020. A key challenge for the EPA is whether it can prescribe performance standards that will lead to CO2 emission reductions from the power sector at least as large and as quickly as the president's overall target.
From a legal perspective, Section 111(d) might constrain the EPA's discretion to set the stringency level of proposed CO2 performance standards. Section 111 requires that performance standards "reflect the degree of emission limitation achievable through the application of the best system of emission reduction which… the Administrator determines has been adequately demonstrated." Among the most controversial issues confronting the EPA are how to determine the "best system of emission reduction" (BSER) for power plant CO2 emissions, and how to determine that BSER has been "adequately demonstrated." Some commentators contend that BSER must be determined based on emission reduction strategies and technologies that operators can implement "within the fence" of the power plant. Other commentators contend that BSER may be determined for the electricity sector as a whole based on regulatory measures that can be imposed "beyond the fence" to reduce aggregate load (for example, by end-use energy efficiency and demand side management measures) or to force a shift in generation mix away from coal to natural gas and to renewables (such as by pricing carbon in electricity dispatch models or imposing renewable portfolio standards).
How BSER is determined matters greatly because "within the fence," existing coal and natural gas plants might not be able to achieve more than 4% to 5% reductions in heat rates and CO2 emissions. However, "outside the fence" policies and measures might reduce demand for fossil-fuel generation and induce a shift in the sectoral fuel mix that could, in the aggregate, achieve CO2 emission reductions of at least 17% to 25% from the existing fleet.
How Will State Implementation Plans Reduce the Overall Cost?
Section 111(d) is enforced through the EPA-approved state implementation plans. This opens up the possibility that, however BSER is determined, the EPA might encourage state adoption of sector-wide policies and measures that enable a target level of CO2 emission reductions to be achieved at least cost for the electricity sector as a whole. The EPA might endorse statewide or region-wide emissions trading systems, similar to those in California or under the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. The EPA might also encourage state deployment of energy efficiency measures and renewable portfolio standards.
Given that the starting point for regulation will be the EPA-prescribed performance standards only applicable to power plants, states may need to design creative trading and crediting systems that translate CO2 emission reductions achieved throughout the electricity sector into compliance obligations imposed on fossil fuel power plants. ■
— Mark Perlis (markperlis@dwt.com) is a partner in Davis Wright Tremaine's energy practice group in the firm's Washington, D.C., office.
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Some Title Goes Here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using Giles.Core.IO;

namespace Giles.Core.Configuration
{
    public class TestAssemblyFinder
    {
        private static readonly IFileSystem FileSystem = new FileSystem();

        public Func<IFileSystem> GetFileSystem = () => FileSystem;

        //Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Giles.Specs", "Giles.Specs\Giles.Specs.csproj", "{8FAE1516-9D4A-4575-83BF-515BC6AF8AC3}"
        private static readonly Regex SolutionFileRegex = new Regex(
            @"Project\(""{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC\}""\)" +
            @"[^""]*""[^""]*""" +
            @"[^""]*""([^""]*)""", RegexOptions.Compiled);

        private static readonly string[] SupportedAssemblies
                = new[]
                  {
                          "Machine.Specifications.dll",
                          "nunit.framework.dll",
                          "xunit.dll"
                  };

        public List<string> FindTestAssembliesIn(string solutionFilePath)
        {
            var projectFiles = GetProjectFilePaths(solutionFilePath);
            var testAssemblies = new List<Tuple<int, string>>();
            foreach (var file in projectFiles)
            {
                using (var stream = GetFileSystem().OpenFile(file, FileMode.Open,
                    FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite))
                {
                    var project = MsBuildProject.Load(stream);
                    var isTestProjectScore = GetIsTestProjectScore(project);
                    if (isTestProjectScore > 0)
                    {
                        var assemblyFilePath = project.GetAssemblyFilePath(file);
                        testAssemblies.Add(new Tuple<int, string>(
                            isTestProjectScore, assemblyFilePath));
                    }
                }
            }

            // return assemblies with highest score first
            return (from tuple in testAssemblies
                    orderby tuple.Item1 descending,
                            tuple.Item2 ascending // keep things deterministic for testing
                    select tuple.Item2).ToList();
        }

        private IEnumerable<String> GetProjectFilePaths(string solutionFilePath)
        {
            var solutionContents = GetFileSystem().ReadAllText(solutionFilePath);
            var solutionFileDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(solutionFilePath);
            var match = SolutionFileRegex.Match(solutionContents);
            while (match.Success)
            {
                var relativePath = match.Groups[1].Value;
                match = match.NextMatch();
                var path = Path.Combine(solutionFileDir, relativePath);
                yield return path;
            }
        }

        private int GetIsTestProjectScore(MsBuildProject project)
        {
            // TODO: may want to group this information with other info about supported test frameworks
            var numberOfReferencedTestAssemblies =
                    SupportedAssemblies.Where(item => IsTestFrameworkReferenced(project, item))
                            .Count();
            var score = numberOfReferencedTestAssemblies * 10;

            // no supported test framework, abort
            if (score == 0)
                return 0;

            var assemblyName = project.GetAssemblyName();
            if (assemblyName.Contains("UnitTest"))
                score += 5;
            else if (assemblyName.Contains("Test"))
                score += 3;

            if (assemblyName.Contains("Spec"))
                score += 2; // more likely to have non-test project with Spec in it?

            return score;
        }

        private static bool IsTestFrameworkReferenced(MsBuildProject project, string frameworkAssemblyFilename)
        {
            return project.GetLocalAssemblyRefs().Any(info =>
                info.EndsWith(frameworkAssemblyFilename, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Cooke & Bieler Lp bought 37,840 shares as the company's stock rose 14.82% with the market. The hedge fund run by Dan Loeb held 5.25M shares of the public utilities company at the end of 2017Q2, valued at $318.26M, up from 5.00 million at the end of the previous reported quarter. Cooke & Bieler Lp who had been investing in Cohu for a number of months, seems to be bullish on the $622.90M market cap company.
The stock increased 0.12% or $0.14 during the last trading session, reaching $116.02. Cohu, Inc. (NASDAQ:COHU) has risen 64.54% since December 11, 2016 and is uptrending. It has outperformed by 18.09% the S&P500. T-Mobile US had 69 analyst reports since August 3, 2015 according to SRatingsIntel. (NASDAQ:TMUS). Robeco Institutional Asset Mngmt Bv has invested 0.22% in T-Mobile US, Inc. The stock increased 1.00% or $0.62 during the last trading session, reaching $62.54. About 30,565 shares traded. It has outperformed by 45.93% the S&P500. Calix Inc (NYSE:CALX) was raised too. Friess Assoc Ltd Com holds 1.27% or 230,145 shares.
Investors sentiment increased to 2.2 in 2017 Q2. Its up 0.14, from 1.22 in 2017Q1. Advent Cap Mngmt De invested in 12,000 shares. 32 funds opened positions while 56 raised stakes. Cwm Ltd Llc owns 59 shares for 0% of their portfolio. Marble Harbor Investment Counsel Llc owns 112,700 shares or 2.08% of their United States portfolio. Nationwide Fund Advsr reported 0.07% stake. State Board Of Administration Of Florida Retirement System holds 0% in Cohu, Inc. (NASDAQ:TMUS) or 40,494 shares. William Blair maintained T-Mobile US, Inc. Boston Private Wealth Lc holds 12,535 shares or 0.03% of its portfolio. In that case, its shares would mark a 0.9% decline from the most recent price. Numina Mgmt Ltd Liability Corporation holds 1.08% or 108,661 shares in its portfolio. Connor Clark And Lunn Investment Limited invested in 11,400 shares or 0% of the stock.
Cincinnati Indemnity Co holds 19.9% of its portfolio in Automatic Data Processing, Inc. for 48,100 shares. Eleven equities research analysts have rated the stock with a hold recommendation and eighteen have given a buy recommendation to the company. The lowest target is $11.0 while the high is $115.0.
Moving average is significant analytical tool used to discover current price trends and the possibility for a change in an established trend. The stock of Bojangles', Inc. (NASDAQ:TMUS) has "Buy" rating given on Monday, October 23 by Cowen & Co. FBR Capital maintained the shares of TMUS in report on Wednesday, January 11 with "Outperform" rating. DA Davidson has "Buy" rating and $50 target. Needham maintained Cohu, Inc. (NASDAQ:TMUS) earned "Buy" rating by Oppenheimer on Thursday, August 10. The company has market cap of $1.29 billion. It is negative, as 58 investors sold TMUS shares while 140 reduced holdings. 278.36 million shares or 0.37% less from 279.41 million shares in 2017Q1 were reported. Royal Bank of Canada reissued a "buy" rating and issued a $76.00 price target on shares of T-Mobile US in a report on Friday, June 2nd.
T-Mobile US, Inc. (NASDAQ:TMUS) trades at $62.54 having a market capitalization of $52.68 billion. (NASDAQ:TMUS) showed a growth of 31.17 Percent per annum. Fdx Incorporated holds 0.03% or 16,865 shares in its portfolio. Cantab Ptnrs Limited Liability Partnership stated it has 0% of its portfolio in T-Mobile US, Inc.
T-Mobile US (NASDAQ:TMUS) last issued its earnings results on Monday, October 23rd. (NASDAQ:TMUS). Dana Investment Advsrs reported 296,659 shares. The firm owned $28.55 million shares of the company's stock after selling 1.26 million shares during the period. T-Mobile US had a return on equity of 9.99% and a net margin of 5.55%. (NASDAQ:TMUS) or 1,869 shares. Pinnacle Associate Limited reported 155,911 shares stake.
Analysts await T-Mobile US, Inc. Moreover, Tekla Capital Management Llc has 3.81% invested in the company for 798,053 shares. It also upped Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:REGN) stake by 3,267 shares and now owns 6,467 shares. Among holders that decreased their positions, 66 sold out of the stock T-Mobile US, Inc. Therefore 77% are positive. As per Monday, October 2, the company rating was maintained by RBC Capital Markets. As per Tuesday, October 10, the company rating was maintained by Deutsche Bank. Cowen reaffirmed a "buy" rating and set a $70.00 price objective on shares of T-Mobile US in a research report on Friday, August 25th. Three months ago, analysts assigned TMUS a 4.47 rating, which implies that analysts have become more optimistic about the outlook for the stock over the next year. The firm has "Buy" rating by Goldman Sachs given on Tuesday, May 23. On Friday, June 24 the stock rating was downgraded by Nomura to "Neutral". The firm earned "Buy" rating on Tuesday, September 5 by Jefferies. It also reduced its holding in Constellation Brands Inc (NYSE:STZ) by 500,000 shares in the quarter, leaving it with 2.50 million shares, and cut its stake in Charter Communications Inc N.
Jada Pinkett Smith Calls Out the Golden Globes for Overlooking "Girls Trip"


All protocols submitted to the IRB must utilize an appropriate (and approved) recruitment and consent process(es) consonant with the risks involved. It is the responsibility of the PI and research staff to ensure that proper informed consent has been obtained from all research participants. Assent must be obtained from minors. Assent forms are typically much briefer than consent forms, and the language must be appropriate for the age of the participant.
Unless a waiver of documentation of informed consent is requested (see below), all research projects involving human subjects require a consent form signed by both the researcher and the subject.
The human subjects in your project must participate willingly, having been adequately informed about the research. If the human subjects in your project are part of a vulnerable population (i.e. prisoners, cognitively impaired individuals, or minors), special protections are required. Contact the IRB Office for more information.
Except where noted, written informed consent must contain all sections described in the templates.
The consent form should be able to be read easily (5th to 8th grade level) and should be formatted to separate required elements of the informed consent process (i.e. Risks & Benefits, Explanation of the Research Study, etc). For example, create section headings to guide the reader or use topic sentences to highlight pertinent information in each new section. Please do not include a copy of this consent form template with your application; only include the consent form you plan to use.
Each section includes instructions for preparation and provides suggested text of the information to be included. Please customize the suggested text to adequately describe the research project.
If informed consent will be obtained in a language other than English, please include a copy of the consent document in that language, as well as a copy of the English version.
We have provided a number of informed consent templates that fit various kinds of research studies. The links to these forms are at the bottom of this page.
The research can not be carried out without the waiver of consent When the principal research risks are those associated with breach of confidentiality.
PLEASE NOTE: The absence of a signed consent document DOES NOT release the researcher from obtaining research subjects' consent to participate in the study. Participants should be aware that they are in a research study, who is conducting the study and for what reason, and that their participation is voluntary. One approach is to attach a consent -type document with the pertinent information ("elements of consent"), and indicate that completing the survey indicates consent to participate. Individuals may also be given information on the study to take with them. In circumstances when informed consent must be obtained verbally, oral instructions and the script detailing exactly what will be said to the participant are very important.
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An explanation of whom to contact for answers pertinent questions about the research and research subjects' rights, and whom to contact in the event of a research-related injury to the subject. The investigator must provide their name, phone number, and email address where they can be contacted for information about the study. Dr. Daniel Block, Chair of the IRB, 773-995-2405, irb@csu.edu, must be listed as the person to contact if the participant has questions or concerns about their rights or treatment as a research subject.
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OSPF Network type을 공부하기 전에 일반 Network type에 대해 학습해 보자. 일반적으로 Network type은 물리적 구조에 따라 크게 'Multi-access'와 'Point-to-point'로 구분된다.
이번에는 Network Type을 물리적 구조로 구분하지 말고 Layer 2 Protocol을 기준으로 구분해 보자.
Layer 2 Protocol 중에는 Point-to-point 물리적 구조만 지원하는 Protocol이 있고, Point-to-point와 Multi-Access 물리적 구조를 모두 지원하는 Protocol이 있다.
PPP나 HDLC Protocol 같은 경우는 Point-to-point 물리적 구조만 지원하는 대표적인 Protocol이다. 이러한 Protocol을 'Point-to-point Protocol'이라 부른다. 그리고, Ethernet, Token-ring, Frame-relay, X.25 등은 모두 지원하는데, 이러한 Protocol을 'Multi-access Protocol'이라 부른다.
Point-to-point Protocol은 Layer 2 address를 가지고 있지 않다. 한 장비하고만 연결되어 있기 때문에 주소로 구분할 필요가 없기 때문이다. 그런가하면 Multi-access Protocol은 하나의 Interface로 여러 장비와 연결될 수 있기 때문에, 어느 장비에게 traffic을 전달하려 하는지에 대한 정보가 필요하다. 그래서, MAC address, DLCI 등과 같은 Layer 2 address가 반드시 필요하다.
그리고, Point-to-point Protocol은 장비간에 항상 1:1로 직접 연결되어 있고, Layer 2 address가 없기 때문에 Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast 모두를 전달할 수 있다.
그런데, Multi-access Protocol은 Layer 2 address가 존재하기 때문에 Layer 3 address와 Layer 2 address 간에 MAP이 존재해야만 traffic을 전달할 수 있다. 예를 들어, Ethernet은 ARP table에 IP address에 대한 MAC address 정보가 존재해야 하고, Frame-relay는 IP address에 대하여 DLCI 정보가 존재해야 한다.
그런데, 여기서 문제가 발생한다. MAC address는 Multicast Layer 3 address와 Broadcast Layer 3 address에 대하여 약속된 MAC address가 존재한다. 하지만, Frame-relay, ATM, X.25와 같은 Protocol은 Multicast Layer 3 address나 Broadcast Layer 3 address에 대한 Layer 2 address가 존재하지 않는다.
그래서, MAC address를 사용하는 Token-ring이나 Ethernet은 Multicast와 Broadcast를 전달할 수 있지만, Frame-relay, ATM, X.25는 Multicast나 Broadcast를 전달할 수 없다. 이렇게 Multicast나 Broadcast를 전달할 수 없는 Protocol을 'NBMA(Non-Broadcast Multi-access) Protocol'이라 한다.
종합적으로 정리를 해보면 Layer 2 Protocol은 Network Type이 다음과 같이 구분된다.


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Home Economy Finance Ministry's 'Social Cohesion' Fund Grossly Underspent MAD 15 Billion Budget
Finance Ministry's 'Social Cohesion' Fund Grossly Underspent MAD 15 Billion Budget
By Neaman Lerhmari
Rabat – The Court of Auditors revealed the under-spending of the Fund for Social Cohesion in a report delivered at the House of Representatives on Tuesday. The fund totaled MAD 15 billion in cash flows from 2012 to 2016, but it spent less than half that amount on the four projects it funded for those four years.
The creation of the Fund for Social Cohesion was laid down in 2012's Finance Act and made effective starting in 2014. The following programs benefit directly from its funding: "Tayssir" to combat early school leaving, "One Million Schoolbags," RAMED healthcare cards, and support programs for widows and people living with disabilities.
Upon the request of the Parliamentary Commission for Public Finance, the audit identified dysfunctions and lack of strategy in the implementation of the social programs and budget planning. The Court of Auditors held the Ministry of Finance, the body in charge of the fund, accountable for its malfunction.
According to the Arabic daily Akhbar Al Yaoum, the ministry explained that its lateness was due to the need to accumulate sufficient funds to run the previously cited programs, and to the lack of guidelines and legal framework to operate, which took the ministry two years to address.
From 2012 to 2016, the Fund for Social Cohesion generated MAD 15.3 billion in cash flows, but did not spend more than MAD 6.6 billion on the previously listed programs. The services that the funded programs provide could have been better in quality if they received more funding, said Akhbar Al Yaoum. For example, in 2016, the RAMED health care system entailed expenses of MAD 6.6 billion, the Ministry of Health only received MAD 3.53 billion, despite serving more than 80 percent of the public health care users.
The Ministry of Finance allocated unplanned budgets, an action that the Court of Auditors said was "contrary to the general rules of budget planning and laws organizing the Finance Act." The line ministry argued that "the planned budget that line ministries ask for is unequal to the sum of the fund's cashflow"
Speaking for the Court of Auditors, Mohamed Hadhoudi, the president of its third chamber, explained to the MPs that the strategy to strengthen social cohesion in Morocco is insufficient, along with "the comprehensive resource planning on the mid-term."
Resource planning is not the easiest matter for the Ministry of Finance. The yearly cash flows are unsteady and change from one year to another: From MAD 2.2 billion in 2012, they skyrocketed to MAD 4.9 billion in 2016 before plummeting to MAD 3.2 billion.
In addition to the lack of planning, the magistrates also pointed to a lack of vision in the use of the resources in the said programs. The line ministries of the programs, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Solidarity, Family, and Social development, do not lack vision and strategy, they said, but need the proper monitoring and control framework over the projects.
Libya to Repatriate Bodies of Moroccan Victims of Tripoli Airstrike


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Director Biography – David Mahmoudieh (SNAKE DICK)
Born in the UK to immigrant parents, David (birth name "Darvood") is half-Iranian and half-British-French-Canadian. Married to a second-generation American-Korean with roots in Japan, he likens his family gatherings to a summit at the UN.
David began his career as a trainee AD on productions including "X-Files", "The Outer Limits" and "Batman Begins", where he was lucky enough to learn from some of the best directors in the business.
Almost a decade ago, David made the step-up from AD with his directing debut for Coldplay's "Lost", and has since become an award-winning director of commercials for brands including Google, Lego and Samsung. He now owns, and directs through, his production company Alpha Wolves, with clients including Yahoo, Universal Music and Porsche.
David won the ECU Screenwriting Contest with his spec script, "RAIN" — the story of a young girl with an allergy to water — now in active development as an 8-part mini-series with Neve Campbell attached to star and produce.
He previously sold his horror script "THE FRAIL" in a competitive bid and was recently hired by Roddenberry Entertainment, creators of Star Trek, to write and direct the adaptation of their graphic novel, "WORTH".
Last year David directed his first feature-film as a "director-for-hire", the indie drama SEE YOU SOON starring Harvey Keitel, Liam McIntyre and Poppy Drayton, which secured a theatrical release in the United States and Europe against a modest budget. (Disclaimer: he hates it!)
David is now attached to direct the western biopic BOONE, which he co-wrote, and is co-writing and developing TV series EXORCIST ACADEMY (based on his viral short) with former "Flash" and current "Lois & Superman" showrunner Todd Helbing.
David is a proud ambassador for Kids In The Spotlight, a charity which helps foster kids write their own short films and cultivates opportunities for them within the industry. PARALLEL, a film David directed for the charity, recently won Best Dramatic Short at Shiver International Film Festival.
David has dual US-UK Citizenship and resides in Los Angeles with his wife, costume designer Susanna Song, and their three psychotic cats.
"SNAKE DICK" is inspired by the #MeToo movement and the metaphorical manifestation of male fear towards female empowerment. I am currently developing a feature-version, based upon this short.
Short Film: SNAKE DICK, 8min., USA, Action
Short Film: CAMILLA, 11min,. Drama/Romance


Unhappiness blends together his usual beat therapy on this new Cosmicleaf EP. Soulful vibes bounce around tripped-out old-school beats. Chill-hop at it's finest. This will definitely put a smile on your face even in the middle of an urban jungle. No matter what kind of day you're having, it's always a good day for this.


As I have mentioned in previous posts, we are drawing our summer inspiration from Disney FamilyFun Magazine's Badges of Fun program where you earn "badges" by completing fun family activities. In August, the great activities were all centered around hitting the road and making road trips easier and more fun with young kids. If there is one thing I know (hopefully I know more than one) it is about road-tripping with kids.
At least once a year, we drive from Seattle to Lodi, California and back – about 14 +/- hours in the car each way. Yes, we do it all in one day because it has been our experience that piling two adults, two kids and a dog into a cheap motel room equals no sleep for anyone, even the dog. It also doubles the amount of packing and unpacking so the pain of spending all day in the car is more than worth it.
The key to keeping your sanity of road trips, no matter the length, is planning ahead and packing the car appropriately. For our camping trips this year I started making a reading box which sits neatly between the boy's seats in the car. It contains books, coloring books, crayons and other reading material. Luckily I have two readers. Once we arrive at the campground, it moves into Poppy (our trailer) for bedtime or if they wake up early.
Each boy also packs a bag of toys. I have taken two reusable six-pack wine carriers and cut out the dividers, because these are smaller than the regular shoppers. They hold the right amount of toys and not only provide toys for the car, but also for use once we arrive at our destination.
was spent stopped on the freeway. The boys were complete angels, happily watching movies and eating snacks.
Are you participating in the Badges of Fun series? I would love to hear about what activities you are doing.


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Past Recent Decadal Warming Predicted By Natural Cycles.
Roy Spencer weighs in again and is able to inform us that the warming experienced over the past fifty years or so conforms to the expectations created by prior cycles of warming and cooling over the previous century.
His work is quite convincing and we are left with the sense that what has been experienced in the past thirty years was predictable on the basis of prior data and in the event minimizes the possibility of human causation.
He does not wreck our day by doing the obvious and applying this all to the next thirty years, though I am sure that is coming.
Warming in Last 50 Years Predicted by Natural Climate Cycles
June 6th, 2010 by Roy W. Spencer, Ph. D.
http://www.drroyspencer.com/2010/06/warming-in-last-50-years-predicted-by-natural-climate-cycles
One of the main conclusions of the 2007 IPCC report was that the warming over the last 50 years was most likely due to anthropogenic pollution, especially increasing atmospheric CO2 from fossil fuel burning.
But a minority of climate researchers have maintained that some — or even most — of that warming could have been due to natural causes. For instance, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) are natural modes of climate variability which have similar time scales to warming and cooling periods during the 20th Century. Also, El Nino — which is known to cause global-average warmth — has been more frequent in the last 30 years or so; the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is a measure of El Nino and La Nina activity.
A simple way to examine the possibility that these climate cycles might be involved in the warming over the last 50 years in to do a statistical comparison of the yearly temperature variations versus the PDO, AMO, and SOI yearly values. But of course, correlation does not prove causation.
So, what if we use the statistics BEFORE the last 50 years to come up with a model of temperature variability, and then see if that statistical model can "predict" the strong warming over the most recent 50 year period? That would be much more convincing because, if the relationship between temperature and these 3 climate indicies for the first half of the 20th Century just happened to be accidental, we sure wouldn't expect it to accidentally predict the strong warming which has occurred in the second half of the 20th Century, would we?
Temperature, or Temperature Change Rate?
This kind of statistical comparison is usually performed with temperature. But there is greater physical justification for using the temperature change rate, instead of temperature. This is because if natural climate cycles are correlated to the time rate of change of temperature, that means they represent heating or cooling influences, such as changes in global cloud cover (albedo).
Such a relationship, shown in the plot below, would provide a causal link of these natural cycles as forcing mechanisms for temperature change, since the peak forcing then precedes the peak temperature.
http://www.drroyspencer.com/wp-content/uploads/Climate-indicies-vs-NH-Tsfc-change-rate.gif
Predicting Northern Hemispheric Warming Since 1960
Since most of the recent warming has occurred over the Northern Hemisphere, I chose to use the CRUTem3 yearly record of Northern Hemispheric temperature variations for the period 1900 through 2009. From this record I computed the yearly change rates in temperature. I then linearly regressed these 1-year temperature change rates against the yearly average values of the PDO, AMO, and SOI.
I used the period from 1900 through 1960 for "training" to derive this statistical relationship, then applied it to the period 1961 through 2009 to see how well it predicted the yearly temperature change rates for that 50 year period. Then, to get the model-predicted temperatures, I simply added up the temperature change rates over time.
The result of this exercise in shown in the following plot.
http://www.drroyspencer.com/wp-content/uploads/20th-Century-NH-Tsfc-model-based-on-PDO-AMO-SOI.gif
What is rather amazing is that the rate of observed warming of the Northern Hemisphere since the 1970's matches that which the PDO, AMO, and SOI together predict, based upon those natural cycles' PREVIOUS relationships to the temperature change rate (prior to 1960).
Again I want to emphasize that my use of the temperature change rate, rather than temperature, as the predicted variable is based upon the expectation that these natural modes of climate variability represent forcing mechanisms — I believe through changes in cloud cover — which then cause a lagged temperature response.
This is powerful evidence that most of the warming that the IPCC has attributed to human activities over the last 50 years could simply be due to natural, internal variability in the climate system. If true, this would also mean that (1) the climate system is much less sensitive to the CO2 content of the atmosphere than the IPCC claims, and (2) future warming from greenhouse gas emissions will be small.


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Bristol, the member of the Russell Group of research-intensive Universities, is at the cutting edge of global research and has made innovations in the areas from cot death prevention to nanotechnology. Enjoying strong connections with top organisations, Bristol is the third most targeted university by top UK employers. The Guardian has ranked Bristol high in Business & Management, Geography, Social Science, Economics and Music.
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If laying waste to a pesky patch of bamboo sounds like your idea of fun on a Sunday morning, we have one heck of an opportunity for you.
A major BeltLine clean-up effort – with emphasis on removal of an existing bamboo grove – is scheduled for Sunday August 5 from 9 AM until Noon. Efforts will be focused on the area from Park Drive northward to Evelyn Street. The area has long been a hiding place for urban campers and was the site last winter of an out-of-control campfire. As such, clean up of the area is considered a top priority for neighborhood security and safety.
Volunteers are needed to make this three-hour project a success and anyone who can help is encouraged to show up Sunday morning at 9 AM. The work area can be accessed from behind the Park Drive Bridge or from the Amsterdam Walk parking lot. If you park at Amsterdam Walk, please advise the security folks by putting a note on your windshield stating you are at the BeltLine cleanup.
Volunteers should wear long pants; loose-fitting, long-sleeve shirts; heavy shoes; and gloves and bring along a water bottle. If you have a pair of sturdy hedge trimmers, please bring them. The Atlanta Community ToolBank will provide other tools and supplies.
Anyone who can help with this important community project is asked to RSVP to organizer Shireen Herrington at sherrington@ctrxhs.com. Please RSVP so that organizers know how many tools to have on hand.
While this project represents a good chance for high school students to earn community service hours, the venue is not suitable for younger children.
On-going clean-up efforts such as this – sponsored by community groups who have signed up to be stewards of sections of the BeltLine through the Adopt-the-Atlanta BeltLine program – are an essential part of the ongoing progress of the BeltLine trail system, and contribute significantly to the safety of the trail's users.
Adopt-the-Atlanta BeltLine is a partnership between Park Pride, the Atlanta BeltLine Partnership and the Atlanta BeltLine, Inc.
This entry was posted in news and tagged 2012, beltline, cleanups by Kay Stephenson. Bookmark the permalink.


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Rating: 8.3/10 by 3822 users
Marta Kauffman
Release Date: Thu, Sep 22, 1994
Chandler Bing
Joey Tribbiani
Monica Geller
Ross Geller
Phoebe Buffay
Season 10:
Episode 1: The One After Joey and Rachel Kiss (Sep 25, 2003)
Monica, Chandler and Phoebe discover that they can eavesdrop on Ross & Charlie and Joey & Rachel through the walls of the hotel. Both new couples decide to wait before proceeding with their relationships, until the men can talk to each other. Ross tells Joey on the plane ride back to New York, but Joey can't quite yet. Later, Ross walks in on Joey and Rachel kissing. Meanwhile, Monica combats her poofy hair by getting corn rows put in, and Phoebe discovers that Mike has a girlfriend.
Episode 2: The One Where Ross Is Fine (Oct 02, 2003)
Ross puts on a convincing front and invites Joey and Rachel to dine on fajitas with him and Charlie. He quickly gets drunk and embarrasses everyone. After Rachel and Charlie leave, Joey spends the night and the two talk in the morning. Ross tells Joey he'll work on getting used to him and Rachel. Meanwhile, Frank Jr. visits with his kids and tries to talk Phoebe into taking one of the triplets. Also, Chandler and Monica visit some friends of Phoebe's to learn about adoption. However, Chandler accidentally tells their son something he didn't know - that he's adopted.
Episode 3: The One with Ross's Tan (Oct 09, 2003)
Joey and Rachel's first date goes well, until they return to their apartment and discover that everything's awkward. They decide that they make better friends than lovers and call off their relationship. Monica and Phoebe try to avoid their annoying friend Amanda, who has returned from living in London with a fake British accent. Ross gets a spray-on tan.
Episode 4: The One with the Cake (Oct 23, 2003)
It's baby Emma's first birthday and Rachel won't let the party start until Emma wakes from her nap. However, everybody has places to be: Monica and Chandler want to leave for a weekend getaway in Vermont, Phoebe has a massage client, and Joey has an audition.
Episode 5: The One Where Rachel's Sister Babysits (Oct 30, 2003)
Monica and Chandler solicit Joey to write a letter to the adoption agency on their behalf. Joey discovers the thesaurus. Rachel's sister Amy visits and moves in with Rachel and Joey. She babysits Emma and gets the little girl's ears pierced. On their first anniversary, Phoebe spoils Mike's plans to propose, so she proposes to him. That doesn't go well, but the two get engaged anyway.
Episode 6: The One with Ross's Grant (Nov 06, 2003)
Rachel and Monica fight over who will receive an ugly painting from Phoebe's apartment when Mike wants her to get rid of it. Chandler gets on Joey's bad side when he lies about watching Joey's audition tape. Ross is up for a big grant, although Charlie's ex-boyfriend is in charge of who gets it. Dr. Hobart tries to trade--Ross breaks up with Charlie and he'll get the grant. Eventually, Charlie and Dr. Hobart reconcile after he reveals his feelings for her.
Episode 7: The One with the Home Study (Nov 13, 2003)
Phoebe and Mike struggle over their decision to donate their wedding fund to charity. Ross discovers Rachel's irrational fear of swings. The adoption worker in charge of deciding the fate of Monica and Chandler's adoption hopes had a one-night-stand with Joey where he never called her back. Monica and Chandler are approved for adoption.
Episode 8: The One with the Late Thanksgiving (Nov 20, 2003)
After Monica announces that she's not cooking Thanksgiving dinner this year, Phoebe talks her back into it. Ross, Rachel, Phoebe and Joey are all late to the dinner, thanks to a baby beauty contest and a Rangers game, so Monica and Chandler lock them out. The gang is united again when Monica gets a phone call informing her that a pregnant girl from Ohio has selected her to adopt her unborn baby.
Episode 9: The One with the Birth Mother (Jan 08, 2004)
Monica and Chandler travel to Ohio to meet a potential mother for their child, but they're put in an uncomfortable situation when the mom-to-be thinks they're a reverend and doctor. Joey's date picks food off his plate. Rachel picks out an outfit for Ross to wear on a date, but accidentally gives him the bag with her purchases instead.
Episode 10: The One Where Chandler Gets Caught (Jan 15, 2004)
Phoebe and Rachel catch Chandler getting into a car with a blonde woman and think he's having an affair. It turns out that the woman was Monica and Chandler's realtor, and the two are buying a house in Westchester. The friends reminisce about their good times in the apartment.
Episode 11: The One Where the Stripper Cries (Feb 05, 2004)
Phoebe's bachelorette party features a rather unexpected surprise when the stripper shows up. Joey is on ""Pyramid."" Chandler and Ross flash back to 1987 to reflect on a pact they made when they were in college.
Episode 12: The One with Phoebe's Wedding (Feb 12, 2004)
Phoebe asks Joey to give her away at her wedding. Monica's the wedding planner and she's driving Phoebe nuts. Chandler and Ross discover at the rehearsal dinner that neither of them has a part in the wedding. However, Mike needs to replace a groomsman, so he lets Phoebe choose one of them, although she gives the job to Rachel. Joey takes his role as the bride's dad way too seriously. Phoebe fires Monica. The day of the wedding, New York is hit with the worst snowstorm its seen in 20 years. Phoebe rehires Monica, and the wedding ends up taking place in the street outside of Central Perk. When the priest can't make it, Joey steps in for him, and Chandler gives the bride away, while groomsman Ross is stuck taking care of Mike's old dog.
Episode 13: The One Where Joey Speaks French (Feb 19, 2004)
Phoebe tries to teach Joey to speak French for an audition. Surrogate mom Erica is visiting town and tells the Bings that the baby's father may be a shovel killer. Ross and Rachel head out to Long Island after her dad has a heart attack. After Ross rejects an upset Rachel's advances, the two decide never to have sex again, although Rachel suggests it still might happen.
Episode 14: The One with Princess Consuela (Feb 26, 2004)
Monica and Chandler visit their house, which is in escrow, where Joey is comforted about losing his friends by the 8-year-old girl who presently lives there. Phoebe learns that she can change her name to whatever she wants, which turns out to be Princess Consuela Bananahammock. After Mike changes his name to Crap Bag, she decides to just be Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan. Ross gets tenure at his job. Rachel's boss is sitting next to her at an interview, and she loses her job. However, she runs into her old friend Mark, who offers her a job in Paris.
Episode 15: The One Where Estelle Dies (Apr 22, 2004)
Ross tries to get Rachel rehired at Ralph Lauren. He succeeds, but after Rachel tells him how scared she is about moving to Paris, he's convinced she should go. Phoebe discovers that Joey's agent Estelle died and, since his life has been changing so much recently, doesn't want to tell him. Chandler and Monica visit the house next door to theirs and discover that Janice is bidding on it. To get Janice to withdraw her offer, Chandler comes on to her.
Episode 16: The One with Rachel's Going Away Party (Apr 29, 2004)
With Rachel leaving tomorrow, the gang throws her a small going away party. She says goodbye to each of her friends individually, except for Ross. He gets mad and the two of them end up in a passionate kiss after she explains that she was putting it off because of how hard saying goodbye to him would be. Meanwhile, Erica is in town until the baby arrives and she ends up going into labor at the party.
Episode 17: The Last One (1) (May 06, 2004)
Ross and Phoebe chase Rachel to the airport, but end up at the wrong one. They narrowly make it to the right airport, where Ross declares his love for Rachel, but she gets on the plane anyway. A rejected Ross returns home, where he finds a message on his answering machine, revealing that Rachel got off the plane, just as the real thing shows up behind him. They decide to be together. Meanwhile, Chandler and Monica finish packing for their move to the suburbs, and Joey loses Chick Jr. and Duck Jr. in the foosball table.
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El Chavo del Ocho
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
Spend a little time now for free register and you could benefit later. You will be able to Stream and Download Friends Streaming in High-Definition on your PC (desktop, laptop, tablet, handheld pc etc.) and Mac. Download as many as you like and watch them on your computer, your tablet, TV or mobile device.


Thank you to all of our reader's that are contributing to the community. We at Asia Photo Review really enjoy seeing the little snippets of life that are captured through your eyes. For this post of Reader's Gallery we get to take a look at life in Bangladesh, India, and China.
A special thank you to Mahadi Hasan, Sharafat Ali, and Emma Sywyj for your submissions. We will be having an exhibition for the month of May in Los Angeles California. Please see the link below for more details and how to submit.
Information: Everyone has a dream to touch the sky. So I want to show their dreams with my photography.
Information: In year 2017, I decided to work on a photo series "Why every-time mobile phones". No doubt mobile phones have revolutionized the modern times, but one should not forget the fact that there is a life beyond these tiny pocket size gadgets. In this photo series I've been documented daily life of my friends, relatives and others I met. The photo series depicts the addiction of mobile phones and how their attachment has affected the colorful lives of people especially youth.The photos have been taken different places across the length and breadth of the valley. All the pictures in this photo series have been shot on mobile phone.
Bio: I am Sharafat Ali 24, an award winning photographer born and based in Indian Controlled Kashmir. It all started for me in the year 2013 when I got interested in photography and began shooting in the streets and taking people's portraits. Since then, my understanding and interest in photography has grown. I liked the job of a "documentary photographer" and I opted for photojournalism and documentary photography as my career. What I enjoy most about my photojournalism is working on stories, which can bring social change in society. I believe in the creation of photo works with a deeper meaning. Being a photographer and an accountable resident of my motherland Kashmir, I want to preserve and document stories for eternity. I want make them archival tools for generations to come.
Information: These photographs are from a photography series called 'China', it was created during my travels to China. My Dad's family are from Malaysia but several generations before me they were originally from China. After I became interested in Chinese contemporary art and culture I travelled to the country and stayed there for a month and a half. I learnt a lot about Chinese art and cuisine and connected with my family's roots whilst I was there. I got to experience city life in Nanjing, Beijing and Suzhou and spent time in an ancient inn in the countryside and time in the mountains of the Jiangsu province. This photographic series marks my journey of outsider to insider, I photographed subjects I connected with or things that stood out to me.
Bio: I have been an artist for 14 years, 5 of those years I was based in London whilst studying photography at the Camberwell College of Arts at the UAL. From there I received a BA Honours in Photography and a Foundation Diploma in Art & Design. I have exhibited my artwork internationally in the US in New York, LA & San Francisco and Athens in Greece and Budapest in Hungary. I have also exhibited nationally in the UK and London several times where I currently live and work. I have also been published in several independent art magazines in the UK and exhibited my video art work in international film festivals around the globe.


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text:
Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez Reps Team Up: Issue Identical Denials Of Fake Graphic Texts
Page Mackinley
Selena Gomez was not at Justin Bieber's Calabasas, California house on the night an egg-throwing attack took place at his neighbor's home and of which the Canadian superstar is accused, despite reports by a tabloid outlet stating otherwise.
Gossip Cop reports a source close to Gomez told the website,
"Selena was not at Justin's house, and in fact, was not even in town [on the night of the egging] " the insider said.
Accordingly, the police raid at Bieber's house last Tuesday in search of evidence that might connect the "Boyfriend" singer to the egging, has nothing to do with the Rudderless actress and she will not be questioned as she was not in Los Angeles, Gossip Cop adds.
The latest denial follows Radar's decision to publish yet more speculation on the basis of an exposed scam text conversation. The outlet — who have been called out before over bogus claims — are bullishly ignoring a statement of denial from Gomez's representative who has said histrionic text messages and nude pictures claimed to have been sent from Justin's cell phone are "Not real."
Mail Online obtained the denial from Gomez's representative, Jill Fritzo, on Tuesday after Radar went to press with the reportedly false text conversation on Monday.
They did so despite TMZ previously reporting the messages and nude photos were fake and had been shopped by an ex-pal of Bieber misrepresenting them as real. TMZ even published extracts of the conversations and said one of the texts said a drug intervention for the idol would take place at 11:30 pm on January 16, which then didn't because it was fake dialogue.
In the texts, the faux Gomez and faux Bieber argued dramatically with each other, lobbing insults such as "addict" and "U r sick" from the bogus Selena to an equally bogus Bieber. "Talentless p****y" and "You're only famous cuz of me" were fired back from a fake Justin to the still fake actress-singer.
For IQ's previous report on TMZ's heads-up on the text exchange scam click the highlight.
In addition to Fritzo's denial, a Gomez representative told Access Hollywood,"These texts did not occur between the two of them."
Meanwhile, Bieber's rep moved one syllable and told E! News, "Those texts did not occur between the two of them."
Nevertheless, Radar is alleging Gomez was at Bieber's on the night of the egging but left before the infamous incident. At which point, the tabloid claims two girls Kristina and Lynn came over to the 19-year-old superstar's house.
This is of course speculation and appears to be based on texts which have been dismissed as false more than once. Furthermore, it is a seemingly damning example of a gossip outlet's decision to try and bluff its way out an exposed scam, rather than simply admit, "This didn't happen, lets move on."
Bieber and Gomez sparked reunion rumors earlier this month after they were sighted riding Segways near his home, were seen in an tender Instagram, and later spotted on a break in northern California.
The impression given was of a couple far removed from the warring, insanity of the alleged twosome in Radar Online's gossip item.


Home » Bühler appoints Macus as c.f.o.
UZWIL, SWITZERLAND — Mark Macus, Ph.D., has been named chief financial officer of Bühler, effective Sept. 1. Dr. Macus will succeed Andreas Herzog, who plans to retire later this year after 17 years as c.f.o.
Dr. Macus worked for six years at KPMG, was employed for three years in corporate controlling of the Holcim Group and headed the corporate controlling unit of Bühler for five years. He has been the c.f.o. of the Vitra Group in Birsfelden, Switzerland, since April 2018. He has a doctorate degree from the University of St. Gallen and is a certified auditor.
In the future, Mr. Herzog said he plans to devote his time and energy to various board mandates and to supporting Bühler in its efforts to develop new business models and its commitment to start-ups.
Tate & Lyle taps Nawaz as c.f.o.


This place is excellent, and very inexpensive. Atmosphere is very casual. There are many great vegetarian options. Definitely recommend this place.
I ordered the chicken fried rice. The flavours were good up until the point I bit into small bones fragments (3 in total in a single serving). These could have done some real damage. Very disappointed. Will not recommend this amateur restaurant to anyone!
We had dim sum for lunch and it was very good. The parking lot off Bank St. is best approached coming from the north.
The menu has far too many items and as a non Chinese speaking patron, I really had no idea what was on the menu. The food itself is very generous for the take out.
Get quick answers from Beijing Legend staff and past visitors.


text:
Twin Cities Daily Planet (https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/tax-bill-little-and-lot-property-tax-relief/)
Tax bill: A little of this and a lot of property tax relief
By leeannwahi (Session Daily) | May 18, 2014
House Taxes Committee Chair Rep. Ann Lenczewski is congratulated by Rep. Greg Davids, the committee Republican lead, after the House passed the omnibus supplemental tax bill May 16. (Photo by Paul Battaglia)
The Lewis and Clark Regional Water System project that would bring water to parts of southwestern Minnesota, including Worthington and Luverne, became a surprise component to end-of-session negotiations in an effort to gain support for a bonding bill via the omnibus supplemental tax bill.
Before House and Senate conferees signed off Thursday on HF3167*/ SF2726, an amendment was added to provide funding for the project. The bill was sent to the House floor in the early hours of Friday morning where it passed 131-0 and was sent to the Senate.
Rep. Ann Lenczewski (DFL-Bloomington) and Sen. Rod Skoe (DFL-Clearbrook), the respective tax committee chairs, sponsor the bill, which targets $103 million in property tax relief, credits and refunds. Lenczewski said the late addition of the Lewis and Clark project would not change the bottom line of the conferred bill, and that project funding could come from money targeted for local government aid in later bienniums.
The project, which began construction in 2003, would pipe water from the Missouri River in South Dakota to several communities including those in Minnesota.
To support completion of the project in Minnesota, the bill would provide $45 million in local bonding authority, with the local governments responsible for one third of the debt service, while the state would be responsible two-thirds, and authority for the communities to use a half-cent sales tax to fund the issue.
Property tax relief supported
The signature spending proposed by the House is $45 million in property tax relief for fiscal year 2015 through increases in the homestead credit refund base on taxes payable in 2014 by 3 percent; the renter property tax refund base on rent paid in 2013 by 6 percent; and an increase in the agricultural homestead market value credit beginning in 2015. The property tax provisions are expected to cost the General Fund $24.6 million over the current biennium.
"The House really wants property tax relief," Lenczewski said. "We had a surplus, and the House wants to give more of that surplus back."
Rep. Greg Davids (R-Preston), former House Taxes Committee chair, noted the bipartisan provisions in the bill. "I have to say for the record, this is not the smokin' hot tax bill (and oft-referred to term he used for his tax bills), but if you touch it you will get burned."
Overall, the bill can best be described as having a little of this and a little of that.
Senate provisions accepted by the House include:
$4.5 million in 2014 and $10 million thereafter to most Minnesota counties with public-access boat landings to help manage county-based aquatic invasive species prevention programs;
$2.8 million for a new reading tax credit for parents or guardians of students with certain disabilities, such as dyslexia;
retroactive to April 1, 2009, a sales tax exemption on certain purchases of durable medical devices, affecting the General Fund by $1.5 million in fiscal year 2014 only;
a sales tax exemption for trail grooming equipment purchased by certain clubs. (Approximate revenue loss to the General Fund of $280,000 in the current biennium and $570,000 in the subsequent budget cycle); and
a sales tax exemption for the National Council of State Legislatures annual summit to be held in Minneapolis in August. The exemption is expected to cost the General Fund $62,000.
Firefighter retention, puppies and kitties
Both bodies put forward provisions to help increase the dwindling numbers of first responders in Greater Minnesota. The bill would establish a 14-county pilot project aimed at improving retention and recruitment of these positions. Included is a $500 stipend that would be paid to each eligible first responder in participating counties. The program is expected to cost $3.23 million in the 2016-2017 biennium.
The House was relentless in its plea to the Senate to include a provision to help "puppies and kitties."
A request for sales tax amnesty was brought forward after a Department of Revenue audit showed that several nonprofit animal shelters had not been collecting sales tax on the adoption fees they charged for animal placement.
"I am hopeful … These do-good, do right by animal people can be given a modicum of relief so they can continue to do their good works. It will further the education efforts by the department of revenue, which is trying to educate these organizations about the sales tax issue," said Rep. Linda Slocum (DFL-Richfield), a bill conferee.
The bill would provide amnesty regarding owed back sales taxes to operations that are not currently registered to collect and remit the tax. However, they would need to register and begin collecting the tax within four months of the bill's enactment.
The conference committee granted several community requests for changes to their tax increment financing programs, as well as adjustments to local sales taxes.
Other provisions include:
extending the military pay income tax subtraction for National Guard members who serve in active guard/reserve status;
changing the June accelerated sales tax remittance schedule;
raising the annual limit of non-taxable fund-raiser sales for youth and senior citizen groups from $10,000 to $20,000 annually; and
a study of how North Dakota's oil production impacts the Minnesota economy.
leeannwahi


Each species of moth has its own specific scientific name consisting of the genus and species to which the moth belongs. There are many genuses of moths and over 160,000 species. This is because moths are paraphyletic, meaning they belong to a group containing some descendants of a common ancestor.
The scientific name of the brown Forage Looper moth is Caenurgina erechtea. Unlike most moths, it is active both during the day and at night. The scientific name of the Eastern Tent Caterpillar moth is Malacosoma americanum. This species of moth is named for the behavior it displays when in the caterpillar stage; a number of caterpillars join together and build a tent-like structure in trees or shrubs that they return to each night for protection.
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What Is the Scientific Name for a Snake?
What Is the Scientific Name for an Acorn?


'Cecil Balmond ist aber mehr als Ingenieur, Architekt und Designer – er ist auch Forscher, Dozent und Künstler.' – 'Cecil Balmond is more than an engineer, architect and designer – he is also a researcher, lecturer and artist.' The Luxemburger Wort features a Q&A with Cecil Balmond after attending his lecture at the ArcelorMittal HQ last month. Click Read More for full translation.
How important is it to take account of environmental protection and sustainability in architecture?
"This question is difficult to answer. At the moment it is popular to answer this question with 'Anything'. I do not believe in sustainability in the way as it is recognized and chased by police of CO2. It has to be something much deeper in the sense that everything that you do, is sustainable. A good idea, for example, is sustainable because it leads other people to invest in the environment." He does not believe in reducing architecture to this question.


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