text:
Removable Dentures: Past, Present, Future
If you think you have seen everything when it comes to dentures, think again. Most people are familiar with removable dentures, both partial and full. There are also various ways dentures are kept in place, including bonding, clasping, and fixed prosthodontics. However, dentures have changed dramatically over the centuries and continue to evolve to this day.
Looking back at the timeline of dentures is a useful exercise in understanding where these devices have been and where they are going in terms of advancement. It may surprise you to learn that, overall, dentures really haven't changed all that much since the first recorded examples of their use as a solution for replacing missing teeth.
Dentures in History
As far back as 700 BC, human and animal teeth were popular choices for replacing missing teeth. Fast-forward to the late 1600s and wooden dentures became all the rage. Porcelain dentures were introduced around 100 years later but did not fare as well as animal teeth, as they were easily damaged. Metal-framed dentures first appeared in 1728 and, with relatively little advancement since then, removable dentures have remained largely unchanged for hundreds of years.
Dentures Today
While dentures may not have changed much since the days of their historical counterparts, techniques, such as clasping and dentures that are fixed to implants, have provided patients with a greater sense of security. The problem with modern dentures remains that they are not conducive to overall oral health. Fit and function are problems that exist with metal dentures. Patients often find these dentures uncomfortable and either don't wear them or don't take care of the devices and use good oral hygiene.
Flexibles are often a better solution for fit and aesthetics but may result in bacteria buildup. For patients who are committed to additional hygiene and maintenance, this may not present so much of a problem. The main problem with flexible dentures is they become deformed easily under normal stress, which doesn't make for a long-lasting denture.
Other alternatives include acrylics and high-performance polymers. The former may experience mechanical issues, making them easily broken and uncomfortable. The latter provides a balance between flexible and acrylic, providing patients with a Goldilocks-effect type of experience when it comes to dentures that fit comfortably.
Dentures of the Future
Digitally imagined, high-performance polymers are the way forward for the foreseeable future. The materials used, practicality, labor costs and advancements in technologies are what really dictate the future of dentures. CAD/CAM technology has allowed dentistry to provide custom dentures for patients and will continue to incorporate new innovations. However, there is still room for advancement and innovation regarding dentures. The future promises to deliver improvements that will ensure high-quality oral health solutions for all patients. If your dentist is still relying on outdated and ineffective procedures for replacing teeth, it's time to consider changing providers.
Pearl Shine Dental in Houston, Texas provides high-quality dentures to restore patient smiles. Call our offices today to book an appointment, if you have one or more missing teeth. We look forward to welcoming you as a new patient to our family practice.


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Visitors attending Saudi's Formula E-Prix swept away by historic Ad-Diriyah
One of the reasons why the Saudi Sports Authority selected Ad Diriyah as the host city for Formula E is its eye-catching nature. (SPA)
Staff writer, Al Arabiya English
With the launch of Saudi Arabia's Formula E-Prix race, which continues until Saturday, visitors got to enjoy the historic city of Ad-Diriyah where the race is being held. The city's unique historical buildings and architectural style grabbed the attention of many as its historical value shined through during the event.
Ad-Diriyah represents a prominent national symbol in the history of Saudi Arabia, and was associated with the first Saudi state and was its capital. It was a historic turning point in the Arabian Peninsula, and today, grabs the world's attention as they attend some of the largest and most prominent events, through which the Kingdom showcases a story of success, unification, development and growth.
Formula E Ad-Diriyah. (Supplied)
Ad-Diriyah is among the most important cultural heritage sites throughout the history of the Kingdom. It comprises of great archeological monuments, including the Ad-Diriyah Gate.
The city has ancient monuments dating back to the Thamud and Madaen Saleh epochs and the Stone Age. It is an integrated tourist city. Through the care of these sites, the Kingdom aims to make them among the most important visiting places in the Middle East.
One of the reasons why the Saudi Sports Authority selected Ad Diriyah as the host city for Formula E is its eye-catching nature and scenery made up of rivers, reefs and fertile lands, which are pillars of the city's environmental heritage.
The city has been developed to now showcase residential buildings, irrigation systems, canals, tunnels, agricultural villages and more.
Located on the shores of the Wadi Hanifa, Ad-Diriyah is seen as a model of oasis communities existing in desert environments, which molded its unique identity and authenticity.
The race kick started on Thursday, December 13, marking a new phase of intense car racing on a 2,495-m track, comprising 21 turns with new cars, new drivers, new city circuits and new rules.
Ad-Diriyah Formula E-Prix race marks the beginning of the fifth season of the ABB FIA Formula E Championship, during which all 11 Formula E teams will use their Gen2 cars in competition for the very first time.
In a first move to open its borders to international visitors, motor racing fans are able to attend through the Sharek platform which offers a seamless ticket purchase and online visa application process for sporting fans from around the world wanting to experience the festival of racing, live music and entertainment,including thrilling action on the track and global superstars performing on stage over three days at historical Ad Diriyah, on the outskirts of Riyadh.
Visitors are able to connect with tourism companies in the kingdom to attend the races through international ticket selling points and in accordance with the procedures facilitated by all the government and service sectors.
Based on the latest innovations in automotive technology, alternative energy solutions and the exciting race, Formula E is being presented in a new light in Ad-Diriyah, the heart of Riyadh's historic capital. The event brings together entertainment, sustainability, technology and innovation. This three-day event is full of family entertainment, featuring spectacular international and local live performances, as well as the race, which is the first of its kind for electric car sports in the Middle East.
Ad-Diriyah opened its doors at 4pm on Thursday where visitors enjoyed a race at the Formula E village, which stretches over 180,000 square feet, surrounded by a variety of cultural, recreational, and heritage areas, as well as designated areas for food and shopping.
ad diriyah
Ad-Diriyah Formula E-Prix racing action begins, thrilling young and old
The freestyle trials of Ad-Diriyah Formula E-Prix race drivers began on Thursday with the participation of a group of seasoned drivers as well as ... Sports
IN PICTURES: Saudi, Emirati Foreign Ministers in Formula E
Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir took his Emirati counterpart Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed on a tour in Formula E. Pictures show the two ministers ... Sports
What is the Formula E championship that Saudi Arabia is hosting?
The freestyle trials of Ad-Diriyah Formula E-Prix race drivers began on Friday with the participation of a group of seasoned drivers as well as new ... Reports
Riyadh auto show exhibits 600 rare cars
Last Christmas was grim, Bethlehem's hopes up this year as tourists trickle back

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Referencing .NET6 application from .net framework 4.8 app I'm trying to make references between my projects, two of them are in .net 6 and the third is my old project, in .net framework 4.8. Upgrading it is not an option for now. I'm in a context of an hexagonal architecture implementation. So :
ProjectLibrary1 (core) : .net6
ProjectLibrary2 (infrastructure) : .net6, reference ProjectLibrary1
Framework : .net 4.8, reference ProjectLibrary 1 and 2
Here my csproj :
ProjectLibrary 1 & 2 (updated after the comments) :
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Library</OutputType>
    <TargetFrameworks>netstandard2.0;net6.0</TargetFrameworks>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
  </PropertyGroup>

Framework :
Screenshot of my config in vs studio
The problem :
I have errors with the version of C#. It seems like it compile for .net 6 (with global using for example), but I have errors.
Errors "project targeting 6.0 can't referenced by project targeting 4.8"
I would highly appreciate some help, I tried a lot of solutions but it didn't work.
Edit :

To summarize the answers I made :
The idea behind this architecture is to migrate the code step by step into new modern and cleaned application. We have a huge codebase, a huge technical debt and no budget to rework all the app. So my idea was to use modern apps and migrate the actual code base, to end with a clean architecture made of a "modern" core and an "old" framework. What would you advice in my context ?
In my apps, I already have projects shared between dotnet 4.8 and dotnet core 3 projects. Why would it be possible with core 3 and not 6 ? Both of them have compatibility with dotnet standard 2.0, according to this page (https://learn.microsoft.com/fr-fr/dotnet/standard/net-standard?tabs=net-standard-2-0).

A: To my knowledge, this is not possible, you can only reference a dotnet framework or dotnetstandard project from your 4.8 framework project.

A: You can't have both TargetFramework TargetFrameworks.
You should either have TargetFrameworks with both .NET6 and .NET2.0, or a single TargetFramework with .NET2.0.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I wish you all the best of luck on your intimacy rolls today! Here are 5 new resin releases that we are super stoked to share.
At the very last minute, I decided to take the lovely artwork Lokman created for our Valentine's Day sale, and create a 'campaign perk' card! The rules listed above are indeed official, please enjoy responsibly.
They say if you take a lantern that never lit down the trail of corpses and past the whispering stars you will find an ancient figure atop a crest of determined faces. Treasured by a hidden cult of loyal squires, the figure will awaken for only the most honorable of challengers.
The Black Knight has quickly become an office favorite and I had to wrestle the stock away from everyone so I could put up our sale! The Male Squire and Female Squireboth sport some pretty inspired footwear, make sure to check it out.
The Female Rogue has that right combination of high detail and flowing fabric that make it look really fun to paint.
Inspired by the dreamy illustrations of the art nouveau era. The Pinup Apotheosiswas sculpted by master Jacques-Alexandre Gillois.
Some disorganization lead to a few treasures being buried deep in our warehouse. As we have been re-organizing and smoothing out operations for 2016, we found a hidden cache of Resin Adult Sunstalkers and the missing run of Distracted!
High volume sales may cause shipping delays. Generally we pack and ship orders daily, however during new releases we estimate shipping delays up to 2 weeks. We apologize, please be kind to our team as they process and packs your order. Thank you!


text:
export interface SystemStatus {
  id: string;
  name: string;
  statusOk: Boolean;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi devised the Petchra Pra Jom Klao Doctoral scholarship to improve group the student utilisation of their precious time to study in the doctoral degree program and enhance the research and development experience under the supervision of highly experienced group of researcher and advisors. This scholarship is for those doctoral student who wants to develop themselves as quality researchers in their respective fields of research so as to create a positive impact on the social and economic conditions of the country. This scholarship will cover a specific period of the academic yer under certain given conditions.
For more information, the link is http://admission.kmutt.ac.th/doctoral/ under Graduate Students 2/2016 Announcement of the Petchra Pra Jom Klao Research Scholarship Academic Year 2/2016.
Ph.D. Student at KMUTTFixed Point Research Lab.
2. how to find the solutions when we know they do exist.
Several situations are known for possibility of remodelling into a fixed point problem.
We then concerns about the resulting forms of these fixed point equations instead.
About research : Fixed point theory deals mainly with the points that stay still under some certain actions. To be precise, a fixed point is a point in which, where is a given function. To make the concept of a fixed point simpler, we claim that it is the points where intersects the function, as illustrated in Figure 1 Fixed points. However, fixed point problems we are working with usually emerge in some more general and abstract settings.
The ultimate goals of fixed point theory can be split into two categories. One is to find the conditions under which the functionattains a fixed point. The other one is the determination of such fixed points knowing that they actually exist, using some classes of schematic algorithms. Formally, the first category is usually referred to as the existence part and the second one is called the computation part. Another important, but less known to general mathematicians, is the study of the behavior of fixed points such as well-posedness, ill-posedness, stability, data dependence, and solution-set geometry.
Since the very first results from the early 20th century, fixed point theory has proved itself to be a very powerful tool in modern mathematics especially in nonlinear analysis, where the unusual behaviors and phenomena wildly occur. Due to its simple and accessible notion, various problems are encouraged to be reformulated in certain fixed pointequations. Less obviously, more than one fixed point equations correspond to a single problem might be possible.
Fixed point theory is an applicable science, both to mathematics itself and to practical real-world problems. Branches in mathematics that address fixed point theory greatly are numerical analysis, differential and integral equations, dynamical systems, semigroup theory, fractal compressions, random operator theory, stochastic theory, ergodic theory, intersection theory, variational analysis, etc. In contrast, practical sciences that extensively exploit fixed point theory includes, but not limited to optimization, operational research, decision making science, economics, game theory, engineering, computer science, image processing, medical programming, physics, etc.
In our research group at KMUTT, we have a great diversity of research directions. Members in our groups work in small clusters, but with strong connections in between. Each of the clusters concerns with a particular kind of problems. Some clusters provide the others with new useful tools and methods, while some clusters make use of others to accomplish the desired outcomes. With this effective character, we have over fifty papers published each year in highly qualified journals, and they are on different purposes, aspects, approaches, and methods.
2015 (Term 2/2558) Ph.D. ??


text:
Agrippa was een sceptische filosoof die waarschijnlijk leefde aan het einde van de 1e eeuw v.Chr. Aan hem worden de "Vijf tropen" of "vijf gronden van twijfel" (Pente Tropoi) toegeschreven die de basis vormen voor de sceptische theorie die de mogelijkheid van echte kennis ontkent.

De vijf tropen
De tropen worden gegeven bij Sextus Empiricus, in diens Grondslagen van het Pyrrhonisme. Volgens Sextus zijn ze enkel toe te schrijven "aan de meer recente sceptici". Diogenes Laërtius schrijft ze echter toe aan Agrippa.
De vijf tropen zijn:
 Meningsverschil
 Regressus ad infinitum
 Relatie of verhouding
 Veronderstelling
 Circulariteit
Het kan echter aangehaald worden dat het eerste en het derde principe afgeleid zijn van de principes die reeds door Pyrrho gegeven worden. De andere drie principes zouden gezien kunnen worden als een poging om de theorie van het scepticisme te vertalen naar meer abstracte principes.

Verklaring van de tropen
{{Cquote|[165]In overeenstemming met de modus die afgeleid is van het dispuut, komen we tot de conclusie dat er onbeslisbare meningsverschillen over de onderhavige materie bestaan, zowel in het dagelijkse leven als bij de filosofen. Daardoor zijn we niet in de mogelijkheid om te kiezen of om iets uit te sluiten en rest ons enkel het opschorten van onze oordelen. [166] In de modus afgeleid van de oneindige regressus, zeggen we dat wat naar voren wordt gebracht als een bron van overtuiging ten aanzien van de onderhavige materie, zelf ook een andere soortgelijke bron nodig heeft, die op zijn beurt weer een andere nodig heeft en zo tot in het oneindige, zodat dat we geen punt hebben van waaruit we iets kunnen bevestigen en bijgevolg volgt een opschorting van alle oordelen. [167] In de modus afgeleid van relativiteit, zoals we hierboven hebben gezegd, verschijnt het bestaande object op een bepaalde manier in verhouding tot het subject dat oordeelt en tot de dingen die het object omringen, maar we schorten onze oordelen op over wat de eigen natuur ervan betreft. [168] We hebben de modus met betrekking tot de veronderstelling, wanneer de Dogmatici, die teruggeworpen worden ad infinitum, vanuit iets beginnen dat zij niet bevestigen, maar waarvan zij de aanname claimen, eenvoudig en zonder bewijs van betrouwbaarheid. [169] De wederkerige modus doet zich voor wanneer datgene dat bevestigend zou moeten zijn voor het bestudeerde object overtuigend gemaakt moet worden door dit bestudeerde object; dan, wanneer het onmogelijk is om het ene te nemen om het andere te bevestigen, moeten we onze oordelen opschorten over beide. "|Sextus Empiricus - Grondslagen van het Pyrrhonisme}}

Volgens Victor Brochard in zijn werk The Greek Skeptics, kunnen "De vijf tropen beschouwd worden als de meest radicale en meest precieze formulering van het scepticisme die ooit gegeven werd. In zeker opzicht zijn ze ook in het heden nog onvermijdbaar" Literatuur
 Grondslagen van het Pyrronisme, Sextus Empiricus
 Leven en leer van beroemde filosofen, Diogenes Laërtius.
 The Greek Skeptics, Victor Brochard
 "Skepticism", L. E. Goodman, Review of Metaphysics 36: 819-848, 1983.
 The Toils of Scepticism, Jonathan Barnes, Cambridge 1990.

 Bronnen
 Diogenes Laërtius, Leven en leer van beroemde filosofen: Leven van Pyrrho
 , art. Agrippa, in  (ed.), A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology'', I, Boston, 1867, p. 77.

Romeins filosoof
Persoon in de 1e eeuw v.Chr.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: switch actionbar Style with fragments I have a non swipe-able pager in a main activity with 6 fragments that appears on it, the main activity's Action bar has a specific style and actions, I need to change the style, buttons and the actions for each fragment.
any simple short to the point ideas ?
my project mini API is 11


Products to enhance the natural environment.
Invisible Structures provides high quality solutions for underground water storage, subsurface drainage, and erosion control. We also provide porous gravel or grass pavers, suitable for vehicle parking, walkways and bike tracks as an environmentaly friendly alternative to concrete or bitumen.


iHubbub is a home working, freelancing and home business community where members can list their profile and pin it to the home working world to get new clients and they can sell their services in the free online shop.
Find out more about this start up and home business networking community.
iHubbub is far more than a business networking community - you can pin your freelancing services to their map and sell your freelance services by the hour or by a fixed project rate. If you have a home based business, you can sell your services in iHubbub's iStore or pin your home business to their map. And meet other home businesses or freelancers in your area.


I've made the question below in https://forum.primefaces.org/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=51091, and the Primefaces Core Developer Thomas Andraschko give me a hint to try getting answers here ("Try to ask the hibernate validator guys. It seems like it uses getter and the property and those types doesn't match").
Can you guys, please, help me?
I moved the topic to the Validator forum.
the annotations are defined on the field so Validator is expecting to validate the Java type of the field, which is a String.
Even so, seems like Hibernate Validator should have used field access in your example.
Please share the version of Hibernate Validator you're using, to see if we need to create a new bug in our issue tracker.


text:
Member, News
30 Years of Rebirth of Evangelicalism in Albania
Thousands gathered to celebrate 30 years of religious freedom in Tirana, on 14 November 2021. / Ylli Doci
By Yilli Doci, President of VUSH, the Albanian Evangelical Alliance
The amazing story of God's work in Albania has deep roots that go back to the first preaching of the gospel by the Apostle Paul to the Illyrians, the ancestors of today's Albanians in the first century (Romans 15:19).
The more recent secondary roots of the Evangelicals in Albania go back to the great contribution of British and American missionaries in the first decades of 1800s with the publication of the first Bible in Albanian in 1827.
But the devastation of the atheistic Communist regime of Albania was so complete that only 13 or 16 Evangelical believers were alive when Albania regained freedom in 1991.
The amazing part of the story is that in less than 30 years God resurrected from ashes, that burned down stump of the Evangelical Church in Albania, to the point that today we have churches in every corner of Albania, about 200 Evangelical churches of all kinds of denominations.
They have joined together into the Evangelical Alliance of Albania (VUSH) and are represented as one distinct community to the Albanian people earning also the official recognition of the Albanian government as an official religious community in 2011.
Evangelical leaders addressed the crowd during the 14 November. / VUSH Facebook.
In 2018 the Evangelical Alliance of Albania became an equal member of the Inter-Religious Council of Albania (KNFSh) where all of the official religious communities of Albania (Muslim, Orthodox, Catholic, Bektashi, Evangelicals) are represented with their respective chairman or archbishop.
The Evangelical Alliance of Albania will assume the role of Chairman of IRCA/KNFSH for the first time this coming year of 2022, signifying an amazing opportunity to show the world not only what God can do in a seemingly impossible situation after the devastations of totalitarianism, but also the admirable interreligious environment of Albania where a community of converts from other religions are accepted as an equal among the people of those religions from where they sprang forth to live in peace and harmony together bringing rare honor to the Albanian nation.
On 12 October the Evangelical Alliance of Albania celebrated the 30 year re-evangelization of Albania, along with the umbrella organization of all missionaries in Albania (AEP).
AEP was instrumental, not only in bringing the fire of the gospel from the earliest days of freedom in 1991, but was also the main factor in forging the unity of all Evangelicals from the very beginning of the establishment of young churches all over Albania.
This unity of missionaries in Albania receives much praise and it is highlighted as an exemplary Christian achievement for the whole world.
Worship time during the celebration. / VUSH Facebook.
On 14 November, in the center square of the capital city of Albania, right where the very first Evangelical activities started in 1991, the burgeoning evangelical church of Albania, with representatives of churches from all over the country, gathered to celebrate 30 years of freedom of religion and the fruitfulness of the gospel proclamation in Albania.
Worshiping Christ freely from the main square of the capital, preaching the gospel openly in the main square of the Albanians, speaking clearly of our distinctive in Christ right by the Et'hem Beu Mosque occupying the corner of the square, was a powerful experience.
After 30 years of religious freedom, after 30 years of unhindered and beautiful growth of the Albanian Church, we are not under the illusion that the political weather would not change, affecting the freedoms we have enjoyed in these 30 years.
While the mood and celebration, with our characteristic Evangelical singing, was bright, the actual weather was gloomy and rain started to fall, which was pointed out from the stage as an illustration of the nature of our mission in this world:
The Church of our Lord Jesus Christ in Albania and everywhere will continue to worship and proclaim the good news of His salvation in good weather and bad, in freedom and in persecution, in season and out of season, just as our King asked us to do because He is with us until the end of the world.
Soli Deo Gloria!
Ylli H. Doçi, President of the Evangelical Alliance of Albania (VUSH)
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This an introduction to a 5-Part series about the roadblocks we encounter when picking up the Bible. Hearing from God is a part of our Christian faith. It doesn't necessarily have to be an audible voice from Him, but knowing his presence and his will for us is key to living out the purpose he has called each of us into.


A faculty advisory committee at Princeton University is recommending changes to the school's policies and procedures for addressing issues related to sexual misconduct.
The changes are intended to bring Princeton University fully into compliance with Title IX requirements as interpreted by the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, the federal agency responsible for enforcing Title IX, as well as with the federal Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act that was enacted last spring. The faculty committee's recommendations will be presented to the full faculty for action at its first regularly scheduled meeting of the year on Sept. 15.
On May 1, the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights released a list of the higher education institutions under investigation by the federal government for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints. Princeton was one of 55 schools on the list.
– Create a team of three trained investigators to conduct investigations and make findings of fact and responsibility in all cases involving allegations of student sexual misconduct. If there is a finding of responsibility, the dean of undergraduate students and an associate dean of the graduate school would jointly determine the penalty. This replaces a current procedure under which student sexual misconduct cases are adjudicated by a subcommittee of a faculty-student disciplinary committee; that committee will continue to operate according to its current procedures in all student disciplinary matters that do not involve sexual misconduct. The new procedure ensures that fact-finders in sexual misconduct cases will have appropriate professional training. It also allows for more timely resolution of disciplinary cases involving sexual misconduct.
– Allow complainants and respondents to be accompanied by an adviser of their choice in all meetings relating to the sexual misconduct disciplinary process. Current procedures only allow advisers from the University community; the new procedure would permit non-University individuals, including lawyers, in cases involving sexual misconduct. The adviser would be permitted to assist the student but would not be permitted to speak on the student's behalf.
– Establish parity for the complainant and the respondent in the right to appeal in all sexual misconduct disciplinary procedures; this would include procedures governing members of the faculty and staff as well as student procedures.
Eisgruber also has announced the formation of a new faculty-student committee on sexual misconduct to recommend strategies to ensure students understand their rights under Title IX and the University's sexual misconduct policies and procedures and to improve the effectiveness of the University's procedures, support services, and resources available to students and for the prevention of sexual misconduct, including outreach and educational activities. The committee, which was recommended by the faculty advisory committee, also will provide consultative support for annual surveys. The committee will be composed of students, faculty and administrators, and will be co-chaired by Minter and Professor Deborah Nord of the Department of English.


Covers I Didn't Choose for My Book, "Grace & Lavender"
One of the most fun parts of publishing my first book has been the cover design process. When I opened the initial email from Hannah, Creative Director at Ambassador International, I was so excited! She sent me some great concepts, then we worked together to decide on the right cover for "Grace & Lavender." I thought it would be fun to show you the covers that I didn't select and explain why.
The vision I originally gave Hannah was for a store front, where the title would be the name of the store on the window. I envisioned it like a painting rather than a photograph. I told her I preferred not to use faces on the cover, because I wanted the reader to come up with their own ideas of how the characters look. I also gave her an awesome photograph of the Blue Ridge Mountains, taken by my friend Keith Sidden, who is an outdoor enthusiast and a great photographer/videographer (check out his Instagram), and I asked if it could be used on the back cover of the book.
At the same time she sent Option #1, she sent me Option #2 below. This is a very attractive cover, but there were two things not right about it. The girl does not look like the character Grace--who is smaller and has straight, dark hair--and, in the story, Grace never visits a lavender field.
I liked the lavender field and the tag concept of Option #2, and I mentioned possibly making the scene brighter, maybe with some sky. and making the field more dimensional. Option #3 below was very close! She put an arrangement of lavender in the foreground and the open field in the background. And it had sky which brightened up the look. But the tag didn't feel like a "boutique" soap store to me. It needed some touching up.
She also sent Option #4 with lots of sky and an awesome embellishment around the title. I'd sent her something similar that I liked from another book, and she delivered on it! But one problem was that the image is from a lavender field in France, not the foothills of North Carolina. The mountains were pretty, but they weren't "my" mountains.
Finally, we arrived at the cover image that is soon going to press! The tag used for the title background is perfect, and she even made the little string wrap around to the back of the book. The Blue Ridge are in the background and given a purplish tint. I love it!
There are lots of directions we could have gone with cover images, but I am very pleased with my first book cover, and I can't wait to see what she comes up with for the cover of "Where I Was Planted", which will be in the Creative Design phase soon!
The final cover for Grace & Lavender!
I love the process! All are great designs, but I after, that last one was perfect!
I am a contributor for the Christian movie and book news and reviews blog Box Office Revolution. In addition to movies, we report upcoming Christian novel news, review Christian novels, and add exceptional reads to a movie wish list. Do you possibly have a review copy of Grace & Lavender available? We are very interested in reading your new novel and potentially adding it to our movie wish list!
Hi! Can you please email me at hlnsmith@ymail.com? Thanks!


text:
Pignataro Interamna é uma comuna italiana da região do Lácio, província de Frosinone, com cerca de 2.447 habitantes. Estende-se por uma área de 24 km², tendo uma densidade populacional de 102 hab/km². Faz fronteira com Aquino, Cassino, Esperia, Piedimonte San Germano, Pontecorvo, San Giorgio a Liri, Sant'Apollinare, Villa Santa Lucia.

Demografia

Comunas de Frosinone (província)


text:
Pharmacovigilance: Kinds of pharmacovigilance software
Original Title: Pharmaco Vigilance
Uploaded by Karan Dayroth
saveSave Pharmaco Vigilance For Later
previewpages-100331040308-phpapp01.pdf
Biology 2 Ms
HOUSE HEARING, 110TH CONGRESS - DISCUSSION DRAFTS CONCERNING PRESCRIPTION DRUG USER FEE ACT REAUTHORIZATION, MEDICAL DEVICE USER FEE AND MODERNIZATION ACT REAUTHORIZATION, DRUG SAFETY, AND CERTAIN PEDIATRIC PHARMACEUTICAL AND DEVICE LEGISLATION
Pharmaceutical Market in Georgia
Small-scale evaluation in health. Cap.02 Searching and reviewing the literature
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igem final presentation - good version 1
Gene to Protein, Part 1
Atlantis_Rising_Cygnus_X2.pdf
THE MERITS OF EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE IN MEDICAL INFORMATION JUNGLE
God does exist !!!! - The "Wow! signal" of the terrestrial genetic code - by Vladimir I. Cherbak and Maxim A. Makukov*
AESGP Conference with the EU Heads of Medicines Agencies 15-16 February 2016
Lecture_1-Central Dogma and Deciphering the Genetic Code
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PHARMACOVIGILANCE IN TEACHING HOSPITAL.pdf
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The Pirabakaran Phenomenon 26
Precocious Puberty
Pharmacovigilance science makes use of pharmacovigilance software mainly for detecting, assessing and preventing long term and short-term side effects of medicines. The demand for this kind of software is on the rise mainly because of the withdrawal of several medicines in the markets. This kind of software detects the reasons for this withdrawal and also prevents unwarranted risky happenings in the future. This helps the patients, the doctors and the manufacturers in the medical world. The EMEA or the European Medicines Agency in Europe develops and maintains the pharmacovigilance database of probable serious adverse effect medicines in the market. This system is called Eudra Vigilance. Similarly, the US medical society has its own pharmacovigilance branches namely; the FDA; the academic and non-profit organizations like RADAR and Public Citizen and the pharmaceutical manufacturers. Several companies like Aris Global, Relsys and Workflow have developed software to keep track of safety applications in the market. Kinds of pharmacovigilance software PV Works for example is a software system that records report safety data keeping track of adverse event reporting. It is a commercial workflow engine providing management control of pharmacovigilance processes. Flexible data entry, risk management, safety system assessment, evaluation and submission of regulatory reports are some of its important features. PV Works (Vet) is another software system made to support veterinary pharmacovigilance business and technical processes meeting the necessary safety standards. Data entry, reporting, audit trail are some of its main features. The outsourced pharmacovigilance software develops drug development expertise, safety rules and regulatory necessities, securing client access to data and regular tracking and status updates to clients or to the authority. It is an economical project development process making using of the electronic medium for handling management purposes. The Assured pharmacovigilance software provides Internet access to the server for the client's use and operation of the system for management and customer use. This software meets the standards of pharmaceutical companies, regulatory authorities and medical personnel. How effective is pharmacovigilance software?
It minimizes the risk of adverse events (ADR) by using genetic profiles. It makes accurate determinations as to whether a product is safe or not. It determines the benefit-risk ratio quickly.
It overcomes the challenges that small firms face as far as limited financial and personnel resources are concerned. It helps maintain regulatory compliance and improve operational efficiency. Global information can be easily shared by means of this software.
In the age of safety concerns, more need is being felt for software that can avert probable risks and also help in worldwide networking in the medical field. Pharmacovigilance software is designed just for this Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/2242657
Pharmacoinformatics
Pharmacoinformatics, also referred to as pharmacy informatics, is the application of computers to the storage, retrieval and analysis of drug and prescription information. Pharmacy informaticists work with pharmacy information management systems that help the pharmacist make excellent decisions about patient drug therapies with respect to, medical insurance records, drug interactions, as well as prescription and patient information. Pharmacoinformatics is the study of interactions between people, their work processes and engineered systems within health care with a focus on pharmaceutical care and improved patient safety. Pharmacy informatics can be thought of as a sub-domain of the larger professional discipline of health informatics. Some definitions of pharmacy informatics reflect this relationship to health informatics. For example, the Health Information Management Systems Society (HIMSS) defines pharmacy informatics as, "the scientific field that focuses on medication-related data and knowledge within the continuum of healthcare systems - including its acquisition, storage, analysis, use and dissemination - in the delivery of optimal medication-related patient care and health outcomes"
The main idea behind the field is to integrate different informatics branches (e.g. bioinformatics, chemoinformatics, immunoinformatics, etc.) into a single platform, resulting in a seamless process of drug discovery. The first dedicated department for Pharmacoinformatics was established at the National Institute Of Pharmaceutical Education And Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India in 2003
For evolutionists the revolution in DNA technology has been a major advance. The reason is that the very nature of DNA allows it to be used as a "document" of evolutionary history: comparisons of the DNA sequences of various genes between different organisms can tell us a lot about the relationships of organisms that cannot be correctly inferred from morphology. One definite problem is that the DNA itself is a scattered and fragmentary "document" of history and we have to beware of the effects of changes in the genome that can bias our picture of organismal evolution. Two general approaches to molecular evolution are to 1) use DNA to study the evolution of organisms (such as population structure, geographic variation and systematics) and to 2) to use different organisms to study the evolution of DNA. To the hard-core molecular evolutionist of the latter type, organisms are just another source of DNA. Our general goal in all this is to infer process from pattern and this applies to the processes of organismal evolution deduced from patterns of DNA variation, and processes of molecular evolution inferred from the patterns of variation in the DNA itself. An important issue is that there are processes of DNA change within the genome that can alter the picture we infer about both organismal and DNA evolution: the genome is fluid and some of the very processes that make genomes "fluid" are of great interest to evolutionary biologists. Thus molecular evolution might be called the "natural history of DNA". The points that follow are some interesting observations interspersed with some basic concepts. Some important background: DNA has many different roles in terms of function. Most of our DNA does not code for proteins (more below) and thus is quite a different type of character/trait than DNA that does code for protein. In eukaryotes, genes are frequently broken up into exons (expressed) and introns (spliced out of the RNA before becoming a true messenger RNA). The genes also have regulatory sequences that indicate when and where to transcribe the DNA into RNA for protein synthesis. The genetic code is the information system for translating the sequence of RNA into the sequence of amino acids. Within this triplet code some of the nucleotide positions are silent or synonymous because any nucleotide in that position will do (see table 2.1 pg. 25). This "universal" code is not completely universal because the mitochondrial genome uses some of the codons in different ways (e.g., some termination codons in the universal code specify amino acids in the mitochondrial code). Thus even the genetic code can evolve.
Some important theoretical background: we want to develop a picture of what happens to a new mutant in a population, lets say a single nucleotide change a one position in the DNA. This is the starting point for molecular evolution. If the new mutant is governed by genetic drift, its fate should be quite different than another nucleotide mutation that is governed by selection (see below). To describe molecular evolution Kimura formulated the Neutral theory of molecular evolution which is remarkably simple. If: u = mutation rate / gene / generation, N = population size, then the number of new mutations occurring per generation in a population = 2Nu (2 because we are considering diploid organisms). Now, when a new mutation occurs in a population its initial frequency = 1/2N because it is the one new variant out of a total of 2N genes in the population. This is also its probability of fixation because the probability of you reaching into a barrel of 2N marbles and getting the one new marble is 1/2N. Thus taking these two values (the number of new mutations/generation and the probability of fixation), the rate of substitution, K is just their product: 2Nu 1/2N = u (substitution means that the new mutant goes to fixation in the population and substitutes the original nucleotide or gene). Kimura got very famous for this simple bit of algebra. It tells us that the neutral rate of molecular evolution is equal to the neutral mutation rate. Now a question arises: what is the distribution of the types of mutations? Are most neutral? Are some deleterious?; beneficial? (see figure 7.1, pg. 153 and box 7.2, pg. 176-177). One consequence of the neutral theory is that genes with different mutation rates will have different rates of evolution. The rate of evolution of a gene or mutation that is under selection will be very different. Similarly different genes with different functions, or different parts of a gene with different functions will have different rates of evolution. Thus, different regions of DNA with different functional constraints will evolve at different rates (see table 7.1, pg. 156; table 7.7, pg. 183). One prediction of the neutral theory is that silent (synonymous) sites in protein coding regions will evolve faster than replacement (nonsynonymous) sites (due to different functional constraints). This provides a null hypothesis about DNA evolution. Most sequences fit this neutral model; however, the histocompatibility loci appear to deviate from a neutral model in that there are more nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous substitutions. This holds only for the antigen binding region; the rest of the molecule is consistent with neutral expectations. (see figure 7.10, pg. 185). Another prediction of the neutral theory is that amount of sequence divergence will be correlated with the level of heterozygosity; heterozygosity is measured as 2pq for a two allele situation or (2pq+2pr+2qr) for a three allele situation, or 1- xi2 for i alleles; see figure 5.2 pg. 96 for a two allele view). Loci with high heterozygosity should evolve at a faster rate under the assumption that these loci have a higher rate of neutral mutation (thus more variation within species and more substitution between species; se Kimura's proof above). In general, loci fit this relationship, however, balancing selection at a locus will introduce more heterozygosity then expected. What about purifying selection?
Different rates of substitution have also been observed in different lineages of organisms: For the human - chimp divergence, the rate = 1.3 x10-9 substitutions/nucleotide site/year for the human - Old World monkey split, the rate = 2.2x10-9 substitution/site/year for the mouse - rat split (=rodents), the rate = 7.9x10-9 substitutions/site/year. Thus, rodents appear to have a faster rate of molecular evolution. It has been argued that a shorter generation time in rodents accounts for the faster rate of evolution, the so called generation time effect. (see table 7.5, pg. 179). There are examples where short generation species have slower rates of evolution; the point is that rates differ, the cause(s) of these rate differences have not been unambiguously identified. Most discussions of the rates of DNA evolution have been with respect to the molecular clock hypothesis which states that there is a positive linear relationship between time since two species diverged and amount of genetic divergence (e.g., DNA sequence difference) between those species. These observations stated above indicate that there is not one molecular clock but probably many molecular clocks that "tick" at different rates. Lets say we identify a reliable molecular clock (e.g., number of amino acid substitutions in the cytochrome C gene), we can use this to date, or corroborate, evolutionary events of interest (e.g., the divergence times for species that do not have good fossil data). For example: we know that there are KXY substitutions between species X and Y and we know that they diverged T years ago (from fossil data). Thus the rate of molecular evolution is r = KXY/2T. The denominator has a 2 in it because there are two paths of evolution on which the divergence can accumulate (ancestor to X and ancestor to Y). Now lets say we obtain the sequence of cytochrome C from species A, B and C (see figure below). From these data we count up the number of substitutions for all three pairwise comparisons (the K's). We are given the date of divergence between A and C (=T1) and we want to date the divergence of A and B (T2 = ?) but don't have any fossil data. If one assumes that the rate of evolution is the same in species A, B and C as it was measured to be between species X and Y, we can use the amount of sequence divergence between species A, B and C to estimates their dates of divergence (measured in millions of years before present, MYBP). See box 7.1, pg. 172. Repetitive DNA Studies of many organisms has revealed that a large proportion of eukaryotic genomes consists of repetitive DNA. Some of this is short localized repeats: in the kangaroo rat the sequence (AAG) is repeated 2.4 billion times, the sequence (TTAGGG) is repeated 2.2 billion times and the sequence (ACACAGCGGG) is repeated 1.2 billion times. What it does is unclear. Sequences like this have been called junk DNA. Note that junk is stuff you don't throw away because it might be useful some day; garbage is stuff you don't want so you throw it away. These sequences might have some function we don't know about so they have been called junk DNA. The fact that such sequences seem to accumulate in genomes has lead to the notion that repetitive DNA is selfish DNA, since the sequence makes additional copies of itself within the genome decoupled from the reproduction rate of the host (i.e., the kangaroo rat).
Another form of repetitive DNA are transposable elements. These are sequences of DNA that generally code for certain proteins and have the ability to move around the genome in a process called transposition. There are quite a number of different types of such elements (we will not review them all). The point is that they (like other repetitive DNA) are governed by intragenomic dynamics as well as organismal population dynamics. An example is the P element in Drosophila melanogaster. There are strains of flies that have P elements (P strains) and strains that do not (M strains). When a P male is crossed to an M female the P elements enter the genome of the offspring and jump around causing mutations (this is what we mean by a fluid genome). A curious observation about P elements is that strains of flies collected from natural populations before 1950 do not have P elements whereas flies collected from the wild after that do have them. A variety of observations indicate that P elements invaded D. melanogaster recently. The best evidence is that D. melanogaster's close relative do not have P elements, but a more distantly related fly D. willistoni does have them and they differ by only a few nucleotides over 2900 base pairs of DNA. These data suggest that P elements in D. melanogaster are the result of a horizontal gene transfer (horizontal as opposed to "vertical" as one inherits DNA from ones parents or ancestor "above"). Thus, not only can DNA move around the fluid genome, but if DNA from one species can enter the gene pool of another without the species fusing into one, one has to be very aware of what DNA sequence one is using to determine phylogenies, etc. If multiple copies of a DNA sequence are present in a genome we can think of each sequence as a single "species" evolving on its own "line of descent" because each repeat will be mutated at random. Thus if we had the complete DNA sequence of all the repeated P elements within a genome, we would find that they are not identical and thus we could build a cladogram of these elements much like we can build a cladogram of birds. When this sort of analysis was done on different kinds of repeated elements (many copies of ribosomal DNA, for example) it was found that the copies showed almost no variation. This observation suggested that all the repeats of this family (ribosomal DNA family) were evolving in concert, i.e., together. This pattern of homogeneity of repeats is called concerted evolution (figure 10.5, pg. 262). The process(es) that generate this pattern could be unequal crossing over (see figure 10.2 & 10.6, pg. 258, 263) or gene conversion. Gene conversion is when the sequence of one region of DNA is used as a "template" to "correct" or modify the sequence of another region of DNA. We do not need to go into the molecular details of these processes, but that DNA can evolve in concert with other sequences in the genome again indicates that intragenomic dynamics can influence the pattern of DNA variation we see within and between species. Gene duplication is a minimalist version of repetitive DNA (figures 10.1-10.3, pgs. 257-259). Many genes in the genome are duplicated and when this happens one of the copies may be "freed" from constraints and evolve a new function. The best understood case of this phenomenon is the evolution of the globin genes myoglobin, -hemoglobin, -hemoglobin. The existence of duplicated genes forces us to recognize different kinds of homology because there are two ways to have a common ancestor: by gene duplication and by speciation. When two genes share a common ancestor due to a duplication event we call them paralogous (-hemoglobin and hemoglobin in you are paralogous as are the -hemoglobin in you and the hemoglobin in chimps). When two genes share a common ancestor due to a speciation
event we call them orthologous (-hemoglobin in you and -hemoglobin in chimps). Obviously when constructing a cladogram from molecular data one should use orthologous genes if one wants to build a tree of organisms. A further example of the fluid genome is exon shuffling This is the pattern observed when exons or functional domains of genes are shuffled together to form new or modified genes. Some genes have very distinct domains that have clear relationships to other domains in very different genes. It is thought that these domains have been moved around the genome by transposition or illegitimate recombination events in evolution, accidentally forming new associations that happen to have novel functions. Wally Gilbert proposed the idea of exon shuffling and argued that such a phenomenon might accelerate evolution by creating new material for adaptive evolution. One of the more interesting observations to ponder in molecular evolution is the Cvalue paradox. The C value of a species is the Characteristic or Constant amount of DNA in a haploid genome of that species. If we look at the diversity of organisms from viruses to humans we see a clear trend in biological complexity. If we compare the C values across this range of organisms (assuming viruses are "organisms") some of the less complex organisms have much more DNA than the more complex organisms (see tables 10.2, 10.3, pgs. 259-260). This presents a paradox. If DNA codes for proteins that give us form and function, what is a lowly alga doing with all that DNA? We just don't know. Presumable most of it is not "functional" in the sense of coding for proteins and RNAs. Much of it may be "junk DNA", but maybe this "junk" helps in aligning chromosomes properly during mitosis an meiosis.
MEDLINE is the U.S. National Library of Medicine's (NLM) premier bibliographic database that contains over 19 million references to journal articles in life sciences with a concentration on biomedicine. A distinctive feature of MEDLINE is that the records are indexed with NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The great majority of journals are selected for MEDLINE based on the recommendation of the Literature Selection Technical Review Committee (LSTRC), an NIH-chartered advisory committee of external experts analogous to the committees that review NIH grant applications. Some additional journals and newsletters are selected based on NLM-initiated reviews, e.g., history of medicine, health services research, AIDS, toxicology and environmental health, molecular biology, and complementary medicine, that are special priorities for NLM or other NIH components. These reviews generally also involve consultation with an array of NIH
and outside experts or, in some cases, external organizations with which NLM has special collaborative arrangements. MEDLINE is the primary component of PubMed, part of the Entrez series of databases provided by the NLM National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Time coverage: generally 1946 to the present, with some older material. Source: Currently, citations from approximately 5,600 worldwide journals in 39 languages; 60 languages for older journals. Citations for MEDLINE are created by the NLM, international partners, and collaborating organizations. Updates: Since 2005, between 2,000-4,000 completed references are added each day Tuesday through Saturday; nearly 700,000 total added in 2010. Updates are suspended for several weeks during November and December as NLM makes the transition to a new year of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vocabulary used to index the articles. Broad subject coverage: The subject scope of MEDLINE is biomedicine and health, broadly defined to encompass those areas of the life sciences, behavioral sciences, chemical sciences, and bioengineering needed by health professionals and others engaged in basic research and clinical care, public health, health policy development, or related educational activities. MEDLINE also covers life sciences vital to biomedical practitioners, researchers, and educators, including aspects of biology, environmental science, marine biology, plant and animal science as well as biophysics and chemistry. Increased coverage of life sciences began in 2000. The majority of the publications covered in MEDLINE are scholarly journals; a small number of newspapers, magazines, and newsletters considered useful to particular segments of the NLM broad user community are also included. For citations added from 2005-2009: about 45% are for cited articles published in the U.S., about 91% are published in English, and about 83% have English abstracts written by authors of the articles. Availability: MEDLINE is the primary component of PubMed (http://pubmed.gov); a link to PubMed is found on the NLM home page at http://www.nlm.nih.gov. The result of a MEDLINE/PubMed search is a list of citations (including authors, title, source, and often an abstract) to journal articles and an indication of free electronic full-text availability. Searching is free of charge and does not require registration. A growing number of MEDLINE citations contain a link to the free full text of the article archived in PubMed Central or to other sites. You can also link from many MEDLINE references to the Web site of the publisher or other full text provider to request or view the full article, depending upon the publisher's access requirements. For articles not freely available on the Web, the "Loansome Doc" feature in PubMed provides an easy way to place an electronic order through the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) for the full-text copy of an article cited in MEDLINE. Registration is required and local fees may apply for this service.
Services/products providing access to MEDLINE data are also developed and made available by organizations that lease the database from NLM. Access to various MEDLINE services is often available from medical libraries, many public libraries, and commercial sources. MedlinePlus, another service offered by the NLM, provides consumer-oriented health information. Health consumers are encouraged to discuss search results with their health care provider.
BrainGate
BrainGate Co. to identify opportunities to provide limb movement to people with severe motor disabilities. The goal of this development program would be to allow individuals to one day use their own arms and hands again. Limb movement developments are currently at the research stage and are not available for use with the existing BrainGate System. In addition, products are in development and concept stage to allow for robotic control, such as a thought-controlled wheelchair. In the future, technology from BrainGate Co. could be used by those individuals whose injuries are less severe. Next generation products may be able to provide an individual with the ability to control devices that allow breathing, bladder and bowel movements. How can patients communicate through thought? The human brain is a super computer with the ability to instantaneously process vast amounts of information. BrainGate Companys technology allows for an extensive amount of electrical activity data to be transmitted from neurons in the brain to computers for analysis. In the current BrainGate System, a bundle consisting of one hundred gold wires connects to a pedestal which extends through the scalp. The pedestal is connected by an external cable to a set of computers in which the data can be stored for off-line analysis or analyzed in real-time. Signal processing software algorithms analyze the electrical activity of neurons and translate it into control signals for use in various computer-based applications.
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text:
The Night the Sun Came Up é o álbum de estreia da cantora e compositora norte-americana Dev. Foi lançado em 2 de setembro de 2011, por sua gravadora Universal Republic. A cantora trabalhou exclusivamente com a dupla americana, The Cataracs, que dirigiram e escreverem as canções do álbum inteiro junto com Dev. O processo de produção do álbum ocorreu em janeiro de 2011. Desde então, foi anunciado o lançamento do álbum nos Estados Unidos em 20 de setembro de 2011, mas devido à gravidez de Dev, a data de lançamento foi adiada para 10 de janeiro de 2012. Mas o álbum não foi lançado em janeiro, pois Dev queria colocar músicas novas na edição norte-americana. O site amazon.com anunciou que o álbum seria lançado em 27 de março de 2012 nos Estados Unidos.

O álbum recebeu revisões positivas. Os críticos musicais elogiaram a produção das canções e compararam a música à estilos de electropop, semelhantes ao da cantora Ke$ha e da cantora sueca de dance-pop, Robyn. A maioria das músicas do disco são inspiradas na história de vida de Dev ao longo dos últimos anos. "The Night the Sun Came Up" é principalmente um álbum de electropop e dance, que incorpora vários outros gêneros musicais como o dubstep, urban, eurodance e rock. O disco tambem aborda temas como sexo, festa, introspecção, amor e vida. O álbum atingiu baixas posições na parada musical da Austrália e da Irlanda. Mas ficou na 78ª posição no Reino Unido.

Os dois primeiros singles do álbum, "Bass Down Low" e "In the Dark" tiveram sucesso moderado em vários países. "Bass Down Low" atingiu à 10ª posição na parada musical da Inglaterra. Já, "In the Dark" conseguiu um sucesso maior na América do Norte, onde chegou à 11ª posição nos Estados Unidos e a 13ª no Canadá. Além de ter atingido a primeira posição na Eslováquia. Dev também fez uma canção em colaboração com Enrique Iglesias, intitulada "Naked", que será lançada na versão americana do álbum. Antes de lançar o "The Night the Sun Came Up" nos Estados Unidos, Dev vem trabalhando em vários videoclipes para ajudar na promoção do álbum no território americano. Já foi lançado os vídeos musicais para as canções "Dancing Shoes", "In My Trunk", "Take Her From You" e "Kiss My Lips".

Antecedentes
A carreira musical de Dev começou quando ela gravou um cover da canção "Back to Black" da Amy Winehouse em resposta à nova namorada do seu ex-namorado. A canção foi colocada no MySpace e descoberta pela produção da dupla The Cataracs. Ela então assinou um contrato com a gravadora Indie-Pop. Sua primeira canção, "2nite", começou a ganhar destaque nas rádios, no canal de televisão MTVU e na parada musical da Billboard Airplay Dance. Em 2009, Dev se mudou para Los Angeles, para poder produzir as músicas junto com os The Cataracs e trabalhar diretamente com a sua gravadora, Indie Pop. Durante esse tempo, foram lançadas as canções "Booty Bounce" e "Fireball", na qual ambas ganharam um videoclipe.

Dev e The Cataracs também participaram da canção "Like a G6" do Far East Movement, que foi lançada em abril de 2010, e atingiu a 1ª posição nos Estados Unidos, o sucesso da canção fez com que Dev assinasse com a gravadora Universal Republic no mesmo mês.

Lista de faixas

Desempenho nas tabelas musicais

Posições

Histórico de lançamento

Álbuns de 2011
Dev


Thanks NB.Mick. This sure went by unnoticed by me ... I got Faithlife Connect (as continuation of Logos Now) and I just found the Bible Study Magazine Vol 10 (2017-18) in my library with the first two issues already in there and the remaining ones from 2018 forthcoming. A pleasant surprise, which I wouldn't have noticed for quite some time.


text:
Friday, Sep 7 2001
Number of HIV-Positive Babies Born in New York Declining, Nearly All Identified Infants Receiving Treatment
The rates of perinatal HIV transmission continue to decline in New York, with 99.4% of HIV-exposed infants receiving HIV-related care, according to new data from the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. According to a release from Assembly member Nettie Mayersohn, the figures demonstrate the success of the 1997 New York Baby AIDS Law, which requires all newborns to be routinely tested for HIV. Mayersohn said, "Virtually all of the babies are being identified and treated. Without this law, hundreds of women would never have learned their HIV status and countless babies would have needlessly died from this horrible disease." She added, "It is a disgrace that the federal CDC and the AIDS lobby continue to oppose this successful, common sense public health approach to addressing HIV." As of June 2001, the state health department's AIDS Institute found that 93% of all women giving birth knew their HIV status before delivery, up from 62% in July 1999. The national rate of prenatal testing was 56% in 1999. According to the release, the department also found that the number of seropositive newborns in New York City has "dropped to the lowest rate ever recorded" and rates of perinatal HIV "are decreasing as a result of testing and treatment to prevent transmission." Mayersohn said she expects the success of the state law to encourage the introduction of federal legislation to require routine HIV testing of newborns (Mayersohn release, 9/5).


text:
Two cities and two separate paths to the planet's future
There's only one planet for us all, at this point. Until migration to Mars or another solar system begins, we got this little piece of real estate.
By Harry Fuller for GreenTech Pastures | December 13, 2007 -- 15:33 GMT (07:33 PST) | Topic: Government : US
There's only one planet for us all, at this point. Until migration to Mars or another solar system begins, we got this little piece of real estate. But the UN climate conference in Bali is clear indication that there is precious little agreement on what to do or how to do it.
Today an exasperated European Union official threatened to boycott an American-held climate conference set for next month. The E.U. has pushed for mandatory emission limits. The U.S. says NO, and it's backed by Japan, Canada and Australia.
The current Kyoto Protocol, never signed by the U.S. or China, expires in 2012. This conference in Bali was meant to set goals for the next global agreement running until 2020. Over ten thousand people travelled to this island in Indonesia for the conference. Kudos to this German reporter who covered his own carbon footprint getting to Bali.
Meanwhile, in a parallel universe, the American Senate looks ready to pass an energy bill that could get signed. Today the Senate leadership agreed to drop increased taxes on oil companies. That presumably will win enough votes to get this bill through the Senate and back to the House of Representatives. The bill still contains a raise in fuel efficiency for cars and light trucks over the next 12 years. Nothing drastic: 35 MPG, which is the standard already in China. The EU currently is at 40 MPG but then they can be satisfied with those dinky little cars, like the Mercedes-built Smart Car. It's been available in much of the world for years but Mercedes didn't think Americans would drive a small, economical two-seater. It, BTW, is coming soon to sell-out crowds here in the U.S.
Banking CXO Security Innovation Smart Cities
More from Harry Fuller
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Q: Multi variable gradient descent in matlab I'm doing gradient descent in matlab for mutiple variables, and the code is not getting the expected thetas I got with the normal eq. that are:
theta =
   1.0e+05 *
    3.4041
    1.1063
   -0.0665
With the Normal eq. I have implemented.
And with the GDM the results I get are:
theta =
   1.0e+05 *
    2.6618
   -2.6718
   -0.5954
And I don't understand why is this, maybe some one can help me and tell me where is the mistake in the code.
Code:
function [theta, J_history] = gradientDescentMulti(X, y, theta, alpha, num_iters)

m = length(y); % number of training examples
J_history = zeros(num_iters, 1);
thetas = size(theta,1);
features = size(X,2)

mu = mean(X);
sigma = std(X);
mu_size = size(mu);
sigma_size = size(sigma);

%for all iterations
for iter = 1:num_iters

tempo = [];

result = [];

theta_temp = [];

%for all the thetas
for t = 1:thetas
    %all the examples
    for examples = 1:m
       tempo(examples) = ((theta' * X(examples, :)') - y(examples)) * X(m,t)
    end

    result(t) = sum(tempo)
    tempo = 0;

end

%theta temp, store the temp
for c = 1:thetas

    theta_temp(c) = theta(c) - alpha * (1/m) * result(c)
end

%simultaneous update
for j = 1:thetas

    theta(j) = theta_temp(j)

end

% Save the cost J in every iteration
J_history(iter) = computeCostMulti(X, y, theta);

end

theta
end

Thanks.
EDIT: Data.
  X =
    1.0000    0.1300   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.5042   -0.2237
    1.0000    0.5025   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.7357   -1.5378
    1.0000    1.2575    1.0904
    1.0000   -0.0197    1.0904
    1.0000   -0.5872   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.7219   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.7810   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.6376   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.0764    1.0904
    1.0000   -0.0009   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.1393   -0.2237
    1.0000    3.1173    2.4045
    1.0000   -0.9220   -0.2237
    1.0000    0.3766    1.0904
    1.0000   -0.8565   -1.5378
    1.0000   -0.9622   -0.2237
    1.0000    0.7655    1.0904
    1.0000    1.2965    1.0904
    1.0000   -0.2940   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.1418   -1.5378
    1.0000   -0.4992   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.0487    1.0904
    1.0000    2.3774   -0.2237
    1.0000   -1.1334   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.6829   -0.2237
    1.0000    0.6610   -0.2237
    1.0000    0.2508   -0.2237
    1.0000    0.8007   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.2034   -1.5378
    1.0000   -1.2592   -2.8519
    1.0000    0.0495    1.0904
    1.0000    1.4299   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.2387    1.0904
    1.0000   -0.7093   -0.2237
    1.0000   -0.9584   -0.2237
    1.0000    0.1652    1.0904
    1.0000    2.7864    1.0904
    1.0000    0.2030    1.0904
    1.0000   -0.4237   -1.5378
    1.0000    0.2986   -0.2237
    1.0000    0.7126    1.0904
    1.0000   -1.0075   -0.2237
    1.0000   -1.4454   -1.5378
    1.0000   -0.1871    1.0904
    1.0000   -1.0037   -0.2237

y =
      399900
      329900
      369000
      232000
      539900
      299900
      314900
      198999
      212000
      242500
      239999
      347000
      329999
      699900
      259900
      449900
      299900
      199900
      499998
      599000
      252900
      255000
      242900
      259900
      573900
      249900
      464500
      469000
      475000
      299900
      349900
      169900
      314900
      579900
      285900
      249900
      229900
      345000
      549000
      287000
      368500
      329900
      314000
      299000
      179900
      299900
      239500

Full dataset.

A: The line where you calculate tempo is wrong. It should be
tempo(examples) = ((theta' * X(examples, :)') - y(examples)) * X(examples,t)

Also try using matrix operations in MATLAB. Your code will be faster and it will also be easier to understand. For example, you can replace your nested loop with
E = X * theta - y;
for t = 1:thetas
    result(t) = sum(E.*X(:,t));
end

You can replace your subsequent two loop for updating theta into one line
theta = theta - alpha * (1/m) * result';


text:
What is Information?Robert K. Logan
Listing of contents within the book. Escape will close the panel.
What is Information?
Robert K. Logan
Terrace Deacon
What is Information? Introductory Remarks to Frame the Investigation
What is Information? Why is It Relativistic? & What is Its Relationship to Materiality, Meaning & Organization?
Information and Language and their Interrelationship
Culture and Information and their Interrelation
Propagating Extra-Somatic Organization in the Symbolsphere
Propagating Organization, Neo-Duality and Material and Non-Material Emergence
The Four Spheres of Influence on Human Existence
Science as a Language, the Non-Probativity Theorem and the Complementarity of Complexity and Predictability
What is a Book? Past, Present and Future From the Clay Tablet to the SmartBook
Non-verbal Information and Artistic Expression in the Symbolosphere and Its Emergence through Secondary Perception
Colophon & Image Credits
Socialize this Book!
21er-Haus, Belvedere, Vienna by Alfred Weidinger http://www.flickr.com/photos/a-weidinger/6198191900/ Attribution-NonCommercial License
One can roughly classify human communication and forms of information as being either verbal or non-verbal. We have already examined the various forms of verbal information in the symbolosphere as was the case with speech, writing, mathematics, science, computing, the Internet, and the conceptual and symbolic forms of the technosphere and econosphere.
In this chapter we will complete our study of what is information by examining the origin and nature of the non-verbal forms of information and communication inherent in the artistic expression through music, dance and the plastic arts of painting, sculpture, and photography. Some modes of information like film, theatre and opera contain both verbal and non-verbal forms of information. The interesting question we will consider in this chapter is: What is the connection between verbal language and non-verbal artistic expression both of which are symbolic? One hint of a connection is the fact that humans are the only animals that possess verbal language and express themselves artistically through visual images and music. We think this is no coincidence. We plan to demonstrate that the information processing capability of conceptualization played a key role in the emergence of artistic expression.
We will show in this chapter that the origin of artistic expression is linked to the origin of verbal expression through what we term secondary perception, which we define as the perception influenced by verbal language and conceptual symbolic thought. Primary perception, on the other hand, is the perception experienced by non-human animals and our hominids ancestors before the advent of verbal language. As was reviewed in Chapter 3 the Extended Mind model posits that before verbal language hominid thought was purely percept-based and with verbal language human conceptual symbolic thought emerged. In The Sixth Language (Logan 2004) it was posited that spoken language and symbolic thought evolved into writing, mathematics, science, computing and the Internet in response to the information overload of the previous languages. One form of symbolic thinking and communication that was not addressed, however, was artistic expression in the visual arts and music, which entails a combination of visual or auditory perception and concept-based thought. I have often been asked by readers of The Sixth Language why I had not included the visual arts and music in my theory and weren't these forms of expressions also languages. My answer has always been: yes, they are languages also but they are non-verbal languages and I do not understand the relationship between them and the six verbal languages.
I now believe I have found a link between the verbal and non-verbal languages. In the Extended Mind model the emergence of verbal language is linked to the bifurcation from percept-based thinking to concept-based thinking where the words of verbal language represents our first concepts. The insight that led to this current attempt to link the verbal languages with those of artistic expression was the realization that the visual arts and music are both percept-based because of the physicality of the artistic medium and, most importantly, conceptual as well because of the symbolic and representational nature of art forms. An artist makes use of concepts as much as a scientist but an artist is also grounded in her physical medium whether that is paint, marble, film or musical sounds. The artist engages both our emotions through our perception of their medium and our intellect through the symbolic representations of their compositions.
The influence of verbal language is not limited to the symbolic representations of the artwork but they also impact on the nature of the artist's perceptive powers, which differs from the perceptive powers of our pre-lingual hominid ancestors. The conceptual powers of the artists change the nature of their perceptive capabilities creating what I have termed secondary perception.
If this hypothesis is correct then there should be a correlation between verbal language and artistic expression as well as evidence for their simultaneous emergence in the history of humankind. Now I must admit in all honesty that this is not a true scientific prediction as I am well aware of the putative correlation of speech and artistic expression claimed by a number of scholars and reviewed below. In addition to my knowledge of this claim I must also credit another source of inspiration for my hypothesis of the influence of secondary perception on artistic expression. That influence is Walter Ong's (1991) notion of secondary orality from which I derived the notion of secondary perception, i.e. perception influenced by verbal language and concept-based thought.
Secondary Perception
In the Extended Mind model (Logan 2007) it was suggested that before language emerged hominid thought was purely percept-based and the brain was basically a percept processor. With the emergence of verbal language the brain bifurcated into the brain and the mind. The brain continued as the seat of percept-based thought and the mind became the seat of concept-based thought. The metaphoric formulation of this notion was captured with the equation: mind = brain + language.
The new insight regarding the emergence of art is that with language and concept-based thought secondary perception emerged in which perception is transformed by conceptual thought in much the same way that orality was transformed by literacy giving rise to secondary orality. Secondary orality is Walter Ong's (1991) simple idea that there is a difference between primary and secondary orality, where primary orality is the orality of a pre-literate culture and secondary orality is the orality of a literate culture. Ong observed that literacy changes the nature of orality creating what he called "secondary orality". Once humans acquired verbal language and conceptual symbolic thought the nature of their perceptual sensorium changed into what we are now calling secondary perception. Secondary perception is to primary or pre-verbal perception what secondary orality is to primary or pre-literate orality. Secondary perception allows the potential artists to combine their perceptual capabilities with their ability to create symbols and to think symbolically, which are the necessary ingredients for artistic expression.
The mechanism by which secondary perception emerges is through downward causation from the mind, the seat of conceptual thought to the brain, the percept processor. This formulation yields a theory for the emergence of art as the product of secondary perception and concept-based thought. It also explains the apparent correlation of the emergence of speech and symbolic art. Unfortunately this hypothesis can be construed as a just-so story as the emergence of symbolic art and verbal language were each one-time events in the history of humankind. However, one independent prediction is possible based on the idea that artistic expression entails secondary perception and concept-based thought. I believe that a brain scan of an artist composing or performing a work of art would reveal activity in both the part of the brain associated with verbal language and the part of the brain associated with visual or auditory perception depending on the art form. I hope that some experimental psychologists will test this conjecture of mine.
A Google search of the literature revealed that there is a definite impact of the left-brain associated with verbal language skills and conceptual thought on artistic expression, which is largely associated with right brain function.
The following excerpt from a study of an artist who suffered a minor stroke reveals the involvement of both hemispheres in artistic expression indicating that conceptualization plays a role in artistic expression (Annoni et al. 2005, 797).
Painting is a very complex behavior and its neural correlates involve brain areas processing the perceptive, cognitive, and emotional valences of stimuli; brain damage, therefore, could modify artistic expression…. Right parieto-occipital damage resulting in spatial neglect, constructional apraxia, or perceptual agnosia can alter the spatial configuration of the whole painting or individual parts, while extensive left hemisphere damage may be responsible for simplification of detail of represented objects.
Another neurologist, Anjan Chatterjee (2004, 1573), based on studies of artists with neurological deficits also links conceptualization with artistic expression:
Thus, from the limited data available, the art of patients with visual agnosias seems to be largely determined by whether their deficit is closer to the perceptual or the conceptual end of object recognition processes. If the deficit is at the perceptual end, patients are likely to not produce the overall form and composition of images, but continue to render individual features of objects. By contrast, patients with deficits at the conceptual end are still able to draw very well if copying from a rich source, but fall apart when having to draw from memory or if guided by their knowledge of the world.
Ellen Dissanayake (1988, 112) argues, "the elements of art are human nature's fundamental elements" of which she includes "Language and speech – Classification and concept formation
– Symbolization." She goes on to suggest the connection between these elements, "Inseparable from abstract or conceptual thought and language is the ability to symbolize, to recognize one thing as standing for or representing another (ibid., 118)."
The Joint Emergence of Verbal Language and Artistic Expression
A number of scholars have suggested that the emergence of language, symbolic or conceptual thought and artistic expression were all connected and simultaneously began about 50,000 years ago in what Jared Diamond called the "great leap forward" and what Pfeiffer (1982) and Tattersall (1998) call the "creative explosion". It was at this time there was an explosion of human inventiveness when for the first time there emerged a profusion of new tools, clothing made from animal hides, decoration of tools, jewelry, rituals such as ceremonial burials, artistic expression in the form of cave paintings and carved figurines and musical instruments.
To many archaeologists, art—or symbolic representation, as they prefer to call it—burst on the scene 50,000 years ago, a time when modern humans are widely thought to have migrated out of Africa to the far corners of the globe. These scholars say the migrants brought with them an ability to manipulate symbols and make images that earlier humans had lacked…. As Richard Klein of Stanford University puts it, "There was a kind of behavioral revolution [in Africa] 50,000 years ago. Nobody made art before 50,000 years ago; everybody did afterward." (Appenzeller 1998)
Dunbar (1998, 105) reaches a similar conclusion
Symbolic language (the language of metaphysics and religion, of science and instruction) would have emerged later as a form of software development (it embodies no new structural or cognitive features not already present in social language), probably at the time of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution some 50,000 years ago when we see the first unequivocal archaeological evidence for symbolism (including a dramatic improvement in the quality and form of tools, the possible use of ochre for decorative purposes, followed in short order by evidence of deliberate burials, art and non-functional jewelry).
Emanuel Anati (1989, 209), an expert on rock art, maintains that art, language and religion have a single root. He also dates the advent of visual art to 50,000 BCE.
There is no evidence of a full-scale use of visual art until 50,000 years ago. The consistency throughout the world of the same basic repertory of symbols and images exhibited in the early phases of rock art testifies to the common origin of Homo sapiens and of his uniquely human intellect…. Early prehistoric men already operated within a framework of mental mechanisms of association, symbolism, and abstraction, which still today are defining characteristics of our species. In comparison to the preceding hominids, using these cognitive skills was not only an evolution, but also a true revolution: a leap forward that once taken has made us forever a very different Primate (Anati 2004)."
David Lewis-Williams (2004), an art historian in his book The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art, as the title of his book indicates, links the origin of art to consciousness. Like Anati he also links the origin of art to religion. In the Extended Mind model (Logan 2007) that we base this study upon both religion and consciousness depends on conceptual thinking and hence language. We therefore consider the work of Lewis-Williams and Anati as supporting the link between the origin of language and the origin of art.
Similarities and Differences of Verbal Language and Artistic Expression
Both verbal language and artistic expression communicate the intentions of the speaker or writer and the artist and hence both entail a theory of mind, which we will explicate in the next section. Both forms of communication can be used to express emotions. Both require thought and planning although speech and some forms of musical performance tend to be more spontaneous and less planned. But even conversational speech entails a certain amount of planning even though it takes place as the speaker speaks and hence is not a very lengthy process. Both language and art are abstract in that they represent transformations of reality into words or utterances in the case of language and visual forms or sounds in the case of art. As a result both language and art are representational and symbolic. From a Piercian semiotic perspective, however, verbal language is always symbolic but art can be iconic, indexical or symbolic. Iconic representation is representation by similarity as a photograph represents a person. An indexical representation is a sign that is associated with the thing being represented as smoke indexically represents fire. Symbolic representation is when the sign stands for something else by convention. The word "dog" for example represents the four-legged animal that we think of as man's best friend.
Another similarity is the fact that every human culture that we know of possesses both verbal language and artistic expression. They are both universals of the human condition and unique to our species.
Hominids had been evolving for 4 million years, but art only appeared with Homo sapiens and proved to be an exquisitely human expression. The «creation» of art was a revolution
Our ancestor early sapiens was characterised by the neurological capacity of creating an ideology, whose basic matrix is still present at the core of modern man's conceptual cognition. This framework included a capacity for synthesis and abstraction, which, among other things, led man to produce art and abstract thought, and to develop an articulate and complex language (Anati 2004, 64 & 60).
And finally to conclude this catalog of similarities it is important to remember that painting, sculpture and music are often referred to as languages and verbal language in the form of oratory, poetry and literature is often referred to as an art form. There are many crossovers between verbal and artistic expression but let us now examine some of the differences.
The arts appeal immediately to the sensual aspect of human thought and then to the intellectual side. Verbal language, on the other hand, appeals immediately to our intellect and then possibly through imagery to the sensual side of our mentality. Verbal language is linear whereas the arts are multidimensional. Even music, which has a temporal linear progression, is multi-dimensional because it is composed of pitch, timbre, tempo, volume, melody and harmony. Verbal language can be analytic and has led to mathematics, science and computing whereas the arts are synthetic and aesthetic. Both verbal language and artistic expression can express both ideas and feelings but the arts tend to be more about feelings and verbal language more about expressing ideas.
A Theory of Mind—Art as Creating an Effect
As was already noted both the arts and verbal language are about communicating intentions and expressing thoughts and feelings. Both forms of communication therefore are based on a theory of mind, i.e. the notion that the communicator believes those who are their audience have a mind similar to their own and hence will comprehend their communication whether that is verbal or artistic. Those who study the origin of language consider the human capability of a theory of mind was a cognitive capability unique to humans that made verbal language possible. Dunbar (1998, 102) defines a theory of mind as "the ability to understand another's individual mental state" without which he claims,
There would be no language in the form we know it…. Language requires more than the mere coding and deciphering of well-formed grammatical statements. Indeed, as has been often pointed out, many everyday conversations are conspicuous by their lack of grammatical structure (Gumperz 1982). However, important formal grammar may be in the precision of information transfer, it is surely the intentionality of speech that is the most demanding feature for both speaker and listener (ibid., 101).
I believe that a theory of mind is just as critical for the origin of artistic expression as it was for the origin of language. Artistic expression is also a uniquely human attribute and also requires a theory of mind mind-set on the part of the artist to be executed. Artists through their artwork are trying to create an effect on their audience and this requires a theory of mind on the part of the artists to believe that they can create effects on their audience like the ones they experience. McLuhan (1964) described the artist's methodology as working backwards from the effect they want to create to the causal elements that will produce the effect they have in mind. In order to work in this manner the artists obviously must have a theory of mind.
Both verbal language and artistic expression are forms of social communication. "Speech…serves two functions, that of social communication, and the representation of and a medium for abstract thought (Logan 2007)." The same may be said of artistic expression. Both verbal language and artistic expression are forms of abstract thought. While both are vehicles for the expression of emotions the visual and musical arts tend to favors emotional expression over analytic thought more so than verbal language. This generalization is only a general trend as one can find superb examples of emotional expression through verbal language and music and visual art that is extremely analytic and everything in between.
Verbal language has been a very important tool for creating social cohesion and cooperation. There is a very strong correlation between altruism and the origin of verbal language. Speech entails the sharing of information which in itself is an altruistic act. Without the desire to help conspecifics there would have been no motivation to want to communicate with fellow humans so there is no doubt that verbal language and altruism go hand in hand. But a similar argument can be made for artistic expression and altruism.
"Why did humans have the need to record their own thoughts and emotive stimulation? No doubt this is part of the nature of Homo sapiens, like socialization, the sense of aesthetic, love, ambition, and solidarity (Anati 2004, 67)."
Art Arising from Mimetic Communication
Merlin Donald has suggested that mimetic communication was the cognitive laboratory in which verbal language developed. The roots of the fine arts can also be traced to percept-based mimetic communication whose basic elements were prosody (the tones of vocalization), facial gesture, hand signals and mime (or body language). The very first art forms were all non-verbal and grew out of mimetic communication. They included music, painting, sculpture and dance all of which were a part of ritual. Music can be traced to the variation of tone and rhythm and hence to the prosody of speech. Dance is basically a form of body language set to music. The first forms of painting were body and face painting and the first forms of sculpture were masks and costumes, which can be seen as attempts to enhance and intensify facial gesture and mime. With the advent of spoken language new hybrid forms of the arts emerged which combined mimetic communication with words to produce modern (post-verbal) art forms such as poetry, which include both words and prosody, songs which combine words and music and theater which combines words with mime and dance (Logan 2007).
Secondary perception not only plays a role in artistic perception but it also contributes technological innovation and design. An inventor of a tool must be able to envisage how the tool will be manufactured and used and hence the inventor's power of perception must combine with his analytic skills.
What is Information? Chapter 9 References