text:
About American Council on Science and Health
Priorities Magazine Spring 2018
The Next Plague and How Science Will Stop It
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Little Black Book of Junk Science
Should You Worry About Artificial Flavors Or Colors?
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Summer Health and Safety Tips
How Toxic Terrorists Scare You With Science Terms
Adult Immunization: The Need for Enhanced Utilization
Should You Worry About Salt?
IARC Diesel Exhaust & Lung Cancer: An Analysis
Teflon and Human Health: Do the Charges Stick?
Helping Smokers Quit: The Science Behind Tobacco Harm Reduction
Irradiated Foods
Foods Are Not Cigarettes: Why Tobacco Lawsuits Are Not a Model for Obesity Lawsuits
The Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis: A Review
Are "Low Dose" Health Effects of Chemicals Real?
The Effects of Nicotine on Human Health
Traditional Holiday Dinner Replete with Natural Carcinogens - Even Organic Thanksgiving Dinners
A Primer On Dental Care: Quality and Quackery
Nuclear Energy and Health And the Benefits of Low-Dose Radiation Hormesis
Priorities in Caring for Your Children: A Primer for Parents
Endocrine Disrupters: A Scientific Perspective
Good Stories, Bad Science: A Guide for Journalists to the Health Claims of "Consumer Activist" Groups
A Comparison of the Health Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Tobacco Use in America
Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Health
Irradiated Foods Fifth Edition
Marathon Lessons From a Novice: Does Epsom Salt Work For Sore Muscles?
Marathon Lessons From A Novice: What is Goo and Should I Use it?
Marathon Lessons from a Novice: The Fastest, Oldest, Biggest
Can a Laxative, Crappy Beer, and Cheap Mouthwash Keep Bugs Away?
Setting A Course To Marathon Recovery
What Running 100 Miles In A Day Does To Your Body
By Julianna LeMieux — September 20, 2017
There are not a lot of people who I would run 26.2 miles for.
However, the team of scientists and physicians at the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University Medical Center are some of them. They are world leaders in the research and treatment of celiac disease and also happen to be my son's physicians. They have helped him become the healthy boy that he is today and there is no end to my gratitude for them.
So, when they set up a team to run this year's NYC marathon in November, I put on my sneakers. Embarking on this challenge has brought some new experiences. One of which is sore legs - really sore legs.
In looking for some advice, I turned to the first place I could think of - running websites. And, on those running websites I found one universal recommendation - soak sore muscles in a bath with Epsom salt - an old remedy that has been used since 1618, when it was accidently discovered to be a laxative for cows.
So, I ran (actually, more like hobbled) to the drug store, bought Epsom salt, soaked in a warm tub full of them and waited for my pain to dissipate. I think that the pain may have dulled some of my usual skepticism and critical thinking. While in the tub, I started to think... how is this Epsom salt working? What is the science behind it? Because, when I really started to think about it - it didn't make a lot of sense.
Epsom salt is not related to table salt, but it is still a salt called magnesium sulfate. The main claim behind soaking in Epsom salt baths is that the magnesium sulfate penetrates the skin and enters the blood to somehow cure sore muscles. But, when I go swimming, the chlorine doesn't enter my blood, right? Nor do the substances that are dissolved in other water solutions.
So, I dug around and it turns out that there is not a lot of sense in the power of Epsom salt.
The first hint I got came from the number of uses it has. Anytime one thing claims to heal sore muscles, act as a laxative, and help plants grow - there may be a catch. While some of the claims about Epsom salt may be real, I wanted to focus on whether or not it was going to help my muscles. I'll worry about growing plants after the marathon.
On the website www.seasalt.com, which sells Epsom salt, they state, "Studies have shown that magnesium and sulfate are both readily absorbed through the skin, making Epsom salt baths an easy and ideal way to enjoy the associated health benefits." They provide a reference for this claim as well - which is more than most websites do. So, I looked into it and the reference is a report (not peer reviewed) of a study done on 19 people who soaked in Epsom salt baths. At certain time points, their blood and urine were taken and magnesium sulfate levels were measured. They state, that "of 19 subjects, all except 3 showed a rise in magnesium concentrations in plasma, though this was small in some cases. The values before the first bath were, mean 104.68 ± 20.76 ppm/ml; after the first bath the mean was 114.08 ± 25.83 ppm/ml." They go on to state that the more bathing - the more magnesium (and sulfate) was found in the blood and urine. Ultimately, they draw the conclusion that "Bathing in Epsom salts is a safe and easy way to increase sulfate and magnesium levels in the body."
The only problem (well, one of many problems) is that the experiment did not have a control group. In order to even come close to their conclusion, 19 people would need to sit in a bath with no Epsom salt and have their magnesium and sulfate blood levels measured. Without those data, we can conclude that sitting in warm water raises magnesium levels of the blood.
This is just one website, but, I found this same paper cited as the reference on other websites as the evidence for magnesium and sulfate passing through the skin. (1) In addition, I could not find any evidence that magnesium or sulfate have the ability to cross through the skin and change blood levels. Our skin is a barrier designed to keep many things from entering our bodies - including large ions like magnesium and sulfate. It is not totally impermeable - many organic solvents can pass through the skin. But, it is highly unlikely and I could find no evidence to support the idea that large ions in water can get through the skin.
That is not to say that Epsom salt is useless or won't help with certain ailments. But, without those data, it is hard to explain how soaking in a bath of them could help sore muscles.
So, for this novice marathon runner, my skeptic nature is going to overrule the running websites and I'll leave the Epsom salt out of the tub for now. We'll see what happens after I run the marathon - I'll probably be willing to try anything at that point.
(1) Another website citing this paper as evidence of magnesium passing through the skin is www.ancient-minerals.com/transdermal-magnesium/how-topical/#identifier_6...
By Julianna LeMieux
Senior Fellow in Molecular Biology
Dr. Julianna LeMieux received her Ph.D. in Molecular Biology and Microbiology from Tufts University School of Medicine where she studied the pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. She followed that with a post-doc at MIT, working on the nematode C. elegans. After teaching as an assistant professor for four years, she realized her passion for science communication and left her faculty position to join the team at the American Council on Science and Health in April 2016. She also served as a faculty member in the Citizen Science program at Bard College for two years, and stays on in a training role and as part of a working group.
She enjoys writing about a myriad of different topics, but is especially interested in infectious diseases, global health and vaccines. She lives in NYC with her husband and three children and loves exploring the city with them. She can be reached at julianna@acsh.org or @julemieux1
Latest from Julianna LeMieux:
Irish Social Media Campaign Increases HPV Vaccination Rates
Simple Beam of Light Can Tell if Mosquitoes Carry Zika
A New Drug May Keep Those With Celiac Disease Gluten Free
5 Days. 50 Events. Go to Know - World Science Festival is Almost Here
Experimental Ebola Vaccine Rolled Out During Outbreak in Africa. But, Will it Work?
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"Big Fears Little Risks" is a documentary, but unlike most of what you see on places like Netflix, it is pro-science, and not scaremongering trace chemicals, food, or the modern world. We instead are going to take back the discourse from trial lawyers and the trade groups they use to profit from fear.
But it is a donor-funded program, and we need your help. We are 70% of the way to having it fully funded and if you can help get us over the top, please do so here.
Surgeon General Backpedals on Flawed Tylenol Study. Because of ACSH.
Nothing Grimes Said About Eyeballs or Depression Makes Any Sense
Opioid Deaths Are Not Solely a Medical Issue
More People Die in Winter than Summer
Do Sugary Drinks Cause Cancer?
ACSH Videos
ACSH In The Media
ACSH in the Media: We Can Barely Keep Up!
ACSH in the Media: Fighting Junk Science Since 1978
ACSH in the Media: From Washington to Washington and Beyond!
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Health Scares vs. Health Threats
Precautionary Principle: We Must Ban Driving to Whole Foods
CDC Misleads by Calling E-Cigarettes a 'Tobacco Product'
AAAS Runs Dishonest Glyphosate Story, Then Deletes It. Is Politics to Blame?
UK Parliament Endorses E-Cigarettes to Help Smokers. Will U.S. Follow?
Celebrities vs. Science
Jeff Bezos' Plan to Colonize Space is Based on Sheer Nonsense
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. is Helping Spread Flu and Cervical Cancer
Celebrities Vs. Science: Pierce Brosnan Shouldn't Be Hosting The Breakthrough Prize Ceremony on National Geographic
Groups Who Hate Us
Toxic America: The Guardian Spreads Chemophobia and Anti-Americanism
ACSH Isn't Industry-Friendly. We're Science-Friendly.
Doxxing: The Newest Strategy to Destroy Scientists
Sham 'Study' on Organic Food and Pesticides in Urine Published by Friends of the Earth
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"Men witness to men and women witness to women." These are the words of a wise instructor of cross-cultural missions. Especially in conservative societies such as where we work and live. I had heard this many times and even echoed these same words to others. In societies where the divides between men and women are strong, communication between the sexes needs to be careful and cultural boundaries respected.
I first met Tina while exploring our new neighbourhood. We were trying to get the lay of the land and we ventured out as a family to practice 'culinary evangelism'. Namely, explore the various foods your new neighbourhood offers and meet and talk to as many people as you can. Tina ran a store serving basic breakfast and lunch menus specializing in milk/yogurt/cheese products. These kinds of restaurants are frequented mainly by the low-income working class where a meal of yogurt and semolina pancakes can be had for roughly a dollar. Tina was at that time an unmarried middle aged educated woman who ran the shop for the benefit of her family. She served us and talked with us about many subjects. She took delight in our children and immediately became their local adopted 'Auntie'. My wife would often have her "ladies' time" on Saturday morning and would go and fellowship with other ladies in our team. That left me with our children and so out the door we would go. We would do some errands but a visit to Tina's lunch counter was always on the agenda as it was a good way to pass the time, to observe local culture, and to let the kids enjoy their surroundings. Tina loved these visits and she would even help feed the little one if she wasn't busy.
Sometimes we could chat about things and sometimes not. My children were the buffer culturally that allowed us to communicate and relate in a public place. I learned that she had a keen mind and was quite familiar with what was going on in the world. When the time was right we had spiritual talks and she showed me the Bible that she was reading. She had been told that her Prophet was written about in the Bible and so she started from the beginning and was working through the scriptures this way. It was here I realized that others had already been witnessing in her life. Tina told me of another family years previous who had given her the Bible. I could see that God was working in her already and that I was only another witness to come along at such a time as this. Some plant seeds, and some water.
God can work across the greatest of barriers and obstacles and is not limited by man-made wisdom. I am in awe that I, a man, could speak across these barriers through the intervention of God (and children) to a woman, something that was clearly orchestrated by God. I'm not sure if I have a role anymore to play in her life, but I have faith that God will continue to work in her life, despite the barriers.


text:
package app.domain.entities;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Set;

import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;
import javax.persistence.OneToMany;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import javax.validation.constraints.NotNull;

@Entity
@Table(name = "branches")
public class Branch implements Serializable {

	@Id
	@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
	private Long id;

	@NotNull
	@Column(name = "name")
	private String name;

	@NotNull
	@ManyToOne()
	@JoinColumn(name = "town_id")
	private Town town;

	@OneToMany(mappedBy = "branch")
	private Set<Product> products;

	public Branch() {
		super();
	}

	public Long getId() {
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(Long id) {
		this.id = id;
	}

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}

	public void setName(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}

	public Town getTown() {
		return town;
	}

	public void setTown(Town town) {
		this.town = town;
	}

	public Set<Product> getProducts() {
		return products;
	}

	public void setProducts(Set<Product> products) {
		this.products = products;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Seventh Elephant, The
Abandoning the pressures of Athens, a young man flees the city, trying to escape from drink and a number of failed relationships. Clutching his vodka and his memories, he seeks refuge on an island in the Cyclades. There by chance he meets a young woman who reactivates love's vocabulary. His survival instinct faintly reappears through the distorting mirror of alcohol. Yet the craving is an irresistible, clever adversary that shows no mercy. He is drawn by his love to places that affect his emotional world ever more forcefully.
Moving from Paris and Munich to London and a mountain village in central Greece, the battle grows tougher. The more merciless it becomes, the clearer it is that the greatest magic is in fact to be found in reality.
Alexis Stamatis is a well known Greek novelist and poet born in Athens, Greece. He studied Architecture at the National Technical University of Athens and took postgraduate degrees in Architecture and Cinematography in London. He has published ten novels. His second novel, Bar Flaubert, a critically acclaimed best seller in Greece, has been published in UK, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Serbia. Alexis adapted Bar Flaubert to a screenplay with the director Vassilis Douvlis.
Alexis Stamatis has also published six books of poetry. His second book, The Architecture of Interior Spaces, was awarded the Nikiforos Vrettakos Prize in 1994.
Titles by Alexis Stamatis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Soon The United States Will Lift Restrictions To International Travelers From November 8
By Cameron Schenker
Last month, the United States finally decided to lift restrictions to international travel with the United Kingdom, the European Union, and other countries, will start in November, and vaccinated travelers. Today we have known the exact date as of November 8. The country will reopen its land and air borders to international passengers vaccinated with the complete guideline against COVID-19, as reported by the White House.
Former President Donald Trump started these travel restrictions during 2017-2021. It came into effect since the start of the pandemic in March 2020 to date. However, the new president, Joe Biden, who arrived at the White House in January last, is still maintaining.
White House spokesman Kevin Muñoz said that via his Twitter, the new travel policy, which requires vaccination for international travelers to the United States, will begin on November 8. Both international air and ground travel will apply This announcement and the date.
The US government had announced at the end of September. They will allow international travelers who are vaccinated fully to enter their country from the beginning of November. However, they had not specified particular date.
Also, he announced later about the lifting of restrictions on his land travel from Canada and Mexico, subject to the requirement of complete vaccination for next month, and without offering details.
This announcement implies that from November 8, Mexicans and other foreigners who want to enter the United States for visits are considered non-essential. As tourism or most family gatherings will do so from the land border, provided they have access to the complete vaccination schedule.
International travelers who are vaccinated and traveling from other countries subject to travel restrictions due to the pandemic so far may also do so. A list includes the 26 European states of the Schengen area -including Spain- and the United Kingdom, Ireland, Brazil, Iran, China, South Africa, and India.
All Vaccines Accepted At US
All vaccines licenses given by the World Health Organization (WHO) were accepted by the United States, including AstraZeneca.
Still, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have not yet specified whether they accept other vaccines that the WHO does not authorize. Moreover, it will be administering in Mexico, such as the Russian Sputnik V and the Chinese CanSino.
After the United States lift the restrictions, international travelers who are vaccinated fully. They should not comply with quarantine once they arrive in the United States. However, travelers must provide contact information to help to track in case of contagion.
Similarly, Americans who are not still vaccinated must present a negative test one day before they depart and be retested once in the United States.
Tags: Can tourist travel to USA now U.S. international travel restrictions U.S. travel restrictions u.s. travel restrictions 2021 US lift travel restrictions


Professor Fiona Gillespie shares her experience in the fashion industry and her thoughts on the European market as a professional consultant.
FG: I'm Scottish. I came to Italy when I graduated from university. I went to Kingston University in London, which is specialized in fashion design and has very good links with industry in Italy. At that time, many Italian fashion companies came to Kingston to recruit designers, so I knew that I was coming to Italy before I graduated.
Tell us about your career as a professional consultant.
FG: I run a consulting company, initially, on fashion design, so developing collections and products for medium to large Italian fashion companies, like the Max Mara group for example. And then from there I went to other European countries and also in the United States, and got involved in developing not just fashion design consulting but also aspects of marketing, communication, and product development.
Can you share a few interesting professional experiences as a consultant?
FG: I think what really interesting is, especially when you're consulting an international level, that it lets you understand how the reality of fashion business is very different from one country to another. In Italy, where there is a very high concentration and high-level manufacturing, it is incredibly important for Italian brands to be working with product developers and manufactures based here in Italy. When working for a British brand, for example, the manufacturing and product development is often out-sourced to countries such as Hong Kong, or China, or India. So it is incredibly satisfying from the point of view of working within an industry, because it could be so incredibly varied from one experience to another and from one customer to another.
What is your foundation as a consultant?
What are some projects that you're currently working on?
FG: At the moment I'm doing a lot of work with young luxury brands in London. Mentoring and developing product which is sourced, sampled and manufactured here in Italy. Italy offers very high quality services, raw materials, and technical expertise that are vital to brands in the luxury brand market in London. For these British brands to compete in the international market, they need to have some of the know-how which we take for granted here in Italy in order to be successful. So I'm working a lot of projects between British brands and Italian manufacturers, providing the Italian know-how. We are working very successfully.
Tell us about the course you will be teaching this fall at FUA.
How would you say the advertising strategies in Italy differ from other countries?
FG: Over the past five to ten years, there's been a great focus placed on the importance of communicating the unique quality of Italian products and how they are made. We're known for manufacturing a very high-level of quality products. Therefore the way the brands are communicating what they wish to sell is very much connected to authenticity, innovation, creativity, and uniqueness. This is not found in any other part of the world.
What do you want the students to learn from this course?
FG: I want the students to learn how Italy has become a very important destination, what "Made in Italy" actually means and represents, and the excellent and world-famed Italian products such as the fashion, wine, food, and automobiles that are associated with the whole idea of Italy as a country abroad. The course is a 360° look at industries, the commerce of art and culture. It is also an opportunity to enrich students' time here while learning and making new discoveries.
FG: That is a very difficult question, because it is never typical. Sometimes I wake up in the morning and think about what I have to do in a day, because it might be a day I'm lecturing or I might have a trip to London to talk with a client. So there's no typical day, and that's really what I appreciate much about the choice that I've made regarding my profession. There's nothing that is predictable. This is an industry that gives you the opportunity to constantly get involved in new things. You feel like you are constantly evolving, doing new things, and working on new challenges because the industry's in constant motion. Every day brings new challenges, but travel plays a big part because fashion business is international. Traveling is usually a constant. Also traveling to be inspired is important, perhaps to develop new ideas for a new line, because you constantly need food for the brain as well as excitement and stimulation in order to come up with new ideas.
FG: I think it is very important to have something that you feel that you want to say. It's not enough to say "I would like to be fashion designer" or "I would like to be incredibly creative communicator." You have to think about what is it you want to say about what you want to do. The outside world is full of designers and creative people, products, and things to buy. So in order to make a difference, you must think that what you do is going to make that difference. First you've got to think about what you want to say, and find a way to say it.


American Federation of Government Employees and Kalijarvi, Chuzi, Newman & Fitch Sue the Government Over Shutdown | Kalijarvi, Chuzi, Newman & Fitch, P.C.
After the 2013 shutdown, approximately 25,000 essential federal employees, represented by Heidi Burakiewicz, now a partner with KCNF, sued the government, arguing that the Fair Labor Standards Act requires that all employees, including federal employees, be paid on time for their services. In 2014, the U.S. Court of Federal Claims agreed and, in 2017, the court held further that the employees were entitled to twice their back pay because of the violation. However, even while the government is calculating the damages to those approximately 25,000 employees, the Office of Personnel Management has not required that essential federal employees be paid on time during the current shutdown.


Codeforces Round #509 will be held on Sep/16/2018 13:35 (Moscow time). The round will be rated for Div. 2 contestants. There will be 6 problems for 2 hours. Please, notice that the start time is unusual.
The round will be rated for the div. 2 participants. The statements will be available in Russian and English languages.
The round will start 2 hours after the start of the Qualification Stage, so they will finish around same time. That's why we ask the participants of the Quals to stay silent and don't share the statements of the contest with anyone. Unfortunately, we cannot add all the problems from Quals to the round, it will contain only six problems.
The problems for the official contest were prepared by the guys from the jury in the person of Alex fcspartakm Frolov, Adilbek adedalic Dalabaev, Ivan BledDest Androsov and me.
We also would like to express our gratitude to Anton arsijo Tsypko for coordination of the round and Mike MikeMirzayanov Mirzayanov for the permission to make a mirror and Codeforces and Polygon platforms. Also big thanks to the testers: IlyaLos, Perforator, kuviman, HolkinPV, zubec, StasyaCat, Karasick for testing.
As usual, the scoring distribution will be announced just before the round.
After 9 days, wait is over.
Early tomorrow morning there is also the Qualification Stage of Singapore (mirror available on Kattis).
How to solve D and E?
You can refer here (Question is a bit similar to this) to find all cycles in D.
One observation — if there exist 2 edges of a vertex which leads it to 0 then this vertex belongs to the soln set => vertex belongs to cycle.
Now all cycles which have zero as vertex belongs to the soln set. And If at least one vertex of cycle belongs to soln set then all vertex belongs to the soln set. So dfs2 was made to find soln set which marks all cycles which belong to soln set. And then runs dfs2 for all vertex of this set.
Thank you, I got ACed.
Another approach for D that I found after contest time (should give some credits to my friend liv1n9 for some ideas within it, not sure if this was his exact approach coz' I didn't fully manage to get his words :D).
A junction can be considered safe if there are at least 2 paths from junction 0 to it (obviously, junction 0 is a safe junction itself).
Therefore, I'll transform the given undirected graph to a directed graph (each bidirectional edge will be considered as 2 edges between two junctions, just with different directions).
The first traverse will give me a directed subgraph (consisting of directed edges) that allow me to reach every junction from junction 0 (yet not the other way around). After that traverse being complete, I'll delete that whole subgraph.
The second traverse will let me know if each junction is safe (i.e. there exists another path from 0 to that junction, after deleting the first path given in the previous subgraph).
The subgraph deletion can be handled easily if adjacency list of each junction is maintained by a set instead of vector/array.
Because deleting a subgraph will delete 2 of 3 edges. And based on which 2 edges are deleted remaining graph will have 0 or 0,1 or 0,2 as an answer.
But in fact, all 3 vertexes are in soln set.
Actually, I should apology for my explanation being a bit vague.
The subgraph being deleted is a directed one, that means I'll only delete the edges that can lead from junction 0 to other junctions (but not the other way around).
Therefore, after 1st DFS, directed edges (0 → 1), (1 → 2) will be deleted.
The second DFS can still reach all other junctions (one possible path is 0 → 2 → 1).
(Explanation edited in the main comment as well).
How to solve C, E ??
You can binary search the answer: with each value z, build a bipartite graph that, there exists a edge between (xi, yj) if aij ≥ z. z can be the minimum value of a combination if the maximum bipartite matching of the newly built graph equals exactly N — this could be solved by maxflow algorithms.
You can solve C using dynamic programming. First observation: after building N characters, we can uniquely determine the last N characters.
So let's dp(i, j, k) be the number of ways, we are at i-th character, already at j-th character of string s from prefix and at k-th character of string s from suffix.
Then answer will be sum of dp(n, j, k) where j >= k.
i don't understand this line properly. "The round will start 2 hours after the start of the Qualification Stage, so they will finish around same time." can you please explain it in details?
when i can start? from the qualification stage?
It is rated for Div2. My rating is 1900+ is it rated for me?
Perfect time for Chinese users!
the begin time is so good!
I'm Chinese too. The time is really wonderful!
It Was So long time.
Ajosteen, are problem statements gonna be long like in NEERC rounds or adapted to CF round?
The statements' format will be as in usual div2 rounds.
Personally speaking, I think that Codeforces is the best oj in the world.
My submission has been staying in queue for 5 minutes, any help ?
I have much more penalty on pC because of the queue, can I have some points back?
Edit: Actually, 40 points won't affect me too much, but I feel sad for those who were actually affected by the delay.
Btw how to solve F? I could reduce it to finding maximum number of points lying on a straight line in a given set of points,but couldn't use the property that distance between adjacent points(along one co-ordinate) is same.
you only need find the answer for every t which is power of 2.
I guess you can find an answer of every power of 2 .
test case 5 on problem d ?
The answer is 5. Wrong solutions might output 9.
Anyone has idea what pretest 7 for C is?
It was saved in drafts.
Why i can't see another's solutions?
Each input must be in the form of i n since node n will fall into one of the parts after erasing an edge. If i n exists multiple times, add nodes with smaller indices between them.
Isn't "RIP all contestant who didn't thought that A can be equal to B in F" ??
Wait, so it turned out that the clarification for my question is incorrect?
When your question arrived, the only thing I had in mind was "A and B are on the different sides of the tube, how can they be equal?" I haven't thought that the question was about x-coordinates.
I could not solve F in time, so it didn't affect me anyway.
would the answer be 1 or 2 (ray bouncing off vertically)?
It should be 2, since there is no restrictions on relative positions of A and B. I'm sorry for the absence of such test in the pretests, trying to break some clever solutions, I forgot about this basic one.
2. I got hacked for this case.
One more bit of information in addition to what you've said: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/algorithm/upper_bound/.
Complexity On average, logarithmic in the distance between first and last: Performs approximately log2(N)+1 element comparisons (where N is this distance). On non-random-access iterators, the iterator advances produce themselves an additional linear complexity in N on average.
After you've erased the element, the iterator is invalid. Essentially, it can be seen as a nullptr or any other random trash.
It's called undefined behavior. Sometimes iterator might still point to the memory which has useful data, sometimes it might not.
If I submit a solution at time t, my submission is inque for a hour, what's the final submitted time of the solution? t or t+60?
Of course t. Penalty is counted by the time of submission, not by the time of judgement.
http://codeforces.com/contest/1041/submission/42933160 http://codeforces.com/contest/1041/submission/42936047 These two submissions are the same. There may be more cases like this.
sans21 amc1996 pls upvote gourav comment.
I can't make a submission, seems like practice mode is disabled. Is this supposed to happen?
Practice mode is disabled during system testing. You can submit now.
I know that. Systest was over, and usually practice mode is instantly enabled. Thanks for answering anyway!
How does this soln passes System Test Cases?
It iterates from 1 to 1e9 in worst test cases.
I got 5 unsuccessful hack because of this(-_-).
When somebody being a candidate master and can edit tags.
I would be grateful if someone could explain briefly what is the cause of such behavior.
Arguments of any function/constructor could be calculated in any order (it's not strictly wrote in C++ standart). Thus, some compilers use left-to-right calculations, some of them use right-to-left, some of them could even use some crazy rules.
The number of tags (algorithms that can be used to solve the problem) of problem C, D and E is huge and impressive. :) Ajosteen, thank you very much for this awesome and interesting contest.
So why do I think that D is much easier than C?For D u just need to get the prefix sum and do lower_bound.I get WA on pretest 9 of C :(.
Its okay as long as you keep getting ideas. Some of us dont even get the idea.
Time will improve with time. Dont worry.
Wrong answer on sample test cases isn't supposed to get time penalties, correct?
I accidentally submitted an incorrect solution to the 3rd question (which was wrong on sample test case 2) and I got time penalty. Is this wrong or am I incorrect?
Only failure at the 1st test can be ignored.
Anyone knows how to add Codeforces contests to google calendar?
Can problem D get a DP tag too? My approach was to calculate the covered distance when I start from the i'th segment and using previously stored data of other segments which are already calculated. Of course, there are better approaches to this problem.
sorry,codeforces,i feel surprised that i will receive a letter from you. As a foreign person, i often attend some contests in cf. But i not always get good grades, because my contest skills and English are not so good.I don't want to become green pupil, i just want to be a specialist.In the contest, i copy my friend's coding, this is truth,i don't want to hide from responsibilities.At first,i want to do D problem, because i have done the similar problem before. Unfortunately,there is some thing wrong with my coding. But i don't want to decrease my rating, so i copy. At first, i don't know CF can find the problem, maybe AC automation or trie? And i don't know CF will consider the problem so seriously. I swear i won't do this again. Some people will ask why i don't login a new id, because i don't want to let my story faded away.I want to record every contest, so i can always let myself keep hardworking.I will keep practicing,please don't look down me. All in all, i'm very sorry, i won't do this again.
oh, and i can do problem c, but i want to increase my rating more, so i just saw D.10minutes is not enough for c. Also,my stl is not so good.
Can somebody help me in problem C 43011918, i am getting the message "wrong output format Unexpected end of file — int32 expected" on test case 13 ,but i am not able to find any such mistake where i am accessing value from any wrong index.Thanks in advance!
Full Qualification Stage have been added to Gyms.
Server time: Apr/22/2019 20:16:18 (e1).


by Susan E. Mead, H.M.
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The existing staircase remains from the 2-4 floors, but was removed when the addition was built in the1970s for the boxing club on the 2nd floor.
The staircase shadow allowed us to rebuild in its original location.
Staircase rebuilt to connect to the original W Elder north entry.
Paneling removed from 1st floor uncovered stenciled walls, paint color and steel beam.
Blue flowered wallpaper located on the south wall near the storefront.
Stenciling in the first floor store which was originally a millinery.
Freight Elevator Shaft to be filled in.
Pre- Prohibition beer labels were found on the 3rd floor east wall. We plan to cover and frame it to preserve.
Staircase openings in south west side of upper floors .
Shadow of the staircase woodwork that was removed.
Interior 3rd and 4th floor apartments exterior brick walls.
Stencil detail found on upper floor.


text:
Numer kierunkowy, właśc. wskaźnik strefy numeracyjnej (WSN) – element numeracji telefonicznej, który przydzielony dla określonego obszaru, centrali, wybierany przed właściwym numerem abonenta w sieci stacjonarnej, umożliwiający właściwe kierowanie połączeń telefonicznych oraz także m.in. taryfikację rozmów w zależności od obszaru, do którego realizowane jest połączenie.

Historia
Pojęcie "numer kierunkowy" w języku polskim powstało w latach 60. XX wieku, gdy w Polsce rozpoczęto stopniowe wdrażanie półautomatycznego zestawiania połączeń międzymiastowych.
W latach 1962–1964 uruchamiano specjalne "stopnie grupowe" i "automaty", które pomagały telefonistkom central międzymiastowych wybierać "relację" lub "kierunek", wcześniej obsługiwanych przez łącznice ręczne. Wtedy też po raz pierwszy zaczęto nadawać numery tym kierunkom dla półautomatycznych połączeń końcowych i tranzytowych (w tym ostatnim przypadku dochodził jeszcze dodatkowy numer kierunkowy "na tranzyt").

W roku 1964 powstał (rozwijany do 1970 r.) system międzymiastowego ruchu automatycznego "miasto-miasto", w którym dotychczas zazwyczaj niewykorzystywana jako pierwsza cyfra "8" umożliwiała wejście do tej sieci, w której jedno-, dwu- lub trzycyfrowy "wskaźnik międzymiastowy" pozwalał na uzyskanie połączenia z numerem centrali końcowej. Następnie pojawiła się także wtedy możliwość automatycznego tranzytowania ruchu automatycznego "miasto-miasto" za pomocą automatycznych stopni tranzytujących międzymiastowy ruch "miasto-miasto" – w takim przypadku konieczne było dodanie przed numerem końcowym jedno- lub dwucyfrowego numeru kierunkowego na tranzyt. W określonym kierunku (do danego miasta) funkcjonowały wtedy różne numery kierunkowe z różnych miast początkowych. Na przykład numer kierunkowy w relacji Poznań-Warszawa był inny niż w relacji Łódź-Warszawa. Od roku 1975 następowała likwidacja tego systemu. Wielość "wskaźników międzymiastowych" spowodowała rozpoczęcie prac nad określeniem stref numeracyjnych (SN) i ich obszaru, w 1965 r. powstał pierwszy dokument definiujący plan numeracji w Polsce, w którym zdefiniowano 304 takich stref (powiatowych).

Wraz z budową central automatycznych miejscowych i międzymiastowych (1976–1983 Pentaconta, 1980–1983 E-10A, Samsung TDX-1B) wraz z sygnalizacją R2 opracowano nowy dokument PNK. W jego ramach już w 1976 r. przewidywano konieczność ujednolicenia numeracji abonenckiej i "wskaźników międzymiastowych". Także późniejsze budowy w latach 1994–2002 central cyfrowych (systemów EWSD, E-10B, 5ESS, S12) wraz z wdrażaniem sygnalizacji C7 spowodowała możliwość analizy numeru wołającego i wołanego i dalsze ujednolicenie systemu numeracji krajowej oraz wykorzystanie automatycznego sterowania tranzytem. W roku 1976 zdefiniowanych zostało 176 stref numeracyjnych, w 1988 roku – 118, w 1991 – 56, a od 1996 r. – 49, powiązanych z obszarami ówczesnych województw.

Wraz ze zmianą PNK w 2000 r. pojawiła się możliwość poprzedzania numeru kierunkowego numerem dostępowym operatora alternatywnego (NDSMS, numer dostępu do sieci międzystrefowych, pot. prefiks operatora). W roku 2002 wprowadzono zmiany do PNK, polegające na przenoszeniu pojedynczych gmin do sąsiednich SN, co spowodowało niepokrywanie się obszaru SN z granicami zarówno starych jak i obecnych województw.

Od 5 grudnia 2005 r. obowiązuje zamknięty plan numeracji krajowej. Oznacza to, że międzystrefowe numery kierunkowe stały się integralną częścią każdego krajowego numeru abonenckiego w sieci stacjonarnej, od tej pory 9-cyfrowego. Z początkiem 2007 roku został zlikwidowany sygnał zgłoszenia po wybraniu pierwszego "0" (tzw. sygnał wolny przed wybraniem numeru kierunkowego), a od 15 maja 2010 r. zablokowano (po okresie przejściowym trwającym od 30 września 2009 r.) wybieranie "0" przed 9-cyfrowym numerem abonenta.

Aktualnie przypisane do poszczególnych gmin wskaźniki strefy numeracyjnej (WSN) w PNK nie zapewniają wiarygodnej informacji o lokalizacji danego numeru, gdyż możliwe jest przenoszenie numeracji geograficznej do usług w technologii VoIP. Jednocześnie pozwala to realizować połączenia do takich numerów w cenie połączeń strefowych z sieci stacjonarnej, niezależnie od aktualnej fizycznej lokalizacji numeru VoIP. Nie jest za to możliwe przenoszenie numerów w sieci stacjonarnej pomiędzy SN.

Tabela Numerów Kierunkowych

Zobacz też
 "miasto-miasto"
 Numery telefoniczne w Polsce

Uwagi

Przypisy

Usługi telekomunikacyjne
Geokodowanie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Violet-Adele is really lucky to get this guy, seeing as she's never been too interested in commitment. I'm happy for them and look forward to the wedding!
Ain't that the truth! I can't believe that he waited around all this time for her. I had every intention of marrying him off to townie Brenda, but he just kept being in love and wanting Violet-Adele. I don't know how interested she really is still, she's just very … meh over romance. I think that her wants for marriage mostly came from enjoying his company, and wanting to keep that. I don't think Etienne is expecting a giant change in her personality though, so they should be good.


text:
Skift Travel News Blog
Short stories and posts about the daily news happenings around the travel industry.
Indian Airport Lounge Aggregator DreamFolks Hopes to Open IPO on August 24
India-based airport lounge services aggregator, DreamFolks Services, will be launching its initial public offering in India on August 24.
DreamFolks Services, through its asset-light business model, integrates global card players, credit card and debit card issuers with airlines and various airport lounge operators. The company also manages loyalty programmes for airlines.
Starting out as an agrregator of airport lounges, DreamFolks now calls itself "a provider of end-to-end technological solutions for building and delivering services that improve the airport experience."
The initial public offering will open for subscription on August 24 and close on August 26.
The initial public offering is entirely an offer for sale through which the company's promoters — Liberatha Peter Kallat, Dinesh Nagpal, and Mukesh Yadav — will offload 17 million shares, which constitutes around 33 percent of the post-offer paid-up equity share capital of the company, according to a PTI report.
With the Indian lounge market set for a massive boost, DreamFolks' decision to go public is said to be rightly timed.
The number of airport lounges in India is expected to increase to 70-90 by 2025 and 150-160 by 2030, as per estimates based on a Frost & Sullivan research. Currently, India has around 54 airport lounges, with 31 percent of the lounges concentrated in the three key metropolitan airports of New Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai.
The total number of operational airports is expected to reach 295 by 2040 with industry revenues expected to grow to $28.6 billion by 2040.
DreamFolks can also take heart from the fact that the non-aeronautical earnings per passenger went up from around $2 in the financial year of 2017 to $4.2 in the financial year of 2021, indicating that passengers are willing to spend more.
The aviation sector has been contributing roughly 3.5 percent to India's gross domestic product.
— Peden Doma Bhutia
Tags: airport lounges, asia monthly, asset-light, aviation, ipo
airport-lounges


the kiln, and a passive damper is the one to use if the flue is oversized.
case, through the fire box.
shortening to add to the pie dough. "Oh," she said casually, "use enough.
>DOES cause the lower part of a downdraft kiln to heat up more rapidly?
dome of the kiln remains hotter.
and oxygen from the air just balance.
spot of the kiln. The faster the firing the more apparent this will be.
near the floor can become insignificant.
ers will have better answers to your questions than I do.
making reasonably intelligent decisions about how to make adjustments.
closed. Now I understand a much better how this works.
DOES cause the lower part of a downdraft kiln to heat up more rapidly?
curious to learn your thoughts on this.
>the kiln, and a passive damper is the one to use if the flue is oversized.
>case, through the fire box.
>shortening to add to the pie dough. "Oh," she said casually, "use enough.
> simplistic explanation of why this might help.
flame, so that you maintain combustion efficiency.
flame may be applicable to a wood fired kiln as well.
be in your kiln if you are after an even firing.
quickly and then you can re-reduce if need be.
>making reasonably intelligent decisions about how to make adjustments.
>closed. Now I understand a much better how this works.
>curious to learn your thoughts on this.
own thinking. Thanks for clearing this up.
from these recent discussions. I really appreciate everyone's help.
Increasing the draft increases the secondary air and shortens the flame.
Same result, just slightly different terminology and descriptive language.


GREAT LOT, LOCATION AND VALUE. Single family home lot in a convenient location of Lehigh Acres. No neighbors across, behind or next to this lot. Lot surrounded by wooded, vacant lots. Nearest grocery store within 4 miles. Ft. Myers beach within an hour and popular malls within 40 minutes. If you want to build your new home in a rural area but still want the convenience of a local town, give this property serious consideration. Owner also selling .23 acre lot at 1105 Garibaldi St. E. in Lehigh Acres.


Ranthambhore Park life starts early. Wake-up call at 05:30 – I stumble around in my tent waiting for the energy efficient lights to warm up sufficiently to see what I'm doing. My camera bag is all prepped – me not so much, but with a very limited wardrobe the choices come down to the least dusty really. I pad down the path to the main building and listen to the call to prayer. The muezzin here is lovely; he sings a gentle, lyric invitation which floats out on the cool morning air. So unlike the often strident, canned cacophony from blown speakers we hear in the cities.
Ramsingh awaits with his gentle smile, masala chai as I like it in hand and biscuits. I always eat a couple and tuck a couple more in my pocket for refuelling halfway through the morning. The other guests and I quietly talk about our experiences, expectations and for those of us with our cameras lined up against the wall like like tall blond soldiers – we trade lens specs and bragging rights.
Salim, who has become my friend and is always my guide arrives with driver and gypsy, and all of a sudden its time to rush, rush, rush! Blankets, beanbags, cameras and bags are loaded up and off we go. The cool morning air is very damp and sometimes the fog gets pretty heavy. As it is usually just Salim and me in the gypsy we will pick up two or three of the park guards who are starting their shifts. Everyone is anonymously bundled up so I can only distinguish the different men by their voices. The chatter and laughter counterpoint the morning stillness – they maybe discussing weighty matters or simply gossiping about the tourists – I don't know and likely never will but I love listening to them. These are men who are passionate what they do.
As we drive into the park towards the starting point of the different zones I see these large black blobs at the highest points of the winter bare Salar trees which gradually resolve into peacocks, and languor monkeys. It always astonishes me that the peacocks with their massive tails can actually fly, never mind manage to get up that high.
Unless Salim has a specific place he wants to check out, we will often stop, shut off the vehicle and just absorb the start of the morning. The stillness is absolute, there aren't even any aircraft fly zones. As the light brightens, the first tentative bird calls are heard, soon the forest sounds like an orchestra warming up. The orchestra eventually settles into a sunrise symphony – the birds play the woodwinds and strings; the sambar and chittal the timpani section, the peacocks and langurs are the brass. The babblers (yes that is their proper name) infest the acacia trees and catch up on the nights activities, the treepies bounce around with their melodious calls and the crows cackle from on high. Then the deer start. Its' mating season so the bucks sound out with a particularly off key honking, the does bray to their fawns to stay close. For such delicate looking animals the chittal are remarkably loud.
A Buck Sambar watching warily for tigers.
Perhaps if we are lucky we hear the barking alarm calls which mean a tiger is on the move! Then we move – jouncing at speed over the trails to find the right spot to catch a glimpse of the kings and queens of the forest. Salim's genius comes into play here as he has an uncanny sense of where the tigers are likely to be and seemingly effortlessly positions my gypsy for the best photo ops. It certainly doesn't hurt that he is an amazing photographer in his own right – I have learned so very much from him. The other guides defer to his knowledge and experience, and most drives are punctuated by lengthy conferences on what, when, where and who heard or saw something! I think its kind of like playing blindfolded chess!
Just in case you forget they are apex predators!
Afternoons have a different flavour; its hotter, dustier and the wildlife starts to congregate near the lakes or waterholes. The water is of course both necessary and hazardous. While foraging is better, it is also prime hunting ground for the tigers – and the crocodiles – some of whom are 2 or 3 metres in length – those gaping pink mouths are more viscerally terrifying than the cats ever will be as far as I'm concerned.
About 2 ½ or 3 metres!
Anywhere we stop for a while inevitably attracts treepies. They are handsome birds with black and orange markings, a long flippy tail, a complete curiosity about and absence of fear for humans. Those forgotten morning biscuits which have been reduced to crumbs in my pocket become tasty treats for the birds who will sit on your head, hand or shoulder to have a snack. Salim says I really shouldn't but they are so much fun to feed!
The sun sets pretty quickly this close to the equator and it gets cold very fast. We pick up another complement of guards to take home and head back to camp, filthy dirty, chimping our best photos or commiserating on missed chances. Ramsingh is there with more masala chai or a cool fresh lime soda and then its back to my tent for a much anticipated shower. The hot water is a tad temperamental so there are frequent shrieks of outrage and shock. Dinner is served under the stars and most evenings end early. It is a dry camp but no-one fusses if you happen to have a very nice single malt whisky in your bag – purely for medicinal purposes of course, to cut the dust at the end of a long and always wonderfully satisfying day.
Your best pictures yet Smith! Just watch out for those tigers and crocs. They look spectacularly menacing in a stealthy sort of way.
Kim, such amazing photos. You need to write for Nat'l. Geo. or something. You're so talented.
Your blog describes your travels so well you feel like you are there, and your photos are beautiful. I just wish I had been there to take a few myself!
I can never take another pic again.. I bow to the talent…btw perfect timing I needed a good dose of envy to melt the snow on the ground. Yup winter finally arrived today. Wonder what June will bring. We miss our house guest. Guess we have to learn how to make a proper tea to keep you around. Hugs from Glencairn.


Do you yo yo diet? Well about 95% of dieters do! You're not alone at all. I love to give quick tips on how you can maintain your consistency. Jump in for those 3 tips and you will be able to start today to jump off the yo yo train!


Rightways: What is Blockchain Technology, its uses and applications?
What is Blockchain Technology, its uses and applications?
According to Wikipedia, a blockchain, originally block chain, is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography.
Each block typically contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp and transaction data. By design, a blockchain is inherently resistant to modification of the data. It is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way".
For use as a distributed ledger, a blockchain is typically managed by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocol for validating new blocks. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks, which requires collusion of the network majority.
Blockchains are secure by design and are an example of a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance. Decentralized consensus has therefore been achieved with a blockchain.
This makes blockchains potentially suitable for the recording of events, medical records, and other records management activities, such as identity management, transaction processing, documenting provenance, food traceability or voting.
Blockchain was invented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 for use in the cryptocurrency bitcoin, as its public transaction ledger.
Blockchain technology can be integrated into multiple areas. The primary use of blockchains today is as a distributed ledger for cryptocurrencies, most notably bitcoin.
While a few central banks, in countries such as China, United States, Sweden, Singapore, South Africa and England are studying issuance of a Central Bank Issued Cryptocurrency (CICC), none have done so thus far.
Each of the Big Four accounting firms is testing blockchain technologies in various formats. Ernst & Young has provided cryptocurrency wallets to all (Swiss) employees, has installed a bitcoin ATM in their office in Switzerland, and accepts bitcoin as payment for all its consulting services. Marcel Stalder, CEO of Ernst & Young Switzerland, stated, "We don't only want to talk about digitalization, but also actively drive this process together with our employees and our clients. It is important to us that everybody gets on board and prepares themselves for the revolution set to take place in the business world through blockchains, [to] smart contracts and digital currencies."
PwC, Deloitte, and KPMG have taken a different path from Ernst & Young and are all testing private blockchains.
If you are in business or government or interact with businesses or government (that should be all of you), blockchain technologies will impact you in a profound way.
People much smarter than me who have studied blockchain deeply say this is like the internet before Marc Andreessen co-invented the browser. Then, we had no idea that the world would change as radically as it has. The world will change radically again, and no one can predict how.
However, let's take a glimpse into the future at what people are working on now, so you get just an inkling of what's possible.
IBM is putting a lot of wood behind the blockchain arrow and aggressively going after business. One example is a project with Walmart to track food shipments. Let's use the example of mangos. Why is this important and how does the blockchain fit in?
But where does the blockchain fit in? Here's how a blockchain-enabled mango-buying transaction works better than a process without the blockchain.
It turns out that people eat more food that has been labeled "organic" than is farmed. That's because there is fraud in some claims as to whether or not something is organic and those things can make their way into shipments unbeknownst to the buyer. Now, the mangos get labeled at the source, by a trusted entity that deems them organic. That information is then recorded on the blockchain, and that information cannot be changed. The "proof of organic" is now locked in and Walmart now fully trusts its mangos are organic. That makes it very difficult to fraudulently sell you mangos that are not organic.
Walmart is great at removing costs from their supply chain - maybe the best in the world. Now, they can build in a delivery price guarantee into the system, without human intervention. It works like this. Using a smart contract (code that represents an agreement) Walmart can say they will pay a certain amount for mangos that show up on the shipping dock within a specific shipment window. And, they can do that without having to create paperwork representing a different price for a late shipment. The payment to the late shipper gets changed automatically, based on the code in the smart contract.
If the refrigerator truck in which the mangos are being shipped has a malfunction, the mangos could go bad. The shipper might not realize there's a problem, and Walmart might not realize there's a problem, but the consumer will be very unhappy. If the transportation company has thermometers on their truck continually report the temperature of the truck during transport, then Walmart will know that the mangos are fresh when they arrive, ensuring high quality. And, this is done automatically on the blockchain due to a trusted source of information (the thermometers) communicating with the smart contract that has set the temperature parameters.
Sometimes mangos need to be recalled for one reason or another. Without the blockchain, Walmart might have to remove many thousands of mangos to ensure no customer gets a bad one. With the blockchain, Walmart now knows exactly what mangos need to be taken off the shelf. This ensures the bad mangos are removed. Yes, other technologies exist today that can do something similar as it's related to tracking mangos. However, what the blockchain does is provide a higher level of confidence that fraud did not occur at some point along the way to protect the entity that enabled bad mangos to happen in the first place.
Today, a lot of intermediate transactions can exist in a transportation process. For example, transactions between the farmer and the broker; between the broker and the shipper; between the shipper and Walmart. These transactions usually require people to approve or deny some aspect of the movement of products. Through smart contracts, a lot of these approvals can be automated and sped up by removing people from the equation. This both reduces costs and speeds up the process.
Of course, this is only one example of an application that can transform an industry. Many, many other applications are being built to address very different use cases. I recommend you start to become educated on what is going on so you can get ahead of the curve.
By Glenn Gow is the Marketing Partner at Clear Ventures, a CEO Coach, Board Member and Advisor, and a Blockchain Strategist.
Is bitcoin one humongous scam or Ponzi scheme? Before I answer that question, let's look at the four typical characteristics of a Ponzi scheme.
First of all, there must be a promoter for the scheme. It may be a single individual or a corporation.
The key point here is that there is a single party promoting (and thus benefiting from) the scheme. The second characteristic is the promised return.
To attract gullible investors the scheme will promise unrealistic sky-high returns. The saying "if it is too good to be true, it probably is" always applies in this scenario.
The third characteristic pertains to the investment's liquidity, which simply means how easy it is to get out once you are in. The promoter will tend to discourage investors from cashing out using and will do so using one or more of these three approaches.
The stick approach is where the investor loses a portion of his investment if he withdraws early.
Conversely the carrot approach entices the investor to stay in by promising even higher returns the longer he keeps the funds invested.
Finally the "too-good-not-to-share" approach requires the investor to find a new investor to take over his investment. In short, he needs to look for new fools to buy him out.
Yes, the Ponzi scheme's liquidity is at the mercy of the promoter's whim and fancy.
Thus we come to the fourth characteristic. Ponzi schemes require a constant flow of new investors (read: new money) to fund the payout to early investors.
Before the promoter vanishes into thin air, a small number of EARLY investors DO actually get to cash out and enjoy the ridiculous returns. This is done intentionally by the promoter to "instill" confidence in the scheme as these early investors will help to bring in new investors.
Let's apply these four characteristics to Bitcoin. The decentralised nature of bitcoin means that there is never a single party promoting bitcoin.
One may argue that there are plenty of people promoting the virtues of bitcoin.
However these are all unrelated parties, akin to different investment advisers promoting the virtues of gold as an investment.
Yes, bitcoin has provided spectacular profits to some investors in the past year.
However these profits were never promised in the first place. In fact people have lost money trading bitcoins, in spite its meteoric rise. This is due to the extreme volatility of the price.
Does bitcoin have sufficient liquidity that is, can you get out? All the recent headlines about regulators and banks freezing the accounts of crypto-related transactions have given the impression that it is hard-to-get-out once you are in.
However, nothing could be further from the truth. The decentralised nature means that there are so many alternatives for selling bitcoins, although not all are convenient.
Finally, are bitcoin investors who are late to the party effectively funding the early investors' profits?
On that note, bitcoin may sound similar to a Ponzi scheme.
Then again the same can be said of investors who entered the markets at the peak of the dotCom bubble or the housing bubble.
This is a zero-sum game.
I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the existence of numerous proven scams out there that uses or references Bitcoin.
To counter that point, note that these scams never actually put money into bitcoin, merely hitching a ride on the bitcoin bandwagon and hype.
Prior to the emergence of cryptocurrencies, Ponzi schemes already existed. These schemes claim to use special techniques to generate spectacular profits from various asset classes such as commodities or real estate. Do you hear anyone labelling real estate as a Ponzi?
That said, I must make the point clear that one can easily lose a fortune putting hard earned money into either bitcoins or a Ponzi scheme. Nevertheless, bitcoin is not a scam or Ponzi scheme, as outlined by the points above.
Source: The Star, by Chong Jin Yoong, CFA, is a financial markets trainer and consultant.
No intrinsic value: Unlike enterprises, bitcoin has no business, no intrinsic value, no cash flows and no balance sheet. — AFP I JUST.
Bitcoin creator mystery, who is the Face Behind the Bitcoin?


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Loppiano, 21years after Chiara Lubich was made a citizen of Incisa
14 Sep 2021 | Life
On September 14, 2000, the town of Incisa conferred honorary citizenship upon the founder of the Focolare. Currently, Mayor Giulia Mugnai called Loppiano "a strong presence of dialogue, culture, and care for the environment."
There was genuine interest, but also a hint of legitimate curiosity. Of course, it was the first honorary citizenship conferred by the municipality of Incisa in Val d'Arno. But above all it was about meeting a noted figure. Therefore, not only was the municipal council present, but also the mayors of the Valdarno and Val di Sieve.
On that September 14, 2000 in Saint Benedict Hall, Mayor Emanuele Auzzi was proud and excited to include Chiara Lubich among its citizens. He expressed his esteem for the foundress of the Focolare and spoke of the citadel as "a most important resource for the local region of the commune and for the reality of Valdarno."
The new citizen of Incisa first recalled the memory of "the first stone of the citadel, Eletto Vincenzo Folonari, the wealthy focolarino who is now in Heaven and had made himself poor for the love of Christ and donated the land on which Loppiano stands."
Ever since Lubich became an honorary citizen, relations between the local administration and the citadel have grown. This was reported by Giulia Mugnai in her second term as mayor of the new institutional structure of Figline and Incisa together (as she likes to be called), after she had been a city councilor in 2009 – 2013.
What did the citadel signify for the local administration?
"Loppiano has been a living and active part of the surrounding community for many years, with constructive relationships on various fronts. Loppiano conveys a profound sense of its presence, because it sends a message to the city and to the territory."
What sort of message?
"A strong message, which invites [us] to build bridges and relationships among everyone, thanks to the internationality of its residents and the witness of community life that is an example for anyone. And this contribution is more important than ever in this period in this period when the fear of cultural, ethnic and religious diversity is growing. Loppiano's message is foundational. And it also says something more."
That is?
"I'd also like to emphasize the message that is given by the care for the region and the countryside, by the love for the natural environment, which is manifested in the many conservation projects in favor of the land on which the people of Loppiano live."
In the light of your mayoral experience, what contributions has the citadel made in recent years?
"The creation of the Sophia University Institute marked the creation of a cultural garrison that triggered a stimulating reflection within the university, but also in the surrounding region, for Florence. In the local area – from the project on social well-being of Figline to the reflection in Campi Bisenzio on the civil economy – there has been a significant positive ferment. Sophia is present within this framework and has already brought innovation to the culture of Tuscany, the civil community and public administrations."
We can see how you appreciate the educational value.
Yes, of course, but never forget its very useful contribution to health care. The citadel immediately began producing face masks Made in Loppiano, right in the moment when we couldn't find any. And I remember the effort made by the young people of Loppiano and the Sophia students in distributing the masks."
How do the local people see the citadel today?
"The citizens have a lot of relationships with the people of Loppiano, going way back. Very many families in the region are linked to Loppiano in different ways, and this reciprocity in the relationships promotes a positive and constructive permeability between the citadel and the local region.
I've noticed that Loppiano's care for the environment is appreciated by the people, that whenever they go up to the citadel, they find a well-kept environment, a place to kick back and relax in peace."
And what are your expectations of the citadel, as Mayor?
"First of all, to increase relationships with Sophia. I'd like to bring it into the middle and high schools, so that they could spread the stimulation behind it and the ideas and objectives of Sophia, to build together a vision for the future with the new generations."
And then?
"More generally, to make the citadel more accessible, whose green zones, nature trails, and walking paths, along with the meadow beside Saint Benedict Hall are already used by the people of the region. It's a patrimony that has to be used for the whole local surrounding community. The collaboration between citadel and region has to be strengthened in order to produce a fruitful osmotic relationship."
M asCare: behind the masks, young people who believe in the values of the Project Chiara Lubich, Woman of Dialogue Civic engagement in memory of Chiara Lubich


Batman: The Killing Joke will make its debut world premiere at San Diego Comic-Con International 2016 this July and Mark Hamill has revealed our first look through his Twitter account.
He shared the first official image and possible quotes from the upcoming animated feature film based on the graphic novel by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland.
The quote in his second tweet ,'If I have to have a past, then I prefer it to be multiple choice,' is a direct quote used in the graphic novel. However even though the image Mark Hamill shared is a still from Batman: The Killing Joke, it hasn't been confirmed if the quotes from his tweets actually features in the film. Joining Mark Hamill (Joker) will be Kevin Conroy as Batman, Tara Strong as Barbara Gordon/Batgirl and Ray Wise as Commissioner James Gordon.
Update 3/6/16: The world premiere has been confirmed to take place on Friday 22nd July 2016, although a venue for the premiere has yet to be announced.
The premiere will spotlight the first public exhibition of the eagerly awaited film and a post-screening panel discussion among available members of the core cast and filmmaking team. The celebrity-laden cast is led by Kevin Conroy (Batman: The Animated Series, Justice League) and Mark Hamill (Batman: The Animated Series,Star Wars franchise) as they reprise their seminal roles as the voices of Batman/Bruce Wayne and The Joker, respectively, as well as Tara Strong (Teen Titans; Batman: Arkham games) as Barbara Gordon and Ray Wise (Twin Peaks, RoboCop) as Commissioner Gordon. Batman: The Killing Joke is directed by Sam Liu (Justice League vs. Teen Titans) from a script by Eisner Award-winning writer Brian Azzarello. Bruce Timm and Sam Register are executive producers. Benjamin Melniker & Michael Uslan are executive producers. Alan Burnett is co-producer.
This will be an interesting movie and awesome ! Looking foward !


text:
Reddit reviews For All the Tea in China: How England Stole the World's Favorite Drink and Changed History
We found 8 Reddit comments about For All the Tea in China: How England Stole the World's Favorite Drink and Changed History. Here are the top ones, ranked by their Reddit score.
8 Reddit comments about For All the Tea in China: How England Stole the World's Favorite Drink and Changed History:
u/kattefjaes · 252 pointsr/Warframe
Except that first it involved an incredibly daring bit of espionage to steal the plant and the secrets of fermenting black tea from the Chinese, who were controlling it. It'd require a spy sortie at least.
The story itself is wild:
https://www.amazon.com/All-Tea-China-England-Favorite/dp/0143118749/
u/shadowsweep · 16 pointsr/geopolitics
The hypocrisy is amazing. Britain, Germany, America certainly had no problems with stealing intellectual property [see below] or erecting huge barriers to trade [https://www.amazon.com/Bad-Samaritans-Secret-History-Capitalism/dp/1596915986/]. In fact, they even invaded and drugged a nation to steal wealth [https://www.amazon.com/Chinese-Opium-Wars-Jack-Beeching/dp/0156170949/].
IP theft is a century's long Western tradition
http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-05-26/china-didn-t-invent-industrial-espionage
http://www.amazon.com/For-All-Tea-China-Favorite/dp/0143118749
http://www.infoworld.com/article/2608141/internet-privacy/snowden--the-nsa-planted-backdoors-in-cisco-products.html
http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/26/a_nation_of_outlaws/?page=full
http://www.amazon.com/Operation-Paperclip-Intelligence-Program-Scientists/dp/0316221031/
http://japanfocus.org/-Christopher-Reed/2177/article.html
u/[deleted] · 9 pointsr/polandball
I am a little bit of a tea fanatic - for a yank - and also a nerd. This book is a great read on the subject - really fascinating stuff. Imperialism, drugs, botanical history, industrial espionage, Scottish dude passing himself off as Chinese...
They made better history back then.
u/boogiemanspud · 9 pointsr/interestingasfuck
I know exactly what you mean. My wife can't understand why I read mainly non-fiction type books. She reads all sorts of fiction, but to me, it's just not that interesting. I would rather read about something real.
A few interesting reads I read last year: http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3872.A_History_of_the_World_in_6_Glasses
and http://www.amazon.com/For-All-Tea-China-Favorite/dp/0143118749 .That one about all the tea in China is a really awesome read.
u/mrdoriangrey · 5 pointsr/singapore
My BookDepository order has arrived! Been hyped to read this book about tea since I drunkenly made the order two weeks ago!
u/irritable_sophist · 3 pointsr/tea
archive.org has a digitized copy of All About Tea Vol. I where you can read about the history of Assam tea starting here. The Bruce discovery of tea in Assam did predate Fortune's 2nd trip to China, but commercially nothing came of it. Bruce's cultivation was an experimental scale demonstration.
For All the Tea in China has a pretty lengthy description of how Assam came to be the dominant tea cultivation area in India, and how the cluelessness of East India Company personnel almost wrecked the Darjeeling industry before it got started.
In any event, even if you accept the claim that Singpho people were drinking a brew made from tea for 700 years before Bruce "discovered" them, the first plantings in Japan were earlier.
u/amazonv · 3 pointsr/tea
http://www.amazon.com/For-All-Tea-China-Favorite/dp/0143118749 < fun book on tea going from china to india
u/smileyman · 2 pointsr/AskHistorians
> At first, there were several tea ceremonies that were customarily performed for and by those wishing to guarantee strong offspring
Sarah Rose briefly touches on this in For All the Tea in China: How England Stole the World's Favorite Drink and Changed History
By the mid 19th century it appears that this particular ceremony may have been going out of fashion everywhere except in the rural areas. On Fortune's first visit to China for the East India Company he hired a man named Wang to act as his guide & interpreter and general gopher. Wang ended up taking Fortune to his home village which was deep in green tea growing country and Fortune apparently wrote about this strange custom.
He only gave it a line or two since his focus was almost entirely on gathering tea leaves, so Sarah Rose doesn't focus much on it either.
Edit: Sarah Rose said no such thing in For All the Tea in China. However Fortune (the man who stole the tea for the East India Company) really did hire a man named Wang, and Wang really did take him to his village in the heart of green tea country (though as Fortune found out green tea and black tea are actually the same plant).


text:
by Issac J. Bailey; illustrated by Duane Bruton
Jun 11 2018, 12:00am
These Black Churches Are Considering Arming Their Congregations
In the age of Trump and Dylann Roof, some church leaders are prepared to take drastic steps to defend against potential shootings.
Before we knew a young white man named Dylann Roof existed, my wife and I would get a good chuckle out of a story from Mt. Zion A.M.E. Church in Georgetown, South Carolina. It's the church where my wife grew up, where we said our vows in the summer of 1998, where we recently held a funeral service for her 82-year-old father.
The initials stand for African Methodist Episcopal, a denomination founded by a former slave tired of being discriminated against by white Christians. In the two centuries since its establishment, it has grown into roughly 7,000 congregations along with associated colleges and theological institutions. The World Council of Churches has estimated its membership at roughly 2.5 million.
The area surrounding Mt. Zion is awash in history. It's an hour's drive from where in 1861 Citadel cadets fired upon Fort Sumner, kicking off the Civil War. It's about 15 minutes away from a steel mill that has been shuttered and restarted multiple times over the past decade, where some of the white supervisors in the 1970s were illiterate and required their lower-paid black employees to read the safety instructions on dangerous equipment. It's tucked away in a pine forest containing dozens of modest, well-kept homes owned by a mostly black population. There are also former plantations where enslaved Africans once toiled, properties still owned by wealthy white families who rely upon black labor to keep them operational and clean.
That's where, maybe a decade ago, a strange, disheveled white man decided to show up unannounced during a Sunday morning service, taking a seat near the back. His presence caused a stir and eventually led to someone calling the police. Just the sight of him was out of the norm, upsetting.
It was just a funny, quirky story we laughed about many times—until Roof showed up at Emanuel A.M.E., about an hour away in Charleston, and slaughtered nine black people in an attempt to start a race war.
Now when I sit down with black pastors in South Carolina and they tell me stories about being unnerved by strange white people (and sometimes by white people who aren't all that strange) showing up at their churches, I don't laugh. I listen. They have serious concerns: Should they install security? Lock the doors? Or even allow guns inside their places of worship?
"I cannot speak for churches of other ethnicities, but as the leader of a black church, I am very concerned," Reverend James Cokley of Cherry Hill Missionary Baptist Church told me. "Since the Charleston nine were murdered, our church has installed complete security with video cameras, recorders, etc., because we have had individuals walk in and sit down but in the middle of worship, they will get up and walk out."
Cokley has been a pastor longer than Roof has been alive, beginning 36 years ago when "we locked the church simply to keep people from wandering in." Now, he says, "No one is turned away… But we do extra surveillance on those who are present. Our members are not totally at ease with visitors not accompanying persons we know."
Other churches have taken active measures. Reverend Joe Washington, of Hope Church in Conway, has considered plainclothes armed security officers, a uniformed police officer, and other measures. He settled, uneasily, on a few tactics. An usher essentially stands guard at the church entrance during the service and often locks the front and side door (while remembering to warmly greet members and visitors). Washington urged his daughter, who is also a preacher, and his wife, a well-known doctor in the area, to get trained in shooting. They initially balked at the idea, as well as at the notion of having guns in the church. But at least two concealed-carry permit holders come armed every Sunday.
"I never know who they are, and we don't announce it," Washington said. "I really struggled with it. The congregation is my first concern. I don't know how that sounds, but it's real. We need to be able to neutralize a shooter."
When he was a pastor in a tough part of New York, he understood there were dangers—he had to tell drug dealers to leave the kids in the church alone—but "it didn't occur to me that some imbecile would come and shoot up the church."
It's hard to tell how widespread among churches the internal tug of war between wanting to be welcoming yet hesitating to embrace strangers has become. But it is real.
Before Roof walked into Emanuel, the potential of racial church violence had faded from the front of the minds of many black pastors. No one had forgotten about the four little girls blown up by the Ku Klux Klan in 1963 inside an Alabama church. No one had forgotten about a spate of church fires in the South in the 1990s believed to be an effort to terrorize black people. (One of the churches burned in South Carolina was a different Mt. Zion A.M.E., that one in Williamsburg, just a short drive down the backroads.) But time had begun to put distance between the memory and the reality.
Roof's murders awakened all those fears, which have been further stoked by the rise of white supremacists who feel emboldened in the era of President Donald Trump.
Though every church leader must balance how best to keep their congregation safe while maintaining an inviting atmosphere, black pastors have unique concerns. They must contend with the racial baggage that comes with discussions about the role guns should play. At the same time, they are also generally ignored by those advocating for an extreme version of the Second Amendment and conflicted by even the thought of allowing killing machines into churches, even when the goal is to prevent the next Dylann Roof. Much of the recent gun debate has centered on whether to arm teachers or how to harden "soft targets." But the black church was designed to be a soft landing place for those looking for solace in a cruel world. To harden it is to strip it of its primary mission.
Emanuel A.M.E. Church in Charleston. Photo by BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP/Getty
President Barack Obama's decision to attend the memorial service for Roof's victims and offer a widely praised version of "Amazing Grace" served as a balm to black people's emotional wounds. But psychic scars remain, even though Roof is slated to spend the rest of his life in a federal prison.
It's a feeling black pastors don't want to feel, a feeling they fight against but feel nevertheless.
"My mother was startled by a young white man who came into a Sunday service," said Cheryl Adamson, pastor of Palmetto Missionary Baptist Church in Conway. "It's sad, really. We are supposed to be the kingdom of God but have to be suspicious."
Adamson and her mother aren't easily startled. In high school, she faced white students armed with rotten tomatoes and vile words—white students who would assault black students and trip them for fun and to scare them back to their underfunded schools—as she and others began integrating area schools. Still, white strangers can spook her and her mother. Even when a white family on vacation in nearby Myrtle Beach showed up well dressed, "Initially, it was just jarring."
Similar suspicions have parishioners at Palmetto keeping one eye on the door, the other on the pastor preaching or the choir singing. Suspicions have kept the doors locked during nighttime service and rehearsals and meetings.
But Palmetto's response to the Roof murders has been relatively muted. "We probably err on the gentle as a dove side" instead of the biblical admonition to be "as wise as a serpent," Adamson said. "We have not done anything concrete as far as new safety measures."
Adamson doesn't like guns. Though she owns a rifle "to shoot animals," she also donates to Everytown for Gun Safety, a nonprofit in favor of gun control. Like other black pastors, she's struggled with whether to allow members who have concealed carry permits to have guns strapped to their waists under their suit jackets or in their purses.
Should she shun guns no matter what because of the damage they've caused the young black men she's trying to reach? Is armed security the right option? What about her own safety? She's heard rumors that black women pastors are likely to be targeted. The threats in her area post-Roof have been real, including one from Benjamin Thomas Samuel McDowell, a Conway man with known ties to white supremacists who made a series of threats against non-white and Jewish people early in 2017. McDowell was arrested after buying hollow-point bullets and a .40-caliber Glock pistol from an undercover FBI informant. Though he didn't have "good training" and had yet to settle on a location, McDowell said he wanted to do something "on a big scale" in "the spirit of Dylann Roof." (McDowell pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a weapon earlier this year.)
Given what Roof did, pastors like Adamson can't afford to not take all potential threats seriously. Talk of guns, for protection, has been at the top of her mind. She knows at least one member of her church has a concealed carry permit and may have a gun strapped to his waist during service.
"But what do you do when that person is absent?" she asked. "This really is a faith walk, a trust walk. We hope it's not stupid."
Mourners at the funeral of Reverend Clementa Pinckney, who was killed by Dylann Roof. Photo by Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty
Though fears of another Roof are obviously present, church shootings are relatively rare. According to data by criminologist Dallas Drake of the Center for Homicide Research, there were 147 church shootings between 2006 and 2016. Most of those incidents involved people affiliated with the church or its members, often those with mental illness or incidences of intimate partner violence. And they have not been limited to black churches.
A couple recent examples: In November, Devin P. Kelley killed 25 members of the First Baptist Church, a white church in Sutherland Springs, Texas. (Kelley had a history of threatening violence against his superiors when he was in the Air Force and beat his child and ex-wife.) A month before the Sutherland Springs shooting, a teenager attempted an armed robbery at Grand Strand Baptist Church in Carolina Forest, a short drive from Adamson's church, but was stopped after an exchange of gunfire with an armed man working security in the parking lot.
Those kinds of shootings are more a result of problems in the community leaking into the church, rather than the church or religion being the target. Roof's attack, which was motivated by intense racial hatred and was arguably an act of terrorism—even if it doesn't neatly fit the government's definition—was a severe outlier. Still, pastors such as the Reverend Washington in Conway don't want their churches to be the site of that rare event or be unprepared if it is.
"I don't agree with the NRA about a 'good guy with a gun' and I don't want Hope to be the wild, wild West," he said. "Not in my wildest imagination did I ever think we'd be living in a time like this. But what Roof did was a seminal moment. And I'm not the kind of guy who you shoot at me and I won't shoot at you back."
"When a black man has a gun, he's actually seen as a criminal... What if the cops showed up and I had a rifle in my hand?"
-Reverend Washington
And yet, Washington knows what guns have meant for black Americans. Though Harriet Tubman helped several dozen slaves escape to freedom while armed with a small pistol, guns have more often been used to keep black people in bondage. The "well-armed militias" mentioned in the Second Amendment were often gangs of white patrols whose job it was to keep enslaved Africans in line or to put down black rebellions. When groups such as the Black Panthers began arming themselves in the 60s as a show of force against police who were beating and mistreating black people, white politicians who had resisted gun control, such as California Governor Ronald Reagan, embraced it. When Philando Castile was killed by a Minnesota police officer—after informing the cop he was legally carrying a gun—the National Rifle Association said little in Castile's defense, even though it was precisely the kind of incident the NRA had long warned against. It was lost on no one that Castille was black and most NRA members are white, and that throughout history gun ownership has been entangled in the issue of race, a way for white people to control and subjugate people of color.
Guns have also caused endless heartbreak in the black community, as young black men remain over-represented among those who commit crimes with guns, as well as those who are victimized by gun violence. That's just the group pastors such as Washington want to reach and help. He believes in gun buybacks and other programs designed to reduce the number of guns on the streets, but also believes it is vital for black people to be able to defend themselves. He's not the only one. In the last two years, more and more black people are considering gun ownership as a way to ward off potential attacks.
Even that presents a dilemma. Washington recounted a recent incident when his home alarm went off and a housekeeper couldn't shut it off. "When a black man has a gun, he's actually seen as a criminal," he said. "What if the cops showed up and I had a rifle in my hand?"
Like other pastors, Washington has also had to struggle against the urge to be suspicious of white people, even though some of the original members of the young church were white and a key church principle is for it to be interracial. Before Roof and other recent mass shootings, strangers all of types were welcomed without a second glance, Washington said. It's one of the most critical aspects of evangelism. But now, though everyone is still welcome, "I'm very, very cautious."
When a strange white man showed up during a series on financial literacy, Washington spent extra time getting to know the man, quizzing him about how he heard about the classes.
"It's sad," he said. "But let's face it. Who would have thought a Dylann Roof would sit through a Bible study?"
Check out more of Duane Bruton's work on his website.
Follow Issac J. Bailey on Twitter.
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Dylann Roof
© 2019 VICE Media LLC


text:
An ectopic tooth is a tooth that is not located at the dental arch caused by a faulty course during eruption.

Ectopic teeth may commonly occur within the dentate region of the jaws.  Rarely, the ectopic eruption may occur into the non dentate region, such as the coronoid process, mandibular condyle, maxillary sinus, nasal septum and the palate.

References

Developmental tooth disorders


text:
Q: Display text in as you hover over different parts of a chart I have 2 donut charts in my application and I was wondering if it is possible to display text in the middle empty space as i hover over different parts of the donut charts. For instance both charts have different colours and each have their own percentage. So for instance if i hover over a certain color of the chart I would want to display a text in the middle. I was wondering what is the best way to do this as i am very bad with css and i do not want to do a simple hover over if there is better ways of doing this. Also if we are not hovering over the chart no text should be displayed.
Here is my code
var chart = c3.generate({
    bindto: "#chart",
    data: {
        columns: [
            ['rat', 30],
            ['bat', 50],
        ],
        type : 'donut'

    },
       legend: {
        show: false
    },

});

var chart = c3.generate({
    bindto: "#chart1",
       size: {
        height: 200,
        width: 450
    },
    data: {
        columns: [
            ['cat', 50],
            ['mat', 50],
        ],
        type : 'donut'

    },
      legend: {
        show: false
    },

});

This is my FIDDLE

A: According to reference, you can specify onmouseover and onmouseout handlers to c3.generate, which also get an element under cursor in arguments, then you can show/hide some text in the center, for example: http://jsfiddle.net/Lccmvysr/1/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Drs. Caputo, Childs & Lindner have been proudly serving our patients in Greenville and beyond since 1956.
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Please take the time to browse this site-as well as the individual websites of our highly trained dentists and their staff. We look forward to helping you achieve and maintain the best smile possible!


Is it the Swan Song for Triclosan?
As cold and flu season hits again, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sent a bit of good cheer our way. The agency announced today a new proposed rule that would essentially eliminate chemicals like triclosan from antibacterial soaps. Specifically, FDA said that it does not have enough data about the health impacts of triclosan to say that it is safe to use. And it said that evidence shows that washing hands with regular soap is just as good as using so-called antibacterial soaps.
Triclosan and its cousin triclocarban are the most common chemicals found in antibacterial hand soaps. And recent studies suggest that we should be concerned about the effect these chemicals may have on our health.
The FDA is tasked with approving products as safe and effective, but has dragged its feet on antibacterial hand soaps for decades. As a result of NRDC's lawsuit on these delays, FDA agreed to a series of deadlines pushing to finalization of its regulation of hand soaps.
Today marks the first deadline in that consent decree, which required FDA to publish a tentative final monograph to regulate consumer hand soaps. For the first time in more than 30 years, we are getting a real preview of the future of triclosan and antibacterial hand soaps.
In FDA's first draft monograph in 1978, triclosan and triclocarban were not approved as safe or effective. The problem was that the monograph only went into effect after it was finalized. Since FDA never finalized that draft monograph, triclosan and triclocarban have been allowed in those products and antibacterial soaps have since proliferated on the market.
Therefore, while today's announcement marks great progress on the regulation of antibacterial soaps, the most important deadline is September 2016 when FDA must finalize its monograph and the rule actually takes effect. Today set FDA on the right path for the final rule and we look forward to getting more good news from FDA in the near future.


The municipal honour roll was hung on Monday in the public reading-room, having recently been completed, and in all 427 names are on the scroll, including nurses and naval men who enlisted from the municipality. Of this number 71 made the supreme sacrifice. The design is the Australian coat of arms surmounted by flags of the allies, and surrounded by sprays of oak and wattle, the whole being handsomely framed in a massive oak frame. The original design was evolved by Mr F. J. Tallack, and the illumination work was executed at the "Examiner" and 'Weekly Courier" office. The artistic production is a credit to all concerned, and has been viewed by a large number of persons.
Examiner (Launceston) 15th September 1920.


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