The other day I saw someone post on Instagram that she hates leaving her kids everyday to go to work, and it drives her crazy when stay at home moms suggest that they may need a break.
I thought that was a very interesting thing to post and I've been thinking about it ever since. If you know me well, you know I love my monkeys. I absolutely adore them. However, sometimes I do want a break from them. I'm with my monkeys from sun up to way later than sun down, and sometimes even through the night. I have seven humans I'm responsible for and they all need me in one way or another.
I get it. The girl that posted this doesn't want to have to leave her kids and go to work, but shaming moms who want to go to the bathroom without an audience doesn't sit right with me.
I think the reason that I didn't like her comment was that she was making herself a victim. Maybe she read my post on How To Be A Perpetual Victim? It sounded like to me that her hands are tied and she can't do anything about her situation and now she can't be doing what she wants to do. I understand how bad it feels when you want to be with your babies and can't. I had to work after my first baby and I hated it. But instead of this mom getting frustrated with stay at home moms, how about working on her thoughts first?
Before you think I'm completely calloused, I understand that it is alright to feel frustrated about your situation, even angry. What I'm suggesting is that it isn't helping you to live there and think that you have no options. You always have options. And most importantly you always have the option of choosing how you think about your current situation.
I'm grateful that my children are watched by such loving people and that I'm able to provide for them.
I look forward to the day that I can be a stay at home mom.
I want to be a stay at home mom, so I'm going to find a way to make money at home and still spend time with my kids.
All those options are available to her now. When we are telling our story it can often be too easy to be the victim in it. I could tell you all about my day, how early I get up, how many questions I answer all day long, the meals I make, the messes I clean up, the people I teach, and my list could go on and on. I could choose to tell you how hard my day is; that nobody cares about me, and I'm just a maid, chef, and chauffeur and make myself miserable. Or I could tell you that somedays are a little exhausting, but overall I love my job! I love that I get to be with monkeys all day. And then I'd tell you all the ways that I'm awesome and be the heroine in my story.
And just a final thought, taking a break from your kids, spouse, or work can be quite refreshing. It helps give you the mental and physical clarity that we all need.


text:
Women belonging to nomadic, semi-nomadic tribes lack documents, vow to oppose NRC
BHOPAL: Women belonging to nomadic, semi-nomadic and 'de-notified' tribes spoke at length about their struggle, the fight for dignity in the society and said that they oppose exercises like NRC.
Many of them said that they are landless and have few documents, as they work at one place for a few months and then move ahead to the next place. They said that some of them do have documents and had to pay (bribe) to get the identity papers but names don't tally and there are errors including spelling mistakes.
"The biggest irony is that while people discriminate with us because we belong to particular tribes, we don't even have a caste certificate to prove that we belong to these sections. The women said that mostly children were born within the confines of the house and hence there are no birth certificates", said Rinku, a tribal woman.
Rohini, who hails from Morena, said, "In the past, the British labelled us a criminals and sent us to settlement camps that were kind of open jails. Our ancestors were forced to work under extreme conditions and for long hours. Now that we are free, should our own government now do the same and send us to detention camps?", she asked. "Government says it wants to target poverty, but it targets poor".
Another woman, who belongs to Dafali caste, Bano, said that the poor including the tribals and weaker sections are being victimized and constantly kept on the sidelines of the society. The women belonging to Pardhi community, said that they were seen with suspicion, targeted and falsely accused of petty crimes and over the years they have now learnt to speak up for their rights and lodge complaints.
Expressing solidarity with the protesters against NRC, CAA and NPR, the tribal women said that such laws affect mostly the poor irrespective of the communities. They also said that they reject and oppose such laws. Many women recounted their tales about how they had to fight for even availing the most basic amenities apart from their constant fight for dignity in the society.
"Despite social stigma and discrimination, I tried to get children education and assisted in opening schools for Pardhi community kids. When I got injured in a mishap, I got no assistance and lost my minor son. We suffer all our lives. We face police harassment and get nothing from the goverment, not even benefit of schemes.
Children die because of lack of proper medication and we have no land to sell when we need money to get someone treated", said a woman hailing from Panna district. The Kalbelia, Gond, Pardhi and Kanjar community members also presented a song of agitation at the spot. At the 'Ekjutta sammelan, they decided to agitate and fight against oppression and discriminatory laws.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
It probably made sense in 1972, and in 1963, when serious efforts were mounted but opposed by most elected officials, but I haven't studied those efforts as closely. They all ended the same.
And now, as The State's Clif LeBlanc reported a week ago, Columbia Mayor Steve Benjamin and a small group of local government, business and community leaders are putting together a consolidation proposal. And it makes a lot of sense. Again. Still.
The most talked-about benefit of a city-county merger is efficiency: Instead of paying a police chief and a sheriff, you pay a sheriff, and you eliminate a lot of administrative staff and either spend the savings on more cops on the street or else cut taxes. Ditto the city and county administrators and the planning and zoning staff and pretty much every other department of which we have two in Columbia and Richland County.
But there's an even bigger benefit, one that's less easy to quantify: having one policy for the whole community. Having one set of zoning regulations, instead of one on this side of the street and one on the other. Having water and sewer expansions planned with the interests of both the city and county in mind. Having one place where residents and business owners and would-be business owners can go to take care of whatever business they need to conduct with their local government. Putting an end to doughnut-hole annexations — where tiny little outcrops of neighborhoods remain in the unincorporated county while they are encircled by city property. Putting an end, for that matter, to all the fights over annexation. Having one elected body that can focus on a vision for our community — rather than two competing bodies, which too often seem to disagree just to demonstrate that they can.
PREVIOUS EFFORTS Ill-timed effort hurt future talks of merger between Columbia Police, Richland County Sheriff's Department Joint planning needed in border areas
Of course, that whole vision thing would be easier still if we had one government for the entire county, but that's highly unlikely, because the consolidation law legislators finally passed — 20 years after voters approved it in a constitutional referendum — was so heavily compromised.
Every municipality — Arcadia Lakes, Blythewood, Eastover, Forest Acres, Irmo — has the option of opting out, as I fear many would. And let's not even talk about the obscene opt-out provision for special-purpose districts, which shouldn't even exist, as the Richland County Recreation Commission seems determined to remind us, year in and year out. Or why this community remains divided between two counties.
There also are no clear provisions for cities that cross county lines. So the parts of Columbia that are in Lexington County would be … who knows? Even less clear: What would happen to the part of Richland County that is part of Cayce?
But that's not the biggest problem that would have to be overcome for this to work; after all, Richland County legislators could always just pass an unconstitutional single-county law to make that problem go away.
The biggest problem is political: It's elected officials who fear their position would be drawn out of existence. It's neighborhood leaders who have learned how to work the system. It's the same special interests that lobbied the Legislature to make sure the consolidation law was all but impossible to use.
READ THE STATE CONSOLIDATION LAW
Ultimately, this was what killed consolidation in 1963. And 1972. And 1988. And 1990. And 1994. And all those times the city and county talked about merging their planning and zoning departments — or even just housing them in the same building, to make life easier for the public. And 2010, when we toyed with letting the super-popular sheriff run the then-leaderless Columbia Police Department. Not a whole government merger; a contract for running a single department, for a limited time. And it was defeated. Just like all the larger and smaller efforts.
I support this latest effort with all of my being. But you'll understand if I don't get my hopes up this time. Not yet anyway.
Ms. Scoppe writes editorials and columns for The State. Reach her at cscoppe@thestate.com or (803) 771-8571 or follow her on Twitter @CindiScoppe.
Cindi Ross Scoppe
See how SC church volunteers pack 18K meals for starving children in Haiti
Schools in Denmark-Olar are old and inadequate, a problem in many rural districts
A sad good-bye. Thank you for letting me share my thoughts with you
By Cindi Ross Scoppe Associate Editor
Cindi Ross Scoppe has been The State's opinion writer for 20 years, providing a pragmatic approach to SC state government; she was a reporter for 10 years before that. Her last day is Aug 31. Today she says good-bye.
MORE CINDI ROSS SCOPPE
How South Carolina can live up to its potential
We know the Legislature is all-powerful, but is it really free to ignore the law?
Why James Smith is one of my two favorite candidates for governor
You asked: Who allowed the $2.5B lottery lie, and where's the money going? I answer
The audit didn't exonerate Dan Johnson, it raised more questions
Here's a crazy idea: Let's make the race for SC governor about ... South Carolina


This extraordinarily versatile dual-channel Counter Meter can perform a wide variety of functions, particularly when it is equipped with the "R" OPTION ("EXTENDED DUAL-CHANNEL COUNTER").
Each of the following 2140 / 2140R functions is described separately below. General 2140 Specifications (applying to all modes of operation) are also given below.
In general, the 2140's two channels can accept PNP or NPN outputs from proximity switches and other pulse-generating industrial transducers; TTL or CMOS logic signals; magnetic pickup pulses down to 12 mV; contact closures; low-level outputs from all types of turbine flowmeters; or AC line inputs of up to 250 V-AC. The inverse period technique is used to calculate frequency or rate up to six places, and with an update as high as 25/s (see General Counter Meter Specifications).
Nine hysteresis pairs are jumper selectable for reliable triggering with different signal levels. Low-pass filtering for noise reduction and contact debounce times are selectable (see Specifications, below).
The 2140's six-digit display can show any value from -999,999 to 999,999 with programmable decimal point. Scaling allows direct readout in desired engineering units (e.g., gallons or cubic feet based on counts from a turbine flowmeter). The channel to be displayed is selected via a front-panel pushbutton.
The peak value of the input signal is automatically captured and may be displayed via front-panel push button or a control signal received at the rear connector (since the last meter reset).
The built-in isolated excitation supply can power proximity switches and other sensors, if required.


The Sawgrass Virtuoso SG400 SubliJET HD Printer - Print & Cut Package of course includes the SG400 Sawgrass Virtuoso printer, then the VInyl Express LXi Master Plust software, Graphtec CE6000-40 Desktop cutter, and EnduraPRESS 15" X 15" Clam Shell Heat Press. We also included the SG400 HD Install Kit, and supplies so you can get started with your new business venture! The Sublitex printable heat transfer film, pack of 100 SubliJET transfer paper, a case of 36 Vaporware sblimatable t-shirts, and a 25 pack of mouse pads, so you can get right to it! Then complete the package with SINGWarhouse Gold Support, free for 90 days. Virtuoso SG 400 inkjet sublimation printers deliver dazzling HD photo-quality prints up to 8" x 14". A fantastic choice for start-up decorators or kiosk applications.
A vast library of stock designs, monograms, photos and other design elements.
A built-in library of the most popular sublimation blank products and product shape masks.
Downloadable product previews for customer approvals or e-commerce.
Free cloud storage for your designs created with CreativeStudio.
Built-in Web2Print capabilities, maintenance utilities and support resources.
Powerful and easy-to-use color management with a WYSIWYG* preview.
Creative Studio helps you manage the back end too, with CS Print and Color Manager. CS Print and Color Manager has been designed to work specifically with CreativeStudio Online Designer and Virtuoso printers to ensure optimal color accuracy and print quality. It's compatible with Window 7, 8/8.1, and MAC OSX. Get CreativeStudio absolutely Free when you register your new Virtuoso HD printer at Sawgrassink.com.


text:
Home All News TED 2 Spot Celebrates Tom Bradys Manhood
TED 2 Spot Celebrates Tom Bradys Manhood
Curt Johnson
Tom Brady is having a great year. He's won his fourth Super Bowl, earned his third Super Bowl MVP, and now he's got Seth McFarlane advertising his manhood in "Ted 2".
Super Bowl XLIX Sunday had Tom Brady doing double duty; first taking home his fourth Super Bowl championship ring and then being pursued by Mark Wahlberg and Ted for his procreation genes in the latest "Ted 2" movie trailer the Washington Post reported yesterday. If that wasn't enough, he also earned his third Super Bowl MVP.
The first "Ted 2"movie trailer hit Jan. 29, and it looks like Seth McFarlane will be able to surpass the high expectations set by the original "Ted". That's not easy, but even in this short clip featuring Brady, you can get way more laughs than most full feature comedies.
In this less than one minute trailer, Ted (Seth McFarlane) asks his "Thunder Buddy" John Bennett (Mark Wahlberg) to help him in finding a sperm donor. John quickly finds out in the thick of the night that Ted already has a Triple A donor in mind after they sneak into New England Patriot's Tom Brady's bedroom. The potty mouthed bear put it simply:
"Two MVPs," Ted explained. "Guaranteed Hall of Famer. Now let's give him a hand job into this cup."
McFarlane may do a quick edit and update that two MVPs to three now that he has time. The punchline of this scene is when John and his buddy can't help be captivated by Brady's manhood and say, "And that's at rest!" Many may wonder now ifthat means he's a shower, not a grower.
As expected, Brady wakes up seeing this and throws the two peeping toms out of his home. This is one ad that will probably get the Patriots quarterback some appreciative stares from both sexes.
all photos courtesy of Universal Pictures, used with permission
In the sequel, Ted is newly married to Tami-Lynn who wants them to have a baby. Even in the movies, this isn't quite possible, so Ted must prove that he's a real person in court so that he can qualify to be a parent. "Ted 2" will be out in theaters June 26.
Previous articleUSB 3.1 Showing Major Improvement Over USB 3.0
Next articleSuper Bowl 49: A Call That Ended It All
Curt Johnson is an award-winning filmmaker and movie reviewer/writer on all aspects of entertainment. He co-founded Movie TV Tech Geeks in 2008, the news site that has won numerous awards for journalism. You can reach him on Twitter: https://twitter.com/movietvtechgeek


Tell us about it. We'll share it through the Knowledge Sharing Center.
Stephen Brettel of PAE Applied Technologies LLC insists that it is "absolutely realistic for universities to earn revenue from federal contracts." Despite 80 to 90 percent of contracting opportunities going to small businesses, Brettel says to believe otherwise would be absolutely foolish. The opportunity for Historically Black Colleges and Universities is there, it is simply a matter of the institutions being aware and business savvy enough to take advantage of it.
"There is ample opportunity for a smart, assertive institution of higher learning to make a lot of money."
One HBCU in particular that has been a trailblazer in establishing business relationships is Prairie View A&M University. PVAMU has an active 12 month agreement with PAE which consists of the NASA Johnson Space Center prime contractor providing strategic business and technical support to assist the university in attracting larger and more substantial contracts.
In other words, the main goal of the NASA mentor-protègè program is for mentors to assist universities with learning how to conduct business with the federal government. This includes skills ranging from writing proposals to even partnering with the university to pursue contracts together.
Along with this advice, Brettel stresses the importance of universities meeting their deadlines in order to maintain a successful partnership with contractors.
PVAMU's involvement in the NASA mentor-protègè program has generated significant interest from other agencies for potential partnerships in the future. Elmore-Cole is hopeful that it is only a matter of time before that interest turns into dollars for PVAMU and contractual opportunities for other HBCUs.
Are you qualified to be a subject matter expert?
We invite researchers and faculty members with innovation expertise who are interested in working on contracts with companies seeking SMEs to register to be added to the Subject Matter Expert database.
Send us an email, and we will answer any questions you may have.
Get the information and resources you need, whenever it's convenient for you.
Experts in government contracting compile the training and participate in our webinars.
Connect here with other universities, companies, and federal agency program managers.


Dimplex Electric Fireplace Tv Stand - Dimplex Solomon Electric Fireplace TV Stand with Acrylic For quite a while, furthermore there wasn't any comparison regarding electric and gas fireplaces. Each of those happen to be feasible substitutes for the purpose of common solid wood combusting items but propane gas seemed to be thought of exceptional with respect to one particular justification: developers and also manuacturers previously had deserted to earn electric utility fire places glance when sensible because air ones. Petrol fire places used to be formerly developed to circumvent all of the damaging attributes of timber stinging fireplaces without sacrificing all the benefits. They provide temperature and lightweight, the same as normal shoots, smaller produce by-products just like smoke plus ashes, stay clear of the requirement major geomorphological characteristics like a chimney and also flue, which enable it to be connected to be able to existing propane gas traces with the intention that no exterior resource cause is certainly needed. Sad to say, the majority patterns yet involve various morphologic transformation to your dwelling (i.e. sawing the volcano during an outer walls selection to make sure you accommodate outside exchange) that will also increase the possibility of acquiring infected environment rrnside your home.
Dimplex Sander Electric Fireplace TV Stand Walmart As a result the electric fire has been born. These new items equally Dimplex Pierre Electric Fireplace TV Stand with Logset in granted high temperature and lightweight, and yet ended up quicker to setup when compared with sometimes the fuel or perhaps real wood losing furnishings, and—many importantly—probably would not poison air at a home. The greatest issue with electronic fireplaces was basically they will checked fake. The particular false fires within electronic fire places simply couldn't truthfully recreate the $ 64000 fire flames of your flatulence or maybe fire wood using unit.
Dimplex Walker TV Stand with Electric Fireplace in Warm We all are suffering from new technologies that produce electric power fire places resemble the real thing. No cartoonish fires as well as of course replica healthy embers. Just about every Modern day Fire flames unit was designed to act like the design of realistic fire, presenting everyone the warmth along with atmosphere of one's hardwood as well as gasoline combusting campfire devoid of the headache as well as potentially harmful by-products. Simple turn it on, turn it on, and relish the spark to your very authentic Cutting-edge Fire power fireplace.
Dimplex Bennett TV Stand with Electric Fireplace & Reviews Fire places had been common during dwellings since then, and for good reason. They provide for Dimplex Camilla Electric Fireplace TV Stand Walmart comfort, creates almost any place more pleasing, and offer great atmosphere for virtually any occasion. Up to date revolutions own elevated toward choosing clearer powers for example natural gas and then electrical power to get warm, however , electric powered fireplaces were not able replicate typically the desirable components of one's old-fashioned fireplace. Today each person has choosing benefiting by using utility fireplaces whilst making the most of many of the most useful benefits for old fashioned wood-burners. Now most of us will give here are the 5 amazing benefits that accompany using electric utility fireplaces.
Dimplex Walker TV Stand with Electric Fireplace in Warm Electric power fire places stop the advantages of utilising petrol or possibly Dimplex Scarlett TV Stand with Electric Fireplace in wooden to make the fire and also heat some room. This kind of will reduce pollutants who impairment the planet allowing it to insert your family members and also clientele Dimplex Aiden Electric Fireplace TV Stand with Logset in found in danger.
Dimplex Langley TV Stand with Electric Fireplace & Reviews Power fire places will not need to get flushed since broadly or simply repeatedly since flatulence and also wood-burning fireplaces. Simply just rub that envelopment that has a small cloth to take out debris as well as your energy fire place will be clean.
Dimplex Solomon Electric Fireplace TV Stand with Logset in Home heating programs at all times increase energy levels bills inside cold weather. Electric powered Amazon Dimplex Symphony Media Langley TV Stand with fire places is often extra to any room and give a sufficient amount of heat up utilizing the fewer electricity.
Dimplex Max Electric Fireplace TV Stand Walmart Utility fire places consist of a few eye-catching designs. There's an easy best device for almost any utility if you need your involved companion with a wall membrane at your house, or perhaps free standing machine which you can Hokku Designs Dimplex TV Stand with Electric Fireplace relocate whilst you desire.
Dimplex TV Stand with Electric Fireplace Walmart Our own electro-mechanical fireplaces offer captivating types together with Dimplex Brookings TV Stand with Electric Log Fireplace a much healthier fire visual appearance as opposed to previous models allowed. This simply means that you can increase the richness and then ambiance in any specific bedroom you may present these products in.


text:
Q: Iterating over plans returned by Stripe's PHP API wrapper As far as I can see, there was a way to iterate over collections returned by official Stripe PHP library like this:
foreach (\Stripe\Plan::all() as $plan) {
    print("$plan->id ($plan->interval)\n");
}

But that does not work any more (I'm on PHP7 and use stripe/stripe-php v3.9.2). I have to run it like this:
foreach (\Stripe\Plan::all()->__toArray()['data'] as $plan) {
    print("$plan->id ($plan->interval)\n");
}

Did anyone else noticed this problem? What changed? While I know how to make it work, it just does not look right.

A: As far as I can tell, this never worked. ::all() calls return a Collection object (or a Stripe_List object in 1.x versions) that is not directly iterable.
The proper syntax to iterate over the results of a call to ::all() is:
foreach (\Stripe\Plan::all()->data as $plan) {
    // Do something with $plan
}

With the newer versions (>= 3.9.0), you can use the auto-paging feature:
foreach (\Stripe\Plan::all()->autoPagingIterator() as $plan) {
    // Do something with $plan
}

This will let you iterate over the entire list of plans automatically. The bindings will take care of issuing all the requests with pagination parameters in the background for you.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Throughout human history our devotion and intense curiosity with flowers has been repeatedly documented. Flowers have been adorning our homes since ancient times and nothing quite completes a home or office as perfectly as a touch of floral. Perfectly replicated silk flowers are such a great way to keep your environment warm and cozy the whole year through. It's so simple to just drop some silk flowers into a vase and create the balanced ambiance your unconscious is always search for.


>>iCampus is an experimental e-Learning site.
The name iCampus comes from the acronym which represents an integrated campus using advanced multimedia processes in a ubiquitous society.
Please refer to the usages via the project page.
Copyright (c) 2004-2019 iCampusj.net. All Rights Reserved.


What's New on Hoagies' Gifted Education Page?
We are all individuals, but we are all part of something bigger than ourselves. Whether it's a family, a class, a school, a neighborhood, a state, country or civilization, belonging to something bigger than ourselves is an important part of our being. But what if you don't feel you belong to anything? Or you feel safe at home in your family, but feel so different from the rest of the kids in your classroom that you don't fit in? What's the value of belonging? What's the benefit of finding others "just like you?" How does the Power of Belonging affect gifted children and adults?
Don't miss our previous Blog Hops on related topics, including Emotional Intelligence, Gifted Friendships and Forming Parent Groups, and even Gifted Elder Issues. Belonging is Important!
If you'd like to read all our past Blog Hops or join our next Blog Hop, visit Blog Hops for all our past and future topics. Special thanks to Pamela S. Ryan for our striking Blog Hop graphics!
Click for more F.Y.I. Don't Miss... the Best of Hoagies' Gifted Education Page!
Hoagies' Kids and Teens Reading lists, Links, Nerd Shirts, Movies, more!
Support Hoagies' Gifted when you shop Amazon!
Click on Amazon before you put items in your cart. Voila! You're supporting Hoagies' Page.
Use Amazon Smile to support your favorite non-profit charity? You can support your Smile charity and Hoagies' Gifted, Inc. too! Use this Amazon Smile link instead! Not on Amazon Smile? Sign up, and designate Hoagies' Gifted, Inc. to support us both ways!
Click and drag this link to your browser toolbar: Shop Hoagies' Page Then click on Shop Hoagies' Page on your toolbar before you do your regular internet shopping. Voila! You're supporting Hoagies' Page.
Follow @HoagiesGifted on Twitter, Hoagies' Gifted Education Page on Facebook, or Carolyn K. on LinkedIn. Now on Google+ and Pinterest! Or for a more private discussion group, sign up for Hoagies' Gifted Discussion Group on Facebook. These communities include support for parents and teachers, timely short articles and links for kids, and brain research and gifted education features for adults and kids!
The Loneliness of "Fitting In"
Who is in your zone of proximal development?
The 88 talking keys and the pop-out hammer!
Do You Have a Rainforest Mind? Why Does it Matter?
How will you know a gifted adult when you see one?
What is Executive Functioning? How Does it Affect My Child?
Beyond Academics... What should we be teaching them at home?
I love sleep. And caffeine. And wine.
What is this "sleep" thing of which you speak?
Gifted Elder Issues? I'm not that old!
Rationing Learning - there CAN be too much of a good thing!
Traveling with Intense Children - It Can Be Done!
Gifted overthinkers: What makes them tick?
What Shall I Be When I Grow Up?
You Can Be Anything You Want! Can you?
Multipotentiality: Are You Overwhelmed By Your Too Muchness?
Do You Suffer From Paralyzing Abundance?
Is There A True Calling?
What Are My Choices for Educating My Child?
Can I Send My Gifted Child to a Public School?
Nebraska Association for the Gifted (NAG) "Learners, Doers, Creators, and Makers: NAG 2017"
Utah Association of Gifted Children (UAGC) Parent Night "Gifted Students Brains & Hearts"
Michigan Association for Gifted Children (MAGC) Parent Talk "Academic Struggles Among Gifted Students"
Boulder Valley Gifted and Talented (BVGT) "2e: Twice-Exceptional Film Viewing and Panel Discussion"
Voyagers, in cooperation with Massachusetts Association for Gifted Education (MAGE) "Parenting Your Intellectually Curious Child"
Michigan Association for Gifted Children (MAGC) Parent Talk "The Drama of the Gifted Marriage and Other Shades of Gray"
Michigan Association for Gifted Children (MAGC) Parent Talk "SandCastles Grief Support Program - Children in Grief"
University of Connecticut's 40th Confratute! (CT) "CONFerence, and an instiTUTE with a lot of FRATernity in between"
Why Do We All Need To Know More About Executive Functions?
Why Don't Smart Kids Act Smart?
Too Sensitive, Too Dramatic, Too Intense -- What is Emotional Intelligence?
What is so threatening about academic acceleration?
Should My Gifted Child Skip a Grade?
Why is Academic Acceleration (Still) So Controversial?
Changing Perspectives: Are You a Gifted Myth-Buster?
Amazing Things Happen When You Find a Friend!
Is your gifted teen socially isolated?
Why Join a Gifted Parent Group?
What Is That Thing Called Community?
To your herd you must go!
Homeschool Math: 10 Ways to Keep it Fun!
What Keeps Women From STEM Careers?
In Hot Topics! Science, Things That Make You Go Yuck!


text:
PDF Book Download
Full PDF eBook Free Download
Search results for: first-great-train-robbery
The Great Train Robbery
Nick Russell-Pavier — 2013 in History
Author : Nick Russell-Pavier
Read : 1028
Definitive account of the famous 1963 Great Train Robbery - and its aftermath. In the early hours of Thursday 8th August 1963 at rural Cheddington in Buckinghamshire, £2.6 million (£50 million today) in unmarked £5, £1 and 10-shilling notes was stolen from the Glasgow to London nightmail train in a daring and brilliantly executed operation lasting just 46 minutes. Quickly dubbed the crime of the century, it has captured the imagination of the public and the world's media for 50 years, taking its place in British folklore and giving birth to the myths of The Great Train Robbery. Ronnie Biggs, Buster Edwards and Bruce Reynolds became household names. But what really happened? This is the story of four talented villains who took the criminal world by storm, of the 'perfect crime'. It is also the story of ruthless policemen, determined to hunt the robbers down and to make sure nobody slipped through the net, not even the innocent. It is the story of an Establishment under siege, and of one mistake which cost the robbers 307 years in prison. Fifty years later, here is the story set out in full for the first time, a true-life crime thriller, and also a vivid slice of British social history.
Andrew Cook — 2013-01-01 in History
Author : Andrew Cook
Format : PDF, Kindle
The Great Train Robbery of 1963 is one of the most infamous crimes in British history. The bulk of the money stolen (equivalent to over £40 million today) has never been recovered, and there has not been a single year since 1963 when one aspect of the crime or its participants has not been featured in the media. Despite the wealth and extent of this coverage, a host of questions have remained unanswered: Who was behind the robbery? Was it an inside job? And who got away with the crime of the century? Fifty years of selective falsehood and fantasy has obscured the reality of the story behind the robbery. The fact that a considerable number of the original investigation and prosecution files on those involved and alleged to have been involved were closed, in many cases until 2045, has only served to muddy the waters still further. Now, through Freedom of Information requests and the exclusive opening of many of these files, Andrew Cook reveals a new picture of the crime and its investigation that, at last, provides answers to many of these questions.
A Study Guide for Michael Crichton s The Great Train Robbery
Gale, Cengage Learning — 2016-07-12 in Literary Criticism
Author : Gale, Cengage Learning
Format : PDF, Mobi
A Study Guide for Michael Crichton's "The Great Train Robbery," excerpted from Gale's acclaimed Novels for Students. This concise study guide includes plot summary; character analysis; author biography; study questions; historical context; suggestions for further reading; and much more. For any literature project, trust Novels for Students for all of your research needs.
Michael Crichton — 2008-10-28 in Fiction
Author : Michael Crichton
Lavish wealth and appalling poverty live side by side in Victorian London—and Edward Pierce easily navigates both worlds. Rich, handsome, and ingenious, he charms the city's most prominent citizens even as he plots the crime of his century, the daring theft of a fortune in gold. But even Pierce could not predict the consequences of an extraordinary robbery that targets the pride of England's industrial era: the mighty steam locomotive. Based on remarkable fact, and alive with the gripping suspense, surprise, and authenticity that are his trademarks, Michael Crichton's classic adventure is a breathtaking thrill-ride that races along tracks of steel at breakneck speed.
Jim Morris — 2013-07-15 in True Crime
Author : Jim Morris
Format : PDF, ePub, Mobi
A new history of the most infamous crimes of the 1960s. Published to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the robbery, 8 August 2013.
Film Genre Reader III
Barry Keith Grant — 2003-12-01 in Performing Arts
Author : Barry Keith Grant
More than 30 essays by some of film's most distinguished critics are included in this volume, which presents the latest developments in genre study, including teen films, genre hybridity, neo-noir & genre in the age of globalization, & an up-to-date bibliography.
The Secret Train Robber
Lee Sturley — 2015-05-21 in True Crime
Author : Lee Sturley
The Crime of the Century. The biggest train heist in Britain's history. The Great Train Robbery. In the early hours of Thursday, 8th August 1963, a fifteen-strong gang stole £2.6 million (£45 million of today's money) from the Glasgow to London mail train at Sears Crossing, Buckinghamshire. The crime was so epic; every single development of the case was followed tirelessly by the press. Countless books have since been published and, even today, films, television dramas and documentaries continue to study the smallest of details of one of the most daring and cleverly concocted criminal plans of all-time. Much of the gang were later captured and paid the price with lengthy jail sentences. But 50 years on, many still question who the real mastermind behind the plot. For years most people accepted that Bruce Reynolds was but is that really the case? One man knows the answer and the true identity of the man behind the robbery all too well. In this engrossing biography, the only living person who personally knows the real mastermind revisits the Great Train Robbery and rewrites history as we know it. Full of explosive, fresh revelations, The Secret Train Robber sees the final piece of the puzzle firmly set in place and the name of one of Britain's most sophisticated criminal minds ever is finally revealed.
Nick Russell-Pavier — 2013-01-10 in True Crime
Format : PDF, ePub, Docs
Curse of Great Train Robbery
Jon Fordham — 2016-03-07 in Transportation
Author : Jon Fordham
The story of the Great Train Robbery of 1963 according to the latest research and how it adversely affected the lives of all thos involved.
My Encounter with The Great Train Robbery
John Maris — 2018-07-11 in True Crime
Author : John Maris
This is a story of an alert member of the public who had his life and that of his family changed having notified the police of the whereabouts of the hideout of the Great Train Robbers. Within days his notoriety had spread worldwide and this began years of constant pressure, physical threats to him and his family, trauma and anxiety. He had to take precautions at work in the hope of preventing an attack whilst working alone. Because of his careful detail in the evidence which he gave at the trial he was subjected to an attempt to frame him on a charge of perjury. Eventually he pondered the question, If a similar situation arose, would he act in the same way?
Extinction Book 3
Mom's day coloring book
FreeCAD 0.18 Basics Tutorial
Tilda Teaches Drawing
Arte Espanol del Siglo XX
Neanderthal Return
The "Zoo" Rude Joke Book
Marketing Fashion Footwear
Tightening the Reins of Justice in America
Manual Practico del Caniche
Racing Fuel For The Spirit
100 American Horror Films
Poor Dancer's Almanac
The Chieftain
The MacDowell Colony
The Original Wild Ones
English Grammar in Use Book without Answers
Talking Peace
International Sports Volunteering
Permeability Barrier
Eating, Drinking, and Visiting in the South
Green Beauty Recipes
The Darkling Bride
The Complete Mediterranean Meat Cookbook
My Baby Journal
GI & GL Counter
Explorers of the Deepest Places on Earth
Megacities and Rapid Urbanization
Drugs, Addiction & Initiation
Una chica como ella
Wonder Woman Unbound
River Cafe Italian Kitchen
Sustainable Future for Human Security
Nordic Islands
Mastering Tableau
Tending Brigid's Flame
The Biopolitics of Feeling
Sugawara No Michizane and the Early Heian Court
A Field Guide to Digital Transformation
Geometry Seminar "Luigi Bianchi" II – 1984
Keto in Five – The Complete Collection
Churches, Cultures and Leadership
Taking Back My Voice
I Heard It Through the Grapevine
Elizabeth Bishop's Brazil
From the Red Tees
Copyright © 2022 PDF Book Download. All rights reserved.


Jhene Aiko is apparently in the studio working on new music but before that, she has decided to revisit her song 'Never Call Me' from the latest album, Trip.
The original version of the song featured Kurupt on the guest verse for which she also shared two music videos back in March. The L.A. based singer has now recruited YG on the remix of the mellow track which you can stream/preview below.
The post Jhené Aiko – Never Call Me (Remix) ft. YG [Zippyshare + 320kbps] appeared first on HipHopSongs.


I like Instagib, but it's a lot more difficult to get good stream highlights onto YouTube from there. This run of the 1985 Japanese-only Famicom game Challenger was so watchable and the chat was so random that I jumped through the technological hoops to get this posted for all.
Challenger is famous for its control scheme which is backwards compared to modern games. On the NES controller, you would press A to shoot and B to jump. I actually played this on a Power Joy by Trump Grand that I bought for $5 at CORGS-Con, but it has the A and B buttons reversed. It makes the Power Joy terrible for most games but perfect for Challenger.
The video below features Skype chat from myself, Jdetan, and Kinkaido, so of course it's NSFW.
Source: Challenger with Commentary – YouTube, which is edited from an .flv archive of my Instagib stream (Instagib.tv deletes archives after 24 hours), uploaded to YouTube, downloaded from YouTube as an .mp4, and finally edited in Pinnacle Studio 14 like my other videos. I really need to find a better way to do this. Also, the camera on my phone.


You can experience the excitement of the Pikes Peak or Bust Rodeo with 4 VIP Room Passes on UCHealth's night - Thursday July 12th - where dinner and drinks are served. Then, get a personal behind the chutes tour during the actual rodeo performance. Stand on a platform inches from the action and see cowboys and broncs as if you were a contestant! Yee-Haw!


It features an automatic transmission, all-wheel drive, and a 2 liter 4 cylinder engine. All of the premium features expected of a Lincoln are offered, including: 1-touch window functionality, a trip computer, automatic dimming door mirrors, turn signal indicator mirrors, a power rear cargo door, cruise control, and power seats. Rear passengers enjoy the seat heating functionality, keeping them warm during the winter months. For drivers who enjoy the natural environment, a power moon roof allows an infusion of fresh air. Lincoln also prioritized safety and security by including: head curtain airbags, front side impact airbags, traction control, brake assist, ignition disabling, an emergency communication system, and 4 wheel disc brakes with ABS. You'll never lose visibility with rain sensing wipers, which activate automatically when the drops start to fall. We pride ourselves in the quality that we offer on all of our vehicles. Stop by our dealership or give us a call for more information.


Here at Sportsdirect.com we stock a pretty impressive range from Canterbury who make the best rugby gear in the world. The spirit of rugby is etched into the toughness and quality of each and every Canterbury product. Our collection includes rugby boots, base layers, tops, shorts, hoodies and everything else you need to be rough, tough and ready to play.


Dwayne Johnson is a man of many talents.
The question is, could he also be a future political leader? While Tyrese felt betrayed by the actor for making a solo move and blamed the Rock's busy schedule for Fast & Furious 9 getting pushed back to a 2020 release date, the Rock said he was simply trying to make money moves. "There have been variations of the script like before I came along where Black Adam was in and out and, you know". It kinda picked up this steam, and when it picked up this steam a lot of the American public thought, 'That's a great idea!' So when that started picking up when I'm asked [I say] of course I have incredible respect for our American people and our country.
"I know you're not particularly a political person but people have talked to you about whether you would run for political office yourself because people love a victor, you seem like a victor and you exude great confidence. I need that thing... oh, experience". "So, if that were to happen in 2024, 2028, I would have to go to work and get some experience, you know, and understand policy".
At the end of the chat, Colbert asked Johnson about his Samoan heritage and his singing skills in animated Disney film Moana.
"Wait, Stephen, you gotta look me in the eye", Johnson said before they downed the liquor, prompting the two stars known for raising their eyebrows to basically have an eyebrow off.
Shazam may look like a Superman rip-off, but he's so much more than that. Watch The Rock discuss his family's rich wrestling history, including his grandmother, in the video below.
Dougherty played coy when it came to the specifics of how the monster would debut this ability . It hits theaters May 31, 2019.
They have a jam-packed itinerary in Dublin including meetings with the Taoiseach, Leo Varadkar, and Irish President, Michael D. The Duchess of Cambridge made a surprise appearance at the centenary celebrations for the Royal Air Force yesterday.
Mourinho lamented England's inability to grab a second goal and says Perisic's goal gave Croatia "an overdose of confidence".
Sarri could be followed by midfielder Jorginho from Napoli, with Chelsea willing to pay £50m, plus £7m in bonuses, for the pair. Gianfranco Zola could also return to Chelsea as part of the backroom or technical staff.
They are working on the theory that Mr Rowley and Ms Sturgess found a discarded batch, which then contaminated them. Today's discovery has been called "significant and encouraging" by Wiltshire Police.
Higher numbers of other mosquito species are being detected in areas that received rainfall over the past two weeks. The public is also encouraged to report any suspected mosquito-breeding sites and/or any mosquito activity.
I'll have to get through the Alps and see how I am, see how Froome is and go from there. I didn't think it was going to happen, but the legs just were there.
But not before Merkel and other top officials in the German government had publicly fired back at Trump's breakfast diatribe. Navy Admiral James Stavridis said in an interview with host Vassy Kapelos on CBC News Network's Power & Politics Thursday.
I was TERRIFIED up there. "Haha #InMyFeelingsChallenge #DoTheShiggy ", Will captioned the video. Smith chose to show his moves on top of the Chain Bridge in Budapest, Hungary.
Iran does not plan on reducing its involvement in the Syrian conflict despite heightened US pressure to remove their forces. On Wednesday, a drone traveled about 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) inside Israeli territory before it was shot down.
He scored a penalty in a 2-1 home defeat at the Wanda Metropolitano after failing to net in a 1-1 draw at Stamford Bridge. France midfielder Paul Pogba has responded to critics after helping his side reach the World Cup final.
Well, the UFC, WWE or someone has to figure out what's going on in Lesnar's mouth before any talks of a title fight move forward. On Thursday, Wrestling Observer reported that Lesnar will be wrestling at SummerSlam which was a concern of some fans.
Terming her decision to marry the PTI chairman a "huge mistake", she said that she also found it hard to forgive herself. The accusations echo those made by former prime minister Sharif, who was convicted of corruption last week.
But the Parisian club are hoping this new salary offer will prevent him from wanting to leave. "We expected more from him because he's the team's star".
Matt Le Tissier has reacted to Xherdan Shaqiri reportedly being on the verge of joining Liverpool . I want to improve myself too, I want to be with the best and I want to win titles.
At the end of August, two of the remaining three Blockbuster video rental stores will shut their doors for good. It was announced just today that the final two Blockbuster stores in Alaska were closing.
Technically, the administration has only suspended risk adjustment payments, not permanently ended them. The Trump White House has been busy separating migrant families and plotting the demise of Roe v.
Friday's five-set match between Kevin Anderson and John Isner has become the longest semifinal in Wimbledon history. Given the length of this match, it may well prove hard for Djokovic and Nadal to complete their contest on Friday.
But he did not rule out recognising Rissia's annexation of Crimea. At an emergency session, Trump also threatened a U.S. pull out. In what sounded like a Johnson endorsement, Mr.
Brian Percival , who directed The Book Thief , About a Girl and the Downton Abbey pilot, will direct the film. Producer Gareth Neame said it had been "our dream to bring the millions of global fans a movie".
Thousands of people waving banners and banging pots and pans took to the streets of London on Friday to protest against U.S. It was one of more than a hundred protests police expected during Trump's four-day trip.
And the announcement came at the same time that Trump and the first lady were meeting at Windsor Castle with the Queen. Attorney General Rod Rosenstein convened a press conference at the Justice Department on Friday.


text:
Group Urges Delay on New Solar Power Towers
E1: Musicals and Movies
This episode celebrates classic songs from Broadway and the silver screen performed at the Hollywood Bowl.
Huell Says Hello to a Huge Catfish!
Huell visits a man who raised a giant catfish that's now three-feet long.
Cinema Series Feature
Legendary Actress Sophia Loren Receives KCET Cinema Series Lumière Award at Virtual Screening of Netflix's 'The Life Ahead'
The Lumière Award is presented by the KCET Cinema Series in recognition of excellence, artistry and innovation by a filmmaker or an actor in television or motion pictures. Pete Hammond presents the Lumière Award to actress Sophia Loren.
Screen Legend Sophia Loren Is Honored With the KCET Cinema Series Lumière Award and a Screening of Her Film 'The Life Ahead' on January 28th
A Q&A will immediately follow the screening with director Edoardo Ponti.
Six SoCal Holiday Lights Drive-Thrus and Drive-Bys for 2020
Haul out the holly and fill up the stockings. We need a little Christmas! Here are some of the best drive-thru holiday experiences in Southern California.
Where to Explore 5 of L.A.'s Great Footbridges
Here's where to find five of L.A.'s most scenic bridge crossings — and why they're fascinating destinations in their own right.
13 SoCal Open-Air Adventures That Are Off the Beaten Path
Looking for outdoor options beyond your local park or playground? Here's a guide to going off the beaten path with some of the best open-air attractions SoCal has to offer.
Where to Find Frightful Family Fun in L.A. and O.C. This Halloween Season
Halloween 2020 is not canceled. It's just a little different this year. Whether it's established attractions or inaugural events that might become future Halloween standbys, here are five great ways to scare up some extra spooks this October.
The Origins of Prop 187
Learn more about the factors that led to the introduction and eventual passage of Proposition 187: radical demographic change, economic recession, civil unrest, natural disaster and a re-election campaign of a vulnerable Republican governor.
Communities Divided
Learn how Prop 187 garnered divided reactions among immigrants and even political parties.
See how different organizations came together in a concerted effort against Proposition 187 — from the unions to young organizers. Learn more about the role artists had in helping spread the message.
Signs of Change
Learn more about the aftermath of Prop 187's passage: the legal battle that ensued and the change in the electorate in the years after.
Is Big Tech Too Powerful? Chris Hedges and Ramesh Srinivasan Debate Twitter and Facebook Banning Trump
While many are applauding social media companies' banning of President Trump from their platforms, author Chris Hedges warns they could backfire.
L.A. Loses a Champion: Tom LaBonge Dies Suddenly at 67
Tom LaBonge, a larger-than-life character in city hall meetings and effusive champion of Los Angeles, has passed away suddenly.
Biden's AG Pick Merrick Garland Has Record of Not Holding Cops Accountable
Joe Biden has formally nominated Merrick Garland for attorney general. Elie Mystal, justice correspondent for The Nation, says Garland is an "underwhelming" pick, given his judicial record.
Group Urges Delay on New Solar Power Towers | KCET
Chris Clarke was KCET's Environment Editor until July 2017. He is a veteran environmental journalist and natural history writer. He lives in Joshua Tree.
Solar Two, where a 1986 study reviewed solar injuries to wildlife | Photo: GoShows/Flickr/Creative Commons License
The Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) is urging the California Energy Commission (CEC) to hold off on approving new concentrating solar power tower projects until studies can be made of what effect highly concentrated sunlight may have on wildlife at similar projects now under construction. CBD made the request in a September 6 comment letter sent to the California Energy CEC in response to a workshop on solar injuries to birds and other wildlife. The letter reads, in part;
We strongly urge the CEC to consider delaying any additional project approvals until monitoring results from the project currently under construction are implemented and evaluated. This approach is entirely reasonable and would clearly support a better understanding of the impacts of this technology on avian species in general, and listed, special status and rare species in particular.
"There's a serious lack of data on how these large projects, and their associated solar flux, will affect wildlife," Ileene Anderson, CBD's Public Lands Desert Director, told ReWire. "We think the prudent course would be to step back, study the effects that Ivanpah and Crescent Dunes have on avian species, and then proceed cautiously from there once we have more data."
The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is now being built in the Mojave Desert a few miles from the Mojave National Preserve, and the Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project is under construction near Tonopah, Nevada.
CBD's letter was sent as a formal comment on an August CEC workshop held to discuss impacts of that concentrated solar energy -- "solar flux" -- on wildlife in relation to the proposed Hidden Hills and Rio Mesa solar power projects.
Both the Hidden HIlls and Rio Mesa projects would surround two 750-foot towers with tens of thousands of mirrored heliostats, and each project would generate up to 500 megawatts of power. The Ivanpah project will at completion include three 450-foot towers surrounded by heliostats. Crescent Dunes, being built by Solar Reserve, will split the difference with a 640-foot tower.
Environmentalists and wildlife managers are concerned about the possibility that projects which concentrate the sun's rays into a relatively small area pose a risk to wildlife, in much the same manner as a magnifying glass on a sunny day poses a risk to an ant. Solar developer BrightSource Energy, which owns the Ivanpah project as well as the proposed Hidden Hills and Rio Mesa projects, holds that its design reduces the solar flux threat to wildlife:
Our technology has been specifically designed to avoid harming birds. Unlike older technology, when our mirrors are not focused at the top of the tower, the light is focused in a diffuse ring around the top of the tower, at concentration levels too low to have any detrimental effect on birds... we avoid siting projects adjacent to actively farmed and irrigated agricultural land or standing water that might attract insects and birds.
But others point to a 1986 study of the now-dismantled Solar One power tower project near Daggett, California, which found a small but significant number of wildlife burn injuries the researchers believed were due to solar flux exposure.
In the letter, written by Anderson and CBD attorney Lisa Belenky, CBD points out that the Solar One facility was of a much smaller scale than BrightSource's current projects.
[T]he only published, peer-reviewed study of power tower technology (McCrary et al. 1986) documents impacts to avian species from a 10 MW [megawatt] project with a single 86m (280_ft) tower - while the first three power towers now under construction for a 370MW project are each 137m (450 ft) in height. The next set of proposed power tower projects, now under consideration by the CEC would each be 500 MW and have two towers each all over 230 m (750 ft) in height. As a result the proposed power tower projects in California are 50 to 75 times the size of the facility studied in the 1986 peer-reviewed paper.
Distressingly, the CBD letter says that the facilities' high levels of reflected light may cause significant damage to birds' vision, noting that discussion at the workshop had suggested that blinding light from the white-hot power towers could cause damage to birds' retinas, that this damage could become greater with repeated exposure, and that eagles and other sharp-eyed raptors might be more vulnerable to such injury than other birds.
As ReWire reported on August 30, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) made a public comment on the matter as well, in the form of a letter from FWS's Palm Springs Division Chief Pete Sorenson. That letter read, in part,
We are concerned about the increasing number of power tower projects that are proposed or undergoing permitting review, given the outstanding questions about the impacts of utility-scale application of this technology. As such, it would be beneficial to the permitting process for pending and future projects, including Hidden Hills and Rio Mesa, to gather monitoring data that answer some of the questions about avian physiological tolerance and behavioral response to power towers, from already approved projects, before approving more projects. Increasing our knowledge about potential impacts from this technology would further our ability to complete science-based analyses of direct, indirect, and cumulative effects to the avian community, as required by our joint public trust responsibilities. Therefore, we suggest that the Agencies limit the number of power tower projects that are considered for permitting and development until we obtain a more detailed understanding of this technology and its impacts, based on at least a couple years of scientifically robust monitoring.
ReWire characterized Sorenson's remarks on behalf of the FWS as a call for a moratorium. The next day, August 31, we were contacted by FWS Regional Director for External Affairs Paul McKim who clarified FWS's intent was merely to suggest the CEC proceed with caution in approving new power tower projects.
Sorenson's letter was removed from the CEC's website that same day, an unusual move for a document that had been formally docketed as part of a CEC siting case.
CBD's comments refer to Sorenson's letter, saying:
The letter simply reconfirms the paucity of scientifically rigorous, peer-reviewed data pertaining to avian impacts from power tower technology and the suggestion that more information be gathered before additional projects of this type are approved is entirely reasonable and in keeping with the precautionary principle. Only rigorous monitoring and additional data collection can help inform the agencies of the impacts of this technology.
The Center included a copy of Sorenson's letter as an attachment to their comments, ensuring that it would once again be available from the documents pages for the two solar project proposals. For its part, the CEC says the letter is available to the public on request despite not being mentioned on the relevant web pages.
The CBD comments also challenged some of the information offered at the August workshop, pointing out that a BrightSource study of potential solar flux effects on birds didn't study birds that weighed less than about an ounce and a half. The endangered southwestern willow flycatcher weighs only half an ounce, and smaller birds made up the bulk of the burn injuries in the 1986 study. CBD also pointed out that at typical flightspeed, a flycatcher might need 15-30 minutes to traverse the larger projects' heliostat field, adding that the figures provided during the workshop referred to a maximum exposure of about 30 seconds. BrightSource's reduced solar flux "halo" in times when the heliostats were not aimed directly at the tower also came under CBD scrutiny:
Instead of defined "standby points", the project proponent proposes to focus the mirrors in a "halo" if they are not focused on the "receiver". However this "halo" is calculated by the project proponent to be approximately 150 KW/m2 [kilowatts per square meter], well above the 50 KW/m2 that caused feather singeing and muscle tissue effects in the study birds. It is unclear how many hours per day this "halo" will be in place or if, for example, the "halo" could be dispersed to reduce the intensity of the radiation below levels that would physically damage avian species. These issues should be analyzed to minimize impacts.
L.A. River Becomes the Focal Point for Epic, Ongoing Experimental Theater
"Sleep No More" theater director Mikhael Tara Garver unearths the L.A. River's 8-mile deep stories and histories in an ongoing work of experimental theater called "Rio Reveals."
'90s Photos of LAPD Reveal a City in Pain
Joseph Rodriguez's photographs of the LAPD in 1994 is a deeply personal, political act that still resonates in today's political climate.
LAPD 1994: Portraits of a City in Pain
brightsource
Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project
Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System
Lisa Belenky
Rio Mesa Solar


text:
Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 470 › Winston v. Lee
Winston v. Lee, 470 U.S. 753 (1985)
Opinions Audio & Media
Winston v. Lee
Argued October 31, 1984
Decided March 20, 1985
A shopkeeper was wounded by gunshot during an attempted robbery but, also being armed with a gun, apparently wounded his assailant in his left side, and the assailant then ran from the scene. Shortly after the victim was taken to a hospital, police officers found respondent, who was suffering from a gunshot wound to his left chest area, eight blocks away from the shooting. He was also taken to the hospital, where the victim identified him as the assailant. After an investigation, the police charged respondent with, inter alia, attempted robbery and malicious wounding. Thereafter the Commonwealth of Virginia moved in state court for an order directing respondent to undergo surgery to remove a bullet lodged under his left collarbone, asserting that the bullet would provide evidence of respondent's guilt or innocence. On the basis of expert testimony that the surgery would require an incision of only about one-half inch, could be performed under local anesthesia, and would result in "no danger on the basis that there's no general anesthesia employed," the court granted the motion, and the Virginia Supreme Court denied respondent's petition for a writ of prohibition and/or a writ of habeas corpus. Respondent then brought an action in Federal District Court to enjoin the pending operation on Fourth Amendment grounds, but the court refused to issue a preliminary injunction. Subsequently, X rays taken just before surgery was scheduled showed that the bullet was lodged substantially deeper than had been thought when the state court granted the motion to compel surgery, and the surgeon concluded that a general anesthetic would be desirable. Respondent unsuccessfully sought a rehearing in the state trial court, and the Virginia Supreme Court affirmed. However, respondent then returned to the Federal District Court, which, after an evidentiary hearing, enjoined the threatened surgery. The Court of Appeals affirmed.
Held. The proposed surgery would violate respondent's right to be secure in his person and the search would be "unreasonable" under the Fourth Amendment. Pp. 470 U. S. 758-767.
(a) A compelled surgical intrusion into an individual's body for evidence implicates expectations of privacy and security of such magnitude that the intrusion may be "unreasonable" even if likely to produce evidence
of a crime. The reasonableness of surgical intrusions beneath the skin depends on a case-by-case approach, in which the individual's interests in privacy and security are weighed against society's interests in conducting the procedure to obtain evidence for fairly determining guilt or innocence. The appropriate framework of analysis for such cases is provided in Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757, which held that a State may, over the suspect's protest, have a physician extract blood from a person suspected of drunken driving without violating the suspect's Fourth Amendment rights. Beyond the threshold requirements as to probable cause and warrants, Schmerber's inquiry considered other factors for determining "reasonableness" -- including the extent to which the procedure may threaten the individual's safety or health, the extent of intrusion upon the individual's dignitary interests in personal privacy and bodily integrity, and the community's interest in fairly and accurately determining guilt or innocence. Pp. 470 U. S. 758-763.
(b) Under the Schmerber balancing test, the lower federal courts reached the correct result here. The threats to respondent's safety posed by the surgery were the subject of sharp dispute, and there was conflict in the testimony concerning the nature and scope of the operation. Thus, the resulting uncertainty about the medical risks was properly taken into account. Moreover, the intrusion on respondent's privacy interests and bodily integrity can only be characterized as severe. Surgery without the patient's consent, performed under a general anesthetic to search for evidence of a crime, involves a virtually total divestment of the patient's ordinary control over surgical probing beneath his skin. On the other hand, the Commonwealth's assertions of compelling need to intrude into respondent's body to retrieve the bullet are not persuasive. The Commonwealth has available substantial additional evidence that respondent was the individual who accosted the victim. Pp. 470 U. S. 763-766.
717 F.2d 888, affirmed.
BRENNAN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and WHITE, MARSHALL, POWELL, STEVENS, and O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. BURGER, C.J., filed a concurring opinion, post, p. 470 U. S. 767. BLACKMUN and REHNQUIST, JJ., concurred in the judgment.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
JUSTICE BRENNAN delivered the opinion of the Court.
Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757 (1966), held, inter alia, that a State may, over the suspect's protest, have a physician extract blood from a person suspected of drunken driving without violation of the suspect's right secured by the Fourth Amendment not to be subjected to unreasonable searches and seizures. However, Schmerber cautioned:
"That we today hold that the Constitution does not forbid the States['] minor intrusions into an individual's body under stringently limited conditions in no way indicates that it permits more substantial intrusions, or intrusions under other conditions."
Id. at 384 U. S. 772. In this case, the Commonwealth of Virginia seeks to compel the respondent Rudolph Lee, who is suspected of attempting to commit armed robbery, to undergo a surgical procedure under a general anesthetic for removal of a bullet lodged in his chest. Petitioners allege that the bullet will provide evidence of respondent's guilt or innocence. We conclude that the procedure sought here is an example of the "more substantial intrusion" cautioned against in Schmerber, and hold that to permit the procedure would violate respondent's right to be secure in his person guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment.
At approximately 1 a. m. on July 18, 1982, Ralph E. Watkinson was closing his shop for the night. As he was locking the door, he observed someone armed with a gun coming toward him from across the street. Watkinson was also armed, and when he drew his gun, the other person told him to freeze. Watkinson then fired at the other person, who returned his fire. Watkinson was hit in the legs, while the other individual, who appeared to be wounded in his left side, ran from the scene. The police arrived on the scene shortly thereafter, and Watkinson was taken by ambulance
to the emergency room of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Hospital.
Approximately 20 minutes later, police officers responding to another call found respondent eight blocks from where the earlier shooting occurred. Respondent was suffering from a gunshot wound to his left chest area, and told the police that he had been shot when two individuals attempted to rob him. An ambulance took respondent to the MCV Hospital. Watkinson was still in the MCV emergency room and, when respondent entered that room, said "[t]hat's the man that shot me." App. 14. After an investigation, the police decided that respondent's story of having been himself the victim of a robbery was untrue, and charged respondent with attempted robbery, malicious wounding, and two counts of using a firearm in the commission of a felony.
The Commonwealth shortly thereafter moved in state court for an order directing respondent to undergo surgery to remove an object thought to be a bullet lodged under his left collarbone. The court conducted several evidentiary hearings on the motion. At the first hearing, the Commonwealth's expert testified that the surgical procedure would take 45 minutes and would involve a three to four percent chance of temporary nerve damage, a one percent chance of permanent nerve damage, and a one-tenth of one percent chance of death. At the second hearing, the expert testified that, on reexamination of respondent, he discovered that the bullet was not "back inside close to the nerves and arteries," id. at 52, as he originally had thought. Instead, he now believed the bullet to be located "just beneath the skin." Id. at 57. He testified that the surgery would require an incision of only one and one-half centimeters (slightly more than one-half inch), could be performed under local anesthesia, and would result in "no danger on the basis that there's no general anesthesia employed." Id. at 51.
The state trial judge granted the motion to compel surgery. Respondent petitioned the Virginia Supreme Court for a writ of prohibition and/or a writ of habeas corpus, both of which were denied. Respondent then brought an action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia to enjoin the pending operation on Fourth Amendment grounds. The court refused to issue a preliminary injunction, holding that respondent's cause had little likelihood of success on the merits. 551 F.Supp. 247, 247-253 (1982). [Footnote 1]
On October 18, 1982, just before the surgery was scheduled, the surgeon ordered that X-rays be taken of respondent's chest. The X-rays revealed that the bullet was in fact lodged two and one-half to three centimeters (approximately one inch) deep in muscular tissue in respondent's chest, substantially deeper than had been thought when the state court granted the motion to compel surgery. The surgeon now believed that a general anesthetic would be desirable for medical reasons.
Respondent moved the state trial court for a rehearing based on the new evidence. After holding an evidentiary hearing, the state trial court denied the rehearing, and the Virginia Supreme Court affirmed. Respondent then returned to federal court, where he moved to alter or amend the judgment previously entered against him. After an evidentiary hearing, the District Court enjoined the threatened surgery. 551 F.Supp. at 253-261 (supplemental opinion). [Footnote 2]
A divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed. 717 F.2d 888 (1983). [Footnote 3] We granted certiorari, 466 U.S. 942 (1984), to consider whether a State may, consistently with the Fourth Amendment, compel a suspect to undergo surgery of this kind in a search for evidence of a crime.
The Fourth Amendment protects "expectations of privacy," see Katz v. United States, 389 U. S. 347 (1967) --the individual's legitimate expectations that, in certain places and at certain times, he has "the right to be let alone -- the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized men." Olmstead v. United States, 277 U. S. 438,
277 U. S. 478 (1928) (Brandeis, J., dissenting). Putting to one side the procedural protections of the warrant requirement, the Fourth Amendment generally protects the "security" of "persons, houses, papers, and effects" against official intrusions up to the point where the community's need for evidence surmounts a specified standard, ordinarily "probable cause." Beyond this point, it is ordinarily justifiable for the community to demand that the individual give up some part of his interest in privacy and security to advance the community's vital interests in law enforcement; such a search is generally "reasonable" in the Amendment's terms.
A compelled surgical intrusion into an individual's body for evidence, however, implicates expectations of privacy and security of such magnitude that the intrusion may be "unreasonable" even if likely to produce evidence of a crime. In Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757 (1966), we addressed a claim that the State had breached the Fourth Amendment's protection of the "right of the people to be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable searches and seizures" (emphasis added) when it compelled an individual suspected of drunken driving to undergo a blood test. Schmerber had been arrested at a hospital while receiving treatment for injuries suffered when the automobile he was driving struck a tree. Id. at 384 U. S. 758. Despite Schmerber's objection, a police officer at the hospital had directed a physician to take a blood sample from him. Schmerber subsequently objected to the introduction at trial of evidence obtained as a result of the blood test.
The authorities in Schmerber clearly had probable cause to believe that he had been driving while intoxicated, id. at 384 U. S. 768, and to believe that a blood test would provide evidence that was exceptionally probative in confirming this belief. Id. at 384 U. S. 770. Because the case fell within the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement, no warrant was necessary. Ibid. The search was not more intrusive than reasonably necessary to accomplish its goals. Nonetheless,
Schmerber argued that the Fourth Amendment prohibited the authorities from intruding into his body to extract the blood that was needed as evidence.
Schmerber noted that
"[t]he overriding function of the Fourth Amendment is to protect personal privacy and dignity against unwarranted intrusion by the State."
Id. at 384 U. S. 767. Citing Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U. S. 25, 338 U. S. 27 (1949), and Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643 (1961), we observed that these values were "basic to a free society." We also noted that,
"[b]ecause we are dealing with intrusions into the human body, rather than with state interferences with property relationships or private papers -- 'houses, papers, and effects' -- we write on a clean slate."
384 U.S. at 384 U. S. 767-768. The intrusion perhaps implicated Schmerber's most personal and deep-rooted expectations of privacy, and the Court recognized that Fourth Amendment analysis thus required a discerning inquiry into the facts and circumstances to determine whether the intrusion was justifiable. The Fourth Amendment neither forbids nor permits all such intrusions; rather, the Amendment's
"proper function is to constrain, not against all intrusions as such, but against intrusions which are not justified in the circumstances, or which are made in an improper manner."
Id. at 384 U. S. 768.
The reasonableness of surgical intrusions beneath the skin depends on a case-by-case approach, in which the individual's interests in privacy and security are weighed against society's interests in conducting the procedure. In a given case, the question whether the community's need for evidence outweighs the substantial privacy interests at stake is a delicate one admitting of few categorical answers. We believe that Schmerber, however, provides the appropriate framework of analysis for such cases.
Schmerber recognized that the ordinary requirements of the Fourth Amendment would be the threshold requirements for conducting this kind of surgical search and seizure. We noted the importance of probable cause. Id. at 384 U. S. 768-769.
And we pointed out:
"Search warrants are ordinarily required for searches of dwellings, and, absent an emergency, no less could be required where intrusions into the human body are concerned. . . . The importance of informed, detached and deliberate determinations of the issue whether or not to invade another's body in search of evidence of guilt is indisputable and great."
Beyond these standards, Schmerber's inquiry considered a number of other factors in determining the "reasonableness" of the blood test. A crucial factor in analyzing the magnitude of the intrusion in Schmerber is the extent to which the procedure may threaten the safety or health of the individual. "[F]or most people, [a blood test] involves virtually no risk, trauma, or pain." Id. at 384 U. S. 771. Moreover, all reasonable medical precautions were taken, and no unusual or untested procedures were employed in Schmerber; the procedure was performed "by a physician in a hospital environment according to accepted medical practices." Ibid. Notwithstanding the existence of probable cause, a search for evidence of a crime may be unjustifiable if it endangers the life or health of the suspect. [Footnote 4]
Another factor is the extent of intrusion upon the individual's dignitary interests in personal privacy and bodily integrity. Intruding into an individual's living room, See Payton
v. New York, 445 U. S. 573 (1980), eavesdropping upon an individual's telephone conversations, see Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. at 389 U. S. 361, or forcing an individual to accompany police officers to the police station, see Dunaway v. New York, 442 U. S. 200 (1979), typically do not injure the physical person of the individual. Such intrusions do, however, damage the individual's sense of personal privacy and security, and are thus subject to the Fourth Amendment's dictates. In noting that a blood test was "a commonplace in these days of periodic physical examinations," 384 U.S. at 384 U. S. 771, Schmerber recognized society's judgment that blood tests do not constitute an unduly extensive imposition on an individual's personal privacy and bodily integrity. [Footnote 5]
Weighed against these individual interests is the community's interest in fairly and accurately determining guilt or innocence. This interest is of course of great importance. We noted in Schmerber that a blood test is "a highly effective means of determining the degree to which a person is under the influence of alcohol." Id. at 384 U. S. 771. Moreover, there was "a clear indication that in fact [desired] evidence [would] be found" if the blood test were undertaken. Id. at 384 U. S. 770.
Especially given the difficulty of proving drunkenness by other means, these considerations showed that results of the blood test were of vital importance if the State were to enforce its drunken driving laws. In Schmerber, we concluded that this state interest was sufficient to justify the intrusion, and the compelled blood test was thus "reasonable" for Fourth Amendment purposes.
Applying the Schmerber balancing test in this case, we believe that the Court of Appeals reached the correct result. The Commonwealth plainly had probable cause to conduct the search. In addition, all parties apparently agree that respondent has had a full measure of procedural protections, and has been able fully to litigate the difficult medical and legal questions necessarily involved in analyzing the reasonableness of a surgical incision of this magnitude. [Footnote 6] Our inquiry therefore must focus on the extent of the intrusion on respondent's privacy interests and on the State's need for the evidence.
The threats to the health or safety of respondent posed by the surgery are the subject of sharp dispute between the parties. Before the new revelations of October 18, the District Court found that the procedure could be carried out "with virtually no risk to [respondent]." 551 F.Supp. at 252. On rehearing, however, with new evidence before it, the District Court held that "the risks previously involved have increased in magnitude even as new risks are being added." Id. at 260.
The Court of Appeals examined the medical evidence in the record and found that respondent would suffer some risks
associated with the surgical procedure. [Footnote 7] One surgeon had testified that the difficulty of discovering the exact location of the bullet "could require extensive probing and retracting of the muscle tissue," carrying with it
"the concomitant risks of injury to the muscle, as well as injury to the nerves, blood vessels and other tissue in the chest and pleural cavity."
717 F.2d at 900. The court further noted that "the greater intrusion and the larger incisions increase the risks of infection." Ibid. Moreover, there was conflict in the testimony concerning the nature and the scope of the operation. One surgeon stated that it would take 15-20 minutes, while another predicted the procedure could take up to two and one-half hours. Ibid. The court properly took the resulting uncertainty about the medical risks into account. [Footnote 8]
Both lower courts in this case believed that the proposed surgery, which for purely medical reasons required the use of a general anesthetic, [Footnote 9] would be an "extensive" intrusion on respondent's personal privacy and bodily integrity. Ibid.
When conducted with the consent of the patient, surgery requiring general anesthesia is not necessarily demeaning or intrusive. In such a case, the surgeon is carrying out the patient's own will concerning the patient's body, and the patient's right to privacy is therefore preserved. In this case, however, the Court of Appeals noted that the Commonwealth proposes to take control of respondent's body, to "drug this citizen -- not yet convicted of a criminal offense -- with narcotics and barbiturates into a state of unconsciousness," id. at 901, and then to search beneath his skin for evidence of a crime. This kind of surgery involves a virtually total divestment of respondent's ordinary control over surgical probing beneath his skin.
The other part of the balance concerns the Commonwealth's need to intrude into respondent's body to retrieve the bullet. The Commonwealth claims to need the bullet to demonstrate that it was fired from Watkinson's gun, which in turn would show that respondent was the robber who confronted Watkinson. However, although we recognize the difficulty of making determinations in advance as to the strength of the case against respondent, petitioners' assertions of a compelling need for the bullet are hardly persuasive. The very circumstances relied on in this case to demonstrate probable cause to believe that evidence will be found tend to vitiate the Commonwealth's need to compel respondent to undergo surgery. The Commonwealth has available substantial additional evidence that respondent was the individual who accosted Watkinson on the night of the robbery. No party in this case suggests that Watkinson's entirely spontaneous identification of respondent at the hospital would be inadmissible. In addition, petitioners can no doubt prove that Watkinson was found a few blocks from Watkinson's store shortly after the incident took place. And petitioners can certainly show that the location of the bullet (under respondent's left collarbone) seems to correlate with Watkinson's report that the robber "jerked" to the left. App. 13. The fact that the
Commonwealth has available such substantial evidence of the origin of the bullet restricts the need for the Commonwealth to compel respondent to undergo the contemplated surgery. [Footnote 10]
In weighing the various factors in this case, we therefore reach the same conclusion as the courts below. The operation sought will intrude substantially on respondent's protected interests. The medical risks of the operation, although apparently not extremely severe, are a subject of considerable dispute; the very uncertainty militates against finding the operation to be "reasonable." In addition, the intrusion on respondent's privacy interests entailed by the operation can only be characterized as severe. On the other hand, although the bullet may turn out to be useful to the Commonwealth in prosecuting respondent, the Commonwealth has failed to demonstrate a compelling need for it. We believe that, in these circumstances, the Commonwealth has failed to demonstrate that it would be "reasonable" under the terms of the Fourth Amendment to search for evidence of this crime by means of the contemplated surgery.
The Fourth Amendment is a vital safeguard of the right of the citizen to be free from unreasonable governmental intrusions into any area in which he has a reasonable expectation of privacy. Where the Court has found a lesser expectation of privacy, see, e.g., Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U. S. 128 (1978); South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U. S. 364 (1976), or where the search involves a minimal intrusion on privacy interests, see, e.g., United States v. Hensley, 469 U. S. 221 (1985); Dunaway v. New York, 442 U.S. at 442 U. S. 210-211; United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U. S. 873, 422 U. S. 880 (1975); Adams v. Williams, 407 U. S. 143 (1972); Terry v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968), the Court has held that the Fourth Amendment's protections are correspondingly less stringent. Conversely, however, the Fourth Amendment's command that searches be "reasonable" requires that, when the State seeks to intrude upon an area in which our society recognizes a significantly heightened privacy interest, a more substantial justification is required to make the search "reasonable." Applying these principles, we hold that the proposed search in this case would be "unreasonable" under the Fourth Amendment.
JUSTICE BLACKMUN and JUSTICE REHNQUIST concur in the judgment.
[Footnote 1]
Respondent's action in the District Court was styled as a petition for habeas corpus and an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for a preliminary injunction. Because the District Court denied the relief sought, it found it unnecessary to consider whether res judicata, see Allen v. McCurry, 449 U. S. 90 (1980), would bar consideration of the § 1983 claim. 551 F.Supp. at 252, n. 4.
Respondent had moved to reopen the petition for habeas corpus, as well as to alter or amend the judgment. Petitioners moved to dismiss the petition for habeas on the ground that respondent was not at that time "in custody" for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2241. The District Court rejected this contention, holding that habeas was available because respondent was objecting to a future custody that would take place when the operation was to be performed. 551 F.Supp. at 257-259. The Court of Appeals held that respondent's claim was cognizable only under § 1983. 717 F.2d 888, 893 (1983). Respondent has not cross-petitioned for review of this holding, and it is therefore not before us.
The Fourth Circuit held that Allen v. McCurry, supra, did not bar respondent's attempt to relitigate in federal court the same Fourth Amendment issues previously litigated in state court. The court agreed with the District Court's conclusion, see 551 F.Supp. at 258-259, that respondent had not had a full and fair opportunity to litigate in the state trial court. 717 F.2d at 895-899. Respondent filed his motion for rehearing in state court on October 18, the day he was informed of the changed circumstances regarding the removal of the bullet. On October 19, the state court ordered an evidentiary hearing to be held on October 21. The Court of Appeals was
"satisfied from the record that counsel was not able, despite obviously diligent effort, to obtain an independent review of the medical record by outside physicians, nor was he able to consult with the independent expert in anesthesiology in order to prepare a presentation on the risks of general anesthesia."
Id. at 897. Yet, despite the crucial nature of the medical evidence, the state court refused to grant respondent's repeated request for a continuance. Because
"[t]he arbitrary truncation of preparation time deprived [respondent] of a fair opportunity to determine the crucial factors relevant to his claim and to obtain independent expert witnesses to testify about those factors,"
id. at 898-899, the Court of Appeals refused to grant preclusive effect to the state court's findings. Petitioners do not challenge this ruling.
Numerous courts have recognized the crucial importance of this factor. See, e.g., Bowden v. State, 256 Ark. 820, 823, 510 S.W.2d 879, 882 (1974) (refusing to order surgery because of medical risk); People v. Smith, 80 Misc.2d 210, 362 N.Y.S.2d 909 (1974) (same); State v. Allen, 277 S.C. 595, 291 S.E.2d 459 (1982) (same); see also 717 F.2d 888, 900 (CA4 1983) (case below); id. at 905-908 (Widener, J., dissenting); United States v. Crowder, 177 U.S. App.D.C. 165, 169, 543 F.2d 312, 316 (1976) (en banc), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1062 (1977); State v. Overstreet, 551 S.W.2d 621, 628 (Mo.1977) (en banc). See generally Note, 68 Marq.L.Rev. 130, 135 (1984) (discussing cases involving bodily intrusions); Note, 60 Notre Dame L.Rev. 149, 152-156 (1984) (same); Note, 55 Texas L.Rev. 147 (1976) (same); Mandell & Richardson, Surgical Search: Removing a Scar on the Fourth Amendment, 75 J.Crim.L. & C., No. 3, p. 525 (1984).
See also Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 384 U. S. 771, n. 13 ("The blood test procedure has become routine in our everyday life. It is a ritual for those going into the military service as well as those applying for marriage licenses. Many colleges require such tests before permitting entrance, and literally millions of us have voluntarily gone through the same, though a longer, routine in becoming blood donors'") (quoting Breithaupt v. Abram, 352 U. S. 432, 352 U. S. 436 (1957)). The degree of intrusion in Schmerber was minimized as well by the fact that a blood test "involves virtually no risk, trauma, or pain," 384 U.S. at 384 U. S. 771, and by the fact that the blood test was conducted "in a hospital environment according to accepted medical practices." Ibid. As such, the procedure in Schmerber contrasted sharply with the practice in Rochin v. California, 342 U. S. 165 (1952), in which police officers broke into a suspect's room, attempted to extract narcotics capsules he had put into his mouth, took him to a hospital, and directed that an emetic be administered to induce vomiting. Id. at 342 U. S. 166. Rochin, recognizing the individual's interest in "human dignity," id. at 342 U. S. 174, held the search and seizure unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause.
Because the State has afforded respondent the benefit of a full adversary presentation and appellate review, we do not reach the question whether the State may compel a suspect to undergo a surgical search of this magnitude for evidence absent such special procedural protections. Cf. United States v. Crowder, supra, at 169, 543 F.2d at 316; State v. Lawson, 187 N.J.Super. 25, 28-29, 453 A.2d 556, 558 (App.Div.1982).
The Court of Appeals concluded, however, that "the specific physical risks from putting [respondent] under general anesthesia may therefore be considered minimal." 717 F.2d at 900. Testimony had shown that
"the general risks of harm or death from general anesthesia are quite low, and that [respondent] was in the statistical group of persons with the lowest risk of injury from general anesthesia."
One expert testified that this would be "minor" surgery. See App. 99. The question whether the surgery is to be characterized in medical terms as "major" or "minor" is not controlling. We agree with the Court of Appeals and the District Court in this case that
"there is no reason to suppose that the definition of a medical term of art should coincide with the parameters of a constitutional standard."
551 F.Supp. at 260 (quoted at 717 F.2d at 901); accord, State v. Overstreet, 551 S.W.2d at 628. This does not mean that the application of medical concepts in such cases is to be ignored. However, no specific medical categorization can control the multifaceted legal inquiry that the court must undertake.
Somewhat different issues would be raised if the use of a general anesthetic became necessary because of the patient's refusal to cooperate. Cf. State v. Lawson, supra.
[Footnote 10]
There are also some questions concerning the probative value of the bullet, even if it could be retrieved. The evidentiary value of the bullet depends on a comparison between markings, if any, on the bullet in respondent's shoulder and markings, if any, found on a test bullet that the police could fire from Watkinson's gun. However, the record supports some doubt whether this kind of comparison is possible. This is because the bullet's markings may have been corroded in the time that the bullet has been in respondent's shoulder, thus making it useless for comparison purposes. See 717 F.2d at 901, n. 15. In addition, respondent argues that any given gun may be incapable of firing bullets that have a consistent set of markings. See Joling, An Overview of Firearms Identification Evidence for Attorneys I: Salient Features of Firearms Evidence, 26 J.Forensic Sci. 153, 154 (1981). The record is devoid of any evidence that the police have attempted to test-fire Watkinson's gun, and there thus remains the additional possibility that a comparison of bullets is impossible because Watkinson's gun does not consistently fire bullets with the same markings. However, because the courts below made no findings on this point, we hesitate to give it significant weight in our analysis.
CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER, concurring.
I join because I read the Court's opinion as not preventing detention of an individual if there are reasonable grounds to believe that natural bodily functions will disclose the presence of contraband materials secreted internally.
Oral Argument - October 31, 1984
Andrew J. Winston, Sheriff, et al.
Rudolph Lee, Jr.


text:
Himalayabambu (Yushania anceps) är en gräsart som först beskrevs av Algernon Bertram Freeman Mitford, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Wei Chih Lin. Enligt Catalogue of Life ingår Himalayabambu i släktet yushanior och familjen gräs, men enligt Dyntaxa är tillhörigheten istället släktet yushanior och familjen gräs. Arten förekommer tillfälligt i Sverige, men reproducerar sig inte. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Yushanior

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In this print we can see two bluestockings dressed up as men, hoping to get access to the stock exchange. The women dressed like a man asks her suffragette companion if she should wear a beard. But the other woman feels a beard would blow their cover.
Published in: Le Charivari, April 1, 1856.


Worm 'N' Chunk Paint enhances any soft plastic lure with brilliant colors. Be creative and design custom lures with the handy brush applicator color eyes, dots, and stripes that stand out under water. Worm 'N' Chunk Paint offers the ultimate flexibility to decorate your lures with color that fish can't resist. 0.5 fl. oz.


At least one discussion was sparked by the mention I (Ian) made in Episode 002: East-facing Altars (pod orientem) of the idea of "ontological change," a somewhat complicated term describing one way of viewing what occurs at ordination. Because it's something of a loaded term, and spending a whole podcast unpacking it doesn't seem like a lot of fun for most listeners, I thought it might be helpful if I clarified what I meant when I said that we've tried to reclaim a more historical understanding of the priest as raised up for this particular ministry, rather than strongly set apart from the congregation.
First, I'd like to clarify that I didn't mean to say or imply that the idea of ontological change has been rejected completely, or become thoroughly passé. What I probably ought to have said is that it is no longer the singular lens or image through which we understand what comes to pass at the sacrament of ordination.
The term "ontological change" is often used as a catch-all term to describe a similar view of ordination. In this framework, while a deacon, priest, or bishop still looks very much like any other layperson, there is something fundamentally, or ontologically, different about them post-ordination. Their very substance, or essence, has been converted to an entirely different type. Even this firm definition of ontological change is, I would argue, still accepted in the Episcopal Church. In the same way, while transubstantiation doesn't seem to be the majority view, I believe there are a number of Episcopalians who hold to the doctrine.
A looser definition of ontological change, however — one that states simply that some change is conferred at ordination — is undoubtedly true, if only by virtue of the fact that ordination is an unrepeatable sacrament. If ordination were no more than an empowering or commissioning service, one would think that it would instead be repeatable. The fact that it is not tells us that it has more in common with the change that takes place at Baptism or Confirmation than it does the change that takes place upon consuming the Eucharist. In other words, there is something different about those who are ordained, even if parsing out what exactly may be no easy task.
All this is to say that there's one definition of "ontological change" which has simply faded somewhat in popularity in the wake of Vatican II, the Liturgical Movement, and the 1979 Prayer Book. The changes in the ordination rites from the 1928 BCP make it a little more intentionally clear that those who are ordained are done so by the will of the people, and they clearly have a different understanding of what it means to be ordained. The priesthood of all believers is clearly central to the theology and ecclesiology of the 1979 BCP. In seeking to reclaim this, and the early Christian understanding of ordained ministers as ordinary laypeople who have been raised up by their community for a particular role in sacramental ministry, I think it intentionally lowers the view on priesthood a bit, and by extension on the degree of the change taking place at ordination. I do think, however, that the rites still recognize that there is a change which takes place during the process, though the Catechism describes this simply as the giving of authority and the grace of the Holy Spirit.


1960 to 1967 on CBS.
1964) with Candidly, Allen Funt: A Million Smiles Later (Barricade Books, 1994).
Funt produced a series of adult-oriented videos called Candid Candid Camera.
prices of the paintings shot up.
1999. Candid Camera continued with his son, Peter Funt, as host.