text:
Poland's New Law Criminalizing Speech about the Holocaust
What is crucial to understand about the controversy.
Danusha V. Goska
"When you say the word 'Poland' what comes to mind? It's real scary. I'd have to be in disguise to go there because I don't wanna be caught and murdered."
"I have this image of a very gothic place. Everything's in black and white and very foggy. Otherwise, I have no real sense of Poland other than food with lots of sour cream, pierogis, and borscht. No, that's Russian. I guess I get confused. All these Eastern European foods seem so similar."
"The only thing I knew of Eastern Europe was in black and white. Probably from reels of Holocaust films. I pictured gray, cold, concrete. I wasn't aware that I was thinking this until we landed in Warsaw and everything was in color. There is nothing attractive about Poland. Even though I know it's in color, in my mind it has degenerated back to black and white."
"It's cold and desolate. I think of large, round women making sausages."
"Just concentration camps. From brick to brick that's all there is."
"I associate Poland with hatred of Jews. I learned this going to Sunday school. In Sweden where all them wore stars, that portrayed sort of a positive in terms of Sweden's relationship with Jews."
"When you said 'Poland,' an image popped into my head, which is it's gray, it's dirty, it's polluted. There's no color. There's one complete cloud over the entire country. I would go with the idea that I've gotta prepare myself. I'm probably going to be depressed at the condition of misery that people are living in. And it probably would be a safer bet if I just don't identify myself as Jewish to too many people and my passport says I'm American."
In 2000, in Bloomington, Indiana, I was asking Jewish people what they thought of Poles and Poland. I was researching what would become my prize-winning book, Bieganski, the Brute Polak Stereotype. My informants were nice people living in a self-consciously progressive university town. They insisted that they would never tell a dumb Polak joke. Then I would ask them a hypothetical question. "You need brain surgery. You have a choice between two doctors whose qualifications, on paper, are all but identical. One is named Dr. Smith. One is named Dr. Kowalski. Which doctor do you choose?"
Their jaws would drop. They suddenly had to confront their own prejudices, prejudices that they did not know they had.
One said, "It's hard for me to say [long pause]. I fear that I might choose Dr. Smith, even though I think that's a terrible thing, but I'm trying to be completely frank. I think just because of those subconscious stereotypes, the things that got in me as a kid and stick around in the back of my mind that are not up for examination."
Before actual questioning began, my informants often insisted that they knew all there was to know about Poles and Poland. "Danielle" informed me that she had received a "comprehensive Holocaust education" from March of the Living. "Every two weeks I received another two hundred pages of reading material. I had, you know, one of these seven-inch binders." She was now a professional Holocaust educator. Danielle told me that the only reason she could ever conceive of travel to Poland would be to "educate Poles."
I asked Danielle if she had ever heard of Jan Karski, a Polish underground army officer who had volunteered to be smuggled into both a concentration camp and the Warsaw Ghetto, in order that he could bring the first eyewitness account of the Holocaust directly to Franklin Roosevelt. Danielle had never heard of Jan Karski. Danielle had also never heard of the 1264 Statute of Kalisz, a Polish document granting Jews legal rights. Polish-Jewish author Eva Hoffman called the Statute of Kalisz "a set of laws that could serve as an exemplary statement of minority rights today." Danielle had also never heard of Adam Mickiewicz, Poland's national poet who celebrated Jews' contribution to Poland in the person of the character Jankiel, Adam Michnik, a Jewish leader of Solidarity, or the 1940 Katyn Massacre of 22,000 Poles, including 8,000 military officers, and, as classified by their Soviet murderers, "intelligence agents, gendarmes, landowners, saboteurs, factory owners, lawyers, officials, and priests."
Another informant, "Sally," told me that she "knew" that "there is a lot of neo-Nazism in Poland." If she ever went to Poland, she said, "I would look for regret" for Poles' assumed Holocaust guilt. Later, Sally made the offhand comment that, "I don't know much about Polish literature, if there is much." Six Nobel Prize Laureates in literature were born in Poland; four were Polish non-Jews (Sienkiewicz. Reymont, Milosz, Szymborska); two were born in a Polish-Jewish milieu (Agnon and Singer).
"Moses" expressed outrage that Poles had opened a discotheque in the Polish town of Oswiecim, where Auschwitz is located. Moses insisted that this discotheque was prima facie evidence of ingrained Polish anti-Semitism. I asked Moses if he knew of any non-Jews who had been imprisoned, tortured, experimented on, or gassed in Auschwitz. Moses had no idea that any non-Jews had suffered these fates. In fact, one hundred forty thousand Polish non-Jews made up approximately 11% of Auschwitz inmates. About half died there.
Many of my informants, in a completely unselfconscious manner, made statements like the following, "I'd love to go back to Vienna. We had a wonderful time in Vienna. We walked around and spoke German. It was a fabulous time," and "I spent days in Berlin and I want to return." Nazism was a German phenomenon; Hitler was born in Austria. These facts did not contribute to my informants' stereotyping these nations in the way that they stereotyped Poland.
Informants often combined popular mythology with factual errors. The informant, quoted above, who believed that "In Sweden all them wore stars" is confused. There is a myth that Danes, not Swedes, wore yellow stars of David in solidarity with Jews. In any case, the "Danes wore yellow stars" myth is false.
My informants' vocabulary was formulaic. Poland was always "gray." I heard the same phrases over and over: "Poles are worse than animals;" "They suck anti-Semitism with their mother's milk." Such formulas are right out of The Painted Bird, a lurid novel that depicts Neanderthal peasants engaging in orgies of violence, incest, and bestiality. Such formulaic depictions of Polish peasants had appeared in literature published before the Holocaust, in some cases centuries before. The Painted Bird was eventually exposed as plagiarized fiction disguised as a memoir.
It's undeniable that in interwar Poland, that is, between the end of WW I in 1918 and the onset of WW II in 1939, anti-Semitism flourished. The interwar period, for complicated historical reasons, saw one of the worst outbreaks of anti-Semitism in Poland's history. Interwar anti-Semitism was largely predicated on economic grievances. Jews had occupied the middleman minority caste. Most Poles were impoverished peasants. They wanted to own shops and study to become doctors and lawyers. For some, not all Poles, these honorable ambitions veered into the dark, twisted path of anti-Semitism.
What's unexpected is that some pre-war anti-Semites did not become Nazi collaborators. Jan Mosdorf was a self-identified nationalist and anti-Semite before the war. Under Nazi occupation, he helped Jews, and was killed for it in Auschwitz. Calel Perechodnik, a Jewish Holocaust survivor, writes of two Polish brothers, "Staszek and Stefan." Before the war, they thought of "a Jew as a wealthy man who exploited Polish labor and as an opponent deserving of a fight." During the war, Staszek and Stefan saved Jews, both friends and strangers.
A February 4, 2018 frequently-shared Facebook post exemplified the belief that Poles were and are worse than Nazis. I copy it here without editorial changes. "The Poles were worse than the Germans...mean and cold blooded...they were informers and killers and for a piece of bread or a cigarette sold Jews to the slaughter...Warsaw Ghetto was where? excuse me? but here is proof again - The tiger never changes his Spots, Once a killer always a killer and once a Jew Hater always a Jew hater ---as my father said: It's in the blood, its in the genes, its inborn...nothing changes - in the end, the truth always reveals itself ...I find it actually comical for a country to so blatantly lie to the world...but silly me - why...there are those who belie the holocaust as never having existed at all...so why not the Poles…"
Statements like these entered the world conversation on Friday, January 26, 2018, the day before Holocaust Remembrance Day. The lower house of the Polish Parliament passed a law criminalizing speech about the Holocaust. On Tuesday, February 6, Polish President Andrzej Duda ratified the law with his signature.
The full text of the law can be read here. The law threatens punishment to anyone who attributes to Poles or Poland crimes properly attributed to German Nazis. The law was written to "Protect the reputation of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation."
This law offered the sorry, public spectacle of Polish leaders shooting Poles' and Poland's reputation in the foot. Immediately and inevitably, numerous commentaries appeared insisting that Poland was sanctifying a form of Holocaust denial and that, of course, Poles were guilty of the Holocaust. "FACT: The Polish People Still Bear Quite A Bit Of Responsibility For The Holocaust," shouts David Benkof, author of Modern Jewish History for Everyone, capitalizing even his prepositions and articles, in the Daily Caller.
I and many other Poles and Polonians (people of Polish descent living outside of Poland) oppose this new law. I support free speech.
The history of Polish-Jewish relations is immensely complex, and there is a powerful thrust not just to simplify, but to misrepresent, that complexity. NYU professor and World Policy Institute Senior Fellow, MacArthur Genius Grant and Guggenheim winner Paul Berman, in a frequently republished essay, claimed that Jews in "darkest Poland" were "almost the same" as Blacks in the US. Berman writes that "Mississippi is Poland; bigotry is bigotry." The analogy: Jews in Poland were just like black slaves in the US. Poles were beneficiaries of something like white supremacy and lorded it over utterly disempowered Jews. Poles are world exemplars of bigotry and oppression.
Well, no. Jewish arendators, estate managers, held the power of life and death over Polish Christian serfs. Jews could own property in Poland. As previously mentioned, the medieval Statute of Kalisz protected Jews under law. An international proverb asserted that Poland was the paradise of the Jews, and hell for Polish peasants. When Jews were persecuted elsewhere, they were invited into Poland, not just, as some cynics insist, to fill an economic niche. Poles were enthusiastically proud of their "golden freedom," their "state without stakes," and they demonstrated that by protecting Jews menaced by other Christians. The 1573 Warsaw Confederation guaranteed religious freedom.
Those who can only recite one Polish atrocity after another – the Jedwabne Massacre, the Kielce Pogrom, the 1968 purge – are telling truths. But they are not telling the truth. The Jedwabne Massacre, for example, occurred only after Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany invaded Poland simultaneously and terrorized and drastically altered the Polish population. What happened in Jedwabne says less about essential Polishness or authentic peasant identity and more about how any population – including our own – might react after similarly being terrorized.
Historian Michael C. Steinlauf, the son of Polish-Jewish Holocaust survivors, wrote that Poles, "after the Jews and the Gypsies [were] the most relentlessly tormented national group in Hitler's Europe." Let those words sink in. You know what happened to the Jews. Maybe you have an idea of what happened to the Gypsies. Poles were third in line, in terms of persecution.
Auschwitz was built in order to destroy anyone in Poland who could lead Polish people, for example, teachers and activists. For almost the first two years of its existence, most of its inmates were arrested and detained as Poles. One estimate of non-Jewish Poles killed by Nazis is about two million. Approximately three million Polish Jews were murdered; their vital presence in Polish life was all but erased. One estimate of non-Jewish Poles enslaved by the Nazis puts that number at 1.4 million. Two hundred thousand Polish children were kidnapped, to be raised as Germans, because of imagined Aryan traits. Kidnapped Polish children who could not measure up to their kidnappers' Aryan ideal were murdered. Nazis killed almost twenty percent of Polish priests. Nazis erased Polish villages. An incomplete post-war count put the number of such villages at two hundred and ninety-nine.
Just about every Polonian is related to someone who lost his or her home, or who was tortured or murdered. The poet John Guzlowski looks like any other sixty-something retired professor. Given that he is tall, white, and male, one might assume he is a recipient of white privilege. John Guzlowski's Polish Catholic grandmother, aunt, and cousin were murdered by Nazis and Ukrainians. They raped John's Aunt Sophie and broke her teeth; they stomped his cousin to death. With his bayonet, a Nazi sexually mutilated John's Aunt Genia. John's parents were Nazi slave laborers; his father was in Buchenwald. John was born in a displaced persons camp.
Not just the personal pain someone with Guzlowski's history might feel inspired the new Polish law. It's the pain someone feels when the truth is obscured. In his infamous speeches to SS leaders, Heinrich Himmler spoke of Generalplan Ost. According to this Nazi plan, the Polish population would be greatly reduced and its remnants would be slaves. Germans would claim Polish territory for themselves. "In Poland in weather forty degrees below zero, we had to haul away thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands … [We] shot thousands of leading Poles."
Nazis and Soviets rounded up, deported, and liquidated teachers, priests, and other potential leaders. Both conquerors worked hard to "divide and conquer," that is, to exacerbate pre-existing tensions between Catholics and Jews, Poles and Ukrainians. Nazis mandated death for an entire family if a Pole so much as offered a glass of water to a Jew. An entire village might suffer because of one Pole's humane act. Historians say that this policy was unique to Poland.
Yes, anti-Semitism has long been one feature of Polish culture. Blood libel, pogroms, discrimination and racist stereotyping all existed in Poland. That is one truth. Another truth: anti-Semitism has been a worldwide phenomenon, from England to Japan. England produced one of the most influential versions of blood libel, in the Canterbury Tales. England exported Shylock and Fagin. What makes Poland different? Scholar Harold B. Segel, author of Stranger in Our Midst: Images of the Jew in Polish Literature, writes that Poland produced a "Judeophilia" or "philo-Semitism" – a love of Jews and Judaism – that had "no parallel elsewhere in Europe."
Poles of conscience resisted anti-Semitism, not while seated at their computers and sipping Starbucks, but under the worst conditions humans have ever faced. Father Maximilian Kolbe, after being arrested for the crime of being a Polish priest, and, thus, a target of genocide, and then released with a warning to lay low, did not comply with Nazi occupiers. Instead, Kolbe aided 2,000 Jews at his friary. Nazis sent him to Auschwitz. Holocaust survivor Sigmund Gorson testified that Kolbe "gave away so much of his meager rations that to me it was a miracle he could live. Now it is easy to be nice, to be charitable … For someone to be as Father Kolbe was in that time and place … is beyond words … I am of the Jewish faith and very proud of it … I will love him until the last moments of my life."
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, after his release from Auschwitz, helped form Zegota, the only organization in occupied Europe whose express purpose was to aid Jews. Witold Pilecki volunteered to be sent to Auschwitz, so that he could aid the resistance there. Communists tortured and murdered Pilecki after the war, and buried him in an unmarked grave. The Ulmas, a family of Catholic peasants, defied Nazi dictates and aided Jews. In his Bible, Jozef Ulma had underlined, in red, the story of the Good Samaritan. The Ulmas, pregnant mother, father, and six children, were murdered by Nazis for aiding Jews.
Bartoszewski bemoaned how the memory hole had swallowed up his efforts, under risk of his own life, to combat anti-Semitism under both Nazis and Soviet Communism. Bartoszewski wrote, "There are no accounts in histories … of the All-Polish Anti-Racist League, founded in 1946 … Scholars have not been interested in its existence."
My book argues that there has been a shift in recent years. Blame for the Holocaust has shifted from German Nazis to Polish Catholic peasants. This shift, I argue, is not accidental and not unmotivated. Shifting blame serves a larger narrative.
Nazism's intellectual and ethical roots are utterly plain. They are nationalism, Social Darwinism, a.k.a. Scientific Racism or Eugenics, and neo-Paganism. Decades before Hitler came to power, American Social Darwinists like Madison Grant and Lothrop Stoddard were proclaiming that the Judeo-Christian tradition's command of human ethics belonged only to the dustbin of history. Now humans could and should operate under a new ethical system, one that championed racial supermen and stripped inferior specimens of their right to life. In his book Passing of the Great Race, Grant called for the "elimination of the unfit" on Social Darwinist grounds. Hitler called the book his Bible.
Scholar Richard Weikart has, in a series of publications, including Hitler's Religion, coolly and exhaustively detailed the Social Darwinist influences behind Nazism. One might think that Weikart would be widely celebrated and rewarded for his work. He is widely attacked and denigrated. Weikart is accused of "dishonesty, fact-distortions, ignorance and bias" by folks with an almost religious resistance to seeing any criticism of the impact of Social Darwinism. Powerful people do not want to see any version of the sacred name "Darwin" associated with Nazism. No one says that one must stop believing in the theory of evolution in order to tell the truth about Nazism's intellectual and ethical history. But too many who hold up Darwin as a demigod insist that the truth of how Nazis and their racist precursors cited "survival of the fittest" concepts in their justification for their beliefs must not be told.
Nationalism is easier to criticize than Social Darwinism. Neo-Paganism, though, is, like Darwinism, a protected concept. Modern Americans may announce that they are goddess-worshipping Pagans and that they reject the misogyny and murderous nature of Judaism or Christianity. Modern Americans self-identifying as Pagans face no serious resistance in the press or in universities. No one is asking them to come to terms with their affiliation with a movement that was embraced by the Nazis.
Nazism was the product of highly educated, modern people. Scientific Racism had been promoted by Ivy League Universities, publications like the New York Times and The Atlantic Monthly, institutions like the Bronx Zoo, the Museum of Natural History, the developers of standardized testing and the SAT, Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood, and US presidents. Nazism was serviced by IBM, Ford Motor Company, and Hugo Boss. Even Hollywood, which decades after the war gave us Schindler's List, initially did not do all it could to combat Nazism.
This simple fact – that Nazism was a product of shiny and clean university classrooms and books written, edited, and published by the best-educated people – is just about impossible to confront for those who embrace the Brute Polak stereotype. They want to believe that hideous crimes could only be committed by backward people, primitive people, uneducated people, people untouched by the perfecting hand of progressive ideologies. That is, Polish, Catholic peasants. The best people associate peasants with dirt, with animals, with the past. The best people associate Catholicism with darkness and a lack of evolution. The best people say that they can make sure that crimes like the Holocaust will be made less likely if we lead people away from their superstitious, primitive, religious beliefs, and indoctrinate them in shiny, clean, new ideologies. The best people are wrong, and the falseness of the Brute Polak stereotype is very problematic for them.
Yes, anti-Semitism is one feature of Poland's history and culture. Yes, many Polish people committed crimes against Jews in war-torn Poland. Yes, good Poles and Polonians must forever reject and condemn anti-Semitism. Yes, the new Polish law criminalizing speech around the Holocaust is a mistake.
Not but, but and: scapegoating the Polish, Catholic peasant is an historical error. This scapegoating is factually false. It is ethically bankrupt. This new Polish law is an attempt, a misguided attempt, not to deny the guilt of Polish criminals. Rather, it is an attempt to take on the brute Polak stereotype that is a powerful, largely unexamined form of Holocaust revisionism.
The brute Polak stereotype is an intellectual and ethical escape. It's a way for modern, right-thinking people to distance themselves from atrocity, and to insist that only those people over there – those dirty, primitive, Polish Catholic peasants – could be so cruel. In my years of study of WW II, I encountered one sentence I hope to communicate here. It was written by Zofia Nalkowska. "Ludzie ludziom zgotowali ten los." "People prepared this fate for people." Not just Polish people. Not just Catholic people. Not just peasants. People just like us did this to other people just like us, and we must not allow any stereotype to prevent us from identifying with both victims and perpetrators.
About Danusha V. Goska
Danusha Goska is the author of Save Send Delete, Bieganski, and God through Binoculars.


There is a certain level of chaos that I expect when I come to the Racer Sessions. Free improvisations in groups often result in dense and muddied tunes and uncertain endings. For my session we will be using graphic scores. Jams are often clearer and players are more sure of themselves when the group is working towards the same goal. The graphic score should also limit musical wandering. All jam groups will be kept small (5 and under) to enable all voices to be heard. A leader shall be elected by each ensemble to dictate the direction transitions and endings. Being given lead duties does not mean that you get to blast over everyone else. It does mean you must be a good listener and hear the direction the piece is heading. I will be performing a piece with singer Camila Recchio.


...in the heart of the Red River Gorge, Kentucky.
Red River Gorgeous Wilderness Cabin Rentals in a family-owned business. We have been renting cabins in the Kentucky Red River Gorge geological area for over 20 years, and we are committed to the enjoyment and preservation of this beautiful corner of the planet. Our cabins are nestled in quiet wooded locations on privately owned land inside the Daniel Boone National Forest. They offer a rustic escape from the city while providing comfort and value.
If you love hiking, climbing, biking and nature, we have a Red River Gorgeous Cabin waiting just for you. We offer a wide variety...from off-grid, hike-in cabins to full amenities with hot tubs. All of our cabins are custom built with a sense of simplicity, style and quality.
We are primely located one mile from the Nada Tunnel, one mile from the Red River and 1/8 of a mile from Martin's Fork trailhead. Please call (606) 663-9824 with any questions that you might have. Alternatively, you may use the form on our Contact Us page.
Our mission is to provide the best lodging for individuals who love the area. We've met our customers' expectations for over twenty years, and we believe that you will enjoy your vacation with us!


We are looking for first-hand accounts of the Arctic convoy operations.
We are trying to create a lasting legacy for all members of the Armed Forces and Merchant Navy who took part in the Russian Convoys. We are developing a diverse collection of artefacts pertinent to this episode of the war, the bulk of which includes documents, clothing, artwork, photographs, models, and some retrieved wreckage. Most precious of all, however, are the stories and recollections that make these items resonate with their viewers by giving them context and added significance. First-hand accounts of the convoys paint the most vivid pictures of the conditions endured and will facilitate learning and understanding of precisely what took place both at sea and in port. Any recollections, no matter how insignificant they may seem to you, can help us to paint a vivid picture of the Russian convoys for future generations.
We would love to hear from any veterans who would be willing to be interviewed and have their stories included in our archives for public access. If you are interested in participating please contact us at the address below. For a more detailed overview of the project, please download our information sheet from the link at the bottom of the page.
All participants will need to sign a consent form and recording agreement on the day of the interview. These may be downloaded from the links below. Transcripts of the final interview will be provided and copies of the recorded interview will also be made available to participants to ensure they are happy with the content.


We can provide a wide range of eco-friendly paper bags made from white kraft paper and brown kraft paper. Our paper bags (sos) are made from a strong 40-60g kraft paper. They are suitable for variety of food uses.
In order to guarantee high hygienic standard, we produce our paper bags strictly in accordance with GMP standard. For more detailed information about our food containers, please feel free to contact us.
Feature Paper bags (sos) are also used for holding various fast foods, like fried chicken, fried wings, custard tarts, and French fries, and more.
Remark We could also produce paper bags with window.


An inspiring environment can help to create an inspired team or an engaged customer. It can also add innovative ways for your team to engage with each other or your customers. This is at the heart of Universal Graphics' interior branding and wall wrapping offering.
Our in-house design service can create an inspiring design to meet your brand goals. We then help you select from our range of textured wall coverings, to match the space in question. Finally, our professional fitters go to work and turn the design into flawless reality.
From inspirational artwork to total wall wrapping, we can achieve your vision.
Through innovative use of materials, we can also deliver writable surfaces for maximum team interaction.
Using magnetic sub-surfaces, we can create a space that you can change as often as you want with minimal ongoing cost.
You walk on it every day, so make it an integral part of your brand message.
Create a floor as unique as your business. Replicate the look and feel of traditional materials or go wild and have your vision come to life on the space you walk on.
There are no limits to what can be achieved.
Your windows can be an extension of your brand or tell the whole story.
Transparent, semi-transparent or opaque materials can provide varying levels of privacy, while mirrored or textured surfaces can deliver creative and engaging surfaces.
With Universal Graphics, windows can be so much more!
Universal Graphics are masters at signage for interior spaces.
Any material and any finish. Flat printed signage to raised cut-lettering or even illuminated signs for shop-in-shop concepts.
Come and talk to us about your needs and we can deliver a theme that flows across your building/retail space.
Creating a unique and inspiring environment doesn't stop at the design. The finish or texture of the material can add that extra dimension to really make it a special space. Smooth is fine, but textures can complement the graphical design and make it a more tactile experience.
The choice will depend on the type of business and goals, but our interior branding experts are here to guide and advise.
We guarantee highest quality professional interior wrap and custom designed graphics from Universal Graphics.
As one of Ireland's newest startup incubation centres, we wanted to deliver a truly inspiring environment for our tenants, that can rival any location. We approached Universal Graphics who very quickly grasped our vision and turned it into a reality. The team, from designers to fitters were very helpful and professional and the final elements, including wall graphics, totem signage and window frosting are of a very high quality, and make a significant contribution to the ambience and appearance of our Hub.
We had a small job that needed doing for one of our clients. We approached Universal Graphics, who delivered quickly and efficiently. This prompted us to have them complete a larger project to deliver interior window frosting and some reception branding for a large building solicitors firm. Yet again, they delivered a top-quality finish on time. We shall continue to use Universal Graphics in future.


text:
Ofcom CEO calls on Brussels to block planned O2/Three merger
Feb 1, 2016 5:18am
Ofcom CEO Sharon White said the merger of Three UK with O2 UK threatens to drive up mobile prices for consumers, and has asked the European Commission to block the proposed deal.
Writing in the Financial Times, White noted that a combined Three/O2 would control "more than four in 10 mobile connections" and said the merger would also disrupt existing UK networks arrangements, whereby Three and EE use one network and O2 UK and Vodafone UK use another.
"This works well," said White. "The four companies are still effective retail competitors, who compete independently on coverage and quality. Any merger would threaten that arrangement."
In answer to those that say consolidation is required to help operators to increase revenues and therefore fund network investment, White insisted that the UK "is not a broken market.
"Last year, UK mobile companies generated £15 billion [€19.7 billion/$21.4 billion] of revenue," she said.
The Ofcom CEO, who has reportedly met with the EC's competition commissioner Margrethe Vestager to discuss the issue, said the regulator's arguments have now been submitted to the Commission, which is reviewing the proposed merger.
The EC is expected to issue a statement of objections to the merger very soon, and is not expected to be favourable towards the idea of reducing the number of mobile network operators in the market from four to three. For example, Three UK could be told to sell off some of its network capacity before buying O2.
Analysts from Jefferies International in January said that CK Hutchison used a London investor meeting to advocate strongly its view that its proposed mergers in the UK and Italy would repair weak mobile operators and should therefore be considered pro-competition.
Telefonica agreed last March to sell its O2 UK business to CK Hutchison for £10.25 billion, comprising an initial payment of £9.25 billion and an additional £1 billion to be paid once the combined business achieves a pre-determined cash flow.
- see this Financial Times article
- see Sharon White's FT article
Xavier Niel: Leaving no stone unturned
Mixed reactions to BT/EE as Three/O2 faces a battle ahead
Report: O2 and Three set to face tough EC conditions for UK merger
Ofcom CEO warns of higher prices if Three UK/O2 UK merger is cleared
European Commission takes a tough line on MNO consolidation- Year in Review
T-Mobile CTO discusses planned integration of Sprint network
T-Mobile says that the integration of the Sprint network will be similar to its integration of MetroPCS and will in some ways be even easier.
Sprint and T-Mobile to merge: Complete coverage
After years of fits and starts, Sprint and T-Mobile announced a plan to merge their operations. Here is our complete coverage of this news.
by Mike Dano Apr 30, 2018 1:23pm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
by StudentPulse | May 1, 2018 | Advocacy, communication, Governance, Representation, Student Voice, students, volunteering
Student representation turns 40
On 2 May 1978 then principal of the Waiariki Community College, Malcolm Murchie recognised the importance of having students actively engaged in decision making and strategy setting. In his words, ""An association of students is a critically important body to represent students". Actions speak loudly and the inclusion of Miss E Roberts onto the Council of the College marked a historical moment: the need for students being partners in education delivery and strategy had been formalised.
From that date forward student representation in Council and across the organisation, in its various forms, has been of significant importance. Waiariki, in short form, transformed itself from a Community College into a Polytechnic, and then an Institute of Technology. This became Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology in 2017.
In keeping with Murchie's instigation, over the last four decades a dedicated student association has represented and supported students through their studies. The first students association was created in 1981, under the legal authority of the institute. In 1987 significant progress was made and the Waiariki Polytechnic Students Association (WPSA) was registered with the Societies Office. The leaders of WPSA made the bold decision to join the national body known as Aotearoa Polytechnic Students Associations (WPSA) in 1990. It was in this same year that the association made its home in the M Block offices on Mokoia Campus, which still house the team today.
1998 was the first year that signaled dramatic changes in the conversation about student associations and representation in New Zealand. The student council put to the vote a motion to make WPSA a membership based association, which was passed. Management of Waiariki understood that a student association could be a powerful group and engaged WPSA in a contract for service model whereby WPSA would tender for delivery of programs on behalf of Waiariki.
Jump forward two years to 2000 and the students voted for WPSA to return to compulsory membership for all students. It was at this same time that WPSA changed its name to Waiariki Institute of Technology Students Association (WITSA). The beginning of the new century was a strong time in the history of WITSA. A number of presidents, beginning with Julie Pettet, created a lasting legacy that would establish WITSA as the representative of students, delivering measurable outcomes and creating impact in the community.
A key strength of any representative body is being able to positively engage with its members. The New Zealand Union of Students Associations (NZUSA), the voice of tertiary students at a national level, was joined in 20017. In addition to being the voice of tertiary students across the country, the union has the ability to influence government policy.
The decision of the National Government in 2010 marked a significant milestone in the history of student representation. Thirty two years after students were granted the opportunity to sit at the decision making table of the Polytechnic Council, the responsibility was removed. Then in 2012 the Government decided that membership of Student Associations across the polytechnic sector would be voluntary. This had – and continues to have – a significant impact upon the association. WITSA was very fortunate to have support from the executive management team of Waiariki who chose to reinstate a contract for service, ensuring the survival of student representation. From 2012 onwards the Presidents, Executive Officers and staff of WITSA have looked for opportunities to grow the services of WITSA. Some Presidents were more successful than others, such as Richard Williams, who formed the first Student Council in 2014, which provided true representation for all students from all campuses.
In the background, during 2012 to 2017, the government was positioning Waiariki Institute of Technology to merge with another tertiary education provider, the Bay of Plenty Polytechnic. The merging of two organisations with very different philosophies and approaches to delivering quality education was a huge undertaking. Throughout this period WITSA made its voice heard under the leadership and guidance of Virgil Iraia. All students were concerned at how they would be affected and the WITSA Executive did their very best to ensure a smooth transition occurred.
At this time that the WITSA Executive made the decision to transition from WITSA to a new brand that incorporated the merger. A significant amount of planning and strategizing took place, which culminated in the birth of Student Pulse Te Runanaga Tauira Incorporated. Student Pulse Te Runanga Tauira is a student association whose purpose is to serve and support the students of Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology. With six major delivery sites, Toi Ohomai is much larger than either Waiariki or Bay of Plenty polytechs were on their own, creating pressure on resources and increasing the need to be both innovative and smart about how Student Pulse delivers its services. We are committed to providing support to students and representation of students at all levels of management and governance.
Jerusha Eden was the first student elected as Vice President for the Tauranga region in 2017. Being a student of marine studies Jerusha has a strong passion for environmental and social causes.
"Student Pulse is a necessary system to have on campus at all Toi Ohomai campuses to ensure students are heard and feel comfortable in their learning space. As a student I feel having student representatives is a vital way to understand what students really want and what they're expecting out of the institution, their tutors and their course. I feel having students, rather than staff, makes it easier for students talk openly about issues they are facing – issues that they may not feel comfortable talking to a staff member about or an issue that they feel a staff member can not relate to". .
Forty years on from its initial inception, the need for student representation is just as important as it has ever been. The challenges students face in the classroom and in life are almost entirely the same. Balancing the need for income with time constraints, striving to achieve aspirational outcomes. Stephanie Thomson, office manager for the association for many years, provided many hours of service for to support students.
"Student representation and advocacy is at the core of Student Pulse – it is what the organisation is here to do; it's what students for more than thirty years have decided is its core business – to independently support the students at Toi Ohomai. Like government, Student Pulse operates through a representative system with office holders elected from the student body. Students and trained to listen and inform other students of what help is available", Stephanie stated.
The Executive Office Holders of Student Pulse acknowledge the impact through service of past Presidents, Executive Office Holders, employees and the thousands of student volunteers. The hours of work contributed by so many have made positive impacts that are immeasurable.
Dr Margriet Theron, the President of the Rotorua Multicultural Council, is an appointed member of the Executive Committee of Student Pulse. She has been aware of the importance of student representation in the governance and management of Waiariki Institute of Technology and now Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology since 1978 – the year she arrived in New Zealand and joined Waiariki Institute of Technology both as a teacher of Economics and a student of Commercial Law. Since then she has been the Dean of the Faculty of Forestry and Technology, a Patron of WITSA, and a mentor for Marlise de Vries, Past-President of WITSA.
Dr Theron commented, "In all these roles I have appreciated the importance of student representation in programme development and quality management, and in addressing the complaints that students might have. Congratulations on this 40th anniversary of student representation, and may we once again see students represented in the governance of Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology."
Emire Khan-Malak is the elected President of Student Pulse for 2018. Emire said, "the forty year anniversary of student representation is a great milestone and shows how important the student association is for all our students both domestic and international". Emire is the first Muslim to be elected into the Presidents position and she is very proud to hold the role of President.
"We are all one and together we achieve goals for the benefit of all our students", she went on to say. Emire shared her philosophy of Me Aroha Ki Tangata Ki Tangata which means Show Love to Everyone. This philosophy is lived out through "Ka Puawai Nga Tangata Katoa" when translated means "Together we achieve".
The future is uncertain for Student Pulse as it is for the entire tertiary education sector in New Zealand. The review of the education sector initiated by the Government could see dramatic changes occur that may have a direct effect upon student representation in the Bay of Plenty. The review occurs at the same time as a seat for student representation has been returned to the Council. We continue to operate with a contract for service, which is not unusual for a non-government organisation. It is an arrangement that provides both challenges and opportunities.
Reviewing the last 40 years shows a contiuum of change for students and representation. We know that continuum will continue into the future and it is vital that the association creates strategies for success, implements operational successes, and draws upon the knowledge and resources of its alumni to ensure another 40 years of existence can be celebrated.
https://studentpulse.nz/files/uploads/2018/05/video-1525219879.mp4


I was pulled in by the characters in this romantic drama. I felt empathy for both of the main players as they struggled to figure out how to combine the family, friends, and work in their lives and still manage to fall in love.
Lisa Walker (Mary Stuart Masterson) has managed to bury her past, and move on with her life as a successful business woman. In the first few minutes of the film she closes her biggest business deal, and seconds later finds out that some one "back home" has passed away. While still recovering from the impact of these two weighty events she receives a bouquet of flowers delivered by Lewis Farrell (Christian Slater). The story unfolds as Lewis attempts to win the heart of Lisa.
Some questionable content includes the fact that the main characters become sexually intimate within a few days of meeting each other for the first time. There are less than 5 instances of profanity, and it is not extreme.
This film could have been called "Romance 101." It shows examples of many traditional romantic gestures and activities… sending flowers, star gazing, watching a sunset together, slow dancing, and on and on… If you need to learn the basics, or if you just need a refresher course, see this film.


No time for a full class? Want to enrich your class study with MORE artistic enjoyment? Join us for a variety of one-day workshops featuring outstanding instruction with a limited commitment. Make projects you can keep - in just hours!


When shopping for fresh fruits, you'll want to consider ripeness. As fruit ripens, the starch turns to sugar, which gives fruits their characteristic sweet taste. Some fruits continue to ripen after they're harvested, while others do not. Whether or not a fruit continues to ripen determines its storage and shelf life. For fruits that continue to ripen, it's a good idea to select them at varying stages of ripeness so they're not all ripe at the same time.
Fruits that require additional ripening should be stored at room temperature until they reach the desired ripeness. To has ten the ripening of some fruits, such as pears and peaches, put them in a loosely closed paper bag on the counter.
They'll be ready to eat in a day or two. If fruits become overly ripe, instead of tossing them, try trimming any blemishes, then cooking and puréeing the fruit to make sauces for dressings or desserts. Fruits that do not ripen after harvesting should be stored in a cool area, such as the refrigerator, until you are ready to eat them.
Buy in season. Some types of fresh produce are great buys year-round, such as bananas, apples, broccoli, potatoes, carrots, cabbage, and spinach. Other items are more affordable -- and better tasting -- at certain times of the year. If your community offers a farmer's market, be sure to frequent it for extra-fresh produce.
Go for convenience. Try prewashed and/or precut salad greens, baby carrots, and chopped fresh vegetables. The time savings can be huge, and the waste very little.
Can it. Canned goods can be a low-cost, convenient way to enjoy your fruits and vegetables. Canned fruits and vegetables are generally comparable in vitamins and fiber to their fresh and frozen counterparts. Look for fruits packed in juice or water. Wash away extra sugar from canned fruits and extra salt from canned vegetables by rinsing them under cold water after opening.
Hit the sales. Look for great deals offered by your local grocery store. Often, bargain prices on fruits and vegetables are used to draw in customers. Check the food ads before you shop. Since you're looking for variety, try the items that are on sale, even if some are new to you.
Join the cold rush. Flash-freezing fruits and vegetables keeps all the important nutrients locked in tight. Frozen produce is handy to keep in your freezer for whenever you need it. Look for mixtures of vegetables to use in soups or stir-frys or to just steam or microwave and eat. Look for fruits frozen without added sugar.
How you store, clean, and prepare your produce can affect its nutritional benefits. Let's review some helpful tips in the next section.
Ready Now or Later Knowing when a fruit will ripen will help you determine when you should buy it and how long you can keep it in storage.


text:
MPS AND INDUSTRY LEADERS WELCOME £160M GREEN ENERGY PLANS
MPs and industry leaders have welcomed the UK government's £160m promise to power every home in the UK with offshore wind energy by 2030, saying it will create jobs and drive economic growth for the rest of the decade.
However, environmental groups have claimed the plan for wind power falls far short of the £48bn that analysts say is necessary, and shadow business, energy and industrial strategy secretary Ed Miliband described the £160m funding as a drop in the ocean, claiming it paled in comparison to the investment by France and Germany in green jobs.
Prime minister Boris Johnson made the commitment in his speech to the Conservative Party Conference earlier this week, unveiling £160m in funding that will directly create 2,000 jobs in construction and support 60,000 more in the wider supply chain.
£160m will be made available to upgrade ports and infrastructure across communities including Teesside and Humber in northern England, Scotland and Wales to hugely increase the UK's offshore wind capacity.
Ministers say this new investment will see around 2,000 construction jobs rapidly created and will enable the sector to support up to 60,000 jobs directly and indirectly by 2030 in ports, factories and the supply chains, manufacturing the next-generation of offshore wind turbines and delivering clean energy to the UK.
The prime minister has also set out further commitments claiming that, within the decade, the UK will be at the forefront of the green industrial revolution as the country accelerates progress towards net zero emissions by 2050.
Confirming offshore wind will produce more than enough electricity to power every home in the country by 2030, based on current electricity usage, boosting the government's previous 30GW target to 40GW;
Creating a new target for floating offshore wind to deliver 1GW of energy by 2030, which is over 15 times the current volumes worldwide. Building on the strengths of the North Sea, this brand new technology allows wind farms to be built further out to sea in deeper waters, boosting capacity even further where winds are strongest and ensuring the UK remains at the forefront of the next generation of clean energy;
Setting a target to support up to double the capacity of renewable energy in the next Contracts for Difference auction, which will open in late 2021 - providing enough clean, low cost energy to power up to 10 million homes.
These commitments are the first stage outlined as part of the prime minister's ten-point plan for a green industrial revolution, which will be set out fully later this year. This is expected to include ambitious targets and major investment into industries, innovation and infrastructure that will accelerate the UK's path to net zero by 2050.
Prime minister Boris Johnson said: "Our seas hold immense potential to power our homes and communities with low-cost green energy and we are already leading the way in harnessing its strengths. Now, as we build back better we must build back greener. So we are committing to new ambitious targets and investment into wind power to accelerate our progress towards net zero emissions by 2050.
"This sets us on our path towards a green industrial revolution, which will provide tens of thousands of highly-skilled jobs. Together with planned stringent requirements on supporting UK manufacturers in government-backed renewables projects, these measures will mean the industry can reach its target of 60% of offshore wind farm content coming from the UK."
The cross-party parliamentary Committee on Climate Change (CCC) welcomed the news. CCC deputy chair, Baroness Brown of Cambridge, said: "This announcement will boost the UK's source of cheap, low-carbon electricity to power our homes, businesses, vehicles and appliances – whilst delivering green jobs up and down the country. If we're to reach net zero UK emissions by 2050, we'll need to see similarly bold commitments to cut emissions from our buildings, industry, transport and land. But today's pledge, if delivered, is a positive sign that we're heading in the right direction."
Civils contractors also welcomed the news. Alasdair Reisner, chief executive of the Civil Engineering Contractors Association (CECA), said: "CECA has long argued that the UK needs a mixed portfolio of energy generation and our geographical position as an island nation means we are ideally suited to taking advantage of offshore wind energy. The government's commitment to building back greener will create tens of thousands of jobs in the infrastructure sector, particularly in rural areas, and will offer opportunities to smaller companies in all parts of the UK.
"Offshore wind provides cheap electricity and will support high-quality jobs, as well as enabling the UK to tackle climate change and meet our low carbon commitments. It is an exciting time for the sector, which will act as a launch pad for our wider economic recovery from Covid-19, and deliver the low carbon generation businesses and communities will rely upon for many years to come."
However, leading environmental figures and shadow business, energy and industrial strategy secretary Ed Miliband all claimed the £160m plans fell a long way short of the investment required.
Miliband said: "The funding announced today, spread over ten years, is a drop in the ocean, and pales in comparison to the investment by France and Germany in green jobs. The government must urgently bring forward a genuinely ambitious green recovery that will create jobs now on the scale needed to meet the challenge of the climate emergency and unemployment crisis."
Green Party co-leader Jonathan Bartley welcomed the prime minister's conversion to wind power, but warned that much more is needed.
Bartley said: "The level of investment proposed by the prime minister is nowhere near matching his rhetoric. The £160m for wind power falls far short of the £48bn that analysts say is necessary. The government needs to set out where this investment will come from. Nor will it provide what we need to power every sector of the economy, most notably transport. The Green Party proposes that 70% of the country's electricity should be provided by wind by 2030. The government's proposals fall far short of this."
THIS FRIDAY! The popular Infrastructure Intelligence Live series continues this Friday, 9 October at 11am, with leading industry figures taking part in a webinar on sustainability and delivering a green recovery.
Click here for further information and to book your free place on the webinar.
News categories: Industry
Owned by the industry; acting on behalf of the industry. Delivering the intelligence that is critical to success in infrastructure.
INDUSTRY NEWS THAT MIGHT INTEREST YOU
The 12 steps to decarbonise your city
Practical guidance on how cities can decarbonise and achieve a net zero future.
Mott MacDonald awarded key European hydrogen role
Mott MacDonald awarded key role on Europe's largest hydrogen project.
New national construction products regulator following Grenfell tragedy
Independent national regulator to ensure homes are built with safe materials, as Grenfell Inquiry reveals manufacturers…
Keep up-to-date with the latest from ACE, our members and the industry
'; }); }, list: function (tweet) { return tweet.replace(/\B[@@]([a-zA-Z0-9_]{1,20}\/\w+)/g, function (m, userlist) { return '@' + userlist + ''; }); }, hash: function (tweet) { return tweet.replace(/(^|\s+)#(\w+)/gi, function (m, before, hash) { return before + '#' + hash + ''; }); }, clean: function (tweet) { return this.hash(this.at(this.list(this.link(tweet)))); } } };


It may have a start where there is "no life" and an end where there "is life," but there isn't a clearly defined boundary. Abortion and the medical profession. Find out more about page archiving. That both party leaders are being pressured into acting against their will shows just how difficult it will be to find agreement on how to proceed. Using this as a 'start point' has been crucial in the debate about embryonic stem cell research as a lot more of what constitutes a full individual life rather than an arbitrary collection of cells and genes hangs on this stage.
Further, if we answer his question then we answer all the others too.
A strange idea Unfortunately there's no agreement in medicine, philosophy or theology as to what stage of foetal development should be associated with the right to life.
Cardinal Bernardin. Yes he can.
For more information about HLI publications, please visit www. They were protagonists of the Second World War and so responsible for 50 million deaths.
Labels aside, Bob Hunt has two good points. This distinction is important because the law allowed for women who wanted to pursue abortion to do so before the fetus was considered human. It may well be that reality doesn't have an answer for us, and that "when does life begin? The 'Catechism of the Catholic Church ' states that the embryo must be treated as a person from conception and so do many others who oppose abortion... When in 1854 Pius IX proclaimed the Immaculate Conception as a dogma of the church, he stated that Mary had been free from sin "in the first instant of her conception".
This places the start of life at gastrulation, about fourteen days after fertilisation. The fact is that all humans are born somewhat prematurely, while the young of other animals can drop out of the womb or hatch from an egg and be up and running in minutes, human infants need far longer care.
It also keeps biologists — like me, who make their careers out of the study of life — appropriately distanced from the true debate. We are the caretakers of earth; therefore, should value all forms of life with respect and dignity.
The Church itself has played a major part in the politics of the abortion debate throughout the world.


In sports, as athletes engage in proper training or wear protective gears, injuries are inevitable. It has been reported that aside from domestic accidents, it is one of the common cause of injuries seen at the emergency room. Although most injuries reported are those of the lower extremities, injuries of the upper extremities occur as frequent as well. The upper extremities include the hands, the wrists, forearms, elbows, upper arms, shoulder, clavicle and scapula.
Injuries of the upper extremities at work are also common. This may include a fall while on the job, such as a federal worker, or slipping on something in the office.
Upper extremity injuries are encountered mostly from falling or with sports, from catching or getting hit by a ball. Also there is a high likelihood of sustaining a ligament injury or fractures. In basketball and skating, women are more prone to have upper extremity injuries because of falls while men involved in more risky sports such as snowboarding or skiing, are the ones predominantly to have injuries of this type.
sports that are more prone to upper extremity injuries.
Depending on a person's age, a fall at work may result in an AC separation. If there is direct contact on the shoulder the ligaments between the clavicle and the acromion can be damaged, leading to pain for months. Or the clavicle itself can be broken, also known as the collarbone. Most of these injuries can be treated nonoperatively, but not all.
Additional injuries that can occur from falls include fractures of the humerus, rotator cuff tears, or a wrist fracture or sprain. If you are a Border Patrol agent for instance, pursuing a suspect may lead to a fall with a resulting ligament sprain, tendon tear or fracture. Same goes for a police officer or even a postal worker slipping on pavement during a delivery.
With regards to the type of injury, those sustained in the upper extremities are also common in comparison to lower limb injuries especially in fractures. In case of contact or collision injuries, the forearm is the predominant part in contact and falling on an outstretched arm results to severe trauma. This is because the forearm acts as a shock absorber as it bears the weight of the body falling down.
As an individual ages, it takes longer for these injuries to heal. A baby heals a fracture within 2 weeks. Skeletally mature adults in their 30's to 50's may take 2 months or longer to fully heal ligament sprains/tears or fractures.
If you have been injured at work, let AIMA help you. The practice has a Board Certified Phoenix work comp doctor, who is highly skilled at reducing pain, increasing function, and getting people back to work. This includes federal injured workers. In fact, AIMA recently achieved the distinction of treating a federal injured worker from its 12th state! Individuals travel from all over to be treated by Dr. Adarmes for two reasons.


text:
Brief Summary of American Library Association Midwinter MARBI Meetings
George Prager, Head of Cataloging at New York University Law School Library has sent his summary of the ALA Midwinter MARBI meetings to members of the American Association of Law Libraries Technical Services Special Interest Group. With his permission I am also posting it here along with his opening comments:
I have added a brief summary of each proposal and discussion paper presented at the American Library Association Midwinter MARBI Meetings, whhich took place January 24-25, 2009. A more detailed analysis of the papers will be available in my 2008/2009 Annual report, which will appear on the TSIS Website shortly before the AALL 2009 Annual Meeting, and later in TSLL.
Several proposals and discussion papers relate to RDA. These include: Proposals No. 2009-01/1, 2009-01/2, and 2009-01/3, and Discussion papers 2009-DP01/1 and 2009-DP-01/2. Also noteworthy is DP No. 2009-DP02, Definition of field 588 for metadata control note in the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format.
Proposal No. 2009-01/1: New data elements in the MARC 21 Authority Format http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-01-1.html
New data elements will be needed in the MARC 21 Authority format to accommodate Resource Description and Access (RDA). All the new fields have been approved for addition to the format. These include fields: 046 (Special coded dates), 621 (Associated place), 622 (Address), 623 (Field of activity), 624 (Affiliation), 625 (Occupation), 626 (Gender), 627 (Family information), and 628 (Associated language). The proposal has been amended to replace $d "Dates" in the 62x fields with $o (Start date) and $p (End date), to provide more controlled searching. Also, at the meeting it was decided to add 2 more subfields to most of the new 62X fields: subfield $u for URI, and another subfield (value as yet undetermined), for source of the information.
Proposal No. 2009-01/2: New content designation for RDA elements: Content type, Media Type, Carrier Type in the MARC 21 Formats http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-01-2.html
Three new fields have been approved: Field 336 (Content type), 337 (Media type), and 338 (Carrier type). These fields are intended to replace the General material designation (GMD), defined in AACR2, and used in Bibliographic field 245. "Content type" will be used in the MARC 21 Authority and Bibliographic formats; "Media typer" and "Carrier type" will be used only in the Bibliographic format. Also, new values for "Carrier type" were proposed and have been approved for addition to the Bibliographic 007 field; no new values were deemed necessary for Content or Media type.
Proposal No. 2009-01/3: Identifying work, expression and manifestation records in the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-01-3.html
Field "883": "Entity type" was proposed to identify FRBR type 1 entitles: Work, expression, manifestation, and item. This proposal was rejected by the MARBI Committee. A major problem is that clean mapping of FRBR levels is difficult in our current bibliographic records, most of which contain manifestation information (such as publication information) and work information (such as subject headings), and sometimes expression level information as well (such as many uniform titles).
Proposal No. 2009-02: Definition of new codes for legal deposits in 008/07 (Method of Acquisition) in the MARC 21 Holdings Format http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-02.html
The Biblioteca Nacional de Espana has proposed new codes for legal deposit. Status: Approved as amended: Code "d" will be renamed as "Deposit (Unspecified)", and the definition will be revised. Code "l" (the letter) will be added for "Legal deposit"; Proposed Code "v" for "Depository program" will be deleted.
Proposal No. 2009-03: Definition of field 080 in the MARC 21 Authority Format http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-03.html
The Authority Format has separate fields for many other classsification scheme numbers, all of which are also valid in the Bibliographic Format. The Biblioteca Nacional de Espana has proposed the addition of field 080, for a Universal Decimal Classification number, to be used for name, series, and subject records. This field already is used in the Bibliographic Format. Status: Approved.
Proposal No. 2009-04: Addition of Codes for Map Projections in 008/22-23 (Maps) in the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-04.html
Status: The National Library of the Czech Republic has proposed two new codes for map projections. Status: Approved.
Proposal No. 2009-05: Adding subfield $u for Uniform Resource Identifier to field 510 (Citation/References note) of the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-05.html
Status: Approved. A recommendation will be added that the URI follow immediately after the citation. Although this proposal originated from the Bibliographic Standards Committee, ALA/ACRL Rare Books and Manuscripts Section, the usage will not be restricted to rare books and mansucripts, so examples will be added for citations to other types of material.
Discussion Paper No. 2009-DP01/1: Encoding URIs for controlled values in MARC records http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-dp01-1.html
Currently, LC's Network Development and MARC Standards Office is working on a registry for controlled lists (such as the MARC Code List for Languages), and establishing URIs both for the list itself and for each value on the list. This paper proposes subfield "l" (the number "1"), for coding URIs in place of or in addition to using terms from a controlled vocabulary. This DP will be brought back as a proposal.
Discussion Paper No. 2009-DP01/2: Relationship Designators for RDA Appendix J and K http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-dp01-2.html
Appendix J lists possible relationships between the Group 1 FRBR entities: Works, expressions, manifestations, and items. Appendix K lists the possible relationships between the Group 2 FRBR entities: Persons, families, and corporate bodies. This Discussion paper recommends that subfields $e, $4, and $u be added for use in linking entry fields of the bibliographic format. It also recommends that subfields $4 and $e be added to 5XX fields in the authority format wherever they are not yet authorized. This paper will be brought back as a proposal.
Discussion Paper No. 2009-DP02: Definition of field 588 for metadata control note in the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-dp02.html
At the MARBI meeting, it was suggested that this field be modelled upon a similar field in UNIMARC, field 830, named "General Cataloguer's Note". It was also suggested that the field be renamed, narrowed in scope, and made more structured, with possibly a value added to allow suppression of the field upon a case by case basis. First indicators are being proposed for "blank": " Free text"; "0" Source of title; "1" "Description based on", and "2" "Latest issue consulted". Using these indicators for common messages of this type will minimize keying, lessen spelling errors, and provide useful information in a language neutral manner. Further feedback wil be sought from the MARC list. This paper will be brought back as a proposal.
Discussion Paper No. 2009-DP03: Changing field 257 (Country of producing entity for archival films) of the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format to include non-archival materials http://www.loc.gov/marc/marbi/2009/2009-dp03.html
LC's current policy is that geographic subdivisions are not allowed after film genre headings (Field 655), unless the source of the term is coded in $2 as "local". As an alternative, Field 257 has been proposed, in order to bring out what country or countries a film has been produced in. This DP will be brought back as a proposal.
Posted in: Commentary and Opinion, Conferences, Seminars and Webinars and Library Technical Services
Updated: January 29, 2009 4:29 pm


Home » Market News » DirectorsTalk Highlights » Is now a good time to extend your lease?
Is now a good time to extend your lease?
The Government wants to make it easier to extend a lease or to buy out the freehold. There are no details yet, but change is certainly on the way.
More than two million homes in England and Wales are held by a lease, with someone other than the people living in them owning the freehold.
But a shake-up is coming. The Government wants to make it easier to extend a lease or to buy out the freehold. There are no details yet, but change is certainly on the way.
So, is now a good time to think about whether to extend your current lease?
Everyone in a leasehold residential property already has the right to extend it and buy the freehold, provided legal criteria are met. But the process can be complicated.
One of the reasons for this is because the cost of a lease is a delicate, expertly-assessed balance between the value of its location and the length of time the lease has to run.
The best advice is to look at your own circumstances when deciding next steps. Whilst waiting for new legislation might be a good idea, any delay adds to the cost of extending an existing lease or buying the freehold.
The extra bill starts in the thousands of pounds, but increasing markedly when leases are less than 65 years, typically adding one per cent of the value of the property to the cost of extending for each year delayed. In other words, a home worth £260,000 can end up with an extra £2,600 of cost each year to extend the lease once the clock is really ticking away.


Traditional bee keeping is one of the ancient farming methods adopted by residents in Kitui County who are renowned for the packaging and sale of honey. Despite the introduction of modern beehives and high-tech honey harvesting methods, a section of residents in Kitui are yet to abandon their traditional methods and continue to earn their keep from the sweet product. Purity Museo paints the picture of what transpires during traditional honey harvesting.


Telescope Services' team of professionals is growing fast! We are delighted to introduce our newest highly skilled team member, Fabio Yoneyama, who recently began his challenging assignment at Sony Mobile Communications AB as a Modem/RIL Engineer.
Fabio Yoneyama is a senior Software Developer and Analyst, who has extensive expertise in C programming, Android, IMS, VoLTE, VoWiFi, Modem RIL, C++ as well as Java. His international experience encompasses on-site assignments throughout Latin America and South Korea.
Fabio, you're a welcome member of the Telescope team and we're very pleased that you've joined us. We're confident that you will enjoy working with us as a valued member of the Telescope Services AB staff.


New locales, social media habits and authentic experiences—these are trends have begun to define what travel means for millions of globetrotters. But what does the mindset of today's travelers indicate about the future? Global travel technology company Amadeus looked into its crystal ball and predicted that by 2030, people will identify as one of six types of future travelers. Click here to see more.


Click here to read ArtsATL's "Review: Atlanta Ballet's season finale, MAYhem, a strong showcase of the troupe's versatility."
"Indeed, MAYhem's varied works offered different kinds of levity, from rising ether to soaring leaps to laughter."
The 14-15 Season has come to end, but you can still catch Atlanta Ballet dancers this summer with Atlanta Ballet's Wabi Sabi performances across the city!
Click here for the Wabi Sabi performance calendar!
Atlanta Ballet dancers Kiara Felder and Yoomi Kim perform John Heginbotham's Angels' Share. Photo by Kim Kenney.


text:
Jim Simons
The Hunt for the Zodiac Killer – Episode #1 – Riverside Evidence
Episode #1 of the new History channel documentary series The Hunt for the Zodiac Killer featured a unique look into the mystery surrounding the still-unsolved murder of Riverside City College student Cheri Jo Bates in October 1966.
Retired Riverside police detective Steve Shumway accompanied a film crew to the scene of the crime, now part of the concrete structure on the campus of Riverside City College.
The production was granted unprecedented access to the boxes of evidence stored at the Riverside Police Department during a tour with Detective Jim Simons.
Viewers got a rare look at a previously-unreleased photo of the boot print left at the crime scene and a plaster cast of the print.
Shown together for the first time: the three handwritten letters sent to the Riverside police department, the Riverside Press-Enterprise, and Cheri Jo's father Joseph Bates.
A close up on the small symbol included as a signature.
Preparing for forensic testing on the pants of victim Cheri Jo Bates.
The production was also granted access to the files of Vallejo Times-Herald reporter David Peterson courtesy of Peterson's nephew.
Peterson's files also included his notes about Ross Sullivan, a possible suspect in the Bates murder who worked at the RCC library and had an interest in cryptography.
Episode #2 of The Hunt for the Zodiac Killer airs on the History channel Tues. November 21.
boot print
cheri jo bates
Riverside police department
Ross Sullivan
Steve Shumway
the hunt for the zodiac killer
zodiac killer


Fresh sorrel, a hardy, leafy green perennial, gives simple white beans a zap of color and a lemony tang. Farmers' markets often carry it from spring into early fall, depending on where you live. If you can't find it, swap in basil. This recipe comes from Erin Scott, creator of the blog (and cookbook) Yummy Supper.
Rinse beans under cool tap water. Put in a pot, cover with 3 in. cold water, and let soak overnight. Or, bring them just to a boil, then immediately remove from heat and let sit 1 hour, covered.
If soaking liquid is cloudy, drain and replace, covering beans with at least 2 in. water; if clear, add enough to cover by 2 in. Bring to a boil, then immediately reduce heat to a simmer. Skim any foam from surface. Add sliced garlic and bay leaf and simmer, partly covered, until tender, 45 minutes to 2 hours, depending on how long beans have been sitting on the shelf. Stir in salt.
While beans are cooking, put pesto ingredients in a blender or food processor and blend to a coarse purée.
Ladle out 1 cup cooking liquid and set aside. Using a slotted spoon, transfer warm beans to a serving bowl and stir in 1 1/2 cups pesto, along with some reserved cooking liquid to loosen them up. Serve hot, with remaining pesto on the side.
Make ahead: Beans and pesto separately, up to 2 days, chilled (store beans in cooking liquid, and press plastic wrap against surface of pesto).
I have one sorrel plant, but it is prolific...i have trouble finding recipes to use its tangy leaves. this recipe is a keeper - easy to make, attractive, tasty, keeps well. i will try canned cannellinis next time.


text:
Finance	Daniel Tenner · 15 October 2015
Details on R&D tax credits: What constitutes R&D and what assistance can small businesses get?
Businesses must prove a technical feat has been achieved
The R&D tax credits scheme is a tax break that the government has had in place for over ten years (though the rules are constantly evolving). The objective is to use tax incentives to encourage technical firms to invest in developing their own innovative products, and make the UK more competitive on the global scene.
You can claim 15-33 per cent of money spent on research and development back and using a specialist company like GrantTree means that you can maximise your claim costs while minimising the chances of an HMRC enquiry.
What constitutes R&D is a constantly-evolving plethora of HMRC legislation, defined in detail in the CIRD or what we affectionately call in GrantTree the Bible of tax credits. HMRC defines research and development as a project or product which 'solves technical uncertainty, a phrase laden with governmental ambiguity.
it's very difficult to ascertain whether your project qualifies. If the project had a certain outcome, it's probably not R&D. If the outcome was uncertain only because of your own lack of experience in the field, or for commercial reasons, then that's still not R&D. The project should be uncertain because of technical reasons.
it's very difficult to pin down even this first point. What you should do is to ask yourself: were there any aspects to the project where you werent sure if that component could be built to the required specification (requirements, performance, scalability, etc), or you werent sure what it might look like once built, because the technical constraints were unclear and had to be explored?
If the answer is yes, you may have an R&D project there and can claim 15-33 per cent of your development costs back.
If your project achieved a technical feat that no other project has achieved, then it is likely to be R&D. If it achieved something which few others have achieved, and if the knowledge of how they did it is not commonplace knowledge that the mythical competent professional? would be aware of, then it could still be R&D. On the other hand, if what you've done has been done a thousand times already and is common knowledge, then it's probably not R&D.
Cost is not an explicit criteria in the HMRC guidelines, but we find it helps to ferret out qualifying projects. Typically, something that cost 3, 000 isnt likely to be qualifying. On the other hand, if you spend 100, 000 or more on competent software developers to build it, then chances are there was some technical uncertainty involved, because people don't spend that kind of money to get something off the shelf.
That said, cost is not always a decisive factor. There are many companies that pay developers/founders almost nothing (or, in some cases, exactly nothing), but are still performing qualifying R&D. So again, no specific clarity comes from this factor.
This is a rough outline of the criteria, but ultimately, a final answer should be obtained from someone who knows these criteria inside out and deals with HMRC on a regular basis. Most specialist firms will tell you whether your project qualifies free of charge, so it's definitely worth having a chat even if you plan to file by yourself.That can beusor somebody else, but the point is, it's free, so you might as well take advantage of it.
Claims Development Grants HMRC innovation Money R&D Tax credits
Daniel Tenner
Daniel Tenner is a serial entrepreneur and, most recently, the founder of GrantTree a business established chiefly to assist others with funding requirements. From both tax schemes like R&D tax credits to UK government schemes such as InnovateUK's Smart Grants, and EU schemes like Horizon 2020.
How to deal with the dividend tax shake-up as the owner of a small company
Dividend tax changes are expected to increase tax and change the way that owner-managers of small companies owners draw remuneration. Katharine Lindley, client director at EQ Investors explains. more»
Why my time-consuming experience with grant funding has put me off applying again
Lenka Gourdie received a grant to help with her first business. She spoke to Business Advice about how the admin-filled process deterred her from future applications and what advice she'd give to other small businesses looking into grant funding. more»
An introduction to grant finance: Three key things to know
Grant funding is a very broad topic. Just attempting to read through the websites and guidance documents of some grant funding sites can be enough to send someone into a document-induced coma. So here are three key things you should know about grant finance before you go any further.	more»
Is Your Business Up to Date with Data Privacy Laws?
How to start an HR consultancy business
What are the most successful franchises in the UK?
Getting back to work safely and legally


Anyone ever heard of Yahoo mail charging clients $100 for internet security protection?
I just spoke to Yahoo mail support to report an issue and was offered this "one time lifetime protection"
See More: Yahoo Mail support scam?
I never heard of it. Needless to say, I wouldn't pay for it. Sounds fishy !!!
I dumped yahoo years ago, i use gmail now.
I am getting ready to dump them too.
› [Solved] How many Marketers....?
› Firefox has so many bugs....losing ground now!
super fishy, I would have asked to speak with a supervisor.
How come yahoo are starting to have all sorts of problems?


Ride with Pony: during 15 minutes for the Campsite. It includes the kit..
Jumping Bed: The children will enjoy during 15 minutes jumping on the trampoline.
Book your activity before and get the tickets in reception.


text:
MAB cuts over 600 flights, more than 180,000 cancellations
Thursday, March 5th, 2020 at Business | News
The national carrier accepts waiver on deferment or cancellation depending on affected regions
by RAHIMI YUNUS / pic by TMR FILE PIX
MALAYSIA Airlines Bhd (MAB) has cut over 600 flights and received more than 180,000 cancellation requests due to the Covid-19 outbreak.
According to the national carrier, travel demand has slowed down amid the virus spread, forcing the company to initiate cancellations or merging of services across its network.
"Thus far, we have removed 3% of capacity to match the demand that translates to more than 600 flights starting from the onset of the outbreak until the end of March.
"As many countries have imposed travel restrictions, we have received more than 180,000 requests for cancellations. We have allowed for waiver on deferment or cancellation depending on the affected regions," MAB told The Malaysian Reserve (TMR) recently.
The carrier said among the suspended operations is Kota Kinabalu to Shanghai, which is stopped until further notice, following the Sabah state government's travel restriction on Chinese nationals.
On the whole, the airline said it has restructured the network to drive production at the right market and will continue to manage the capacity dynamically.
The media also reported that MAB's special charter service for umrah and haj, Amal, had to be adjusted following Saudi Arabia's suspension of foreign arrivals.
AirAsia Group Bhd and Malindo Airways Sdn Bhd have kept a low profile and yet to respond to TMR's inquiry.
Airlines around the world are facing major headwinds as a result of the Covid-19 outbreak as air travel movements are hampered, particularly to and from China while many cities are still on lockdown.
Asia-Pacific carriers are at risk of losing US$27.8 billion (RM116.4 billion) in revenue this year including a US$12.8 billion loss in China's domestic market alone, according to an initial assessment by the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
IATA has forecasted carriers outside the Asia Pacific to suffer a revenue loss of US$1.5 billion under the assumption that the loss of demand is limited to markets linked to China.
Overall, IATA has projected a total global lost revenue of US$29.3 billion, 5% lower passenger revenues compared to what it forecasted in December and represented a 4.7% hit to global demand.
The Malaysian Aviation Commission has reduced Malaysia's passenger traffic growth forecast from between 5% and 6% to between 4.6% and 5.7% this year as a direct impact of Covid-19.
The coronavirus has killed more than 3,200 people with over 92,000 global cases reported in more than 70 countries and territories.
Iran, Italy and South Korea have become three new virus hotspots outside China, adversely affecting travel demand from bad to worse.
AirAsia is expected to bear a core net loss of RM1.1 billion following lower demand and yields in Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines on significant exposures to flights to China, Hong Kong and Macau, CGS-CIMB Research said in a note last month.
While many carriers are re-adjusting their capacity, several have taken extra measures to weather the storm.
Malindo has embarked on cost-cutting initiatives including staggering its salary payment in February 2020 to manage cashflow constraints, according to an internal memo sighted by Bernama recently.
The state news agency reported that all staff with a gross salary of RM5,000 or less will be paid in full, but those with a basic or gross salary of more than RM5,000 will only get their basic salary, while the balance will be paid on March 7, 2020, according to the memo dated Feb 7, 2020.
Gulf carrier Emirates, which has over 100,000 employees, has asked staff to consider taking paid and unpaid leave as the company seeks to manage a "measurable slowdown", Reuters reported based on an internal email.
Some airlines have reduced inflight services, but these efforts are mainly undertaken for infection preventive measures rather than economics.
Singapore Airlines Ltd informed its frequent-flyer members in a memo that there are changes to in-flight services including the replacement of the hot towel service with pre-set wet towelettes, cessation of the after take-off drink service, removal of reading materials from seat-back pockets and suspension of in-flight sales.
Chinese and Taiwanese carriers have opted for similar precautionary steps based on authorities' guidelines such as removing pillows and blankets on some flights.
MAB said it has not scaled back in-flight services, but has started using disposable equipment including cutleries and towels.
"We also cater (uplift) in-flight meals for both sectors from Kuala Lumpur to China destinations in our effort to limit the risk of exposure to the infection to our passengers, crew and assets," the company added.
The Malaysian flag carrier said it would continue to uphold the highest safety standards for passengers and crew.
China curbs oil product exports to N. Korea
How a family turn a barren hillside into an RM18b property empire
Philippine envoy to protest China maritime rescue centre
China stock losses in US top $1t on delisting fear
China vows no return for shuttered steelmakers
Passengers start disembarking from virus-hit Diamond Princess in Japan


This Stunning Spanish Mediterranean Home Decor Images Ideas has 1920 x 1080 pixel resolution with jpeg format. was related topic with this Stunning Spanish Mediterranean Home Decor Images Ideas. You can download the Stunning Spanish Mediterranean Home Decor Images Ideas picture by right click your mouse and save from your browser.
Stunning sea side apartment filled with American neo-clvectorical style and mirrored feature walls.Explore Jen Kareluss board Landscaping with Rocks on Pinterest. See more ideas about Diy landscaping ideas Landscaping ideas and Backyard ideas.


text:
Q: Change default width of gnome-terminal and terminator windows Only a short question but is it possible to set the default width (and height) of terminal sessions in gnome-terminal and terminator?
I find I always resize the window once it pops up so and given how much I use terminator it makes sense (IMO) to alter the default and save myself some time later on.

A: Terminator does allow you setting up a default size. :)
Just open the file ~/.config/terminator/config with your favorite editor.
You should have a section titled [layouts]. You only need to add a line within the sub-section named [[[window0]]] belonging to the [[default]] section. My configuration file, for instance, looks like this:
[global_config]
  enabled_plugins = CustomCommandsMenu, InactivityWatch, ActivityWatch, TerminalShot, LaunchpadCodeURLHandler, LaunchpadBugURLHandler
[keybindings]
[profiles]
  [[default]]
    scrollbar_position = hidden
    visible_bell = True
    scrollback_lines = 1000000
    foreground_color = "#ffffff"
    copy_on_selection = True
    background_color = "#300a24"
[layouts]
  [[default]]
    [[[child1]]]
      type = Terminal
      parent = window0
      profile = default
    [[[window0]]]
      type = Window
      parent = ""
      profile = None
      size = 900, 600
[plugins]

The relevant part is only the line starting with "size", of course.

A: I don't know about terminator, but in gnome-terminal there's an option under the profile settings to set the starting dimensions to any number of rows and columns you want, specifically Edit->Profile Preferences.

A: Hey. Assuming that you're calling up terminal from a panel menu or launcher icon, you can just change the instructions in that launcher to included desired geometry.
For example, I have a launcher for gnome-terminal on my gnome-panel which opens up to 80x40. Right click -> properties: command - set to "gnome-terminal (or terminator, whatever) --geometry=80x40"
Useful?

A: In terminator the GUI option for size is not there.
A simple way to set up this is --
First open terminator and set the window size according to your need and comfort.
Right click and go to preference and then to layout.
Click on the terminal name  under window and then save the layout.
Thats it, It will open the terminator in the same size, as you have set up, next time you open it.

A: try this for gnome-terminal:
go to edit >> profile preferences
look down:
default size: 80 (you want to increase this)
colums: 24: (you want to increase this too!)
sorry if that are not the "right labels", i'm using ubuntu in spanish

A: Example: gnome-terminal --geometry=80x40+100+200
To make it always keep that setting:
sudo -H gedit /usr/share/vte/termcap/xterm

Locate something simliar to:
:co#80:it#8:li#24:\

co is column number and li is row number. Adjust as you like.
Thanks to https://superuser.com/questions/226167/open-terminal-on-start-in-a-specific-place-and-size

A: This has disappeared in the latest version of gnome-terminal, 2.30.2-0ubuntu1. My installation of 10.04 LTS picked up the new gnome-terminal package yesterday, and it no longer obeys the geometry settings in the profile.
The fields for setting the default size have disappeared from the options dialog. The option remains set in gconf, however (at /apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/default_size_columns and default_size_rows).
There's a bug report here:
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-terminal/+bug/647156

A: Accepted answer shows how to launch terminus in a specific size.
If you want to launch it fullscreen or maximized the following option is simpler.
[global_config]
  window_state = maximise
  window_state = fullscreen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<assembly xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-assembly-plugin/assembly/1.1.2"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="
          http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-assembly-plugin/assembly/1.1.2
          http://maven.apache.org/xsd/assembly-1.1.2.xsd">
    <id>distribution</id>
    <formats>
        <format>zip</format>
        <format>tar.gz</format>
    </formats>
    <includeBaseDirectory>true</includeBaseDirectory>
    <fileSets>
        <!-- our dependencies -->
        <fileSet>
            <outputDirectory>lib/</outputDirectory>
            <directory>target/lib</directory>
        </fileSet>
        <!-- our jar -->
        <fileSet>
            <directory>target</directory>
            <outputDirectory>.</outputDirectory>
            <includes>
                <include>slack-hello-world.jar</include>
            </includes>
        </fileSet>
    </fileSets>
</assembly>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Home / Howto & Life Style / How Long Does It Take To Build Muscle?
If you've made the decision to start a muscle building program and begin the task of transforming your body, you're probably asking yourself the standard beginner question, "how long does it take to build muscle?"
For example, how much muscle can you gain in 1 week, 1 month or 1 year?
1) Genetics play a huge role in the muscle building process and everyone will make their gains at differing rates. Genetics are completely out of your control and so this is not even worth worrying about.
2) Experience level largely determines how quickly or slowly you'll build muscle. Complete beginners will make their gains a lot faster than an intermediate, and an intermediate will make their gains a lot faster than an advanced lifter.
3) If your ultimate goal is to change your appearance, then it really doesn't matter how much specific muscle you gain in terms of pounds; what matters is how it looks on you. 15 pounds of muscle on a short 5'6 frame will look a lot different than 15 pounds of muscle on a 6'4 lanky frame.
So, asking "how long does it take to build muscle" might satisfy your curiosity, but it really has no practical relevance to your program as a whole. Any muscle building rate given will just be an estimate (0.25 - 0.50 pounds of muscle per week is probably accurate for most people if you really want to know) and you'll have no way of knowing what that actual muscle will look like on your frame until you've gained it.


text:
require('@jymfony/autoloader');
require('./index.js');

const Debug = Jymfony.Component.Debug.Debug;
const Runner = Jymfony.Component.Testing.Framework.Runner;
Debug.enable();

new Runner().run();


text:
Le Voyage de Monsieur Perrichon  – variousy translated from French as The Voyage of Mr. Perrichon, Mr. Perrichon's Journey, or Mr. Perrichon's Holiday – is a comic play in four acts, written by Eugène Marin Labiche and Édouard Martin. It satirizes the bourgeoisie during the Second Empire of France, the country's relatively new railway system, and France's annexation of Nice and Savoie, both in 1860.

It follows the exploits of Mr. Perrichon, a wealthy coachbuilder, who embarks on a family vacation to the Swiss Alps. Their trip is joined by two suitors, who challenge each other to win a marriage with Perrichon's daughter Henrietta. A series of falls into glacial ravines occur, including a rescue that leads to fame and esteem for Perrichon. Meanwhile, Perrichon incurs the ire of the town's lovelorn mayor, and their conflict soon escalates into a ridiculous duel.

The play was a "triumphant success" and led to Labiche being crowned "king of vaudeville."

History
The play premiered on September 10, 1860 at the Théâtre du Gymnase in Paris. It ran nightly until the 15th and received favorable reviews. Renowned French actor Jean-Marie Geoffroy played the part of Monsieur Perrichon.

Legacy and adaptations
It was added to the Comédie-Française repertory in 1906.

In 1934, Jean Tarride directed a film adaptation.

In 1978, Hans Bergström directed a Swedish movie based on the play titled Fantastiska pappa.

In 1982, a second French adaptation was released, directed by Pierre Badel.

In 1986, Russian director Margarita Michaelen directed a comedy movie musical based on the play. It is set in late-Victorian era France and features actors including Oleg Tabakov, Tatyana Vasilyeva, Valentin Gaft, Marina Zudina, Igor Sklyar, Aleksandr Filippenko, and Yekaterina Vasilyeva. The music was composed by David Tukhmanov in various Russian pop and Broadway styles, culminating in multiple dramatic musical numbers.

References

French plays adapted into films
French plays
Vaudeville
Comedy plays
1860 plays

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia