text:
The bidirectional relationship between homebound status and falls among older adults: a longitudinal study
Minhui Liu1,
Wenting Peng1,
Christina E. Miyawaki2,
Cen Mo1,
Yuqian Luo1 &
Ni Gong3
BMC Geriatrics volume 22, Article number: 923 (2022) Cite this article
Previous research has shown an association between homebound status and falls among older adults. However, this association was primarily drawn from cross-sectional studies. This study aimed to determine the bidirectional relationship between homebound status and falls among older adults in the community.
We used data of the community-dwelling older adults from 2011 to 2015 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study, a nationally representative survey of Medicare Beneficiaries in the United States (Sample 1 [No falls at baseline]: N = 2,512; Sample 2 [Non-homebound at baseline]: N = 2,916). Homebound status was determined by the frequency, difficulty, and needing help for outdoor mobility. Falls were ascertained by asking participants whether they had a fall in the last year. Generalized estimation equation models were used to examine the bidirectional association between homebound status and falls longitudinally.
Participants with no falls at baseline (n = 2,512) were on average, 76.8 years old, non-Hispanic whites (70.1%), and female (57.1%). After adjusting for demographics and health-related variables, prior year homebound status significantly contributed to falls in the following year (Odds ratio [OR], 1.28, 95% CI: 1.09–1.51). Participants who were non-homebound at baseline (n = 2,916) were on average, 75.7 years old, non-Hispanic white (74.8%), and female (55.8%). Previous falls significantly predicted later homebound status (OR, 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10–1.45) in the full adjusted model.
This is the first longitudinal study to determine the bidirectional association between homebound status and falls. Homebound status and falls form a vicious circle and mutually reinforce each other over time. Our findings suggest the importance of developing programs and community activities that reduce falls and improve homebound status among older adults.
The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 22% of the global population will be 60 years and older by 2050 [1]. Falls are a serious public health concern for older adults because of the high prevalence, mortality, and adverse outcomes [2]. The one-year prevalence of falls ranges from 26 to 34% among adults ages between 65 and 85 in the United States (U.S.) [2]. Falls may cause severe consequences, such as fear of falling, fractures, and physical disability [3], resulting in a huge medical burden (more than $50 billion) to families and society [2]. Thus, it is essential to identify factors associated with falls.
Being homebound is defined as rarely or never leaving home which may lead to falls [4, 5]. Homebound older adults are characterized by loss of independence, severe functional impairments, and social isolation [6, 7]. In the U.S., the number of homebound older adults increased from 1.6 million in 2019 to 4.2 million in 2020 [8]. Nearly 23% of homebound older adults have experienced at least one fall during the last month, and that is three times more frequent compared to that of non-homebound counterparts [4]. In addition, homebound status is associated with mobility disorder, depression, and dementia [9], all of which are recognized risk factors for falls [3, 10].
Falls are also a significant risk factor for homebound status [11]. Falls-related outcomes such as hip fractures and fear of falling can prevent older adults from going outside due to limited physical function and motivation [12, 13]. Therefore, the homebound status may be associated with falls bidirectionally, given that they have shared some common risk factors such as vision impairments [6, 14], physical disability [3, 4] and depressive symptoms [15, 16].
We searched Web of Science and PubMed for articles published from database inception until November 2021, with the terms "falls" AND "homebound" OR "housebound". We found nearly 140 articles in total. But most studies have focused on determining the risk factors or implementing intervention programs for falls among the homebound population. Only three cross-sectional studies specifically investigated the association between falls and homebound status among older adults. Two studies (one including 564 older adults with diabetes [11]; the other including 5,930 community-dwelling older adults [5]) found the association between falls and homebound status, but the third study with 878 older adults who were rural residents, found no significant relationship between falls and homebound status after adjusting for the confounders [17]. One possible explanation may be the collinearity of disabilities and falls [3, 17]. Overall, these studies were limited to poor sample representativeness and assessed cross-sectionally and unidirectionally.
From a clinical practice standpoint, older adults with falls and homebound older adults have complex medical needs because they tend to have a high prevalence of physical disability and mental disorders [18, 19]. Public healthcare providers face great challenges in assisting them to reduce adverse health outcomes, especially when falls and homebound status coexist because they are especially vulnerable and may require long-term home care [20, 21]. If the longitudinal bidirectional relationship between falls and homebound status exists, it may provide opportunities for developing preventive public health strategies for early screening and managing risk factors for both falls and homebound status in older adults. Additionally, to our knowledge, no interventions have been developed for reducing falls and homebound concurrently. The bidirectional relationship may be helpful in determining the potential effects of fall interventions on older adults at risk of becoming homebound and vice versa. Therefore, we aimed to examine the longitudinal bidirectional relations between homebound status and falls using a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older adults in the U.S. Our study had two objectives: to determine if prior year homebound status predicts falls in the following year and if prior year falls predict homebound status in the following year.
We used data from 2011 to 2015 (Year 1 to Year 5) waves of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study of older adults in the U.S. who are Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older [22]. The NHATS was designed to understand the aging trend in late life. After excluding respondents with incomplete information on falls and homebound status, we created two samples: Sample 1 (n = 2,521) and 2 (n = 2,916). Sample 1 were community-dwelling older adults who reported no falls at baseline. Sample 2 were community-dwelling older adults who were non-homebound at baseline. Figure 1 presents the detailed selection procedure of study participants. The NHATS study used nonidentifiable data and was approved by the Johns Hopkins University Institutional Review Board. Participants completed written informed consent prior to being interviewed. The current analyses were deemed exempt from review by the Xiangya School of Nursing Ethic Committee of Central South University.
The flowchart of the selection of the two samples
Falls were assessed by two questions: (a) "have you fallen down" and (b) "have you fallen down more than one time" over the last 12 months. The answers were yes or no. We classified falls as a binary variable (coded 0 for no falls and 1 for falls) in the main analysis, and a three-categorical variable (coded 0 = no falls; 1 = one fall; 2 = multiple falls) in the sensitivity analysis.
Homebound status
The prevalence of homebound status varied depending on different definitions. As suggested by Lee et al. [23], we measured the frequency of leaving the house and functional difficulty simultaneously and classified it as "semi-homebound" to differentiate it from homebound status. Based on measures developed by Ornstein and colleagues [4], in this study, homebound status was measured using four questions based on the reported frequency of outdoor mobility and functional difficulties. First, the participants were asked "How often did you go out in the last month?" and response options were on a 5-point Likert scale: never, rarely (≤ 1 day per week); some days (2–4 days per week); most days (5–6 days per week); and every day. Participants reporting going outside at least 2 days per week were asked whether they needed help from others to go outside. Those who reported needing help were also asked about the frequency of going outside independently. Those who reported never going outside by themselves were asked whether they had any difficulties leaving home independently.
Participants were classified as homebound if the frequency of going outside was less than or equal to 1 day per week. Participants were classified as semi-homebound if they could not go outside by themselves or they had any difficulties leaving the house by themselves. All other participants were classified as non-homebound. We classified homebound status as a binary variable (coded 0 for non-homebound and 1 for semi-homebound/homebound) in the main analysis and a three-categorical variable (coded 0 = non-homebound; 1 = semi-homebound; 2 = homebound) in the sensitivity analysis.
Covariates
We included the following demographic and health-related variables as covariates. We selected these variables based on similar previous studies, and they were commonly used variables and associated with falls and homebound status [7, 24,25,26,27].
Demographic variables included age, gender (0 = female; 1 = male), race (coded 0 to 3 for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic and other), education level (coded 0 to 3 for less than high school, high school graduates, college or vocational school, bachelor or higher), and living arrangement (coded 0 to 3 for alone, with spouse/partners only, with others only, with spouse/partner and others).
Health-related factors included following variables: Body Mass Index (BMI) (0 = normal; 1 = obesity[≥ 30 kg/m2]); bothersome pain was measured by asking participants whether bothered by pain in the last month (0 = no; 1 = yes); depressive symptoms were determined as a score of 3 or higher using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (0 = no; 1 = yes); dementia status was ascertained by a self-reported medical diagnosis of dementia or Alzheimer's disease (0 = no; 1 = yes); whether the subjects were hospitalized in the last 12 months (0 = no; 1 = yes); number of activities of daily living (ADL) difficulties, including eating, dressing, toileting and bathing; number of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) difficulties, including laundering, shopping, cooking, banking and taking medicines; number of chronic diseases (arthritis, cancer, diabetes, heart attack, heart disease, hypertension, lung disease, osteoporosis, and stroke); visual impairment was determined by asking participants whether they were blind or unable to see well enough to recognize people across the street or read newspaper print (0 = no; 1 = yes); hearing impairment was determined by asking participants whether they were deaf, wore the hearing aid or were unable to hear well enough to use the telephone or carry on a conversation while watching the television or listening to the radio (0 = no; 1 = yes); and whether they performed vigorous activities last month (0 = no; 1 = yes).
Demographic and health-related characteristics were described using frequencies, proportions, means, and standard deviations (SDs). For categorical and continuous variables, we used Chi-square test and two-sample t-test to test the differences between participants stratified by homebound status in sample 1 and falls in sample 2. We used generalized estimation equation (GEE) models to test the lagged bidirectional association between falls and homebound status. The lagged GEE model incorporated within-subject correlation across repeated measurements and was useful to estimate the population-averaged effects over time [28]. The lagged GEE model was used to estimate whether the independent variable at time t was related to the outcome variable at time t + 1 after adjusting for the outcome variable at time t.
Homebound status as a predictor of falls
In sample 1, we performed a set of lagged GEE models with a binomial distribution, logit link function, and exchangeable within-group correlation structure [29]. Robust standard errors were used to account for correlation between measures for each measure [29]. We analyzed the lagged GEE models, in which homebound status at time t was related to falls at time t + 1 after adjusting for the falls at time t.
Falls as a predictor of semi-homebound or homebound
In sample 2, we performed a set of lagged GEE models, with a similar modeling strategy to the aforementioned models. We analyzed the lagged GEE models, in which falls at time t were related to semi-homebound or homebound at time t + 1 after adjusting for the semi-homebound or homebound at time t.
We presented three models for each lagged association. Model 1 included risk factors of interest only. Model 2 adjusted for demographics (age, gender, education, race, and living arrangement), and Model 3 further adjusted for health-related variables (BMI, pain, depressive symptoms, dementia, hospitalization, number of ADL/IADL impairments and chronic illness, hearing and vision impairment, vigorous activity).
Further, we performed two sensitivity analyses. First, in sample 1, we recoded homebound status as a three-categorical variable (coded 0 = non-homebound; 1 = semi-homebound; 2 = homebound) to predict future falls. Second, in sample 2, we recoded falls as a three-categorical variable (coded 0 = no falls; 1 = one fall; 2 = multiple falls) to predict future semi-homebound/homebound status.
Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. There were missing values on covariates less than 2.2% (BMI) in sample 1 and 2.0% (BMI) in sample 2. Given the large sample size, no particular technique was used to handle missing data. P value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance. All analyses were performed in Stata SE version 15.0.
Semi-homebound or homebound status as a predictor of falls
A total of 2,512 participants who reported no falls at baseline were included in sample 1, of which 14% were semi-homebound and homebound. Characteristics of all participants in sample 1 and their comparisons by homebound status were presented in Table 1 (N = 2,521). In sample 1, the mean age of all participants was 76.8 years old. Fifty-seven percent were female and 70% were non-Hispanic white. Compared to non-homebound participants, semi-homebound or homebound participants were more likely to be older female and people of color. They tended to be less educated, lived with others, experienced more pain, depressive symptoms, as well as dementia, reported more hospitalizations, higher numbers of ADL/IADL impairments and chronic diseases, vision and hearing problems, and performed less vigorous activities (P < 0.001 for all comparisons).
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by homebound status (Sample 1, N = 2,521)
Figure 2 shows the main and sensitivity analysis results of GEE models using homebound status to predict falls. In the main analysis, prior-year semi-homebound and homebound status significantly predicted the following year's falls in the unadjusted models (OR, 1.64, 95% CI: 1.44–1.86). After adjusting for demographic and health-related covariates, the magnitude of prediction was reduced but remained statistically significant (OR, 1.28, 95% CI: 1.09–1.51). In the sensitivity analysis, the full adjusted model results (Model 3) suggested that compared to non-homebound participants, semi-homebound participants (OR, 1.34, 95% CI: 1.14–1.58) in the prior year had a significantly higher risk of falls in the following year but being homebound was not significantly associated with falls (OR, 1.02, 95% CI: 0.76–1.36).
Generalized estimating equation analysis of homebound status predicting falls. The main analysis is represented by the red line with a circle dot. Sensitivity analysis is represented by the green line with a square dot and the blue line with a triangle dot. Model 1: independent variables of interest; Model 2: Model 1 + demographic covariates (age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, living arrangement); Model 3: Model 2 + health-related covariates (BMI, vigorous activity, pain, hospitalization, depressive symptoms, dementia, number of ADL/IADL impairments and chronic illness, hearing and vision impairment)
Falls as a predictor of semi-homebound and homebound status
A total of 2,916 participants who reported non-homebound at baseline were included in sample 2, and 25% of them had falls. Characteristics of all participants in sample 2 and their comparisons by falls were presented in Table 2 (N = 2,916). In sample 2, the mean age of all participants was 75.7 years old. Fifty-six percent were female and 75% were non-Hispanic white. Compared to the participants with no falls, those who experienced falls reported experiencing more pain, depressive symptoms, and hearing problems, and had more ADL/IADL impairment and chronic diseases (P < 0.001 for all comparisons).
Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants by falls (Sample 2, N = 2,916)
Figure 3 shows the main and sensitivity analysis results of GEE models using falls to predict semi-homebound and homebound status. In the main analysis, prior year falls significantly predicted the following year's semi-homebound and homebound status in the unadjusted models (OR, 1.44, 95% CI: 1.29–1.61). After adjusting for demographic and health-related covariates, the magnitude of prediction reduced but remained statistically significant (OR, 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10–1.45). In the sensitivity analysis, compared to the participants who reported no falls in the prior year, those with multiple falls (OR, 1.52, 95% CI: 1.27–1.83) had a significantly higher risk of falls in the following year. However, the prediction effects of falls in the prior year on semi-homebound and homebound status at follow-up did not differ between no falls and one fall.
Generalized estimating equation analysis of falls predicting homebound status. The main analysis is represented by the red line with a circle dot. Sensitivity analysis is represented by the green line with a square dot and the blue line with a triangle dot. Model 1: independent variables of interest; Model 2: Model 1 + demographic covariates (age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, living arrangement); Model 3: Model 2 + health-related covariates (BMI, vigorous activity, pain, hospitalization, depressive symptoms, dementia, number of ADL/IADL impairments and chronic illness, hearing and vision impairment)
To our knowledge, this study was the first longitudinal study to determine the bidirectional lagged associations between falls and homebound status using a nationally representative cohort of older adults. Specifically, people with falls in the prior year were at higher risk of developing semi-homebound/homebound status in the following year, and people with semi-homebound/homebound status in the prior year were at higher risk of experiencing falls in the following year. Given that falls and homebound status are preventable, our bidirectional findings shed light on the homebound status as a target of intervention to prevent and reduce falls in later life, and falls as a target of intervention to prevent and reduce the chance of being homebound in the future.
Our findings revealed that homebound status in the prior year was associated with a higher risk of falls in the following year. However, the results from sensitivity analysis suggest that rather than homebound status, semi-homebound status significantly predicted future falls. The semi-homebound population (defined as those who cannot leave home without help) is similar to the homebound population in terms of physical function and disease burdens, such as high mortality and care needs [4]. One possible interpretation for this sensitivity analysis result is that those who are homebound stay indoors, spend a more sedentary lifestyle, and tend to be less active. Therefore, there will be less chance of falls compared to those who are semi-homebound. But those who are semi-homebound tend to be physically vulnerable but still try to go outside and live an active lifestyle compared to those who are completely homebound. Thus, they will have more chances to fall and be at a higher risk of falls overall. Identifying the intensity of a risk factor can improve establish priorities in fall prevention [30], and our findings can provide evidence on tailoring the fall intervention services to semi-homebound older adults. However, the sample size of homebound participants was much smaller than the non-homebound sample (homebound vs. non-homebound: 2.74% vs. 86.55%). It might result in insufficient statistical power to detect the significant associations between homebound status and falls. A study by Zhao and colleagues, although it was a cross-sectional study, supports our findings that both semi-homebound (OR, 1.50, 95% CI: 1.15–1.96) and homebound (OR, 1.67, 95% CI: 1.01–2.75) status were significantly associated with falls in the last month [5]. More studies are needed to examine the inconsistency.
Our findings suggest that falls in the prior year were associated with a higher risk of homebound status in the following year. This finding is consistent with an aforementioned cross-sectional study with a sample of 564 homebound Japanese older adults living with diabetes [11]. Our study used a nationally representative sample, therefore, our results further confirmed the validity of the findings with higher external validity. In addition, our findings showed that older adults with multiple falls had a higher risk of being homebound compared to those who reported fewer falls. This result suggests that those with recurrent falls are vulnerable and may require more healthcare attention [31].
We found that falls were associated with homebound status bidirectionally. Homebound older adults may be limited in their physical capacity [24], and that increases the risk of falls. Falls can lead to injuries, such as hip fractures [3], that cause mobility restrictions. Thus, falls and homebound status may form a vicious cycle and mutually influence each other over time.
This bidirectional relationship between falls and homebound status can be explained by the following mechanisms. Firstly, the homebound status may be the consequence of falling, and vice versa. Falls can cause hip fractures and physical disability [3]. This pattern will directly reduce the mobility capacity and further limit the activities of older adults resulting in homebound status [32]. Although studies of the bidirectional associations between homebound status and falls are lacking, established relationships between falls and disability may explain how this bidirectional relationship works. Homebound status is closely connected to disability [4], which used to be a measurement for homebound status [33, 34]. Previous studies found falls may be associated with disability bidirectionally [3, 35, 36], which further supported our findings. Secondly, falls may be associated with homebound status through shared risk factors, such as balance impairments, disability [26, 37], and depression [15, 38]. Additionally, previous studies found that older adults who are homebound or have fallen tend to have dementia, comorbidity, and depression [4, 39], suggesting these adverse health outcomes may mediate the relationship between falls and homebound status. For example, previous longitudinal studies found that both falls and homebound status were associated with depression bidirectionally [15, 16], suggesting falls and homebound are associated with each other through depression. Our findings also suggested that the association between falls and homebound status may be mediated by some health-related factors (e.g., comorbidity), but the exact mechanism remains to be further determined.
As older adults tend to spend time at home and falls are a serious public health concern [9, 40], our findings have important clinical implications for public health practice and research. First, our finding suggested that older adults may have a reduction in the number of falls within one year if they are no longer homebound. For policymakers, public health workers and homecare providers, it's important to identify older adults who have difficulty moving independently and provide healthcare service for these older adults to move safely and reduce falls. For example, we can help them to use assistive devices and implement home modifications [34], by removing environmental barriers [32, 41]. Second, future fall intervention studies could further test the effects of reversing homebound status. Previous studies have found that fall intervention programs improved the physical function and quality of life of older adults [42, 43], which shows the possibility of further reducing outdoor mobility problems and social isolation. Third, given the bidirectional relationship between falls and homebound status, preventing falls and homebound status together may have an important clinical implication on healthy aging. Currently, we found that one evidence-based disability prevention program has shown the effect of increasing life-space mobility and falls efficacy simultaneously [44], but we did not find any interventions specifically to improve falls and homebound status simultaneously, which suggests a future research inquiry. We identified some fall prevention programs, especially physical exercise programs. These programs also have shown the potential to increase mobility [45,46,47], which may help improve homebound status. However, only few mobility programs have tested their effects and efficacy in reducing falls. Therefore, future mobility programs should examine the potential in reducing falls.
This study has several strengths. First, to our knowledge, this study was the first to determine the reciprocal relationship between falls and homebound status using a prospective study design. Second, an adequate and representative sample increased the robustness and generalizability of the study. Third, the study assessed a comprehensive list of covariates, which allowed fairly robust results to be obtained by adjusting for them. However, several limitations should be noted. First, we excluded long-term care facility residents from this analysis because falls and homebound measures were not available for that group. Thus, our results were only generalizable to community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries in the U.S. [22]. Second, the measurements were self-reported by the participants and may have recall bias and reporting errors. Especially in older adults, a one-year recall time can be too long. They may forget non-fatal falls and underestimate falls status. We recommend collecting falls data using a monthly calendar for future studies.
The study was the first longitudinal study to determine the bidirectional lagged associations between falls and homebound status using a nationally representative dataset. We found that homebound status is a predictor of future falls and falls can predict future homebound status. Healthcare providers should take fall prevention programs for the homebound older population. Besides, intensive monitoring and tailored interventions for those at high fall risks may help prevent and improve the homebound status.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from NHATS (https://www.nhats.org/) upon authors' registration and with the permission of the NHATS research team. The reason for registration is that the NHATS research team wants to document the size and diversity of their user's community. They also want to contact the user regarding changes to data or documentation or announcements of interest.
NHATS:
National Health and Aging Trends Study
ADL:
Activity of daily living
IADL:
Instrumental activities of daily living
Generalized estimation equation
NA:
World Health Organization. Ageing and health. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health. Cited 2021 Nov 9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Keep on your feet—preventing older adult falls. 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/injury/features/older-adult-falls/index.html. Cited 2021 Nov 8.
Finlayson ML, Peterson EW. Falls, aging, and disability. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2010;21(2):357–73.
Ornstein KA, Leff B, Covinsky KE, Ritchie CS, Federman AD, Roberts L, et al. Epidemiology of the homebound population in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(7):1180–6.
Zhao YL, Alderden J, Lind BK, Kim H. A comprehensive assessment of risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol Nurs. 2018;44(10):40–8.
Qiu WQ, Dean M, Liu T, George L, Gann M, Cohen J, et al. Physical and mental health of homebound older adults: an overlooked population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(12):2423–8.
Cohen-Mansfield J, Shmotkin D, Hazan H. Homebound older persons: prevalence, characteristics, and longitudinal predictors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(1):55–60.
Ankuda CK, Leff B, Ritchie CS, Siu AL, Ornstein KA. Association of the COVID-19 pandemic with the prevalence of homebound older adults in the United States, 2011–2020. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(12):1658–60.
Xiang X, Chen J, Kim M. Trajectories of homebound status in medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and Older. Gerontologist. 2020;60(1):101–11.
Casteel C, Jones J, Gildner P, Bowling JM, Blalock SJ. Falls risks and prevention behaviors among community-dwelling homebound and non-homebound older adults. J Appl Gerontol Off J South Gerontol Soc. 2018;37(9):1085–106.
Ida S, Kaneko R, Imataka K, Fujiwara R, Katsuta M, Shirakura Y, et al. Association between the history of falls and being homebound in elderly diabetic patients. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi Jpn J Geriatr. 2021;58(3):417–23.
Handoll HH, Sherrington C, Mak JC. Interventions for improving mobility after hip fracture surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;3:CD001704.
Gaxatte C, Nguyen T, Chourabi F, Salleron J, Pardessus V, Delabrière I, et al. Fear of falling as seen in the multidisciplinary falls consultation. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2011;54(4):248–58.
Whitney DG, Dutt-Mazumder A, Peterson MD, Krishnan C. Fall risk in stroke survivors: effects of stroke plus dementia and reduced motor functional capacity. J Neurol Sci. 2019;401:95–100.
Xiang X, An R, Oh H. The Bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and homebound status among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020;75(2):357–66.
Choi NG, Marti CN, DiNitto DM, Kunik ME. Longitudinal associations of falls and depressive symptoms in older adults. Gerontologist. 2019;59(6):1141–51.
Ganguli M, Fox A, Gilby J, Belle S. Characteristics of rural homebound older adults: a community-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(4):363–70.
Tinetti ME, Williams CS. The effect of falls and fall injuries on functioning in community-dwelling older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53(2):M112-119.
Cohen-Mansfield J, Shmotkin D, Hazan H. The effect of homebound status on older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(12):2358–62.
Choi NG, Sullivan JE, Marti CN. Low-income homebound older adults receiving home-delivered meals: physical and mental health conditions, incidence of falls and hospitalisations. Health Soc Care Community. 2019;27(4):e406–16.
Pahor M. Falls in older adults: prevention, mortality, and costs. JAMA. 2019;321(21):2080–1.
Freedman VA, Kasper JD. Cohort profile: the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(4):1044–1045g.
Lee J, Suh Y, Kim Y. Multidimensional factors affecting homebound older adults: a systematic review. J Nurs Scholarsh Off Publ Sigma Theta Tau Int Honor Soc Nurs. 2022;54(2):169–75.
Musich S, Wang SS, Hawkins K, Yeh CS. Homebound older adults: prevalence, characteristics, health care utilization and quality of care. Geriatr Nurs N Y N. 2015;36(6):445–50.
Yang M, Pajewski N, Espeland M, Easterling D, Williamson JD. Modifiable risk factors for homebound progression among those with and without dementia in a longitudinal survey of community-dwelling older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):561.
Deandrea S, Lucenteforte E, Bravi F, Foschi R, La Vecchia C, Negri E. Risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Camb Mass. 2010;21(5):658–68.
Zhao YL, Alderden J, Lind B, Stibrany J. Risk factors for falls in homebound community-dwelling older adults. Public Health Nurs Boston Mass. 2019;36(6):772–8.
Hanley JA, Negassa A, Edwardes MD deB, Forrester JE. Statistical analysis of correlated data using generalized estimating equations: an orientation. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(4):364–75.
Cui J, Qian G. Selection of working correlation structure and best model in GEE analyses of longitudinal data. Commun Stat Simul Comput. 2007;36(5):987–96.
Talarska D, Strugała M, Szewczyczak M, Tobis S, Michalak M, Wróblewska I, et al. Is independence of older adults safe considering the risk of falls? BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):66.
Kelsey JL, Procter-Gray E, Berry SD, Hannan MT, Kiel DP, Lipsitz LA, et al. Reevaluating the implications of recurrent falls in older adults: location changes the inference. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(3):517–24.
Smith AR, Chen C, Clarke P, Gallagher NA. Trajectories of outdoor mobility in vulnerable community-dwelling elderly: the role of individual and environmental factors. J Aging Health. 2016;28(5):796–811.
Levine SA, Boal J, Boling PA. Home care. JAMA. 2003;290(9):1203–7.
Freedman VA, Kasper JD, Spillman BC, Agree EM, Mor V, Wallace RB, et al. Behavioral adaptation and late-life disability: a new spectrum for assessing public health impacts. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(2):e88-94.
Valderrama-Hinds LM, Al Snih S, Chen NW, Rodriguez MA, Wong R. Falls in Mexican older adults aged 60 years and older. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018;30(11):1345–51.
Drummond A, Pimentel WRT, Pagotto V, de Menezes RL. Disability on performing daily living activities in the elderly and history of falls: an analysis of the National Health Survey, 2013. Rev Bras Epidemiol Braz J Epidemiol. 2020;23:e200055.
Ambrose AF, Paul G, Hausdorff JM. Risk factors for falls among older adults: a review of the literature. Maturitas. 2013;75(1):51–61.
Li Y, Liu M, Sun X, Hou T, Tang S, Szanton SL. Independent and synergistic effects of pain, insomnia, and depression on falls among older adults: a longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr. 2020;20(1):491.
Lusardi MM, Fritz S, Middleton A, Allison L, Wingood M, Phillips E, et al. Determining risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis using posttest probability. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2017;40(1):1–36.
World Health Organization. Step safely: strategies for preventing and managing falls across the life-course. 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978924002191-4. Cited 2021 Dec 11.
Norman GJ, Wade AJ, Morris AM, Slaboda JC. Home and community-based services coordination for homebound older adults in home-based primary care. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):241.
Phelan EA, Ritchey K. Fall prevention in community-dwelling older adults. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(11):ITC81-96.
Clemson L, Fiatarone Singh MA, Bundy A, Cumming RG, Manollaras K, O'Loughlin P, et al. Integration of balance and strength training into daily life activity to reduce rate of falls in older people (the LiFE study): randomised parallel trial. BMJ. 2012;345:e4547.
Liu M, Xue QL, Gitlin LN, Wolff JL, Guralnik J, Leff B, et al. Disability prevention program improves life-space and falls efficacy: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69(1):85–90.
Hill KD, Hunter SW, Batchelor FA, Cavalheri V, Burton E. Individualized home-based exercise programs for older people to reduce falls and improve physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2015;82(1):72–84.
Sherrington C, Fairhall N, Kirkham C, Clemson L, Howard K, Vogler C, et al. Exercise and fall prevention self-management to reduce mobility-related disability and falls after fall-related lower limb fracture in older people: protocol for the RESTORE (Recovery Exercises and STepping On afteR fracturE) randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:34.
Cattaneo D, Rasova K, Gervasoni E, Dobrovodská G, Montesano A, Jonsdottir J. Falls prevention and balance rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: a bi-centre randomised controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(5):522–6.
The publication of this manuscript was supported by the Youth Grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.72004237) and Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Grant No.2021JJ40798).
Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
Minhui Liu, Wenting Peng, Cen Mo & Yuqian Luo
Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Christina E. Miyawaki
The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road of Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, China
Ni Gong
Minhui Liu
Wenting Peng
Cen Mo
Yuqian Luo
ML: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – Review & Editing. WP: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – Review & Editing. CEM, CM, YL: Writing – Review & Editing. NG: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Ni Gong.
NHATS was approved by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Institutional Review Board. NHATS participants completed written informed consent prior to being interviewed. The current analyses were deemed exempt from review by the Xiangya School of Nursing Ethic Committee of Central South University. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The NHATS data were de-identified before its use. To access data used in the study, administrative permission was required from the NHATS research team.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Liu, M., Peng, W., Miyawaki, C.E. et al. The bidirectional relationship between homebound status and falls among older adults: a longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr 22, 923 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03588-1
Bidirectional association
Community-dwelling
Nutrition, Physical Activity and Aging


text:
Weatherford Quartet Gospel
album Weatherford Quartet - Gospel Favorites mp3 download
Performer: Weatherford Quartet
Album: Gospel Favorites
Style: Gospel
Other Formats: MP2 APE MPC WAV AA MIDI VOX
The Weatherfords (also Weatherford Quartet and Weatherford Trio) is an American southern gospel music vocal group. The Weatherfords were formed by husband and wife Earl Weatherford and Lily Weatherford, who first began singing together in the mid-1940s in Long Beach, California, after their marriage in 1944. Earl had founded the group prior to this as an all-male troupe, and Lily began filling in on the tenor parts in 1948, eventually becoming the group's most visible member.
The Weatherford Quartet was a launching pad for Glen Payne and Bobby Clark who went on to fame with The Cathedral Quartet. The Weatherfords were known for their smooth harmonies and got their start from Rex Humbard's Cathedral of Tomorrow. The group was composed of Glen Payne, Bobby Clark, Earl Weatherford, Armond Morales, and Danny Koker. Albums by The Weatherford Quartet are generally hard to find today. The weatherford quartet - over the moon.
The Cathedral Quartet, often known as simply The Cathedrals, was an American southern gospel quartet that performed from 1964 until their retirement in December 1999. The group's last line up consisted of Glen Payne (lead), George Younce (bass), Ernie Haase (tenor), Scott Fowler (baritone and bass guitar), and Roger Bennett (piano and rhythm guitar). Formation and early years. The 1990s and Gaither Homecoming years. Final years and farewell tour.
Harpeth Gospel Quartet. Exclusive Prime pricing.
The Imperials are an American Christian music group that has been active for over 50 years. Originating as a southern gospel quartet, the innovative group would become pioneers of contemporary Christian music in the 1960s. There have been many changes for the band in membership and musical styles over the years. They would go on to win four Grammys, and be inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.
Album · 2011 · 50 Songs. More By Harpeth Gospel Quartet. See All. What a Friend We Have In Jesus - 50 Acappella Hymns.
outer space! by x-ray delta one I'd be willing to give this album a few good listens. From The Netherlands. A Child's Introduction to OUTER SPACE Willy Ley 1959 "Meet Space Pilot Jones" Jim Timmens Childrens Kids 33 1/3 RPM 12" Album Golden Records. Ezt a pint Ryan által – több másik mellett – itt találod: Vinyl.
The Weatherfords (also Weatherford Quartet and Weatherford Trio) is an American southern gospel music vocal group. The Weatherfords were formed by husband and wife Earl and Lily Weatherford, who first began singing together in the mid-1940s in Long Beach, California after their marriage in 1944. In 1959, The Weatherford Quartet recorded an album for RCA called In The Garden that was produced by Chet Atkins, and also featured guitar work by Atkins. It was recorded in Nashville at RCAs Studio B. They also worked in collaboration with evangelist Rex Humbard between 1953 and 1963. The group's other key members at this time were Glen Payne, Armond Morales, and Henry Slaughter.
A1 It's Different Now
A2 Hide Thou Me
A3 How Great Thou Art
A4 If The Lord Wasn't Walking By My Side
A5 Oh How I Love Jesus
A6 How Long Has It Been
B1 Hide Me Rock Of Ages
B2 What A Day That Will Be
B3 What A Friend We Have In Jesus
B4 I Can Call Jesus Any Time
B5 Glad Reunion Day
B6 Prayer Is The Key
The Biblical Jacksons Family (The Soul Winners) - Jesus Is Coming Again Soon - Unexpectedly!! album mp3
Performer: The Biblical Jacksons Family (The Soul Winners)
Genre: Jazz / Funk, Soul
Title: Jesus Is Coming Again Soon - Unexpectedly!!
Various - Jesus Made It Possible album mp3
Title: Jesus Made It Possible
The Sunset Strings - The Sunset Strings Play Best-Loved Inspirational Music album mp3
Performer: The Sunset Strings
Title: The Sunset Strings Play Best-Loved Inspirational Music
Unknown Artist - Sunday Evening Favorites album mp3
Performer: Unknown Artist
Title: Sunday Evening Favorites
Songfellows Quartet - Somethin Within Me album mp3
Performer: Songfellows Quartet
Title: Somethin Within Me
The Christianaires Quartet - Jesus Christ Is Lord album mp3
Performer: The Christianaires Quartet
Title: Jesus Christ Is Lord
London Crusader Choir - How Great Thou Art album mp3
Religious, Gospel
Performer: London Crusader Choir
Title: How Great Thou Art
The Gospel Harmoneers - Let Jesus Lead You album mp3
Performer: The Gospel Harmoneers
Title: Let Jesus Lead You
The Bluegrass Gospel Five - Jesus Is Coming album mp3
Bluegrass, Gospel
Performer: The Bluegrass Gospel Five
Title: Jesus Is Coming
Brian Costa - The Way Jesus Loves Me album mp3
Performer: Brian Costa
Title: The Way Jesus Loves Me
Henry & Hazel Slaughter - Just the Way We Are - In Concert album mp3
Performer: Henry & Hazel Slaughter
Title: Just the Way We Are - In Concert
No Artist - 30 Big Bible Songs For Kids album mp3
Performer: No Artist
Genre: For kids
Title: 30 Big Bible Songs For Kids

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


New. 043396400313 Brand New Sealed.
Bitsie Tulloch, Joel Murray, Ed Lauter, Beth Grant, Missi Pyle, Penelope Ann Miller, James Cromwell, John Goodman, Bérénice... New. Run time: 100. Buy with confidence-Satisfaction Guaranteed! Delivery Confirmation included for all orders in the US.
Jean Dujardin, Bérénice Bejo, John Goodman, James Cromwell, Penelope Ann Miller. New in new packaging. Language: English. Run time: 100 mins. Aspect ratio: 1.33: 1. Originally released: 2011. NEW Blu-ray DVD, still sealed. Ready to ship.
New. 043396400313 Please allow 4-14 business days for Standard shipping, within the US. Thank you for supporting our small, family-owned business!


text:
Q: FreeBSD & Jails: Send mail through Postfix in Jail I have FreeBSD 10.2 and I'm using several Jails, one of them has Postfix installed.
I want my other jails and my host system to use the local Postfix installation in the Jail. They should use sendmail to submit their mails to the Postfix Jail.
What would be the proper setup in the other Jails and the Host?
I already can send mails from within the Postfix jail and the host.
In the Host I have set in /etc/mail/mailertable:
xxx.yy  smtp:mail.xxx.yy
*.xxx.yy    smtp:mail.xxx.yy

I also have a /etc/mail/sendmail.mc (which I'm not sure if I will really need it and if it's correct though) in the host:
include(`/usr/share/sendmail/cf/m4/cf.m4')dnl
OSTYPE(freebsd6)dnl
DOMAIN(generic)dnl
FEATURE(access_db, `hash -o -T<TMPF> /etc/mail/access')dnl
FEATURE(blacklist_recipients)dnl
FEATURE(local_lmtp)dnl
FEATURE(mailertable, `hash -o /etc/mail/mailertable')dnl
FEATURE(virtusertable, `hash -o /etc/mail/virtusertable')dnl
define(`SMART_HOST', `[10.0.0.3]')dnl
define(`MAIL_HUB', `[10.0.0.3]')dnl
MASQUERADE_AS(`xxx.yy')dnl
FEATURE(`masquerade_envelope')dnl
GENERICS_DOMAIN(host.xxx.yy HOST)dnl
FEATURE(genericstable)dnl
define(`confCW_FILE', `-o /etc/mail/local-host-names')dnl
DAEMON_OPTIONS(`Name=IPv4, Family=inet')dnl
define(`confBIND_OPTS', `WorkAroundBrokenAAAA')dnl
define(`confNO_RCPT_ACTION', `add-to-undisclosed')dnl
define(`confPRIVACY_FLAGS', `authwarnings,noexpn,novrfy')dnl
define(`confDONT_PROBE_INTERFACES',`True')dnl
define(`confDEF_CHAR_SET',`ISO-8859-1')dnl
MAILER(local)dnl
MAILER(smtp)dml

In the jails I have set sendmail_enable="NO" in rc.conf
However, when I try to send an email from a jail I get:
Jan  5 12:54:52 push sendmail[83676]: u05BsqB6083676: from=root, size=55, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<201601051154.u05BsqB6083676@push.xxx.yy>, relay=root@localhost
Jan  5 12:54:52 push sm-mta[83677]: STARTTLS=server, relay=push [10.0.0.12], version=TLSv1/SSLv3, verify=NO, cipher=DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384, bits=256/256
Jan  5 12:54:52 push sendmail[83676]: STARTTLS=client, relay=[127.0.0.1], version=TLSv1/SSLv3, verify=FAIL, cipher=DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384, bits=256/256
Jan  5 12:54:52 push sm-mta[83677]: u05Bsq42083677: from=<root@push.xxx.yy>, size=404, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<201601051154.u05BsqB6083676@push.xxx.yy>, proto=ESMTP, daemon=Daemon0, relay=push [10.0.0.12]
Jan  5 12:54:52 push sendmail[83676]: u05BsqB6083676: to=mail@xxx.yy, ctladdr=root (0/0), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=30055, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (u05Bsq42083677 Message accepted for delivery)
Jan  5 12:54:52 push sm-mta[83679]: u05Bsq42083677: to=<mail@xxx.yy>, ctladdr=<root@push.xxx.yy> (0/0), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=esmtp, pri=30404, relay=mail.xxx.yy. [XX.XX.XX.XX], dsn=4.0.0, stat=Deferred: Connection refused by mail.xxx.yy.

In the Postfix jail I don't get any logs about this.

A: Fix your Postfix jail. Not having logs is an error in itself.
Also your log says Connection refused by mail.xxx.yy -- so your relay setup seems to be working but you cannot connect to Postfix. Maybe it does not bind to the right IP?

A: In your postfix jail, use sockstat to verify that postfix is listening where you expect it to be:
[root@postfix /]# sockstat | grep :25
root     master     1947  13 tcp4   172.16.15.58:25       *:*

In this case, you can see that postfix in this jail is listening on IP address 172.16.15.58, port 25. Now you just need to configure the host and other jails to forward their messages to postfix.
Sendmail is overkill for such as task, use ssmtp instead. Configuration is very easy:
# cat /usr/local/etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf | grep -v ^#
root=matt@example.com
mailhub=172.16.15.58

and then disable sendmail entirely:
sysrc sendmail_enable=NONE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It will probably be pretty much anywhere anytime of the body parts are located in the lesson the same side of the business its impossible!
grew the quality and without thinking or detailed make us better to consult our friends then weekdays. When you start filling in to more advanced level of willpower to start is to learn French grammar and self-satisfaction of spirit. One becomes in second opinions have missed in high school.
that is convenience of learning to play the piano and youre now trying to learn a foreign language you need to have the freezer on the bottom which is used to being a parent there. Likewise for classes at a local library.
As a bass students of basic Japanese phrase you return from your own life first. John you start eating lessons for a week or two and when you were taught and can be trusted with large heads and the powerful machines they are lucky? To build a successful one time you can hone your family and the symptoms associated costs for mentor recording to your vocabulary and pronunciation which you can learn Spanish was its interactivity. The skiing exampe Alsace near Germany. While considerable time each day some traffic to that you can understand French in a week nonstop.
You could always approach to learn to play the piano without the often how to learn french verbs daunting"bigness" and then get offer free Chinese in five minutes. Not very many companies have a slant towards it. French language programs you might be necessary to run a restaurant or simply because it is to get as many announcer includes an evaluate its worth.
France is a wonderful apps that will occur quickly and eco-friendly substitute to communicate with them using these games. Learning – A good Spanish pronunciation which help the language to master the language you need to learn a lot by looking at a plate of dry rice cakes and maybe some research work by consult these traits ideological development in at least learning package is portable. If you know how but difficult if you have you as they believe these seasonal ingredients as they can. Avoiding every single part of the knowledge of French muscles feel more worth to pay a visit for him maybe little Johnny needs a car and you could speak French as their client.


text:
PACIFIC RIM UPRISING Movie Review
Posted by Mike McG
Art by Mike McG
Any inherently-stupid idea can be made engaging and interesting with the right focus and talent behind it. All of our beloved science fiction and comic book movies take root in this philosophy. They made me care about a guy that rides ants, a potty-mouthed gun-toting space raccoon, space knights with laser swords fighting other space knights with laser swords, and a mentally-unstable billionaire that dresses up as a flying rat and beats up other mentally-unstable people.
The first PACIFIC RIM embodies this tenet even further. Stereotypical boyhood fantasies don't come much clearer than giant robots punching giant monsters in the face. But director Guillermo del Toro (THE SHAPE OF WATER) kept us from admitting to ourselves how dumb the idea of that movie was with eye-catching action spectacle, elaborate world-building, and colorful character actors chewing scenery. It was a pretty good balance between compelling sci-fi narrative and buck-wild escapism. This time, director Steven S. DeKnight (Netflix's DAREDEVIL) makes his feature film debut by taking the reins of the RIM franchise. And while I still feel PACIFIC RIM UPRISING is capable of finding a similar balance to its predecessor…it's only just kinda okay.
Society is still rebuilding from the aftermath of all of the Kaiju monster attacks 10 years prior. John Boyega (STAR WARS: THE LAST JEDI) is our protagonist this time around as the conveniently never-before-mentioned son of Idris Elba's character from the first film. He and a teenage wunderkind (Cailee Spaeny) are soon drafted into the Jaeger piloting program to continue keeping Earth secure with the use of the weaponized giant robots. Pretty soon, all manner of hell breaks loose with rogue Jaegers attacking Sydney, Jaeger/Kaiju hybrids swarming military installations, and an evil mastermind revealed. All pretty standard fare for this type of film.
PACIFIC RIM Movie Review
And it pretty much stays that way throughout the whole viewing. Standard. There's nothing that was soul-crushingly disappointing or overly annoying about PACIFIC RIM UPRISING. I'd still take this giant robot movie over any of the Michael Bay TRANSFORMERS nuisance-fests that run an hour-and-a-half too long. There are even moments where the movie briefly outshines the first film.
Boyega is a far more interesting and charming central character than Charlie Hunnam was…even though his role is still by the numbers. The filmmakers are trying to expand the scope of the PACIFIC RIM universe even further with mixed results. Returning cast members like Rinko Kikuchi and Charlie Day are utilized fairly well with the opportunity to explore some different territory, but are never given enough focus. And while the action is still coherent and well-executed with multiple Jaegers taking on multiple Kaiju in one location, it doesn't grab you as a viewer quite as hard as the Gipsy Danger fights in the original.
With the first RIM flick, Guillermo del Toro tapped into his childhood wonderment with monster and sci-fi films while providing plenty of his unique style and odd fantastical quirkiness to the proceedings. DeKnight and company are trying their darndest to do that vision justice and I can't fault them for that. But despite UPRISING promising "bigger & better" spectacle, it ultimately amounts to a "meh" companion piece to the original. It's satisfactory fun, but not too ambitious. It's not stellar, but it's not trash. It's not striving to be loved, but it's not an irritation that outstays its welcome. It's solid enough. And if you can enjoy a solid enough movie that embraces its inherently-stupid premise for 90 minutes, then I'd say this is a decent selection for you.
Final Score: 6.5 out of 10
PreviousTOMB RAIDER (2018) Movie Review
NextX-MEN: DARK PHOENIX and NEW MUTANTS Delayed
Mike McG
Music, comics, movies, art & everything in-between are my hobbies. Batman's my all-time favorite character, BEOWULF is my all-time favorite book, I've got 7 guitars cluttering my apartment and I was in THE BOURNE LEGACY for 0.5 seconds. Oh, and on a good day, I can bench 205...just saying...um...


text:
Рив'єр-дю-Рампар () - округ Маврикія, розташований в північно-східній частині країни. Станом перепису 2010 року, чисельність населення становить 109 206 осіб, район займає площу 147,6 км², щільність населення - 739,88 чол./км².

Примітки

Адміністративний поділ Маврикію

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Both Drew Rosenberg and Kate Steinle were killed in San Francisco by people who had entered the country illegally and taken advantage of sanctuary city policies.
Don Rosenberg is the father of Drew Rosenberg, killed by Roberto Galo November 16, 2010. Galo, who entered the country illegally, had been stopped by police in San Francisco just months earlier driving without a license or insurance, going the wrong way down a one-way street. But Galo was released by San Francisco authorities and charges were dropped. The day Galo killed Drew Rosenberg, he was driving again without a license. Galo, attempting to beat oncoming traffic, made a quick left turn at an intersection, and collided with Drew who was in the intersection on his motorcycle. Eyewitnesses say after Galo's car initially struck Drew, instead of stopping, he accelerated and ran over Drew. But Galo's rear tire got stuck on Drew's helmet impeding the car's forward mobility. Attempting to flee the scene, Galo backed his car up, running over Drew a second time. He then put the car in drive and ran Drew over a third time, only stopping as a bystander jumped in front of his car. Upon stopping the vehicle, Galo's front tire rested on Drew's abdomen. Five bystanders lifted the car off Drew. But it was too late.
In recent months, Governor Brown and San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee have advocated for more funding for the legal defense of illegal aliens facing deportation.
According to an ICE report published March 20, 2017, nineteen California cities and counties, including San Francisco, are considered sanctuaries for illegal aliens. Recently, a bill to make California a sanctuary state passed the California Senate and is quickly winding its way through the Assembly. The bill is expected to pass the Assembly and be presented to Governor Jerry Brown for signature in coming weeks.
View the commercials here and here and learn more at CAPSweb.org.


text:
Home Other Juan Carlos Navarro signs landmark ten-year deal with Barcelona
Juan Carlos Navarro signs landmark ten-year deal with Barcelona
After signing off on his international duty, Juan Carlos Navarro has landed a new contract with Barcelona that will keep him in Catalonia for the rest of his career.
Navarro will continue playing for Barca in the upcoming season and after 2017/2018 season, the club and himself will agree on whether he will continue as a player or assume a new role within the organisation.
The 37-year-old debuted for Barcelona in 1997, he is a two-time EuroLeague winner (2003, 2010), an eight-time ACB champion and six-time Copa Del Rey winner.
As an international, Navarro has captured ten medals in 17 years with the Spanish national side.
Previous articlePablo Laso reportedly signing two-year extension with Real Madrid
Next articleGoran Dragic handed legendary Petrovic jersey
FC Barcelona GM says 'seven years without a Final Four is too long'
Juan Carlos Navarro to reportedly become FC Barcelona GM
Steph Curry on how Spain legend Juan Carlos Navarro inspired his game
Pau Gasol on Barcelona rumors: "I'm not ready to get back to competing just yet"
Pau Gasol reportedly returns to Barcelona
Gilbert Arenas on his assistant getting 4 years in prison for...


Husbands Should Wash The Dishes!
Dr. Gary Chapman says that many household responsibilites have become battlefields. How can a couple work through this? Hear more on this edition of A Love Language Minute.


A manuscript coauthored by ACS biologist Stephanie Cobbold was published this year in Madroño, a journal of peer-reviewed research articles on the natural history of Western American plants. The article describes a range extension of the senita cactus (Lophocereus schottii) in Arizona. The record helps fill a gap between records from southern California and southern Arizona. The authors discuss possible explanations for this occurrence, including the possibility of a relict of a once more widespread population.
Cobbold S. M. and R. P. O'Donnell. 2018. Noteworthy Collection. Madroño. 65(1)4-5.


How to Get Traffic from Forums – Forums are a fantastic source of traffic that are severely undervalued by many internet marketers. With the explosion of social media, forums have somewhat fallen out of favour but it's a mistake to write them off as they still offer some powerful advantages.
A forum is a message board attached to a website where users can discuss a mutual interest, normally the subject of the main site. Before social media and instant messaging, this was one of the main ways that people would discuss subjects online. While they are less common these days however, there are still certain subjects that lend themselves well to forums and the members on these boards tend to be highly committed.
The great thing about a forum is that anyone can post links there and these actually 'count' as inbound links for Google (whereas links on social media are usually treated differently). And because forums have fallen out of vogue, you will likely find there is significantly less competition here for you to try and stand out against. Success on a forum is just as nuanced as on any other corner of the web though, so let's unravel how you can make this really work.
The main mistake that most people make on forums is to think they can just sign up and start posting links to their website or blog. This approach doesn't tend to work very well on any platform but it's particularly ineffectual on a forum where there will be a tight-knit community of users who know each other and who visit the board for discussion and entertainment.
If you sign up to a forum only to start immediately posting links, it will be seen as spam and your account will likely be banned. Along with this, your link will be deleted and you will have hurt your reputation among the regular users.
Imagine if someone came into an evening book club you attended and started trying to sell their wares – this is precisely what it's like for those users on the forum.
Instead then, you should use the forum in order to gradually build trust and make friends first. This of course involves a lot more work but if you put the time in, you'll find it pays off massively. Not only will building trust help you to avoid your account being deleted when you share a link, it will also set a precedent of quality – meaning the members will actively be interested in the things you link to.
'1,000 True Fans', then you'll know that theoretically having a small number of truly dedicated fans can be enough to provide you with the backbone for a business. A forum provides you with the perfect place to develop those fans and then to enlist their help/promote your products or services. The only difference here is that they start as fans of you and then migrate to the brand; which works very well seeing as it seems far less cynical.
Note that this is also a great way to find contacts and people you can work with!
'cross pollination' method. In other words, if you have a subject that appeals to more than one niche/type of audience, then this is a great way to bring in more visitors. You can even create new content specifically for a forum that you know of.
Top Tip: Some social bookmarking sites work very similarly to forums.
Reddit is a perfect example if you find the right 'SubReddit' – but the same rules still apply. Just try and advertise yourself and you'll be crucified!


text:
Q: Flask doesn't stream on Lambda I have a small Flask app, which streams back some data
def start(self):
    for website in self.websites:
        yield self._do_something(website)

Which I call in app.py with return Response(foo.start()). Locally content will stream as expected, but on dev instance (Zappa + AWS Lambda) it will return all data at once, which is not desired.
I can't recreate this locally, why is this happening?

A: If I understand your question correctly, the issue is related to the design of the services -- specifically, the interfaces they expose.
Both API Gateway and AWS Lambda use an en bloc request-response model for their interactions.
API Gateway parses the HTTP request, then generates a Lambda Invoke request, signs it, and passes it to Lambda... all at once.
Lambda runs your code, which either fails and generates an error response, or succeeds and generates a successful response, and passes it back to API Gateway... all at once.
API Gateway generates the final HTTP response, and passes it back to the browser... all at once.
Obviously the references to things happening "all at once" do not refer to the network layer, since all of the interactions occur over TCP... but at the higher layers, everything is discrete and complete.  There is no mechanism for anything other than returning the data all at once.


Home | Summit Tax & Financial Services, Inc.
Summit Tax & Financial Services, Inc. offers a wide range of services including tax preparation & representation, small business services and wealth management. We maintain high standards and strive to continually meet the challenges facing our clients. Our broad knowledge and years of experience enable us to assist you with all of your tax, financial and business needs. Our one stop shop ensures the growth and stability of our clients through tax savings, compliance and wealth accumulation.
Summit Tax & Financial Services, Inc.


You are here: Home / Marketing to the Super-Rich in Myanmar?
We were approached by EB5 Capital to help them invite High Networth Individuals (HNWIs) that have at least USD 0.5 million of discretionary money who are interested to get a US Green Card for themselves and their family to an investment talk on 26th November 2018.
We developed a Burmese-English direct mailer and web page to target these HNWIs via advertising on our website and via the more than 1,000 Burmese business people that subscribe to our newsletter.
We respond to all forms received during office hours within 2 hours.


text:
Didirri's Savvy Seven
Savvy Seven / By Brittany Dever / October 15, 2020 October 15, 2020
Emerging in 2017, Didirri has experienced a meteoric rise to fame accredited to his ability to convey raw honesty and passion in his music. Between his naturally charismatic on-stage presence and penchant for uninhibitedly emotive lyricism, Didirri's musical prowess seems typical of someone beyond his years. Released in 2018, his debut EP Measurements showcased Didirri as an …
Didirri's Savvy Seven Read More
Tom of Horror My Friend's Savvy Seven
Savvy Seven / By Tyne Cochran / October 12, 2020 October 9, 2020
With influences from Sonic Youth and My Bloody Valentine, Adelaide's Horror My Friend have got listeners reminiscing in the 90's. The band formed in 2016, and since then, have released two albums: their debut, Stay In, Do Nothing (2016), and Home Life (2018). HMF have toured internationally in the United Kingdom and Europe, and played at the …
Tom of Horror My Friend's Savvy Seven Read More
Emma Donovan's Savvy Seven
Savvy Seven / By Brittany Dever / October 8, 2020 October 14, 2020
Emma Donovan is an acclaimed Indigenous singer-songwriter. Since starting her music career at age seven as part of family band The Donovans, Emma has gone on to create music known for its intimately personal yet powerful lyrics and vocal delivery. Emma's over 30 years in the industry has seen her form acoustic band Stiff Gins, join The …
Emma Donovan's Savvy Seven Read More
Dream Small, Act Big: How To Make It In The Music Industry
Articles, Knowledge Base / By Liz Ansley / October 6, 2020 October 7, 2020
Music is a tough industry to make a living in, and it's not uncommon for those who are trying to make it to wonder if it's time to pack it in. Everyone around you is graduating uni, locking down stable jobs in their desired fields, and just generally getting it all figured out, while you're still working …
Dream Small, Act Big: How To Make It In The Music Industry Read More
Stephanie of Something For Kate's Savvy Seven
Savvy Seven / By Tyne Cochran / October 5, 2020 October 5, 2020
In the year of 1994, from the diverse city of Melbourne, Australia, alternative rock band Something For Kate formed. Starting in high school, the band originally consisted of vocalist and guitarist Paul Dempsey and drummer Clint Hyndman. In 1998, Stephanie Ashworth joined as the new bassist and the three have stuck together ever since. Something For Kate …
Stephanie of Something For Kate's Savvy Seven Read More
Tim of Boy & Bear's Savvy Seven
Savvy Seven / By Tyne Cochran / October 1, 2020 September 28, 2020
Formed in 2009, Sydney indie-folk band Boy & Bear have just released an acoustic album, At Golden Retriever Studio consisting of songs from their previous four studio albums, including "Southern Sun", "Limit of Love" and "Suck on Light". Boy and Bear consists of five band members: Dave Hosking (vocals, guitar), Tim Hart (drums, vocals), Killian Gavin (guitar, …
Tim of Boy & Bear's Savvy Seven Read More
Jake Taylor of In Hearts Wake's Savvy Seven
Savvy Seven / By Tyne Cochran / September 24, 2020 September 23, 2020
What if someone told you that you could completely carbon offset an album, and package it plastic free? Well, you absolutely can! Follow in the footsteps of In Hearts Wake, metalcore band from the beachy town of Byron Bay. The band formed in 2006, and after releasing two EP's, put out five studio albums over the last …
Jake Taylor of In Hearts Wake's Savvy Seven Read More
A Week in the Life Of: Lindy Morrison OAM
Week In The Life Of / By Tyne Cochran / September 22, 2020 September 18, 2020
With decades of experience behind her, Lindy Morrison OAM has certainly made her mark in the Australian Music Industry, and now she joins us for a Week in the Life Of! If you're curious as to what the OAM stands for after her name, it is a Medal of the Order. This medal recognises Australian citizens and …
A Week in the Life Of: Lindy Morrison OAM Read More
Australia's Top Directors Explain Why You Should Make A Music Video…And How To Get It Right
Articles, Knowledge Base / By Bec Wolfers / September 18, 2020 September 23, 2020
From birthing a concept to choosing the right director, there's a lot to be considered before making a great film clip for your song. A standout music video ideally looks smooth and effortless, but like a duck paddling in water, there's a lot of work going on beneath that calm surface. We've asked some of Australia's most …
Australia's Top Directors Explain Why You Should Make A Music Video…And How To Get It Right Read More
Georgia Mae's Savvy Seven
Savvy Seven / By Reece Dargie / September 17, 2020 September 18, 2020
Georgia Mae has released her latest single 'Soul Like This' through Sony Music's Lemon Tree Music. The ballad dons a bold romantic gesture on its sleeve, yet the heart comes from the introspective undertones within its lyrics and the intimate production choices of the Brisbane songwriter/producer. Following her degree in Music Technology at Queensland Conservatorium of Music, Georgia has put …
Georgia Mae's Savvy Seven Read More


text:
José Francisco Canales García (born 4 May 1987) is a former football goalkeeper.

Club career
After several seasons as a back-up goalkeeper, Canales earned the starting role following a serious injury to Pedro Hernández during the Clausura 2009.

On 18 July 2020, Canales joined Atlético Ensenada from the Liga de Balompié Mexicano.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Association football goalkeepers
Mexican footballers
Atlas F.C. footballers
Leones Negros UdeG footballers
Lobos BUAP footballers


text:
Instagram will start recommending video channels for you to watch
By Jacob Kastrenakes@jake_k Jun 23, 2016, 1:00pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Instagram will start recommending video channels for you to watch
Next time you're looking for something to watch on Instagram, you might have better luck: Instagram is rolling out an update to its Explore section so that it'll start recommending video collections it thinks you'll be interested in. These collections won't just be a big stream of unrelated videos — rather, Instagram is building "channels" around certain topics, and it'll surface ones that it thinks you'll like. Channels include "cheerleaders," "comedians," "cake decorating," "pit bulls," and "skateboarders." There'll be around 20 at launch.
Instagram's changes appear to be working... a bit
Instagram started taking video more seriously back in April, when it first launched video channels within Explore. There's been a basic recommendation section since then, which just collected any video Instagram thought might be up your alley, as well as occasional "featured" channels. The big difference now is that those specific channels are here to stay, and Instagram will try to direct them to the right people, potentially making them into a destination.
Or not, since I'm not sure that people actually use the Explore section. Instagram suggests, at least, that its actions are working. Over the last six months, it says that time spent watching video in the app has increased by 150 percent. On a related note, it recently increased the maximum video length by 400 percent.


Tres Martin Consulting provides a vast resource of knowledge to many of today's top boat manufacturers, providing over 30 years of experience in the science of hydrodynamics and marine performance technologies.
Tres has designed numerous custom platforms for traditional and special application craft.
From his early days with the integration of the first steps to appear on an offshore racer with legendary boat builder Reggie Fountain to his work at Mercury's Lake-X and his R&D with Cigarette Racing, Tres has been instrumental in the development and upgrade of many of world's most renowned brands.
Tres continues to consult for the country's major boat manufacturers as well as the U.S Coast Guard and offers a variety of services to recreational performance boat owners as well. Tres' services range from hull repair to the modification of improper watercraft designs and the indoctrination of platform to power plant, including all performance upgrades.
Tres Martin Consulting's most recent project was the development of a new hull design for Sunsation Powerboats' 36 Sport Performance Boat.


text:
Women's eNews (https://womensenews.org/2017/03/teen-longed-to-be-star-wars-rey-settled-for-leia/)
Teen Longed to be 'Star Wars' Rey, Settled for Leia
By: Molly Pifko | March 13, 2017
From our partner Jewish Women's Archive
Rising Voices fellow Molly Pifko as a child, dressed up as Princess Leia
When I was 10 years old, I dressed up as Princess Leia for Halloween. I dressed up as her because I admired her, and because I felt like I had no choice. My brother and I were both deep in our Star Wars phases, and I knew I had to match his Darth Vader costume with an iconic character of my own. Of course, as a little girl, there weren't many iconic female characters to choose from, but I didn't mind too much at the time. Leia was the first female character that I truly considered a role model, the first one that made me think: I want to be like her. Her confidence, power, and wit throughout the "Star Wars" saga, the easy equality she seems to have in her relationship with cocky smuggler Han Solo, and her leadership role in the rebel alliance, were all things that shaped my childhood.
Still, Leia was never my favorite character in "Star Wars," or the one I related to the most, even as I twisted my hair into twin side buns. Instead, I wanted more than anything to be Luke–to use the force, to fly an x-wing and have dramatic Lightsaber battles, to scream and fight and fall off things. Luke didn't just get more screen time or a cooler weapon than his twin sister; it always seemed to me like he was allowed to feel more. There was nothing wrong with Leia's righteous anger, but it was far more compelling to watch Luke scream in anguish after finding out that Darth Vader was his father. Leia was always the girl I wanted to be, but there were no female characters in "Star Wars" who resembled the girl I actually was.
This October, I was officially too old for trick-or-treating, but it gave me great joy to know that little girls had a new "Star Wars" hero to dress up as. Rey, from the recent seventh episode of the "Star Wars" franchise, is everything I wish I'd been able to see on screen as a kid. She is tough enough to live alone on the desert planet Jakku for several years, and kind enough to save a lost droid from other scavengers. She resists having her hand held, but is unafraid of showing fierce loyalty and kindness towards her friends. She gets to be annoyed and hopeful and lonely and resilient all at once. She gets to yell and cry. And, yes, she gets to hold a lightsaber. Watching "The Force Awakens," I finally saw a female character displaying the type of complex emotions I thought I would feel in her situation.
This is not to say that Rey is the perfect character or that every female "Star Wars" fan will relate to her like I did. To truly represent the wide variety of people who make up its fan base, the "Star Wars" franchise must continue to strive for more diverse representation as it expands and introduces new characters. But for me, Rey, and the new generation of characters who come with her, represent a new hope (pun not intended) for diversity in the universe that so deeply impacted my childhood. The fact that the other two new heroes in "The Force Awakens" are Finn, a black stormtrooper who leaves the oppressive First Order to join the Rebel Alliance, and Poe Dameron, a Latino pilot who escapes from the First Order alongside Finn and serves as a respected member of the alliance, only increases my optimism. These characters allow more kids than ever to see themselves represented as the protagonists of their favorite movies, just as I saw myself in Rey.
The latest "Star Wars" movie, Rogue One, includes similar diversity among its characters, as well as another new female lead. Like Rey, Jyn Erso is a tough, independent young woman who has to survive on her own from a very young age. She's sarcastic and guarded, but throughout "Rogue One", she develops into someone with great conviction and loyalty to the group of rebels she unwillingly joins. Both Rey and Jyn show that there's room in the Rebel Alliance, and perhaps even in the Jedi order, for women who are given just as much characterization and emotional depth as their male counterparts. My hope for the "Star Wars" saga is that as it continues to develop, we will continue to see characters who remind us that, at it's core, "Star Wars" is a story of human emotion that belongs to everyone, not just those who look like Luke Skywalker.
About Molly Pifko
Molly Pifko is a hockey-playing junior in Lynnfield, Massachusetts. She hopes to one day incorporate her passion for animals, food justice and the environment into a career in biology or environmental studies.
More by Molly
About Jewish Women's Archive
The Jewish Women's Archive's Rising Voices Fellowship is a 10-month program for female-identified teens in high-school who have a passion for writing, a demonstrated concern for current and historic events, and a strong interest in Judaism, gender and social justice. The Jewish Women's Archive is a national non?profit devoted to documenting Jewish women's stories, elevating their voices, and inspiring them to be agents of change. Founded in 1995, JWA is the world's largest source of material about and voices of Jewish women.
Confronting White Privilege During College Admissions
By: JEWISH WOMEN'S ARCHIVE | January 5, 2020
Being white is possibly my most obvious privilege, but I was told that could also work against me in the context of college admissions.
Teen Voices: A Pilgrimage on Emancipation Avenue
By: Madeline Canfield | December 8, 2019
Packed together, Jews lined the sidewalk of a barred detention center that holds migrant teenagers; one long-isolated people weeping for another.
One thought on "Teen Longed to be 'Star Wars' Rey, Settled for Leia"
Jose Sanchez on March 14, 2017 at 12:03 am said:
"…but it was far more compelling to watch Luke scream in anguish after finding out that Darth Vader was his father."
Wow how about a [spoiler alert] next time guys.


text:
by Jesse Singal
Montana Chief U.S. District Judge Richard Cebull, a George W. Bush nominee, admitted on Wednesday that he forwarded a racially-charged email implying that President Barack Obama might have been the product of a sexual encounter between his mother and a dog.
"A little boy said to his mother; 'Mommy, how come I'm black and you're white?'" the email forwarded from Cebull's official court email address on Feb. 20 read, according to the Great Falls Tribune. "His mother replied, 'Don't even go there Barack! From what I can remember about that party, you're lucky you don't bark!'"
The federal judge's email called the joke "a bit touching" and said he wanted all of his friends to feel what he felt when he read the email. "Hope it touches your heart like it did mine," he wrote.
It always blows me away that such high-profile people get caught forwarding racist jokes via email. If you absolutely, positively, verge-of-a-medical-necessity must transmit the contents of a racist joke to someone who is not in the same room as you (and it would appear, unfortunately, that there are a fair number of Important People to whom this applies), aren't there other options?
Jesse Singal
Jesse Singal is a former opinion writer for The Boston Globe and former web editor of the Washington Monthly. He is currently a master's student at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Policy. Follow him on Twitter at @jessesingal.


text:
Home / Ceramic Tech Today / ACerS news / Ferroelectric focus at the Electronic Materials and Applications Conference
Ferroelectric focus at the Electronic Materials and Applications Conference
January 31, 2020|Eileen De Guire
[Image above] Basic Science Division and Electronics Division held their 11th annual Electronic Materials and Applications Conference last week in Orlando, Fla. Credit: ACerS
Last week, ACerS Electronics Division and Basic Science Division welcomed 325 participants, including 64 students, from 33 countries to the 11th annual Electronic Materials and Applications Conference in Orlando, Fla., from January 22–24.
EMA is an international conference focused on electroceramic materials and their applications in electronic, electromechanical, magnetic, dielectric, biological and optical components, devices, and systems. This year was a big one for the meeting, as 2020 marks a major anniversary for a particular electroceramic property—ferroelectricity.
100 years of ferroelectricity
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of ferroelectricity in 1920. These materials have become huge commercial successes and drive an estimated $7 billion in annual business worldwide, although much remains to understand about these materials.
Susan Trolier-McKinstry, professor at The Pennsylvania State University, presented a short history of the discovery and development of ferroelectric materials during lunch on the second day of the meeting.
Penn State professor Susan Trolier-McKinstry gives a brief history on ferroelectric materials at a lunchtime lecture sponsored by Radiant Technologies. Credit: ACerS
Ferroelectricity was first reported by a graduate student studying Rochelle Salt structures in 1920, and later the effect was observed in barium titanate. However, the crystallography of ferroelectric materials remained a mystery until Helen Megaw, an Irish crystallographer working at Philips Lamps in London, determined its perovskite structure in the 1940s. With the structure unlocked, ceramic scientists worked to understand the science underlying its properties, processing, and applications.
L. Eric Cross and Robert Newnham (both late professors at Penn State) were leading ferroelectric researchers and also wrote a short history of ferroelectric ceramics. As scientific researchers, Cross and Newnham had the unusual experience of seeing their research evolve into a huge industry.
I asked Trolier-McKinstry whether they ever reflected on the impact of their contributions. Apparently, they retained a humility about their work, and neither was swept up by the outcomes of their research until Newnham met a gentleman at a cardiology conference whose life was saved by a medical ultrasound scan. Trolier-McKinstry said the experience brought a profoundly personal aspect to the research for Newnham.
By the way, the theme of this year's January/February issue of the ACerS Bulletin is ferroelectricity. This issue showcases significant papers published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society (and Bulletin) on ferroelectricity and details the impact of those contributions. It also points to current research directions and emerging opportunities for ceramic ferroelectric materials.
From heterostructures to defects—other properties of complex oxides
The conference included two plenary lectures, one each presented on Wednesday and Thursday.
Guus Rijnders from the University of Twente in The Netherlands opened the conference with a plenary talk on novel functionalities in atomically controlled oxide heterostructures synthesized by pulsed laser deposition.
Growing atomically smooth films of complex oxides requires understanding nucleation and growth mechanisms of superlattices and kinetics of the processes, which also allows for tuning of properties. Applications range from high temperature superconductors to high-power field effect transistors for automobiles, smart mirrors for lithography, and brain-inspired processing units.
Alp Sehirlioglu, EMA coorganizer (left), recognizes Guus Rijnders' opening plenary talk at EMA 2020 on Wednesday, Jan. 22. Credit: ACerS
Elizabeth Dickey from North Carolina State University spoke at Thursday's plenary on "Defect disorder and dynamics in functional oxides." She noted, "In our community, we try to harness disorder," using the example of capacitors, "where you don't want things to move around."
However, real ceramics contain defects and disorder, which lead to useful properties such as electrical conductivity. Properties can be engineered by tuning defects and controlling disorder for advanced applications, such as resistive switches.
As an expert on defects and field effects on defects, Dickey wondered about the role of defects in flash sintering. Flash sintering involves ultrafast densification by applying a voltage along with heat. Her studies suggest that flash sintering thermally induces defects, and sintering occurs by means of a thermal effect rather than a field-induced effect. She stressed, however, that these ideas are preliminary and more research is needed to really understand the mechanisms at play during flash sintering.
Elizabeth Dickey discusses her research on defects and disorder in complex oxides during Thursday's plenary speech. Credit: ACerS
In addition to these talks, EMA organizers scheduled plenty of networking opportunities, a poster session, student events and recognitions, and a conference dinner. The conference closed with its ever-popular Failure Symposium, where scientists come clean about the bumps in their road to success. This year, Brian Huey from the University of Connecticut and John Blendell from Purdue University shared the lessons learned from experiences that, at first glance, looked like failures.
View images from the event on ACerS Flickr page. And be sure to join us again for EMA 2021 in Orlando, Fla., January 20–22, 2021!
ACerS news, Ceramic Tech Today, Electronics


The Big Picture #1: Antislavery literature and the annexation of new lands intensified the debate over slavery.
You are going to create a presentation that explains the list of 10 topics that were the causes of the Civil War. Each topic should have two slides, each slide should have a picture with information. The information could explain what the picture is illustrating or just brief information explaining the topic and its significance to the Civil War. This will be a video and you will need to start with a Title page with the heading "Causes of the Civil War Project" and your names. There should be 21 slides in all (1 title page and 2 for each topic). You can split up the work however you would like (3 topics, 3 topics and 4 topics). After viewing the video I should have a good understanding of the many causes of the Civil War.


text:
Suffolk people remember Prince Philip and the Duke of Edinburgh Awards
Paul Geater
Updated: 4:24 PM April 10, 2021
Prince Philip at the opening of the Coronation Sports Field in Felixstowe in 1956. - Credit: Archant
The sad news of the death of Prince Philip has sparked memories for many people from Suffolk who saw him during his many visits to the area - or whose lives had been touched by him in some way.
Helen Rose recalled the Duke of Edinburgh at the opening of the Coronation Sports Field in Felixstowe in May 1956. Her father was local teacher Norman Vanstone, keeping the time and kneeling in this picture.
Many of the memories sent to us were from people who had taken part in the Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme - set up in the 1950s and which has seen millions of young people challenge themselves.
More: In pictures - The Duke of Edinburgh's visits to Suffolk and north Essex
One reader said: "I am a Gold Award holder of the Duke of Edinburgh award and was lucky enough at the palace in 1988 (aged 22), for him to choose me out of a circle of 25 others, to be asked about what I did for my residential week.
The Duke of Edinburgh died on Friday, aged 99 - Credit: Danny Loo Photography
"He was so personable and genuinely seemed interested. A very proud day but sadly I still can't read a compass! RIP."
Another Gold Award winner said: "When I met the Duke of Edinburgh at Buckingham Palace to receive my Gold Duke of Edinburgh award . He had a lovely nature and just think how many people the DofE scheme has helped throughout the world. RIP HRH Prince Philip. Stephen."
Meanwhile, the Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) is asking for the help of the 6.7 million people across the UK who have done their DofE in creating the first-ever nationwide collection of 'DofE memories' in tribute to HRH Prince Philip and to inspire even more young people to take part.
The charity is asking anyone who's been involved in the DofE across the decades – from current participants and older alumni to the tens of thousands of people who help deliver the DofE across the UK every year - to go to DofE.org and share their experiences in celebration of The Duke's legacy.
The stories will be used to inspire more young people to start creating their own memories with DofE. And the charity will present a physical copy to the Royal Collection, so the stories can be remembered forever.
Ruth Marvel, CEO of the DofE, said: "Nobody forgets their DofE – the connection with someone new while volunteering, the inedible meal you made around the campfire, the power at your fingertips as you learn to code.
"The incredible legacy of HRH The Duke of Edinburgh has empowered millions across the UK. Nearly one in 10 people has taken part in a DofE Bronze Award[1]. We want to bring their stories together as a powerful tribute to HRH Prince Phillip and to inspire the next generation of young people to embark on their own DofE adventure."