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DOCUMENT: Internet, Investigation, Crime
Feds: Marine Sold Munitions On eBay
Probe target peddled restricted night vision items
Marine eBay Probe
http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/marine-ebay-probe
SEPTEMBER 3--A U.S. Marine used eBay to illegally sell dozens of high-tech munitions--some of which he claimed to have found discarded near a dumpster at Camp Pendleton in California--to foreign buyers, transactions that federal investigators allege violated arms export laws covering such "sensitive and classified technologies," The Smoking Gun has learned.
After a two-year investigation, a federal grand jury has been impaneled to review the activities of Douglas Rubsam, 32, who is suspected of stealing military property worth more than $100,000 and selling it via the online auction site, according to court records.
In an affidavit sworn by a Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) agent, Rubsam is accused of making "at least 42 sales of export-restricted military items to overseas buyers in at least 14 countries, including among others the People's Republic of China (Hong Kong) and Russia."
Rubsam allegedly sold "at least five types of export-restricted items," including components for night vision goggles. According to DCIS Agent John Helsing, Rubsam frequently sold an item known as a Light Interference Filter Assembly (LIF), which "protects the optics inside the night vision goggles from being damaged by enemy lasers." The LIF incorporates "sensitive and classified technologies that give the U.S. military and certain allies an advantage on the battlefield," Helsing added.
In his affidavit, excerpted here, Helsing estimated, based on a review of eBay and PayPal records, that Rubsam "sold well over 200 LIFs."
As with the other items sold by Rubsam, the LIFs are on the U.S. Munitions List and cannot legally be exported without a license issued by the Department of State. Control over the LIFs is so tight that when they reach the "end of its service life it must be destroyed completely, and cannot be transferred or re-utilized outside" the Department of Defense. Included in the restricted munitions Rubsam sold on eBay, Helsing reported, was part of an assembly "used to attach a 40mm grenade launcher to a rifle," and a device "used in connection with the infrared aiming laser on a rifle."
In an interview today, Rubsam denied stealing the military items he sold on eBay and termed the criminal probe a "personal vendetta" on the part of the lead military investigator. Rubsam, who joined the Marines in early-2005, said that he left the corps last year with an honorable discharge. He is now managing a Virginia marina owned by his wife's family.
The probe of Rubsam began in March 2008 when DCIS agents received a tip that government property--a LIF--was being sold on eBay. When agents subsequently questioned Rubsam at Camp Pendleton he claimed to have found dozens of LIFs in a "cardboard box…near a dumpster in his unit's area on Camp Pendleton." He later gave agents a box--which had "TRASH" written on it with a marker--containing 10 LIFs (but which, according to a Defense Logistics Agency label, originally contained 100 LIFs).
Rubsam acknowledged that "a Marine selling Marine gear" on eBay "looks funny," but added that investigators had "no proof" of criminality on his part. He added that he had been unaware of export rules covering certain munitions.
Asked why such "sensitive and classified technologies" like the LIFs would be recklessly discarded as he claims, Rubsam said, "You'd be surprised what gets thrown out." As for why he just did not turn the items over to his superiors, Rubsam said that he simply did not think of doing that.
According to Helsing's affidavit, filed this week in U.S. District Court, military investigators have probable cause to believe that Rubsam has "engaged in the unlawful export" of munitions, lied to federal agents, and "knowingly engaged in monetary transactions involving criminally derived property."
The government probe has recently moved into the grand jury phase, with agents seeking to subpoena Rubsam's father-in-law to testify before that panel. However, when two DCIS agents tried to serve him with papers at his Virginia home in early-May, Rubsam's 78-year-old relative allegedly pointed a gun at them. He was subsequently arrested and charged with a felony count of "assaulting, resisting, or impeding" government agents. (7 pages)
eBay, night vision goggles, Marines
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Submitted by exportlaw on Fri, 2010-09-17 11:09.
It would appear GUNNY doesn't know about export laws: The AECA was passed in 1977, not 2005. The truth is that these laws are very. very complex, and items on the US Munitions Lists are not listed by their proper name, but by broad generic categories. There are also jurisdictional fights between the Department of State which owns the Muniltions List and the Department of Commerce which owns the Commerce Control List. Whereas items on the Munitions List require a license for every place except Canada, whether an item on the Commerce List needs a license depends upon the exact classification and the destination and end-use. Components for infrared related gear is on both lists, and figuring out which list applies often occupies hours of time by lawyers and engineers. Under the statute as worded, a criminal conviction requires proof of specific intent to violate the regulations. A civil penalty of up to $500,000 can be imposed for negligent violations committed without specific intent, but the jury won't be allowed to know that, so a jury will think the criminal case is all or nothing, i.e., that they must convict or the defendant goes scott free, which is just a lie that this Department of Justice cynically uses in order to win convictions against individuals while letting huge corporations get away with multiple violations and pay only civil penalties. Note: Things on the Munitions List include mainly unclassified equipement and technology, but the DoJ and the media always treats these cases as though they involve classified or "sensitive" items. The fact is that the Munitions Lists includes hundreds of items you can buy at a surplus store or gun show, but require a license only if sold or released to any foreign person.
Submitted by GUNNY on Wed, 2010-09-15 02:23.
SO MUCH FOR THE FEW AN THE PROUD...ITS A SHAME...EVERYBODY KNOWS ABOUT THE EXPORT LAWS...WASNT IT PASSED SOME TIME IN 2005 ? IVE NEVER BEEN IN THE CORPS...BEGGED AN PLED TO, AN THIS IS THE SCUM THEY ENLIST ?
Submitted by Wireless.Phil on Fri, 2010-09-10 12:35.
What is odd is I Googled this guys name "Douglas Rubsam" and come up with very little. Also did a Google News search and found one article and that article's source is TSG. So, is this a made-up B.S. story or what?
Submitted by exexpat93 on Wed, 2010-09-08 00:05.
The military throws away very strange stuff. To err in caution - he should have never have taken anything out of the trash. He should never taken anything and he should never have resold whatever he found. Another sensitive item. Night Vision Equipment. I would never have touched night vision equipment for resale. There have been people investigated for reselling First Generation Russian Night Vision Equipment and Surplus Uniforms that was sold as surplus to them. Another note. Usually there is a signed record of accountability for Night Vision Equipment and Munitions. Whoever ordered and was accountable for said items should be up on charges as well. They should have been disposed of through the usual military disposal methods. DRMO and Demil. The Government is insane. When in doubt - do not do anything that will garner the attention of the Government. If he intentionally stole the items with the intention for profit he is toast.
Submitted by menchar on Wed, 2010-09-08 03:50.
1. If you think the PRC (among others) isn't interested in the AR coatings on late generation NV optics, you are naive. 2. These NV components are not "classified", they are ITAR restricted. 3. Stealing government property is a crime whether ITAR listed or not, whether being discarded, or not. 4. This guy lied to the feds. 5. If this guy is in a "reserve unit" he can be involuntarily recalled to active duty for the purpose of being investigated or prosecuted under the UCMJ for a crime committed while on active duty. If his MSO is 8 years and he did 4 active duty, then isn't he in IRR for four years, subject to recall for UCMJ? 6. Read the warrant info to the left of the article - this guy booked almost $50K selling military gear on eBay while at Pendleton, and he sold 200 of the LIF's in question. Of all the things this guy did, lying to the feds was perhaps the stupidest. They don't even have to prove he did anything wrong with the NV gear, they just have to prove that he lied to them, and that can get him 5 years right there. There's no parole in the fed system.
Submitted by RetiredMilitary on Thu, 2010-09-09 07:50.
"If you think the PRC (among others) isn't interested in the AR coatings on late generation NV optics, you are naive" If you think the Chinese military is not already equipped with these lenses you can not read or have not read Janes Defense (if you do not know what that is then I'll stop right here with you) For those who think the DCIS makes no mistakes do to their impressive looking website I will not tell you what the "D" stands for to most military but the CIS was Clowns In Suits. Fort Knox had a pair called Batman and Robin, we are talking Adam West Batman (sorry Adam). their record was 80/20 percentile wise. 80 percentile trusted what DCIS said or used JAG lawyers and took deals, the other 20% got civilian lawyers and the cases were dropped. I saw a lot of what DCIS claimed and no proof. Nothing new there. Chinese paper drill, throw enough paper at the enlisted men and most will panic and cut a deal and theres another few lines on the DCIS website. Ever see them post the cases they lost or got thrown out of court? The Smoking Gun has done a great disservice by posting DCIS charges, you might as well post some hand written scribbling by some religious not in the Crack, it would be just as accurate and unbiased. Anyone who has had one of his men spend a month of hell getting a Clowns in Suits ranting thrown out of Court could have told you that but most posting here have never meet one of those little tin gods. Some day the Congress will wise up and eliminate them. Crimes in America should be local law enforcement and FBI, save some money , eliminate the DCIS.
Submitted by menchar on Thu, 2010-09-09 11:28.
I've read Janes for decades. Did you read the sworn warrant request? This guy appears to be dead nuts guilty, whether you care for the DCIS and its methods or not. The facts (which will be established at trial, should the grand jury bring an indictment and the former marine doesn't plead) would appear to indicate that this guy's got a problem regardless of the ITAR status of the items, regardless of whether or not the PRC has our latest AR coating technology, and regardless of who did the investigation. Do you think anybody should get to boost $50,000 worth of government property and sell it on eBay without being held accountable?
Submitted by jake2442 on Tue, 2010-09-07 20:56.
The poster RetiredMilitary had it right. It's been a while, but I used to be a night vision repairman for the Army. The LIF served its purpose to keep you from accidentally getting blinded by laser rangefinders ( i wonder what the odds of that happening is). It also made a great disposable lens cover in the inevitable event that it got scratched. Good god, I was trained by the military to work on these things and had no idea that the LIF is restricted hardware. I totally believe that the box this fellow found was marked as trash.
Submitted by Feauxpas on Tue, 2010-09-07 13:24.
You can't convict him merely on a news article. I really don't think this young man actually knew what he had was illegal much less being that stupid as to put them on Ebay. Nothing has been proven other than the fact the munitions were supposed to be confidential. If he did find these articles in the trash, who put them there in the first place? Chances are, these munitions were obsolete and non usable. Think about this....Our government always sells second rate electronics to foreign countries and keeps the up to date stuff in secret until it's no longer useful.
Submitted by juju on Tue, 2010-09-07 13:02.
@willm09 - You may want to check whom you call moron. I never said he shouldn't or couldn't be prosecuted. Nor did I make any mention of where this stuff was or was not when it was stolen. @allknowing - you should change your moniker. Because this article provides no evidence that he did not receive a Honorable Discharge, I will presume that he is in earnest with that statement. If true, he cannot be "reactivated" for any reason what so ever. A discharge means that all of your contractual obligations to Uncle Sam have been fulfilled and since you most likely didn't read the contract he signed you have no idea what his obligations were. What he is alleged to have done is a crime even in the civilian world which is where he should be tried. It happens all the time with defense contractors.
Submitted by allknowing on Wed, 2010-09-08 06:18.
@willm09- Ok Moron and yes you are a moron, first i spent time in the Marines and am in the USAFR. First there are several contracts that you can sign 4-4, 6-2, 5-3, those are years active and inactive reserve and during the time of war (in which we are still in) or if the service requires during that time they can recall you! All inactive is, is that you don't have to report to a command every month but, still the possibility looms of being recalled. Second you water head if you did read the article it did say that the investigation did begin when he was in, the (Real) NCIS or Fed.s didn't have enough evidence to hold him and/or were still determining the bit was thest course of action to prosecute the piece of sh!t! Last as others and i have said regardless it was the Corps. it doesn't matter he knew better they drill that in you head he was 32 he He should be tried and if convicted shot as a traitor! His actions could cost the many lives of others serving in our military!
Submitted by Quiet one on Tue, 2010-09-07 23:03.
If he enlisted 2005 received a HD in 2009, he indeed would have 4yrs inactive reserve left in his contract. This would not be a recall situation. That would be national emergencys, but he CAN be recalled. This deal is a federal charge that he selling this gear, which turns out to be more than LIFs, I think they will be cilvillian Federal charges. I do not care what he sold,(or is being sold on Ebay), if it is not something they went down to Cash Sales and purchased with their own money, it is not theirs to sell. One thing we all new when I was active and reserve Marine, was that even unserviseable Military gear did not just get chucked into the trash. their are procedures these items to be destroyed. If this Marine did not know this, his superiors failed him, not to mention lack of common sense that led to greed. So before anybody makes the accusation, yes I have gear that was issued to me that I brought home. I not selling any of it on Ebay or Craiglist. Some of it I still use, such as my flight gear which I would never sell even if I thought it I have a right to sell anything I brought home in my seabag. I hope it works out for him and he can get on with his life. Semper Fi
Submitted by JamesGTX on Tue, 2010-09-07 12:42.
Anyone who would sell. trade,or allow themselves to be put in a position to be blackmailed,endangering our countries security,and the lives of our most precious men,and women should be put to death.Too many times I have seen traitors who have sold our military"s most highly secret weapons and plans,and get a few years in prison,as if they had done no harm to our country. They are all traitors that should be put before before a firing squad.Some of our own Presidents have freely given secrets to our enemies.(Clinton to China,on missile technology)A traitor has no allegiance to his own country,nor anyone else.
Submitted by RetiredMilitary on Tue, 2010-09-07 11:48.
http://i.ebayimg.com/24/!B1QQ-)!Bmk~$(KGrHqIOKj!E)O!,jMT5BMdtIuw8Rg~~_12.JPG The item on the right hand side of the picture would be the "Sensitive and classified technologies" Hmm two years of investigations......... I see DCIS has not changed any, what a shame...... Hmmmm, did I just save DCIS 2 years of investigations to catch this guy in Texas?
We are talking about a filter like this one http://cgi.ebay.com/Night-Vision-PVS-7-PVS-14-LIF-Laser-Protection-Filte... that is currently for sell on ebay from someone in Texas. People should engage their brain before shooting off their mouth. This link http://www.shopwiki.com/Laservision+F06+Large+Frame+Purple+Glass+Laser+F... is for the same filter mounted in glasses. It sells for under $10. Sensitive and classified technologies my ass. Having spent over 20 years in combat arms I have no doubt the stuff being sold was thrown away by some unit since all those items really are are dust caps for night vision goggles that have a coating on them that protects the used from being blinded when he gets lased by someone laser range finder by accident. They get scratched up and thrown away all the time. This is really about some idiot who wasted two years of Tax Payer Dollars over throw away dust covers for NVGs. Yeah, there should be someone paying for this "crime" but its not the former soldier.
Submitted by dlpav on Tue, 2010-09-07 10:36.
the Marine Corps failed to teach him, the meaning of SEMPER FI.
Submitted by retirednavy92 on Tue, 2010-09-07 06:11.
He will go down, I saw guys pick trash in the Navy and they got minimum Art.15 and that was for broken tool boxes. What they really need to do is investigate how they got to the trash in the first place.
Submitted by willm09 on Tue, 2010-09-07 00:45.
JUJU, You are the biggest [email protected] moron in the world. Maybe you shouldnt be a stupid f#ck and look sh!t up. He can most certaintly be tried for what he did. When your in the military and commit a crime it doesnt matter if your out of the military when your crime comes to light and they want to prosecute you for it. Theres no way in hell that just ends up in a box labeled trash. I was in the army and dealt with stuff like that. He will be tried and convicted. You should do us all a favor and go walk into traffic.
Submitted by RealRick on Tue, 2010-09-07 00:38.
Treason plain & simple. Firing squad!
Submitted by SumGuy on Mon, 2010-09-06 22:22.
There's a bunch of LIF's being sold right now on ebay. Look for "Light Interference Filter (LIF) works with PVS or Anvis" in the catagory Electronics > Gadgets > Surveillance > Night Vision Equipment. Item number: 300415740680. The seller is in Denmark. They look like a polarizing or neutral-density filter that you'd clip onto the end of your camera lens. They're being sold for $129.00 each. Light Interference Filter (LIF) Works with PVS-7, PVS-14, PVS-15, PVS-23, BNVD, Anvis-6/9. Protect your NVG's from Visible or invisible lasers, so it won't damage your NVG's.
Submitted by juju on Mon, 2010-09-06 22:17.
@RetiredArmy "This clown should be given a General Courts Martial" You seem to have missed this part "Rubsam, who joined the Marines in early-2005, said that he left the corps last year with an honorable discharge." One can't be tried in a military court if one isn't in the military, kangaroo trials for alleged terrorists aside. People like you are patently un-American but run around wrapping yourselves in Old Glory while preening on and on about how you're such a patriot. Hell, I'd be willing to bet you tell family and friends about how we need government to "get back to the Constitution" while simply ignoring the parts of it you don't like. The man hasn't even been been convicted, let alone put on trial yet and you're willing to "squeeze the trigger, or pull the switch" yourself? Big brave man sitting behind your computer. If the guy is indeed guilty, let the evidence prove that in a court of law.
Submitted by allknowing on Tue, 2010-09-07 00:58.
You are a complete moron yes he is out but, BUT he did pick these up while in and any Government property is just that Government property! This scumbag could be activated and be brought upon numerous crimes cause if he was a Marine he'd wouldn't of picked up those items (under the UCMJ)! If you were a retired army you'd known that this scumbag is on 4 years inactive making this a legal possibility too! This is that 10% that makes me sick! The true unbecoming of a Marine! Try Treason, get him out of Va.
Submitted by RetiredArmy on Mon, 2010-09-06 21:22.
This clown should be given a General Courts Martial, convicted, and a 20 year room at the military prision at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. Aside from giving our enemies an advantage to kill fellow Americans, passing classified data, hardware, or secrets is stealing millions, and sometimes billions of dollars from the taxpayers who provide the money to develop our high technology advantages. Actually, if they give him the death sentence, call me. I'd be happy to squeeze the trigger, or pull the switch.
Submitted by B61WPNS on Fri, 2010-09-03 21:27.
Hang him by his "private" !!!!
I'll provide the rope.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Clayton Kershaw Makes More Money than the Entire Padres Roster (Giuseppe)
Today, the Padres will face the Dodgers in their first game of the season, and it is very obvious who will be starting the game for the Dodgers, Clayton Kershaw. Kershaw has not lost in any of his six career Opening Day starts. We all know that Opening Day is exciting and sometimes strange, and of Kershaw's six Opening Day starts this one is by far the most unusual.
The reason why it is unusual is because Kershaw not only makes more in 2017 than the starting nine players on the Padres, he makes more than the entire 25 man roster. Yes, you read that right, Clayton Kershaw makes more than the entire Padres 25 man roster.
The entire Padres 25 man roster makes a total of $28 million in 2017 while on the other hand, the great Clayton Kershaw will make a sum of $33 million which, as a matter of fact, is the highest salary of any player in the major leagues.
If you are thinking that Kershaw's salary is too high, then let's look at what he has done in his nine-year career… Kershaw has 1,918 strikeouts in his career and led the entire MLB in strikeouts in 2011, 2013, and 2015, he has 126 career wins (on pace for 300 in his career), Kershaw also has a career 2.37 ERA, and an amazing .677 Win-Loss percentage. Oh yes, I forgot to mention his three Cy Young Awards and his MVP in 2014. these are pitching statistics that have not been matched since Sandy Koufax and Kershaw is basically a lock for the Hall of Fame once eligible. Now you can see why he is making $33 million per year.
The average Major League salary is $4.5 million, according to the Associated Press, but that average has nothing to do with the ballclub in San Diego since the highest paid player on the Padres is will make $3 million in 2017. You should also know that the Dodgers have the highest payroll of all MLB teams in 2017 and the Padres has the second lowest in baseball.
I am not trying to bash the Padres here, and I know that anything can happen in baseball and that's why it is possible for San Diego to completely wrap Kershaw like the Rays did to Tanaka yesterday and that is what makes this beautiful game so great, but sometimes it is fun to point out the ironic things in baseball, now I am no Dodger fan, but if there was a gun to my head, I would say that Kershaw outdoes the team the makes $5 million less than him combined in 2017.
April 3, 2017 April 3, 2017 Clayton Kershaw, Los Angeles Dodgers, Salary, san diego padres
2 thoughts on "Clayton Kershaw Makes More Money than the Entire Padres Roster (Giuseppe)"
Action Jackson says:
Is anyone actually arguing that Clayton "Choker" Kershaw is overpaid? I haven't heard that ever said before.
TheBaseballGuru17 says:
No, but I am not writing for just die hard fans that understand every little detail of baseball. There may be some people that find it a little odd for someone to throw a ball to a batter and get paid $33 million per year, not only am I writing this for the diehard fan, but the casual fans too.
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Some one was complaining about her plastic containers not smelling very nice, so I told her to put some newspaper in and reattach the lid, leaving overnight to see if it would draw the smell out. She said it did. Works with suitcases and bags, just make sure that the lining will not be marked by newsprint, so save the plain paper for that job.


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Johnny Depp vs Amber Heard Verdict: Jury Finds Amber Heard Defamed Depp
On: 1 Jun 2022
A seven-person jury on Wednesday reached a verdict regarding Johnny Depp's defamation suit against his former wife Amber Heard. The verdict was read in court today at 3:00 PM. Johnny Depp vs Amber Heard Verdict. The jury finds Amber Heard, defamed Depp.
Amber Heard was inside the courtroom for the verdict reading. Johnny Depp was in the UK for prior commitments.
Depp sued Heard for defamation over an op-ed she wrote in the Washington Post in 2018, claiming she was a victim of domestic violence. Heard countersued Depp for defamation over his allegations that her claims are false.
The jury awarded Depp $10 million in compensatory damages and another $5 million in punitive damages.
Below is Depp's statement in full:
Six years ago, my life, the life of my children, the lives of those closest to me, and also, the lives of the people who for many, many years have supported and believed in me were forever changed
All in the blink of an eye.
False, very serious and criminal allegations were levied at me via the media, which triggered an endless barrage of hateful content, although no charges were ever brought against me. It had already traveled around the world twice within a nanosecond and it had a seismic impact on my life and my career.
And six years later, the jury gave me my life back. I am truly humbled.
My decision to pursue this case, knowing very well the height of the legal hurdles that I would be facing and the inevitable, worldwide spectacle into my life, was only made after considerable thought.
From the very beginning, the goal of bringing this case was to reveal the truth, regardless of the outcome. Speaking the truth was something that I owed to my children and to all those who have remained steadfast in their support of me. I feel at peace knowing I have finally accomplished that.
I am, and have been, overwhelmed by the outpouring of love and the colossal support and kindness from around the world. I hope that my quest to have the truth be told will have helped others, men or women, who have found themselves in my situation, and that those supporting them never give up. I also hope that the position will now return to innocent until proven guilty, both within the courts and in the media.
I wish to acknowledge the noble work of the Judge, the jurors, the court staff and the Sheriffs who have sacrificed their own time to get to this point, and to my diligent and unwavering legal team who did an extraordinary job in helping me to share the truth.
The best is yet to come and a new chapter has finally begun.
Veritas numquam perit.
Truth never perishes.
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December 22, 2018 . Tags: 3d sculpture, bust, Churchill.
3D model for manufacturing of bronze sculpture.
October 25, 2018 . Tags: 3d sculpture, sculptural portrait.
3D models for manufacturing of bronze busts.
January 17, 2018 . Tags: 3d sculpture, bust.
Bust 3d model for milling out of marble.
May 16, 2017 . Tags: 3d sculpture, bust, Newton.
3D model for milling out of granite.
October 5, 2016 . Tags: 3d sculpture, cow.


DUSTY ROSE STRIPE JOGGER PANT – Bliss & Co.
These super cute flannel jogger pants will be your go-to pants this Winter! Made from 100% brushed cotton you'll stay cosy during those colder nights!
Model is 5'3", size 8 and wears a small.


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You are here: Home / Archives for The Katipunan
Agueda Kahabagan y Iniquinto is referred to in the few sources that mention her as "Henerala Agueda". Not so much is known about her but from snatches of information available, she was presumably a native of Sta. Cruz, Laguna. Henerala's bravery in battle was legendary. She was reportedly often seen in the battlefield dressed in white, armed with a rifle and brandishing a bolo. Apparently she was commissioned by General Miguel Malvar to lead a detachment of forces sometime in May 1897. Kahabagan was mentioned in connection with the attack led by General Artemio Ricarte on the Spanish garrison in San Pablo in October 1897. It was most probably General Pío del Pilar who recommended that she be granted the honorary title of Henerala. In March 1899, she was listed as the only woman in the roster of generals of the Army of the Philippine Republic.[1] She was appointed on January 4, 1899. Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agueda_Kahabagan ------------------------------------- More information about "Henerala Agueda" here: https://www.scoutmag.ph/culture/first-woman-general-agueda-kahabagan-paolov-20190329?fbclid=IwAR35yz5SEt-g4j9vSX-NcvInyRKAMzGj2gADzc8EFp3jxuWW0nMVgDOOXq0 Agueda Kahabagan was our first woman general. But do you know her? by Paolo Vergara It's a great time for history buffs. Topics once deemed too nerdy now spill into the mainstream and into pop culture consciousness, through carefully-crafted and -researched movies like Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo (2014), Heneral Luna (2015) and Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral (2018). Alongside Philippine folklore, history has been resurfacing here and there through articles, manga, or Twitter threads from professional researchers and passionate laypeople alike. Political awareness and once-forgotten issues from more than a hundred years ("Who killed Luna?") add a dimension of urgency, too. But there are stories still threatened by obscurity: a shelved book gathering dust is one thing. The lack of records another. Such is the case of many women who actively took part in the Philippines' formative years. If their stories surface at all, it's usually limited to the supporting roles they played for men. Enter Agueda Kahabagan y Iniquinto, the only officially listed general during the Philippine Revolution of 1896-1898 and the Philippine-American War of 1899-1902. "Good daughters and dutiful wives" Records refer to a speech by a Mrs. C.F. Calderón before American socialite Alice Roosevelt in a 1905 Manila reception that contained interesting descriptions of Filipina women. Calderón said Pre-Hispanic Filipinas were freer and had power equal to males in pre-colonial society but Spanish women "corrupted" in Mexico imported their "defects" to the Philippines. (Note that for most of the Spanish colonial period, our islands were governed from the "viceroyalty of New Spain.") The upbringing of the colonized Filipino woman rendered them "ignorant, frivolous, proud" and "gave little heed to her intellectual culture…confined to the external practices of Catholicism." Educational opportunities were scant as Calderón laments: "Such was the destiny of the woman of that social order—either mother or nun." She also became aware, however, that business conducted through industrial capitalism changes how people relate with each other. Calderón said it was under a social climate of thinly veiled ass-kissing where Henerala Agueda took a leap of faith and plunged into two wars that shaped the birth of the nation. So yes, she was a good daughter of the cause, and a dutiful mother of the nation. Who is she? Little is known about the Henerala. A Google-up reveals well-meaning articles and a Wikipedia page, all with much conjecture, but little confirmation (The search entry photo is of Gregoria de Jesus, wife of Andres Bonifacio). "Not so much is known about her but from snatches of information available," the Wikipedia page reads.Scout approached a number of professional historians who gave either leads while acknowledging their relative unfamiliarity with Agueda Kahabagan, or who did not respond at all. A treasure trove of data may be waiting in the National Library and Lopez Museum, but as of press time, both are under renovation. Continue article at the link: https://www.scoutmag.ph/culture/first-woman-general-agueda-kahabagan-paolov-20190329?fbclid=IwAR35yz5SEt-g4j9vSX-NcvInyRKAMzGj2gADzc8EFp3jxuWW0nMVgDOOXq0 … [Read more...]
Filed Under: General, General Philippine History, Historic Figures, Philippine Revolution, Spanish Occupation, The Katipunan
The Bolomen of the Revolution by Perry Gil S. Mallari , FIGHT Times Editor
The Bolomen of the Revolution by Perry Gil S. Mallari , FIGHT Times Editor Arma Blanca is the name of the clandestine regiment of Filipino bolomen active during the revolution against the Spaniards and the Americans. Arma Blanca is a Spanish singular term for a bladed weapon like a sword or a knife. A fairly recent mention of Arma Blanca was made in Orlino Ochosa's book Bandoleros: The Outlawed Guerillas of the Philippine-American War of 1903 to 1907 (New Day Publications, 1995), and it reads, "Manila's Arma Blanca that phantom army of bolomen whom General Luna had so much depended upon in his bold attack of Manila at the start of the war with the Americans." An earlier reference to Arma Blanca can be found in The Philippines Past and Present, by Dean C. Worcester released in 1914. Worcester, who had served as Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine Islands from 1901 to 1913 and was a member of the Philippine Commission from 1900 to 1913, wrote, "The regiment of Armas Blancas had already been raised in Tondo and Binondo. It was in existence there in December, 1898, and may have been originally organized to act against Spain." The bolo being both a farm implement and a weapon was carried with impunity by Filipinos even in the presence of Spanish and American soldiers. Its blade is often designed heavily weighted towards the tip for ease of chopping hence when used in combat, it can easily severe a limb with a single stroke. The Philippine bolo boasts of a sturdy construction and minor dents on its blade could easily be fixed by a little hammering and filing. In the absence of guns, the Philippine revolutionary forces greatly depended upon the bolo in inflicting casualty on the enemy. A part of Worcester's book reads, "There is no reason for believing that this is a complete statement of sandatahan [Filipino armed groups] organized in Manila by the end of January, and yet this statement gives a force of at least 6,330 men. General Otis said that this force had been reported to him as being 10,000 men. It is probably true that only a small number of them had rifles; but armed with long knives and daggers they could have inflicted much damage in a sudden night attack in the narrow and badly lighted streets of Manila." Filipino bolomen even received precise instructions on how to use the blade in conducting raids to snatch the guns of their enemies. A part of Emilio Aguinaldo's order to the sandatahan was included in Worcester's book, and it reads, "At the moment of the attack the sandatahan should not attempt to secure rifles from their dead enemies, but shall pursue, slashing right and left with bolos until the Americans surrender, and after there remains no enemy who can injure them, they may take the rifles in one hand and the ammunition in the other." Continue reading story at: http://www.manilatimes.net/the-bolomen-of-the-revolution/104227/ … [Read more...]
Filed Under: General, Historic Figures, Philippine Revolution, Spanish Occupation, The Katipunan, Warrior Arts of the Philippines
Imprinting Andres Bonifacio: The Iconization from Portrait to Peso by The Malacañan Palace Library The face of the Philippine revolution is evasive, just like the freedom that eluded the man known as its leader. The only known photograph of Andres Bonifacio is housed in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain. Some say that it was taken during his second wedding to Gregoria de Jesus in Katipunan ceremonial rites. It is dated 1896 from Chofre y Cia (precursor to today's Cacho Hermanos printing firm), a prominent printing press and pioneer of lithographic printing in the country, based in Manila. The faded photograph, instead of being a precise representation of a specific historical figure, instead becomes a kind of Rorschach test, liable to conflicting impressions. Does the picture show the President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan as a bourgeois everyman with nondescript, almost forgettable features? Or does it portray a dour piercing glare perpetually frozen in time, revealing a determined leader deep in contemplation, whose mind is clouded with thoughts of waging an armed struggle against a colonial power? Perhaps a less subjective and more fruitful avenue for investigation is to compare and contrast this earliest documented image with those that have referred to it, or even paid a curious homage to it, by substantially altering his faded features. This undated image of Bonifacio offers the closest resemblance to the Chofre y Cia version. As attested to by National Scientist Teodoro A. Agoncillo and the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, it is the image that depicts the well-known attribution of Bonifacio being of sangley (or Chinese) descent. While nearly identical in composition with the original, this second image shows him with a refined–even weak–chin, almond-shaped eyes, a less defined brow, and even modified hair. The blurring of his features, perhaps the result of the image being timeworn, offers little room for interjection. In contrast, the next image dating from a February 8, 1897 issue of La Ilustración Española y Americana, a Spanish-American weekly publication, features a heavily altered representation of Bonifacio at odds with the earlier depiction from Chofre y Cia. This modification catered to the Castilian idea of racial superiority, and to the waning Spanish Empire's shock–perhaps even awe?–over what they must have viewed at the time as indio impudence. Hence the Bonifacio in this engraving is given a more pronounced set of features–a more prominent, almost ruthless jawline, deep-set eyes, a heavy, furrowed brow and a proud yet incongruously vacant stare. Far from the unassuming demeanor previously evidenced, there is an aura of unshakable, even obstinate, determination surrounding the revolutionary leader who remained resolute until his last breath. Notice also that for the first (although it would not be the last) time, he is formally clad in what appears to be a three-piece suit with a white bowtie–hardly the dress one would expect, given his allegedly humble beginnings. Given its printing, this is arguably the first depiction of Bonifacio to be circulated en masse. The same image appeared in Ramon Reyes Lala's The Philippine Islands, which was published in 1899 by an American publishing house for distribution in the Philippines. The records of both the Filipinas Heritage Library and the Lopez Museum reveal a third, separate image of Bonifacio which appears in the December 7, 1910 issue of El Renacimiento Filipino, a Filipino publication during the early years of the American occupation. El Renacimiento Filipino portrays an idealized Bonifacio, taking even greater liberties with the Chofre y Cia portrait. There is both gentrification and romanticization at work here. His receding hairline draws attention to his wide forehead–pointing to cultural assumptions of the time that a broad brow denotes a powerful intellect–and his full lips are almost pouting. His cheekbones are more prominent and his eyes are given a curious, lidded, dreamy, even feminine emphasis, imbuing him with an air of otherworldly reserve–he appears unruffled and somber, almost languid: more poet than firebrand. It is difficult to imagine him as the Bonifacio admired, even idolized, by his countrymen for stirring battle cries and bold military tactics. He is clothed in a similar fashion to the La Ilustración Española y Americana portrait: with a significant deviation that would leave a telltale mark on succeeded images derived from this one. Gone is the white tie (itself an artistic assumption when the original image merely hinted at the possibility of some sort of neckwear), and in its stead, there is a sober black cravat and even a corsage on the buttonhole of his coat. Here the transformation of photograph to engraving takes … [Read more...]
Filed Under: General, Historic Figures, Philippine Revolution, Regional History, Spanish Occupation, The Katipunan
Katipunero: Emilio Jacinto. The "Brains of the Katipunan." (15 December 1875 – 16 April 1899).
Katipunero: Emilio Jacinto. Revolutionary and writer. Emilio Jacinto y Dizon was considered as one of the greatest military genius during his time. He was very close to Andres Bonifacio. Like Bonifacio, Emilio also comes from a poor family. He was born in Trozo, Manila on December 15,1875. His parents were Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon. Despite being orphaned, he managed to send himself to Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He was also able to study law at the University of Santo Tomas although he was not able to finish it because his Spanish classmates often abused him. Emilio was only 19 when he joined the Katipunan. He was known as the brains of the Katipunan when it comes to military matters. His book entitled Kartilya was the one used by the Katipuneros as their guide in fighting the Spanish colonizers. It contained the constitution and by-laws ofthe Katipunan. Reading books was one of Emilio's greatest passions. One of his favorite books was the one about the French Revolution. He also has in his collection a book on how to make gunpowder and dynamite. He also learned quite a few things about the art of war, military strategies and ways of making weapons of war. --- Emilio Jacinto – Utak ng Katipunan Si Emilio Jacinto ay anak nila Mariano Jacinto at Josefa Dizon. Namatay agad ang kanyang ama ilang sandali lamang matapos na siya ay isilang na nagtulak sa kanyang ina na ipaampon si Emilio sa kanyang tiyuhin na si Don Jose Dizon upang magkaroon ng magandang buhay. Si Emilio ay bihasa sa pagsasalita ng Tagalog at Kastila pero mas gusto niya ang Kastila. Siya ay nag-aral sa Kolehiyo ng San Juan de Letran at nang maglaon ay lumipat sa Pamantasan ng Sto. Tomas para mag-aral ng batas. Hindi niya natapos ang kurso at sa edad na 20 ay sumapi siya sa isang sikretong samahan na ang pangalan ay Katipunan. Nang mamatay si Bonifacio, ipinagpatuloy ni Jacinto ang paglaban sa mga Kastila bagamat hindi siya sumali sa puwersa ni Aguinaldo. Namatay si Emilio Jacinto sa sakit na malaria noong Abril 16, 1899 sa Majayjay, Laguna sa edad na 23. Dr. Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar inspired him to be a good writer during his time. He used Dimes Haw as his pen name. He also wrote A la Patria, which he based from Dr. Jose Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios. He was seriously injured in one bloody encounter that resulted to his death on April 16,1899 in Majayjay, Laguna at a young age of 24. Known as the "Brains of the Katipunan", Emilio Jacinto was born in Trozo, Tondo, Manila, on Dec 15,1875. He was the son of Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon. He was fluent in both Spanish and Tagalog, but he spoke more in Spanish. He studied in the Universidad de Santo Tomas, but did not finish college and at 20 joined the Katipunan. Because he was very brilliant, he became the advisor on fiscal matters and secretary to Andres Bonifacio. He also edited and wrote for the Katipunan newspaper "Kalayaan"--Freedom in Tagalog. He wrote in the newspaper under the pen name Dimasilaw, and in the Katipunan he was called Pingkian. Emilio Jacinto was the author of the Kartilya ng Katipunan. After Andres Bonifacio's death, he continued fighting the Spaniards. The appointment paper of Emilio Jacinto as commander-in-chief of the revolutionary forces north of Manila, signed by Andres Bonifacio as "Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan." The letterhead cites Bonifacio as having founded the Katipunan and initiated the revolution. (ENE Collection) … [Read more...]
Filed Under: General, Historic Figures, Philippine Revolution, Spanish Occupation, The Katipunan
Film: Watawat. Movie recalls the creation of the Philippine flag. Philippines -2010
Watawat recalls the creation of the Philippine flag Also entered were actors James Blanco Carlos Morales and the appropriate-produced films. And not just ordinary this movie in terms of genre because it is a period movie titled Flag. Aside from being executive producers Carlos and James Flag, they also perform in the film as the Philippine national heroes. General Emilio Carlos plays Aguinaldao, while James also plays the role of Andres Bonifacio. From Ghalaxy Cinecilio Pictures and Film Productions, the film said the film debut of first-time director Dave Cecilio and two of them Deo Divinagracia the creation of stories. Features in this period film about the creation of the Philippine flag and how it became part of Philippine history. The other cast members of film were Chin-Chin Gutierrez, FAMAS awardee, Mercedes Cabral, Kisza Divinagracia. Those three women performing naghabi of the first flag of the Philippines. Among the cast as well as the flag were Monsour del Rosario, Justin Cuyugan, Mosang, Dan Fernnadez, Angie Ferro, Nathan Lopez, Maricar Madrid, Mara Lopez, Gigi Pirote, Dick Lindayag, Herminia Concpecion, and Fria Rivas. On December 12, 2009 had a trial screening at the University of the Philippines Baguio. Although the film is still raw pina preview it there, as requested. January 2010 now officially start actually present at screenings and walks of people in the movie production. Among the schools and universities is the Baguio Colleges Foundation, University of Baguio, UP Baguio, University of Cordillera, STI College, Colleges Data Center, St. Louis University, etc.. If you can not change the schedule, the target is screening this January 15-21 in Olongapo City area and also OCNHS Like the fourteen (14) public elementary and high schools in Sta.Rita and Subic, etc. Theater SUMVAC held it in Subic Freeport Zone. In February, it also targets to tour Bohol and Nueva Ecija, in March in Cebu and Davao and international screenings also plans soon. Synopsis: This is a journey in the past. The Flag (Flag) is pagsasapelikula a part in the history of the Philippines at the time made the symbol of freedom for the declaration of the First Republic the country. Symbol generated in an effort by Doña Marcela Agoncillo (Chin Chin Gutierrez) based on the request of General Emilio Aguinaldo (Carlos Morales) to create colors. They did it while they live in Hong Kong was caused by the occupation of Spain. There are five days Mrs. Marcela hinahabi also the standard, a partner with his son Enchang (Kisza Divinagracia) and Delfina Natividad (Mercedes Cabral). Obrang generated here represent a shape, color, and the image of courage and truth behind the efforts to achieve a desired freedom. Source of multicolor colors. Red, blue, black white and yellow. Taut the outbreak of the Association was against the repressive foreigners. Became the leader of the revolt were Dagohoy and Diego Silang until developed by Andres Bonifacio (James Blanco) the Katipunan. Also resulted in agreement by Aguinaldo Pakto of Biak-na-Bato the revolution. The eight rays of the sun in eight provinces also felt the first revolt. In Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 was a historic wave of the official flag of the First Republic. This occurred in the middle window of the home of General Aguinaldo. It became the day of full independence. But more followed this revolution against the Spaniards, Americans and other war since switching Dr. Jose Rizal and the Supremo. Many of the historical truth and reveal it tumutulay present. Mute-witness piece of cloth on real events and was even now. Thy banner will continue to shine while gentle people continued to acknowledge its importance. Production staff: Story by Deo Divinagracia and Dave Cecilio Director of Photography: Marvin Reyes Music by Miguel Cortez Wild Sound Sound by AMI Edited by Thop Nazarene, wardrobe by Ronnie Martinez Assistant Directors were Danseco Cicero, Deo Divinagracia, Edmund Mijares, Alex Brin, Ricci Rono, and Carlos Morales. Production Manager: Christopher Manabal, Assistant Production Managers: Kemuel Nini Santos Cruz Executive Producers: Carlos Morales and James Blanco DIRECTOR'S PROFILE: The Director Dave Cecilio was born in Paranas, Samar on March 6, 1972. Native of Bacoor, Cavite City, he was a child and Nora by Cecilio Cecilio Domingo. Among his professional qualifications are as follows: Filmmaker and Writer at the International Academy of Film & Television, Big Foot Entertainment, Hollywood Boulevard (Mactan Lapu-lapu City, Cebu). He was also a TV commercial director, worked at the International Institute for Film & Arts (IIFA) in Makati City. He was also a registered nurse, became a product specialist, former teacher and professioanal medical representative, gained him many kunsaan honor in this field. Among its basic video editing … [Read more...]
Filed Under: Books & Film, General, Philippine Revolution, Regional History, The Katipunan


In the past 12 years, I have taken one or more of my six grandchildren on 25 trips, mostly adventure trips — river rafting, bicycling, rock climbing, camping, a dinosaur dig — in the U.S. but also internationally.
Today, I am making my list and checkin' it twice. Santa Claus is coming to town with gifts of grandchildren trips in 2016.
Also, their parents are not allowed on these expeditions.
Today many grandmothers are quite fit, well traveled, retired from highly accomplished careers, financially capable and single. My grandmother shared her knowledge on how to crochet. I am a geologist and engage my grandchildren in discussions about the origin of the volcanoes and canyons on our trips.
I am a geologist and engage my grandchildren in discussions about the origin of the volcanoes and canyons on our trips.
My primary memory is Chelsea dressed as Snow White on the plane between Orlando and Boston, reveling in the stewardess calling her by her character's name. I was reminded that I can create magic anytime by shifting my outlook on what is real.
Start planning early. The process of tying down a date for one or more summer trips with different grandchildren is complicated because families lead crazy-busy lives. With my two families, it's like climbing Mt. Everest to get their attention in the midst of kids' activities and their own work schedules.
On the subject of trust, listen to the parents' concerns in advance. If they make requests about your behavior, always say yes. My son asked that I don't use the cell in public because I could lose track of his daughter. No problem. I agreed.
Do something with the kids that their parents don't do with them. I take my grandchildren on adventure trips involving camping, kayaking, rafting, hiking and biking. Their parents take them to museums and cultural events. The reverse could be true for you.
Use support systems. I don't feel comfortable being responsible for both the logistics of a trip and keeping track of the kids in a new city or wilderness area. I often pay for the help of a guide. On an adventure trip, I sign up with an outfitter, and there are many who specialize in family adventures. Support is essential.
Don't skimp on money and don't ask your children to pay for any part of the trip. Pick an excursion that is well within your means. I pay for everything or don't take the trip. I calculate the expected cost, then I add 20 percent.
Write down stories from the trips and take pictures. These become your gift when each reaches 16-years-old.
I started with a trip to Disney World when each grandchild was 4. Outdoor overnight adventures began at 5. I started with a three-day camping and river rafting trip on the Green River in Utah. The outfitter did the camp set-up and the cooking. We played and slept outside under the stars.
Next year, I plan to take the granddaughters, ages 9 and 11, bicycling in Brittany and Normandy, France. My dream is to climb Mt. Kilimanjaro again with one or more grandchildren.
To be sure, these are gifts to my grandchildren and their parents, but the value to me exceeds the value to them. The kids gain life experience, confidence in themselves, relationships with their cousins and expanded perspectives on life's possibilities. The adventures motivate me to stay fit, offer me a place to share my knowledge, and provide a place to give and receive love.
Martha Winters Gilliland, Ph.D., is a Tucson public voices fellow with The OpEd Project. She is a former professor of geology and environmental engineering, and retired chancellor of the University of Missouri-Kansas City.


text:
Q: Merge multiple dataframes by multiple id columns in Pandas I have 5 dataframes as follows:
df1:
  provinceCode   provinceName
0    11          XXX
1    12          XXX
2    13          XXX
3    14          XXX
4    15          XXX

df2:
   cityCode  cityName  provinceCode
0  1101       XXX            11
1  1201       XXX            12
2  1301       XXX            13
3  1302       XXX            13
4  1303       XXX            13
df3:
  areaCode  areaName  cityCode  provinceCode
0  110101    XXX      1101            11
1  110102    XXX      1101            11
2  110105    XXX      1101            11
3  110106    XXX      1101            11
4  110107    XXX      1101            11
df4:
   streetCode    streetName  areaCode  provinceCode  cityCode
0  110101001       XXX       110101       11      1101
1  110101002       XXX       110101       11      1101
2  110101003       XXX       110101       11      1101
3  110101004       XXX       110101       11      1101
4  110101005       XXX       110101       11      1101
df5:
   villageCode    villageName         streetCode  provinceCode  cityCode  areaCode
0  110101001001   XXX   110101001            11      1101    110101
1  110101001002   XXX   110101001            11      1101    110101
2  110101001005   XXX   110101001            11      1101    110101
3  110101001006   XXX   110101001            11      1101    110101
4  110101001007   XXX   110101001            11      1101    110101

I hope to merge all dfs together especially their name and drop codes columns. I have tried merge them one by one which is quite inefficient. Just wonder if there is a better way to do that? Thanks.
Here is what I have tried:
df6 = df5.merge(df4[['code', 'name']], left_on = 'provinceCode', right_on = 'code', how = 'left')
df7 = df6.merge(df3[['code', 'name']], left_on = 'areaCode', right_on = 'code', how = 'left')
df8 = df7.merge(df2[['code', 'name']], left_on = 'areaCode', right_on = 'code', how = 'left')
df = df8.merge(df1[['provinceCode', 'provinceName']], left_on = 'provinceCode', right_on = 'code', how = 'left')

A: Updated answer courtesy @OP:
dfs = [df1, df2, df3, df4, df5]
from functools import partial
outer_merge = partial(pd.merge, how='outer')
reduce(outer_merge, dfs)

(Old Answer - don't use)
You don't have to create a variation each circle. Chain them:
 df= df5.merge(df4[['code', 'name']],
            left_on='provinceCode',
            right_on='code',
            how='left'
            ).merge(df3[['code', 'name']],
            left_on='areaCode',
            right_on='code',
            how = 'left'
            ).merge(df2[['code', 'name']],
            left_on='areaCode',
            right_on='code',
            how ='left'
            ).merge(df1[['provinceCode', 'provinceName']],
            left_on='provinceCode',
            right_on='code',
            how='left')

Update: Reduce is awesome in simplicity and speed, but for readability, it is less readable compared to mergers: We could DRY the code:
common_joins = dict(right_on='code', how='left')
common_columns = ['code', 'name']

df= df5.merge(df4[common_columns],
            left_on='provinceCode',
            **common_joins
            ).merge(df3[common_columns],
            left_on='areaCode',
            **common_joins
            ).merge(df2[common_columns],
            left_on='areaCode',
            **common_joins
            ).merge(df1[['provinceCode', 'provinceName']],
            left_on='provinceCode',
            **common_joins)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{intro}

After the work by \citet{my94}, the possibility that Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) originate from a beamed emission has been one of the most debated issue about the nature of the GRB sources in the current literature \citep[see e.g.][and references therein]{p04,m06}. In particular, on the ground of the theoretical considerations by \citet{sph99}, it was conjectured that, within the framework of a conical jet model, one may find that the gamma-ray energy released in all GRBs is narrowly clustered around $5 \times 10^{50}$ ergs \citep{fa01}.

In a recent letter \citep{PowerLaws} we analyzed the approximate power-law relations between the Lorentz gamma factor and the radial coordinate usually adopted in the current GRB literature. We pointed out how such relations are found to be mathematically correct but only approximately valid in a very limited range of the physical and astrophysical parameters and in an asymptotic regime which is reached only for a very short time, if any. Therefore, such relations were there shown to be not applicable to GRBs. Instead, the exact analytic solutions of the equations of motion of a relativistic thin and uniform shell expanding in the interstellar medium (ISM) in the fully radiative and adiabatic regimes were there presented.

This program of identifying the exact analytic solutions instead of approximate power-law solution is in this letter carried one step forward. Using the above exact solutions, we here introduce the exact analytic expressions of the relations between the detector arrival time $t_a^d$ of the GRB afterglow radiation and the corresponding half-opening angle $\vartheta$ of the expanding source visible area due to the relativistic beaming \citep[see e.g.][]{Brasile}. Such visible area must be computed not over the spherical surface of the shell, but over the EQuiTemporal Surface (EQTS) of detector arrival time $t_a^d$, i.e. over the surface locus of points which are source of the radiation reaching the observer at the same arrival time $t_a^d$ \citep[see][for details]{EQTS_ApJL,EQTS_ApJL2}. The exact analytic expressions for the EQTSs in GRB afterglows, which have been presented in \citet{EQTS_ApJL2}, are therefore crucial in our present derivation. This approach clearly differs from the ones in the current literature, which usually neglect the contributions of the radiation emitted from the entire EQTS.

The analytic relations between $t_a^d$ and $\vartheta$ presented in this Letter allow to compute, assuming that the expanding shell is not spherically symmetric but is confined into a narrow jet with half-opening angle $\vartheta_\circ$, the value $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ of the detector arrival time at which we start to ``see'' the sides of the jet. A corresponding ``break'' in the observed light curve should occur later than $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ \citep[see e.g.][]{sph99}. In the current literature, $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ is usually defined as the detector arrival time at which $\gamma \sim 1/\vartheta_\circ$, where $\gamma$ is the Lorentz factor of the expanding shell \citep[see e.g.][and also our Eq.(\ref{Sist}) below]{sph99}. In our formulation we do not consider effects of lateral spreadings of the jet.

In the current literature, in the case of adiabatic regime, different approximate power-law relations between $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ and $\vartheta_\circ$ have been presented, in contrast to each other \citep[see e.g.][]{sph99,pm99,p06}. We show here that in four specific cases of GRBs, encompassing more than $5$ orders of magnitude in energy and more than $2$ orders of magnitude in ISM density, both the one by \citet{pm99} and the one by \citet{sph99} overestimate the exact analytic result. A third relation just presented by \citet{p06} slightly underestimate the exact analytic result. We also present an empirical fit of the numerical solutions of the exact equations for the adiabatic regime, compared and contrasted with the three above approximate relations. In the fully radiative regime, and therefore in the general case, no simple power-law relation of the kind found in the adiabatic regime can be established and the general approach we have outlined has to be followed.

Although evidence for spherically symmetric emission in GRBs is emerging from observations \citep{sa06} and from theoretical argumentations \citep{Spectr1,cospar04}, it is appropriate to develop here an exact theoretical treatment of the relation between $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ and $\vartheta_\circ$. This will allow to make an assessment on the existence and, in the positive case, on the extent of beaming in GRBs, which in turn is going to be essential for establishing their correct energetics.

\section{Analytic formulas for the beaming angle}

The boundary of the visible region of a relativistic thin and uniform shell expanding in the ISM is defined by \citep[see e.g.][and references therein]{Brasile}:
\begin{equation}
\cos\vartheta = \frac{v}{c}\, ,
\label{bound}
\end{equation}
where $\vartheta$ is the angle between the line of sight and the radial expansion velocity of a point on the shell surface, $v$ is the velocity of the expanding shell and $c$ is the speed of light. To find the value of the half-opening beaming angle $\vartheta_\circ$ corresponding to an observed arrival time $(t_a^d)_{jet}$, this equation must be solved together with the equation describing the EQTS of arrival time $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ \citep{EQTS_ApJL2}. In other words, we must solve the following system:
\begin{equation}
\left\{
\begin{array}{rcl}
\cos\vartheta_\circ & = & \frac{v\left(r\right)}{c}\\
\cos\vartheta_\circ & = & \cos\left\{\left.\vartheta \left[r;(t_a^d)_{jet}\right]\right|_{EQTS\left[(t_a^d)_{jet}\right]}\right\}
\end{array}
\right.\, .
\label{Sist}
\end{equation}
It should be noted that, in the limit $\vartheta_\circ \to 0$ and $v \to c$, this definition of $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ is equivalent to the one usually adopted in the current literature (see sec. \ref{intro}).

\subsection{The fully radiative regime}

In this case, the analytic solution of the equations of motion gives \citep[see][]{EQTS_ApJL2,PowerLaws}:
\begin{equation}
\frac{v}{c} = \frac{\sqrt{\left(1-\gamma_\circ^{-2}\right)\left[1+\left(M_{ism}/M_B\right)+\left(M_{ism}/M_B\right)^2\right]}}{1+\left(M_{ism}/M_B\right)\left(1+\gamma_\circ^{-1}\right)\left[1+\textstyle\frac{1}{2}\left(M_{ism}/M_B\right)\right]}\, ,
\label{vRad}
\end{equation}
where $\gamma_\circ$ and $M_B$ are respectively the values of the Lorentz gamma factor and of the mass of the accelerated baryons at the beginning of the afterglow phase and $M_{ism}$ is the value of the ISM matter swept up to radius $r$: $M_\mathrm{ism}=(4\pi/3)m_pn_{ism}(r^3-{r_\circ}^3)$, where $r_\circ$ is the starting radius of the baryonic matter shell, $m_p$ is the proton mass and $n_{ism}$ is the ISM number density. Using the analytic expression for the EQTS given in \citet{EQTS_ApJL2}, Eq.(\ref{Sist}) takes the form:
\begin{equation}
\left\{
\begin{array}{rcl}
\cos\vartheta_\circ & = & \frac{\sqrt{\left(1-\gamma_\circ^{-2}\right)\left[1+\left(M_{ism}/M_B\right)+\left(M_{ism}/M_B\right)^2\right]}}{1+\left(M_{ism}/M_B\right)\left(1+\gamma_\circ^{-1}\right)\left[1+\textstyle\frac{1}{2}\left(M_{ism}/M_B\right)\right]}\\[18pt]
\cos\vartheta_\circ & = & \frac{M_B  - m_i^\circ}{2r\sqrt{C}}\left( {r - r_\circ } \right) +\frac{m_i^\circ r_\circ }{8r\sqrt{C}}\left[ {\left( {\frac{r}{{r_\circ }}} \right)^4  - 1} \right] \\[6pt]
& + & \frac{{r_\circ \sqrt{C} }}{{12rm_i^\circ A^2 }} \ln \left\{ {\frac{{\left[ {A + \left(r/r_\circ\right)} \right]^3 \left(A^3  + 1\right)}}{{\left[A^3  + \left( r/r_\circ \right)^3\right] \left( {A + 1} \right)^3}}} \right\} \\[6pt]
& + & \frac{ct_\circ}{r} - \frac{c(t_a^d)_{jet}}{r\left(1+z\right)} + \frac{r^\star}{r} \\[6pt]
& + & \frac{{r_\circ \sqrt{3C} }}{{6rm_i^\circ A^2 }} \left[ \arctan \frac{{2\left(r/r_\circ\right) - A}}{{A\sqrt{3} }} - \arctan \frac{{2 - A}}{{A\sqrt{3} }}\right]
\end{array}
\right.
\label{SistRad}
\end{equation}
where $t_\circ$ is the value of the time $t$ at the beginning of the afterglow phase, $m_i^\circ=(4/3)\pi m_p n_{\mathrm{ism}} r_\circ^3$, $r^\star$ is the initial size of the expanding source, $A=[(M_B-m_i^\circ)/m_i^\circ]^{1/3}$, $C={M_B}^2(\gamma_\circ-1)/(\gamma_\circ +1)$ and $z$ is the cosmological redshift of the source.

\subsection{The adiabatic regime}

In this case, the analytic solution of the equations of motion gives \citep[see][]{EQTS_ApJL2,PowerLaws}:
\begin{equation}
\frac{v}{c} = \sqrt{\gamma_\circ^2-1}\left(\gamma_\circ+\frac{M_{ism}}{M_B}\right)^{-1}
\label{vAd}
\end{equation}
Using the analytic expression for the EQTS given in \citet{EQTS_ApJL2}, Eq.(\ref{Sist}) takes the form:
\begin{equation}
\left\{
\begin{array}{rcl}
\cos\vartheta_\circ & = & \sqrt{\gamma_\circ^2-1}\left(\gamma_\circ+\frac{M_{ism}}{M_B}\right)^{-1} \\[18pt]
\cos\vartheta_\circ & = & \frac{m_i^\circ}{4M_B\sqrt{\gamma_\circ^2-1}}\left[\left(\frac{r}{r_\circ}\right)^3  - \frac{r_\circ}{r}\right] + \frac{ct_\circ}{r} \\[6pt]
& - & \frac{c(t_a^d)_{jet}}{r\left(1+z\right)} + \frac{r^\star}{r} - \frac{\gamma_\circ-\left(m_i^\circ/M_B\right)}{\sqrt{\gamma_\circ^2-1}}\left[\frac{r_\circ}{r} - 1\right]
\end{array}
\right.
\label{SistAd}
\end{equation}
where all the quantities have the same definition as in Eq.(\ref{SistRad}).

\subsection{The comparison between the two solutions}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{Beam_ad_rad_comp}
\caption{Comparison between the numerical solution of Eq.(\ref{SistRad}) assuming fully radiative regime (blue line) and the corresponding one of Eq.(\ref{SistAd}) assuming adiabatic regime (red line). The departure from power-law behavior at small arrival time follows from the constant Lorentz $\gamma$ factor regime, while the one at large angles follows from the approach to the non-relativistic regime \citep[see details in section \ref{fit} and Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp_Num_Fit_Log}, as well as in][]{PowerLaws}.}
\label{Beam_Comp_Rad_Ad}
\end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp_Rad_Ad} we plot the numerical solutions of both Eq.(\ref{SistRad}), corresponding to the fully radiative regime, and Eq.(\ref{SistAd}), corresponding to the adiabatic one. Both curves have been plotted assuming the same initial conditions, namely the ones of GRB 991216 \citep[see][]{Brasile}.

\section{Comparison with the existing literature}

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\hsize,clip]{Beam_ad_comp_sph99_pm99_p06_991216}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\hsize,clip]{Beam_ad_comp_sph99_pm99_p06_980519}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.5\hsize,clip]{Beam_ad_comp_sph99_pm99_p06_031203}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\hsize,clip]{Beam_ad_comp_sph99_pm99_p06_980425}
\caption{Comparison between the numerical solution of Eq.(\ref{SistAd}) (red line) and the corresponding approximate formulas given in Eq.(\ref{ThetaSPH99}) (blue line), in Eq.(\ref{ThetaPM99}) (black line), and in Eq.(\ref{ThetaP06}) (green line). All four curves have been plotted for four different GRBs: a) GRB 991216 \citep[see][]{Brasile}, b) GRB 980519 \citep[see][]{980519}, c) GRB 031203 \citep[see][]{031203}, d) GRB 980425 \citep[see][]{cospar02}. The ranges of the two axes have been chosen to focus on the sole domains of application of the approximate treatments in the current literature.}
\label{Beam_Comp}
\end{figure*}

Three different approximate formulas for the relation between $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ and $\vartheta_\circ$ have been given in the current literature, all assuming the adiabatic regime. \citet{pm99} proposed:
\begin{equation}
\cos\vartheta_\circ \simeq 1 - 5.9\times10^7 \left(\frac{n_{ism}}{E}\right)^{1/4} \left[\frac{(t_a^d)_{jet}}{1+z}\right]^{3/4} \, ,
\label{ThetaPM99}
\end{equation}
\citet{sph99}, instead, advanced:
\begin{equation}
\vartheta_\circ \simeq 7.4\times 10^3 \left(\frac{n_{ism}}{E}\right)^{1/8} \left[\frac{(t_a^d)_{jet}}{1+z}\right]^{3/8} \, .
\label{ThetaSPH99}
\end{equation}
In both Eq.(\ref{ThetaPM99}) and Eq.(\ref{ThetaSPH99}), $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ is measured in seconds, $E$ is the source initial energy measured in ergs and $n_{ism}$ is the ISM number density in particles/cm$^3$. The formula by \citet{sph99} has been applied quite often in the current literature \citep[see e.g.][]{fa01,ggl04,fa05}.

Both Eq.(\ref{ThetaPM99}) and Eq.(\ref{ThetaSPH99}) compute the arrival time of the photons at the detector assuming that all the radiation is emitted at $\vartheta=0$ (i.e. on the line of sight), neglecting the full shape of the EQTSs. Recently, a new expression has been proposed by \citet{p06}, again neglecting the full shape of the EQTSs but assuming that all the radiation is emitted from $\vartheta = 1/\gamma$, i.e. from the boundary of the visible region. Such an expression is:
\begin{equation}
\vartheta_\circ \simeq 5.4\times 10^3 \left(\frac{n_{ism}}{E}\right)^{1/8} \left[\frac{(t_a^d)_{jet}}{1+z}\right]^{3/8} \, .
\label{ThetaP06}
\end{equation}

In Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp} we plot Eq.(\ref{ThetaPM99}), Eq.(\ref{ThetaSPH99}) and Eq.(\ref{ThetaP06}) together with the numerical solution of Eq.(\ref{SistAd}) relative to the adiabatic regime. All four curves have been plotted assuming the same initial conditions for four different GRBs, encompassing more than $5$ orders of magnitude in energy and more than $2$ orders of magnitude in ISM density: a) GRB 991216 \citep[see][]{Brasile}, b) GRB 980519 \citep[see][]{980519}, c) GRB 031203 \citep[see][]{031203}, d) GRB 980425 \citep[see][]{cospar02}. The approximate Eq.(\ref{ThetaSPH99}) by \citet{sph99} and Eq.(\ref{ThetaP06}) by \citet{p06} both imply a power-law relation between $\vartheta_\circ$ and $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ with constant index $3/8$ for any value of $\vartheta_\circ$, while Eq.(\ref{ThetaPM99}) by \citet{pm99} implies a power-law relation with constant index $3/8$ only for $\vartheta_\circ \to 0$ (for greater $\vartheta_\circ$ values the relation is trigonometric).

All the above three approximate treatments are based on the approximate power-law solutions of the GRB afterglow dynamics which have been shown in \citet{PowerLaws} to be not applicable to GRBs. They also do not take fully into account the structure of the EQTSs, although in different ways. Both Eq.(\ref{ThetaPM99}) and Eq.(\ref{ThetaSPH99}), which assume all the radiation coming from $\vartheta=0$, overestimate the behavior of the exact solution. On the other hand, Eq.(\ref{ThetaP06}), which assumes all the radiation coming from $\vartheta\sim 1/\gamma$, is a better approximation than the previous two, but still slightly underestimates the exact solution.

\section{An empirical fit of the numerical solution}\label{fit}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{Beam_ad_comp_num_fit}
\caption{The overlapping between the numerical solution of Eq.(\ref{SistAd}) (thick green lines) and the approximate fitting function given in Eq.(\ref{ThetaFIT}) (thin red lines) is shown in the four cases (a--d) represented in Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp}.}
\label{Beam_Comp_Num_Fit}
\end{figure}

For completeness, we now fit our exact solution with a suitable explicit functional form in the four cases considered in Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp}. We chose the same functional form of Eq.(\ref{ThetaP06}), which is the closer one to the numerical solution, using the numerical factor in front of it (i.e. $5.4\times 10^3$) as the fitting parameter. We find that the following approximate expression:
\begin{equation}
\vartheta_\circ \simeq 5.84\times 10^3 \left(\frac{n_{ism}}{E}\right)^{1/8} \left[\frac{(t_a^d)_{jet}}{1+z}\right]^{3/8}
\label{ThetaFIT}
\end{equation}
is in agreement with the numerical solution in all the four cases presented in Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp} (see Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp_Num_Fit}). However, if we enlarge the axis ranges to their full extension (i.e. the one of Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp_Rad_Ad}), we see that such approximate empirical fitting formula can only be applied for $\vartheta_\circ < 25^\circ$ \emph{and} $(t_a^d)_{jet} > 10^2$ s (see the gray dashed rectangle in Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp_Num_Fit_Log}).

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\hsize,clip]{Beam_ad_comp_num_fit_log}
\caption{Comparison between the numerical solution of Eq.(\ref{SistAd}) (think green lines) and the approximate fitting function given in Eq.(\ref{ThetaFIT}) (thin red lines) in all the four cases (a--d) represented in Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp}. The ranges of the two axes have been chosen to have their full extension (i.e. the one of Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp_Rad_Ad}). The dashed gray lines are the boundaries of the region where the empirical fitting function can be applied.}
\label{Beam_Comp_Num_Fit_Log}
\end{figure}

An equivalent empirical fit in the fully radiative regime is not possible. In this case, indeed, there is a domain in the $((t_a^d)_{jet},\vartheta_\circ)$ plane where the numerical solution shows a power-law dependence on time, with an index $\sim 0.423$ (see Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp_Rad_Ad}). However, the dependence on the energy cannot be factorized out with a simple power-law. Therefore, in the fully radiative regime, which is the relevant one for our GRB model \citep[see e.g.][]{Brasile}, the application of the full Eq.(\ref{SistRad}) does not appear to be avoidable.

\section{Conclusions}

We have presented in Eqs.(\ref{SistRad},\ref{SistAd}) the exact analytic relations between the jet half-opening angle $\vartheta_\circ$ and the detector arrival time $(t_a^d)_{jet}$ at which we start to ``see'' the sides of the jet, which may be used in GRB sources in which an achromatic light curve break is observed. The limiting cases of fully radiative and adiabatic regimes have been outlined. Such relations differs from the approximate ones presented in the current literature in the adiabatic regime: both the ones by \citet{pm99} and by \citet{sph99} overestimate the exact analytic result, while the one just presented by \citet{p06} slightly underestimate it.

For a limited domain in the $((t_a^d)_{jet},\vartheta_\circ)$ plane defined in Fig. \ref{Beam_Comp_Num_Fit_Log}, and only in the adiabatic regime, an empirical fit of the numerical solution of the exact Eq.(\ref{SistAd}) has been given in Eq.(\ref{ThetaFIT}). However, in the fully radiative regime such a simple empirical power-law fit does not exist and the application of the exact Eq.(\ref{SistRad}) is needed. This same situation is expected also to occur in the general case.

In light of the above results, the assertion that the gamma-ray energy released in all GRBs is narrowly clustered around $5 \times 10^{50}$ ergs \citep{fa01} should be reconsidered. In addition, the high quality data by Swift, going without gaps from the ``prompt emission'' all the way to latest afterglow phases, will help in uniquely identifying the equations of motion of the GRB sources and the emission regimes. Consequently, on the ground of the results presented in this Letter, which encompass the different dynamical and emission regimes in GRB afterglow, an assessment on the existence and, in the positive case, on the extent of beaming in GRBs will be possible. This is a step in the determination of their energetics.

\acknowledgments
We thank an anonymous referee for his/her interesting suggestions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Events > Buildings • Civilizations • Disasters • Discoveries • Empires • Independence • Inventions • Laws • Massacres • Migrations • Miracles • Mystery • Protest • Revolutions • Texts • Theories • Traditions • Wars • Elections • Scripts • World Wonders • All Events
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Magellan, Circled the Globe - 1521
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies that resulted in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano. He was born in a still disputed location i...
Columbus Discovers America
After little over a month at sea, Columbus' ships sighted land in what is now known as the Bahamas. The ship's recorder entered in his journal on Thursday, October 11, 1492, the following: At two hours after midnight the land was sigh...
Discovery Sea Route to India, Da Gama
Prince John and Prince Manuel continued the efforts of Prince Henry to find a sea route to India, and in 1497 Manuel placed Vasco da Gama, who already had some reputation as a warrior and navigator, in charge of four vessels built especial...
Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor from 1519-1558; he was also King of Spain from 1516-1556, officially as Charles I of Spain, although often referred to as Charles V ("Carlos Quinto" or "Carlos V") in Spain and Latin America. He was the son...
Atahualpa, Incan Emperor captured by Pizarro
Atahualpa (in hispanicized spellings) or Atawallpa (Quechua) was the last Sapa Inca (sovereign emperor) of the Tawantinsuyu (the Inca Empire) before the Spanish conquest. Atahualpa became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half...
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
The principle of a list of forbidden books was adopted at the Fifth Lateran Council in 1515, then confirmed by the Council of Trent in 1546. The first edition of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, dated 1557 was published by Pope Paul IV. T...
The Ottoman-Mamluk War of 1516–1517
The Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 was a conflict between the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of Syria, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula as provinces of t...
The Ninety-Five Theses, Martin Luther
The Ninety-Five Theses (original Latin: Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum) were written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests agai...
The Siege of Rhodes
The Siege of Rhodes of 1522 was the second and ultimately successful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to expel the Knights of Rhodes from their island stronghold and thereby secure Ottoman control of the Eastern Mediterranean. The first siege...
Reformation Iconoclasm, Europe
Some of the Protestant reformers, in particular Andreas Karlstadt, Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, encouraged the removal of religious images by invoking the Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry and the manufacture of graven images of God...
Siege of Vienna
The Siege of Vienna of 1529, as distinct from the Battle of Vienna in 1683, represented the farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be si...
Ivan the Terrible, The First Tsar
Ivan IV Vasilyevich, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death. His long reign saw the conquest of the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siber...
Yermak Timofeyevich, Conquest of Siberia
Yermak Timofeyevich, born between 1532 and 1542 - 1584) was a Cossack who led the Russian conquest of Siberia in the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Russia's fur interests fueled their desire to expand east into Siberia. The tsar's ultimate...
Elizabeth I, Queen of England
Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor. Elizabeth was the...
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The North Queensland Toyota Cowboys' Field of Dreams program and Stockland Townsville will make it possible for 30 clients of the Salvos' Grace Cottage to have a night out at the football on Saturday night.
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For further information on Grace Cottage, contact 4721 0151 or visit salvos.org.au.


text:
2020 Texan by Nature 20 Texas Monthly Feature
Original article published on November 19, 2020 in Texas Monthly
Click here to read the original article.
Marathon Petroleum has invested in the Paso Del Norte Trail in El Paso, TX.
2020. It really is its own sentence. In 2020, we've become more aware of and grateful for nature's role in our mental and physical health. In 2020, conservation science has moved forward. Nature cleans our air and water, provides food, offers cost effective solutions, powers our activities, and serves as a recreational outlet. Now, more than ever, conservation is critical, and Texas is poised to lead the world in conservation innovation.
With 168 million acres of land paired with leadership in multiple sectors, Texas is fortunate to have industry leaders who see the value in partnering with conservation initiatives and developing innovative, sustainable methods and processes within their business. Texan by Nature (TxN), a conservation nonprofit founded by former First Lady Laura Bush, is dedicated to uniting conservation and business leaders in these efforts. In a time of uncertainty, we're excited to celebrate something that is certain – the incredible work industry leaders are doing in conservation.
While no industry or business is perfect, there are leaders producing real results. The Texan by Nature 20 (TxN 20) showcases innovation, commitment, and best practices in conservation from 12 industries. Independent research aggregated public data yielding an initial list of 2,000+ companies. A 17-point scoring matrix evaluated criteria such as use of green energy, spend on conservation, and operational innovation. A cross industry selection committee ranked 60 finalists to determine the final honorees.
This year, The TxN 20 is brought to you in partnership with Marathon Petroleum Corporation (MPC). After the selection committee finalized the 2020 honorees, MPC stepped forward to help TxN realize the vision of broadly sharing the best practices and innovation demonstrated by the TxN 20.
MPC's support of the TxN 20 was a natural fit, aligning with the company's commitment to taking actions that create shared value: empowering people to achieve more, contributing to progress in its communities, and conserving resources in its operations. With $18.7 million in community investment, 55,000 volunteer hours, 39,000 tonnes of waste diverted from landfills, and hundreds of millions of gallons in freshwater saved in 2019, MPC stands out as a conservation steward not only for Texas, but for the world.
The 2020 TxN 20 highlights similar industry leaders representing large companies and small across sectors as diverse as the Lone Star state itself. All of them believe our long-term prosperity and health is dependent upon the conservation of our natural resources, and that private industry has an opportunity to demonstrate a new, collaborative model of conservation for the world.
ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN, & DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION & MANUFACTURING, ENERGY, AND TECHNOLOGY
In Texas, we have the opportunity to live well thanks to four industries providing jobs and impacting our homes, workplaces, work product, roadways, and connection to one another. The Architecture, Design & Development, Construction & Manufacturing, Energy, and Technology industries play a major role in living well. The infrastructure, tools, and products these industries provide come together to power not only Texas, but the world. This is exemplified by Texas' number one position in energy production, #2 position in technology jobs, unique architecture offerings, and rapidly growing population. As populations in the Lone Star State continue to grow, innovative principles and technologies will help meet our state's infrastructure, living, and working needs while ensuring community health, economic prosperity, and conservation of natural resources.
American Campus Communities
American Campus Communities (ACC), is the nation's largest developer, owner, and manager of high-quality student housing communities, having served 200,000+ Texas college students. In every design, ACC prioritizes sustainability and believes focusing on materials and specifications improves student health and reduces operational costs, such as $4.25M saved with lighting updates.
CEMEX, is one of the largest global building materials companies in the world, providing products and services in 50+ countries. Their leadership goes beyond building materials with an operational focus on sustainability. For every acre of land under operations, CEMEX has 20.8 acres of land in conservation at its El Carmen Nature Reserve.
Cirrus Logic is an American fabless semiconductor supplier that specializes in low-power, mixed-signal integrated circuits. They showcase a commitment to environmental responsibility through programs such as employee transportation solutions that reduce carbon emissions and volunteerism that keeps local green spaces clean.
Dell is one of the largest technology companies in the world, with 165,000+ team members across 180 countries serving 16M people. Dell makes an impact through collaborative partnerships that help reduce e-waste, encourage recycling, repurpose electronic parts, and restore habitat. Since 2015, Dell has used more than 35M pounds of closed-loop plastics.
Marathon Petroleum Corporation (MPC)
With 3,700 employees in Texas and 60,000 employees company wide, MPC is the largest independent petroleum refining, marketing, retail, and midstream business in the U.S. In 2019, MPC invested $18.7M into the communities where they operate, accelerating economic growth, environmental preservation, and resource conservation.
Overland Partners Architects + Urban Design
Overland provides comprehensive services in architectural design, urban design, and master planning throughout the world – designing well known places like the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Already achieving milestones in CO2 reduction, water reuse, and waste diversion, Overland is committed to transitioning to Net Zero Carbon on all projects by 2030.
With over 500 employees in Texas, Stantec provides professional consulting services internationally in planning, engineering, architecture, interior design, landscape architecture, surveying, environmental sciences, and more. Stantec annually invests ~$3M to develop innovative technologies and approaches to encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.
Vistra
Vistra is the largest competitive residential electricity provider in the country and serves nearly 5M residential, commercial, and industrial retail customers with electricity and natural gas. In addition to $700M invested in renewables, Vistra donated $3.5M+ to programs across 11 states in 2019 and has reclaimed 85,000+ acres of land.
WHAT WE CONSUME
AGRICULTURE, FOOD, BEVERAGE, & GROCERY, HOSPITALITY & ENTERTAINMENT, AND RETAIL
With a population of 28.9 million expected to double by 2050, Texas both produces and consumes at Texas-sized levels. Four industries are at the forefront: Agriculture, Retail, Hospitality & Entertainment, and Food, Beverage, & Grocery. Home to America's favorite grocery, Texas produces a variety of products which are featured on shelves across the nation. With 141 million acres of private working lands, Texas provides food and fiber for the world, while also providing critical wildlife habitat and ecosystem services. Beyond food and materials, Texas is the second largest hospitality employer in the U.S. and adds $400B to GDP through retail. From reducing emissions and investing in renewable energy to conserving water and reducing waste through circular recycling initiatives, industry leaders in these categories are using innovative approaches to deliver products and services to customers, while caring for the planet.
Farmer Brothers
Farmer Brothers is an American coffee roaster, wholesaler, and distributor of coffee, tea, and culinary products to the foodservice industry, serving 60,000+ establishments. While serving the finest products available, Farmer Brothers commits to sustainable cultivation, manufacturing, and distribution – diverting 527K lbs of waste in 2018 and 114 tonnes of CO2 in 2019.
Harvest Seasonal Kitchen
Harvest Seasonal Kitchen is a community-to-table restaurant that connects North Texas communities to great food while supporting local farmers, ranchers, and artisans. In 2019 alone, Harvest welcomed 75,000 guests, providing education about local growers, sustainability, and conservation – all while diverting waste and saving energy.
America's favorite grocery store, H-E-B, provides fresh food and quality products, employing 120,000+ partners in 300+ communities. H-E-B illustrates innovative sustainability throughout their operations, from state-of-the-art, environmentally-friendly refrigeration and solar panel systems to turning used tires into rubber mulch, and more. H-E-B recycling efforts have saved the equivalent of 9M trees.
Plateau Land & Wildlife Management and Braun & Gresham, PLLC
Plateau and Braun & Gresham have been proudly serving landowners in Texas for 20+ years. To date, Plateau has worked with 4,304 landowners across 138 counties to increase land value by conserving, restoring and/or improving native wildlife and habitats through science-based solutions across 1,081,880 acres.
Sanderson Farms, Inc.
Employing 6,500+ people in Texas, with 18,000 employees spanning five states, Sanderson Farms is the third-largest poultry producer in the U.S. Committed to sustainable operations, Sanderson Farms saved over 620M gallons of water in 2019 through utilizing reuse water.
Sysco
With 57,000 associates, Sysco operates 326 distribution facilities worldwide, serving more than 625,000 locations providing food products to customers who prepare meals away from home. Building on 4M gallons of water saved, Sysco pledges to divert 90% of waste from landfills, source 20% of electricity from renewables, and more by 2025.
With 151 Texas locations, Target's 350,000+ team members serve guests at 1,900 stores globally. In 2019, Target reused ~151M hangers through its circular recycling program. From water conservation to renewable energy, Target is focused on better products, services, and experiences for their guests and for the planet.
SERVICES WE USE
FINANCIAL SERVICES, HEALTHCARE, MUNICIPAL SERVICES, AND TRANSPORTATION
If Texas were an independent nation, it would have the 10th largest GDP on earth. There are four industries providing services that help Texas maintain its economic advantage. Financial, municipal, transportation, and healthcare services allow Texans to enjoy jobs and access to some of the best and most innovative services in the world. Pairing the largest share of roadway and rail in the U.S. with 400 airports and healthcare focused on healthy communities through sustainability and green space, Texas is able to provide healthy living and travel. Even better, leadership in the financial sector provides the capital for continued focus on conservation and innovation. Leaders in these industries are spearheading research, shaping policy, reducing emissions, becoming carbon-neutral, using wetlands to filter water for reuse, and recycling tens of thousands of tons annually.
Citi, a leading global bank with ~10,000 colleagues in Texas, has approximately 200M customer accounts and does business in 160+ countries/jurisdictions. From financing $164B in environmental activities from 2014 to 2019 to their focus on sustainable forestry standards, Citi is committed to driving positive social and environmental impact.
City of San Antonio Office of Sustainability
San Antonio's Office of Sustainability makes San Antonio a great place to live, work, and play by enhancing the environment, quality-of-life, and economic vitality of the city through sustainability programs. From 2011 through 2019 the city completed 414 energy efficiency projects, resulting in $1.6M in cost savings annually.
Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART)
DART provides public transit services to move people around North Texas, serving 70M+ people annually. Public transportation is eco-friendly by nature and commuters pocket more than $4,000 per year riding DART. DART is also committed to sustainable operations with emphasis on renewable energy, recycling, and community gardens.
DFW Airport, the second-largest U.S. airport by land area, spanning 17,2017 acres, exemplifies sustainability through land stewardship, waste diversion, energy use reduction, water reclamation, environmental education, and more. DFW Airport is also the first airport in North America and largest in the world to achieve carbon-neutral accreditation.
North Texas Municipal Water District (NTMWD)
NTMWD is a regional wholesale provider of water, wastewater, and solid waste disposal services for ~1.8 M North Texans. Serving a population expected to double by 2050, NTMWD focuses on natural solutions such as wetlands which treated 5B+ gallons of water for reuse and provided 1,800+ acres of habitat in 2019.
Texas Health has a team of 24,000+ employees across 28 facilities. Texas Health strives to improve the health of people they serve and aims to operate sustainably through operational effectiveness, innovative care, and a high-performing culture. Evidence of their commitment includes over 21M gallons of water saved annually.
View the Texas Monthly Feature | Learn more at TxN20.org
View the Official Press Release | View the Selection Committee


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