text:
Ed Markey defeats Joe Kennedy in Massachusetts Democratic Senate primary
Sen. Ed Markey won the Massachusetts Democratic primary for the U.S. Senate on Tuesday evening,fending off a bitter challenge from Rep. Joe Kennedy, AP reports.
Why it matters: The power of the Kennedy name in Massachusetts wasn't enough to overcome the incumbency advantage and progressive credentials of Markey, the co-author of the Green New Deal.
Background: The race captured a unique generational dynamic between the Democratic Party's progressive and establishment wings.
74-year-old Markey was backed by progressive champions like Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-N.Y.) and Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.), while the 39-year-old Kennedy earned endorsements from party leaders like House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.
Pelosi served with Markey in the House for 25 years, before he was elected to the Senate in 2013 during a special election to replace former Sen. John Kerry, who had been nominated as Secretary of State.
Kennedy, the grandson of former Attorney General Bobby Kennedy and grand-nephew of former President John F. Kennedy, was elected to the House in 2012. He is the first Kennedy to lose a statewide race in Massachusetts.
The big picture: Even though Markey is an incumbent, his win is considered a big one for the progressive movement, which has seen mixed results this election cycle.
Progressive Jamaal Bowman defeated 16-term incumbent Rep. Eliot Engel in NY-16's Democratic primary in June.
Establishment favorite Amy McGrath defeated progressive state Rep. Charles Booker in Kentucky's Democratic U.S. Senate primary the same month.


the prices shown, with three meals a day and lodging (bring your own bedding).
If you prefer, you may plan your own outdoor adventures. There are many hiking trails within a short distance of camp. Campers may swim or fish at the lake, or simply relax under the trees. Enjoy a walk through one of the wildflower filled meadows near the camp, or walk down to the lake to pay a visit to the wild geese. For those wishing a more strenuous hike and an all day adventure, try the longer (8+miles) hikes to either Thunder Mountain or Needle's Eye. Please remember not to pick any flora or fauna. Your camera will be your ticket to identifying the abundant growth of wildflowers, or preserving the beautiful Silver Lake sunrises and sunsets.


text:
Availability Search for Willow Cottage
From £693 per unit per week
Willow Cottage is accessible, family and dog friendly. This is a semi-detached newly re-furbished cottage in the grounds of Noddsdale, by Brisbane Glen Road. Set in its own enclosed garden, which has been lovingly created with a little pond (fitted with a safety grid) shrubs and flowers, this is a perfect place to enjoy a holiday for almost anyone.
This accessible cottage has 2 superking/twin bedrooms one of which is downstairs, and a cabin size bedroom with a single bed and a travel cot upstairs. There is a bathroom downstairs which now has a walk in shower as well as a bath,and there is a shower room upstairs. There are stair gates, a high chair, a junior chair, fire guard, a play table and chairs for the little ones. The kitchen/dining can seat 6 and the kitchen is equipped with almost everything you could want for your stay, including a Nespresso coffee machine - just bring your favourite pods!
Dogs are welcome and we do have a couple of dog beds and some throws but if they share your bed, please bring your own throws to protect the bedlinen!
The sitting room has a television, dvd, free Wifi, an open fire, sofa, chairs, tables and a small library of books and dvds and games in the cupboard. The front door has steps up to the porch/sunroom, but there is a ramp to the back door entering through the utility room. Parking for 2 cars.
Noddsdale is a special place to recharge the batteries or explore the area to your hearts content. The beds are really comfortable and all bedding is allergy friendly with 100% British Wool duvets, pillows from The Wool Room and 100% cotton bedlinen with a high thread count to give you the best sleep - warm in winter and cool in summer. All linen and towels, heating and logs are included in the price.
Noddsdale is two miles from the centre of Largs and within an hour of Glasgow and Prestwick airports. Ferries to Cumbrae, Bute and Arran are nearby and the paddle steamer Waverley offers trips on the Clyde and the Kyles of Bute to Loch Fyne in July and August. There are several golf courses close by.
Largs is a bustling seaside town with some great places to eat. There is the world famous Nardini's restaurants and coffee shops with excellent ice creams; Scotts restaurant at the busy Marina to the south of Largs; Lounge in the Main Street, The Catch at Fins to the south of Fairlie to name but a few. Visiting castles, houses and gardens in the area is popular with the fabulous Dumfries House saved for the nation by Prince Charles, or The Duke of Rothesay as he is known in Scotland; Mount Stuart House on the Island of Bute; Culzean Castle south of Ayr; Inverary Castle on Loch Fyne; gardens at Benmore, near Dunoon and many more. Glasgow museums and shops are only an hour away by train from Largs or Wemyss Bay station. Food shops in Largs vary from the supermarket to the excellent fish shop, Cfayre, Patons the butcher, and the Deli with delicious cheeses and coffee. Mearns Macaskie at Wemyss Bay is a famous butcher with a cafe opposite the ferry terminal and train station.
Getting here:-
By road - From North take M8/A8/A78 to Largs. From South take A78 and from East take A737/A760. Proceed to the North end of the Esplanade and turn into Douglas Street at the signs for Brisbane Glen Road and National Sports Centre. Follow the road into Brisbane Glen past Kilburn Water on the left and the cemetery on the right. Willow Cottage is situated opposite the entrance to Brisbane Mains Farm with a sign marked Noddsdale Cottages 2 and 3.
Getting there by railway:- From Largs Railway Station, turn left down to the seafront. Proceed to the North end of the Esplanade. Turn right in to Douglas Street at the signs for Brisbane Glen Road and the National Sports Centre. Follow the road into Brisbane Glen, past Kilburn Water on the left and the cemetery on the right. Willow Cottage is situated opposite the entrance to Brisbane Mains Farm with a sign marked Noddsdale Cottages 2 and 3.
Getting there by aeroplane:- From Prestwick Airport travel to Largs on A78. Travel down Largs Main Street towards seafront. Follow seafront to the North end of Esplanade. Turn right in to Douglas Street at the signs for Brisbane Glen Road and the National Sports Centre. Follow the road into Brisbane Glen, past Kilburn Water on the left and the cemetery on the right. Willow Cottage is situated opposite the entrance to Brisbane Mains Farm with a sign marked Noddsdale Cottages 2 and 3.
Facilities Pets Welcome Parking Accessible Parking Or Drop-off Point WiFi Internet
Suitable for visitors with limited mobility
Partial wheelchair access
Internet Banking Transfer
Show More Pricing Bell Loft, Mansion wing £750 Per unit per week East Wing, Mansion wing £645 Per unit per week Willow Cottage £640 Per unit per week
Willow Cottage £693 Per unit per week
noddsdale@ayrshirecountryholiday.co.uk
Noddsdale Estate,
Largs,
North Ayrshire,
KA30 8SL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Shops & Scenery
Haunted House on Morey's Pier - early 1980's
Thread starter Robert K
Robert K
I am working on a recreation of a long gone attraction in Wildwood, NJ that existed from 1972 to 1984. I am studying photos of the exterior to make it as close as possible with the building pieces we have right now in Planet Coaster. It will even have an interior based on drawings of the three floors that some guy drew for me. I saw this as a kid at night in 1982-1983 but didn't go in. I rode a two level horror ride through that still exists today but was renovated several years ago. Wildwood, NJ was one of my most favorite vacation spots, but in the past 17 years developers have torn down old motels, restaurants, and other buildings for condos. Morey's Piers today has a scary three level Ghost Ship walk through that opened 8 years ago. There was also a scary haunted castle attraction on the former Nickels Midway Pier called Castle Dracula, it opened 1977 and burned Jan 16, 2002, it had a dungeon boat ride and a walk through. And there were other dark rides and walk throughs on the other piers. Well, here is a screenshot of my Haunted House.
I just came across more rare shots of the haunted house at a new Wildwood nostalgia Facebook page. They were taken around 1980. The haunted house was razed after 1984. They did some major remodeling for the 1985 season. Now, the same pier is changing some more, they removed the under the pier go-karts, and rides are being moved around, and a compact coaster called Flitzer dating back to 1969 but acquired in 1983 was just removed due to age. I plan to make a ride through version of the haunted house using the hoax ride. I might upload a plain version and one with the ride.


Karen here and over the Christmas Holidays I received the most wonderful American Girl Doll Boy Transformation custom doll from My Girl Doll Clothing Co Etsy Shop, I named him David. Today David helps me share my tutorial for how to create a Video Game Themed Doll Room For Your Dolls along with a few items I borrowed from my sons collection. Using mostly items I had on hand I created this Video Game Bedroom that easily converts to a video game play room with my convertible box bed!
Items from your doll play collection you a may already have such as a blanket, pillow, dresser, lamp and small related toys for the toy boxes. Anything you already have to enhance the look of your doll room.
Step 1- Assemble all your supplies and tape the end of your Pop Tart box closed.
Step 2- Use your ruler to find the center of the box around the middle. Then raw a line around the center of the box. Use your scissors to cut along the line you created. This will create two toys boxes.
Step 3- Cover the boxes with duck tape all the way around.
Step 4- To create the handles cut 4 pieces of 6 inch ribbon from your spool and tape it into place on both the outside of the ribbon and the inside as shown. Repeat on the other side and other box.
Step 5- Add your video game themed stickers or images to the front of the toy box as shown in the photos above.
Step 1- Find some paper that appeals to you. I love the back ground of the green paper to go with the color I chose for the couch/bed. Cut your paper to 3 1/2 inches by 5 inches or 4X5 inches what ever size you would like. Glue your papers together and decorate with your stickers or images as you wish.
Step 2- Attach to your doll's wall using Painter's tape. This way no harm will come to your doll room walls when you wish to change your rooms decor.
Step 1- Take one or the three handy snack boxes and fold the lid towards the bottom of the box, then tape this into place along the edge of the bottom of the box. This creates the back of the couch/bed.
Step 2- Continue covering the box with Duck Tape. Be sure to cover the sides as well!
Your couch is now ready for sitting on.
Step 1- Place the remaining boxes side by side and use your Duck Tape to tape them together. Cover both Boxes completely. Slide them into place in front of the "Couch" you already created.
Step 2- Dress the bed with any doll bedding you have and start to decorate your room.
I had a great time putting this doll room together and even if Video games are not your favorite thing you can use these same ideas to decorate your dolls room in any theme. Just change the Duck Tape, the stickers and colors to create a doll bedroom and playroom you will be proud of!
Firstie! Very cool might has to try it with my dolls!
So cute! Our dolls LOVE their game!
David is handsome. Wonderful room. Very creative.
I would like to do this into a Paris themed room.
That;s awesome!!! I love the creativity!
Hey Karen, I just got some wonderful 70s style stuff for my boy dolls, Danny and Jason and will be working on Danny's room this weekend! Aren't boy dolls fun?
That was neat. I posted a few on here a while back, and now I have my on doll blog. I hope you Check it out as it's entertaining to read. Thank you.
Thanks everyone @Sharry I love boy stuff! Can not wait to see what you do with it! I hope to see all your doll rooms! Remember to send in photos!
@ Karen, Thanks, but I don't have doll rooms; more like doll sets that get put up and taken down. But I'll post a vid link when I get Danny's room done.
@Sharry, me too! I love my portable doll rooms!


text:
Experience Mexico
info@acloserlooktours.com 1-877-938-0951
— Main Menu —Home About Us Contact/Book Now
Contact/Book Now
Oaxaca, Mexico Tour
Experience the beautiful scenery of this destination
Duration: 6 Days / 5 Nights
Location: Oaxaca, La Verde Antequera, Monte Albán, and The Mitla Valley
Your First Name (required)
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Tour Date Request
Overview View Itinerary Dates & Prices
Tour through Oaxaca, Mexico
Tour Description
Oaxaca (wa-hah-kah) is a land of bountiful possibility. Striking scenery, ancient history, authentic cuisine and a lively arts scene come together here to create an unforgettable journey.
Framed by the Sierra Madre del Sur Mountains, Oaxaca is as diverse in landscape as it is in culture. To the south is the Pacific Ocean, and the coastline claims stunning beach resorts such as Huatulco and Puerto Escondito. The city of Oaxaca – a popular and alluring destination – rests roughly 300 miles south of Mexico City.
Aptly nicknamed "Tierra del Sol" (The Land of the Sun), Oaxaca sits 5000 feet above sea-level, giving it a beautiful, temperate climate suitable for endless exploring. Just outside Oaxaca City grows the magnificent Árbol del Tule. With a reported age of over 2,000 years, this is widely known as world's oldest tree. The trunk of this Montezuma cypress measures a remarkable 42 meters (137 feet) in diameter.
Oaxaca City features a wealth of cultural experience. The essence of ancient civilizations remains alive here in vivacious markets, old-style handicrafts and enduring colonial architecture dating back to the city's 16th-century establishment. Wander through the lively downtown streets to take in the history and the innovation as one. Galleries, museums and restaurants now find their homes in expertly restored colonial buildings.
The ruins of Monte Albán comprise the state's best-known archaeological site – one popular for its historical richness and astonishing views. Located just west of Oaxaca City, the ancient city was erected on a hilltop overlooking the Valley of Oaxaca and served as the capital of the indigenous Zapotec civilization for over 1000 years.
The ruins of Mitla lie southwest of Oaxaca City. Here, visitors can see intricate stone masonry and mosaics still steeped in centuries-old tradition of the Zapotec and Mixtec peoples. The influence of these and countless other ancient civilizations thrives in Oaxaca to this day.
Tradition is particularly influential in a culinary sense. The diverse cuisine of Oaxaca includes pre-Hispanic dishes and elaborate recipes of the colonial era. Each dish is a masterpiece in the "Land of the Seven Moles." Trademark dishes include mole, tamales, and excellent cheeses. Wake up your senses with a warm cup of creamy atole or café olla.
With A Closer Look Tours, not only will you see the sights, but you will truly learn about and connect with the environment and culture of Oaxaca.
Need Insurance: Click Here for Travelex Insurance
© 2019 A Closer Look Tours - All Rights Reserved.


text:
Q: Return onPostExecute Value into onBindViewHolder of RecyclerAdapter I have chat screen where i am downloading attachment from FirebaeStorage.
I have various formats of file which can be send doc,pdf,apk etc. and for each i have same TextViews and ImageViews.
In Chat screen's recyclerview adapter i am setting file path of local storage which can be obtain by run AsyncTask which downloads files from Firebase Storage and return file path.This work perfectly but the issue is how to get back that file path in onBindViewHolder on particular if else
Here is my RecyclerAdapter where i am calling AsyncTask and need result back into same scope and wait till download completes then set views according to data returned
public void onBindViewHolder(final Chat_Adapter.ViewHolder holder, int position) {

if (fileType.equals("pdf")){
 new DownloadFileFromFS(Download_URL,FileName+".pdf").execute();

//HERE I NEED THE RESULT FROM ASYNCTASK AND WAIT TILL DOWNLOAD COMPLETES
 //THEN SET THE VIEWS WITH RETURN RESULT FROM ASYNCTASK

    if (DownloadFilePath!=null){
        File file=new File(DownloadFilePath);
        long sizeFile=file.length()/1024; //In KB
        holder.Doc_FileName.setText(DownloadFilePath);
        holder.Doc_FileSize.setText(String.valueOf(sizeFile));
    }
    else {
        Log.d(TAG,"DOWNLOAD FILE PATH IS NULL");
    }

}

AsyncTask
public class DownloadAttachment extends AsyncTask<Void, String, String> {
    String DownloadUrl,fileName;
    File file;
    Context context;
    ProgressBar progressBar;
    public static final String TAG="###Download Attachment";

    public DownloadAttachment(Context context, String downloadUrl, String fileName) {
        DownloadUrl = downloadUrl;
        this.fileName = fileName;
        this.context=context;
    }

    @Override
    protected void onPostExecute(String s) {
        super.onPostExecute(s);
    }

    @Override
    protected String doInBackground(Void... params) {
        int count;
        try {
            File root = android.os.Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory();

            Log.d(TAG,"DO IN BACKGROUND RUNNING");
            File dir = new File(root.getAbsolutePath() + "/Downloaded Files/");
            if (dir.exists() == false) {
                dir.mkdirs();
            }

            URL url = new URL(DownloadUrl); //you can write here any link
            file = new File(dir, fileName);

            long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            Log.d(TAG, "download begining");
            Log.d(TAG, "download url:" + url);
            Log.d(TAG, "downloaded file name:" + fileName);

       /* Open a connection to that URL. */
            URLConnection ucon = url.openConnection();

            //this will be useful so that you can show a typical 0-100% progress bar
            int lengthOfFile=ucon.getContentLength();
       /*
        * Define InputStreams to read from the URLConnection.
        */
            InputStream is = ucon.getInputStream();
            BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(is);

       /*
        * Read bytes to the Buffer until there is nothing more to read(-1).
        */
            ByteArrayOutputStream baf = new ByteArrayOutputStream(5000);
            int current = 0;
            long total=0;
            while ((current = bis.read()) != -1) {
                baf.write((byte) current);
                total=total+current;
                //PUBLISH THE PROGRESS
                //AFTER THIS onProgressUpdate will be called
                publishProgress(""+(int)(total*100)/lengthOfFile);
            }

       /* Convert the Bytes read to a String. */
            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
            fos.write(baf.toByteArray());
            fos.flush();
            fos.close();
            Log.d("DownloadManager", "download ready in " + ((System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) / 1000) + " sec");
            Log.d(TAG,"File Path "+file);

        } catch (IOException e) {
            Log.d("DownloadManager", "Error: " + e);
        }

        return file.toString();
    }

}

UPDATE As @Atef Hares suggest,i did implement in code.its working fine but what if i have different format. How to call particular if else after getting result from asynctask cuz code suggested only call pdf if statement.
if (fileType.equals("pdf")){
    final String nameFile=UUID.randomUUID().toString();
    new DownloadFileFromFS(chat_wrapper.getDocuments(),nameFile).execute();

     filePathInterface=new FilePath() {
        @Override
        public void LocalFilePath(final String Path) {
           //HERE I AM GETTING RESULT FROM ASYNCTASK
           //AND SETTING VIEWS ACCORDING TO IT
        }
    };

}
else if (fileType.equals("doc")){
//HOW TO GET RESULT FROM ASYNCTASK HERE IF FILETYPE IS "doc"

}
else if (fileType.equals("ppt")){
//HOW TO GET RESULT FROM ASYNCTASK HERE IF FILETYPE IS "ppt"
}

A: Okay using interfaces -as you know- will achieve what you need!
just do it like this:
public interface AsyncTaskCallback {
    void onSuccess (String filePath);
}

and in the Adapter, don't set any data to the view unless you got the data back from asyncTask, like this:
public void onBindViewHolder(final Chat_Adapter.ViewHolder holder, int position) {

         //Initialize filetype here

        new DownloadFileFromFS(Download_URL, FileName + "."+ filetype, new AsyncTaskCallback() {
            @Override
            public void onSuccess(String filePath) {
                //HERE I NEED THE RESULT FROM ASYNCTASK AND WAIT TILL DOWNLOAD COMPLETES
                //THEN SET THE VIEWS WITH RETURN RESULT FROM ASYNCTASK

                if (filePath != null) {
                    File file = new File(filePath);
                    long sizeFile = file.length() / 1024; //In KB
                    holder.Doc_FileName.setText(filePath);
                    holder.Doc_FileSize.setText(String.valueOf(sizeFile));
                } else {
                    Log.d(TAG, "DOWNLOAD FILE PATH IS NULL");
                }
            }
        }).execute();
    }

A: You could use a callback.
public interface FileDownloadCallback {
    void onSuccess (String filePath);
    void onFailed ();

}

Pass that in to your AsyncTask and call it from onPostExecute.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When winter comes, it's crucial to keep your kids warm and dry, whether they're walking, waiting for the bus or playing in the snow. The Columbia Girl's Barlow Pass 600 TurboDown Jacket will do just that. An an Omni-Heat Thermal Reflective lining keeps them toasty, while the high-grade insulation is making sure they stay warm whatever the condition. Waterproof and breathable construction means they'll be both dry and as comfortable as can be and all their belongings remains drain in the numerous pockets.


text:
[![CI Status](http://img.shields.io/travis/chenchangqing/CustomUISearchDisplayController.svg?style=flat)](https://travis-ci.org/chenchangqing/CustomUISearchDisplayController)
[![Version](https://img.shields.io/cocoapods/v/CustomUISearchDisplayController.svg?style=flat)](http://cocoapods.org/pods/CustomUISearchDisplayController)
[![License](https://img.shields.io/cocoapods/l/CustomUISearchDisplayController.svg?style=flat)](http://cocoapods.org/pods/CustomUISearchDisplayController)
[![Platform](https://img.shields.io/cocoapods/p/CustomUISearchDisplayController.svg?style=flat)](http://cocoapods.org/pods/CustomUISearchDisplayController)

## Usage

To run the example project, clone the repo, and run `pod install` from the Example directory first.

## Requirements

## Installation

CustomUISearchDisplayController is available through [CocoaPods](http://cocoapods.org). To install
it, simply add the following line to your Podfile:

```ruby
pod "CustomUISearchDisplayController"
```

## Author

chenchangqing, chenchangqing198@126.com

## License

CustomUISearchDisplayController is available under the MIT license. See the LICENSE file for more info.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Копально — село в Пермском крае России. Входит в Чусовской городской округ.

Географическое положение
Село расположено в центральной части округа на правом берегу реки Чусовая на расстоянии примерно 16 километров на запад по прямой от города Чусовой.

Климат
Климат умеренно континентальный. Среднегодовая температура воздуха колеблется около 0 градусов, среднемесячная температура января — −16 °C, июля — +17 °C, заморозки отмечаются в мае и сентябре. Высота снежного покрова достигает 80 см. Продолжительность залегания снежного покрова 170 дней. Продолжительность вегетационного периода 118 дней. В течение года выпадает 500—700 мм осадков.

История
Известно с 1647 года как деревня Копалина. Стало селом после постройки Покровской деревянной церкви в 1877 году. Долгое время село было центром сельсовета (1924—2006). В начале 2000-х годов в селе имелось: средняя школа и детский дом-сад, ветлечебница, фельдшерско-акушерский пункт, библиотека и филиал Верхнекалинского дома культуры.

С 2004 до 2019 гг. село входило в состав ныне упразднённого Верхнекалинского сельского поселения Чусовского муниципального района.

Население
Постоянное население составляло 448 человек в 2002 году (93 % русские), 400 человек в 2010 году.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Чусовского городского округа

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section*{Introduction}

Multiferroic materials have increasingly inspired interest in recent years due to their potential technological applications; specifically magnetoelectric coupling, where the magnetic order can be influenced by an applied electric field and vice versa, may have intriguing applications in spintronics \cite{Kostylev2005,Tong2016,Zanolli2016} and novel electronic components \cite{Gajek2007,Yang2010}. Of particular interest are improper ferroelectric multiferroics, in which ferroelectricity is induced by frustrated magnetic interactions, forming a magnetic state that breaks inversion symmetry, for instance an incommensurate spin-cycloid \cite{Katsura2005,Kenzelmann2005}. Strong magnetoelectric coupling can occur in such materials \cite{Kimura2003,Wang2009}, however the improper ferroelectric phase generally occurs only at low temperatures, typically below $\sim70$\,K \cite{Kimura2003}. For many of the technological applications to be realized, room-temperature magnetoelectrics are strongly desired.

The static polarization in an improper ferroelectric phase can be understood as arising from the spin current or inverse Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction \cite{Katsura2005}, which induces a polarization $\mathbf{P}\propto\left(\mathbf{S}_{n}\times\mathbf{S}_{n+1}\right)$, where $\mathbf{S}_{n}$, $\mathbf{S}_{n+1}$ are adjacent spins in the cycloid. The induced static polarization in many improper ferroelectric materials is weak (typically $<1$\,$\mu$C\,cm$^{-2}$) \cite{Kimura2003}. Further, improper ferroelectrics exhibit dynamic magnetoelectric coupling, whereby an oscillating electric field couples to a spin wave, or magnon. This results in a novel quasiparticle excitation at terahertz frequencies - the electromagnon \cite{Pimenov2006,Pimenov2006a,Sushkov2007,Katsura2007,Kida2009,Jones2014}. Two distinct mechanisms that give rise to electromagnons have been discussed in the literature: Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya electromagnons, which are eigenmodes of a spin-cycloid induced by the DM interaction \cite{Katsura2007} and couple directly to oscillating electric fields \cite{DeSousa2008}; and exchange-striction electromagnons, which arise from a modulation of the isotropic Heisenberg exchange interaction proportional to a ($\mathbf{S}_{i}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{j}$) term in the Hamiltonian \cite{Sushkov2008,ValdesAguilar2009}. Electromagnons have been observed at low temperatures ($<70$\,K) in materials such as $R$MnO$_{3}$ and $R$Mn$_{2}$O$_{5}$ ($R=$ rare earths) \cite{Pimenov2006,Pimenov2006a,Sushkov2007,Katsura2007,Kida2009}, and at high temperatures in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O alloys (213\,-\,230\,K in $x=0$ and 159\,-\,190\,K in $x=0.05$) \cite{Jones2014,Jones2014a}. An IR and Raman-active electromagnon has also recently been observed at up to 250K in a z-type hexaferrite \cite{Kadlec2016}.

In this paper we first review the salient features of improper ferroelectricity in pure and spin-disordered CuO. We then demonstrate that the electromagnon can be used to probe order-to-order phase transitions, such as found in CuO, where one phase is an improper ferroelectric. A detailed study of the antiferromagnetic/paraelectric to antiferromagnetic/ferroelectric phase transition using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy highlighted the hysteretic nature of the phase transition, and the influence of spin-disorder.

\section*{Improper ferroelectricity in CuO}

A promising material system in the study of improper ferroelectrics is cupric oxide (CuO), which exhibits a magnetically-induced ferroelectric phase with spin-cycloidal ordering at $\sim$230\,K \cite{Kimura2008}. CuO has a monoclinic crystal structure with space group $C2/c$, which can be visualized as zig-zagging Cu-O-Cu chains along the [101] and [10$\bar{1}$] directions. The magnetic phases of CuO have previously been characterized by neutron diffraction \cite{Forsyth1988,Ain1992} and ultrasound velocity measurements \cite{Villarreal2012}. Below 213\,K, the dominant magnetic interaction is antiferromagnetic superexchange between spins in Cu$^{2+}$ chains in the [10$\bar{1}$] direction ($J_{\mathrm{AFM}}\sim80$\,meV) \cite{Ain1989}. Weaker ferromagnetic superexchange interactions occur between spins in adjacent spin chains along the [101] ($J_{\mathrm{FM1}}\sim5$\,meV) and [010] ($J_{\mathrm{FM2}}\sim3$\,meV) directions \cite{Ain1989}. As the ratio of interchain to intrachain interactions is about 0.1, CuO can be described as a quasi-1D collinear Heisenberg antiferromagnet in the low temperature (AF1) phase \cite{Boothroyd1997,Shimizu2003}, consisting of two interpenetrating Cu$^{2+}$ sublattices with spins aligned along the $b$-axis. At 213\,K the spins on one sublattice flop into the $ac$-plane \cite{Yablonskii1990} and form an incommensurate spin-cycloid phase (AF2) with magnetic ordering vector $\mathbf{q}=(0.506, 0, -0.483)$ \cite{Forsyth1988,Ain1992}. A magnetically-induced ferroelectric polarization in this phase occurs in the $b$-direction \cite{Kimura2008}, which also exhibits ferroelectric hysteresis loops \cite{Kimura2008}. An electromagnon occurs in the multiferroic AF2 phase, which is active for oscillating electric fields parallel to the [101] direction and its strength is linked to the size of the static polarization \cite{Jones2014}. Between 229.3\,-\,230\,K an intermediate commensurate, collinear magnetic phase (AF3) forms \cite{Villarreal2012}, and above 230\,K is the paramagnetic phase (PM). The first-order nature of the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition has been observed by specific heat \cite{Junod1989,Loram1989,Gmelin1991} measurements.

The occurrence of the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition can be understood using the mechanism proposed by Yablonskii \cite{Yablonskii1990}, where a biquadratic exchange term stabilizes the low temperature AF1 state.  The free energy of a system is given by $F=E-TS$, where $T$ is temperature and $S$ is entropy. The energy of the interactions between the spin chains in the [10$\bar{1}$] direction is given by Yablonskii as \cite{Yablonskii1990}:

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
E=\sum_{n}\big[J_{1}\mathbf{S}_{n}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{n+1}+J_{2}\mathbf{S}_{n}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{n+2} \\ +I(\mathbf{S}_{n}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{n+1})(\mathbf{S}_{n}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{n+2})\big],
\label{Yablonskii}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $J_{1}$ is the nearest-neighbour ferromagnetic exchange interaction, $J_{2}$ is the next-nearest-neighbour antiferromagnetic exchange interaction, and $I$ is the biquadratic exchange interaction. Taking a mean-field approximation with the spatially averaged value of the spins as $S_{\mathrm{av}}$, the AF1 state will have a lower energy for $S_{\mathrm{av}}^{2}>J_{1}^{2}/8IJ_{2}$. As temperature increases, the value of $S_{\mathrm{av}}$ decreases, therefore at some point the AF2 state has a lower energy and the system undergoes a phase transition. The value of $S_{\mathrm{av}}$ is effectively controlled by disorder, which can be influenced in a number of ways, the simplest being a change in temperature changing the form of $F$ and driving the phase transition. Analogously a change in the entropy of the system will also change the form of $F$; evidence for this has been provided by optical-pump X-ray probe measurements on CuO \cite{Johnson2012}. With the system held just below the phase transition at 207\,K, electrons were excited above the charge-transfer bandgap by 800\,nm femtosecond pulses, introducing spin-disorder into the system and thus changing the entropy. A larger reduction in the intensity of the X-ray peak associated with the AF1 phase compared to the peak associated with the AF2 phase was observed, hinting at an ultrafast phase transition driven by the introduction of spin-disorder.

\section*{Quenched spin-disorder in CuO}

An alternative method of introducing spin-disorder into the system which may be more desirable for technological applications is by alloying with non-magnetic ions: theoretical investigations predict that the introduction of non-magnetic impurities may stabilize the multiferroic phase at higher temperatures than the pure case \cite{Giovannetti2011}, and that hydrostatic pressure can broaden the multiferroic phase above room temperature \cite{Rocquefelte2013}. Alloying of Cu$_{1-x}M_{x}$O with a non-magnetic ion $M$ has been demonstrated to broaden the multiferroic phase, for $M=$ Zn, Co by studying the static ferroelectric polarization along $b$ \cite{Hellsvik2014}, and for $M=$ Zn using the electromagnon response \cite{Jones2014a}. Spin-disorder introduced by the non-magnetic ions breaks up long-range correlations between spins and suppresses the N\'{e}el temperatures \cite{Hone1975}, reducing the AF1\,-\,AF2 transition to $\sim159$\,K and the AF2\,-paraelectric transition to $\sim190$\,K for $M=$ Zn and $x=0.05$ \cite{Jones2014a}. This equates to broadening the multiferroic phase from 17\,K to 30\,K. The electromagnon is preserved in the AF2 phase of Cu$_{0.95}$Zn$_{0.05}$O, with the same E\,$\parallel$\,[101] selection rule as in the pure case \cite{Jones2014,Jones2014a}.

The change in magnetic or lattice structure at a first-order phase transition is associated with many functional properties that emerge in the ordered phases \cite{Roy2013,Roy2014}. First-order phase transitions are characterized by a latent heat, due to a difference in entropy between the two phases requiring the system to absorb a fixed amount of energy in order for the transition to occur. This leads to phase coexistence, where some parts of the material have undergone the transition and others have not. In alloys, the dopant concentration can influence the nature of both the phase transition and the functional properties of interest \cite{Roy2013,Roy2014}. Imry and Wortis demonstrated that a first-order phase transition can be broadened by the introduction of quenched random disorder into the system \cite{Imry1979}. The correlation length of interactions can be reduced by local impurities, causing different parts of the material to undergo a first-order phase transition at different temperatures, appearing to round off the discontinuity in the order parameter or other related experimental observables.

Experimentally, a phase transition can be classified as first-order by the observation of a discontinuous change in the order parameter and a latent heat, phase coexistence, or hysteresis with respect to a control variable (such as temperature or external magnetic field). It is not necessary to observe hysteresis in the order parameter, as many experimental observables can be hysteretic over a first-order phase transition, exemplified by the observation of hysteresis in magneto-optical properties during the melting of a superconducting vortex-solid \cite{Soibel2000}. Broadening of first-order phase transitions by disorder may obscure discontinuities in experimental observables, making the latent heat of the transition difficult to determine \cite{Roy2014,Imry1979}. As such, hysteresis or phase coexistence are required to observe the first-order nature of the transition.

Ideally, one should look for hysteresis in an experimental observable that is uniquely linked to the multiferroic state (e.g.\ the ferroelectric polarization), rather then observables that only change marginally across the transition (e.g.\ ultrasound velocity, magnetization). The pyroelectric current method is commonly used to study the polarization of magnetically-induced ferroelectrics: a large electric field is applied while in the multiferroic state, which is then removed and the pyroelectric current on cooling or heating through the ferroelectric/paraelectric phase transition is recorded and integrated to yield the polarization. This method often only measures the polarization as the temperature is swept out of the multiferroic state, and it is therefore challenging to study thermal hysteresis.

As the electromagnon in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O is experimentally observed via the dynamic excitation of the ferroelectric polarization, it cannot be observed without the AF2 phase being present within the material. The excitation energy and absorption strength of the electromagnon in CuO have previously been shown to closely track the size of the static polarization $P_{[010]}$ in the AF2 phase \cite{Jones2014}, which is in turn intimately linked to the magnetic order. Theoretical investigations of electromagnons in CuO indicate that the electromagnon energy is related to the size of the magnetoelectric coupling parameters in the spin Hamiltonian \cite{Cao2015}. Hence the properties of the electromagnon can provide a direct probe of the magnetic interactions giving rise to multiferroicity, and their evolution as the material undergoes a phase transition.

\section*{Experimental Methods}

\begin{figure*}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{ContourComp.pdf}
\caption{\small Change in terahertz absorption coefficient $\Delta\alpha$ with respect to the low temperature phase over the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O alloys, with \textbf{(a)} $x=0$ and \textbf{(b)} $x=0.05$.}
\label{Figure1}
\end{figure*}

Single crystals of CuO and Cu$_{0.95}$Zn$_{0.05}$O were prepared by methods described elsewhere \cite{Prabhakaran2003,Jones2014a}. Samples of both materials were cut from the boule and aligned using Laue X-ray diffraction to have a ($10\bar{1}$) surface normal, giving the [101] and [010] crystallographic directions in the plane. Samples were double-side polished, resulting in a thickness of $1.28$\,mm for the CuO and $0.89$\,mm for the Cu$_{0.95}$Zn$_{0.05}$O.

The electromagnon response of the samples was measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) \cite{Jepsen2011,Lloyd-Hughes2012}. THz-TDS directly measures both the amplitude and the phase of the THz electric field after transmission through the sample, allowing the complex refractive index of the sample $\widetilde{n}=n+i\kappa$ to be determined. In order to avoid the influence of absorption from the broad $A^{3}_{u}$ phonon mode \cite{Jones2014a} or birefringent effects resulting from sample misalignment \cite{Jones2014,Mosley2017}, the relative change in terahertz absorption coefficient with respect to the low temperature AF1 phase $\Delta\alpha=\alpha(T)-\alpha(T_{\mathrm{AF1}})$, where $\alpha=2\omega\kappa/c$, was used instead of a vacuum reference.

Single-cycle, linearly-polarized pulses of THz radiation were generated using a wide-area interdigitated GaAs photoconductive emitter and detected via electro-optic sampling in ZnTe. The entire THz path inside the spectrometer was purged with dry N$_{2}$ gas in order to remove the influence of water vapour, which has strong absorption features at THz frequencies \cite{VanExter1989}. Samples were mounted in a cryostat such that the THz electric field was parallel to the [101] crystallographic direction, where the electromagnon absorption is strongest \cite{Jones2014,Mosley2017}, and positioned at the sample focus of the spectrometer. On heating and cooling the sample temperature was increased or decreased in discrete steps of 0.1\,K, with a wait time of 2 minutes before beginning data acquisition at each step, to ensure the sample was in thermal equilibrium with the cold finger of the cryostat. Data acquisition took 5 minutes at each step. The wait time and measurement time was the same for all scans on both samples.

\section*{Results and Discussion}

\subsection*{Electromagnon response over the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition}

To investigate the effects of zinc alloying on the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O, the change in terahertz absorption coefficient $\Delta\alpha$ over the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition is presented in Fig.\,\ref{Figure1}(a) for $x=0$ and Fig.\,\ref{Figure1}(b) for $x=0.05$. Samples were heated over a 5\,K range around the AF1\,-\,AF2 transition temperatures ($\sim213$\,K for $x=0$ and $\sim160$\,K for $x=0.05$), and $\Delta\alpha$ measured at each step. The electromagnon is observable in both samples as a peak in $\Delta\alpha$, at 0.72\,THz for $x=0$ and at 0.85\,THz for $x=0.05$, consistent with previous observations \cite{Jones2014,Jones2014a}. In the case of pure CuO, the electromagnon onset is rapid, with $\Delta\alpha$ rising from zero to a maximum in around 1.5\,K. Comparatively in the Zn-alloyed sample the onset is much slower, with the rise in absorption occurring in around 3.5\,K. At higher frequencies, a broad shoulder to the electromagnon around 1.2\,THz is also visible in the $x=0$ sample, and has a similar temperature-dependent onset as the main electromagnon. Intriguingly, this higher-frequency shoulder is not observed in the $x=0.05$ sample, suggesting that this mode may be either shifted in energy, suppressed or even disrupted entirely upon alloying with zinc.

The electromagnon strength is intimately linked to the incommensurate magnetic order in the multiferroic phase, and therefore can give insight into the nature of the magnetic ordering. To evaluate the properties of the observed electromagnons in the Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O alloys, and to allow comparison with each other and others reported in the literature, a Drude-Lorentz oscillator model was used to fit the data. This gives the temperature-dependent change in dielectric function $\Delta\epsilon(\omega)=\epsilon(\omega,T_{2})-\epsilon(\omega,T_{1})$ as

\begin{equation}
\Delta\epsilon(\omega)=\frac{\Delta\epsilon\cdot\omega_{0}^{2}}{\omega^{2}_{0}-\omega^{2}-i\omega\Gamma},
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $\Delta\epsilon$ is the oscillator strength, $\omega_{0}$ is the oscillator frequency and $\Gamma$ is the linewidth. Fits to the experimentally measured change in dielectric function $\Delta\epsilon(\omega)$ of Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O with respect to the low-temperature phase are presented in Fig.\,\ref{Figure2}(a) for $x=0$ at 213\,K, and in Fig.\,\ref{Figure2}(b) for $x=0.05$ at 161\,K. A combination of two oscillators was required when fitting $\Delta\epsilon(\omega)$ for $x=0$, with the main electromagnon (blue) having a strength $\Delta\epsilon=0.065$, frequency $f=0.71$\,THz and linewidth $\Gamma=2.0$\,THz, while the broader shoulder mode (green) has $\Delta\epsilon=0.025$ and linewidth $\Gamma=8.0$\,THz. In order to correctly model the high-frequency features, the frequency of the shoulder mode was fixed at 1.2\,THz. Comparatively $\Delta\epsilon(\omega)$ for $x=0.05$ was well fit by a single oscillator (red), with strength $\Delta\epsilon=0.072$, frequency $f=0.84$\,THz and linewidth $\Gamma=2.0$\,THz. All values are consistent with those reported previously in the literature \cite{Jones2014,Jones2014a}. Experimental bandwidth was limited to 1.3\,THz in $x=0.05$ due to the softening and broadening of the phonon modes upon alloying with zinc \cite{Jones2014a}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{RiseFitParameters.pdf}
\caption{\small \textbf{(a)} and \textbf{(b)} are the temperature-induced change in dielectric function $\Delta\epsilon(\omega)$ (black dots) across the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O alloys with $x=0$ and $x=0.05$, respectively. Black lines are Drude-Lorentz fits comprised of a single oscillator (red shaded area) for $x=0.05$ and two oscillators (blue and green shaded areas) for $x=0$. \textbf{(c)}, \textbf{(d)} and \textbf{(e)} are the best fit parameters of the oscillator strength, frequency and linewidth $\Gamma$, respectively, over the phase transition for $x=0$. \textbf{(f)}, \textbf{(g)} and \textbf{(h)} are the corresponding best fit parameters over the phase transition for $x=0.05$. The color of the data points corresponds to the oscillator they refer to in \textbf{(a)} and \textbf{(b)}.}
\label{Figure2}
\end{figure}

To quantify the evolution of the electromagnon across the phase transition in both samples, similar Drude-Lorentz fits to those in Fig.\,\ref{Figure2}(a) and \ref{Figure2}(b) were performed at each temperature step on cooling the samples over the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition. Fit parameters of oscillator strength, oscillator frequency and linewidth for $x=0$ are presented in Figs.\,\ref{Figure2}(c)\,-\,\ref{Figure2}(e). The strength of both oscillators begins increasing sharply at 212.2\,K, reaching a maximum in around 1.2\,K. The frequency of the main electromagnon mode continually red-shifts with increasing temperature over the phase transition, decreasing from 0.73\,THz at 212.2\,K to 0.69\,THz at 214.2\,K. The linewidth of both oscillators remains constant over the majority of the phase transition, decreasing slightly in width from when the excitation first begins to emerge. Fit parameters for $x=0.05$ are presented in Figs.\,\ref{Figure2}(f)\,-\,\ref{Figure2}(h). The strength of the oscillator shows a gentler, broader increase with temperature, starting to increase around 157.8\,K and reaching a maximum after around 3.5\,K. Both frequency and linewidth demonstrate the same trends seen for $x=0$, with the frequency red-shifting from 0.9\,THz at 167\,K to 0.85\,THz at 161\,K, and the linewidth remaining constant except for initially when the oscillator strength was very small. Values of frequency and linewidth are presented for temperatures at which the oscillator strength was large enough to provide a meaningful fit.

Theoretical investigations of electromagnons in CuO \cite{Cao2015} have modeled the magnetic properties using a spin Hamiltonian of the form

\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\widehat{H}=\sum_{ij}J_{ij}\mathbf{S}_{i}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{j}+\mathbf{D}_{ij}\cdot(\mathbf{S}_{i}\times\mathbf{S}_{j}) \\ -\sum_{i}(\mathbf{K}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{i})^{2}+\widehat{H}_{\mathrm{me}},
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where the first term accounts for superexchange interactions between adjacent spins $\mathbf{S}_{i}$, the second term decribes the DM interaction, the third term describes single-ion anisotropy, and the final term accounts for magnetoelectric coupling. Increases to the magnitude of $\mathbf{D}$ and $\mathbf{K}$, the DM and anisotropic coupling constants respectively, were found to enhance the electromagnon energy, directly linking the electromagnon energy to the strength of the interactions responsible for the AF2 phase. An electromagnon frequency of 0.73\,THz (energy $\sim3$\,meV) as observed at 212.3\,K in Fig.\,\ref{Figure2}(d) corresponds to $\left|\mathbf{D}\right|=0.4$\,meV and $\left|\mathbf{K}\right|=0.6$\,meV \cite{Cao2015}. The frequency of the electromagnon mode in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O is observed to increase considerably upon alloying of $x=0.05$, suggesting that zinc alloying alters the interactions between spins. From reference \cite{Cao2015}, an increase in electromagnon frequency to 0.9\,THz (energy $\sim3.7$\,meV) as observed at 158.1\,K in Fig.\,\ref{Figure2}(g) corresponds to either an increase in $\left|\mathbf{D}\right|$ to 0.65\,meV, or an increase in $\left|\mathbf{K}\right|$ to 0.95\,meV, or a smaller simultaneous increase in both.

This alteration of magnetic interactions may be understood with reference to the ``order-by-disorder'' mechanism proposed by Henley \cite{Henley1989}, which describes the stabilization of a non-collinear spin state with respect to a collinear spin state, as quenched disorder favors spins in different sublattices to be oriented perpendicular to each other. Simulations have shown that the multiferroic phase in CuO can be stabilized by alloying with non-magnetic ions \cite{Hellsvik2014}. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for pure CuO give a difference in energy between the AF2 and AF1 phase $\Delta{E}=E_{\mathrm{AF2}}-E_{\mathrm{AF1}}=2.15$\,meV per Cu, parameterised by $\Delta{E}=4IS^{4}$ where $S=1/2$ and $I$ is the biquadratic exchange coupling constant. Similar DFT calculations for alloyed CuO show a reduction in the energy difference between the AF1 and AF2 states, estimating a reduction to $\Delta{E}=1.94$\,meV per Cu for 5\% zinc alloying. Two contributions to this reduction in energy were determined, with similar sized contributions for Zn alloying: modification of the biquadratic exchange interactions between the non-magnetic impurity and spins on the other sublattice, and an alteration of the local Weiss field around the non-magnetic impurities which acts to orient spins on the same sublattice perpendicular to those on the other sublattice by the Henley mechanism. This change in the Weiss field around the non-magnetic ions will alter the value of the anisotropic coupling constant $\mathbf{K}$. A change in the DM coupling constant $\mathbf{D}$ can also occur as the DM interaction is sensitive to the Cu-O-Cu bond angle \cite{Katsura2005}, which changes on alloying with zinc \cite{Jones2014}.

\subsection*{Disorder-broadening of the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition}

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{ElectromagnonRiseComp.pdf}
\caption{\small Temperature dependent change in the oscillator strength of the electromagnon, over the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition, in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O alloys with $x=0$ (blue points) and $x=0.05$ (red points).}
\label{Figure3}
\end{figure}

For a direct comparison of the width of the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition for $x=0$ and $x=0.05$, Fig.\,\ref{Figure3} presents the oscillator strength of the two main modes from Figs.\,\ref{Figure1}(a) and \ref{Figure1}(b), normalized by their maximum value. The change in temperature $\Delta{T}$ is defined relative to the temperature at which the derivative of the oscillator strength with respect to temperature, $d(\Delta\epsilon)/dT$, increases from zero. The oscillator strength rises from zero to maximum in around $\Delta{T}_{1}=1.6$\,K for $x=0$ and $\Delta{T}_{2}=3.9$\,K for $x=0.05$. Thus a broadening of 2.3\,K occurs for the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition upon alloying with 5\% zinc, a ratio of $\Delta{T}_{2}/\Delta{T}_{1}=2.6$.

This broadening of the phase transition occurs due to the quenched random spin-disorder introduced upon alloying with non-magnetic zinc ions. As mentioned previously, CuO can be regarded as a quasi-1D colinear Heisenberg antiferromagnet in the commensurate AF1 phase, consisting of spin chains along the [10$\bar{1}$] direction. Alloying of $x=0.05$ has been shown to suppress the N\'{e}el temperatures in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O \cite{Jones2014a} due to spin disorder breaking communication along the spin chains, which reduces the correlation length to the average impurity separation. During formation of the alloy, the local impurity density in the melt will vary slightly around an average value, and this variation becomes frozen-in as the alloy crystallizes. The correlation length of interactions therefore varies depending on the local impurity density, and hence so does the local N\'{e}el temperature. In local regions where the impurity density is higher than average the N\'{e}el temperature will be lower than average, and vice versa. This causes the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition to occur over a range of temperatures depending on the local impurity density \cite{Imry1979}.

The electromagnon excitation cannot be observed without the presence of the AF2 phase, as its strength is strongly linked to the size of the magnetically-induced static polarization in the AF2 phase \cite{Jones2014}; as such the normalised oscillator strength in Fig.\,\ref{Figure3} can be interpreted as the ratio of the amount of AF2 to AF1 phase present in the sample. The emergence of the electromagnon upon heating the sample through the phase transition therefore corresponds to initial nucleation of the AF2 phase. The local variation in N\'{e}el temperature resulting from quenched spin-disorder in the $x=0.05$ sample causes nucleation to occur at different temperatures in different regions of the sample, evidenced by the broader increase in electromagnon strength with temperature.

\subsection*{Hysteresis in the electromagnon response}

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{HysteresisComp.pdf}
\caption{\small Temperature-dependent hysteresis observed in the electromagnon response across the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O alloys with \textbf{(a)} $x=0$ and \textbf{(b)} $x=0.05$. Upwards facing arrows denote increasing temperature (also denoted by solid circles) and downwards facing arrows denote decreasing temperature (solid squares). $T_{1}$ and $T_{3}$ are the temperatures at which the oscillator strength begins to deviate significantly from zero or the maximum, respectively. $T_{2}$ and $T_{4}$ are the mid-points of the phase transition during heating and cooling, respectively. $T^{**}$ and $T^{*}$ are the limits of metastability for superheating and supercooling, respectively.}
\label{Figure4}
\end{figure}

Temperature-dependent hysteresis is one of the experimental signatures of a first-order phase transition, and should be present in many experimental observables related to an order parameter involved in the phase transition. As a natural extention to the analysis of Fig.\,\ref{Figure3}, we show here that the strength of the electromagnon can be used to observe hysteretic behaviour at the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition on heating and cooling of the sample.

The electromagnon response in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_{x}$O alloys as the temperature is first increased and then decreased across the AF1\,-\,AF2 phase transition is presented in Fig.\,\ref{Figure4}(a) for $x=0$ and in Fig.\,\ref{Figure4}(b) for $x=0.05$. Hysteresis is clearly visible in both pure and zinc alloyed samples, with the centre of the phase transition occurring at higher temperatures when temperature was increased over the phase transition compared to when it was decreased. The centre points of the increasing and decreasing temperature measurements, $T_{2}$ and $T_{4}$ respectively, are separated by 0.2\,K in the $x=0$ sample and 0.5\,K in the $x=0.05$ sample. The ratio between these values of 2.5 is similar to the degree of disorder-induced broadening of the phase transition observed in Fig.\,\ref{Figure3}. Subsequent heating and cooling measurements reproduced the same hysteretic behaviour.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{FreeEnergyFig3.pdf}
\caption{\small Schematic diagram of the free energy $f$ as temperature is increased and decreased across a first-order phase transition, with respect to the order parameter $\phi$. $T_{N}$ is the thermodynamic transition temperature, $T^{*}$ is the metastable limit of supercooling, and $T^{**}$ is the metastable limit of superheating.}
\label{Figure5}
\end{figure}

Here we consider a simple phenomenological description of the free energy with reference to Landau theory for a first-order phase transition, in order to describe the observed hysteretic behaviour. Advanced treatments more suitable for multiferroics have been reported, for instance including the magnetoelectric coupling between a uniform polarization and incommensurate magnetic order \cite{Harris2007}, or non-local Landau theories that describe spin-lattice coupling \cite{Plumer2008,Villarreal2012}. The free energy density of the system with respect to a control variable, here taken to be the temperature $T$, can be expressed in terms of the order parameter $\phi$. One possibility by which a first-order phase transition can occur is if the free energy density has a third-order term in $\phi$, such as

\begin{equation}
f(T,\phi)=\frac{r(T)}{2}\phi^{2}-w\phi^{3}+u\phi^{4},
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $w$ and $u$ are positive and temperature-independent. In many systems third-order terms in $\phi$ are forbidden by symmetry. In such a case, a first-order phase transition can still occur if the free energy has a negative quartic term with a positive sixth-order term for stability, such as

\begin{equation}
f(T,\phi)=\frac{r(T)}{2}\phi^{2}-w\phi^{4}+u\phi^{6}.
\label{FOLandau}
\end{equation}

\noindent Fourth- and sixth-order terms can arise in magnetoelectrics, for instance as a result of strong spin-lattice coupling \cite{Plumer2008}, and such Landau models have been developed for CuO \cite{Villarreal2012,Quirion2013}. Substantial spin-lattice coupling has been reported in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_x$O as the phonon modes alter across the AF1-AF2 transition \cite{Jones2014a}. Note that the order parameter can be complex, to allow for non-collinear magnetic states \cite{Quirion2013}.

A schematic diagram of the form of the free energy density around a first-order phase transition with respect to $\phi$ is presented in Fig.\,\ref{Figure5}. Here we assume the order parameter for CuO to be represented by the magnetisation along $b$ for one magnetic sublattice, which is zero in the spin-cycloid phase (AF2) and a finite value $\phi_{\mathrm{min}}$ in the antiferromagnetic AF1 phase. When the temperature is higher than the thermodynamic transition temperature $T_{N}$ the free energy has one global minimum, at $\phi=0$, corresponding to the AF2 phase. At $T=T_{N}$ there are two minima to the free energy and the AF1 and AF2 phases can coexist. These minima are located at $\phi=0$ and $\phi=\phi_{\mathrm{min}}$ and separated by an energy barrier. When the temperature drops below $T_{N}$ the global minimum of the system shifts to $\phi_{\mathrm{min}}$, corresponding to the AF1 phase; however $\phi=0$ remains a local minimum of the system, with the two phases still separated by an energy barrier, which will reduce in height with decreasing temperature. Eventually the height of the energy barrier will reduce to zero at the limit of metastability for supercooling $T=T^{*}$, the temperature at which $d^{2}f/d\phi^{2}=0$ at $\phi=0$ and none of the AF2 phase can exist. An analogous process occurs for increasing temperature, where $\phi_{\mathrm{min}}$ continues to be a local minimum of the system until the limit of metastability for superheating $T=T^{**}$, the temperature at which $d^{2}f/d\phi^{2}=0$ at $\phi_{\mathrm{min}}=0$ and none of the AF1 phase can exist. It is these superheating and supercooling effects that give rise to the hysteresis in experimental observables with respect to the control parameters.

The hysteretic evolution of the oscillator strength with temperature for both pure and zinc alloyed samples can be explained with reference to the free energy diagram in Fig.\,\ref{Figure5}, and the nomenclature used to describe hysteresis of disorder-broadened first-order phase transitions outlined in reference \cite{Roy2014}. In the case of an ideally pure compound and in the absence of temperature fluctuations, the high or low temperature states can be taken to the limit of metastability at $T^{*}$ and $T^{**}$ respectively, where the phase transition occurs as a sharp discontinuity in the hysteretic parameter being observed.

In any real system, temperature fluctuations will perturb the system and destroy the metastable state at some intermediate temperature between $T_{N}$ and $T^{*}$ or $T^{**}$. The small amount of disorder present in any real crystal from impurities or defects will also cause a slight rounding of the transition. Both of these effects are observable in the hysteresis of pure CuO in Fig.\,\ref{Figure4}(a). On heating, the electromagnon excitation emerges at temperature $T_{1}$, signifying the onset of nucleation of the AF2 phase, and grows in strength until reaching a maximum at 213.4\,K. On cooling, the electromagnon strength begins to differ from that observed during heating around 213.4\,K, signifying this temperature as $T^{**}$, and begins to decrease in strength at temperature $T_{3}$ signifying the onset of nucleation of the AF1 phase. The temperature at which the electromagnon strength reduces to zero on cooling can therefore be identified as $T^{*}$. The system is observed to be in the metastable state for superheating and supercooling over a temperature range of 0.4\,K in both cases. Similar trends can be seen for the zinc alloyed sample in Fig.\,\ref{Figure4}(b), however in this case the phase transition is broadened by spin-disorder. The metastable phases for superheating and supercooling are also broadened upon zinc alloying, with both increasing to a width of 1\,K.

As discussed previously, simulations of the magnetic interactions in alloyed CuO showed a decrease in the energy difference between the AF1 and AF2 states relative to pure CuO \cite{Hellsvik2014}. However, the metastable phase observed in the zinc alloyed sample is wider than the pure sample. This may be partially due to smaller thermal fluctuations at the lower N\'{e}el temperatures of the alloyed sample, but could also be due to modifications to the exchange coupling parameters on alloying altering the form of the free energy barrier between the two phases. Modification of the biquadratic exchange and higher order coupling terms by the non-magnetic ions, as discussed in terms of the ``order-by-disorder" mechanism above, could therefore possibly alter the free energy barrier height and increase the stability of the metastable phases in the zinc alloyed sample.

\section*{Conclusion}

Here we reported for the first time that the dynamic magnetoelectric response at terahertz frequencies can be used to probe hysteresis and spin-disorder broadening at magnetic phase transitions. The oscillator strength $\Delta\epsilon$ of the electromagnon in Cu$_{1-x}$Zn$_x$O was taken to represent the fraction of the magnetically-induced ferroelectric phase, AF2. By precisely tracking $\Delta\epsilon$ on cooling or heating across the phase transition between the commensurate AF1 phase and the ferroelectric AF2 phase we observed thermal hysteresis, indicating the first-order nature of this transition. The limits of metastability for superheating and supercooling were identified, and the metastable region was found to broaden for the alloy with greater spin-disorder. Alloying also enhanced the electromagnon energy from 3.0\,meV to 3.7\,meV, potentially as a result of enhanced DM interaction or greater single-ion anisotropy. The results were discussed within the context of a simple Landau theory of a first-order phase transition, with reference to recent advances in phenomenological and first-principles theoretical models of CuO.

This work may have immediate impact by providing a new way to study the nature of magnetic phase transitions in multiferroics. In the longer term the increased understanding of multiferroics yielded by ultrafast spectroscopic methods, including terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, may help develop new magnetoelectric and multiferroic materials for spintronic applications.

\section*{References}

\section{Introduction}

The \texttt{iopart-num} Bib\TeX{} style is intended for use in
preparing manuscripts for Institute of Physics Publishing journals,
including Journal of Physics.  It provides numeric citation with
Harvard-like formatting, based upon the specification in ``How to
prepare and submit an article for publication in an IOP journal using
\LaTeXe'' by Graham Douglas (2005).

The \texttt{iopart-num} package is available on the Comprehensive
\TeX{} Archive Network (CTAN) as \texttt{/biblio/bibtex/contrib/iopart-num}.

\section{General instructions}

To use the \texttt{iopart-num} style, include the command
\verb+\bibliographystyle{iopart-num}+ in the
document preamble.  The reference section is then inserted into the
document with the command \verb+

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Mount tin plate over motor and screw it.
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text:
Keb' Mo' Event Time & Tickets
Mature Level: Machine-set Level 1
This event has been marked mature level 1 due to the following, "cocker".
Keb' Mo' in Albany
1 State St.
Keb' Mo'
Buy TicketsKeb' Mo'
MusicTuesday, December 10 • 7:30pm • $43, $53, $63
Part of the American Roots & Branches Series
Keb' Mo's Jingle Bell Jamboree
This year Keb' Mo' is celebrating his 25th Anniversary year of performing under the moniker, with the release of two albums, Oklahoma and Moonlight, Mistletoe, And You, Keb's first ever holiday album released throughout his lengthy and successful career. Jingle Bell Jamboree, will feature the four-time Grammy-award winning contemporary Blues and Americana artist and his band performing songs from Moonlight, Mistletoe, And You and other favorites. Alicia Michilli will open the concert.
Everyone purchasing a pair of tickets will receive a copy of the new Christmas album!
WATCH KEB' MO'
Over the years, Keb' Mo' has cultivated a reputation as a modern master of American roots music through the understated excellence of his live and studio performances. From performing in front of President Barack Obama at the White House to the LA Forum with Garth Brooks, Keb' Mo' is keeping the Blues alive with the ability to demand the attention of broad audiences spanning the globe. B.B. King, Buddy Guy, the Dixie Chicks, Joe Cocker, Robert Palmer and Tom Jones have all recorded his songs while his list of collaborators include Bonnie Raitt, Jackson Brown, Cassandra Wilson, Amy Grant, Solomon Burke, and many others.
Keb' Mo' has racked up four GRAMMY awards with the most recent being a 2017 GRAMMY for "Best Contemporary Blues Album," for TajMo, a collaborative effort with legendary bluesman Taj Mahal. He has also earned multiple Blues Music Awards for "Album of the Year," "Contemporary Blues Album of the Year" and "Contemporary Blues Male Artist of the Year." His masterful guitar playing has inspired leading instrument makers Gibson Brands to issue the Keb' Mo' Signature Bluesmaster acoustic guitar and Martin Guitars to issue the HD-28KM Keb' Mo' Limited Edition Signature model.
The multi-talented artist has worked in TV and film as well, having written and performed the theme song for the smash sitcom, "Mike & Molly," and acting as the music composer for TV's "Memphis Beat." He also played Robert Johnson in the 1998 documentary "Can't You Hear The Wind Howl," while also appearing on "Touched By an Angel," and John Sayles' 2007 movie, "Honeydripper."
Philanthropy is high on the priority list for Keb' who has been involved with Playing For Change since it's inception, a program created to inspire, connect and bring peace to the world through music. Additionally, Keb' is a celebrity mentor with the Kennedy Center's Turnaround Arts program, a highly successful program began under the guidance of Michelle Obama where artists work as mentors, working with teachers, students, parents and the community to help build a successful arts education program.
Event details at theegg.org! | Buy tickets at stubhub.com! | Buy tickets at vividseats.com!
at The Egg
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Tommy Emmanuel, CGP
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text:
Information On Submitting 'In Loving Memory'/Death Notice.
Mary Ellen Pastore
Mary Ellen Pastore, 62, of Norwalk, Connecticut, died on January 25. She leaves a sister in Forestdale.
Edward F. McCann Jr.
Edward F. McCann Jr. of Sandwich died on January 22. He was 90.
Michael J. Musto
Michael J. Musto, 73, of Mashpee died on January 26 at McCarthy Care Center in Sandwich from cancer. He was the husband of Susan J. (Labute) Musto, with whom he was married…
Anne Burk
Anne Rieg Burk, 88, of Mashpee died peacefully at Mt. Auburn Hospital after a long illness on January 24. She was the daughter of the late Nicholas and Anne Rieg.
Nathaniel T. Thayer
Word has been received that Nathaniel Talbot Thayer, who had been living in Woods Hole for the last several years, died at home January 3. Mr. Thayer, 62, was an award-winn…
Elizabeth I. Zimmerli
Elizabeth I. Zimmerli died on January 19, at the age of 83, after a brief battle with glioblastoma brain cancer. She had lived in Falmouth for the last 30 years, where she …
Leo F. Kogut
Leo F. Kogut, 93, of Falmouth died on January 19 after a brief illness.
John P. Maheras Jr.
John Peter Maheras Jr., 86, of Falmouth died at home on January 18.
Ann R. Bosche
Ann Ruth (Kerrigan) Bosche, 93, of Bradenton, Florida, died January 3. She was a former resident of Falmouth and leaves family in Bourne.
Susan M. Wilson
Susan M. Wilson, who spent the majority of her life in Falmouth, died January 23 after a battle with cancer. She was 61.
Leonard R. Kilmer
Leonard Reid Kilmer of Pocasset, who had a career in medicine, died at home on January 19 at the age of 89.
Paul H. Leopold Jr.
Paul H. Leopold Jr. of Bourne died on January 16 at the age of 80.
Daniel Kirby
Daniel Kirby, who was born and raised in Falmouth, died in his sleep on December 31. He was 46.
Eugene R. Cremins
Eugene Redmond Cremins of Stoneham and North Falmouth died January 15. He was 91.
Frank R. Hampson
Frank R. Hampson, 93, of Pocasset died January 22.
Richard S. Armstrong
Richard Sweet Armstrong of Castine, Maine, died January 12. He was the former owner of Fiddler's Cove Marina in North Falmouth, spent a term as a selectman in Falmouth, and…
Madeleine I. Felker
Madeleine I. Felker, who had an active presence in Falmouth for many years as a writer, educator and member of community groups, died January 19 at Windsor Skilled Nursing …
Linell W. Grundman
Linell Marie (Wenzel) Grundman, a former resident who served on the board of selectman and finance committee, was a community activist, and a board member of Sandwich Town …
Thomas W. Sullivan
Thomas W. Sullivan of Newton, who summered in Megansett, died January 8 after a two-year battle with cancer. He was 70.
Lois Mercado
Lois Mercado of Appleton, Wisconsin, a former senior research assistant at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, died January 9 at the age of 92. Her last years were spent …
Brian S. Teixeira
Brian S. Teixeira of Falmouth died December 28 from complications of diabetes. He was 60.
John F. Graham
John F. Graham of Falmouth died January 7 at Cape Cod Hospital. Mr. Graham, 88, was known as Jack.
Mary Ann Broadwater
Mary Ann (McDermott) Broadwater, 88, died January 14. She was a resident at Falmouth Royal Nursing & Rehabilitation Center.
Carol M. Wenzel
Carol Marie Wenzel of East Sandwich, 68, died January 14.
Herbert W. Ellis
Herbert W. Ellis of Sagamore Beach died at home on January 13 at the age of 94.
John P. Kivlan
John Payton Kivlan of East Sandwich, an attorney and former prosecutor, died January 11 at South Shore Hospital in Weymouth. Mr. Kivlan, 77, died from injuries sustained in…
Suzanne C. Kelly
Suzanne C. Kelly of Chatham, who leaves family in Mashpee, died at home on January 13 at the age of 95. Ms. Kelly was also known as Susan.
Michael A. Shelton
Michael A. Shelton, 70, of Sandwich died November 30 at McCarthy Care Center in East Sandwich.
Waldemar J. Dymecki
Waldemar John Dymecki of Mashpee died at home on January 9, two days before his 92nd birthday.
Winslow S. Cobb IV
Winslow Smith Cobb IV of Hudson, Wisconsin, died unexpectedly on January 5. He was 58 and leaves family in Sagamore Beach.
Marteve E. Williamson
Marteve Eugenie Williamson, who was known as Marty, died January 12 while living in the Avita Memory Care community of Laurentide at Mashpee Commons. She was 90 and had bee…
Jeffry L. Arnold
Jeffry Lynn Arnold, 82, of Mashpee died January 11 following a long illness.
Daniel F. Dwyer
Daniel F. Dwyer of Sandwich died on Monday, January 9. He was 80.
Nancy A. Dunlap
Nancy Adams Dunlap died at her home in Sandwich on January 6. She was 95.
Gail L. McNiff
Gail Louise (Temple) McNiff of Bourne died at home on December 30. She was 80.
Albertina Rebelo
Albertina Rebelo of Falmouth died January 11. She was 86.
Lloyd S. Beckett Jr.
Lloyd S. Beckett Jr. of Falmouth died unexpectedly on Friday, January 6, in Bradenton, Florida.
Mabel Ann C. Higgs
Mabel Ann (Corey) Higgs, a native of Falmouth, died Sunday, January 8, in Novi, Michigan.
Walter C. Scanlon
Walter Carpenter Scanlon of Falmouth died at JML Care Center on December 17. He was 97.
Ernest Oberg
Ernest Oberg, 82, died December 31 at his home in Sarasota, Florida. He had been battling cancer for more than 10 years. He was a former resident of Falmouth.
Kathleen E. Hall
Kathleen Engemann Hall of Falmouth died on January 6. She was 73.
William J. McKay Jr.
William John McKay Jr. of Mashpee, who taught school in Falmouth in the early 1970s, died Thursday, January 5, after a long battle with multiple myeloma. He was 75.
James E. McNiff
James Edward McNiff of South Grafton, who leaves family in Mashpee and Falmouth, died on January 3. He was 94.
Sami L. Perra
Sami Leigh Perra, 27, a resident of Mashpee and previously of Falmouth, died unexpectedly on Tuesday, January 3.
Joan C. Priest
Word has been received that Joan Chandler Priest of Holbrook, formerly of Falmouth, died November 26. She was 85.
Eileen Tantum
Eileen Tantum of East Falmouth died December 31. She was 102.
Marjorie Trudeau And Norma Lyons
Marjorie (DeChristoforo) Trudeau, 99, of Mashpee died December 30.
Regina C. Kilday
Regina C. Kilday of Falmouth died December 28 at McCarthy Care Center in East Sandwich, after a lengthy illness. She was 62.
Esther R. White
Esther Ruth White, 90, died December 26 while under hospice care at JML Care Center in Falmouth. She had been a resident for the past few years at Atria in Falmouth.
Charles J. Atkinson
Charles J. Atkinson of Falmouth died December 31 at Beth Israel Hospital in Needham. He was 73.
Latest Upper Cape News
Board Votes For Smaller Tax Increase In Falmouth
Mashpee Planning Board Debates Solar Zoning Changes
Mashpee Select Board Notes: Speed Limit Concerns Gain Momentum
Tribal Preference At Mashpee Housing Project Requires Financial Contribution
Sandwich's Town Attorney Weighs In On Charter Changes
Rebuild Plans For Harbor Street Home Sparks Heated Debate, Denial
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text:
Common Agricultural Policy
DG Environment
Farm-to-Fork
Intensive farming
Positive list
Animal Advocacy and Protection
Badger Trust
Catholic Concern for Animals
On Monday 19 December, the 15th Conference of Parties (CoP) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) came to an end with the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, a set of targets to reverse the trend of biodiversity loss and protect wildlife and ecosystems. We acknowledge the promising inclusion of One Health but regret the absence of strong commitments to address animal welfare in a holistic approach.
CoP15 Global Biodiversity Framework: promising targets for biodiversity but failing to recognise the link between animal welfare and conservation
The Parties to the Convention on International trade in Endangered Species of Wild fauna and flora (CITES) held their 19th Conference of the Parties in Panama last month. Our Wildlife Programme Leader Nick Clark attended to lobby for the protection of animals and learn of the latest developments in the regulation of the international trade in wild animals.
250 species used in exotic pet trade receive stronger protections at CITES CoP19
On June 3rd the Portuguese Presidency of the Council hosted an event co-organised by Eurogroup for Animals and AAP Animal Advocacy and Protection, to explore the risks posed by the exotic pet trade in the EU and the opportunities for better regulation.
The unregulated exotic pet trade in the EU: a threat to health and biodiversity
In December 2020, the European Parliament published a new report on the link between biodiversity loss and the increasing spread of zoonotic diseases. The report, requested by the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, aims at informing EU policy makers and introducing policy options to reduce risks originating from wildlife trade.
The link between biodiversity loss and the increasing spread of zoonotic diseases presented in new EP report
The European Commission has launched a new Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity: a one-stop shop for science-based evidence to protect the natural ecosystems that provide us with food, medicines, materials, recreation, and wellbeing.
Commission launches knowledge centre to reverse biodiversity loss and protect Europe's ecosystems
Two main highlights of this year EU Green Week, occurred from 19 to 22 October, were the State of Nature report launch, which showed worrying trends in EU protected species and habitats, and the presentation of the Positive List system to regulate the exotic pet trade.
EU Green Week's agenda: the need for more protection for endangered species and an EU positive list for exotic pets


text:
Major General David F. Bice is a retired Inspector General of the United States Marine Corps, formerly stationed in Washington, D.C. Bice retired from active duty in 2007 after over 36 years of service.

Biography
David Bice was born on September 9, 1945 in Zanesville, Ohio and enlisted in the Marine Corps in June 1968. He attended recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego. He was commissioned through the Enlisted Commissioning Program in April 1969. He received his bachelor's degree from Pepperdine University, and he holds a master's degree in business from Central Michigan University. His formal military education includes the Infantry Officer Advanced Course at Fort Benning, Georgia, and the National War College, where he studied as a senior research fellow.

Bice has commanded Marines at every level from platoon to division. He served as a rifle platoon commander with 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division in the Republic of Vietnam. He led companies in: 1st Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division; 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division and 1st Tank Battalion, 1st Marine Division.

During 1986-1988, he commanded 3rd Battalion, 8th Marines, 2nd Marine Division. He commanded the 9th Marine Regiment from 1992 to 1994. He commanded the 3rd Marine Division in Okinawa, Japan, from 1994-1995.

From 1999-2001 he served as deputy commander of Marine Forces Europe. His assignments outside the Fleet Marine Forces have included series commander of Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina; enlisted promotions plans officer, Manpower Dept., HQMC; chief of European Division, J-5, The Joint Staff; commanding general of Marine Corps Base Hawaii; director of Marine Corps Staff, HQMC; deputy commander of NATO Joint Headquarters South Center, Larissa, Greece (the base closed in 2004); and commanding general of Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, California.

Bice also served as an exchange officer with the Royal Marines (RM) and is a graduate of the Royal Marines Commando Course. He left the Marine Corps in 2002 after serving as the commanding general of Camp Pendleton (ironically this is the camp where he started his military career) to work as an international defense consultant. He returned to active duty in August 2004 in support of the Global War on Terrorism, serving as the Inspector General of the Marine Corps.

He returned to retired status in 2007 after over 36 years of active service.

Awards and decorations
His personal decorations include:

References

Living people
United States Marine Corps generals
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
People from Zanesville, Ohio
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
1945 births